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Supplemtni  to  the  Boildino  News,  Jiihj    ,  1901 


THE     BUILDING    NEWS 


AND 


ENGINEERING    JOURNAL. 


VOLUME        THE        E  I  G  H  T  Y- S  I  X  T  H. 


JANUARY      TO      JUNE,      1904. 


r^ 


^1 


f  I  ^i 


PUBLISHED  FOR   THE  STEA.ND  NEWSPAPER  CO.,   LIMITED,   BY  E.    J.   KIBBLEWHITE,   MANAGING    DIRECTOR, 

"^AT     THE      OFFICE      OF      THE      "BUILDING      NEW  S," 

■I  < 

CLEMENT'S  HOUSE,  CLEMENT'S  IXN  PASSAGE,  STRAND,  LONDON,  W.C. 


Supplement  to  the  ButtDINO  News,  JkI;/  S,   1904. 


INDEX    TO     VOL.     LXXX\  I. 


[For  Index  to  Illustrations  see  pa^e  VI.] 


ABBEYS:  Barling,  761 ;  Kirkstall.  182  ; 
Shrewsbury,  9  ;  Tewkesbury  (tower)  bS'i ; 
Waltham    (tower)    i92,    6U0 ;    Wiverley. 
461 ;  AVeatminster  (decayei  aconeworfc  in 
ehap'er   house)     195    (projected   minu- 
m'='ntal  balls  and  tower)  445  (Fyx  Chapel) 
220,   619  (surroundings  a  century  einoej 
926 
Aberdeen,  s*rpet  improvements  at,  431 
\brahams.  Morris,  Ilford,  in  re,  6ft2 
Academicians,  Associate,  election  of.  182 

Academies,  royal,  Cumbrian,  182,  782 

Academy  architeetur.^,  fiO 

Academy,  royal :  arch"tecture  at,  603,  6(6, 
6^2 ;  old  masters,  52  ;  p:ctures  at,  608,  614 
630,  716 

Acton:  county  schools  competition.  43,  59. 
9d,  233;  town  ball  competition,  2,7,60, 
231,  3*7.  44j,  791,  8V^,  8H9.  905 

Adam,  Robert,  archif^eji;  and  artist,  191 

Adaptati'inof  bu'lliag.  785 

Adm'ralty  new  buildings,  372 

Adventures  amont?  p  (?tures.  P4I 

Adverti'^emetit  signs  aud  Budding  Ac*:,  110. 
745,  8S8 

Agriculture  :  Board  nf,  report,  611  ;  fu 
CambHrland.  at'.y  years,  754 

Air  analysis,  409 

Alexander,  Wm.,  Aberdeen,  the  la  e,  723 

Alley,  ball,  639 

Almshouses,  8helfi  Id  [HoUis)  7[n 

Ambulance  drill  hall.  Accrinj^tun  86t 

Amendment  proposed  :  of  Loailoi  Building 
Acts,  227,  299  ;  of  AVorkmen's  Cjmpensa- 
tioQ  Act,  77 

Americm  timbers,  strength  of,  195 

Analysis,  air.  409 

Ancient  buildings,  See.  ivr  Protection  of, 
863 

Anci**nt  lights  —Colls  v.  Home  and 
Colonial  Store*.  77,  111,  f  4  (.  653 

Another  competition  fiasco,  639 

Antill,  ^Y.  and  Cj.,  Camden  Town,  in  n, 
219 

Antiquari-*n  societies:  Camberland,  760 ; 
Dumfries,  760 

Antiquaries,  society  of,  Bristol  S33 

Appliances,  D.iulton'a  sanitary.  Si 

Apportionment -^i  paving  :  in  cises  of 
changes  of  ownership,  360;  landlords  v. 
tenants'  liabdity  f  ir,  291,  296 

Approval  of  plans.  744 

Arbitrations :  Chelsea  waterworks,  60i ; 
Coven'ry,  324  ;  Fulham.  360  ;  Gunn*^rs- 
bury,  49;  King's  C'oss.  925;  Lambourne 
Valley,  838 ;  Loadoa  w^ter  companies, 
360  ;  Newcastle-on-Tvne,  324  ;  Plymouth, 
162  ;  Ratolitfe.  712;  Southampton.  14H ; 
South  London  i  ram  way,  7  4?  ;  Souti 
Shields,  110,  219;  Strand-t  )-HoIborn 
(appeal)  444  ;  Btranraer  (gasho'der  tank) 
640  ;  t'lbe  railways  and  London  squares, 
602;  Westminser.  162 

Aquarium  site,  Wesleyanhall  *  n.  619 

Arcade,  Preston,  litigation  as  to,  563 

Archiool'igical  :  institute  (roval)  793  ; 
societies  ,  N'orfolk  793  (Yorlishire)  218 

Architect;  and  budding  o>*ner,  147  ;  and 
engineer,  ci)-operation  of.  8:il  ;  county, 
for  Cornw^U,  2il;  granted  a  d'voree. 
883;  in  dilfi  ;ul  ie<,  49-  raving  in  not 
employing  an,  3:^9  ;    sentence  on  an   .^24 

Architects  :  alleged  U'gl'genre  by,  41 1.  50"t ; 
and  educatioi  committee^,  479  ;  AC, 
and  surveyors  ( -"hetheld  society)  270,  406, 
583  ;  as  specialist  contractors.  48 ;  as  to 
the  making  of.  111,  163,  191 ,  benev -lent 
society,  40.; ;  British,  royal  ins-titu'e  of, 
118,  189,  190,  220.  2^;^,  325,  331.  401,  472. 
674,  717,  825.  854,  89>,  9?6  (and  Budding 
Acts  Amendment)  227  (and  registration) 
53,  68.  77,  8^,  143  (council  electons)  eOi. 
711,  8i5,  854,  867  (fellowship)  292  (go'd 
medal)  189,  895  (prize  designs)  117.  118, 
190.  252  (report)  610  (^ta^utiry  qualifica- 
tion) 711  ;  certificate,  finality  of.  8SS  ; 
charges  (and  secret  commi-s-on-)  675. 
894;  clients  and,  295,  6i0;  co"gress  in 
Madrid,  396 ;  Gla-^gow  institute,  548 ; 
qualidc-ition.  329,  7il;  r^ei-tration,  640 
(BUI)  744  (is  It  desirable")  3i4  71S; 
societies  (Bristol)  S3  (Manchester)  674, 
760  (South  Wales  and  aionm  nith)  793  ; 
Sociefy.  ^p,  18*.  191,  299,  79i  (at 
Coventry)  325  '.dinner)  612 


Architectural:  associations  (Birmingham) 
(Edinburgh)  161,  V18,  270,  3  i5,  501,638, 
711  (London)  81.  Ill,  153.  225.297,367, 
611,  682,  854  (do.,  dinner)  718  (,do.,  new 
heidquarters  o")  688  (do.,  prize  designs) 
8)9  (do.,  Sketehbcok)  84  (Northern)  218, 
270,  406,  643CWolverhamptonU6i;b:i)ks 
in  Liverpool  library.  221 ;  club  in  New 
Zealand,  479  ;  cuirieulum.  value  of  science 
in,  682 ;  detads,  Scottish  architectural, 
829  ;  development,  histury  of.  569  ;  archi- 
tectural education,  boaid  of,  926  ; 
museum,  the  A.  A  ,  at,  688  ;  practice, 
AVashmgton  senate  on,  607  ;  regi-itration, 
866  (and  K.I.B  A  )  53,  58.  77;  societies 
(Devon  and  Exeter)  337,  723  (Leeds  and 
Yorkshire)  2!S,  270,  337.  406.  501  (Liver- 
po)l)  375  (Nottingham)  232  ;  study, 
g>^nial  side  o  ,  2^3 

Architecture  :  Academy,  50 ;  at  Royal 
A-Cidemy,  600,  P4'i.  682;  Dundee  mstituie 
of,  49  ;  Egyptian,  81  ;  how  to  juige,  476  ; 
le  td.  113  ;  modern  dom-'Stic,  eshibitiuii  at 
Le*^ds,  611  ;  Roman  in  Scotland,  5:u  ; 
Huskm  and,  617  ;  technicil  terms  used  in. 
478 

Ar.ooured  :  co  crete  for  bridge  planking, 
18  i;  construction,  Cottancin  system  of, 
613 

Armour,  historic  :  515 ;  for  New  York 
m-^tropolitan  museum.  818 

Arms.  C'a^  of,  for  Norfolk  8i4 

Art :  British,  at  St.  L^uis  Exhibition.  783; 
erafLs  guild,  Sheffield,  406  ;  edu-utioa  in 
Ediaburxh,  64  \  689  ;  in  th*^  house  of  her 
f.  lends.  640  ;  Irish  at  the  Guildhall,  604, 
792 

Arti'Ht.  the.  in  building,  715 

Arundel  club,  889 

Ashbourne  church,  375,  403,  H5 

Aspatria  and  Bdl.tfi  wat-r  supply,  1  !> 

Aspects,  fome.  of  the  profe^don,  259 

Asphalte  paving,  municipal  repair  of,  818 

Asses'^ment  of  Land  Values  Bill,  395 

Associations  :  architectural  ( Binuing- 
him)  (Edinburgh)  HI,  218.  270,  3(i), 
501,  6^8,  711  (London]  81,  111,  153,  22i. 
297,  367,  611,  632,  (8 '^4  (do.,  dinner)  718 
(do.,  new  headquarters)  688  (do.,  prize 
des-gns)  859  (do.,  sketchbo'>k)  84 
(northern)  218,  270.  403,  5(8  (^Volve^- 
hampton)  162 ;  building  by-Uws  reform, 
337;  cler>a  of  wor»s,  305;  ditrict  sur- 
veyors (and  building  «(t  amendment) 
299  ;  foundrymen's  (British)  756  ;  miSter 
build^-rs'  (Crewe)  3;i7  (Bdmburgi)  866 
(London)  338  (Norwich)  501  (Notting- 
h  iml  337  ;  municipal  engine'-r«,  79*  ; 
quantify  surveyors',  58,  332,  534  ;  roads 
improvement,  G'-iS 

Assurance  prem  aes,   Finsbury-square,  832 

A^  to  the  making  of  an  archite::t.  111,  153, 
101 

Asylums,  lunatic  :  Rangour,  500  ;  Belmont, 
S'^l ;  Kingseat  (villa)  254;  Newport, 
Mon  .  860 

At  homes.  R.LB.A.,  President's,  82,  S54 
026 

Atkins.  C.  W.,  E^her,  ;»  rr,  535 

Auotioaeers'  institute,  6*8 

Au-itria,  gta-as  making  industry  of,  325 

Authoiity,  profess  onal.  399 

Awards,  compe  it  on,  893 


BAOK  to  t'le  land  in  Cheshire,  50 

BaUionv.  stone,  79j 

BtU-a'.iey,  (U9 

B  iltimorr' fir',  behiviour  of  bricks  in,  746 

Hand  of  Hope  union,  M^incheater,  652 

Bankrupt  archit  ct,  charge  against,  535 

Banks  :    Colche&ter,  761  ;  Darlington,  411  ; 

Walsall,  375 
BirracH  construe' ion,  director  of,  604,  747 
Barracks:  Salisbui'y  Plain,  233;    Siotlcy 

(naval)  304 
Barrett  v.  K^mp— what  is  a  factory  ?  148 
Barriers,  professional,  187 
Bathstoae,  741,  796 
Baths,  public  :  Ac*on.  064;  Balsall  Heath, 

501 ;  Batfersea,  864  ;  Chelsea,  407  ;  D.^iby, 

6>2;    Liverpool   (Pierhetd)    3U4  ;    West 

Derby.  653 
Bayonne  cathedral,  discoveries  at,  713 


Beams,    broad   flange,    as    columns,  160, 

617 
Beam.  secMon  of.  781,  793 
Beatson,  Wm.,  Leith,  the  late,  617 
Belch-r,  Jobn.  A.R  A.,  P.K.I. B.A.,  603 
Belfast  cathedral,  794 
Benevolent     societies  :    architects',    406  ; 

timber  trades  162 
Berwick.  Edwardian  walls  of,  783.  854 
Hevan,  John.  Bristol,  the  late,  i:03 
Bigwood  tramway  rail,  149 
Biological  :    disp  sal     of     sewage    from 

isolated    buildings,    265  ;    processes    of 

sewage  purificatioo,  503 
Birch,  G.  H.,  the  late,  710,  723 
Birmingham:  architects  and  the  oorpora- 

t"on,  77  ;  house   decorators'    conference. 

406  ;    lehousiug  slum   population,    4'J4  ; 

university,  125,  411  ;  Welsh  water  supi»ly, 

760 
Blackmore  tabl'it,  E.'teter  cathedral,  640, 

829,  863 
B!aud,  Jas.,  Scai borough,  the  late,  405 
Board  :    of  architectural  educition,  926  ; 

of  professional  defence.  713 
Board  schools  :    Elgia.  S'66  ;  Hford,  618  ; 

Kirkcaldy,  337;  Oldham,  1^7 
Boathouse,  Limerick,  60 
Bjating  clu^ihouse,  club  designs,  507 
Bodleian  library  portraits,  2o4 
Booi  illu-.tr<ition3,  60 
Books,  architectuKil,  in  Liverpaol  library, 

221 
Boundaries  and  fences,  law  of,  303 
Boundary  fences,  raaintenanc  '-  of.  926 
Braan  v.   Roberts  —  architect  and  client, 

147 
Bradford  :  Cartwrighthall  655  (exhibition) 

111,  143  ;  corporation  and  tleir  engineer, 

889 
Brick:  behaviour  of  in  Biltimore  fire,  74i3; 

tr^de,  the.  828,  8  i7 
Bricks,  clinker,   utilisatioa  of.  111  ;  from 

giisworks  refuse,  221  ;  porous,  tti-e  tests 

of.  676 
Brickwork  and  masonry,  193 
Bridge  :  esperimental  concrete-steel,  900  ; 

planking,  armoured  concrete  fo-,  182 
Bridges;    Aylesford.    127.    197,    501,   674; 

London,    widening    of,     4S0  ;    Midland 

Ra  Iway  Co. 'a.    i'13  ;     Newport,    Mon. 

(tran-porter)    893;  Sn^ll   Heath,    360; 

Somerleyton,  213;  Sonuiug,  442  ;  South- 

waik,  83  ;  Widnes  and  Runcorn,  724 
Brighton  sea  defences,  125 
Bristol  :  araeaities  of  Leigh  Woods,  49  ; 

societies  (anfiquaties)  833  (architecra)  88 
British  :  archit€c's,  royal  institute  of,  118, 

189,  220.  265,  325.  331,  401,  472.  674,  717. 
8^5,  SJ4,  b95,  926  (and  Building  Act 
amendment)  227  (and  registration)  63, 
58,  77.89,  118  (couucil  elections)  603,711, 
825.  854,  8.i7  (fellowship)  29i  (gold 
medal)  189,895    (prize   designs)  117,  118, 

190,  252  (retort)  blO  (statutory  qualifl:a- 
tion  an'')  711  ;  art  at  St  Louis  exhibi- 
tion, 783  ;  artists'  society's  exhibition, 
4^6;  engineering  standard  coded  lists 
750  ;  home  of  to-day,  899  ;  foundrymen's 
association,  756  ;  museum  (additiors  to 
collection)  49  (Germai  woodcut-*)  292  ; 
sculptors,  so  iety  of,  161  ;  timber  and  ila 
us-s.  302,  440 

Brixton,  L.C.O.  budding  school,  77.  325 
Broad  flange  beams  as  columns,  160,  617 
Broken-up    roads,    costs    of    reinata'ing, 

712 
Brjnze  age.  Prof.  Boy!  Dawkins  on,  182 
Builders  :  institute  of.  40 1  ;  master,  asao- 
cations  (Crewel  337  (Sdinburgb)  866 
(London)  338  (Xirwich)  501  (Notting- 
ham) 337  ;  premises  and  Workmen's 
Compensation  Act,  853  ;  price  books 
(Laxton's)  196  (Lockwood's)  196;  quan- 
tities, 651 
Building ;  Act,  London  (advertisement 
!^i=;ns  -andj  110,  745,  838  (amendment 
Bi  1,  rejommendatiuns  of  district  sur- 
veyors' assocn  )  293  (do.  d  >.  do.. 
R.'.B.A.)  229  ;  adaptation  of,  785  ;  anl 
scien'-e,  857  ;  by-laws  (City)  503  (reform 
committee)  337  ;  economics  of,  115  ; 
hindrances  to.  679  ;  legislation,  329  ; 
materials  for  Egypt,  57  ;  News  design- 
ing club,  119,  301,  507,  579,  827  ;  owner, 


architect  and,  1 17  ;  problems,  365  ;  risks, 
modem,  4J5  ;  sind.  calcareous,  7S1,  796  ;. 
school,  L.C.C.,  Brixto:i,  77,  325  ;  atones, 
Irish.  122,  229,  235,  3J3,  476,  511,  619.  639, 
719,  758 ;  the  artist  in,  715  ;  tride* 
federitions  (Midland)  88  (Scottish)  638  ; 
trade,  uDsouudneiS  in  the,  408;  trades 
exchange  (Ed  nburgh)  126;  types,  new, 
539 
Buildings,  isolated,  biological  disposal  of 

sewage  fr  im,  265 
Bungalow.  Hawkchurch,  583 
Burma,  t-ak  forests  of,  713 
Burne-Jonts,  Sir  E.,  drawings  by,  575 
Business  premises  ;  Bristol  (ineurance)  869 ; 
Durban      (Sjuthern     life    assocn.)    4 IS, 
675;    Edinburgh,  198;   Finsbury-squue. 
58 J     (astiuraucjj     8JJ ;    Giasgo*v,    546  ;. 
Ipswich     (Tudor)     161  :     Liverpool,  725 
(insurance)       411 ;       Mmchester.       90  j 
(assuranc:*)  199  ;  Norwich,  233  ;  St  Paul's 
Churchyard,  500  ;  Shrewsbury,  531 ;  York^ 

By-laws,  building  ;  in  the  City,  503  ;  reform, 
association,  337 


CAIiCAREOUS  buUding  sand,  781, 
796 

Calculating  tablea,  755 

Camberwell  polytechnic,  724 

Cimbrian  Acalemy.  royal,  182,  782 

Cambridge,  new  buildings  at,  341 

Cimeos,  641 

Campo  Santo,  Westminster,  proposed,  115 

Canada,  Eastern,  forests  of,  753 

Canterbury  c;ithedral,  story  of,  4^2.  4 '4 

Carlisle  cathedial,  opening  out  of.  396 

Carpenter  and  joiner,  modern,  511.  790 

Carpentera'.Co.'s  :  essays,  395,  745  ;  lectures, 
182,  370,  402,  464,  503 

Carriage,  railway,  for  timber,  360 

Cast  lead  rain  wa'er  heads,  196 

Castles:  Dumfries,  760;  Kilkenny  (Ameri- 
can replica  of)  745  ;  Langeais,  60 

Casualty  Insurance  Co.,  890 

Cathedrals  :  Adelaide,  830  ;  Bayonne,  713  ; 
Belfas%  794  ;  Canterbury  (Elsey  Smith 
on)  402,  464 ;  l.'arlisle  (opening  out  of) 
396  ;  Chattres.  9)5  :  DubUn  (Sr.  Patrick) 
194  ;  Exeter  (Blackmore  meraU  J  61),  829, 
863  (electric  light  and  procesfio  lal  cross) 
50,  53  (misereres)  431;  Herel'o.d  (west 
front)  336,  503;  Leeds  (St.  Anne,  R.O.) 
336 ;  Lincoln  ( Fleming's  chapel)  b  f 
(indexed  illustration-*)  84  ;  Liverp  >ol,  68, 
372,  730  ;  Manchester.  7';;4  ;  Norwich,  2^0  ; 
St.  Albans,  581,  780 ;  bt.  Paul's  7S0  ; 
(memorials)  832,  895  ;  bantiago,  7  ;  Truro, 
161,  531;  Venice  (St,  Mark)  50;  West- 
minster (R.C.)  780  ("do.,  some  points  in) 
787  ;  York,  547 

Cavern,  Gough's,  at  Cheddar,  £03 

1  'ellini,  carving  by,  at  Winchester,  111 

Cement:  industries  at  8t.  Louis  exhibition, 
604  ;  resources  of  Uniied    Stites,  746  -^ 
woiks  union.  Rhenish  AVestphaha,  818 
ntral  st;itions.  electrical.  472 

('-rtiflcato,  architects,  finality  of,  833 

Chairs,  160 

Chambers :  Norwich,  233  ;  Westminster 
780 

Changes  of  ownership  in  paving  apportion- 
ments, 360 

Chapels  :  Baysw;tter-road  (Ascension)  182  ;. 
Cneltenham  college  (reieios)  5'?, 
633;  Davyhulme  (Wesln.,)  864;  Lincolu 
cathedml  (Fleming's)  84  ;  Knowle- 
(Wesla.  school)  830;  Pyx:,  W-^stmioster, 
220.649;  St.  Ive's,  Hunts  :.Wr4n  )  79»; 
Walsingham  (Pilgrims  )  481 ;  Wavertree 
(Bapt.)  581,  795  ;  Wcaieyan,  new,  182 

Chapman  ;  and  Chatifey  v.  Medley,  324  ;  R- 
J.,  Newcastle,  tbe  late,  760 

Chapter  hou^e,  Westminstei,  decayed, 
stonework  at,  195 

(^'barges,  architects'  :  694  ;  and  secret  com- 
missions, 675 

C'heddar,  G-ough's  cavern,  5'"U 

Chelmsford  water  supply.  i9l 

Cheney.  Ethan  R,,  New  York,  the  late,  652; 

Cheshire,  picturesque,  8 

CaTchester  harbour,  pollution  cf,  49 

Chimaey  stack  raising,  while  ia  use,  192 

Chippendale  furniture,  deals  in,  43 


BUILDING  NEWS,  VOL.  TJCXXVI. 

January  to  June,  19iil. 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


Supplement  to  the 
Blmldino  Nr 


s^Kws.  July  **.  10^1. 


ni. 


Christ's  hospital,  old  :  foundation  stone, 
817  ;  site,  253 

<  'hurch  :  cost  per  sitting,  781 ;  decoriition  as 

coustruction,  h88 

r^urehos:  Alloa  lU.P.)  72(;  Ashbrjurne 
(St.  Oswald)  375,  10?,  115;  Astley,  701  ; 
Aticliterarder  (parish)  724  ;  Bedford  Park 
(St.  Michael)  ISl  ;  Birkdale  (C'ongl  )  67  (  ; 
Birmingham  (i  ird.  Newman  meml.)  1*25 
(Meth  New  Conn.,  Dudley-road)  830; 
lllackpool  (Wesln.)  91  ;  Boltoa  (Indept. 
Meth  }  72L  ;  Brighton  (Bapt.)  710  ; 
Bristol  (8t.  Agnes)  3-36  ;  Burgess  Hill 
(8t.  Andrew)  lyi  ;  Bush  HiU-park  iSt. 
Stephen)  30.)  ;  C.itford  (St.  Andrew) 
198;  Cbandler's  Ford  (St.  Boniface; 
618;  <:horley  (Wesln.)  519;  Clewer,  7; 
0?wley(St.  John,  tower)  655;  Uetford 
(St.  James)  103 ;  Derby  (All  SS.)  161; 
domed  (Academy  design)  7  ;  Eagle,  8.30  ; 
Kistney,  PorUsraouth,  441  ;  Ecclea  (St. 
Mary)  127  ;  Fotheringay,  713  ;  Gains- 
borough. 126  ;  Gorton  (U.  Free  Meth.) 
519 ;  Qrimethorpe  (St.  Luke)  411;  Hare- 
hills,  Leeds  U.M.F.)  724  ;  Haverhill 
(St.  Mary:  .301;  Hemblington  (All  SS  ) 
780  ;  Heme  Hill  (Congl  )  865  ;  Higham's 
Park  [V.  Meth.  Free)  618  ;  Horndon-on- 
HiU,  502  ;  Horwich  (AVesln.)  549; 
Houghton-le  Spring,  500  ;  Islingtsn  (8t. 
Mar)-)  652  ;  Jesmond  (t=t.  Barnabas)  441 ; 
Kidderminster  (St.  John)  290  ;  Leeds 
(M.N.C,  Trinity)  44i  (St.  Thomas)  797  ; 
Little  Ilford  (Congl.)  411;  Littlehamp- 
ton  (St.  (.itherine)  9J3 ;  Mace  esfield 
(St.Michael)  103;  Morpeth  (Piim.  Meth. 1 
003  ;  Newca^tle-on-Tyne  (Presbtn.)  710  ; 
New  Somerby  (St.  Aane)  707  ;  Oitlands 
(St.  Mary)  515;  Openshaw  (U.  Free 
Meth.)  549  ;  Palmer's  Green  (St.  John) 
«19  ;  Piccadilly  (St.  James)  199.  271  ; 
Port  Erin  (Prim.  Meth.)  445  ;  Portobello 
(St.  John)  9  ;  Portsmouth  (R.C.,  Corpus 
Christi)  500  (St.  Thomas  a  Becket)  50.3  ; 
Probus,  903  ;  "quaint  picturesque," 
798  ;  Rand  (St.  Oswald)  761  ;  refinements 
of  plan  and  profile  in  Mediieval,  254  ; 
Eothwell  (Holy  Trinity)  756  :  Runorn 
(Hresbtn.,  St.  John)  724  ;  St.  Cleer,  831  ; 
Heven  Kings  (U.  Meth.  Free)  832  ; 
Shepherd's  Bush  (a.C.)  581  ;  Shircbrook 
(a.  Trinity)  869;  Shrewsbury  (abbey) 
*>  (St.  Alkmund)  903  ;  Slebech,  534  ; 
Southwell  (St.  Stephen)  441  ;  Sunder- 
land (Congl.)  51t>  (AVeslo.)  232  ;  Swindon 
(Holy  Rood,  R.C.)  652  ;  Thombam 
(All  SS  )  534;  Thorcle/  (Wtsln.)  8; 
Thnrlestone.  653  ;  Tresilian  (H.  Trinity) 
053  ;  Ti'uoch  {font  covtr)  91  ;  Upper 
Know!e,  Bristol  (Bible  Curistian)  865  ; 
Waltham  Abbev,  292,  500  :  Wareham, 
01  ;  Watford  (Congl.)  618  ;  Westbury- 
on-Trym,  361  ;  West  Hartlepool  (S:. 
Oswald)  126  ;  Whitley  Bay  (U.  Free 
Meth.)  903  ;  Wnitwick,  618  ;  Wymond- 
ham  (Priory)  88 

•t'istern,  coating.  395 

Cities,  garden,  157 

i  'i'y,  the,  of  London  :  building  by-Uws  in, 
60  J ;  directory,  604  ;  lamps  and  clocks  in, 
569 

City:  ideal  mediEeval,  549;  of  the  waters, 
437 

Civil  engineers,  institution,  of,  638 

i.'lemence,  S.  Quick,  the  late,  394 

Clergy  house  in  a  slum,  club  designs,  119 

i  'lerks  of  works  association,  305 

<'li''nts  and  architects,  295,  640 

O.nker  bricks,  utilisation  of,  111 

Clocks  and  lamps  in  the  City,  569 

<'lubhou-ies  :  bjating  (club)  designs,  507 

Clubs:  Shannon  rowing,  di);  architectural 
in  .New  Z-^aland,  479;  Arundel,  8S9 ; 
Bi;iLnTXG  News  designing,  119,  301,  507, 

,    579. 827      • 

Clyde,  purification  of  the,  817 

Colt  of  arms  for  Norfo.k,  854 

CoatiDt;  cistern,  395 

Coded  lists,  British  engineering  standard, 
750 

Colleges :  Bristol  (univ.)  198;  Cheltenham 
(warmemls.)  537,  583;  Dublm  (science) 
603,  676  :  Fresbfield  '  R.  C.  St.  Peter)  618  ; 
King's,  London  (plnmbers'  instruction) 
536  ;  Manchester  (Prim.  Meth)  395  ; 
Newcastle*  { Armstrong  Science)  652  ; 
Oxford  (M'gdalenl  019;  science  (royal) 
713  ;  Southampton  (  Bartley)  8U 

Collegiate  buildings,  board  of,  718 

Colls  V.  Home  and  Colonial  stores— ancient 
lights,  77.  Ill,  644,  653 

f'olour  mixing,  476 

''iilumbiao  fireproof  system,  S3 

Cjlumns,    broad  flange  beams  as,  160,617 

Commissions:  royal.  (London  tralfi-  292 
(.sewage  disposil)  93;  secret,  architects' 
charges  and,  675  ;  surveyors',  147 

Committee :  joint,  on  water  regulations, 
160;  select,  on  Ventilation,  repjrt,  54, 
83.  120,  158.  230.  304 

Commom  preservation  society,  866 

<  'umpensation      Act,      workmen's  :     568 ; 

builders'  prem^^es  and.  85* ;  church 
decoration  a-s  construction,  b8S ;  live 
years'  oxperieuca  of,  604;  lightning  and, 
568  ;  liability  under,  41t  ;  proposed 
amendment  of,  77  ;  scaffolding  and,  669  ; 
sewer  and,  147 

Compensation,  Loidon  water  companies', 
360         ^ 

CompetltidS:  fiascD.  another,  639  ;  reform 
society,  2V2  ;  awards,  893 

Competitions  :  ar-jhitcctural  association  de- 
signs, 859',  baths  (Balsall  Heith)  5iil 
(Chelsea)  407  (Liverpool,  Piorh  ad  301; 
boathouse  (Limerick)  HO  ;  bridges 
(Ayle.sford)  127,  197,  501,  671  (South wark) 
88  ;  BuiLuiNo  News  designing  club,  119, 


301,  5f)7,  .579.  827  ;  churches  ^Birkdale. 
Congl.)  67i  (Leeds,  M.N  C.T.initv)  415 
(New  Sumerby.  St.  A.nne)  797  (Seven 
King'*,  V.M  Free)  8J2  (Thornley, 
Wetln.)  s  ;  clubhouse  (Shannon,  rowing) 
90  ;  college  (Mancbester,  Prim.  Meth.) 
39j  ;  cottage  homes  (Uillericay)  8>-;6  ; 
cotton  cxchinge  (Liverpool)  691  ;  deaf 
and  dumb  in-stitution  ( Newcastle- on - 
Tyne)  723  ;  dwellings  (liaugur)  162  ; 
essays  (C'arpenters'  Co.)  395,  7 15  ;  hall 
(Aquarium  site,  Westminster)  619 ; 
hospitiila  (Banict,  fever)  339,  501.  904 
(Unghton,  women  s)  18  (King's  College) 
5.35  (Manchester,  .sliin)  199  (Perth,  fever) 
797  (Puebla)  8S  ;  infirmary  (Manchester, 
royal)  231.  .395,  470,  481  ;  laying  out 
estate  l  Burnham,  Somerset)  5 19 ;  librnries, 
free  (Clitheroe)  .3.37  (Eidingtonj  337,  373, 
395,  519.  905  i  Heme  Hill)  88  (Hutchison- 
town.  Glisg>w)  519  (llnley!  691  tMilvern) 
339,  612,  5.35,  619  (St.  Anne's-oa-Sea;  197, 
905  (Sevenoaks  305  (Tipton)  3<r»  (Tor- 
quav)  4 1  >,  67  I  (.Wakefield)  337,  .373,  549, 
57H.  582,  691.  725.  761  (Worthing)  691 ; 
memorials  (Et  >a.  War)  271  (Hali''ax, 
War)  197  ;  mission  (Shefii^ld,  central 
Wesln.)  832  ;  ofiioes  (Camberley,  U-D.C  ) 
8  (Smothwick,  municipal)  407  ;  pavjlion 
(Eistedfold,  Rhyl)  .305  :  R  I  B.A.  (prize 
designs)  117,  118,  190,  252  (suggestions  as 
to)  325  ;  sanatorium  ( Barrasf ord  ,i  832  ; 
schools  (Acton,  county)  48.  59,  90.  2J3 
(Canton,  Cardiff  337  [  Edinburgh  Scottish 
so'diers'  sonsi  501  (Elgin,  boird  866 
iHexhim,  Free  M^th.!  271  (Kingston- 
on-Tham-is,  council'  619,  859,  866  ■  Kirk- 
caldy, board  i  3^7  Newcastle-on-  Tyne. 
grammiD  163,  8 -16  (Pittsburg,  t'^chnicalj 
674,  899  (Sale,  Wet-ln  )  445  ;Sou(hall. 
council  725,  8^8  i  Wallsend,  council ) 
4  (5  ;  shire  ball  [  Bury  St.  Edmunds)  79(j  ; 
stations  police  and  fire  brigade.  Wind- 
son  337  ;  statue^Oo -sen,  Newcastlei  501  ; 
stock  exchange  (Manchester:  305.  725  ; 
town  hall ■(  Acton)  27.60,231.3^7,445, 
791.852,869  905  (Birkdale  639  1  Bourne- 
mouth 713  country,  A. A.:  445  .Durban: 
229  Hamilton)  2:11,271.  305  [overn^ss 
197  Kirkintilloch  549  Kawtenstall  60 
Stockport  271,  341,  515  lunderland, 
extension  163.271  -Taunton  231  Tor- 
([uay  445,  671  {Wallasey*  60  ;  townhou^^e 
reco  astructiou  ( Aberdeen  337  ;  work- 
house extension    Wibedeld    271 

Concrete  :  armo  ired,  for  bridge  planking. 
182  ;  at  Rochdale,  196,  304  :  reinforced,  in 
building  construct-on,  896;  sewer  forms, 
419;  sewers,  new  forms  for,  196  ;  steel, 
334  ^bridge)  90J  (factiry)  476 

Conditions,  non-observance  of,  51 

Conference  i  (house  decorator.-)  403  ;  master 
plumbers,  Southport,  690 

Congress :  architects',  Madrid,  396  ;  health, 
Folkestone,  536 

Construction  :  armoured,  Cottancin  system 
of,  613;  church  dei:oiations  as,  858,  dock, 
507;  reinforced  concrete  in,  896;  tunnel, 
new  system  of,  758 

Contractors  :  libel  on  by  a  new.spaper,  602  ; 
speeiilist,  architects  as.  48 

Contract ;  misunderstood,  853 ;  rectification 
of  terms  of,  78  J 

Conveyancing  Act,  failure  of,  781 

Convicted,  a  surveyor,  833 

Co-operation    of   architect   and  engineer, 

821 

Cooper.  William,  Hastings,  the  late,  834 
Copenhagen,  Ea-.ter  weex  in,  614,  619,  635 
Corner  houses.  292,  297,  339,  407 
Cornice,  fatal  fall  of.  430 
Cornwall  :  and    D^von.  overcrowding  in, 

292  ;  county  architect  for,  221 
Correspondent,  the  premier  newspaper.  111 
Costs;  of  reinstating  broken  up  roads,  712  ; 

professional  work  and,  64  i 
Cottage  homes  ;  225  ;  Billerioay,  866 
Cottages  :  Beeston,  375  ;  Bromyard,  833  ; 

V.    tenements    for    housing,   396,    676  ; 

Walworth,  336 
Cottancin  system  of  armoured  construction, 

613 
Cotton  exchange,  Liverpool  691 
Council  elections,    R.LB.A  ,  603,  711,  825, 

854.  867 
Council   schools :    Acton,    S% ;   Ben^ham, 

581;    Birkenhead,    8S9 ;    Devonpjrt,   58; 

Ilford,   618  ;    Kingston-on-Thames.    619, 

859,  866  ;  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  4:}u ;  North 

Shields.    780;     Pembroke     DocK.     710; 

Shetfield,  6V2 ;  Soutball,  725.  8j8  ;  Walls- 
end,  415;  Walt^iamstow,  500 
Country,  homes  for  the,  756 
Countv  :  architect  for  Cornwall,  221 ;  hall, 

Northallerton,  691 
Coventry,  society  of  architects  at,  925 
{^itsmanship.  Walter  Gilbert  on,  6l1 
Cretaccou-t  rocks  of  Britain,  431 
Crete,  explorations  in,  817 
Crewe  mister  builders'  association,  337 
Crucifix,  Michael  Angelo's,  852 
Cumb'^iland  :   antiquarian    society,    7G0 ; 

fifty  years'  ajiiculture  764 
Curi'iculum,  architectural,  value  of  science 

in,  682 
Custom  of  painting  trade,  782 
Cypress,  doom  of  the,  7  H 


DA."MP  w.alls.29l 

Dingers  of  legislative  experiments,  781 

Dawt)er.  E  Guy.  P.A.A.,  851 

Deaf  and  dumb  institution,  Newcastle,  72  > 

Deils  in  Chippen'ale  and  old  furniture,  48 

Dt-an  forest,  school  of  forestry,  637 

Decayt^d  stonework  at  Westminster  chapter 

houie,  195 
Decay  of  stonework,  183 


Decentralihation,  industrial.  81 

Decorati'in  ;  ohuich,  aa  "construction," 
8S8  ;  plastic.  40l 

Decorations  :  at  Chapel  of  Ascension. 
Ba\'swater-road,  182  ;  new  wall-paper, 
511 

Deduction  for  unexecuted  work,  838 

Defective  dr.tirir',  liability  for.  816 

Defence,  professiimal  board  of,  718 

Definitions,  legal:  "new  street,"  816; 
'  w.arehouse."  110 

Design,  a  new  problem  of,  .506 

Designing  club,  Builoin-.i  News,  110,  301, 
507.  579,  827 

Designs  ;  and  art  crafts,  exhibition  of, 
437  ;  Architectural  Ansociation,  859  ; 
Bdildino  Nkws  de-tigningcUib.  119,  301, 
507.  .'>79,  827  ;  council  schools  Kingaton- 
on-Thimes  859  8nuthall  HJH  ;  Gomed 
church  Academy  7  :  for  garden  furni- 
ture, 722  ;  infirmary  Manche-^ter,  royal 
470  ;  librarv.  free  Wakefield  578  ; 
prize,  151;  it.I.B.A  ,  117,  118,  190,  252  ; 
town  ha'l    Acton   2;  unrealised,  4  59 

Details,  Scottish  architectural,  829 

Development  :  architectural,  history  of, 
569  ;  of  methuds  uf  locomotion,  503 

Developments,  structural  and  scientific, 
749 

Devon  :  and  '"ornwall.  overcrowding  in, 
292  ;  and  Exeter  archit'^ctural  society, 
337,  723  ;  Scandinavian  granite  in,  782 

Diamond,  Isaac,  Bethnal   Green,  in  re,  712 

Diekset^  v.  Pearce.  610 

Difficulties,  architect  in,  19 

Dilapidated  tenements  in  Poplar,  502 

Dilapiditions,  ecclesiastical,  254 

Dinners:  arch'tectural  assojiation,  718; 
clerks  of  works',  305  ;  master  builder< 
(Crewe  337  Nottingham/  337  ;  soc'ety  of 
architects,  612 ;  surveyors'  institution, 
270 

Director  of  barrack  construction,  604,  747 

Direct'iry.  City  of  London,  601 

Discoloration  of  frieze,  395 

Discoloured  external  plaster,  639 

Displaced  populations,  rehousing,  753 

Disposal  :  refuse,  ana  power  production, 
616  ;  sewage  and  river  pollution-  722 
i  biological   265,  618 

Disputed  terracotta  contract,  502 

District  surveyors :  asso-iiation.  Building 
Act  amendments  by,  299  ;  fees,  925 

Divorce,  architect  granted  a,  888 

Dock  CDnstruc' ion,  507 

Doc^s  :  and  their  entrances,  604  ;  Rother- 
hithe    Greenland!  67 1 

Domed  church,  design  for,  7 

Domestic  fires  and  the  smoke  nuisance,  438 

Doom  of  the  cypress,  7 16 

Do  two  houses  make  a  "  new  street "  ?  430 

Douglas,  I.M.,  drainage  scheme,  253 

Doulton  potteries  for  St.  Louis  exhibition, 
157 

Down,  county,  building  stones  of,  122 

Drainage  :  m-idern  house,  230  ;  of  low- 
level  districts,  117 

Drain  :  and  sewer  cases,  handbook  of,  756; 
or  eewer,  59.  502 

Drains  ;  defective,  liabili'y  for,  816  ;  law 
of.  in  a  tangle,  535 

Drawings  :  by  late  J.  L.  Pearson,  82 ; 
R.T.B  A.  students',  252 

Drill  halls  :  Accrington  ;; ambulance  864  ; 
Creswell.  271 

Dry  rot,  818 

Drury,  Howard  Dru,  the  late,  87 

Dublin  :  county,  buildinj  stones  of,  123  ; 
St.  Patrick's  cathedral,  194  ;  science  and 
art  college,  603,  676 

Dudley  gallery  exhibi'ions,  260,  822 

Dumfries  antiquarian  society,  760 

Dundee  institute  of  architecture.  19 

Dunfermline  art  exhibition,  537 

Duties  and  comm  ssion,  surveyors'.  147 

Dwellings  :  Aberdeen  workmen's)  193  : 
Act,  workmen's,  loans  noder,  838 ; 
Bangor,  162  ;  Improve  1  Industrial,  569  ; 
Liverpoo\  926  ;  Manchester  tenement 
87,  676  ;  Marylebone  municipal  HI  ; 
Newbui'n,  546  ;  Newcastle-oa-Tyne,  198; 
PoUokshaws,  581  ;  St.  Pancras  1  Golding- 
t  m  bui.dings;  830  ;  AVestminster,  710 

EASTBOURNE,  new  buildings  in,  5G9 
Eastern  Canada,  forests  of,  758 
Easter  week  in  Copenha-'t-n.  611  619,  635 
East  Peterborough  British  Co.,  Lti,  823, 

867 
Eastwood  and  Co.,  Amalgamated  with  Lee 

and  Co.,  149 
Ecclesiastical  dilapidations,  254 
Eoclesiological  toctety.  St.  Paul's,  161 
Economics  of  building,  115 
Edinburgh  :  architects  and  theireiucation. 

689;   HTcbitictural  association,    161.  21-*. 

270,305,601.638,  711;   art  education  in, 

641;    buil'ling    trades    exchange,    123; 

master  builders  as^ociatioTi.SOfi ;  ordaio'-d 

purveyors'  society,  US,  305,  106,  601,  534  ; 

Usher  hall,  87 
Education  :  arcbitectii  al.  boari  of.  926  ; 

arr,  in  Edinburgh,  6  0.  689;  committeea, 

architec's  and.  179 
Egyp*",  building  material*  for,  57 
Egyptian  architecture.  81 
Eleet'ons,  council,  R  I  B.A.,  603,  711,  825, 

h5l,  8fi7 
Electra  of  Si>phncles.  the.  7S1 
Elcctric.il  central  stations,  electric*!,  172 
Electric  lifts  fnr  tube  railways,  261 
Elementary  schools,  planning  and  fitting 

up,  6 
Ellin,  R  ,  New  York,  the  late.  301 
Elliott,  Th(ts  .  Bermondsey,  the  late,  0J3 
Emanuel  Barrow,  tlie  late,  2ii9 
Engineer  and  architect,    co-operation  of, 

821 


Engineering  :  standard  coded  lists.  Britibh, 
75'.i;  structurep.  timber  in,  851;  works 
(Hunsletj  441  (Peterborough)  198 

Engineers  :  civil,  institution  of,  638; 
institute  of  sanitary,  and  its  membeM, 
117  ;  municipal,  association,  793;  society 
of.  218,  8i3 

English  :  and  Scotch  wrought  ironwork, 
361 ;  workman  of  the  middle  a'^ei,  370 

Engravings,  exhibition,  8.  Kensington 
museum.  111 

Equipment,  prufe-'^sional.  79.  573 

B  cipe,  tire,  from  factorie*,  292 

Essays,  Carpenters'  Co.,  9.  .39.5.  71* 

EstJite  and  house  agents,  institute  of,  2t0 

Estimate,  how  to.  756 

Examinations,  surveyors'  institution,  156, 
618 

Excavation,  freezing  as  an  aid  to.  259 

Exchange  :  cotton,  Liveroool,  691 ;  atoclr, 
Mancheiter.  30  >,  725  78 J 

Exeter  cathedral:  Blackmore  tablet.  6li». 
829,  8t33;  electric  light  and  procession  il 
cro«s,  50,  53  ;  misereres  \indicate'l,  Mi 

Exhibitions  :  Bradford,  Cartwright  hall, 
111,  143;  Burne-Jones.  Sir  E  ,  drawing-* 
by,  575  ;  *•  C.ty  of  the  Waters  "  437  ; 
designs  and  art  craf  s.  4  J7  ;  Dudley 
gallery,  260,  822;  Dumfermlme,  537; 
engravings.  South  Kensington.  Ill  ; 
health  (Glasgow)  676  ;  home  arts  and 
industries,  Albert  Hall.  603,  756 ;  inter- 
national society  of  Sculptors,  Pa  n't^rs 
and  QraveiB,  8J  ;  Irish  art  (Guildhall) 
601,  792;  landscapes  (by  T.  W.  Allem. 
331  (by  Forbes  Witherby)  472  ;  Leed^* 
(Kirkstall  Abbey)  IHi  (old  plans;  7i6; 
Louis.  676  ;  Manchester  (Kuskinl  220, 
464  ;  miniature  painters,  723 ;  Mf^rland, 
Geo.,  paintings  by.  717  ;  New  Eiizlinh 
art  club,  540  ;  New  Gallery.  674  ; 
Pearson's,  late  J.  L .  drawing'*,  82 ; 
pewter  plate  (Clifford's  Inn  hallj  254  ; 
portraits  (Oxford)  649 ;  Royal  Academy 
(architecture  at)  609,  61  J,  6.S2  (old 
masters!  62  (pictures'  608,641.680,716; 
royal  Cambrian  Academy.  782  ;  royal 
society  Biitish  artists  436 :  St.  Louis 
(Bri  ish  Art  at,'  783  cement  industries 
at)  604  (Doulton  po'.tTics  for,)  157  ; 
Sienese  pictures,  751  :  South  London  art 
gallery  (loan)  182  ;  Stirling,  221 ;  women's 
international  art  club,  1 16 

EtperimenUil  concrete-steel  bridge.  90D 

Experiments.  legisUtive,  dangers  of.  781 

Explos'on  and  fir^  risks,  li9 

External  plaster,  disc  doured,  639 

Extortionate  local  authorities  and  tram- 
way companies.  325 

Eyesight,  gai  illumination  aid  the,  890 


FACTOKIES  :  fire  escape  from,  292 ; 
tire  risks  in,  4  18 

Factory  :  conc-rete  steel,  476  :  is  the  road  to 
a  wharf  a  ^  143  ;  tenement,  what  is  a  I  654 

Failure  of  mechanical  ventilation,  412 

Falls,  low,  water  power  with,  267 

Fancy  woods,  mahogany  and  other,  335, 
369 

Fedt^ration.  building  trade  employers'  : 
Midland.  83  ;  Scottish,  618 

Fees,  district  surveyors',  9^5 

Fellowship,  R.I.B  A..  op?n  door  to,  292 

Fences,  boundary,  maintenance  of,  926 

Fencing  of  hoists  and  t'^agies,  861,  924 

Feader  valley  sewer,  Wirral.  8S9 

Fermanagh,  building  stones  of.  229 

Fever  hospitals:  Barn-^t.  339,  50',  9tM  ; 
Car<?halton  Soufiern  549  ;  Cheadle, 
710;  Cheslvn  Hay,  581  ;  Conisbarouah, 
4  3*^ ;  XewcUtle-under-Lyme,  888  ;  Perth, 
797  ;  Rothwell,  831 

Fia-c 0.  another  competition,  639 

Fibrous  plaster.  712 

Finality  of  arcbifect's  certificate.  888 

Fir<^  :  and  explosion  risks,  4*9  ,  behaviour 
of  brick  in.  716;  escap  ^  froa  fictories, 
292  ;  pre^enlion  on  ships,  503 ;  pro- 
tection from,  rules  for.  4  ;  risks  in 
factories,  lOS  ;  stit  ons  Bootle'  531,  681 
Windsor!  337  ;  test  of  Uralite.  254 

Fireplaces  :  and  grates,  832  ;  at  Newcastle, 
8t59 

Fireproof  system,  Columbian.  86 

Fires:  domes'ie,  and  the  smoke  nuisance, 
438;  London.  669 

Fitting  up  of  elementary  pchoils,  6  _ 

Five  years'  experience  of  Workmen's  Com- 
pensa'ion  Act.  604 

Flange,  broad,  beims,  160,  617 

Flat  roof,  granolithic,  19? 

Floor,  weight  of.  9J 

Folkestone,  health  congress,  536 

Font  cover,  Trunch,  91 

Forestry  :  United  Statea,  SIS  ;  sohojl, 
Forest  of  Dean,  637 

Forests  of  Eastern  Oinada.  758 

Form,  new,  of  sm-contract,  863 

Forms,  concr-'ie  sewer,  439 

Forward,  looking,  I 

Foundrymen's  association,  British,  75S 

Foundation  stone,  old  Christ's  hospital, 
817 

Francis's  revolving  shutters,  .S25 

Fiancis,  S.  W..  the  lat«?,  f>S\  7S| 

Fret*  librarit-s  :  Bromley.  E.,  91  ;  Clitheroe. 
337;  Edinburgh  branch  125;  Ervling- 
ton,  337,  373,  30i,  649.  797.  903  ;  Hani- 
me^^mitto,  725  :  Heme  Hill.  88  :  Hutobi- 
sontown.  Glasgow.  519  ;  Ilkley.  091  ; 
Malvern,  3.39.  512,  635,  609  ;  Worning- 
tide,  Edinburgh,  618  ;  St.  Anne's-on- 
Si»a,  197.  9t'5  ;  Sevenoaks,  303  ;  Taunton. 
Ill;  T.pton.  305;  Torquay.  IIV  674; 
Wakeft.^ld.  P.17.  37.3.  619.  578,  682.  691. 
725,761  :  W^m.  7U  7Sl  ;  Worthiog,69l 

Freemin,  W.  W.,  Ches'.er,  in  iv,  651 


IV. 


Supplement  to  the 

Ei'iLDiNu  News,  July  ! 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


BUILDIXG  XEWS,  VOL.  LXXXVI. 
January  to  June,  1904. 


Freezing  as  an  aiS  to  excavatfoD,  229 
Fi-iends.  art  in  the  house  of  her,  6U 
Fiieze,  discoloralion  of,  395 
Frozen  ground,  lime  for  thawing,  604 
Furniture  :    Chijpendale,   deals     in,    4S ; 

French,  9i>5  ;  garden,  designs  for,  722  ; 

sketches,  549  ;    speciality    in,  -105  :  the 

thirty-five  styles  of,  689 


GAINSBOBOtraH  witer  supply.  536 
Galltries  :    Dudley.   260,   822  ;    Guildhall 
(Irish  art'    604  ;  National  i^additions  to 
854   report;  536  ;  National  portrait    re- 
port"  569  ;  new.  exhibition,  574  ;  Not- 
tingham   ladditions     toi     640  ;    South 
London  art,  loan  exhibition    at,    182  ; 
Uffizi,  discoveries  in,  431 
Galway,  building  stones  of,  265 
Garden  :    cities,  357  ;    furniture,  designs 

for,  722  ;  ornaments,  old,  790 
Gas  :  illumination  and  the  eyes-ght,  S90  ; 
leakages  in  streets.  SSS  ;  London,  purity 
and  testing  of,  182  ;  natural,  for  firing 
pottery  ovens,  537 
Gasworks  refuse,  bricks  from,  221 
Gates,  lych,  club  designs,  579 
Genial  side  of  architectural  study,  223 
German  :  gla^s  indu-try,  S25  ;  woodcuts  at 

British  museum,  292 
Gezer.  excavat  ons  at,  782 
Glapgow  :  healih  exhibition,  676  ;  institute 

of  architects,  54S 
Glass  industry  in  Germany  and  Austria, 

325 
Go'd  medal,  R.T.B.A..,  189.  895 
Gosman,  John,  Leith.  the  late,  ]24 
Grammar  schools  :    Bingley,  710  ;    Marl- 
borough, 905  ;  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  163, 
866  ;  Ormskirk,  618  ;  Plympton.  49 
Granite.  Scandinavian,  in  Devonshire,  782 
Granolithic  flat  roof  to  workshop,  197 
Grates  and  fireplaces,  862 
Grimes,  Ilobert,  of  Elmira,  the  late,  6 
Guildhall  galery,  Irish  art  at,  604,  792 
Guildj  bheflield  art  crafts,  406 


HAINATJLT  Forest.  604.  854 

Halls  :  Accrington  (drill)  864  ;  Bradford 
(Cartwxight  546,  655  .Eastbrook  mis.si<:tn) 
797;  Bristol  tWesln.  church)  290;  Bury 
St.  Edmund's  (Shire)  796  ;  Creswetl 
■{drill)  271  ;  Elinburgh  (Nelson;  J25 
(Usher^  87 ;  Elveden,  833 ;  Lancaster 
(Alexandra)  549 :  I  angaide.  Glasgow 
(public)  9:  Liandefgan  (village)  581; 
New  Bond-street  ..^^jlian)  126;  North- 
allerton (county)  691  ;  Oxford  (Magda- 
len College)  619  ;  Patshull  !,  village)  126  ; 
Riddlesflen.  163 :  Salford,  Evesham,  199  : 
Tanworth  viUa^f)  549 ;  Westminster 
(Aquarium  site,  Wesln  )  619 

Halls,  Samuel,  Dolton.  the  late,  303 

Hammerbeam  roof,  90 

Handbook  of  sewer  and  drain  cases,  756 

Handyside,  G.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  710 

Hanley  sewerage  works.  603 

Hansom  v.  Hansom  and  Churcher,  8SS 

Harbours;  Aberdeen.  9;  Heysham,  638- 
Pwllheli.  125:  Whitby.  795 

Ha'^lam  v.  Watney  -surveyors'  com- 
mission, 147 

Headquarters,  new,  of  Architectural 
Association,  688 

Health  :  congress,  Folkestone,  536  :  exhibi- 
tion, Glasgow,  676  ;  public,  royal  restitute 
of,  793 

Heating  by  hot  water,  478 

Heaver's  executors  v.  Fulham  borough 
council.  502 

Hems's  :  Christmas  feast,  50  ;  newspaper 
correspondence.  111 

Heraion  in  Samos,  excavations  at,  671 

Herculineum.  excavations  at,  641 

Hereford  cathedral,  new  west  front,  336, 
500 

Hexham  m^nor  oflEce,  discoveries -at,  745 

Highways  Bill,  29i 

Hindrances  to  building,  679 

Hippodrome.  Darlington.  543 

Hi»toiy  of  architectural  development,  oC^ 

Hoists  and  teagles.  fencing  of,  861.  924 

Home :  arts  exhibition,  Alberc  Hall,  603, 
756 ;  British  of  to-day  S99 

H'mes:  at,  R.I.B.A..  president's.  82,  854, 
926;  cottage,  225  (Billericas)  866;  for 
the  country.  756  ;  nurses'  (Roohdale)  393 
(South  Shield^;  655 ;  riflemen's  (St. 
Cross,  Wiache.'ter)  865 

Honeyman,  John,  Jubilee  as  architect  of, 
431 

Honiton  waterworks.  640 

Hors-U.  sewige  disposal  for,  361 

Hosoitats :  Bxmet  (fever)  339.  501,  904 ; 
Birmmgham  (women's)  618  ;  B  ighton 
(women's!  4S ;  Cirshalton  (fever)  54S ; 
Cheadle  (fever)  710  ;  Cbeslyn  Hay  (fever) 
581 ;  Christ's,  Newgate-street  ( foundattion 
stone)  817  (site!  253;  Conisbor^ugh 
(fever)  430  ;  ^mg's  College  (new)  535  ; 
Manchester  (skin)  199 :  mndera,  902  ; 
Newca^tle-under-Lvme  (fever)  SSS;  Perth 
(fever)  797  ;  Puebla,  8S  :  Rothwell  (fever) 
831 ;  St.  Bartholomew's,  rebuilding  of,  49, 
111.  868,  903;  Tunbridge  Wells  (homoeo- 
pathic) 336 

Hostelry,  wayside,  club  designs,  301 

Hoels :  Boot'e  ( Linacre^i  198 ;  Lancaster 
(Corporati  n  Arms)  519;  Savoy  (Strand 
extension)  651 ;  Southsea,  724 

Hot  water,  lipa'ing  by.  478 

House:  decorators' conference,  Birmingham, 
40S.  dnxioage,  modem.  230 

Hous<^s  :  Bangor,  375  ;  Bush-Hill  park,  91 ; 
Chelwood  manor,  655 ;  d-  rgy,  club 
designs,  119  :  comer,  292.  297,  339.  407  ; 
Dittons,  Eastbourne,  869 ;  Ingham,  Stock- 


well,  691  ;  Johannesburg.  lP9;Northwo:d 
861 ;  Park  Down.  725;  Heading  (old :  233  ;' 
Bosehaugh,  Avoc*',  7,  163 ;  Shipton 
Court,  619  ;  small,  and  studios,  ehib 
designs,  827 ;  South  Audley-street,  163  ; 
two,  as  a  "  new  street,  "  430;  Winsley, 
691 

Houfling  of  working  classes,  754  (act)  77 
(in  teneihents  or  cottages)  396  (rural 
districts  bill)  854;  question  (in  Hull)  817 
(in  London)  510 

How :  to  estimate,  756 ;  to  judge  archi- 
tecture, 476  ;  to  qualify  as  a  surveyor.  124 

Hughes,  David,  Liverpool,  the  late,  405 

Hull,  housing  question  in,  817 

Human  remains  in  a  Cheddar  cavern,  503 

Huts,  navvieo',  rating  of,  147 

Hyde  park,  buildings  in,  372 


IBEAIi  mediicval  city,  519 

Illuminated  advertisements  and  Builliug 
Act,  110,  745.  888 

lUusti-ations,  indexed :  Christchurch  priory, 
866  ;  Lincoln  cathedral,  8-1 

Important  decision  under  Liability  Acts, 
782 

Improved  Industrial  Dwellings  Co.,  569 

Improvement  of  roads  association,  638 

Improvements,  street,  L.C.C.  sanction  for, 
924 

Indexed  illustrations  :  Christchurch  priory, 
866  ;  Lincoln  cathedral,  84 

Industrial  decentralisation,  81 

Inflrmaries  :  royal  Manchester;  231,  395, 
470.  4S1  Newcastle-on-TTne  S30  ;  work- 
house .»;he)l  125  Holbeach  830  Prest- 
wicb    19S   Suutharapton    253 

Inns  :  Charlton  Common  :  Carpenters' 
Arms  797;  Morpeth  Red  Bull  618; 
Stetchworth,  Newmarket.  341 

Inspectors,  sanitary,  national  union  of.  406 

Institutes  :     arcbieological    ;royal     793; 
architects,  royal  British,   118,  189,  220, 
265,  325.  331.  401,  472.  674,   717,  825,  854. 
895,926   and  Building  Acts  amendment! 
227    and   registration     53,58,77.89.148 
(council  election    603,  711,   825.   854,   867 
ifellowship    292  (gold  medal     189,  895 
prize  designs    117,  118,  190,2.52  , report' 
610    statutfiry    qualification  and     741  ;  ; 
architecture.  Dundee,  49  ;  auctioneers',  ! 
638  ;  builders',  40i ;    estite   and    house  i 
agents',  270  ;    Glasgow  architects',  548  :  i 
New  Cross    i  transfer  of     464  ;  Patshull,  I 
126  ;  public  health   royal    793  ;  sanitary  ' 
.lectures^  111  ;  sanitary  engineers    and 
members)   147  ;   technical     Eastbourne 
569 

Institutions  :  civil  engineers,  638  ;  deaf 
and   dumb     Newca  tie)  725  ;  surveyors, 

791  and  quantity  surveyors'  associatioa) 
58  at  Newcastle  753  (dinner)  270  (ex- 
amination) 156,  648  Junior   711 

Insurance  buildings  :  Bristol,  839  ;  Liver- 
pool, 411 

International  society,  sculptors,  painters, 
and  gravers,  80 

Iri-»h  :  art  at  the  Guildhall  gallery.  604, 

792  ;  building  stones.  122,  229,  265,  333, 
476.511.  649,689,  719,  7.'i8 

Ironwork,  w.ought,  English  and  Scotch, 

361 
Fsolited  building',  biological  disposal  of 

sewage  from,  265 
Is:    registration  dtirable  ?  324.  745;    the 

road  to  a  wharf  a  factory  T  143 


JOINERY  :  and  woodtiirning,  511  ;  oak 

staves  for,  55 
Joint  committee  on  water  regulition?.  160 
Jones  :  Edwin,  Wolverhampton,  the  late, 

303  ;  Sir  E.  Burne,  drawings  by.  575 
Jubilee  as  architect  of  John   Honeyman, 

430 
Junior  surveyors,  711 


KEEP,  Hexham,  discoveries  at,  745 
Kensington.    South,    Museum  :    6,    603 ; 

additions  to  collections.  5.  510 
Kerry,  building  stones  of,  333 
Kildare,  building  stmes  of,  333 
Kilkenny  :  building  stones  of,  333  ;  castle, 

American  replica  of.  745 
King's  :  college.  London,  plumbing  classes, 

536  ;  County,  building  stones  of,  334 
Kirkstall  Abbey  exhibition,  182 
Knight,  Samuel,  in  re,  56S,  641,  654 

LA^P3,  projecting,  in  the  City,  569 
Land  :   back  to  the,  50  ;    nationalisation 

society's    Bill,  221  ;    values  assessment 

Bill,  396 
Lindlord^'  v.  tenants'  liability  in  paving 

apportionments.  291.  293 
Lindseapps  :  bv  T.   W.   Allen,  331  ;    by 

Forbes  Witherby.  472 
Law  :    Edmund.  No^thamp^on,   the  late, 

S6t ;  of  ancient  lights    ColU  v.   Home 

and  Cjlonial  Store>   77.  Ill,  641.  653  ;  of 

boundaries  and  fences,  30J  ;  of  drains  in 

a  tingle,  535 
Laxton's  builders'  price  bo^ik.  195 
Lead  :  architecture,  118  ;  rainwater  heads; 

193 
Leakages,  gas,  in  streets,  883 
Leases,  tables  as  to.  675 
Lectures:  Carpenters'  Co..  182,  370,  402, 

464,  503  ;   sanitary  institute,  111 
Lee  and  Eastwood.  Ltd.,  149 
Leeds  :  and  Yorkshire  architectural  society, 

218,  337.  40G.  501    and  registration    270  ; 

exhibitions  Kirkstall  abb -y)  132  (modern 

dnmeitic  architecture!   641   (old  L^eds^ 

746 


Legal  definition  of  "  warehouse,"  110 
Legislation,  building,  3^9 
Legislative  experiments,  dangers  of  781 
Leigh  Woods,  Bristol,  amenities  of,  49 
Leith,  building  progress  of,  9 
Leitrim,  building  stones  of,  334 
Leysian  mission,  City-road,  372 
Liabilities  of  street  authorities,  591 
Liability  :  Acts,  important  decision  under. 
782  ;  for  defective  drains,  816  ;  for  street 
works,  654  ;  for  worlr  men's    compensa- 
tion,   4U   ;    landlords'    v.    tenants',    in 
paving  apportionments,  291,  296 
Libel  on  con'ractors  by  newspapers,  602 
Libraries,   free  :    Bromley  -  by  -  Bow,  91  ; 
Clitheroe,  337  ;  Edinburgh  (Dranchi  125; 
Erdington,   337,   373,  395.  549,  797,  905  ; 
Hammersmith,  725  ;    Heme  Hill.  83  ; 
Hutchisontown,   Glasgow,   549  ;   Hkley. 
691  ;  Liverpool   architectural  books  in; 
221  ;  Malvern,  339,  512.  635,  619  ;  Mom- 
ingside,  Eninburgh,  618  ;  St.  Anne's-on- 
I      S=a,  197,  905  ;  Sevenoaks,  305  ;  Taunton, 
i      411  ;  Tipton,   305  ;    Torquay.    445.    674  ; 
!      Wakefield.   337,   373,   549.  578.  582,  691, 
725,  761  ;  Wem,  714,  781  ;  Worthing,  691 
I  Library  :    Cambridge     law    351 ;    Pough- 
'      keepsie    Vassar  college   41 
j  Lifeboat  house.  Llandudno,  796 
i  Lifts,  electric,  for  tube  ra'.lways,  254 
Light,  925 

Lighthouse,  Dungeness,  5?4 
Lighting  of  schoolrooms,  828 
Lightning  and  Workmen's  Compensation 

Act,  563 
Lights,    ancient— Co"  Is     v.     Home     and 

Colonial  Stores.  77,  III,  644,  653 
Lime  for  thawing  frozen  ground,  604 
Limerick,  building  stones  of,  476 
Lincoln  cathedral,  indexed  illustrations  of, 

84 
Line  v.  Ljiiam  —  alleged   negligence   by 

architects.  444 
Li  ts,  British  engineering  standard  coded, 

750 
Liverpool   :     architectural    society.    375  ; 
artisans'   dwellings.   926  ;    cathedral,   f 8 
(G.   G.   Scott  on!    372  ;    library,   archi- 
tectural books  in,  221 
Lloyd's  registry,  163 
Local  authorities  and  tramway  companies, 

325 
Lockwood's  builder's  price  boik,  196 
Locomotion,  development  of  methods  of, 

603 
London  :  bridge,  widening  of,  4Si  ;  building 
act  (advertisement  signs  and)  110,*  745; 
building     acts     amendment     Bill     (re- 
commendations   by    distr.ct  survevors' 
association)  299  (do.    by    R  LB.  A.) '227  ; 
county  council.  193,  232.  290,  304,  336,  600 
(sanction  for  street  improvements),  924; 
fires,  a  year's,  669  ;  gas.  purity  and  testing 
of,  1S2  :  housing  questinn  in.  510  ;  master 
builders'  association,  338  ;  school  board, 
work  done  by,  292 ;  streets  and  street 
traffic,  578,  722 ;  traffic,  royal  commission 
on,  292 ;  water  companies,  compensation 
to.  360 
Londonderry,  building  stones  of,  511 
Longford,  building  stones  of,  511 
Looking  forward,  1 
Louth  county,  building  stones  of,  649 
Low :  falls,  water  power  with,  267 ;  level 

district?!,  drainage  of.  147 
Lowry,   W.,    Newcastle,   presentation  to, 

745,  746 
Lunatic  asylums  :  Bangonr,  600;  Belmont, 
581  ;    Kingseat     (^■illa)    254 ;    Newport, 
Mon..  860 
Lych  gates,  club  designs,  579 
Lynton  water  supply,  853 


M  AC  ATITNE  T  and  McElroy,  v. 
Brighton  Corporation,  782 

Madrid,  architects'  congress  in.  396 

Mahogany  and  other  fancy  woods,  335, 
369 

Main  roads,  north-west  of  London,  143 

Maintenance  of  boundary  fences,  926 

Making  of  an  architect,  as  to  the,  111,  153, 
191 

Malvern  free  library,  339,  512,  535 

Manchester :  band  of  hope  headquarters, 
652 ;  old  buildings  near,  674  ;  royal 
infirmary,  231,  395,  470.  431  ;  Ruskin 
exhibition,  220,  4*^4  ;  society  of  architects, 
674,  760;  witer  supply  for  Thirlmere, 
640 

Mantelpiece,  a  plaster,  753 

Map.  new  ordnance  survey,  of  Great 
Britain,  464 

Market  hall.  Wera.  232 

Market.  Shadwell.  19S 

Martindale,  Col.  B.  H.,  the  lat?,  792 

Martin,  E.  J..  C;ilcutta,  the  Ut;,  87 

Masonry,  brickwork  and.  193 

Master  builders'  associations  ;  Crewe.  337  ; 
Edinburgh,  866  ;  London,  338  ;  Norwich, 
501 ;  Nottmgham.  337 

Master  plumbers'  conference,  Sjuthport, 
690 

Masters,  old,  at  Burlington  house,  52 

Materials :  building,  for  Egypt,  57  ; 
presentation  of,  152 

Maximum  weights  of  road  vehicles,  143 

Mayo  county,  buildiig  stones  of,  650 

Measurement  of  timber,  324 

Meath  county,  buildmg  stones  of.  639 

Mechanical  ventilation,  failure  of,  442 

Medal.  R  I.B.A..  gold.  189,  Sda 

Mediaeval  citv,  ideal,  549 

Mellor,  H.  W  ,  in  re,  782 

Members,  anl  institute  of  sanitary- 
engineers,  147 

Memorials  :  AUoa  (S.  A.  War)  568 ;  Bide- 
ford   (Kingsley)  816  ;    Calcutta   (Queen 


Victoria)  253  ;  Canterbury  (cathedral) 
676  (Dane  John)  816 ;  Cheltenham 
college  (3.  A.  War)  537,  583;  Clewer 
(Canon  Carter)  7 ;  Clifton  college  (S.  A. 
War)  691;  Devonport  park  i.  Naval  i  361 ; 
Earlstown  (3.  A.  War)  712;  E'on  (S.  A. 
AVar.  271  ;  Exeter  (Blackmore  CAO,  829, 
863;  Halifax  (3.  A.  War)  197;  Hatfield 
Ld.  Salisbury.  676;  Ha  warden  (Glad- 
btone)  361 ;  Kensington  gardens  (African 
explorers)  783  ;  Liverpool  (Gladstone) 
502;  Manchester  (S.  A.  War)  3^4,  603 ; 
Norwich  cathedral  (S.  A.  War)  220;  St. 
James's  pirk  (Queen  Victoria)  721 ;  St. 
Paul's  (Penrose)  895  (Stewart)  832;  Ton- 
bridge  (S.  A.  AVar)  568;  AVest  Hartlepool 
(8.  A.  War)  816;  A\''est minster  Abbey 
(Lord  Salisbury)  816  ;  ^Volverhampton 
(AVallis)  536;  York  (S.  A.  AVar)  761 
Methods  of   locomotion,   development  of, 

5i'3 
Metropolitan  asylums  board.  161 
Michael  Angelo's  cracifix,  852 
Middle  ages,  the  English  workman  of  the, 

370 
Midland  federation,  building  trade  employ- 
ers, 88 
Mill  disaster  at  Richdale,  503 
Miniature  painters,  exhibition,  723 
Misereres,  Exeter,  vindicated,  431 
Mission  :    Central   Wesla.,   Sheffield,   S32  ; 
hall,  Eastbrook,  Bradford,  797  ;  premises, 
HoUoway,  549 
Misunderstood  contract,  a,  853 
Mixing  paint  and  colour,  476 
Modern  :  building  risk^a.  135  ;  carpenter  and 
joiner,  511,   790;   domestic  architecture 
at  Leeds,  641 :  hospital.  902  ;  house  drain- 
age, 230  ;  specification,  the,  223 
Moel  Fammau  jubilee  tower,  818 
Monaghan  county,  building  stones  of.  690 
Monumental    halls,   Westuiinster  Abbey, 

445 
Morlaad,  Geo.,  paintings  by,  717 
Mossop,  Jotin,  Shanghai,  the  late,  516 
Municipal :    buildings    (Pontypridd)    797 ; 
engineers'      association,      793 ;      offices 
(Smethwick)  407 ;  rehousing,  503,  786  ; 
repair  of  asphalte  paving. -SIS 
Murray,  Dr.  A.  Stuart,  the  late,  394 
Museums:  British  ^additions  to  collections) 
49  (German  woodcuts  at)  292  ;  Cambridge 
(Sedgwick)  341;  New  York  metropolitan 
(armour  for)    818;    royal    architectural 
(the  A.  A.,  at)  688 ;  Salford,  50 ,  Victoria 
and  Albert,  6,  603  (additions  to  collec- 
tions) 6,  510  (engravings  exhibition  at) 
111 

NAMES,  rock,  for  quarry  owners,  789, 

000 
National :  gallery  (additions  to)  854  (report) 
536  ;  portrait  galUry  (report)  669 ;  union 
of  sanitary  inspectors.  106 
Nationalisation  of  the  land,  221 
Natural :  gas  for  tiring  pottery  ovens,  537  ;. 

ventilation,  373,  639 
Nautical  school,  Portishead,  655 
Naval  :  barracks,    Shotley,  304  ;   base  in 

Scotland,  new,  394 
Navvies'  huts,  rating  of,  H7 
Neglect  to  give  notice,  535,  640 
Negligence  :  505;  alleged,  by  ai-chitec'.s,  44* 
Neilston,  A  8..  Glasgow,  in  re,  219 
New;  building  typas,  539;  Cross  institutet 
transfer  of,  464 ;  Engli-h  art  club,  540  ; 
forms    for    concrete    sewera,    19o,    439  ; 
Gallery  exhibition,  674  ;  headquarters  of 
Axchi.  Asaocn.,  688  ;  naval  base  in  Scot- 
land. 394  ;  point  as  to  street  works.  654  ; 
problem  of  design.  506 ;  South  AVales, 
public  works  in.  713 ;  street  (definition 
of)  816 ;  (two  houses  as  a)  430 ;  system 
of  tunnel  conHruction,  768  ;  wallpaper 
decorations,  544  ;  York  museum,  armour 
for)  818  (notes  from    160   water  supply) 
146  :  York  state,  school  house  ventilation 
in,  746;  Zealand.   archite.;tural  club  in, 
479 
Newcastle :  on-Tyne  (surveyors'  institution 
at)    763    (walls    of  <    SSJ ;    under-Lyme, 
sewage  disposal,  90 
Newport,  Mon :  transporter  bridge,  89S  ; 

water  works.  817 
Non-observance  of  conditions,  51 
Norfolk  :  archjoological  society,  793  ;  coat 

of  arms  fop,  854 
Northern   architectural    association,    213,. 

270,  406,  548 
Norwich  master  builders'  association,  501 
Notes  :  New  York.  160 ;  on  plenum  system 
of  ventilation,  8^3  ;  parliamentary,  253, 
290,  325,  372,  603,676,  741,  816.  868 
Not  employing  an  architect,  saving  in,  339 
Notice,  neglect  to  give,  535,  C40 
Nottingham:  architectural    society,    232; 
art-gahery,    ad  litions    to,    640;    master 
builders'  association.  337 
Nuv-ance,  smoke,  domestic  firei  and,  -133 
Nunn.  B  Hitchcock   the  late,  47S 
Nurses'    homes;     Rochdile,    393;    South 
Shields,  663 

OAK :  4U ;  staves  for  joinery,  55  ;  worms 
in,  9J 

Oakey.  John  and  Son,  'L^d..  325 

Obituary  :  Alexander,  William,  Aberdeen, 
723  ;  Beaston.  Wm.,  Leith,  617;  Bevau,. 
J.,  Bristol,  303;  Birch,  G.  H.,  710,723; 
Bland.  J..  Scarborough,  403:  Chapman, 
R.  J.  Newcastle,  760;  Cheney,  E.  R., 
New  York.  662  ;  Clemence,  S.,Uaick,  394 ; 
Cooper,  Wm.,  Hastings,  834  ;  Drury,  H. 
Dru,  87;  Ellin,  R.,  New  York,  303; 
Elliott,  T.,  901;  Emanuel,  Barrow,  269; 
Francis,  S.  W  ,  6S0,  784  ;  Uosman,  J., 
Leith,  124;  Grimes.  R.,  6;  Halls,  S.» 
Dolton,  303 ;  Handvside,  G.,  710 ;  Hughes, 


BUILDrXG  NEW?,  VOL.  LXXXVT. 
J;inii9rv  tn  Juno,    I'.K'l. 


INDEX  OF  CONTEXTS. 


Brn.i>ts<t   Nkw^.  July  S,  VMs\. 


V. 


T*..  Liverpool,  405 ;  Jones,  EJwin, 
Wolverbamptoa,  303 ;  Law,  Edmund, 
Northampton,  fiR(;  Martindale,  B.  iL, 
C.  B.,  7112;  Maitin,  E.  J..  Calcutta.  W7  ; 
Mossop,  J.,  Shanghai,  5lf> ;  Murray.  Dr 
A.  S.,  391;  Nunn,  B.  Uit-'hcock."  178; 
Oliver,  E.  J.,  Bodmin,  (jiVJ ;  Parry,  Mia. 
W.  iaye,  110;  Petbiok,  J,  Plymouth, 
•178 ;  Powell,  Jonathan,  i7S ;  Pugin. 
Peter  Paul.  105  :  Read,  Herbert  R., 
Exeter,  105 ;  Robertson,  J.,  Edinburtrh, 
231  ;  Boyle,  W .  A.,  792:  Singer,  J.  W., 
Frorae,  710, 752  ;  Smith,  Percivul  Gordon, 
SOI;  Snell,^.  Saxon.  S7,  3r»C, ;  Stegf;all. 
AVra..  87  ;  Stevenion.  D.  \V.,  R.S.A., 
HO:  Tusker,  F.  AV..  723  :  Tliackray,  G., 
Huntingdon,  710;  Tucker,  Ernt.«t  P., 
512 

Cilice's:  Camberley  (U.  D.  C.j  8;  Camber- 
well  (guardians')  725;  Finsbury-squai-e 
{Hoyal  friendly  Society)  533  ;  Smethwick 
municipal)  107 

Old  Leeds  maps,  exhibition  of,  716 

Oldrieve,  W.  T.,  Edinburgh  appointment 
for,  516 

Oliver,  E.  J.,  Bodmin,  the  late,  652 

Old:  furniture,  deals  in,   IS;   masters  at 
Burlington  House.  52 

One  pf-r  cent  for  quantities,  791   852 

Optical    ^^finement8    in     Byzantine    and 
Gothic  churches,  254 

Ordained  ^urveyora'  society,  Scottish,  8S, 
305,  406.  501.  531 

Ornaments,  old  garden,  790 

Overcrowded  cottages  in  Devon  and  Corn- 
wall, 29} 

Ownership,  changes  of,  paving  apportion- 
ments in,  360 

Owners,  quarry,  rock  names  for,  789.  900 

Oxford,  portraits  at,  254,  nfi9 

Oxide  of  z  nc  as  a  painters'  material,  5(1 


PATNT  and  colour  mixi^^^  176 
Painters'  :  material,  oxide  ot  zinc  asa,  541 ; 

miniature,  exhibition,  723 
Painting  trade,  custom  of  the,  782 
Paisley,  street  improvements  at,  218 
Parliamentary  notes,  253,  290.  325,  372,  603, 

6WJ,  744.  SI6,  86.S 
Parry,  Mrs.  W.  Kaye.  the  late,  440 
Pavements,  marble,  Florence,  549 
Pavilions  :    Rhyl     (Eiste'dfod)    305 ;    St. 

Anne'a-on-Sea  (pierl  833 
Paving    apportionments  :    in    changes    of 

ownership.   360  ;    landlords*   v.  tenants' 

liability,  201,296 
Paving,    asphalte,    municipal  repairs  of, 

818 
Pearson,  hite  J.  L.,  drawings  by,  82 
Penrose   memorial,   St.   Paul's  cathedral, 

895 
Pension,  retired  surveyor's,  395 
Penzance,  water  supply  of,  (04 
Pethick,  John,  Plymouth,  the  late,  4tS 
Pewter  pla^e,  exhibition  of,  254 
Photographic  records  for  Keat,  637  ;  Sussex, 

604 
Piccadilly,  widening  of,  536 
Pictures  :  adventuies  among,  541 ;  at  Royal 

Academy,    609.   611,   690;   716  ;  Sienese, 

exhibition  of,  751 
Picturesque  and  riuaint  churches,  796 
Piece  of  whinstone,  story  of,  221 
Piers:  Colwyn  Bay,  480;   St.  AnneVon- 

Sea,  833 
Pile  structures  in  the  T\''albrook,  478 
Plane  surfaces,  resistance  of.  6 
Planking,  bridge,  armoured    concrete  for, 

182 
Planning:  and  fitting  up  of  elementary 

schools,  6  ;  of  collegiate  buildings,   718  ; 

schojl.  367,  400.  403 
Plans,  approval  of,  744 
Plaster ;  Qiscoloured  external,  639  ;  fibrous, 

712- 
Plastic  decoration,  401 
Plenum     system     of     ventilation :     and 

R  r.B.A,  823,  852,  867,  926  :  note^  on.  823 
I'iumbers  :  clas-es,  King's  College.  London, 

536  ;  master,  conference  (douthport)  690  ; 

registration,  lU 
PlymptoQ,  Reynolds's  grammar  school.  19 
Poiuts  in  n<w  Westmiuster  cathedral,  787 
Police  stations  :  Bsdale,  833  ;  Windsor,  337 
Pollution,  river,  sewage  disposal  and,  722 
Polytechnic,  Camberwell,  721 
Pornpeii,  wire  rope  in,  817 
I'onttfract  tramways,  action  as  to,  4U 
I'oplar,  dilapidated  tenements  in,  502 
Populations,  slum,  rehousing  of,  4(34,  753 
Porous  bricks,  fire  tests  of,  676 
Portrait  gallery,  national,  report,  560 
Portraits  at  Oxford  :  Bodleian  library,  25 1 ; 

hiator.cal  exhibition,  5^9 
Portt  offiee,  Llandudno,  783 
Pottery  :  ovens,  natural  gas  for  firing.  537  ; 

ware,  Doulton,  for  St.  Louis  exhibition. 

157 
Powell,  Jonathan,  the  late,  478 
Po*er  :  production    and  refuse  disposal, 

616  ;  water,  with  low  falls.  267 
Practice,  architectural,  Washington  senate 

on,  mi 
I'ralt,  J.  R.  E  ,  in  re,  925 
I'rctt-Tential  rates  for  timber,  569 
I'rcsrot  ^tora^^e  reservoir,  536 
l'nscntati(^n  of  Royal  gold  medal,  895 
l'rrHervttti>)n  of  materials,  152 
ri'.'Vf.-ntinfj  :  fire,  on  ehips.  503;  sound,  395 
Price  book-*,  builders':  Laxton's,  196  ;  Lock- 
wood's,  196 
Priory.  Bullington,  761 
Private  street  works,  teoants'  liability  for. 

2fi6 
Prize  designs:  151  ;  R.LB.A  ,  117,  US,  lon, 

252 


Problem :  of  design,  a  new,  506 ;  rehousiogf, 

786  I 

Problems,  building,  .365  I 

Professional :  aiithoritv,  399  ;  barrien.  187  ;  \ 

defence,   board  of,   718  ;  equipment,  79,  \ 

673  ;  work  and  costs,  643  , 

Pi'ofession,  the,  some  aspects  of,  259  I 

Protection :    from    tire,    rules    Ik  r,    4 ;    of  ; 

ancient  buildings,  society,  863 
Prudential  Company's  report,  396  i 

Public  hejiltli.  royal  institute  of,  793 
Pu^^"^,  PL'ter  Paul,  the  late,  105 
['limping  station,  Lot's-road,  Che' sea,  263 
Purification ;  of  the  ("lyde,  817  ;  sewage, 

biological  processes  of,  503 
Pyx  chapel,  "Westminster,  220,  649 


QUAINT  picturesque  churches,  796 
(iualirteation,  archite:ts';  c'29  ;  statutory, 

and  the  H  I.B.A.,  711 
Qualifying  as  a  surveyor,  means  of,  124 
Uuantities :  builders',  651  ;  ttae  per  cent, 

for.  791,852 
liuantity  :  surveying,  230  ;  surveyors,  366 

(association  i    332,    634    (and   surveyors' 

inst.tuticn'  58 
Q,uari  y  owners,  rock  names  for,  789,  900 
Uue€n*s  county,  building  stones  of,  690 
Queen  A'ictoria  memorial,  6t.  James's  Park, 

721 
Question,    housing  :    in    Hull,    817   ;    in 

Lond  n,  510 


RA.IL,  Bigwood  tramway,  149 

Railway  :  carriage  for  timbers.  360  ; 
stations  (Leeds  t.'entral)  865  (Notting- 
ham, Mid  and)  126 

Railways :  Acton  and  AVyeombe.  795 ; 
B;ikor-street  and  Waterloo,  865  ;  Corwen 
and  Bettws-y-Coed  (light)  831  ;  Great 
Northern  and  City,  110;  fight.  125; 
Lochearnhead,  St.  Fillans  and  Comrie, 
9'i4 ;  New  Ross  and  "Watarford,  795; 
North  Eastern,  electrifl  ation  of,  125; 
St.  Fillans  and  Lochearnhead,  547 ; 
tube  (and  London  squares)  602  (electric 
litts  fori  254  ;  WilmslowtoLevenshulme, 
816 

Rainwater  heids,  cast  lead,  193 

Rates,  preferential,  for  timbers,  569 

Rating  of  navvies'  huts,  147 

Read,  Herbert  R.,  Exeter,  the  late,  105 

Rectifica'ion  of  terms  of  contract,  782 

Reeves.  F.,  in  re,  502 

Refinements,  optical,  in  Byzantine  and 
Gothic  churches,  264 

Reform :  building  by-laws,  assoc'ation, 
337  ;  competition',  society,  932 

Refuse  disposal  and  power  production,  616 

Registration,  architects' :  640,  866  (Bill) 
744  (is  it  desirable  .')  3^4,  745  (Leeds 
architects  and,)  270  (R  LB. A.  and)  53, 
58,  77,  89.  14B,  711 ;  plumbers',  111 

Registry,  Lloyd's,  163 

Regulations,  water,  joint  committee  on, 
160 

Rehousinfi- :  displaced  populationp,  753; 
slum  population,  Birmingiiam,  464 

Reilly,  Professor  C.  H.,  29i 

Reinforced  concrete  in  building  construc- 
tion, 896 

Reinstating  broken  up  roads,  cost  of,  712 

R-^housing,  municipal :  503  ;  problem,  786 

Reports;  board  of  agriculture.  641; 
National  Gallery,  536 ;  National  Por- 
trait Gallery,  569;  R  LB. A.,  610  ;  royal 
commis'ontrs  on  sewage,  536 ;  select 
committee  on  ventilation,  54,  83,  120, 
158.  230,  304 

Reservoirs  :  Bradford,  220  ;  Fiaukley  (leak- 
age at)  603;  PreiCot,  536;  St.  Helens, 
640 

Resistance  of  plane  surfaces,  6 

Retired  surveyor's  pension,  395 

Reviews  :  Academy  Architecture,  oO ; 
Adventurts  among  Pictures,  511  ; 
Architectural  As30ciation  Sketch-book, 
84  ;  Bournemouth,  Corporation  Guide  to, 
756  ;  Brickwork  and  Masonry,  193 ; 
British  Engineering  Standard  Coded 
Lists.  7.50  ;  British  Home  of  To-day,  899 ; 
Builders'  Pricebooks  (Lastoa's)  196, 
(Lockwood's)  196  ;  Builders'  Quan- 
tities, 651  ;  BriLDiN'G  News  club  designs, 

■  119,  301,  507.  579,  827 ;  Calculating 
Tables  and  Collection  of  Fiequently 
XTs>  d  Nuraei'als,  753  ;  City  of  London 
Directory,  604  ;  Des'gns  for  Garden 
Furniture,  722  ;  Eoglisli  and  Scotch 
Wrought  Iron  work,  361 ;  English 
woman's  Year  Book,  221  ;  Fire  and  Ex- 
plosion Risks,  439  ;  General  Memoir  on 
Cretaceous  Rocks  of  Britain,  431  ;  Hand- 
book of  Sewer  and  Drain  Cases,  756 ; 
Hand-book  of  Technical  Terms  used  in 
Architecture,  478,  Heating  by  Hot- 
Water  and  Hot-Water  Supply,  178 : 
Homes  for  the  <'jUDtry,  756;  How 
to  P^stimale,  756  ;  How  to  Judge 
Architecture,  476  ;  Law  of  Boun- 
daries Hnd  Fences,  303  ;  Lighting  of 
Schoolrooms,  823 ;  Modern  Carpenter, 
Joiner,  and  Cabinet  Maker,  511.  790; 
Modern  Hoapit;il.  902;  Modern  House 
Drainage,  230;  Paint  and  Colour  Mixing, 
176 ;  I'icturesfjue  Cheshire,  8;  Pile 
Structures  in  tlic  \Valbrook,  near  London 
Wall,  178;  Practical  Guide  for  Sanitary 
Inspectors,  766 ;  IJuantity  Surveying, 
230  ;  Jlefuse  Disposal  and  I'ower  I'roduc- 
tion.  616  ;  Report  of  the  Select  Committee 
on  Ventilation,  230;  Rothwell,  Holy  , 
Trinity  Church,  756  ;  St.  Patrick's  ■ 
C.tthedral.  Dublin,  191  ;  Saw-MiU  Wnrk  , 
and  Practice,  755  ;  Hcdft'olding,  610;  j 
Scottish    Ai'cUitectural     Details,    829  ;  I 


Steel   Square,    the,    510 ;    Rtresnea   and 
Thrusts,  511  ;  The  Thirty-five  ScyUs  of 
Furniture,  6?9  ;  Wlio's  Who,  221 ;  Who's 
Who  Year  Book,  221 
Revolving  shutters,  Francis's,  32,5 
RheniBh-\\''estphalia,  oement  w.  rks  union, 

818 
Risks  :  fire  (and  explosion)  139  (in  factories) 

408  ;  modem  building,  135 
River  pollution,  ^ewage  disposal  and,  722 
Road:  to  a  wharf,  is  it  a  factorv  *  118; 

vehicles,  maximum  weights  of,  1  is 
Roads:    costs    of    reinstating,    712;  im- 
provement association,  638  ;  main,  north- 
west of  London.  US 
Roberts,  C.  B..  in  re.  653 
Robertson,  John,  1-:  linburgh,  the  Ute,  231 
Rochdale  :   concrete    at,    196,    301 ;    mill 

disaster  at,  .503 
Rock  names  for  guarry  owners,  769,  900 
Rocks,  cretaeeou'*,  of  Britain,  431 
Roman  architecture  in  Scotland,  634 
Roof  :    granolithic  flat  to  workshop,  197  ; 

hammorbeam,  90  ;  stress  of,  925 
Rope,  wire,  in  Pompeii,  817 
Roscommon    county,   building    stones  of, 

719 
Rut,  dry,  868 

Rothenburg,  sketches  from,  233 
Round  tower,  walling  in  a,  889 
Rout  at  the  institute,  the,  854,  867 
Royal  :   Academicians,  associate,  election 
of,  182  ;  Academy  (architecture  at)  609, 
646,   682    (old   masterr.)  52   (pictures  at) 
608,  641,  6S0,  716  ;  arclutectural  museum, 
the    A.  A.    at, '68S  ;  Cambrian  Academy, 
182,  782;   college  of  science,  713;    com- 
missions   (London    tratfic)   292  (sewage 
disposal)  90  ;    infirmaries  (Manchester) 
231.     395,     470,    481     (Newcastle)    830; 
institute,    British    architects,    118,    169, 
220.  265,  325,  331,    401,    472,  674.  717,  825, 
851,  895,  926  (and  Building  Act  Amend- 
ment) 227    (and  registration)   53.  58,  77, 
89,  118  (council  elections)  603.  711,  825, 
854,  8ti7  (fellowship  of)  292  (gold  medal) 
189,  895  (prize  designs)  117,  118,  190.  252 
(report)  610 ;  institutes  (arcb;eological! 
793    public  health;  793;  society  British 
artists,  436 
Royal,  AY.  A.,  Manchester,  the  late,  792 
Rules  for  fire  protection,  4 
Rural  districts,  housing  of  working  classes 

in.  851 
Ruskin:  and  archiLecture,  647  ;  exhibition, 
Manchester,  220,  4-:  I 


SAINT:  Agnes  (Bristol)  3?6  ;  Albans 
(cathedral  s'alls)  581,  780  (city,  sketches 
in)  127  ;  Alkmund  (Shrewsbury)  903  ; 
Andrew  (Burgess  Hill  481  (Catford)  198; 
Anne  (Leeds,  R.C.  cathedral)  336  (New 
Somerby)  797 :  Augustine  (Brinksway, 
school)  26';  Barnabas  (Jesmond)  441  ; 
Bartholomew  (hospital,  rebuildiog)  49, 
111,80^,  9  J3;  Boniface  Chandler  s  Ford) 
618  ;  Catherine  ( Littlehampton,  R.C.) 
903;  Helena  (water  supply;  640;  James 
(Deptford)  198  (PiccadUly)  199,  271; 
James's  park  (Victoria  meml.)  721 ;  John 
(Cowley)  655  (Kidderminster)  290 
(Palmer's  green)  619  (Portobello)  9 
(Runcorn  Preebtn . )  72 1, 783 ;  Louis  exhibi- 
tion, 676  (British  art  at)  783  (cement 
industries  at)  601  (Doulton  potteries  for) 
157  ;  Luke  (Grimethorpe)  411  ;  Mark 
(Venice,  sarcophagus  at)  50  ;  Mary 
(Eceles)  127  (Haverhill)  304  (Islington) 
652  (Oatlands)  515 ;  Michael  (Bedford 
Park)  481  (Macclesfield)  198  ;  v  Ash  bourne) 
375,  408,  445  ;  Oswald  (Rand)  761  (West 
Hartltpool)  126;  Patrick  (Dublin)  194; 
Paul  [Brook  green,  girls"  Fchool)  581 
(cathedral,  consi&toiy  cbapel)  780 
(Stewart  meml  )  832  ;  Paul's  ecclesiolo- 
gical  socy.,  161  ;  Peter  (Freshfield,  R.C. 
college)  618  ;  Saviour  (Norwich,  school) 
618;  Stephen  (Buah  HiU-pirk)  305 
(Soundwell)  441  ;  Thomas  a  Becket 
(Portsmouth)  503  ;  Thomas  (Leeds)  797 

Samos,  excavations  in,  77 

Sanatorium ;  Barrasford.  832  ;  Kirkia- 
tilloch,  761  ;  Midhurst  (King's)  761 

Siuction,  L.C.C.,  for  street  improvements, 
924 

Sand,  calcareous  building,  781,  796 

Sanitary  :  appliauees,  Doultun's,  861  ; 
engineers,  institute  of,  and  its  members, 
147  ;  inspectors,  national,  reunion  of, 
406  ;  institute:  lectures,  111 

Santiago  cathedral,  7 

Sarcophagi,  late  Dr.  Murray  on,  292 

Sarrophagus  at  St.  Mark's,  Venice,  50 

Saving  in  not  employing  an  architect,  339 

Savoy  hotel  extension,  651 

Sawmill  work  and  practice,  755 

Seaffolding :  510 ;  and  workmen's  compensa- 
tion. 5b9 

Scandinavian  granite  in  Devonshire,  782 

Scliool :  chapel  (Up.  Knowle,  We*-ln,)  830; 
p'antiing,  367,  40O,  103  ;  vent  lation  iu 
Nt?w  York  State,  746 

Schoolrooms,  lighting  of,  828 

Sjhools ;  Acton  (council)  336  (county)  48, 
69.  90,  233;  Benshara  i  cjuncil  i  581  ; 
Binglt-y  i^ram  ■>  710  ;  Birkenhead 
, council  8^9  ;  Brinksw-iy  St.  AuRustine 
267;  Brixton  vL.CC.  building^  77,  325; 
Riouk  green  St.  Paul's  girls^  581 ;  Cam- 
bridge .Law)  311  ;  Canton.  Cardifl'.  337  ; 
Devcmport  icouncir  68  ;  Edinburgh 
S_'oltiah  soldiers'  sous'  501  :  elementary, 
planning  and  fitting  up,  6  ;  Elgin  do. 
866;  Hexham  Free  Meth.i  271;  Iltord 
tbd  61S;  Kingston-on-Thames  ;council) 
619,    859,    866    ;    Kirkcaldy    :  bd  i    337  ; 


Marlborough  gram.  905 ;  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne  council  437  gram  )  163,  •60  ; 
Newton  Heath,  Mannhe-ter,  271  ;  New 
York  largest  in  6 ;  North  Shields  Qu. 
VicUjiia  780;  Ormskirk  ignira..  618; 
Pembroke  Dock,  council;  710;  Pittsburg 
t^sihnica)  671,  899;  Plymouth  council) 
795;  Plympton  gram.)  19;  Portishtad 
nautical  655 ;  Sale  ■  Wesln.  Sun3ay) 
415  ;  Shefiield  councili  652;  Simpson.  J. 
W.,  en,  367.  403.  479;  Southall  ^council/ 
725,858;  Wallsend    council;  415 

Science  :  and  building,  857  ;  royal  college 
of,  713;  value  of,  in  an  architectural 
curriculum,  682 

Scientific  and  structural  developments, 
749 

Scotland  :  new  naval  base  in,  394  ;  Roman 
architecture  in,  534 

Scottish  :  architectural  details,  829 ;  build- 
ing trades  federation,  638  ;  ordained 
surveyors'  society,  88,  305.  lot!,  501,  534 

Sculptors  :  societies  of  :  British,  161  ; 
painters  and  gravers,  international,  80 

Secret  commissions,  architects'  charges 
and,  675 

Section  of  beam,  781, 796 

Select  committee  on  ventilation,  report  of, 
51.  83,  120.  168,  230,  304 

Senate,  U.S  A.,  on  architectural  practice, 
607 

Sewage  :  biological  disposal  of,  from 
isolated  buildings,  265  ;  disposal,  648 
and  river  pollution  722  (royal  com- 
mission on  9't  ;  new  cliemical  treatment 
for,  50,  869  ;  purification,  biological  pro- 
cesses of,  503 ;  testing,  253  ;  treatment 
of,  536 

Sewer  :  and  drain  cases,  handbook  of,  756 ; 
forms,  concrete,  439  :  or  drain.  59,  502  ; 
under  Workmen's  Compen:ation  Act, 
147 

Sewers,  concrete,  rew  forms  of,  196,  439 

Shelfield  :  art  crafcs  guild,  106  ;  society 
aichitects  and  surveyors,  270,  403,  583 

Ships,  fire  prevention  on,  503 

Shire  haU.  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  796 

Shutters,  Francis  s  revolving.  325 

S  de,  genial,  of  architectural  study,  223 

Sienese  pictures,  exhibition  of,  751 

Signs,  advertisement,  and  London  Build- 
ing  Act,  110,  745,  8S8 

Silchester  excavations,  8S3 

Singer.  J.  Webb,  Frome,  the  late,  710,  752 

Sketchbook,  A. A  ,81 

Sketches  :  from  R<^thenburg,  233  ;  inO.'con 
and  Gl'iucestei shire,  515  ;  sale  room,  305 

Slabs  and  porous  bricks,  fire  tests  of,  676 

Sligo,  building  stones  of,  719 

Smith,  Percival  Gordon,  the  late,  303 

Smoke  nuisance,  domestic  fires  and,  433 

Snell.  Henry  Saxon,  the  late.  87.  3t*6 

^Societies :  antiquarian  Cumberland)  760 
Dumfries)  76') ;  antiquaries  Brist'jl' 
S33  ;  archa-ological  Norfolk)  793  ,Vork- 
shirel  218  ;  architects,  the,  182,  191.  299, 
793  (at  Coventry  925  idinneri  612  bene- 
volent do  \  406  Bristol  do.)  8S  Man- 
chester do  '  674,  760  iShetfielddo.)  270, 
406,  583  v^outh  Wales  do  )  793  ;  archi- 
tectural (Devon  and  Exeter  3:*7,  723 
(Leeds  and  Yorkshire^  218,  270,  337,  406, 
601  (Liverpool^  375  iNottingham  232  ; 
commons  preservation,  866  ;  competition 
reform,  232  ;  engineers.  211,  833  ;  bouse 
decorators  (amalg.)  406  ;  protection  of 
ancient  buildings.  863 ;  royal,  Briti-h 
artists.  436;  St.  Paul's  ecclesiological, 
161  ;  Scottish  ordained  surveyoi-s".  S3. 
305,  4(j6,  601,  534  ;  sculptors  ^british) 
161  ipainters,  and  engraver^  inter- 
national) SO  :  Ihoresby,  791 ;  timber 
tr.ades  benevolent,  162 

Some  :  aspects  of  the  profession,  259  ; 
points  In  new  AVestminster  cathedral, 
787 

Sound  prevention,  395 

Southall  and  Uxbridge  tramway,  430 

Southampton  school  board  and  their  archi- 
tect, 654 

South  "Wales  and  Jl'jnmouth  architects* 
society,  793 

Specialist  contractors,  architects  as,  IS 

Speci-ility  in  furniture,  405 

Specification,  the  modern,  223 

Spht,  threatened,  at  R  I.B.A.,  SO 

Square,  the  steel,  510 

Stained  gl.ass,  91,  361,  602.  610,  797 

Standard  coded  lists,  British  engineerins', 
750 

Staple  Inn,  story  of,  782 

Stations  :    electi'ical    central,    472  ;    fire 

Bootle)  634.  581     Windsjr)   337;  police 

Uedale)    833  ;    pumping    ,  Lots  -  road, 

Chelsea'    2(>S  ;  radway   ^Leeds  ("entml) 

S65    Xoitiugham.  Mialand'  126 

Statues  :  f'owen  >sewcastle)  6i>l  :  Milt<^>u 
t'ripplegate)  59  ;  Nicholson  (Delhi'  i90  ; 
York  MuHter,  IH 

Statutory  qu.ilitlcatJons  an!  R.I.B.A.,  711 

Staves,  oak.  for  joinery,  55 

Steel  :  concrete,  331  .bridge)  900  Jactary) 
476  ;  square,  the,  510 

Steggall,  William,  the  late,  87 

Stevenson,  D.  W.,  R.S.A.,  the  late.  410 

Stock  exchange,  Manchester.  ;10">.  72i,  780 

Stone  :  btlcony,  796;  Bath,  711,  796; 
Wedneslleld,  611 

Stones,  building.  Irish.  122,  229,  266,  333, 
176,  511.619.689,719.758 

Stonework  ;  decayed,  at  Westminster 
chapter  house.  195  ;  dfcayof,  ISS 

Story  :  of  Canterbury  cathedral,  102.  161  ; 
of  a  pi*co  of  whinstjne,  2J1  ;  of  Staple 
Inn.  78i 

Strand  improvcineut  arbitration  appeal^ 
411 

Sbiatford-OQ-Avon  sevrerage  scheme,  90 


TI. 


Supplement  to  the 

BuiLi'iNo  Ni-:\vs.  July  S 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


BUILDING  ISTEWS,  VOL.  LXSXVI. 
Jant'iiry  to  June,  Uii»4. 


Street :  authoritie'.  liab  lities  of,  291  ;  im- 
provements, L.C.C.  sanction  for,  924  ; 
new  deflnition  ol  816  (do  two  houses 
make  a  '  i'W  ;  traflic,  London,  578,  72'2  ; 
works,  liability  for,  654 

Streets :  gas  leakages  in,  ESS ;  London, 
and  street  traffic,  578,  722 

Strength  of  American  timbtra,  195 

Stresses  and  thrusts,  511 

Stress  of  roof,  925 

S'ructural  and  scientiflc  developments,  7-19 

Students'  drawings  at  R.I  B.A.,  252 

Studio  and  small  hous*.  club  designs,  627 

Study,  architectural,  gonial  side  of,  223 

Styles  of  furniture,  the  thirty-five,  6&9 

Sub-contract,  form  of,  863 

Suggestions  as  to  competitions,  R.I.B.A., 
320 

Surfaces,  plane,  resistance  of,  6 

Surveying,  quantity,  230 

Surveyor  :  convicted,  853  ;  how  to  qualify 
as  a,  124 

Surveyors  :  district  'amendments  to  Build- 
ing' Act;  299  (fees;  925  ;  duties  and  com- 
mission, 147  ;  institution.  270.  794  laad 
quantity  surveyors'  association':  68  ',at 
Newcastle)  753  examinations)  156.  648 
(jimior)  711  ;  pension,  reiired,  395  ; 
quantity,  366  (dissociation  58,332,534; 
Scottish  ordained,  88.  305,  406  501,  634 

Sussex,  photographic  record  of,  604 

Swansea,  estjite  agent  for,  431 

System,  new,  of  tunnel  cjnstructiun,  75S 


TABLES,  calculating,  755 

Tangle,  Jaw  of  drains  in  a,  535 

Tasker,  F.  W.,  the  late,  723 

Teagles  and  hoists,  fencing  of,  861,  921 

Teak  forests  of  Burma,  713 

Technical:    ins-titute     (Eastbourne     569; 

school   I  Pittsburgh    674;    terms  used  in 

architecture.  47S 
Teddington  town  hall,  burning  of,  110 
Tenants  v.  landlords'  liabihty  for  paving 

apportionment",  '.:91.  S9S 
Tenement  factory,  what  is  a  ?  65 1 
Tenements  :  dilapidiled,  at  Poplar,  502  ;  v. 

cottages  for  housing.  396.  676 
Terms:  of  contract,  rectification  of,  7S2 ; 

technical,  used  in  architecture,  478 
Terracotta  contract,  a  disputed.  502 
Tests,  fii-e  :  elabs  and  porous  bricks,  676  ; 

Uralite,  254 
Testing,  sewage,  253 

Thackray,  G.,  Huntingdon,  the  late,  710 
Thawing  frozen  ground,  lime  for,  604 
Theatres:  Glasgow   .varieties)  430;  New- 

eastle-on-Tyne  (t'avilion)  9;  8-ivov,  126: 

Stanley,  87 


Thebes,  Queen  Hatchepsu's  tomb,  431 

Tnirlmere  water  supply  for  Manchester, 
640 

Thirty-flve  styles  of  furniture,  the,  689 

Thoresby  society,  794 

Threatened  split  at  R.LB.A.,  89 

Thrusts  and  stresses,  511 

Timber  :  British  and  its  uses,  302,  440  ;  in 
engineering  structures,  S54 ;  measure- 
ment of,  324  ;  preferential  ra^ea  for,  569  ; 
railway  caniage  for,  3ti0  ;  trades  benevo- 
lent society,  162  ;  trade,  the  year's,  77 

Timbers,  American,  strength  of,  195 

Tipperary,  building  stones  of,  720 

To-day,  British  home  of.  899 

Tomb,  liueen  Hatchepsu's,  Thebes,  451 

Tower  :  Moel  Faminaa  j  ubike,  818 ;  round, 
walling  round  a,  839  ;  Tewke^buryabbey, 
583 

Town  halls  :  Acton,  2,  7,  60,  231.  337,  445, 
794.  852,  869,  905  ;  Birkdale,  639  ;  Bourne- 
mouth. 713;  country  lA.A  deigns  445; 
Durb'-n,  229;  Hamiltun,  N.B  ,  231,271, 
305;  Inverness,  197:  Jarrow,  865;  Kir- 
kintilloch, 549  ;  Rawtenstall.  tO,  341  ; 
Stockport,  271,  341,  515  ;  Sunderland 
^extension  163.  271 ;  Taunton,  231  ;  Ted- 
dington burtiing  of  110  ;  Torquay,  415, 
674  ;  "Wallasey,  60 

Town  house  reconstruction.  Aberdeen,  337 

Traffic,  London  street.  678  722 

Tramway  compa'iies  and  extort  onate  local 
auttiorities.  325 

Tramways,  electric  :  Bigwood  rail  for, 
149:  Hirmingham,  83 1  ;  Camberwell, 
Greenwich  and  Southwdrk,  110;  Perth, 
360;  PoDtefract,  444  ;  return  as  to.  254  ; 
Southall  and  Usbridge,  48)  ;  Sjuth 
London,  74t  ;  Torquay,  tS9 

Treatment  of  sewage,  roval  commission  on 
536 

Truro  cathedral,  161,  534 

Tube  railways  and  London  squares,  602 

Tucker,  Erne.t  Fenliivil.  tho  late,  512 

Tunnel :  construction,  new  system  of,  763  ; 
East  Boston.  2f-S 

Two  hou:^es  as  a  '■  new  street,"  4  30 

Tynemouth  water  supply,  853 

Types,  new  building.  &:-.9 

Tyrone,  budding  stones  of,  720 


TJFFIZr  gallery,  discoveries  in,  4U 
L'lIesffaTer  Siore  as  a  National  possession, 

817 
Uninflammible  wood,  925 
United  States  :  cement  re-ources  of,  716  ; 

forestry  in.  818 
University,  Birmingham.  125,  411 
Unrealised  designs,  469 
Unsoundness  in  the  buildinii  trade,  40S 


Uralite,  fire  test  of,  254 

Uses  of  British  timb?r,  302,  1 1} 

Usher  hali,  Edinbmgh,  87 


VALTTE  of  science  in  an  architectural 
carriculum,  682 

Vanbrugh,  Su'  John,  82 

^'ebicles,  road,  maximum  weights  of,  148 

Venice,  sarcophagus  found  at  S ;.  Mark's, 
50 

Ventilation  :  339,  408,  410.  479,  512,  547, 
602  ;  and  warming  (D.  Nesbit  on)  261. 
293  ;  Boyle's  system  of,  221  :  mechani(  al, 
fadureof,412  ;  mtural,  373,  639:  plenum 
system  (and  K.I.B.A;  825,  852.  8^7.  926 
(notes  on:  823  ;  report  of  select  com- 
mit-ee  on,  54,  83,  120.  158,  230,  301  ; 
schuolhouse,  in  New  York  S:ate,  746 

Victoria  :  and  Albert  museum,  6  (addi- 
tions to  collections)  5,  6lu  ;  memurial, 
St.  James's  partr,  721 

Villa  asylum  at  Kingseat,  N.B.,  254 

Village  halls  :  Llanoefgin,  531  ;  BatshuU, 
126  ;  Tanworch,  549 


WALB300K,  pile  structures  in  the, 

473 
Walling  in  a  round  tower,  Sb9 
Wallpaper  decoration*",  new,  544 
Walls :  744  ;  damp,  291 ;  of  Berwick-on- 

Tweed,  783,  8)4;  of  Newcistle-on-Tyne, 

889 
Warehouse :  legal  deflnitioo  of,  110  ;  Man- 
cheater,  481 
^^'are,  Professor,  and  his  pupils,  220 
Warm'ng  and  ventiUtion,  D.  Ne-bit  on, 

261.  299 
Warwickshire  county  survevor,  extra  fees, 

74) 
Washington's  home,  Mount  Vernon,  889 
AVash'Dgton's     senate     on     architectiural 

practice,  607 
A\'ater  :  companies,  Lonion,  compensation 

to,    360;    power    with    low    falls.    267; 

regulations,  joint  committee  on.  160 
Waterford,  building  stones  of,  758 
Waters,  city  of  the.  sketches  from.  437 
Waverley  abbey,  discoveries  at,  4'jl 
AVaygood.  R-  and  to..  8)5 
Waysii^e  hostelry,  club  deaigns.  301 
Webb's,  Aston,  valedictory  address,  189, 

220 
Wednesfield  6tone,  611 
Weight  of  iioor,  9i) 

WeigUla.  miximum,  of  road  vehicles,  113 
AVer liiger ode,  street  corner  in,  7 
Wealeyan  chapel  building  fcbemes.  1S2 
West     Brothers     v.     Briti  h    'Ihom-iOn- 

Houston  Co.,  110 


Westmeath,  building  stones  of,  758 

Westrain-ter  Abbey  :  Chapter  bouse, 
decayed  stonework  of,  195  :  projected 
monumental  balls,  445;  Pyx  Chapel,  220. 
649  ;  surroundings  of  a  century  since,  926 

We^ttniobter  cathedral,  some  points  in,  787 

Westphalian.  cement  works  union,  818 

Wexfurd.  building  .siones  of,  759 

AVliarf  side  roa  i,  is  it  a  factory  !  143 

Wdat  is  a  tenement  factory  .'  654 

Whmstone,  story  of  a  piece  of,  221 

Wickers  v.  Fi-anklin,  is  registration 
d>-sirable .'  745 

WiL-klow,  building  stones  of.  759 

AVilliam  of  Wykeham,  architect.  111 

AViuchester,  carving  by  tJell^ni  at.  111 

AViutipeg.  building  progress  at,  ^9 

Wire  rope  in  Pompeii.  817 

AA'olverbampton  :  architects  and  corpora- 
tion commissions,  88  ;  architectural 
a-sociati6n,  162 

AA'omen's  international  art  club  exhibition, 
116 

AA'uodcuts,  German,  at  British  Museum, 
292 

Woods,  mahogany  and  other,  325,  369 

Wood,  uninQammable,  925 

AA'orcester  city  council  and  thar  engineers,  ' 
853 

Wurkhouse  inflrmaiits  :  Chell,  125  ;  Hol- 
beach.  830  :  Prestwich,  198 ;  South- 
ampton, 253 

AA'orkhouses  :  Bristol,  87  ;  Chell,  125 ; 
AVaketield,  271 

AA'orking  classes,  hou-ing  of  :  Act,  77,  751 ; 
rural  districts  bill.  854 

Workman,  the  English,  of  the  middle  ages, 
H70 

Workmen's  Compensation  Act :  award, 
568  ;  builders"  premises  and,  853  ;  church 
decoration  and.  &SS  ;  five  years'  ex- 
perience of,  6t.'4  ;  liability  under.  Hi; 
lightning  and.  568  ;  propossd  amend- 
ment, 77  ;  scaffolding  and,  569  ;  s«wer 
and.  1 47 

AA'orh men's  dwellings :  Aberdeen,  193  ; 
Act.  loans  under,  Sj3  ;  Bangor,  162  ; 
N«wcastle-on-Tyne,  198 

AA'orksbop,  granolithic  flat  roof  to,  197 

AVorms  in  oak,  90 

AA'urks.  professional,  and  costs,  61? 

AVrjught  ironwork,  English  and  S;o'cb, 
361 

Wykeham,  William  of,  as  architect,  111 

YORKSHIRE  archnvjiogical  society, 
218 

ZINO,  oxide  of,  aa  a  painter's  material, 
541 


INDEX       TO       IIL.LXJ8TRA.TIONS. 

***  The  Lithographic  lUustrationa  will  be  found  immediately  following  the  Pa^es  indicated. 


ABBEYS :  Barlings  (St.  Mary  Virgin) 
779;  Tewkesbury  (tower)  601;  West- 
minster (proposed  monumental  halls 
and  tower)  44tj 

Aberystwith,  Natl.  Prov.  branch  bank.  376 

Academy,  royal :  cartoons,  Victory  (1st, 
AV.  E.  G.  Solomon)  10,  (Evelyn  M. 
Watherston)  164  ;  design  for  domed 
church  (L.  U.  Grace)  10,  164  ;  measui'ed 
dj-awings  (St.  James',  Piccadilly,  L. 
AVilkinsonj  200,  272 

Acton :  county  school  design  (M.  B. 
Adams)  234 ;  town  hall,  designs 
(selected,  W.  G.  Hunt)  10,  60  (M.  B. 
Adams)  870,906 

Alby,  church  of  St.  Cecile,  section,  788 

Albyn  house,  Parsons  Green,  furniture 
from,  433 

Alexandra  hall,  and  Corporation  Arms 
hotel,  Lancaster,  667 

Apse  of  Cartwright  memorial  hall,  Brad- 
ford, 656 

Archaeological   museum,   Cambridge,   342 

Architectural  As  o:iatioo,  design  for  town 
hall  (L.  G.  Detraar)  446 

Armchairs:  145,  323,  463,  550,  743,  757; 
Dr.  Johnson's,  160;  bhake»-peare's,  160 

Armour,  historic,  studies  of,  516 

Ashbourne,  St    Oowald's  charch.  376.  446 

Assurance  offices :  Durban  (Stott  and 
Kirkby's  design)  446  ;  Finsbury-square 
(London  and  Manchester)  831;  Man- 
chester (Scottish  Amicable)  200 

Astbury  church,  font  cover,  10 

Avoch,  N.B  ,  Eosehaugh  house,  10,  161 

Ayot,  St.  Lawi-ence  Church,  128 

BANGOR,  residence  in  Broad-street, 
376,  412 


Banks:    Aberystwith   (Natl.    Prov.)   376;, 

AA^alsall  (Natl.  Prov.)  376 
Banqueting  hall,  Rosenborg  Castle,  692 
Baptistery.  Florence,  marble  pavement,  412 
Barlings,  St.  Mary's  Abbey  ruins,  779 
Bedale,  court-house  and  pilice-station,  8J4 
Beesten,  Notts,  cottages,  St.  John's-grove, 

376 
Bellows,  National  designs  for  (J.  AV.  Wil- 
kinson) 5S( 
Bibury  :  cottages,  516  ;  Court,  516 
Bidston  hall,  arched  gateway  of,  10 
Bindweed  wallpaper  design.  545 
Blackmore  memorial.  Exeter  cathedral,  863 
Blackpool,  AA'esln.  church  and  schools,  92 
Boardroom,  Royal  Insurance  Go's,  premises, 

Liverpool,  412 
Board  schools :    Manchester  (St.  Mary's) 

272;  Oldham  (Clarksfleld)  128 
Boar's  Head  hotel,  Leigh,  Lanes,  234 
Boathou-e,  de^^ign  for  (W.  E.  Dob-ion)  92 
Boating  clubhouse,  club  designs,  509,  616 
Bolton  :   Indepen.   Meth.  church,  Chorley 

New-road,  721 ;  Weelo.  church,  Choiley 

Old-roai,  550 
Bookcases,  carved.  757 
Book    illustrations,    National  :    Jessie  F. 

McConnell     and     A.     F.      AVa'ts,    60 ; 

Gertrude  Blade.  128 
Boys'  figures  fmm'gardens,  791 
Bracket  clock,  by  A.  Mackinder,  92 
Bradford :   ap3e  of   Cartwright  memorial 

hall,  656;    Eastbrook  mi-sion  hall,  798, 

815 
Bramhall  mansion,  10 
Brinksway,    Stockport,     St.     Augustine's 

Sunday  school,  267 
Bristol,  memorial,  Clifton  c  )llege,  692 
Bristol:  .Carpenter*'    Arms  inn,  Charlton 


Common,  793 ;  London   and  Lancashire 
fire  insurance  offices,  870 
Bromley,  E.,  free  library,  selected  design, 

S^iaire,  Meyers,  and  Pct--b,  92 
Bromyard,  estate  rottages,  834 
BuiMMNt;    News    club    designs :   boa'ing 
clubhouse,  509,  516  :  clergy  house  in  slum 
street,  128:  lych  gate,  684  ,  stuaio,  834 . 
wayside  hostelry,  ;-i03 
BuUingbam.  ruins.  St.  Miry's  Priory,  779 
Bungalow,  Hiwkchurch,  581 
Burtord,  Oxford,  old  houses  at,  516 
Burgess  Hill,  St.  Andrew's  church,  432 
Burg  garden  at  Rothenburg.  234 
Bush  hill  park,  Kaddd:  house  at,  92 ;  St. 

Stephen's  churcb,  306 
Business  premises :  Aberystwith  (bank) 
376;  Bri^ol  (insurance offices)  870  ;  Charl- 
ton (inn)  798;  Colchester,  762;  Dur- 
ban (assurance)  446 ;  Finsbury-.-quare 
(Friendly  socy.,)  5SJ  (assurance)  8:f4; 
Lancashire  (hotel)  567;  Leicester,  92; 
Leigh,  Lanes,  (hotel)  234 ;  Liverpool 
(Renshaw-st.)  726  (RoyjlInsuranceCo's) 
412;  Manchester  (assurance  offices)  '20j 
(Princes  buildings)  906  (warehouse)  4S2  ; 
Norwich  (chambers)  234  ;  Walsall  (bank) 
376;   AA'est minster,  620 


CABINETS.  145,  323,  359,  463.  553 

Camberwe!!.  guardians'  offices  and  relief 
station,  726 

Cambridge  :  King's  College  chapel  (organ) 
342;  (panel  m  stalls,!  4S2  ;  Uuiversity 
buildiugs,"  Arch;eological  Museum,  Law 
School,  Sedgwick  Miseum  of  Geology 
and  Squire  Memorial  Law  library,  342 

Campo  Santo,  proposed,  Wtstminster,  4*6 


Capital :  letters,  by  Gertrude  Apel.  200 ; 
R jmanesque.  by  Daisy  AVmter,  306 

Card  table,  18th  century,  550 

Carpenters'  Arm^,  Charlton  Cjmmon, 
Bristol,  798 

Carlsha!toQ,  Southern  fever  hospital,  650 

Carter,  Canon  T.  T.,  tomb  of,  Clewer 
church,  10 

Cartoon,  Royal  Academy,  Victory  :  1st, 
W.  E.  G.  Solomon,  10;  Eve'yn  M. 
AA'etherstun,  164 

Cartwright  memorial  hall.  Bradford,  656 

Carving  detiiils,  Jacobean  furnitui-e.  74i 

Castles  :  Fredensborg,  709  ;  Fredrickaborg 
(pulpit  in  chapel  royal)  667  ;  Kronburg, 
686;  Newcastle-on-Tyne  (fireplace  jn) 
870  ;  Rosenborg  (banqueting  hall)  692 

Cast,  ornament  from  the  (Eaiilie  Kittaand 
Daisy  AVmter)  308 

Cathedrals :  (Jhartres  choir  apse)  906  ; 
Dubhn  fSt  Pati-ick)  194,  195;  Exeter 
(R,  D.  Blackmore  Memorial)  861  ; 
Florence  (.Baptistery,  pavement)  412 ; 
Limberg  (plan)  788 ;  Lincoln  Bishop 
Flemiug's  chapel)  60  ;  Oxford  (,interior 
from  Latin chapel}906  :  Sau'iagu  iportico 
ot)  10 ;  AVehtmmster  (R.C.planJ  787  (do, 
section'  7Si 

Cavendish  house,  Clapham,  sundial  from, 
791 

Ceiling  paper,  Jupiter  (L  F.  Day)  5(4 

Chairs:  arm,  145,  323,  463,  550.  74  J  757; 
Flemish,  74  J;  Dr.  J  jhnson's,  160 ; 
Shakespeare's,  160 ;  Venetian  high- 
backed,  145 

Cliambers,  Norwich  (Commercial)  234 

Chapels  :  Cambridge  ( King' s  College,  organ 
in)  342  (do.  panel  in  stalls)  482 ;  Chelten- 
ham.   (College— rered  )3)  584;  Cbiswick 


BUILDING  NEWS,  VOL.  LXXXVI. 

January  to  June,  1901. 


INDEX  TO  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Supplement  to  the 
Building  Nkws  July  8,  1901. 


vri. 


(morning,  tu  St.  Michael's  church)  482  ; 
ITredricksborg  (royal,  pulpit  in)  687 ; 
BoughtoM-le-Sprin^  (Pil;<rims')  1S2  ; 
Lincoln  cathedral  (Flemint;;'»i  85 

Cliarltiin  common,  Bristol ,  Carpenters' 
Arma  inn,  798 

Chartrea  cathedral,  intenor  choir  apse,  90G 

Cheltenham  College  chapel,  S.A..,  reredos, 
5S4 

<  helwood  manor  house,  656 

Cheshire,  pictures'iue,  10 

Cheat  of  drawers.  323 

Chimney  pieces,  HalforJ  old  hall,  217 

Chiswick,  morning  chapel,  St.  Mjchael's 
Church,  1^2 

Churches  ;  Alby  (St.  Cecile,  section)  7&S ; 
Ashbourne  (St.  Oswald)  376.  1 16 ;  Ast- 
burv  ;font  cover)  10;  Ayot{!it.  Lawreaee) 
128;  Blackpool  (Wes'n.)  92;  Bolton 
(Chorley  New  Road,  [ndpt.  Meth  )  721 
(Chorley  Uld  Road.  WsIq.j  550;  Buigess 
Hill  (Sc.  Andrew-  4S2 ;  Ba-h  HiU  park, 
Eufleld  (St  Stephen)  308  ;  ('niswick  (St. 
Michael -morniog  chapel)  IS2;  C'lewer 
(Canon  T.  T.  Carter's  tomb)  10;  Cologne 
(St.  Andrew  -  plan)  788  ;  Copenhagen 
(St.  Saviour)  615;  Cowley.  Oxford  (St. 
John,  new  tower)  656;  domed  (royal 
Acidemy  design— L.  U.  Gravel  10.  161; 
Eccles  (St.  Mary)  128;  Fail  Birch 
(Wesla  )  650;  FUrence  (San  Mmiato, 
pavement)  412,  550;  Gorton  (U.  Meth. 
Free)  550 ;  Leeds  (St.  Thomas,  stained 
glas^)  798 ;  Oatlands  (St.  Mary,  new 
tower)  516 ;  Openshaw  (U.  Meth  Free) 
550 ;  Oswald  (Rand)  762  ;  Palmer's  Green 
St.  John;  620;  Piccadilly  (St.  James) 
idOO.  272;  Port  Erin  (Prira.  Meth.)  44ti ; 
Shirehiook  ( 3.  Trimtyj  S70 ;  Sinzi^ 
(plan)  787  ;  Tewkesbury  Abbey  (tower 
of)  601 ;  TruQch  ifout  cover)  92 

City,  and  ideil  medi;i^val,  by  K.  Tempest, 
342,  550 

City,  the :  Fen  church-street,  Lloyd's 
registry,  164  ;  Finsbury-siiuare  (London 
and  ilaachester  Assurance  office)  834  ; 
(Royal  London  Frttndly  Society's 
building)  584 

Clarkstield,  Oldham,  board  schools,  128 

Clapham,  &undidl  from  Cavendish  house. 
791 

Clergy  house  in  slum  street,  club  designs, 

■  128 

Clewer  church,  Canon  Carter's  tomb,  10 

Clifton  College,  \\'a.r  memorial,  602 

Clocks :  bracket,  desiga  by  (De  Lisle) 
922  ;  (A.  Mackinder)  9z  ;  National  design 
(N.  A.  Trent)  164 

Club,  BuinuNG  Nesvs  designing:  b  ating 
club  house,  5'J9,  516  ;  clergy  house  in 
slum  street,  128;  lycbgate,  681 ;  studio, 
834  ;  wayside  hostelry,  306 

Clubhouses,  boating,  club  designs,  509,  516 

Colchester,  street  front,  7d2 

Colleges  :  Cambridge  (King's,  organ)  342 
(do.,  panel  in  stalls)  482 ;  Cheltenham 
(reredoa  in  chapel)  584;  Clifton  (War 
memorial)  692;  O.'iford  (Magdiden,  new 
roof  to  hall,  620;  Pougbkeepsie.  N.Y. 
(Vassar-Thomson  library)  ^V^ 

Collyhurst  logwood  mills,  plaster  mantel- 
piece from,  753 

Cologne,  St.  Andreas  church  (plan)  788 

Come  unto  Me,  Thorwald^en's,  637 

Commercial  chambers.  Norwich,  234 

Commodes:  bv  Catiieri,  922  ;  by  Roenfgen, 
922;  Louis  X.V.,  359 

Competitions  :  Assurance  buildings 
(Durban,  Stott,  and  Kirkby's  design) 
146 ;  board  schools  (Oloham,  selected, 
Cheers  and  Smith;  128;  Buildin"  Ntws 
de^^igning  club  [boating  clubhouse)  509, 
516  (cltrgy  house  in  slum  street)  128 
(lychgate)  684  (studio)  834  (wayside 
hostelry)  306  ;  hospital  (Manchester,  skin 
diseases— 2nd.,  C  and  T.  Mayor)  2iX) ; 
infirmary  (Manchester,  royal,  selected, 
Hall  and  Brook)  481,  482  ;  libraries,  free 
(Bromley,  E..  sehcted, Squire,  Myers  and 
Fetch)  92  (Erdington  selected,  J.  P. 
Osborne)  906  (do,  2nd.  Crouch,  Batler, 
and  Savagp)  798  [Hammersmith,  central, 
selected,  11.  T.  Hue)  7-^6  (St.  Aulc's  oq 
Sea,  selected  J.'D  Ha'ker)  9Uq  (Tauntun, 
1st,  A  C.  Little)  112  [AVakefield,  f-elected. 
Cox,  Trimnell  and  Davison)  692  ^do., 
2nd,  Hector  and  Tnotnton)  726  (ao., 
3rd.  A.  Mitchell)  7(32  ;  memorial  (Clifton 
college,  AVar  -sele^ited,  Paul  and  Jam-s) 
692;  municipal  otB:e3  and  free  liDiaiy 
(Riwtenstah  -selei:ted.  Crouch,  Butl«r, 
and  Savage)  60  (2nd  a-q.,  Stones,  Stones 
and  Sprcat)  312  I2nd.  iiq.,  A.  T.  Butler) 
376;  National  de^igas  (clock,  N.  A. 
Trent)  164  ,Hre  place  with  pottery  paneU, 
H-  BudJ)  92  ;  National  group  in  oils  (A. 
Mackinder)  9J ;  (Jwen  JoriL-s  diuwmgs 
(paveinent-s  in  F.orence,  W.  Davidson) 
412,650  :  Pugmd  awinga  (King's College 
chapel,  Fj^C.  Metrn)  342,  4Si  ;  Hoyal 
Academy  cartoons— Victory  list,  W.  E 
G.  Solomoij)  10  (Evelyn  M.  Watherston) 
161;  Royal  Academy  design -domed 
church  [L.  U.  Grace)  10,  161;  Roval 
Academy mea&ureddra#ing8  -  St. .James' 
Church,  i^cc.idiily  fL.  Wilkinson)  2i)0; 
K.I.B.A.  measured  drawings  (A.-^hbouine 
churc.i,  L.  M.  Gutch)  376,  ll-i;  school 
county,  Actun  (M.  B.  Adams)  a34  ;  town 
haUa  (Acton  -selected.  W.  Q.  Hunt)  10, 
CO  (do.,  M.  B.  Adims)  870  (country,  A, 
A.-L.  O.  Ditmar)  41U  (Hamilton,  N.  B. 
—selected,  A  CuUeuj  1^34,  iJh;  (Stuckpoit 
—  selected,  A.  IJrumwell  Tbomas)  272, 
842  (2nd.  ^Villo^ghby  and  Langham) 
516 

Copenhagen  :  Fredcnsborg  castle,  709  • 
Fredrtcksbnrg    castle  (pulpit  in  chapel 


royal)  687  ;  King's  palace.  620;  Kronborg 

castle,  );86 ;. Rosenborg  castle  (banqueting 

hall)    692  ;    St.    Saviour's    church,    615  ; 

Thorvaldseii's  Institution  of  the  Lord's 

Supper,  614 
Cottages  :    Beeston,    376 ;     Bibury.    516  ; 

Bromvard  (e-itate)  834 ;  Burford,  Oxon, 

ol6;EdzelI,  N.B.  (semi-detached)    128; 

Northleach,  516 
Council    house,    Erdington,    2nd     design 

(Crouch,  Butler  and  Savage)  798 
Country  town  ha'l,  A. A.,  design  (L.  O. 

Detmar)  446 
County  :  ball.  Northallerton,  692  ;  school, 

Acton,  M.  B.  Adams's  design,  234 
Coxirt  house,  Bedale,  8  4 
Covers,  font :  Astbury  10  ;  Trunch,  92 
Cowlt^y,  O.'iford,    new    tower,   St.  John's 

Church,  656 
Cresswell.  drill  hall,  272 
Cross,  War  memorial,  Clifton  College,  692 


DE  OOR  A.TE  D  capital  letters,  by 
Gei-trude  Apel,  200 

De  Lisle,  clock  by.  922 

Designing  club,  Builoing  News:  boating 
clubhouse,  609,  516;  clergy  house  in  slum 
street,  128;  lychgate,  6Si;  studio,  S34 ; 
wayside  hostelry,  306 

Desii^os  :  bellows  (National,  J.  W.  Wi  kin- 
son)  681;  boithouse  (W.  E.  Dobson)  92  ; 
boating  clubhouse  (club)  509,  516; 
capitallctters  (National,  Gertrude  Apeli 
200;  church,  domed  (Royal  Academy, — 
L.  U.  Grace)  10.  164;  clergy  house  in 
slum  street  (club)  lv8  ;  clock  (Xationil, 
N.  A.  Trent)  164;  flreplaci  wit'i  potteiy 
panels  (H.  Budd)  92  ;  ideal  medi.-i-val  city 
(E.  Tempest)  342,  550;  lychgate  iclub) 
581 ;  memorial  halls  and  tower,  "West- 
minster (Seddon  and  Lamb)  446:  town 
hall,  county  (A.  A.,  L.  G.  Detmar)  446  ; 
wallpaper  (W.  Crane,  L.  F.  Day,  and 
H.  Sumner)  514,  545;  wayside  hostelry 
(club)  306 

Details:  abbey  (Barlings)  779:  bellows, 
584 ;  chapel  (Lincoln  Cathedral,  Bp. 
Fleming's)  85 ;  church  (Piccadilly,  Sc. 
James')  200,  272  ;  fireplace  (Newcastle) 
870  ;  furniture  carving.  Jacobean,  743  ; 
house  (Forbury,  Reading)  234  ;  lych- 
gate (club)  6S4 ;  ornament  from  the 
cast,  306 ;  registry  ( Fenchurch-street, 
Lloyds')  164;  school  (Oxford,  Nixon's) 
272;  station,  motor  generating  (Dtike 
street.  W.)  482,  516 ;  tower  (Oatlands, 
St.  Mary's  church)  516 ;  town  hall 
(Acton)  60  (do.  M.  B.  Adams'a  design) 
870 

Diagram,  school  ventilation.  410 

Dining-rooms  :  Elveden  Hall.  834  ;  house  in 
Kansas  City,  251 ;  Shiptan  Court,  762 

Dittons  house.  Eastbuurne,  870 

Domed  church,  Roval  Academy  d  ^eign 
(L.  U.  Grace)  10.  161 

Draped  figure  of  Victory  (Royal  Academy)  ; 
1st  W.  E.  G.  Solomon,  10 ;  by  Evelyn 
M.  Watherston  161 

Drawers,  chest  of.  323 

Drawing-room,  Shiptoa  Court,  762 

Drawings  :  measured  [Ashbourne  chu-ch, 
L.  M.  (rotcb)  y76.  416  ;  fireplare  (New- 
castle, J.  F  White)  870  (Forbury  House. 
Reading -B.  A.  Poulter)  234  (mantel- 
piece, plaster,  O.  Heldru)  753  (Oxford, 
Nixon's  school,  H.  E.  Wheeler)  272 
(Piccadilly,  Sr.  James'  church,  L.  Wil- 
kinson) 200,  272  (RidUesden  Hall,  F. 
Wade)  164,  181  (Salford  Old  Hall, 
Evesham,  H.  Hulme)  200 ;  National 
book  illustrations  (Jcf^sie  McConnell  and 
A.  G.  Watts)  60  (Gertrude  Slade)  1^8; 
do.  clock  (N.  A.  Trent)  164;  do.  historic 
armour  (Gladys  M.  Baly)  516  ;  do  orna- 
ment from  cast  (Emiiic  Kitts  and  Daisy 
Wmter)  306  ;  Owen  Jones  (pavements  at 
Florence,  W.  Dividson)  412,  S.'iO;  Pugin 
(King's  College  chipel.  F.  C.  Mears)  312, 
482 ;  (Chartres  and  Oxford  cathedrals, 
F.  C.  Mears)  906 ;  Royal  Academy, 
draped  figure,  Victorv  (Ifct.  W.  E.  G. 
Solomon)  10(EvelyuM  Watherston)  164 

Dressing  table  for  ladv,  922 

Diill  hall.  Cresswell  272 

Dublin,  St.  Patrick's  cithedral,  194.  195 

Duke-street,  W.,  motor  gen-rator  station 
and  Italian  gnrden.  482,  516 

Dulce  Uomum  wallpaper  design,  541 

Dulwich  Village,  wrought  iron  gates,  416 

Dunham  Mill,  Cheshire,  10 

Durban.  Southern  L'fe  Association  build- 
ings, Stott  and  Kirkby's  design,  416 


EASTER  :  at  ( 'openhagen,  61 1,  615,  620. 

tis;.  i\H?,  Ii\t2.  709 
Eastbourne,   l)iltons  house,  870 
Ea^tbronk  mission  ball,  Bradford,  798,  815 
Eccle-s,  St.  Mary's  church,  128 
Edzcll,  N.H.,  aemi-iletached  cottages,  128 
Elveden  li.all ;  dining  room,  SJi ;  study,  8^U 
Enfield.  Bush  hdl  park  :  house  at,  9i;  St. 

Stephen  a  church,  3ti(! 
English  17tli  century  chair,  743 
Erdirgton  council  house  and  free  library 

designs,   selectfd    J.    1*.   Osborne,  906  ; 

Vnd,  Crouch.  Butler  and  Savage,  798 
Estate  cottages,  Bromyard,  834 
Evesham,  Salford  old  hall :  200;  chimney 

piece  in,  2i7 
Exeter   cathtdral,    Blackmore    memorial, 

863 
Exhibition,  home  arts,  sketches  from,  757 


FAXiIi  Birch,  Horwich,    ^Ve3ln.  school 
and  •■hureh,  650 


Fenchurch-street,  E.C.,  Lloyd's  registry, 
164 

Eever  hospital,  Carshalton  (southern)  550 

Figure,  draped,  of  Victory,  Royal 
Academy,  Ist.  W.  E.  G.  Solomon,  lo  ; 
Evelyn  M.  Watherston.  164 

Figures,  boys',  from  gardtna,  791 

Fintbury-stiuare  :  Lon'lon  and  Manchester 
Assurance  oltice,  P34 ;  Royal  London 
Friendly  Society's  building,  684 

Fire  :  dog,  old,  323 ;  screen,  copper,  'ST 

Fireplaces  :  at  Newcastle- on-Tj-ne  Castle, 
870;  with  pottery  panels  (H.  Budd's 
des'gn)  92 

Fleming's  chapel  and  tomb,  Lincoln 
cathedral,  85 

Flemish  chair,  carved,  743 

Florence,  pavements  in  Baptistery,  and  San 
Miniate,  412,  550 

Font  covers  :  Astbury  10  ;  Trunch,  92 

Font,  Verona  marble,  791 

Forbury  house,  Reading,  measured 
drawings,  234 

Fonni'/af'l':  nautical  school,  Portiahead, 
656 

Fredenaborg  castle,  Copenhagen,  709 

Free  libraries  :  Bromtev,  E.  (selected  design 
Pquire,  Myers,  and  Fetch)  92  ;  Erdington 
(Selected,  J.  P.  Osborne)  906  (2nd, 
Crouch,  Butler,  and  Savage)  793  ;  Hamil- 
ton (selected,  A.  CuUen)  234,  306: 
Hammersmith  (central)  726  ;  Rawtena'  all 
(selected  design,  Crouch,  Butler,  and 
Savage)  67  (2nd,  teq.,  Stonea,'8tonea,  and 
Sproat)  312  (2nd.  ieq.,  A.  T.  Butler)  376  ; 
St.  Anne's-on-Sea.  906  ;  Taunton,  412  ; 
Wakefield  (selected  design.  Cox,  Trim- 
nell, and  Davison)  692  (2Qd,  Hector  and 
Thornton)  726  (Srd,  A.  Mitchell)  762 

French :  fui-niture,  3o9,  922 ;  row,  St. 
Albans,  128 

Friendly  Society's  building,  Royal  London, 
Finsbury-square,  584 

Friezes  :  fireplace,  Newcastle  870  ;  San 
Miniato,  Florence,  550 

Furniture:  sketches:  1(5,  323.  359,  463, 
550,  74*,  757,  922  ;  speciality  in,  405 


GARDEN  1       Italian       and       motor 

generating  station.  Duke-street,  W.,  482, 

516  ;     ornaments,     sketches     of,    791  ; 

Rothenburg    Iphofen  and  Rodelsen)  234 
Gatehouses  :  St.  Albans  (grammar  school) 

128 
Gate,  lych.  club  designs.  584 
Gates,  wrought  iron  :  Dulwich  village,  413  ; 

from  RomforJ,  791 
Gateways,  archway,  Bidston  hall.  10 
Gen-rrator  station,  motor,  Duke-street,  W., 

482,  516 
Geology,  Sedgwick  museum  of,  Cambridge, 

342 
Glaas,  stained,  St.  Thomas's  church,  Leeds, 

798 
G  oria.  Da.  Santiago,  portico  of,  10 
Gorton,  U.M.F.,  church,  550 
Grammar  schools  :  Marlborough,  906 ;  St. 

Albans,  128 
Granolithic  workshop,  Millwall,  197 
Guardians'  offices  and  relief  station,  Cam- 

berwell,  762 


HALXjS:  Bidston  (gateway)  10;  Brad- 
ford (Cartwright  memorial)  656  (East- 
brook  mission)  798,  815  ;  Bramhall,  10  ; 
Cresswell  (drill)  272;  Elveden  (dining- 
room  and  study)  8J4 ;  Holloway  (St. 
David's  mission)  567 ;  Huxley  Tower, 
10;  Lancaster  (Alexandra)  5'>7  ;  Marples 
(stables)  10  ;  Northallerton  (coimty)  692  ; 
O.xford  (JIagdalen  college,  new  root  > 
620;  Poole,  Cheshire,  10;  RuddJeaden, 
Keighley,  164,  181;  Rosenborg  Castle 
(banqueting-hall)  692 ;  Salford,  Eves- 
ham. iOf!)  (chimnt-y-piece  at)  217  ;  Shipton 
Court,  620;  Tanworth  (village)  550 
Hamilton,  N.B.,  town  hall  and  free  library, 

234,  306 
Hammerbeam  roof,  59 
Hammersmith  central  free  library,  726 
ilawkchurch,  Deron,  bungalow.  581 
High     backed     chairs ;      English,      463 ; 

Venetian,  145 
Historic  armom',  studies  of,  516 
Holloway,  St.  David's  mission-hill,  567 
Home  arts  exhibition,  sketches  from,  7.57 
Homes,    nurses'  :  Rochdale    ((iueen    Vic- 
toria) 376,  393 ;  South    Shields  (Work- 
house infirmary)  656 
Horwich,  Fail  Birch  Wesln.  school  chapel, 

550 
Ho:-pitals :   Cai-shalton    (Southern,    fever) 
550 ;     Manchester      skin    diseases    ^2nd 
design,  C.  ^:  T.  Mayor)  200 
Hostelry,  wayside,  club  designs,  306 
Hotels;    Lancaster      (Corporation    Arms) 

567;  Leigh,  Lanes  i, Boar's  Head)  231 
Houghton-le-Sp^n^^  PilgrimV  chapel.  482 
UoU'its  :  and  studios  (club  designs)  831; 
Bangor,  376,  112;  Beeston  i^cuttagcs)  37i!  ; 
Bibury  (L-ottages)  516  (Court)  6i6 ; 
Bidston  [hall,  gateway  of  i  10;  Bramhall, 
10;  Bromyard  (cottages)  8M  ;  Burford, 
Oxon,  616;  Bush  hill' park.  Knfli-M,  92: 
Chelwood  manor,  6i6 ;  clergy  in  slum 
street  (club)  128;  Dittons,  Histbourne. 
870;  Ed/.ell.N  B.  (cottages)  128;  I'Uvedeu 
(hall,  dining-room  and  study)  SM ;  For- 
bury, Reading,  234;  Hawkchurch  (bun- 
galow) 68(;  Uuxley  Tower  (hall)  10; 
Johannesburg.  200  ;  Kansas  city  .dining- 
room)  251:  Marples  [stablo-i)  in ;  Mid- 
hurst  Sanatorium  : superintendent's)  762  ; 
Nnrthleach,  .M6  ;  Northwojd,  861  ;  Park 
Down.  726  ;  I'evensey  Bay.  342 ;  Poole 
(hall)    10;   Riddlo^jden    (hall)    161,   181  ;  I 


Itoaehaugh,  Avoch.  N.B.,  lo,  164 ; 
Rugby,  762;  Palford,  Evesham  (old  hall) 
2iX) ;  do.  (chimney-piece iu)  217  ;  Shadwetl 
Court  'summer;  755;  Shipton  Court 
(dining-room)  762  (drawing-room)  762 
(hall;  762 ;  South  Audley-street  (two) 
Ifi  1 ;  Stockwell-road,  S.  W.  Ingram)  692 ; 
Winsley,  692  __ 


IDEAIj  media-val  city,  by  E.  Tempest^ 

312,  550 
Illustrations,   book.    National:    Jessie  F. 

McConnell  and  A.  G.  Watts,  60;  Gtr- 

trude  Slade,  128 
Industrial     assurance    offices,    Finsfeurj-- 

s-iuare,  834 
Infirmaries :    Manchester,    loyal,    selected 

design.  Hall  and  Brook,  481,  482;  South 

Shield   nurses'  home)  656 
Ingram  House,  Stockwell-road,  S.W.,  692 
Inns :  Charlton    Common.    Bristol    (Car- 

penter.s'    Arms)    79i  ;  Northleach,  516; 

Stetchworth.  Newmarket,  359 
Insurance  buildings  :  Liverpaol  Royal  Co.) 

412;  offices,    Bristol    London  and  Lan- 
cashire! 870 
Institution  of  the   Lord's  Supper,  Thor- 

waldsen's,  614 
Ipbopen  gatehouse,  Rotbenburg,  23^ 
Iron,  wrought,  gates:  Dulwich,  4 16;  from. 

Romford,  791 
Italian  garden,  motor  generating  station,. 

Duke-street.  482,  516 


JAR,  Fulham  stoneware,  323 
Johannesburg,  house  at,  200 
Johnson's,  Dr.  Samuel,  armchair,  ICO 
Joaes,  Owen,  studentship  drawing,  pave- 
ments at  Baptistery,  Miniato,  Florence- 
(W.  Davidson)    112,  650 
Jupiter  ceiling  paper  design,  545 


KANSAS  city,  din'ng-room   in  house,. 

251 
Keighley,  Riddlesden  Hall,  near,  164,  128 
Kensington,  South,  museum,  as  completed,. 

10 
King's  College  chapel,  Cambridge  (organ 

in)    342    (panel    in   stalls)    482 ;  palace, 

Copenhagen,     620  ,      sanatorium,   Mid- 

hur.-t,  762 
Kronborg  Cattle,  Copenhagen,  CSo 


IjADT'S  dressing-table,  922 

Lancaster.  Alexandra  Hall  and  Corpora- 
tion Arms  hotel,  667 

Law  library  and  school,  Cambridge,  342 

Leather  pitcher.  323 

Leeds,  stained  glass,  St.  Thomas's  churchy 
798 

Leicester,  shop  and  offices.  92 

Leigh,  Lanes,  Boar's  Head  Hotel.  234 

Letters,  capital,  by  Gertrude  Apel,  200 

Libraries,  free  :  Bromley,  E.  (selected 
design.  Squire.  Meyers,  and  Fetch)  92; 
Erdington  ^selected,  J.  P.  Osborne)  906 
(2nd,  Crouch.  Butler,  and  Savage)  l9Si 
Hamilton,  N.B.  (selected.  A.  Cullen) 
234,  306;  Hammersmith  (central)  726; 
Rawtenstall  (selected  design.  Crouch,. 
Butler,  and  Savage)  60  (2nd,  a-q..  A.  T. 
Butler)  376  (2nd.  jeq..  Stones,  Stones,  and 
Sproat)  342;  St.  Anne's-on-Sea,  906; 
Taunton,  412;  Wakefield  (selected.  Cox. 
Trimnell  and  Davison;  692  (2nd.  Hector 
and  Thornton)  726  (3rd,  A.  Mitchell    762 

Library:  Squire  law,  Cambridge,  342; 
Thomson  memorial.  Pougbkeepsie,  N.V.* 
412 

Limburg  cathedral,  plan  of,  783 

Lincolncathedral,  Bishop  Fleming'schapeU 
85 

Liverpool :  premises,  Reushaw-street,  726; 
Royal  Insurance  Co.'s  buildings.  412 

Lloyd's  registry,  Fenchurch-street,  E.C.^ 
164 

London:  and  Lincaslure  fire  insurance 
offices,  Bristol,  870 ;  aud  Manchester  in- 
dus  rial  a-suianco  oliices,  Finsbury- 
square,  834  ;  Friendly  Society's  building, 
Finsbnry-.quare,  58t 

Lord's  Supper,  Institution  of  the,  Thor- 
waldsen's.  615 

Lych  gate,  club  dtsigns,  58  i 


MAQ-DALEN"  college.  Oxford,  newroof 

to  hall.  020 

Manchester :  Princes  buildings,  Oxford- 
street,  906 :  royal  infirmary  (selected 
design,  Hall  and  Brook)  181.  IS2;  St. 
Mary's  Mostonboard  schools,  272  ;  school 
of  art,  plaster  mantelpiece  from  old 
house,  753;  Scottisli  Amioab'e  Assurance 
ofiices,  VOO;  skin  diseases  hospital  [2nd 
design,  C.  ani  T.  Mayor)  200;  Ware- 
house, 482 

Manor.  Chelwood,  656 

Mansion.  Rosehaugh.  Avnch,  N.B..  10,  UH 

Mantelpieces :  at  Newi'^iatle-on-Tyno  castle. 
870;  plaster,  from  CoUyhuiiit  Logwood. 
Mills,  753  . 

Marlbon.High  grammar  school,  906 

Marlow.  marble  vase  from,  791 

iturploa  hall,  stables  at,  10 

Massoy  Mainwaring  furniture  collection, 
922 

Measured  drawings :  Ashbourne  church 
<L.  M.  Qotchl  376.  416;  Forbury  house, 
heading  (National,  B.  A.  PuuUeri  231; 
manteli>iecea  (Newcastle-on-Tyne.  J.  F. 
White^i  870;  (plaster,  tt.  Holden)  7.53; 
Oxford,  Nixon's  bchool  (II.  E.  Wheeler) 
272;     Piccadilly,    St.     James's    church 


VIII. 


SuppJcment  to  the 
Building  News,  July  8, 


INDEX  TO  ILLUSTEATIONS. 


BUTLDlXti  NEWS,  VOL.  LXXXVI. 
January  to  June.  1901. 


(Royal  Academv,  L,  "Wilkinson)  200, 
272;  Riddlesden  Hall  (F.  Wade)  164, 
181 ;  talford  old  hall,  Evesham  (H. 
Hulme)  200 

Mediaeval  city,  an  ideal,  by  E.  Tempest, 
342,  550 

Memorials :  Bradford  (Cartwright  hall) 
656;  Cheltenham  college  chapel  {South 
African)  581 ;  Clewer  church  (Canon 
Carter)  10 ;  Clifton  college  (S.  A.  AVar} 
692  ;  Exeter  cathedral  (R.  D.  Blackmore) 
863;  St.  Nicholas  Cole  Abbey,  E.  C. 
(Hancock)  757 

Midhurst,  King's  sanatorium,  762 

Millbank-streetp  premises,  AVestminster,  620 

Mill,  Dunham.  10 

Millwall,  granolithic  workshop,  197 

Mission  :  hall,  Eistbrook,  Bradford,  7i)l, 
816;  premises,  Hollowav,  Bt.  David's, 
567 

Monumental  halls  and  tower,  "Westminster, 
416 

Monuments,  St.  Oswald's  church.  Rand, 
762 

Morning  chapel,  St.  Michael's  church, 
Chiswick.  482 

Motor  generator  station,  Duke-street,  W., 
492.  616 

^Mouldings,  Bp.  Fltming'a  chapel,  Lincoln 
cathedial,  85 

Municipal  building' :  Acton  (selected 
design,  "^\^  G.  Hunt)  10,  60  (M.  B. 
Adams'  design)  870,  906;  Pontypridd, 
798  ,  Eawtenstall  {selected  desJ^'Q, 
Crouch,  Butler,  and  lavage)  60  (2nd, 
iG(i.,  Stones,  Stones,  and  Sproatl  342 ; 
2nd.  :eq.,  A.  T.  Butler,  376;  btoDk- 
port  (selects  d  design,  A.  Brumwell 
Thomas)  272,  342  i2Qd,  Willoughby  and 
Langhara)  516 

Museums  ;  Cambridge  (archie ologioal)  342 
(Sedgwick  geological)  342;  Victoria  and 
Albert,  as  completed,  10 

Myrtle-wreath  wallpaper,  515 


UATIONAt*:  designs:  bellows  (J.  AV. 
AVilkinsoa)  oSl  ;  book  illustrations, 
(Jessie  McConnell  and  A.  G.  Watts)  60 
(Gertrude  Slade)  128  ;  capital  letters 
^Gertrude  Apel)  2C0  ;  clock  (N.  A.  Trent) 
164;  fireplace  with  pottery  panels  (H. 
Budd)  92;  group  in  oils  (A  MacKinder) 
92;  historic  armour  (Gladys  M.  Baly; 
516  ;  measured  drawings  (Forburv 
House,  reading -B.  A.  Boulter)  23i; 
ornament  from  the  cast  (Emilie  Kitta 
and  Daisy  AViuter)  306 
Nauticiil  school,  Portishead,  656 
New  :  roof,  Magdalen  College  hall,  Oxford, 

620  ;  tower.  So.  John's,  Cowley.  656 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  fireplace  at  castle,  870 
Newmarket,  village  inn  near,  369 
Nixon's    school,  Oxford,  now  destroyed, 

272 
Northallerton  county  hall,  692 
Northleach  :  coltn-ges,  516;  inn.  516 
North  Riding  county  hall,  Northallerton, 

692 
Norwich,  Commercial  Chambers,  234 
Northwood,  house  at,  861 
Novel  form  of  sewer  construction,  196 
Nurses'  home :  Rochdale  (Uu'^ea  Victoria) 
376,    393 ;    South     Shields    (worRhouse 
infltraary)  656 


OATLANOS,   new  tower,   St.  Mary's 

church,  516 
Offices:  Bristol  (London  and  Lanes  fire 
inburance)  870  ;  Camberwell  (guardians') 
726 ;  Finsbury-square  (London  and  Man- 
chester Assurance)  834  ;  Manchester 
(Scottish  Amicable  Assurance)  200 
Old  :     hall,     Salford,      Evesham  :     iOO ; 

chimney-piece  in,  217 
Oldham,  Clarksfield  board  schools,  128 
Openshaw,  U.  M.  Free  church,  650 
Ornament  from  the  cast  {Emilie  Kitts  and 

Daisy  AVmter)  306 
Ornaments,  garden,  sketches  of,  791 
Owen  Jones'  studentship  drawings,  pave- 
ments in  Baptistery   and  San  Aliniato, 
Florence  (AV.  Davidson)  412,  550 
Oxford ;     Christchurch    cathedral,    from 
Latin  chapel,  906  ;  Magdalen  college,  new 
roof  to  hall,  620 ;  Nixon's  school,  now 
destroyed,     272;     St.     John's    church, 
Cowley,  new  tower,  656 

PAIR    of   bellows,    J.    W.  AVilkinaon's 

design,  684 
Palace,  Copenhagen  (King's)  620 
Palmer's  Green,  St  John's  church,  620 
Panels :  pottery,  in   fireplace,   92 ;    stall, 

King's  college  chapel,  Cambridge,  482 
Papers,  new  hall  and  ceiUng ;  Bindweed 

(H.   Sumner)  515;  Dulce  Domum  (W. 

Crane)    54i;  Jupiter  (L.    F.  Day)  545; 

Myi-tle- wreath    (W.    Crane)   645;   Park 

Down    House,    Surrey,     726;    Pardon's 

Green,  furniture  from  Albyn  House,  463 
Pavements  in  Baptistery  anl  San  Miniato, 

Florence,  412,  650 
Pavilion  and  pier  extension,  St.  Anne's-on- 

sea,  851 
Pcvensey  Bay,  houses  at,  342 
Piccadilly,  St.  James's  church,  2C0,  272 
Picturesque  :  Cheshire,  10  ;  street  coi-ner  in 

AVernigerode,  10 
Pier  extension  and  pavilion,  St.  Anne's -on- 
sea,  851 
Pilgrims'  chapel,  Houghton-le-Dale,  482 
Pitcher,  leather,  323 
Plans :  banks  (Aberystwith)  376  (AValsall) 

376 ;    board    schools    (Manchester,    Bt. 

Mary's)  272  (Oldham,  Clarksfield)  128; 


boathouse  (AA'.  E.  Dobson's  design)  92 ; 
boating  clubhouse  (club)  609,  516  ;  busi- 
ness premises  (Colchester)  762  (Liver- 
pool) 726  (AA'estminster)  620  ;  cathedrals 
(Limburg)  788  (Westminster,  EC.) 
7KS ;  chapel  (Chiswick,  morning  at  St. 
Michael'sch.)  482  ;  churches  (Ashbourne, 
St.  Oswald's)  376;  Blackpool  (AVesln.) 
92  (Bolton,  Indpnt.  Meth.)  721  (do. 
Wesln.)  650  (Burgess  hill,  St.  Andrew's) 
482  (Bush  hill  park,  St.  Stephen's)  306 
[Cologne,  St.  Andrew's)  788  (domed -R. 
Academy  design,  L.  U.  Grace)  10,  164 
(Eccles,  St.  Mary's)  128  (Fall  Birch, 
AVesln.)  550  (Gorton,  U.  M.  F.)  550 
(Openshaw.  V.  M.  F.)  550  (Port  Erin, 
Prim.  Meth.)  416  (Shirebrook,  Trinity) 
870  (Sinzig)  787  ;  cottages  (Beeston)  376 
(Bromyard,  estate)  834  (Edzell)  128; 
County  hill  (Northallerton)  692;  drill 
hall  (Cres?well)  272  ;  font  cover  (Trunch) 
92  ;  halls  (Eastbrook,  Bradford,  mission) 
79S,  815  (Salford,  Evesham-  2o:)  (Tan- 
worth,  village)  550 ;  homes,  nurses' 
(Rochdale)  393  (South  Shields)  656; 
hospital  (Manchester,  skin  disea'^es,  2nd. 
C.  and  T.  Mayor)  200  ;  hostelry,  wayside 
(club)  306;  hotel  (Leigli,  Boar's  Head) 
234 ;  houses  (Bangor)  412  (Bush  hill 
park,  Enfield)  92  (Chelwood  Manor)  656 
(clergy  in  slums,  club)  128  (Dittons, 
Eastbourne)  870  (Johannesbmg)  200 
( N'orth  wood '  361  ( Park  Down)  726 
iPe^^ensey  Bay)  342  (Rosehaugh,  Avoch) 
10  (8tockwell-road,  S.W.,  Ingram)  692 
(Winsley)  692;  infirmary,  Manchester 
(Royal. 'selected,  Hall  and  Brook)  4S1 ; 
inns  (Charlton  Common,  Bristol)  798 
(Stetchworth,  Newmarket)  359 ;  libraries, 
free  (Bromley.  E.,  selected.  Squire, 
Myers,  and  Fetch)  92  (Erdington, 
selected,  J.  P.  Osborne)  906  (do.  2nd, 
Crouch.  Butler,  and  Savage)  798  (Raw- 
tenstall.  1st,  Crouch.  Butler,  and 
Savage)  10  ido.  2nd,  jeq..  A.  T.  Butler) 
376  (do.  2nd,  jt?q.,  Stones,  Stones,  and 
Sproat)  312  (.St.  Anne's-on-Seat  906 
(Tauntonl  412  (Wakefield,  telected.  Cox, 
Trimnell,  &  Davison.  69^  (do.  2nd.  Hector 
and  Thornton)  726  (do.  3rd,  A.tMitchell) 
762;  library  fPoughkeepsie,  Thompson 
Meml  )  112  ;  lych  gate  (club)  581 ;  monu- 
mental halLs  and  tower  (Westminster) 
416;  municipal  buildings  [Pontypridd) 
79S ;  museum  (A'ictoria  and  Albert. 
compUtiou  of)  10  ;  offices  (Camberwell 
guardians')  726  (Manchest-r,  assurance) 
200;  police  station  (Bedale)  834;  prior/ 
(Bullmghara,  St.  Mary)  779;  tchools 
(Acton,  county,  M.  B.  Adams's  design) 
231  (Blackpool,  Wesln.)  92  (Brinksway, 
St.  Augustine,  Sunday)  l67  (Marl- 
borough, gram.)  903 ;  station,  motor 
generator  (Duke-street,  W.)  4S2.  516; 
studij  (club)  S:M  ;  town  halls  (Acton 
designs,  selected,  W.  G.  Hunt)  10  (do., 
M.  B.  Adams)  870  (country  -A.  A., 
design,  L.  G.  Detmarj  41'j  ^HamiUoa- 
selected  design,  A.  Cullen)  231  (Stock- 
port—selected  design,  A.  Brumwell 
Thomas)  272  ;  warehouse  (Manchester) 
■iSi 

PI  ister  mantelpiece  from  Colly  hurst  Log- 
wood AIills,  7n3 

Police  statiun,  Bedale,  834 

Pontypridd  municipal  buildings,  798 

Port  Erin.  Prim.  Methodist  church,  446 

Portico  of  Santiago  cathedral,  10 

Portishead,  nautical  school,  6dQ 

Pottery  panels  in  fireplace,  92 

Poughkeepsie,  Thomson  library,  Vassar 
college,  412 

Pugin  studentship  drawings  (by  F.  C. 
Mears)  :  Cambridge,  King's  college 
chapel  (organ 'i  34  >  (panel  in  stalls)  482  ; 
Chartres  cathedral,  906;  Houghton-le- 
Spring  pilgrims'  chapel,  482 ;  Oxford 
cathedral,  906 

Pulpit  in  chapel  royal,  Fredricksborg,  687 


QTJEEN   Victoria  nurses'  home,  Roch- 
dale, 376,  393 


BAND.  St.  Oswald's  church,  762 
Rawtenstall  municipal  offices  and  free 
library  :  selected  design,  Crouch.  Butler, 
and  Savage,  6o ;  2nd,  seq.,  A.  T.  Butler, 
376  ;  2nd,  teq.  Stones,  Stones,  and  Sproat, 
342 
Reading,  measui-ed  drawings  of  Forbury 

House,  234 
Recluse,  the,  by  Jessie  McConnell.  60 
Registrv,  Lloyd's,  Fenchurch-street,  E.G., 

164 
Relief  station,  Camberwell,  726 
Reredos,  Chel'enham  college  chapel,  584 
Residence,      superintendent's,     Midhurat 

sanitorium.  762 
R.I.B.A.,      drawings  :      measured— Ash- 
bourne church  (L.  M.  Gotch)  376 ;  Pagin 
— Cambridge,  King's  college  chapel  (F. 
C.  Mears)  342.  482  ;  Chartres  and  Oxford 
cathedrals  (F.  C.  Mears)  906  ;  HoughtoQ- 
le-Spring,  pilgrims'  chapel  ,;F.  C.  Mears) 
432 
Riches,  by  A.  G.  Watts,  60 
Riddlesden  hall,  Keighl^y.  164,  181 
Riesner.  lady's  dressing  table  by,  922 
Rochdale,  Queen  Victoria  nurses'  home, 

376,  S93 
Rodelsfa  ga*e,  Rothenburg.  234 
Roentgen,  David,  commode  by,  922 
Romanesque  capital,  drawing  of,  303 
R')mford.  wrought  iroo  gates  from,  791 
Roof,  new,  Magdalen  College  hall,  Oxford, 
620 


Roof,  hammer-beam,  69 

Rooms  :  dining  (Elveden  hall)  834  (Kansas 
City,  house  in)  251  (Shipton  Court)  762  ; 
drawing  (Shipton  Court)  762 

Rosehaugb  mansion,  Avoch,  N.B.,  10.  164 

Rosenborg  castle,  Copenhagen,  banqueting 
hall,  692 

Rothenburg,  sketches  from,  234 

Royal  Academy:  Cartoons,  Victory  (1st, 
AV.  E.  G.  Solomon)  10  (Evelyn  M. 
AVatherston)  161;  design  for  domed 
church  (L.  U.  Grace)  10,  164;  measured 
drawings  (St.  James,  Piccadilly— L. 
AVilkin.snn;  200,272 

Royal :  infirmary,  Manchester,  481,  487 ; 
institute  British  architfcts  (mtasiured 
drawings.  L.  M.  Gotch)  376  (Pugin.  F.C. 
Mears)  313,  482,906  ;  insurance  buildings, 
Liverpool,  412  ;  London  Frieidly 
Society's  building,  Finsbury-square,  684 

Rugby,  house,  762 


SAINT:  Albans  (French  row.  gate- 
house, grammar  school  and  White  Hart 
yard)  128  (sketches  in)  128;  Andreas 
(Cologne,  plan)  78S;  Andrew  (Burgees 
Hill)  482 ;  Anne's-on-Sei  (free  library) 
906  (pavilion  and  pier  extension)  851 ; 
Auguitine  (Brinkswiy,  Sundty  school) 
267;  Ceciie  (Alby  section)  788;  David 
(Hcilloway,  mission-had)  567;  James 
(Piccadilly)  200,  272  ;  John  (Cowley, 
new  tower)  656  (Palmer's  Green)  620 ; 
La-v^Tence  (Ayot)  128  ;  Mary  (Barlings, 
abbey)  779  ( B  uUingham,  priory)  779 
(Eccles)  128  (Mostyn  boird  school-*)  272 
(Oatlands)  516;  Michael  (Chiswick, 
moruing  «!hapel)  482;  Miniato  (Florence 
pavement)  412,  550 ;  N:ch')las  [Cole 
abbey,  E.G..  L.  Hanc>cki  757;  Oswald 
(Ashbourne)  376,  4(5  (Rand;  762; 
Patrick  (Dublin,  cathedral)  191.  1>»5; 
Saviom-  (Copenhagen  615  ;  Stephen 
(Bush  Hill  pirk)  306;  Thomas  .Leeds— 
.stiined  glass)  798 

Sale  room  sketches,  323 

Salford  old  hall,  Eve-sham  :  200  ;  chimney- 
piece  in,  217 

Sanatorium,  Midhurst,  762 

Santiago  cathedral,  nortioof.  10 

School  chapel.  Fall  Birch,  Horwich,  550 

Schools:  Acton  (county— M.  B.  Adims's 
design)  231;  Blackpo9l  (Wesln)  92; 
Brinksway  (St  Augustine.  Sundav) 
267;  Cambridge  (Uw)  312;  Manchester 
(St.  Mary,  bd.)  272  ;  Marlborough 
(gram  )  90U ;  Oldham  (Clarksfleld  bd  ) 
128;  Oxford  (Nixon's)  272;  Portishead 
(nautical)  656 

School  ventiUtion,  diagram  of.  410 

Scottish  Amicable  assurance  offices,  Man- 
chester, 200 

Screen,  fire,  in  copper,  757 

Sections  ;  board  schools  (Oldham,  Clarks- 
field) 128;  bjatint;  clubhouse  (club)  509, 
516  ;  c  ithedral  ( Westminster.  R.  C  )  788  ; 
chapel  (Chiswick,  morning,  St.  Michael's 
church)  482;  churches  {A.lby,  St.  Ceclf) 
7SS  (Ashbourne,  St.  Oswald)  376,  446 
(domed,  L.  U.  Grace's  Acidemy  design) 
164  (Piccadilly,  St.  James)  200,  272; 
cottages  i;Bromyard)  8U;  font  cover 
(Trunch)  92:  hall  (Salford.  Evesham) 
200 ;  home,  nurses'  (South  Shields)  656  ; 
hospital  (Minchester  .skin  diseases  2nd, 
C  and  T.  Mayor)  200;  hosteliy,  wayside 
(club)  306 ;  houses,  clergy  in  elums 
(club)  128;  Reading,  Forbury,  231; 
librar  ei,  free  (Bromley,  E  )  92  (Brding- 
tjn,  2nd  design.  Crouch,  Butler  and 
Savage)  793  (Taunton)  412  (AV<ikefield. 
2nd.  design.  Hector  and  Thornton)  726 
(do.  3rd,  A.  Mitchell)  762;  library 
(Poughkeepsie,  NY,  Thompson)  412; 
lych  gate  >club)  5S4  ;  school  (Oxford, 
NLxon's  272  ;  sewer  (novel  form  of)  19S  ; 
station  (motor  generator.  Duke-street, 
AV.)  4S2;  .studio  (club)  831;  townhahs 
(Acton,  M.  B.  Adams'  design)  906 
(county,  A. A.  design,  L  G.  Uetmar) 
41'i  (Stockport)  272;  workshop,  Grano- 
lithic (Millwall)  197 

Sedgwick  geul  igical  museum,  Cambridge, 
342 

Semi-detached  cottages,  Edzell,  N.B., 
128 

Sewer  con  truction,  novel  form  of,  196 

Sha'^well  Court,  Toelford,  summer-house, 

755 
Shakespeare's  armchair,  160 

Shields,  South,  infirmary  nurses'  home,  656 
Shipton  Court :  dining-room,  762  ;  drawing- 
room,  762;  hill  in.  620 
Shirebrook,  Holy  Trinity  church,  870 
Shops  :  Leicdstor,  92  ;  Liverpool,  726 
Sideboards :  I8th    century,  550,  17th  cen- 
tury, 743 
Sinzig  church,  plan  of,  787 
Sketches :  from   Rothenburg,  234  ;  furni- 
ture, 145.   323,  359,  463,  550,  743  ;  home 
arts    exhibition,     757  ;    m    Oxon    and 
Gloucestershire,  516 ;  old   garden  orna- 
ments, 791 ;  St.  Albans,  128 
Skin    diseases   ho  »pital,   Manchester,  2nd 

design  (C.  and  T.  Miyor)  200 
Slum  streets,  clergy  houses  in,  club  designs, 

128 
South :  African  memorials  (cross,  Clifton 
college)     692     (reredos,    college   chapel, 
Cheltenham)    581 ;     Audley-atreet,    two 
houses,      161  ;     Ken-ington,     museum, 
completion  of,    10 ;    Shields  workhouse 
infirmary,  nurses'  home,  656 
Southern:  fever  hospital,  Cirsh.alton,  550; 
Life      Associat  ti  )n     buildings,     Durban 
( Stott  and  Kirkby's  design)  446 
Speciality  in  furniture,  a,  40a 


Squire  law  library,  Cambridge,  342 

SUbl-s  at  Marples  Hail.  10 

Stained  gla?s,  St.  Thomas'  church,  Leeds, 
798 

Stalls,  panel  in.  King's  College  chapel. 
Cambridge,  482 

Stations :  motor  generator.  Duke-street, 
AA'.,  482,  616  ;  police,  Bedale,  834  ;  relief, 
Camberwell,  7-!l 

Statue:  Come  uuto  Me,  Thorwaldsen's, 
620 

Stetchworth,  Newmarket,  villagje  inn,  359 

Stockport  town  hall  and  municipal  build- 
ings, selected  design  (A-  Brumwell 
Thomas)  272,  342  ;  2nd  (WiUougbby  and 
Langham)  516 

Stock  well-road,  S.  AV.,  Ingram  House,  692 

Stoneware  jar,  323 

Street  :  corner  in  AVemigarode,  a 
picturesque,  10  ;  fron*^,  Colchester,  762 

Studentships,  travelling,  drawings  :  Owen 
Jones  (pavtments,  San  Miniato,  Florence, 
AV.  Davidson)  412.  550;  Pugin  (Chartres 
and  Oxford  cathedrals,  F.  C.  Mears)  906 
( Houghton-le-Spring.  Pilgrims'  chapel 
do.)  4S2  (King'i  College  chapel,  do.)  342. 
48i;  Rovdl  Academy  .domed  chm'ch,  L. 
U  Grace)  10 

Student,  the.  by  Jessie  McConnell,  60 

Studies  of  historic  armour  (Gladys  M. 
Baly)  516 

Studio  and  small  house,  club  designs,  834 

Study,  Elvedei  Hall,  834 

Summer-house,  Shadwtfll  Court,  755 

Sundial  from  Cavendish  House,  Clapbam. 
791 

Superintendent's  residence,  Midhurst 
Sanatorium.   762 

Sapper,  the  Lord'^,  ThorwaHs.n's  Institu- 
tion of,  611 


TAB  LE  :  boul ;  work,  922 ;  card,  550 ; 
lady's  dressing,  922 

Tara worth  village  hall,  550 

Taunton  free  library,  412 

Tewkesbury  Abbey,  central  tower  of.  601 

Thetford.  sumuier*  house,  ohadwell  Court, 
near,  753 

Thomson  library,  Vaasar  college,  Pough- 
keepsie, 412 

Thorwaldsen's :  Come  unto  Me,  637  ; 
Institution  of  the  Lord's  Supper,  614 

Timber  store,  Granolithic.  Millwall,  197 

Tomb  :  Carter's.  Canon,  Clewer  church,  10  ; 
Fleming's,  Bp  ,  Lincjln  cathedral,  85 

Towers :  Cowley,  Oxford  (St.  John)  656  ; 
Oatlands  (St.  Mary's  church,  new)  616  ; 
Tewkesbury  Abbey  601;  Weitminster 
Abbey  (projected  mmum^ntal)  416 

Town  halls  :  Acton  (.selei^ted  design.  AV.  G. 
Hunt)  10,  ^0  (M.  B.  Adims)  870,  906  ; 
country  (A.  A.  design,  L.  G.  Detmar) 
4(6;  Hamilton,  N.B,,  (selected  dtsign. 
A.  CuUen)  2J1.  30^;  Rawtenstall  (selected 
design,  Crmch,  Butler,  and  ciavage)  60  ; 
Stocbport  (selected  design.  A.  Jrumwell 
Thorn  is)  272,  342  (2nd,  AA'illoughby  and 
Langham)  516 

Travelling  studentship:  design.  R.  A., 
(domed  church  L.  II.  Grace)  10  ;  draw- 
ings, Owen  Jones  (pavement,  San 
Mmiato,  Florence,  AV.  Dividson)  412, 
550 ;  drawings.  Pugin  (King's  College, 
Cambridge,  F.  C.  Meirs)  3*2,  432 
(Pilgrims'  chapel,  Houghton-le-Spring, 
F.  C.  Mears)  482 

Trifier,  the,  by  Jessie  McConnell,  60 

Trunch  church,  font  cover,  92 


UNIVERSITY  buildings,  Cambridge, 
342 


VASES:  stone,  791 ;  marble,  from  Mar- 
low,  791 

Vatsar  college  Poughkeepsie,  Thompson 
library,  412 

Venetian  high  backed  chair,  145 

A'entilation,  scho  j1,  diagram  of,  410 

Victoria:  and  Albert  museum,  as  com- 
pl-:ted,  10;  meml.  nurses'  home,  Roch- 
dale, 376,  393 

Victory,  Royal  Acaiemy  cartoons  :  1st,  W. 
E.  G.  Solomon,  10;  Evelyn  M.  WatJier- 
ston,  164 

Village  hall,  Tanwjrth,  550 


WAKEFIELD   free  library,  designs, 

selected.    Cox,   Trimnell,    and   Davison, 

692  ;  2nd,  Hector,  and  Thornton,  726 ; 

3rd,  A.  Mitchell,  762 
AVallpapers,  new;  Bindwed  (H.  Sumner) 

543;    Dulce   Domum  (AV.    Crane)    6-14; 

Jupiter    L.  F.Day)  54  j;  Myrtle-wreath 

(W.  Carne)  545 
Walsall,  National  provincial  bank,  376 
Warehouse,  Manchester,  462 
War  meraoriala  :  Cheltenham  college,  584  ; 

Clifton  college,  692 
Wayside  hostelry,  club  designs,  306 
AA'ell,  old,  at  RLUhenburg,  234 
AVernigerode,  pioturesfjue  street  comer  in, 

10 
AVestminster :  imperiil  monumental  halls 

and  tower,  446  ;  Millbana  street  premises, 

620 ;  R.  C,  cathedral  (plan)  787  (section) 

788 
Wheelback  chair,  463 
Wnite  Hart  Yard.  St.  Albans,  125 
Winsley  house.  Wilts,  692 
Workhouse  infirmary  nurses'  home,  South 

Shielis,  636 
Workshop,  Granolithic,  Millwall,  197 
AVrought  iron  gates  :  Dalwich  village,  413  ; 

from  Romfoul,  791 


Jaxrari/  1,  19r4. 


THE     BUILDING    NEWS 

AND     ENGINEERING     JOURNAL. 


LOOKING    FORWARD. 

T'^IEWRI)  as  a  year  of  progress,  Nineteen 
'       Ilundred  and  Three  has  not  been  a  re- 
markable   one,  though    it    was  one   full  of 
promise.     Last   year   at  this   time  we   were 
anticipating    the    result     of    the    Liverpool 
("■athedral  scheme,  which   then  occupied  the 
mind  of  the  profession  and  the  public.     The 
final  selection  of  a  design  was  being  awaited 
with  keen  interest  far  beyond  the  confines  of 
the  diocese.     We  had  to  record  the  result  in 
May  last,  when  the   design  of   Mr.   Gilbert 
Scott,  placed  first  by  the  advisory  architects 
Messrs.   G.  F.   Bodley,   R.A.,  and  Norman 
.Shaw,    R.A.,   was   almost  sharing  the  same 
■fate  as  that  of  the  first  competition  ;  but  the 
executive  committee,  after  a  long  discussion 
on  the  subject   of  the   insufficient   width  of 
the  nave,  agreed  to  appoint  Mr.  G.  F.  Bodiey, 
E.A.,    and  the    selected    architect   as  joint 
architects,    subject   to    such  alterations   and 
modifications  of   the   design  as  may  be  ap- 
proved.    As  might  have  been  expected,  this 
arrangement  could  not  escape  severe  censure 
.     and  rebuke  from  members  of  the  profession, 
and  quite  recently  the  question  of  appointing 
one  of  the  assessors  as  jomt  architect  with 
the  successful  competitor  \va^  brought  before 
the  Institute  by  Mr.  WUliam  Woodward,  when, 
after  discussing  the  subject,  the  mover  with- 
drew his  resolution  condemning  the  action  of 
the  assessor.     There  were  strong  reasons  in 
this  instance  for  a  departure  from  a  course 
which  seems  only  just  to  the  author  of  the 
selected  design  and  to  the  other  competitors ; 
and  we  hope  that  similar  circumstances  will 
not  arise  to  render  a  repetition  of  the  course 
adopted  necessary.   The  cathedral  committee 
after  long  dehb  ration,  adopted  the  anano-e- 
ment  to  remove  all    anxiety    which    mi"ht 
arise  from  the  fact  that  the  successful  com- 
petitor was    very    young,    and    was    not    a 
member  of  the    Anglican    Church.      As  to 
the  design   itself,    we    have   expressed    our 
opinion. 

The  author's  plan  is  ingenious  in  the  design 
of  his  broken  clerestory,  by  which  every  alter- 
nate bay  is  carried  up  in  line  with  the  outer 
walls,  which  will  give  variety  to  the  interior, 
though  the  central  area  does  not  affonl  the 
space  wSich  other  designs  have  given.  Based 
on  the  .Mediioval  type,  it  has  considerable 
length,  and,  if  carried  out  as  proposed 
will  excel  in  area  any  of  our  cathedral 
churches.  It  has  been  decided  to  proceed 
with  the  erection  of  the  main  fabric,  in- 
eluding  tho  choir  and  transepts,  whic'.i'will 
accommodate  :;„5()l)  persons,  A  work  also  of 
national  importance  is  the  design  for  tho 
A'ictoria  Memorial,  by  Mr.  Aston  Wt-bb 
the  preparations  for  which  have  been 
commenced.  It  carried  out  as  intended  in 
tho  ile<ign,  the  scheme  will  bo  one  worthy 
■  f  the  site  and  occasion,  and  will  lie  one  of 
h  )so  touches  of  emboUishmont  which  London 


is  so  much  in  need  of.     In  conjunction  with 
this  scheme  we  must  include  the  larger  and 
more    public    ioiprovement    that   has    been 
making  rapid    progress    in    the  Strand— we 
mean  the  Strand  to  Holborn  scheme.     The 
orescent  road,  or  Aldwych,  as  it  is  named, 
IS  now   nearly    complete    in    its    formation, 
and  the  public  are  able  to  grasp  the  extent 
of  the    new    thoroughfare   which   will  open 
up  a  valuable  area  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Strand,    and    lead   by    a   handsome    curved 
.ipproach   to    the   new    thoroughfare   of  the 
Kmgsway    from    both  east   and   west.     The 
new  Gaiety  Theatre  recently   opened  at  the 
western  angle  of  the  crescent  is  now  nearly 
completed  externally  by  the  erection  of  the 
cupola  which  surmounts  the  circular  vesti- 
bule or  corner.     Exceedingly  massive  in  its 
substructure  almost  to  a  fault  for  a  building 
for  light  opera,  the  structure  j) resents  a  hand- 
some corner  as    seen    from    the  junction  of 
We'lington  -  street     and    the    Strand.     The 
slightly     curvea     Aldwych    front,    with  its 
columnar   loggia,  together   with   the  Strand 
facade,  come    into    view    with    the   domical 
corner.     Next    the    theatre  'on    the  Strand 
front     the     Gaiety     hotel     and     restiurant 
13    being     constructed,    the    proportions    of 
which    are    visible.     A   lofty   derrick-crane 
has    been     brought    into    use     in  the   con- 
struction of  this  building  bv  the  contractor, 
Mr.  J.    Carmichael.     The    disposal    of    the 
other  plots  of  the  land  is  apparently  slow: 
the  conditions  and  the   heavy  ground  rents 
have  been    a    hindrance    to  "the   letting  of 
the     site.       At     the     eastern     of     Aldwych 
a   large   plot    of     ground     is     still    vacant, 
worthy,    from    its    unique    position,    of  the 
erection  of  a  dignified  official  edifice.     The 
crescent     approach     to    the    Kingsway    on 
this    side    has    been    formed,  and  the  sub- 
way has  been  constructed.     The  large  area 
now  open  for   building   presents  an  unsur- 
passed opportunity  for  the  erection  of  offices 
and  a  superior  class  of  business  premises.     In 
this  connection  we  may  hope  that  before  very 
long  a  committee  of  official  control  over  our 
public  improvements   may   be  formed,  like 
those  in  vogue  in  France  and  .Vmerica.     In 
the  former  country  the   Minister  of  Public 
Instruction  and  Fine  Arts,  tho  Minister  of 
Justice  and  Public  'Worship,   the  Prefect  of 
tho  Seine  and  of  the  Police  have  the  control 
of  all  the  public  buildings  in  Paris.     In  each 
ciso  a  council  composed  of  loading  architects 
instruct  and  advise  the  ministers.     So  in  the 
chief    American     cities,     Mr.     Mclvim    has 
described    how      public     improvomeuts    are 
similarly   placed    under    tho   control   of   the 
Govornmont.  and  the  replauning   of   Wash- 
ington is  an  instance  where  tho  streets,  parks, 
and  public  buildings  are  laid  out  on  a  large 
scale.     Here  a  small  body  of  exports  were 
engaged  to  prepare  a  scheme  and  p!ans  for 
the  devolopiiient  of  tho  park  system,  which 
they  did  without  pecuniary  reward,  and  after 


a    tour    through    the    principal    capitals   of 
Europe.     Two  architects,  Mr.   Barnhim  and 
Mr.    AIcKim,  and  a  leading  sculptor,  Mr.  G. 
Gaudens,  were    amongst    the  experts.     We 
are   told  in   the  report    with   what  success 
the  scheme  was    prepared,  and  realised  on 
the     most      comprehensive      and     grandest 
lines,    illustrated     by     models     and    draw- 
ings, with    the    hearty  co-operation    of  the 
officials  of  the  Government  and  committees 
of  Congress.     The  national  capital  of  Wash- 
ington will  present,  when  the  scheme  is  com- 
pleted, a  noble  instance  of  what  can  be  done 
by  the  employment  of  experts  with  the  co- 
operation of  the  Government,     Other  cities 
of  the  States  are  following  the  example.     Jn 
France  every  pub'ic  building  has  a  qualified 
architect  attached  to  it,  and  often  an  assistant 
who  has   had  professional   training    in   the 
planning  and  erection  of  such  buildings,  and 
who  is  admitted  as  an  assistant  to  the  board, 
with  a  right  to  be  appointed  as  ccadjutorto 
the  architect.     In  this  way  an  edileship]  of 
public    buildings    is    constituted  to  prepare 
schemes     and     control     their     construction. 
Everyone  must  regret  the  costly  failures  that 
have   been  carried  out    under  the   nam*   of 
public  street  improvements  in  the  Metropolis. 
New    streets    have    been   laid   out    without 
any  reference  to  architectural  considerations, 
in  some  cases  dictated  by  the  barest  require- 
ments  and   the  falling-in   of    leases.    S  )me 
attention  has  been  given  to  the  necessities  of 
traffic  and  of  street  maintenance  by  the  con- 
struction of  subways  and  conduits,  a  question 
which  has  lately  been  brought  into  notice. 
The  housing    of    the    working   classes  is  a 
subject    directly  connected  with  demolition 
and     street     improvement,    and     we    have 
chronicled  several  important  schemes  of  the 
London   Council    at  Bermondsey,  Millbank 
Estate,  and  other  parts  where  buildings  have 
been   erected    on    improved    linos,  and   the 
Council   have    under    consideration   various 
other  schemes  of   building  in    the  suburbs. 
There  has  been  much  dissatisfaction  expressed 
in    some     residential     neighbourhoods    like 
Brixton     on    such     schemes.      Indignation 
meetings  have  been   held  to  protest  against 
the  encroachment  of  such  dwellings  on  sites 
close  to   main    residential   thoroughfares — a 
(luestion    which    certainly  will    have    to  bo 
faced.     The  Royal    Commission   on  London 
Traffic    have    dealt    with    a    most    pressing 
problem,  to  which  we  lately  referred.     One 
scheme  we  described  a  few  weeks  ago,  pro- 
posed   by    Mr.    W.    F.    Riley,   F.R.I.B.A.. 
architect   to  tho     L.C.C.,    and    this  plan   is 
intended  as  a  unified  and  complete  system, 
in    which   circumforential    lines,  at  various 
distances  apart,  with  diametrical  other  lines 
across  the  country,  and  joining  tho  circular 
routes  with  a  central  area,  will  render  it  easy 
to  reach  any  part  of  London.     Broad  avenues 
converging  towards    a    central    area    would 
provide  underground  as  well  as  surface  loco- 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  1,  1904. 


motion,  by  which  means  rapid  communica- 
tion could  be  established  between  great 
centres  of  traffic. 

The  Building  Acts  (Amendment)  Bill  was 
a  measure  that  would  have  had  far-reaching 
effects  for  buildings  in  London  if  it  had  be- 
come law.  We  .sketched  the  provisions  of 
the  Bill  early  in  the  year.  As  we  said, 
the  Ijondon  Building  Acts  fail  to  secure  that 
protection  from  fire  and  means  of  escape 
which  are  absolutely  necessary  in  the  high 
buildings,  new  and  old,  which  exist  in  the 
Metropolis,  often  stored  with  inflammable 
goods,  and  occupied  by  numerous  employees. 
No  one  can  seriously  dispute  the  absolute 
necessity  there  is  for  extending  certain 
provisions  of  the  Act  to  existing  high  struc- 
tures. As  we  showed,  buildings  of  a  certain 
area  or  cubical  capacity  are  provided  for ; 
but  habitable  dwellings,  shops,  and  large 
warehouses,  even  more  liable  to  the  risk, 
and  stored  with  goods  of  a  very  inflammable 
kind,  are  unprotected  because  they  are 
old  or  just  evade  the  letter  of  the  Act. 
Individual  owners  and  large  employers 
of  labour  are  allowed  to  erect  huge 
buildings  without  adequate  means  of  escape. 
This  Bill  proposed  to  confer  various  powers 
on  the  Ijondon  County  Council,  especially 
powers  to  enforce  structural  provisions  and 
means  of  escape  in  existing  buildings,  often 
converted  from  private  into  trade  uses.  The 
necessity  of  retrospective  legislation  has  been 
often  advocated.  What  is  yearly  becoming 
more  necessary  in  our  large  towfi  buildings 
is  that  owners  of  such  high  buildings, 
otlier  than  dwelling-houses  for  single  fami- 
lies, should  be  made  responsible  for  proper 
means  of  escape,  and  that  plans  and  particu- 
lars should  be  approved  by  the  Council. 
The  changes  made  in  new  high  buildings 
now  pass  unnoticed ;  but  these  changes  in- 
volve an  increase  in  the  number  of  jieople 
using  such  buildings,  employers  often  in- 
creasing the  stafl:  of  their  workpeople  without 
at  the  same  time  increasing  the  width  or 
number  of  staircases  or  making  the  ap- 
jiroaches  incombustible.  The  City  Corpora- 
tion considered  the  Bill,  and  thought  that 
the  clauses  of  the  old  Acts  were  insufficient 
in  regai'd  to  lofty  business  premises ; 
but  there  are  many  who  thought  the 
amendments  too  drastic,  and  great  objection 
was  made  to  the  proposal  to  make  the 
measure  retrospective  or  to  apply  to  existing 
buildings  ;  it  was  thought  the  Bill,  if  passed, 
would  render  useless  not  a  few  of  the  exist- 
ing high  buildings,  would  drive  tr.aders 
out  of  the  City,  and  also  increase  the  rating 
of  remaining  buildings.  These  objections 
might  have  been  expected.  Vested  interests 
are  strong  in  the  City.  Ultimately  the 
Streets  Committee  of  the  Corporation  pro- 
posed that,  owing  to  the  opposition  to  the 
Bill,  theL.C.C.  should  withdraw  the  measure 
and  arrange  a  conference  with  the  Corpora- 
tion and  the  Borough  Councils  to  consider 
the  subject  with  a  view  to  a  Bill  being  framed 
that  will  effect  the  object  without  oppressing 
property  owners.  Under  any  Act  of  this 
sort  hundreds  of  premises  in  London  will 
have  to  be  rebuilt  or  closed.  As  it  is,  many 
warehouses  and  existing  high  buildings  are 
little  better  than  death  tiaps. 

The  proposed  Ancient  Lights  Bill,  adopted 
by  the  joint  committee  of  the  E.I.B.A.  and 
the  Surveyors'  Institution,  already  discussed 
in  our  pages,  is  another  measure  that  has  not 
met  with  general  acceptance  in  the  profession, 
though  the  provisions  it  contains  are  a  step 
in  the  right  direction.  The  Bill  transfers 
the  interests  and  powers  of  the  lawyers  to  the 
hands  of  the  surveyors  without  lightening 
the  burden  on  the  client.  Many  grievances 
under  the  existing  law  are  proposed  to 
be  removed,  and  the  course  of  pi'oceeding 
is  made  'ess  objectionable.  Under  I'art 
III.  section  3  (1)  it  is  provided  that  only 
such  light  as  was  "  reasonably  necessary  for 
comfortable  use  and  enjoyment"  could  be 
claimed  by  a  dominant  owner  ;  but  it  would 


be  very  difiBcult  to  ascertain  in  some  cases 
what  a  "reasonably  necessary"  amount  of 
light  really  meant.  The  question  at  least 
would  often  give  rise  to  litigation.  It  has 
also  been  suggested  that  on  and  after  a  certain 
specified  date,  rights  to  light  over  adjoining 
property  should  cease,  and  that  existing 
easements  after  a  certain  number  of  years 
should  be  extinguished.  These  are  rather 
radical  changes  which  the  claimants  of 
light  easements  will  not  readily  agree 
to.  There  have  been  several  discussions 
on  the  subject.  Last  week  the  >Society  of 
Architects  discussed  it,  and  the  remarks  of 
Mr.  Ellis  Maisland  and  Mr.  Walter  C. 
Williams  indicated  the  drift  of  the  two 
opinions  held.  The  former  advocated  the 
abolition  of  all  existing  ancient  lights  .as  in 
the  edict  for  the  removal  of  sky  signs  which 
threatened  London  some  years  ago.  In 
France  and  other  countries  there  is  no  such 
law  as  that  which  gave  a  man  a  right  to  the 
light  over  his  neighbour's  land  simply 
because  for  twenty  years  he  had  enjoyed  it. 
Upon_  this  common-sense  view  the  entire 
abolition  of  the  easement  of  light  could  be 
justified,  but  the  possessors  of  ancient  lights 
will  have  something  to  say  about  such  a 
proposal.  At  the  same  time,  any  amendment 
of  the  law  of  ancient  lights  n'light  provide 
that  after  a  reasonable  period  all  rights 
of  light  would  be  extinguished.  The 
tribunal  of  appeal  proposed  in  the  Bill 
is  certainly  unsatisfactory  and  inade- 
quate, for  after  a  ease  had  been  de- 
cided upon,  it  is  open  to  one  of  the  con- 
tending architects  to  appeal  to  the  Iligh 
Court  if  the  amount  in  dispute  exceeds 
foOO,  and  the  whole  matter  may  be  re- 
opened. A  litigious  appellant  who  will  not 
agree  with  the  decision  of  the  tribunal  of 
appeal  can,  therefore,  refuse  to  accept  a 
reasonable  award.  One  part  of  the  Bill 
provides  that  an  obstruction  of  light  could  be 
created  by  serving  a  notice  instead  of  resort- 
ing to  a  hoarding,  a  procedure  which  will 
avoid  much  ill-feeling  and  provocation.  The 
effect  of  an  "obstruction  to  light  notice" 
will  be  the  same  as  an  interruption  within 
the  meaning  of  section  3  of  the  Prescription 
Act,  which  has  been  acquiesced  in  for  a  year. 
Another  good  point  in  the  Bill  is  the  provi- 
sion that  certificated  plans  of  buildings  that  are 
about  to  be  taken  down  be  made,  enabling 
an  owner  of  a  building  to  be  rebuilt  to  have 
a  certiticnted  record  of  his  premises  made  in 
the  shape  of  plans  certified  by  an  official. 
These  drawings  will  be  registered  and 
deposited  at  the  town-hall,  and  be  open  to 
inspection.  The  dominant  owner  is  also  to 
be  able  to  inspect  the  drawings  of  a  new 
building  for  servient  tenement,  and  to  obtain 
such  information  as  he  may  require. 

Professional  organisation  has  been  making 
progress  in  one  or  two  directions  to  meet  the 
division  of  interests  .amongst  architects  and 
surveyors.  The  (Juantity  Surveyors'  Asso- 
ciation, which  has  been  recently  formed,  is  a 
desire  on  the  part  of  a  large  number  of 
quantity  surveyors  to  form  themselves  into  a 
society  for  the  protection  of  their  special  in- 
terests, and  to  raise  their  status,  and  though 
it  has  met  with  opposition  on  the  part  of  the 
Surveyors'  Institution,  and  from  one  or  two 
leading  practitioners,  there  is  something  to 
bo  said  for  the  desire  to  obtain  uniformity  of 
practice  and  charges,  and  better  training; 
and  also  in  case  of  disagreement  in  contracts, 
that  the  surveyor  should  be  appointed 
arbitrator  instead'of  a  second  architect,  as  is 
usual  in  such  cases.  Many  doubtful  points 
are  still  open  to  discussion  ;  as,  for  instance, 
the  question  of  an  architect  taking  out  his  own 
quantities.  Thei'e  is  little  doubt  that  a  recog- 
nised body  of  specially  trained  quantity  sur- 
veyors, adopting  a  uniform  system,  would  be 
welcomed  by  the  profession.  Akin  to  this 
subject  is  that  of  conditions  of  contract, 
a  form  of  which  has  been  adopted  by 
the  R.I. B.A.,  and  accepted  by  the  institute 
of    Builders.      The    conditions  have  taken 


many  years  to  frame.  The  new  form,  while 
recognising  the  absolute  authority  of  the 
architect  over  workmanship  and  materials, 
has  endeavoured  to  define  the  responsibilities 
and  duties  of  the  client,  architect,  and  con- 
tractor. Wo  do  not  suppose  the  clauses  will 
meet  the  wishes  of  the  three  parties  in  some 
instances,  but  the  form  will  be  found  useful 
as  a  basis  of  agreement.  The  important 
question  of  the  compulsory  registration  of 
architects  has  received  renewed  attention 
during  the  last  twelve  months.  Those  who 
were  most  actively  hostile  to  the  measure  in 
the  ranks  of  the  Institute  and  elsewhere  have 
in  some  cases  changed  their  attitude,  and 
have  become  friendly  at  least,  while  a  few 
have  become  ardent  advocates  for  a  reform 
which  they  believe  is  the  only  comprehensive 
way  of  uniting  the  members  of  the  profession 
who  are  c^ualified  upon  indispensable  rudi- 
ments of  their  vocation.  Though  the  pro- 
fession is  shari)ly  divided  on  the  question  at 
present,  there  appears  to  be  a  promise  that 
wiser  counsels  will  soon  prevail.  Already 
om-  Colonial  brethren  have  favoured  the  plan 
of  Registration,  and  have  in  some  cases 
adoi)ted  it,  as  the  only  practical  guaran- 
tee of  proficiency  and  of  protection  against 
charlatanism. 


ACTON  PUBLIC  OFFICES  AND  TOWxST 
HALL    COMPETITION. 

TX/'E  are  certainly  disappointed  at  the 
'  '  result  of  this  competition  after  the 
carefully  drawn-up  conditions  and  the 
appointment  of  !Mr.  J.  Macvicar  Anderson, 
Past-president  of  the  Royal  Institute  ot" 
British  Architects,  as  assessor.  One  of  the 
clauses  stated  that  architects  may  be  dis- 
qualified if  the  conditions  and  the  schedule 
of  accommodation  are  not  substantially 
adhered  to ;  but,  as  will  be  noticed  by  those 
who  have  examined  the  designs  now  on  view 
at  the  Acton  Board  Schools,  the  author  of 
the  design  selected  by  the  assessor  has  hardlj- 
set  a  good  example  of  compUance  with  the 
instructions,  and  there  is  much  to  disqualify 
the  design  in  plan.  There  was  no  question 
as  to  cost,  as  the  conditions  furnished 
the  competitor  with  the  uniform  rate 
of  Is.  per  cube  foot  on  certain  areas 
and  dimensions.  The  departments  requii'ed 
were  of  the  usual  kind  ;  the  municipal  offices 
were  to  contain  clerks'  offices,  reception  hall, 
and  staircase  to  council  chamber,  surveyor's 
offices,  rate  collector's  offices,  accountant's 
department,  medical  officer's  room,  laboratory, 
rooms  for  inspector  of  nuisances,  itc.  The 
town  hall  had  to  be  provided  with  a  separate 
entrance  distinct  from  the  offices,  so  that  it 
could  be  used  for  dramatic  performances  and 
entertainments,  quite  apart  from  the  munici- 
pal building.  It  had  to  be  90ft.  by  -lOft., 
with  a  stage  25ft.  by  18ft.,  and  a  large  gal- 
lery, to  be  planned  with  sufficient  entrances 
and  exits  so  as  to  comply  with  the  by-laws 
of  the  County  Council,  and  below  it  was 
specially  required  that  there  were  to  be  "  two 
suites  of  rooms  for  dances,  dinners,  &c.,  in- 
cluding kitchens,  &c.,"  with  lavatory  accom- 
modation for  both  sexes,  and  other  con- 
veniences. In  answer  to  certain  questions 
put  by  the  competing  architects,  it  was 
stated  that  it  was  not  imperative  that 
the  hall  should  be  on  first  floor  and 
the  two  suites  of  rooms  on  ground  floor  : 
they  might  both  be  on  the  first  floor.  The 
schedule  does  not  explicitly  mention  the 
position  of  town-hall,  though  there  is  little 
doubt  that  the  ground- floor  level  is  prefer- 
able for  every  large  assembly-hall,  and  the 
suites  of  rooms  mentioned  should  be  below  the 
hall.  The  "answers"  are  not  very  clear  in 
some  cases,  and  seem  to  contradict  the  earlier 
conditions.  The  "suite  of  rooms"  required 
is  thus  defined:  —  "Room  to  be  used  for 
dancing  and  public  meetings,  room  for 
suppers  or  dinners  and  usual  adjuncts, 
kitchen,  &o.,''  which  hardly  accords  with  the 


Jan.  1,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


description  "  two  suites  of  rooms  for  dances, 
dinners,  &r.,"  given  in  tho  first  conditions, 
though  kitchens  are  referred  to  in  answer  I'J, 
as  well  as  suites  of  rooms. 

There  are  a  few  special  points  which  a 
good  plan  should  embody  :  the  town-hall  and 
dance-rooms  should  be  arranged  for  com- 
bined and  separate  letting ;  in  this  case 
two  ball-rooms  and  two  supper-rooms  with 
kitchens  were  required.  It  was  necessary, 
as  far  as  possible,  to  separate  these  sets 
of  rooms.  For  the  purpose  of  separate 
letting  the  entrances  and  cloak-room  should 
also  be  distinct  or  divided.  The  municipal 
offices  and  town  hall  should  be  kept  distinct 
with  regard  to  their  main  entrances  and 
staircase  approaches ;  there  should  be  the 
number  of  exits  required  by  the  M.C.C.  The 
reception-hall  should  be,  if  possible,  a 
handsome  apartment  forming  part  of  the 
access  to  the  council-chamber  and  ooroner's- 
•court,  and  may  form  an  inner  hall  with  chief 
staircase  access  to  council-chamber  or  large 
hall.  The  main  offices  or  departments  should 
be  self-contained,  and  near  the  main 
■entrance,  or  a  special  entrance  be  provided, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  medical  officer  and  in- 
spector of  nuisances,  building  inspector,  &c. 
The  heating  and  ventilating  arrangements 
^should  be  economical,  and  the  distributing- 
pipes  as  direct  as  possible.  The  stores  for 
fuel,  &c.,  should  be  convenient  in  position 
so  as  not  to  cause  delay  in  service.  In  three 
■of  the  designs  we  find  the  town  hall  has  been 
located  on  the  ground  floor  :  the  other  three 
designs  place  it  on  the  first  floor.  We  now 
briefly  refer  to  the  designs  in  detail,  pointing 
out  their  merits  and  defects. 

The  selected  design  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Hunt 
places  the  main  entrance  and  reception-hall 
at  the  corner  between  Iligh-street  and  Win- 
chester-street, the  axial  line  of  entrance  and 
staircase,  which  latter  has  a  semicircular  end 
facing  the  area  at  back  of  public  baths,  being 
at  right  angles  to  a  proposed  carriage-drive, 
which  cuts  off  the  corner  between  those 
streets.  _  By  this  arrangement  of  entrance 
there  is  a  certain  advantage  gained  in 
shortening  the  lengths  of  corridors.  The 
longest  block  towards  AVinchester-street  is 
■devoted  on  the  ground  floor  to  the  acoount- 
•anfs,  town  clerk's,  and  sui-veyor's  depart- 
ments. The  town  clerk  occupies  a  central 
block  extending  behind,  finished  by  a  ciu-ved 
laboratory,  and  cent  lining  the  inspector  of 
nuisances  and  medical  oflicer's  rooms,  as  will 
be  seen  on  the  plans  we  publish.  The  sur  - 
veyor's  offices  form  an  end  wing  extending 
along  Salisbury -street.  On  the  High- 
street  siilo  on  the  same  floor  we  have  a 
waiting-hall  and  office  for  rate  -  collector 
near  the  entrance,  rooms  for  dinners  and 
•dances  in  tho  centre,  and  entrance  to 
spacious  cloakrooms  for  the  town-hall  on 
the  first  floor.  The  entrance  is  obtained 
from  a  private  carriage  drive  from  Iligh- 
.-treet.  This  approach  appears  very  cramped 
for  a  public  entrance  from  a  busy  tram- 
\yay  street.  We  _  may  here  point  out  a 
violation  of  the  instructions,  which  states 
that  '■  under  the  town  hall  there  are  to  bo 
]irovided  two  suites  of  rooms  for  dances, 
dinners,  _  &.C.,  including  kitchens,  &c.," 
whereas  in  this  design  the  author  provides 
<-)nly  one  room  of  each  kind,  so  that  it  would 
be  impossible  to  let  tho  town  hall  apart  from 
ballroom,  or  the  ballroom  apart  from  town 
hall,  as  the  cloakrooms  and  entrances  are  in 
common— a  serious  omission  in  this  plan 
which  would  require  alteration— and  then  we 
.10  not  see  provision  made  for  ticket  offices 
for  either  u-e.  Tho  town  hall  occupies  tho 
first  floor  of  the  High-street  block,  and  is 
emphasised  externally  by  pedimeiital  ends 
and  a  separate  roof  of  wide  span,  tho  gable 
end  of  which  jars  unjileasantly  next  the 
lower  buildings  which  adjoin"  tho  main 
entrance.  The  composition  here  is  not 
good. 

I'ut  to  rcsumo  our  notes  of  plan.  Wo 
notice  that  one  of  the  stairs  to  bo  used  as 


an  exit  is  mixed  up  with  the  kitchen 
entrance  undesirably,  as  to  reach  the  gallery 
the  main  town-hall  stairs  would  have  to 
be  used.  Only  one  convenience  for  each 
of  the  sexes  is  shown  on  each  side  of  the 
stage  in  gallery  plan,  so  that  to  reach  either 
of  them  a  circuit  of  the  gallery  would  have 
to  be  made  by  anyone  of  tha  opposite  sex, 
unless  the  galleries  were  also  divided.  No 
entrance  is  shown  for  getting  in  the  stage 
scenery  for  dramatic  performances  —  an 
omission  ;  and  we  may  also  notice  the 
awkward  turning  of  main  stairs  to  town- 
hall,  so  close  to  swing  doors.  What  is  called 
the  "reception  hall"  in  main  entrance  is 
correctly  only  an  entrance  hall,  as  on  da\-s 
of  public  receptions  the  visit  irs  and  guests 
would  have  to  divest  themselves  of  their  outer 
garments  before  being  received  officially  by 
the  chairman.  The  reception-room  over  the 
entrance  is  a  more  suitable  position,  being 
adjacent  to  the  side  lavatories.  These  latter 
form  quadrant  corners  externally  on  either 
side  of  the  entrance,  portions  being  carried 
up  as  flanking  towers,  crowned  by  concave- 
shaped  pyramids  or  turrets.  We  certainly 
condemn  the  practice  of  placing  lavatories 
and  closets  in  conspicuous  positions  on 
each  side  of  main  entrance,  as  here 
shown  on  the  ground-floor  plan.  A  posi- 
tion behind  would  have  been  quite  as  con- 
venient. The  windows  to  these  are  obtruded 
on  each  side  of  entrance,  and  are  of  a  greater 
width  than  necessary  for  tho  purpose  of 
light,  being  6ft.  wide  and  "ft.  high.  They 
are  also  too  low,  and  could  easily  be  looked 
into  from  those  passing  on  the  pavement. 
We  also  notice  these  windows  do  not  agree 
in  width  with  the  openings  on  plan.  How 
will  the  ventilating  pipes  required  by  the 
sanitary  by-laws  be  carried  up  from  these 
front  closets  without  disfiguring  the  towers  r 
The  gutter  between  roofs  of  low  building  of 
entrance  block  does  not  show  any  means  of 
t'iking  away  the  rainwater,  and  we  notice 
also  that  the  walls  of  lavatoiy  are  carried 
over  ratepayers'  office  without  any  provision 
being  shown  for  support,  and  the  dome  over 
staircase  is  only  half-carried  by  the  circular 
wall.  On  the  ground  plan  the  clerks'  general 
office  is  reduced  in  area  by  the  counter,  which 
is  taken  out  of  the  area  of  room,  thereby 
spoiling  it  as  an  office.  The  council-chamber 
is  40ft.  by  soft,  on  first  floor,  and  is  over  the 
medical  department. 

In  the  basement,  the  kitchen  is  with- 
out a  fireplace,  and  the  position  of  coal 
store  is  far  away  from  the  lift  in  corridor, 
and  opens  into  lavatory  on  first  floor.  The 
heating-chamber  in  basement  is  also  small, 
and  not  economicillj-  placed  for  distribution 
of  heat ;  it  ought  to  have  been  near  the 
boiler-house  of  public  baths.  Other  objec- 
tions to  details  of  construction  and  plan  may 
be  urged ;  but  we  can  only  mention  these. 
The  coroner's  court  is  on  the  Salisbury-street 
side,  below  plan-room,  and  the  entrance  is  at 
end  from  suggested  roadway  between  baths 
and  municipal  building.  The  elevation  to- 
wards A\'inchester-street  is  fairly  good  :  but 
its  junction  with  the  low  canted  corner,  with 
its  hall-hidden  dome  over  staircase,  and  the 
town  -  hall  blo:k  on  the  High-street  side 
destroys  entirely  the  unity  of  the  design. 
Wo  cannot  criticise  the  details;  the  very  low 
plinth  at  tho  entrance  level,  the  dift'oreiit- 
shaped  windows,  tho  key  and  arch  stones, 
tho  projecting  corbel  -  carried  head  over 
ontranco  are  not  even  atoned  for  by  the 
l)er.ipectivo,  which  was  ([uostionably  intro- 
iluced  after  the  selection.  The  caretakiu'  is 
Certainly  located  in  a  rather  out-of-the-wa3- 
place  in  the  rear  in  the  yarU. 

Tho  design  marked  A  (by  U.  T.  Hare. 
F.IM.B.A.)  is  scarcelj'  so  happy  in  its  plan 
as  in  the  very  refined  elevation  shown  of  the 
building  towards  the  lligh-sti'oct.  Wo  rather 
([uostion  tho  wide  bent  corridor  which  forms 
the  ontranco-hall  in  t'ao  municipal  office  front 
anil  tho  vestibule  at  the  entrance  end  of  town 
hall,  and  has  an  entrance  also  in  Winchester- 


street.  The  two  parts  of  the  building  are 
certainly  to  tome  extent  separated  by  this 
wide  corridor  ;  but  we  think  the  front  cor- 
ridor arrangement  effective  for  the  purpose 
intended — that  of  shutting  out  the  noise  of 
traffic  from  the  oflices.  The  clerk's  corridor 
and  offices  are  placed  on  right-hand  side  of 
main  entrance  in  High-street,  with  his  general 
office  in  centre  lighted  from  an  area,  and  the 
sur\eyor's  department  on  the  left  or  east  side, 
with  private  anddrawing  office  at  end  in  a  slight 
projecting  wing.  The  cloakrooms  at  the  bends 
of  the  main  corridor  are  well  placed  near  the 
town-hall  entrance  and  th(^  offices.  Tho  rate 
collector  is  also  near,  lighted  from  an  area, 
and  there  is  a  side  entrance  to  it  from  Win- 
chester-street. The  town-hall  on  ground  floor 
is  85ft.  by  45ft.,  with  side  exits  and  stairs  at 
each  corner.  As  the  author  says,  it  abuts  on 
Salisbury-street,  and  is  accessible  from  both 
side  street  and  main  entrance,  and  can  be 
used  in  connection  with  the  municipal  offices 
or  shut  off.  It  has  side  windows.  Each 
department  of  the  official  building  is  self- 
contained,  the  offices  and.committee -rooms  are 
behind,  so  as  not  to  be  subject  to  noise  of 
street.  The  chief  officials — clerk,  surveyor, 
and  accountant — are  placed  near  entrance, 
the  inspector  of  nuisances  and  rates  offices 
having  a  separate  entrance,  besides  being 
accessible  from  the  principal  entrance  in  the 
High-street.  The  council-chamber  on  first 
floor,  40ft.  by  30ft.,  is  over  clerk's  offices, 
approached  from  main  entrance-hall  and  stair, 
through  top-lighted  corridor.  These  front 
corridors  are  also  pierced  by  circular  windows 
below  the  balustrade  above  the  large  windows 
of  ground  story.  Rooms  for  dances,  dinners, 
&c.,  are  provided  under  large  hall  in  the 
basement.  Each  of  these  is  8Ift.  by  ■i2ft., 
being  the  area  of  hall  divided  longi- 
tudinally. The  facade  to  the  High-street 
is  dignified;  it  has  a  central  projecting 
entrance  under  a  pedimental  centre,  and 
a  well  -  proportioned  tower  rises  above 
it.  At  the  ends  are  slight  projecting 
wings,  finished  with  curved  pediments 
under  a  plain  blocking  course,  which  ter- 
minates the  long,  level  ridge  of  roof.  There 
is  refinement  in  the  detail  of  fenestration,  and 
the  general  proportions  are  pleasing.  The 
estimate  is  put  at  £51,553.  The  author 
proposes  red  -  brick  facing,  with  Portland 
stone  dressings.  This  is  certainly  one  of  the 
best  designs. 

Design  marked  C  (Maurice  B.  Adams, 
F.R.I.B.A.)  shows  a  well  studied  and 
masterly  plan,  in  which  the  conditions  of  the 
competition  have  been  very  closely  observed 
in  all  main  essentials,  and  in  this  respect 
it  stands  high.  The  main  entrance  is  in 
High  -  street,  not  centrally  placed,  but 
nearer  the  return  front  ;  wide  corri- 
dors run  from  the  entrance-hall  right  and 
left,  giving  approach  to  the  town  clerk's 
offices  on  the  right-hand  side,  and  the 
surveyor's  on  the  left.  A  reception-hall 
of  good  proportions,  with  alcove  at  one 
end,  and  a  handsome  staircase  adorned 
with  columns  at  tho  other  end,  is  placed 
transversely  to  tho  axis  of  the  entrance,  and 
from  the  inner  side  of  this  hall  up  a  flight  of 
a  few  steps  we  have  access  to  the  town-hall. 
Here  the  author  has  ingeniously  adjusted  his 
ontranco  by  the  interposition  of  the  reception- 
hall,  so  that,  thoiigh  tho  axis  with  tho  main 
entrance  is  not  followed,  the  divergence  is 
obscured,  and  we  enter  tho  town-hall  on  orio 
side  of  tho  flat  curved  end  ;  but  there  is  a  side 
entrance  from  Winchoster-streot  as  well ;  also 
from  tho  same  street  an  entrance  to  the 
asseinbly-rooinsaud  b.illrooms  below  tho  town 
hall  down  a  few  steps— a  desirable  means  of 
being  able  to  lot  these  separately  if  required. 
Ingeniously  fitting  into  the  recess  of  reception- 
hall  is  the  rate  office,  divided  by  a  central 
passage  between  counters  for  four  collectors. 
The  author  has  strictly  foUowoi  the  conditions 
in  providing  two  suites  of  rooms  for  dances, 
&o.,  each  having  a  kitchen  department  of  its 
own.     There  is  a  larger  supper-room  under 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  1.  1904. 


the  reception-hall.    The  ballrooms  are  figured 
39ft.  by  40ft.  and  40ft.  by  34ft.  lOin.     They 
are  easy  of  access  to  main  staircase,  so  that 
ballrooms   and    supper-room   and  hall  over 
can    be    used    in     connection    if    required. 
On    the    ground    floor    the    tcwn-hall    has 
an     emergency     corridor     alongside,     with 
four  emergency    doors,    also   an   exit   stair 
from    gallery   at    stage    end   of    hall.     The 
stage  and   its  appointments,  back  door  for 
scenery,    and  retiring-rooms  are    well  con- 
sidered.    There  is  a  good  green-room  behind 
stage.     Stairs  are  shown  up  to  gallery  and 
down  to  street,  and  ballroom  in  basement  at 
end  of    emergency   corridor,   which   insures 
safety.     The  coroner's  court  on  Winchester- 
street  side  is  next  the    entrance  to  council 
chamber   gallery,    with    rooms   for   coroner 
and  witnesses    at    corner.    Located   on   the 
first  floor  is  the  council   chamber.   40ft.  by 
30ft.,  with  semicircular    seats    and    recess, 
above  the   reception-hall,    and  conveniently 
approached  by  grand    staircase    through    a 
handsome    vestibule     from     main    corridor. 
There  is  a  public  galleiy  at  end  of  chamber 
that  is  reached  by  a  public  passage  leading 
from  circular  stair  to  Winchester-street,  thus 
separating  the  idle    public  visitors  from  the 
public    part  of    building.     The  committee- 
rooms  are  well  retired  on  the  inside  facing 
the  baths.     The  end  gallery  to  town-hall  has 
a  good  stair  and  landing  approach  from  the 
side  street.     In  the  basement  a  well-placed 
heater-house  is  shown,  with  coal-store  near. 
A   subway   connects   the    boilers   with   the 
calorifer,  and  subways  for  heating-pipes  are 
shown  below    floor    in   three  sections.     AVe 
notice  also  on  this    plan    the    sanitary  in- 
spector's office  is  placed  at  the  end  of  High- 
street   block,  with  separate  entrance,  and  is 
convenient  to  the  surveyor's  department,  and 
the  caretaker  is  conveniently  placed  at  the 
same  end  of  block.     The    estimated  cost  is 
£73,000.     The  High-street    front  is  treated 
in  a  Free  Renaissance  manner,   with  a  lofty 
tower  over  the  entrance  rising  from  the  inter- 
section of  corridors,  and  semicircular  private 
staircases  to  the  front  range  of  offices  project 
and  are    crowned    with    ornamental    roofs. 
These  emphasise  the  main  block. 

The  design  D  (Messrs.  Russell  and  Cooper) 
is  a  compact  and  well-devised  plan,  in  which 
there  is  a  principal  entrance  from  High- 
street,  near  the  corner  of  Winchester-street, 
and  a  large  reception-hall  with  main  stair 
approach  and  area  for  light  behind.  On  each 
side  of  reception  hall  a  corridor  runs  south- 
wards on  e.ach  side  of  the  town-hall,  which 
is  in  the  rear,  parallel  to  Winchester-street. 
The  clerk's  department,  on  the  right,  faces 
the  latter  street,  and  a  parallel  suite  of 
private  rooms  are  on  the  other  side  of  hall. 
The  cloakrooms  are  convenient  to  the  town- 
hall  entrance,  and  a  good  crush-room  is 
shown  outside  hall,  with  wide  entrance  to 
town-hall  from  AVinchester  -  street.  The 
hall  is  76ft.  by  40ft.,  and  has  a  stage  at  the 
rear  end  with  corner  staircases,  and  a 
mezzanine  under  stage  for  artistes.  There 
are  numerous  exits  into  the  side  corridors. 
Fronting  the  High  -  street  the  surveyor's 
department  is  placed,  approached  by  a  long 
corridor  with  drawing-otfice  and  plan-room  at 
the  extreme  end.  The  general  office  of  clerk 
occupies  the  corner  between  entrance  and 
Winchester-street.  The  first  floor  shows 
galleries  on  three  sides  of  large  hall,  the  area 
on  this  plan  being  76ft.  by  Soft.,  including 
the  corridors  below.  The  council  chamber  is 
over  the  cloakrooms  in  centre,  lighted  from 
area.  It  is  39ft.  by  29ft.  This  is  a  conve- 
nient and  retired  position,  with  good  stair 
approach.  The  coroner's  court,  with  witnesses' 
and  police  rooms,  are  on  the  Winchester- 
street  side,  with  entrances  and  spare  rooms. 
Along  the  High-street  are  spare  rooms  for 
the  clerk  and  surveyor,  the  electrical  depart- 
ment. &e.  The  lower  ground  plan  shows  the 
dance-rooms  and  supper-rooms  and  service 
room  under  the  town-hall,  entered  from 
Salisbury-- treet,    a    staff    clubroom,   and  a 


rates  office.  The  plan  is  compact,  and  no 
unnecessary  space  is  wasted  'in  areas.  The 
author  conforms  to  the  conditions  that  the 
council-chamber  and  coroners  court  should 
be  retired  from  the  noise  of  street,  the  public 
offices  being  placed  in  front.  The  town- 
hall  can  be  approached  from  main  entrance 
as  well  as  side  street.  The  reception-hall 
is  dignified  with  the  grand  stairs  to  the 
council  suite.  The  authors  have  not  neglected 
the  use  of  town  hall  for  entertainments. 
When  licensed  entertainments  are  given,  the 
hall  can  be  cut  off  by  fireproof  doors  from 
the  front  offices,  and  the  chief  approach  would 
be  from  Winchester- street  in  such  a  case. 
Three  exits  are  provided  from  hall,  and 
besides  the  two  suites  of  rooms  for  dancing 
and  dinners,  a  ciiish-hall  is  shown  from 
the  Salisbury-street  entrance.  The  official 
departments  are  self-contained.  The  eleva- 
tion to  High-street  is  Classic  of  a  restrained 
type  with  pilasters  between  windows,  with  a 
flat  roof  broken  by  a  well-  proportioned  tower 
over  staircase  hall. 

The  design  E  (Messrs.  Lanchester,  Stewart, 
and  Rickards)  shows  the  same  general  dis- 
tribution of  departments  ;  but  the  town-hall 
is  on  the  first  floor,  with  stair  approaches 
which  project  from  sides  of  hall.  The  hall 
seats  600,  and  there  are  three  galleries,  the 
side  ones  over  the  stairs.  The  effect  inside  of 
these  would  be  questionable,  as  one  of  them 
is  only  partially  occupied  by  gallery.  On 
the  ground  plan  the  municipal  entrance  is  in 
High-street,  with  coiTidor  access  to  offices  on 
the  inner  side  ;  the  surveyor's  rooms  are  on 
the  left,  and  the  rate  collector's  at  end,  with 
separate  entrance  to  coroners  court,  iSc,  on 
first  floor.  Under  the  town-hall  is  a  ball- 
room, supper- room,  and  centre  crushroom, 
dining-room,  approached  through  a  porle 
coclure  from  Winchester-street.  The  first 
floor  has  the  town -hall  and  reception -hall 
approach,  council  chamber,  on  left  of  the 
reception-hall ;  the  committee,  waiting,  labo- 
ratory, medical  officer,  coroner's  court,  and 
waiting  rooms  are  along  the  front  corridors. 
In  the  basement,  the  housekeeper's  rooms  are 
placed  under  town-hall,  and  the  surveyor's 
spare  offices,  &c.,  under  the  front  suite.  The 
elevation  is  too  broken  and  cut  up  by  arched 
recessed  bays.  There  is  a  tower  over  main 
entrance,  and  the  details  are  good.  The  cost 
is  put  at  £o3,8o5. 

Design  F  (Mr.  C.  E.  Mallows)  shows  a 
hollow  triangle  of  blocks  facing  High-street, 
with  two  large  light  areas.  There  is  a 
columnar  circular  entrance  to  the  street  not 
quite  centra',  with  inside  corridors  to  the 
offices,  those  on  right  being  the  clerk's 
department,  and  those  on  left  the  surveyor's. 
The  main  entrance  corridor  crosses  the 
longitudinal  corridor  by  a  circular  vestibule, 
and  goes  through  to  the  inner  block  of 
triangle  dividing  the  two  areas.  The  gi-and 
stairs  is  placed  on  left,  with  the  reception- 
hall  on  right.  The  town-hall  is  parallel  to 
Winchester-street,  with  side  corridor  and 
exits,  and  with  a  separate  side  entrance 
from  street  :  also  in  line  with  reception- 
hall  is  the  principal  entrance  to  town-hall 
and  council  chamber,  thus  allowing  the 
official  part  to  be  cut  off  from  the  town- 
hall.  The  general  distribution  is  compact, 
though  there  is  a  wa^te  of  area  in  the  court- 
yards. In  the  basement  is  a  large  dancing- 
hall,  72ft.  by  4oft.,  under  great  hall, 
with  dining  and  supper  rooms  at  end ; 
corridors  sui-round  the  dancing-hall,  which 
is  approached  from  Salisbury-street.  On 
the  first  floor  three  galleries  are  shown 
to  town-hall,  with  spacious  landing  and 
gallery  over  crush  or  reception  -  hall.  The 
council  chamber  is  in  line  with  main  land- 
ing and  retired  from  streets.  The  coroner's 
court  and  witnesses'  rooms  are  at  end  of 
High-street  block.  The  elevation  is  refined. 
There  is  one  order  of  pilasters  and  curved 
pedimental  projections  at  ends  of  front,  with 
a  centre  cupola  over  entrance  to  municipal 
building.     The  plan   on  the  whole  exhibits 


skilful  an'angement,   and  the  cost  is  put  at 
£84,683. 

Scheme  G  (Mr.  Arthur  Ardron)  is  wasteful 
in  area,  and  the  entrances  and  offices  are 
diffuse.  The  town-hall,  90ft.  by  40ft.,  on 
first  floor  is  the  specified  size,  entered  from 
AVinchester-street  through  a  crush-room  from 
reception-hall — a  rather  tortuous  approach. 
There  is  a  side  entrance  to  town-hall  from 
Winchester- street,  and  a  municipal  entrance 
to  offices  in  High  -  street.  The  council 
chamber  is  on  the  Winchester-street  side, 
near  crush-room  to  large  hall.  There  is  a 
domical  centre  to  the  High-street  fa(;ade  over 
entrance,  and  the  hall  has  corner  cupolas  at 
the  Salisbury-street  end.  The  proportions  of 
the  ground  story  windows  are  not  pleasing, 
and  the  details  are  rather  coarse.  The  esti- 
mated cost  is  £j7,626. 

The  designs  for  the  county  school  for  boys 
to  which  premiums  have  been  awarded  have 
been  planned  with  striking  disregard  to  the 
cost,  which  was  made  an  important  con- 
dition, £8,000  being  stated  as  the  sum 
intended  to  be  spent,  whereas  with  the 
chosen  plan,  as  well  as  the  premiated  ones, 
the  cost  would  exceed  by  a  large  sum  any 
such  limit.  Some  of  the  designs  are  open 
to  the  objection  of  placing  classrooms  north 
and  south,  while  the  stipulation  that  the 
building  shall  face  east  has  been  ignored  by 
the  author  of  chosen  plan,  which  in  other 
respects  has  a  well-grouped  set  of  classrooms 
round  a  centre  hall,  which  is  carried  up  as  a 
gabled  building.  A  preparation-room  and 
balance-room,  both  necessary  adjuncts  of  a 
school  of  this  kind,  have  been  omitted, 
and  only  one  staircase  is  provided,  con- 
trary to  the  mle  of  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation, which  states  that  "  In  schools 
of  more  than  150  scholars  with  upstair* 
rooms  there  must  be  at  least  two- 
staircases."  No.  1  appears  to  be  the  only 
design  in  which  an  endeavour  has  been 
made  to  keep  down  the  cost  by  simplicity  of 
architectural  treatment  and  plan,  and  we 
are  at  a  loss  to  understand  the  reason  why 
Mr.  Leonard  Stokes,  the  assessor,  passed 
over  this  plan.  The  author  places  his  front 
towards  the  east.  The  assembly  hall  in  front 
is  55ft.  by  30ft.,  as  required  by  the  schedule, 
and  the  seven  classrooms,  each  about  22ft.  by 
20ft.,  comply  with  the  conditions.  The  class- 
rooms are  arranged  behind  corridor,  one 
being  next  end  of  hall.  The  buildings  are 
well  grouped,  and  the  external  elevations 
quiet  and  broadly  treated.  No.  3  shows  the 
hall  between  classrooms,  three  on  either  side,, 
with  cloak-rooms  and  latrines  at  each  end> 
The  physical  and  chemical  laboratories  are  at 
the  south  corner,  with  an  art  room  and 
dining-hall  at  the  other  end  of  main  front, 
which  faces  south-oast.  The-  selected  design 
has  the  building  on  east  side  of  roadway 
facing  playground.  The  conditions  as  to 
size  of  classrooms,  &c.,  have  been  generally 
observed,  the  latter  being  for  twenty-five- 
students,  each  one  to  be  used  as  a  lecture- 
room.  Through  the  want  of  distinguishing 
numbers  we  are  unable  to  identify  other 
designs  for  the  school. 


Rl'LE.S  FOR  FIRE  PROTECTION. 

FIRE-PROTECTION  has  become  a  subject  of 
increasiag  urgency  in  America,  and  the 
National  Fire  Protection  Association  of  Chicago- 
have  been  lately  engaged  in  discussing  the  questii'it 
and  in  issuing  certain  rules.  AVe  have  so  Utely 
dealt  with  the  various  papers  and  proceedings  of 
the  International  Fire  Exhibition  at  Earl's  Court 
that  we  turn  to  these  rulings,  as  given  in  a  rep  rt 
o£  the  American  Institute  of  Architects'  repre- 
sentative to  the  meeting  of  ihe  Fire  Protection 
Association  in  Chicago,  held  last  May,  as  having 
some  interest.  The  Association  divided  buildings 
into  two  classes.  They  approved  certain  points. 
"  Buildings  of  Class  I.  sliall  have  the  walls,  floors, 
columns,  girders,  beams,  partitions,  roofs,  and 
roof  structures  of  brick,  t  rracotta,  concrete,  steel, 
iron,  orother  such  fire-resisting  materials  asshallbe 
approved    for  this  class  of   construction    by  the 


Jax.  1,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


National  Board  of  Fire  Underwritera.  All  such 
structural  steel  or  iron  to  hare  standard  insulation 
as  against  heat.  No  stone  bonds  or  caps  or 
exposed  metal  column  bases  to  be  used  in  piers." 
The  class  is  divided  into  Class  1  A  and  Class  1  B. 
The  first  includes  buildings  having  a  large  amount 
of  combustible  contents  in  any  one  room,  such  as 
warehouses,  wholesale  and  retail  stores,  factories, 
theatres,  \c.  ;  in  the  second  class  are  buildings 
not  having  any  considerable  amount  of  combus- 
tible contents  in  any  one  room,  such  as  hotels, 
apartment  houses,  hospitals,  colleges,  churches, 
ordinary  Fchools,  dwellings,  &c.  This  funda- 
mental division  drawn  between  these  two  classes  of 
buildings  is  of  the  first  importance.  We  have  long 
advocated  the  same  need  of  distinguishing  thebuild- 
ing  by  their  contents,  for,  other  things  being  the 
same,  the  most  dangerous  structures  are  those 
which  are  stored  with  combustible  or  inflammable 
material.  In  short,  it  is  the  nature  of  the  con- 
tents of  a  room  or  a  building  rather  than  its 
construction  that  disposes  it  to  the  easy  spread  of 
fire.  But  many  authorities  in  these  matters  are 
inclined  to  lay  too  much  stress  on  the  structural 
part  of  the  buildings,  as  if  those  with  fire-resist- 
ing floors  and  roofs  were  impregnable  however 
they  were  stored  with  goods.  We  may  now  refer 
to  certain  matters  that  the  Association  in  Chicago 
discussed  and  adopted.  The  first  subject  refers  to 
"  brick-bearing  walls."  The  following  are  the 
requirements: — "  Walls  of  brick  (when  carrying 
floors)  to  be  of  good  hard  burned  brick  laid  in 
best  cement  mortar  with  joints  flushed  full ;  to  be 
not  less  than  I6in.  thick  in  two  top  stories, 
increasing  in  thickness  4in.  for  each  three  stories 
below  or  fraction  thereof  (or  to  be  of  an 
equivalent  average  thickness).  If  walls  are 
over  100ft.  long  they  shall  be  4in.  thicker 
than  the  above,  or  be  strengthened  by  piers 
or  pilasters  placed  not  over  '20ft.  apart." 
Example:— An  eight-story  building  would  have 
tdree  stories  24in.,  three  20in.,  and  two  16in. 
walls.  It  is  provid'.i  that  Class-  1  B  buildings 
(those  not  having  any  large  amount  of  combustible 
contents)  may  have  walls  4in.  less  than  above, 
but  cot  less  than  12in.  in  any  part.  The  thick- 
nesses given  are  certainly  not  too  much  for 
buildings  of  eight  stories.  The  reduction  for 
Class  1  B  ought  to  be  an  inducement  to  building 
owners  not  to  overcrowd  their  buildings  with 
combustible  goods,  and  should  be  also  approved 
by  fire  insurance  oflices.  The  following  provision. 
No.  2,  refers  to  "exterior  brick  non-bearing 
walls  for  skeleton  construction  buildings." 
These  are  not  to  be  less  than  12in.  thick 
in  any  portion.  It  two  such  buildings  adjoin, 
the  party  -  walls  are  not  to  be  less  than 
16in.  thick  in  any  portion.  "  The  frames  are  not 
to  be  tied  together."  The  American  Institute's 
representative  suggested  that  the  thicknets  of 
walls  might  be  left  to  the  architect  as  a  subject  for 
calculation  of  loads,  span  of  jo'sts,  &c.  He  also 
asked  whether  the  purpose  of  the  meeting  was  to 
frame  a  na'ional  building  ordinance;  but  these 
rules  were  framed  to  assist  the  Board  of  Under- 
writers. He  referred  also  to  the  large  number  of 
fires  from  defective  flues,  and  suggested  a  clause 
in  policies  making  owners  liable  for  files  due  to 
that  cause.  In  France  a  person  can  only  insure 
against  fire  originating  outside  of  his  building. 
The  Institute's  delegate  also  thought  that  one 
system  of  steel  fireproof  cohimns  in  a  party-wall 
was  suflicient  to  support  the  beams  of  the  two 
buildings,  as  is  often  done  when  the  two  are 
designed  at  the  same  time,  so  that  the  height  of 
stories  for  both  are  settled.  These  provisions 
or  rules  recognise  the  distinction  between 
"bearing  walls"  and  "non-bearing"  walls, 
an  important  difference  which  is  not  always 
kept  in  view.  In  the  States  the  steel  skele- 
ton frame  building,  in  which  the  walls  are 
often  filled  in  and  do  not  take  any  share  in  the 
weights  carried  and  are  independent  of  the  floors, 
is  an  example  of  the  latter.  The  thickness  pro- 
vided for  the  party-walls  in  any  portion,  IGin.,  is 
double  that  required  by  the  London  Building  Act 
for  the  topmost  story  of  walls  exceeding  liOft.  in 
length,  and  comprising  more  than  two  stories, 
which  is  8Jin.  Does  the  16in.  mean  the  combined 
thickness  of  the  two  adjoining  party-walls ':  The 
words  are  not  very  explicit.  The  suggestions 
made  by  the  Institute's  delegate  are  reasonable. 
As  to  the  brick  fire  division  walls,  it  is  provided 
that  "  division  or  section  walls  intended  as  com- 
plete fire  divisions  or  cut-off  shall  bo  of  brick  not 
less  than  16in.  thick  at  any  point  if  laid  solid,  of 
14in.  thick  including  an  air  space  of  2in.,  and  tied 
with  metallic  ties,  and  shall  extend  continuously 
from   grouni    to    and    through    the   roof."     In 


Class  1  B  the  walls  may  be  -lin.  less  in  thickness. 
Here,  again,  the  wording  is  not  very  clear.  We 
presume  two  walls  are  described,  one  a  16in.  solid 
wall,  the  other  a  14in.  hollow  wall.  The  rule  for 
post  or  column  covering  is  to  the  effect  that  all 
metal  supports  shall  be  insulated  by  not  lesj  than 
4in.  of  brick  or  of  concrete  or  terracotta  or  other 
insulatiog  material  as  may  be  approved  by  the 
National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters,  indepen- 
dent of  any  air  space  next  the  metal,  and  that  no 
piping  or  conduits  are  to  be  located  within  the 
covering  above  required,  or  between  same  and  the 
column.  In  Class  1  B  2in.  instead  of  4in.  thick- 
ness may  be  used.  No  plaster,  whether  on  metal 
lathing  or  not,  is  to  be  considered  part  of  the 
covering.  The  Institute's  representitive  sug- 
gested that  pipes  inside  the  fireproofing  do  not 
increase  the  risk,  and  that  such  items  ought  to  be 
left  to  the  architect.  This  rule  was  passed  open  to 
revision.  All  metal  girders  are  also  to  be  in- 
sulated by  not  less  than  4in.  of  brick,  or  of  con- 
crete or  terracotta,  or  other  approved  material, 
except  that  the  upper  face  of  upper  flanges 
may  have  not  less  than  2in.  of  such  covering  as 
may  be  approved  by  the  National  Board.  In 
Class  1  B  a  2in.  covering  may  be  accepted.  But 
it  was  pointed  out  by  the  Institute's  representative 
that  cement  plastering  on  metal  laths  was  a  good 
protection ,  and  would  remain  in  place  during  a  fire 
better  than  the  usual  terracotta  protection.  All 
metal  floor  beams  are  to  be  insulated  by  not  less 
than  lin .  of  terracotta,  or  concrete,  or  othermaterial 
as  may  be  approved  to  be  applied  as  a  solid  mass. 
Roofs  and  floors  are  provided  to  be  of  brick  or 
approved  system  of  concrete  or  terracotta  or  other 
approved  material  wiih  satisfactory  insulation  of 
special  supports  or  tie-rods.  All  floor  surfaces 
are  to  be  of  non-inflammable  materials.  In  lower 
standard  buildings,  if  wooden  top  floors  are  used, 
they  are  to  be  laid  directly  in  concrete  without 
any  air  space.  With  regard  to  floor  openings, 
stair,  elevator,  and  dumb-waiter  shafts  not  ex- 
tending through  upper  floor  are  to  be  entirely 
inclosed  on  sides  and  top  in  at  least  6in.  ot 
brick,  concrete,  or  terracotta,  or  other  approved 
material,  with  metal  studs  at  corners  and 
openings,  and  with  standard  fire-doors  placed 
at  all  op  nings  to  each  story.  Each  shaft  ex- 
tending through  the  upper  flo  r  is  to  be  similarly 
inclosed  to  the  roof,  and  have  a  skylight  with 
thin  glass  in  metal  sash  and  frame,  protected  by 
standard  metal  screen  (wire-glass  is  not  accept- 
able). Other  vertical  openings,  such  as  jnpes  or 
wire  ducts,  channels  (except  ventilating  shafts), 
unless  inclosed  as  above,  are  to  be  stopped  with 
concrete  at  each  floor.  Ventilating  shafts  are  to 
be  inclosed  as  required  for  other  shafts,  except 
that  the  ventilating  openings  shall  be  protected 
by  wired  glass  in  automatic  metal  sash,  or  by 
metal  louvres  in  mttal  frames,  solidly  set  in  the 
masonry  o£  shafts,  the  louvres  being  set  at  an 
angle  to  prevent  draught  from  shaft  into  room. 
No  light  wells  are  to  be  allowed  within  a  standard 
building.  Stone  treads  on  stairs  are  not  to  be  used 
unless  backed  by  satisfactory  metal  grille  or  mesh- 
work.  Partitions  are  to  be  of  non-inflammable 
material  without  any  wood  studs  or  framing.  The 
quantity  of  combustible  finish  is  to  be  reduced  to  a 
minimum,  and  none  of  it  placed  in  vertical 
shafts.  This  rule  will  exclude  matchboard 
lining  and  lathwork.  For  the  lining  of  outside 
walls  hollow  bricks  plastered  are  recommended. 
Roofs  are  to  be  covered  with  non-inflammable 
material,  and  slate  is  not  to  be  used  unless  laid 
approximately  flat.  This  also  is  a  desirable  rule, 
and  will  prevent  slates  slipping  or  falling  when 
the  roof  battens  are  burned.  AU  roof  houses  to 
be  of  brick,  concrete,  or  terracotta,  and  unpro- 
tected iron  structures  are  disqualified.  Other 
provisions  require  that  skylights  are  to  have 
metal  frames  and  sashea,  and  (except  over  fireproof 
shafts)  have  not  less  than  ',in.  wired  glass  ;  that 
every  floor  is  to  be  made  watertight  by  a  special 
stratum  impervious  to  water,  with  special  pro- 
caution  taken  at  columns,  walls,  stairs,  &c.  ;  that 
this  waterproofing  is  to  bo  coMpletod  after 
plumbers,  electricians,  vtc,  have  done  their 
work.  Watertight  curbs  are  recommended  at 
each  floor  round  pipes  which  pass  through  the 
floor.  The  last  suggestion  is  intended  to  prevent 
the  wa'er  used  to  extinguish  "  fire  from  leaking 
through  floors  upon  goods  below.  These  are  the 
rules  laid  down,  and,  with  one  or  two  exceptions, 
passed.  As  will  be  noticed,  most  of  the  rocoms 
mendations  have  been  made  before.  The  rule, 
laid  down  by  the  fire  oflices  in  this  country, 
which  we  noticed  not  long  ago,  contain  many 
similar  proposals.  As  will  be  seen,  the  system  of 
floor  and  roof  construction  laid  down  will  give 


the  architect  a  little  option.  The  rules  as  to 
floor  openings  for  stair  and  elevator  shafts  are 
absolutely  necessary  to  the  protection  of  buildings 
from  fire,  though  the  means  of  inclosing  the 
shaft  may  be  open  to  question.  The  import- 
ance of  making  this  inclosure  fireprcof  right 
through  to  the  roof  has  been  proved,  so 
that  the  roof  timbers  may  be  entirely  cut 
off  from  any  flames  that  may  ascend  the 
shaft,  all  pipes  and  channels  to  be  stopped  at 
each  floor  by  concrete  instead  of  being  allowed  to 
run  through  or  stop  inside  the  floor.  The  rule  as 
to  roof  covering  is  alao  desirable  ;  slate  is  a  ma- 
terial that  easily  cracks  and  flies  to  pieces  under 
heat  and  water,  and  there  is  some  danger  to  fire- 
men and  others  when  the  roofs  are  steep.  The 
fireproofing  of  the  roof  underneath  the  slates  is  a 
very  desirable  precaution  ;  but  how  few  roofs  are 
constructed  with  such  a  protection.  So  also  the 
rule  which  requires  the  floors  to  be  made  water- 
proof would  save  much  damage  from  water  during 
a  fire  in  a  building  stacked  with  valuable  goods. 
The  clauses  we  have  summarised  of  the  Report  of 
the  American  Institute  of  Architects  are  worth 
the  attention  of  all  architects  and  promoters  of 
fire  protection. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  ART  COLLECTIONS 
IN  THE  VICTORIA  AND  ALBERT 
MUSEUM. 

SEVERAL  additions  of  consider.able  interest 
have  recently  been  made  to  the  art  collec- 
tions in  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum.  Two 
plaster  ciists  have  been  added  to  the  Historical 
JjUection  of  Reproductions  in  Plaster  from  the 
Antique.  The  first  is  a  copy  of  the  marble  figure 
known  as  the  Apollo  delle  Terme.  This  figure 
was  taken  from  the  Tiber  at  Rome  in  1891,  and 
is  now  in  the  Museo  delle  Terme.  It  is  considered 
to  be  a  Graieo-Roman  copy  of  a  work  of  the 
Pheidian  period.  The  second  cast  represents  a 
kneeling  youth,  the  head,  unfortunately,  missing. 
The  mirble  original  of  this  exquisite  statue  was 
found  at  Subiaco  in  1883.  and  is  now  preserved 
in  the  same  museum.  It  is  Attic  work  of  the 
second  half  of  the  4th  centurj*  iic. 

For  the  section  of  furniture  and  woodwork, 
three  specimens  of  woodcarving  in  oak  from  the 
disti-ict  of  the  Rhine  have  just  been  acquired. 
The  pair  of  doors  have  the  upper  panels  carved 
with  floral  ornament,  and  roundels  in  the  centre, 
formerly  containing  busts  in  high  relief,  now 
unfortunately  lost ;  the  panels  beneath  are  of 
linen-fold  pattern.  These  doors  are  of  the 
Transitional  Period,  and  date  from  the  first  half 
of  the  16th  century.  Above  them  is  hung  the 
third  specimen,  a  towel-roller,  which  probably 
comes  from  some  church  or  religious  house.  It  is 
also  of  the  same  period,  anil  bears  traces  of  Gothic 
feeling,  mingled  with  Classic  ornimeat.  In  front 
is  the  Sacred  Monogram  within  rays — the  symbol 
of  St.  Bernardino  of  Sienna — supported  by  two 
angels  ;  above  them  is  the  Almighty  Father  with 
the  Holy  Spirit  in  the  form  of  a  dove.  The  angels 
are  interesting,  because  they  bear  a  very  strong 
resemblance  to  the  angels  found  on  Cologne 
embroideries  ot  this  date. 

To  the  generosity  of  Mr.  .1.  H.  Fitzhenry  is 
duo  the  addition  of  a  series  uf  tiles  ol  the  greatest 
interest  to  the  collection  of  French  faience  ;  they 
are  stated  to  date  from  the  14th  century,  and 
come  from  St.  Julien  de  Brioude  (Huite-Loire!. 
On  an  enamel  surface  is  painted  Gothic  leaf-work 
encircling  shields  of  arms.  The  sauie  gentleman 
has  given  a  small  collection  of  French  encaustic 
tiles  decorated  with  figures  quaintly  drawn  and 
shields  of  arms.  Five  of  them  date  from  the  Uth 
century,  and  the  sixth  is  of  the  I6th  century. 

Mr.  Fitzhenry  has  also  added  by  gift  to  the 
collection  of  terracotta  work  in  the  museum  a 
large  group  of  the  Virgin  and  Child,  belonging 
to  the  series  of  terracotta  reliefs  and  statues  which 
the  German  authorities  assign  to  the  master  whi 
worked  in  the  Pellegrini  Chapel,  in  St.  Anastaaia 
flt  Verona.  This  group  has  been  terribly  ruined 
not  only  through  breakage  and  repair,  but  alsj 
through  the  removal  of  the  colour  and  white 
preparation. 

In  the  Persian  Ceramic  Court  of  the  Cross 
Gallery  may  be  seen  a  large  glazed  earthenware 
vase,  admirably  painted  with  mythical  lions  and 
birds  in  the  Chinese  stylo.  This  very  tine 
example  was  probably  paintoii  by  the  Chinese  at 
Ispahan  at  the  Court  of  Shah  Abbas  II.  in  the 
early  years  ot  the  17th  century,  and  has  been 
presented  to  the  Museum  by  Mr.  C.  M.  Marling, 
now  British  Agent  at  Sofia. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  1,  1904. 


A  rearrangement  of  the  pewter-work  in  the 
Museum  has  just  been  made,  and  the  oppor- 
tunity has  been  taken  of  separating  the  English 
specimens  from  the  foreign.  Certain  additions  to 
this  section  may  also  be  noticed,  among  them 
being  a  pair  of  "pricket"  candlesticks  from 
Dorcheim  Church,  in  Hesse-Xassau,  and  a  large 
dish  and  plate,  both  bearing  the  arms  of  the 
Worshipful  Company  of  Cordwainers  of  London, 
by  whom  they  were  presented  to  the  Museum. 

In  this  same  court  should  be  noticed  a  very 
important  addition  to  the  Museum  collection  of 
chalics.  It  is  an  English-silver  parcel-gilt 
chalice  and  paten  of  the  pre -Reformation  time, 
with  London  hall-mark  for  the  year  1527-8. 
The  engraving  is  rude,  and  the  chalice  has  been 
repHired  from  time  to  time. 

The  contents  of  a  desk-case  close  by  deserve 
careful  examination  It  contains  a  small  collection 
of  silver-gilt  jewels  of  the  15th  and  16th  centuries 
from  South  (iermany.  In  the  same  case  there 
are  also  some  carved  mother-of-pearl  medallions, 
which  seem  to  have  found  great  favour  in 
Germany  at  the  end  of  the  15th-century.  Most 
of  them  are  now  considerably  worn  and  rubbed  ; 
but  the  medallion  carved  with  the  subject  of  St. 
George  and  the  Dragon,  and  the  large  shell  at  the 
top  of  the  case,  which  has  been  in  the  museum 
for  many  years,  are,  however,  in  a  splendid  con- 
dition, and  show  great  artistic  talent. 

In  the  gallery  near  Lord  Leighton's  cartoon, 
"The  Arts  of  Peace,"  a  selection  of  drawings 
lately  acquired  for  the  National  Art  Library 
is  now  exhibited  for  the  first  time.  These  in- 
clude two  original  drawings  for  illustrations  in 
the  Moxon  edition  of  Tennyson's,  poems,  by  Sir 
J.  E.  Millais,  r.H.A. :  one  for  Dickens's  "Little 
Dorrit,"  by  James  Mahoney  ;  one  for  "Once  a 
Week,"  by  F.  W.  Lawson ;  and  one,  "Mrs. 
Bardull  in  Mr.  Pickwick's  arms,"  by  "Phiz" 
(H.  K.  Browne)  for  the  "  Pickwick  Papers." 
iFrank  Barnard  is  represented  by  a  tinted  study 
of  "  .\lfred  Jingle."  Specimens  are  also  shown 
of  drawings  made  for  "  Punch  "  by  John  Leech 
(pencil  studies,  each  with  a  proof  from  the 
finished  wood  block) ;  Charles  Keene  (pen  draw- 
ings), and  George  Du  Maurier  (pencil  studies 
from  the  artist's  sketch-book,  pen  dr-iwings,  and 
proofs  from  the  wood  blocks).  On  the  walU  of 
the  National  Art  Library  reading-room  are  also 
displayed  a  set  of  original  drawings,  and  tinted 
and  working  proofs  of  Randolph  Caldecott's 
picture  books  and  "Graphic"  illustrations.  It 
should  be  noted  that  the  library  possesses  other 
works  of  this  nature  which  can  be  seen  by 
readers  on  application  ;  the  purpose  of  the  present 
exhibition  being  to  give  an  indication  of  the 
nature  of  the  collections  in  the  section  of  prints 
and  drawings. 


PLANNING    AND    FITTING-UP 
ELEMENTARY   SCHOOLS. 

THE  Board  of  Education  have  issued  the  new 
rules  to  be  observed  in  planning  and  fitting- 
up  public  elemenarj'  schools.  A  prefatory  note 
states  :  — 

The  following  rules  are  to  be  regarded  as 
embodying  the  rfsult  of  the  experit-nce  of  the 
Board  of  Education  in  school  planning.  They 
are  intended  to  show  education  authorities,  school 
managers,  and  their  architects  what  the  Board 
deem  essential  in  the  construction  and  design  of 
school  buildings  ;  but  in  other  respects  they  are 
not  meant  to  restrict  liberty  of  treatment. 

Every  part  of  a  school  building  should  be 
thoroughly  adapted  to  the  work  of  school  teach- 
ing. Such  a  building,  therefore,  must  be  pro- 
vided with  an  ample  playground,  must  be  of 
sufficiently  solid  construction,  suitably  lighted 
and  warmed,  and  thoroughly  ventilated  without 
draughts.  It  must  have  a  sufficient  number  of 
entrances  and  adequate  cloakroom  accommoda- 
tion ;  scrupulous  care  must  be  devoted  to  sanitary 
arrangements.  The  rules  which  deal  with  these 
matters  express  in  each  case  the  principles  to 
which  the  Board  will  expect  all  new  buildings  to 
conform. 

The  remaining  rules  are  intended  to  aid  in  the 
production  of  buildings,  which  shall  be  compact, 
properly  subdivided  for  class-teaching,  conveni- 
ently arranged  for  effective  supervision  by  the 
principal  teacher,  and  for  the  movement  of  the 
children  from  the  entrances  to  the  classrooms,  or 
from  one  cla'sroora  to  another.  They  also  indi- 
cate how  to  obtain  the  most  economical  school 
building. 

No  school  should  ordinarily  be  built  to  accom- 
modate more  than  1,000  to  1,200  children  in  three 


departments.  No  single  department  should  ac- 
commodate more  than  400  children.  A  large 
school  in  three  departments  might  conveniently 
be  divided  in  the  following  proportions: — Boys 
300,  girls  360,  infants  380.  For  departments  of 
this  size  the  most  suitable  plan  is  that  of  a  central 
hall,  with  the  classrooms  grouped  round  it.  Asa 
rule,  such  a  department  would  probably  require 
seven  classrooms.  Smaller  departments  may  be 
planned  conveniently,  with  the  classrooms  open- 
ing from  a  corridor.  For  small  schools  a  large 
room,  with  one  or  more  classrooms,  will  be 
sufficient.  There  should  always  be  at  least  one 
classroom,  except  in  special  cases. 

Where  the  site  is  sufficiently  large,  open  and 
fairly  level,  the  most  economical  plan  is  that  of  a 
school  on  a  single  floor.  Such  an  arrangement 
is  also  preferable  on  educational  grounds.  In 
any  case,  it  is  desirable  that  a  school  building 
should  not  be  on  more  than  two  floors.  A  build- 
ing on  three  floors  is  open  to  many  objections, 
and  should  only  be  proposed  in  special  circum- 
stances, or  on  very  costly  sites. 

Before  instructing  an  architect,  it  is  desirable 
that  careful  regard  should  be  had  to  the  size  and 
circumstances  of  the  school,  and  to  the  number 
and  qualifications  of  the  staff  to  be  employed. 
These  considerations  will  determine  approxi- 
mately the  method  of  grouping  the  scholars  for 
instruction,  and  on  this  will  depend  the  number 
and  the  accommodation  of  the  rooms  of  which  the 
school  building  should  consist. 

The  annual  cost  of  maintenance  should  be 
borne  in  mind  as  well  as  the  initial  capital 
expense. 


RESISTANCE  OF   PLANE   SURFACES. 

AT  the  ordinary  meeting  on  Tuesday,  Dec.  22, 
of     the     Institution    of    Civil   Engineers, 
Sir    William     H.    White,    fC.C.B.,    President, 
in  the  chair,  the  paper  read  was  "  On  the  Resist- 
ance of  Plane  Surfaces  in  a  Liniform   Current  of 
Air,"  by  T.  E.  Stanton,  D.Sc,  Assoc. M.Inst. C.E. 
The  paper  deals  with  the  results  of  experiments 
made    in     the    engineering    department   of   the 
National  Physical  Laboratory  on  the  distribution 
and  intensity  of  the  pressure  on  thin  plates  and 
combinations    of     plates    placed    in    a    uniform 
current    of    air,    and    is  intended    as    the    first 
part   of    a   research   on  the   nature    and   distri- 
bution     of      the     pressure     of     the    wind     on 
structures.     By    a     uniform     current  of    air   is 
memt  a  current  in  what  is  known  as   "eddying 
motion"    as    distinguished     from    stream  -  line 
motion,  the   mean  velocity  at  any  point  in  the 
direction    of     flow    being    uniform    across    the 
current.     This  condition  of  motion  is  considered 
to  be  the  nearest  approximation  to  that  of  winds 
of  fairly  high  intensity.     The  main  object  of  the 
present  research  was  to   determine,  if  possible,  a 
general    relation    between    the   velocity   of    the 
current,    the    dimensions     of    the    plates,    and 
the    resultant    pressure,    as     it    was     felt    that 
experiments    in    the    open     air     could     not    be 
undertaken     with      any     prospect     of      success 
until   some    general    relation    of     the   kind  had 
been   established.       The  results  of    the    experi- 
ments show  that,  under  the  given  experimental 
conditions,  a  definite  relation  of  the  kind  existed, 
and    may    be    stated     thus : — For    similar    and 
similar  y  situated  plates  or  combinations  of  plates 
in   a   uniform  current   of    air,    the   intensity   of 
pressure   is   the   same   for  the   same  velocity  of 
current  and  general  atmospheric  conditions.     On 
the   assumption    that    the   motion   of   the   wind 
approximates  to   that   of   a   uniform   current   as 
defined  above,  the  above  relation  shows  that  the 
dis'ribution  and  intensity  of  the  pressure  of  the 
vind  on  structures  may  be  studied  experimentally 
by  means  of  models  of  the  structures  set  up  in  a 
current  of  air  produced  by  means  of  a  fan,  as  in 
the   present   case.     In    illustration   of    this,   the 
results  of  experiments  made  on  models  of  roofs 
and  lattice  girders  of  simple  form  are  given  in 
r.he  paper.     Tabulated  results  are  also  given  for 
the  cases  of  parallel  plates  at  varying  distances 
apart,   plates   inclined  at  varying  angles  to   the 
direction  of  the  current,  and  rectangular  plates  of 
varj'ing  ratio  of  length  to  width. 


OBITUARY. 

Mk.  RoiuuiT  Giu.MEs,  one  of  the  most  noted 
bridge  erectors  in  the  United  Slates,  died  at 
Elmira  on  December  8  after  an  illness  of  many 
months.  For  several  years  he  was  connected 
with  the  Union  Bridge  Co  ,  but  about  fourteen 
years  ago  he  became  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Elmira  Bridge  Co.,  and  remained  its  guiding 
spirit  until  its  sale.  Among  the  structures  which 
he  erected  may  be  mentioned  the  first  iron  pier 
at  Coney  Island,  the  cantilever  bridge  at  Louis- 
ville, and  the  viaduct  from  the  Harlem  River  to 
the  Grand  Central  Station  in  New  York  city. 


At  St.  Mary's  Hall,  Coventry,  last  week,  Mr.  W. 
A.  Ducat,  an  inspector  of  the  Local  Government 
Board,  held  an  inquiry  into  the  Coventry  Corpora- 
tion's application  to  borrow  £2,137  for  the  purpose 
of  private  street  works  in  an  old  road  known  as 
Bnckkiln-lane,  and  £2,130  for  other  public  im- 
provements. 


CHIPS. 

An  extensive  group  of  Judicial  Commissioners' 
Courts  has  just  been  built  at  Lucknow,  at  a  cost 
of  three  lakhs  of  rupees.  The  style  adopted  is  a 
modification  of  native  ones,  with  Moresque  features, 
and  the  architect  is  Mr.  W.  G.  Wood,  of  the  Public 
Works  Department  .Secretariat,  United  Provinces. 

Colonel  W.  R.  Slacke,  E.E.,  one  of  the  Local 
Government  Board  inspectors,  has  held  a  public 
inquiry,  at  Eastbourne,  into  the  application  of  the 
town  council  for  sanction  to  borrow  the  sum  of 
£19,370,  made  up  as  follows  :—£  10,000  for  electric 
light  purposes,  £4,39!S  for  motor  'buses  and  a  shed, 
£4,528  for  a  fire  station  in  Grove-road,  and  £450  for 
a  groyne  on  the  Royal  Parade  foreshore. 

At  a  meeting  of  residents,  held  at  Tulse  Hill,  the 
other  evening,  Mr.  T.  M.  Richards,  Mayor  of 
Lambeth,  presiding,  it  was  decided  to  endeavour  to 
purchase  bk  acres  of  fields  adjoining  the  northern 
side  of  Brockwell  Park,  to  prevent  the  land  being 
acquired  for  building  purposes,  and  thus  secure  a 
new  and  much-needed  entrance  to  the  open  space. 

The  work  of  reconstructing  the  jetty  at  Birnbeck 
Pier,  Weston-super-Mare,  is  now  well  in  hand. 
The  jetty  will  run  out  a  distance  of  300ft.,  which 
will  be  some  30ft.  longer  than  the  old  one,  while  the 
gangway  will  be  5tt.  wider.  The  old  pierhead  will 
be  removed,  and  a  modern  steel  structure  be  substi- 
tuted. The  front  of  the  landing  stage  will  be  80ft. 
long  instead  of  55ft.  There  are  to  be  two  staircases, 
up  and  down,  and  also  a  luggage  hoist.  The  jetty 
has  now  been  carried  r20[t.  out  from  the  shore.  Mr. 
John  McKaig,  of  Newport,  Men.,  is  the  engineer, 
whilst  his  son,  Mr.  E.  J.  McKaig,  is  the  resident 
engineer. 

A  new  font  was  recently  dedicated  at  All 
Saints'  Parish  Church,  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  It 
is  the  work  of  Mr.  E.  R;es,  sculptor,  of  London, 
and  the  canopy  above  has  been  executed  by  Mr. 
Riph  Hedley.  The  decorations  of  the  baptistery  are 
by  Mr.  A.  O.  Hemming,  of  London. 

The  contract  tor  the  erection  of  Public  School  62, 
in  New  York,  which  is  alleged  to  be  the  largest 
school  in  the  world,  was  approved.  The  bid  is 
519,049Jol.  The  site  of  the  building  also  cost 
519, OOOdol.,  thus  bringing  up  the  total  cost  of  the 
school  to  over  a  milhon.  The  height,  six  stories, 
exceeds  that  of  any  present  school  in  New  York. 
There  are  to  be  a  basement  and  sub-cellar,  and  in 
the  basement  will  be  an  auditorium  capable  of 
seating  1,600.  The  school  will  be  able  to  accom- 
modate about  4,500  pupils.  Altogether  there  wdl 
be  124  class-rooms.  The  building  will  contain  two 
departments,  one  for  boys  and  the  other  for  girls. 
On  the  sixth  floor  will  be  a  gymnasium,  cooking- 
room,  workshop,  two  baths,  lockers,  and  seven 
classrooms.  The  exterior  of  the  building  is  to  be  of 
buff  and  blue  Indiana  limestone,  and  the  interior 
wdl  be  finished  in  oak.  It  will  be  the  first  school 
in  New  York  to  have  elevators  to  carry  the  chddren 
to  the  upper  stories. 

The  trustees  of  the  port  of  Bombay  are  inviting 
tenders  for  the  construction  of  the  large  new  wet 
and  dry  docks  proposed  for  that  port  from  the 
leading  firms  having  experience  of  dock  and  harbour 
works.  The  date  fixed  for  the  submission  of  tenders 
is  March  1,  1904.  The  scheme  has  been  approved 
by  Government :  but  the  acceptance  of  tenders  is 
subject  to  sanction  to  the  detailed  plans  and  esti- 
mates which  have  been  submitted  for  their  con- 
sideration. The  trustees'  consulting  engineers  are 
Messrs.  Sir  J.  Wolfe  Barry  and  A.  J.  Barry. 

AtMdl-hill  School  last  week,  the  Right  Hon. 
James  Bryce,  M.P.,  opened  the  Murray  Scriptorium, 
a  building  erected  in  the  grounds  of  the  school  on 
the  site  of  the  original  Scriptorium,  in  which  the 
English  Dictionary  was  begun  by  Dr.  Murray  thirty 
years  ago,  when  he  was  master  at  Mill-hill.  In 
1SS6,  when  Dr.  Murray  left  the  school  for  Oxford, 
he  presented  his  Scriptorium  to  the  boys  for  use  as 
a  reading-room;  but  the  building  was  unfortunately 
damaged  by  fire  about  a  year  ago.  The  Old  MiU- 
hillians  Club  thereupon  raised  a  subscription,  and 
Mr.  T.  E.  CoUcutt,  F.R.I.B.A.,  was  requested  to 
design  and  carry  out  the  building  which  now  stands 
in  the  playground  at  the  school.  Mr.  Br  ce  also 
unveiled  a  portrait  of  Dr.  Murray,  painted  by  Mr. 
r.  S.  Ogilvie,  and  to  be  hung  in  the  diuing-haU. 


Jan.  1,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    KEWS. 


CONTENTS. 


■»♦» 


Looking  Forward    ...     1 

Acton  Public  Offices  and  Town  Hall  Competition       .  .  '2 

Kulea  for  Fire  Protection      4 

Additions  to  the  Art  Collectiona  ia  the  Victoria  and 

Albert  Museum    5 

Planning  and  Fittingr-up  Elementary  Schools 6 

llpftistance  of  Plane  Surfaces      6 

Obituary     6 

*  iir  Illustrations     7 

The  BuiLuiNQ  News  Directory   xxi. 

Competitions     '    8 

Ituilding  Intelligence      9 

Kngii-ieerin-^  Notes 9 

Correspondence 4S 

7i  tercommimication        iS 

I'lofessional  and  Trade  Societies      49 

I^-ffal  Intelligence    49 

"Water  Supply  and  Sanitary  Mattel's        49 

Our  Office  Table       ...  49 

l^eetings  for  the  Ensuing  "Week, 51 

latest  Prices     51 

IJst  of  Competitions  Open 52 

Ljst  of  Tenders  Open     52 

Tendera       54 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

THE  VICTORIA  AND  ALDEUT  MUSEUM.— rORTICO  1>E  I'A 
GLOBIA,  SANTIAGO.  —  "  VICTORY  "  :  ROYAL  ACADEMY 
CARTOOS.  —  PROPOSED  TOWN  HALL,  ACTON.  —CANON 
carter's  tomb,  CLEWER.— royal  ACADEMY'  GOLD  MEDAL 
1>E9IGS  FOR  A  DOMED  CnDRCH.  — THE  MANSION  HOUSE, 
ROSKHAUGH.  —  A  PICTUBESQDE  STREET  CORNER  IN 
WERINGERODE.— SKETCHES   FROM   CHESHIRE. 


^ur  Jllttstfations. 


VIITOKIA    AND    ALliliUT    Ml'SEl  M. 

ruiri  national  work,  now  in  rapid  progress  of 
execution,  is  illustrated  in  our  pages  to-day  by 
two  reproductions  from  the  original  drawings 
exhibited  at  the  Koyal  Academy  last  summer  by 
Mr.  Aston  Webb,  K.A.,  P.R.I.B.A.,  the  archi- 
t(ct.  The  contractors  now  engaged  upon  the 
work  are  Messrs.  Holliday  and  Greenwood,  Mr. 
11.  W.  G.  Tanner  being  the  clerk  of  the  works. 
With  the  elevation  we  give  the  two  chief  plans 
of  the  buildings.  All  the  galleries  are  lighted 
from  the  top,  with  the  exception  of  those  in 
Cromwell-road,  which  are  32ft.  wide,  and  have 
windows  facing  that  thoroughfare.  The  ground- 
tl  lor  level  is  10ft.  above  the  pavement,  and  by 
ihis  means  ample  light  is  obtained  for  the  base- 
ment rooms.  There  are  three  stories  in  this 
front,  the  upper  floor  being  devoted  to  students' 
use.  The  great  gallery,  700ft.  loDg,  runs  right 
and  left  of  the  central  entrance,  and  it  is  .ioft. 
wide,  with  apsidal  ends,  and  has  a  height  of  50ft. 
The  circular  gallery  is  110ft.  in  diameter.  Some 
of  the  walls  are  3ft.  to  4ft.  thick,  and  are  entirely 
built  in  cement.  The  Plenum  system  of  ventilation 
is  to  be  used.  We  have  several  times  referred  to 
ihe  design,  which,  as  oi-iginally  proposed,  has 
more  than  once  appeared  in  our  pages ;  but  we 
are  glad  to  illustrate  this  long-needed  pile  of 
buildings,  as  finally  determined  on.  It  will  make  a 
urand  group,  of  which  the  nation  will  have  every 
reason  to  be  proud,  besides  contributing  a  highly 
successful  and  notable  addition  to  the  modern 
architecture  of  lOngland. 

TIIF.  I'llRTICO  DK  DA  OLOUIA,  .SAyxiAOO  C.tTHEBRAL. 

The  sculptors  who  executed  this  grand  masterpiece 
of  architectural  elaboration  were  probably  French- 
men, and  this  opinion  ij  more  than  justified 
by  the  style  and  character  of  the  work  itself  ;  bui 
throughout  Spain  no  evidence  exi-ts  of  suclia 
school  of  carvers  who  could  have  thus  designed 
and  carried  out  this  exiiuioite  portal,  which  is 
not  only  the  glory  of  the  magnificent  cathedral  of 
which  it  forms  the  frontispiece,  but  ranks  as  one 
of  the  greatest  glories  of  Christian  art,  fitly 
called  the  "  Portico  do  da  Gloria."  The  in- 
dividuality and  unconventional  treatment  of  the 
figures,  all  of  which  are  accorded  postures  most 
calculated  to  give  life  and  piquancy,  leave  little 
dcubt  that  the  work  throughout  is  absolutely  the 
Mulptor's  own,  and  not  the  delegated  craftsman- 
Jiip  of  a  baud  of  pieceworkers  such  as  now  pre- 
vail. Santiago  Cathedral  is  almost  a  very 
curiously  exact  replica,  both  in  plan  and  design, 
of  the  church  of  St.  Sernin  at  Toulouse,  which 
was  erected  some  years  earlier,  dating  fmm  1000 

10  lOoG.*     The  French  church  was  built  in  brick 

11  ad  stone,  while  the  Spanish  copy  ia  in  granite. 

'For  plan  of    St.   Sernin,  Toulouse,  see  Fer?U'<9on'9 

History  of  Architecture."     Vol.    II.   part  a,  page  72 

View  page  77.  r         ■  i-  o       '• 


Santiago  has  one  bay  less  in  the  nave  and  one 
more  in  the  transepts,  and  has  only  one  aisle, 
while  St.  Sernin  has  two.  The  church  and  chapels 
are  identical  in  both,  and  the  general  dimensions 
are  very  much  alike  in  each  case.  Modern  addi- 
tions have  greatly  spoiled  Santiago  Cathedral 
externally,  and  the  western  steeples  have  been 
finished  oil  with  Renaissance  cupolas,  the  facade 
as  thus  redressed  being  the  design  of  D.  Ventura 
Rodriguez  in  1764.  The  great  western  porch 
was  left  very  much  as  Master  Matthew  finished 
it  in  IISS.  He  began  his  work  in  1168.  An 
inscription  on  the  lintel  records  his  having 
wrought  the  doorway,  which  was  later  than  the 
nave  to  which  it  is  attached.  A  complete  plan  of 
the  Cathedral,  with  several  views  and  a  most 
characteristic  description  of  the  church,  from  the 
pen  and  pencil  of  the  late  George  Edmund  Street, 
will  be  found  in  his  famovis  book  on  the  "  Gothic 
Architecture  of  Spain."  He  describes  a  curious 
and  meaningless  ceremony  indulged  in  by  the 
faithful  in  front  of  this  western  porch.  The 
people  kneel  down  and  put  the  thumb  and  three 
fingi-rs  of  one  hand  into  some  of  the  cavities  just 
fitted  for  them  in  the  sculpture  of  the  central 
shaft,  which  is  shown  in  the  fore-part  of  our 
pencil  drawing  to-day,  and  then  with  the  other 
hand  they  throw  sand  down  the  throats  of  the 
monsters  carved  in  the  base  below.  The  rite 
appears  quite  unintelligible,  but  evidently  affords 
no  little  satisfaction  to  those  who  practise 
it.  The  mouths  of  the  gaping  grotesques 
are,  in  consequence,  well  worn  by  the  repe- 
tition of  this  old  custom.  The  base  of  the 
central  shaft  has  a  figure  of  a  man  with  his 
arms  round  the  necks  of  these  beasts,  and  on  the 
sides  are  kneeling  life-size  figures  looking  east- 
wards. The  enrichment  of  the  shaft  is  exceed- 
ingly delicate,  and  extremely  spirited,  with 
figures  incorporated  with  foliations  of  much 
beauty  and  refinement.  The  jamb-shafts  are 
sculptured,  some  being  twisted,  with  foliage  and 
figures  alternating.  The  Holy  Trinity  occupies 
the  capital,  with  censing  angels  on  either  side. 
The  seated  figure  is  that  of  St.  James,  with  a 
scroll  in  his  right  hand,  and  a  palmer's  staff  in 
the  other.  His  nimbus  is  studded  with  large 
crystals  ;  but  this  is  supposed  to  have  been  added, 
none  of  the  other  figures  having  nimbi.  The 
tympanum  of  the  central  door  seen  in  the  view 
herewith  has  a  central  figure  of  Our  Lord  holding 
u;i  His  open  hands.  The  Four  Evangelists  sur- 
round Him,  three  attended  by  their  emblematic 
beasts.  Beyond  them  are  angels  holding  the 
various  emblems  of  the  Passion,  and  above  these 
angels  are  many  small  worshipping  figures,  re- 
presenting the  hundred  and  forty-four  thousand, 
severalbeingrepresentednaked — i.e.,freefrom8in. 
The  seated  figures  round  the  archivolt  personify- 
ing the  four-and-twenty  elders,  are  very  remark- 
able, and  not  easy  to  draw,  arranged  radiating 
round  its  circumference  in  a  very  original  and 
singular  way,  wonderfully  fascinating  in  the 
profuse  richness  of  almost  barbaric  splendour. 
Traces  of  the  original  colour  remain  in  delicate 
tints,  giving  a  beautiful  tone  to  the  sculptures. 
Jeremiah,  Daniel,  Isaiah,  and  Moses  occupy  the 
north  jambs.  On  the  north  wall  is  a  big  angel 
blowing  a  trumpet.  More  figures  occur  in  the 
jambs  of  the  side  doorways  ;  but  these  have  no 
tympana,  the  arches  being  filled  with  sculpture 
illustrating  the  just  and  the  unjust,  the  whole 
scheme  representing  the  Last  Judgment.  St. 
.Tames  occupies  too  commanding  a  position 
in  the  centre  of  the  composition  as  com- 
pared with  that  assigned  by  the  sculptor  to 
the  Christ,  and  both  are  seated.  Over  the  head 
of  St.  James  the  capital  has  on  three  sides  the 
Temptation  of  Our  Lord,  and  on  the  fourth  side 
angels  are  shown  ministering  to  Him.  The  boiiy 
of  St.  James  is  said  to  be  contained  in  a  stone 
tomb  before  the  high  altar,  and  when  the  festival 
of  St.  James  falls  on  a  Sunday,  the  feast  ia 
celebrated  with  special  solomnity,  the  people 
going  up  a  staircase  behind  the  altar  to  pass  in 
front  of  his  relics  and  descend  by  another  stair- 
case on  the  other  side.  It  is  uncertain  whether 
there  were  ever  any  doors  to  these  portals.  Street 
saya  he  thinks  there  never  were. 

UOVAL  ACADliMV  SILVER  .MEDAL  .i\D  PRIZE  CAUtoON 
I'OR    A    I)RA1M:[1    IIIICIIE  :     "  VICTOUV." 

Tiii.s  masterly  figure,  designed  by  Mr.  William 
E.  (tladstone  Solomon,  was  awardi<d  the  prize  in 
the  recent  competition  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  our  illustration  is  reproduced  direct  from 
the  artist's  charcoal  cartoon.  The  subject  is 
"  Victory,"  and  our  readers  can  judge  for  them- 
selves how  characteristically  a  somewhat  difficult 
ideal  has  been  succosafully  realised. 


ACTON  TOWN    HALL   AND   MUNICIPAL   11UILUIX0.1  : 
SELECTED    DESIGN. 

We  give  the  view  and  two  chief  plans  of  Mr. 
Hunt's  design,  chosen  by  Mr.  McVicar  Ander- 
son, the  advising  architect  in  this  competition, 
the  designs  for  which  have  been  on  view  in  the 
Priory  Schools,  Acton,  this  week.  We  have 
reviewed  the  designs  on  another  page  of  the 
BriLDiXG  News  to-day,  and  next  week  we  hope 
to  give  a  detail  of  the  main  front  and  the  three 
main  elevations  of  thia  design.  This  perspective 
was  specially  prepared  for  the  exhibition,  held  thia 
week  in  the  Priory  Schoola,  as  views  were  excluded 
from  the  competition  ;  consequently  this  is  the 
only-design  shown  by  a  view. 

TOMB    TO    CANON   CARTER,    CLEWER   CllLUCH. 

This  recumbent  monument,  from  the  deeigpia  of 
Mr.  G.  r.  Bodley,  R.A.,  is  being  erected  to  the 
memory  of  the  veteran  Churchman,  Canon  Carter, 
for  so  many  years  associated  with  the  Clewer 
Sisterhood.  Its  position  is  on  thg  north  side  of 
the  sanctuary  in  Clewer  Parish  Church,  near 
Windsor.  'The  drawing,  which  we  reproduce, 
was  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  last  summer, 
and  was  from  the  pencil  and  brush  of  the  late 
H.  W.  Brewer.  The  illustration  sufficiently  ex- 
plains itseU  without  further  description. 

ROV.AL    ACADEMY    GOLD    MED.iL    PRIZE    DESIGN    TOR 
A    DO.MED    CHURCH. 

This  design,  which  last  month  won  the  Gold 
Medal  and  Architectural  Travelling  Studentship, 
is  by  Mr.  Lionel  U.  Grace.  We  give  to-day  the 
view  and  plans.  The  span  of  the  nave  was 
specified  to  be  -lOft.  wide,  and  a  shell  dome  had 
to  be  employed.  The  perspective  was  drawn  to 
the  stipulated  size  of  24in.  The  scale  set 
to  work  to,  as  we  are  informed,  left  no 
space  on  the  paper,  wfiich  had  to  be  double- 
elephant  size,  to  show  a  flight  of  steps  such 
as  the  author  of  this  prize  design  intended 
to  provide.  The  plan  illustrates  how  he  con- 
trived the  interior  with  a  view  to  the  ritual 
arrangements  of  the  building.  We  have  nothing 
to  add  to  what  was  said  when  the  competition 
designs  were  noticed  in  the  Building  News  for 
Dec.  16  last. 

THE  MANSION  HOUSE,  UOSEHAUGH,  AVOCH,  N.B. 

Some  sketches  and  particulars  of  this  mansion 
were  given  in  our  pages  for  December  11th  last. 
The  plan  now  published  ia  very  interesting,  and 
the  view  by  the  architect,  Mr.  Wm.  Flockhart, 
F.R.I.B.A.,  illustrates  the  main  entrance  and 
grouping  oif  the  tower,  aa  well  as  the  range  of 
dormers  overlooking  the  terraced  grounds  in  front 
of  the  building.  The  house  is  constructed  of  red 
sandstone,  the  dressings  and  architectural  enrich- 
ments being  in  grey  stone  from  the  owner's 
quarries.  The  interior  is  ao  full  of  works  of  art 
that  it  has  been  described  as  being  almost  a 
museum  of  antiquities.  Messrs.  Foster  and 
Dicksee,  of  Rugby,  were  the  builders. 

A  PICTURESQUE    STREET    CORNER    IN  WERNIGEROIU:. 

To  those  who  are  interested  in  comparing  designs 
composed  on  similar  lines,  a  mention  here  of  the 
view  which  appeared  in  the  Building  Nn^sfor 
Jan.  5,  1900,  in  illustration  of  the  Rathhaus  at 
Michelstadt,  Hesse  Darmstadt,  may  be  useful  for 
reference.  In  the  same  number  a  pen  drawing 
also  appeared  of  the  famous  old  wooden  houses  at 
Miltenberg,  Bavaria.  The  picturesque  Rathhaus 
at  Wernigerode  represented  to-day,  like  the 
Michelstadt  one  juat  alluded  to,  faces  a  sort  of 
square  surrounded  by  timbei'ed  buildings,  and  its 
design  also  depends  chiefly  for  its  effect  on 
lofty  spires  and  a  big  pointed  roof  surmounting 
the  main  portion  of  the  edifice.  In  this  instance 
the  oriel  projections  occupy  three  stages,  and  the 
spires  above  have  gables  on  three  faces  towards 
the  front.  The  principal  floor  is  considt-rably 
elevated  above  the  street  level,  the  lower  walls 
being  entirely  built  in  masonry.  The  central 
arched  entrance  is  of  great  value  in  the  con- 
trivance of  the  fai,ade.  and  the  staircase  leading 
to  it  makes  a  pretty  feature,  the  bold  projecting 
oaves  adding  much  to  the  architectural  effect.  The 
whole  composition  incidentally  is  m\ich  enhanced 
by  the  stone-built  church  tower  and  spire  to  the 
rear,  beyond  the  lofty  broad  roof  of  the  back 
premises  where  the  archway  appears.  The  hnit 
riisfiii/i/r  presents,  perhaps,  a  aomewhat  theatrical 
impreasion,  vividly  suggesting  how  fittingly  a 
group  of  costumed  players  might  people  the  road- 
way, or  group  themaelvea  in  some  scenical  in- 
cident on  the  staircase,  while  the  hero  of  the 
story,  or,  poaaibly,  the  mayor,  delivers  aomo 
heroic  harangue  to  the  assembled  burghers,  the 


THE    BUILDINU    NEWS. 


Jan.  1,  1904. 


villain  of  the  piece  being  seen  lurking  in  the 
background,  where  the  street  turns  to  the  right 
out  ot  the  picture.  It  needs  little  imagination  to 
suppose  a  dramatic  procession  or  some  pageantry 
approaching,  accompanied  by  the  martial  music 
of  a  full  orchestra,  steppiog  with  measured  tread 
towards  the  f/rai/dr  plurc,  while  heralds  with  stage- 
horns  encircle  the  fountain  in  the  foreground. 
The  shrubs  in  tubs,  and  the  fanciful  notice-board 
to  the  left,  lend  themselves  to  this  idea.  As  to 
whether  this  is  an  adequate  way  of  considering 
the  subject  of  the  illustration  or  not  will  pos- 
sibly remain  a  matter  of  temperament ;  but  there 
can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  charm  which  belongs  to 
these  old-world  towns,  with  their  steep  gables 
and  dominating  lofty  roofs  giving  quaint  skylines 
and  a  delightful  picturesqueness  always  so  wel- 
come to  thesketcher,  and  to  the  appreciative  sense 
of  artistic-minded  travellers. 

FUOM    CJlESniKE. 


SK  ETC  FIE; 

The  name  of  Cheshire  seems  always  associated 
in  the  mind  of  the  architect  with  "Magpie  " 
or  black-and-white  timber  building,  an  impression 
which  is  liable  to  modification  on  a  closer  ac- 
quaintance with  the  county,  though  there  still 
remain  a  large  number  of  historic  houses  and 
some  wonderfully  fine  examples  of  half-timber 
work — a  number  of  moated  farmsteads  and 
numerous  good  smaller  houses,  not  to  mention 
some  fine  mansions.     It  is  an  old  proverb — 

Cheshire  born  and  Cheshire  bred. 
Strong  i'  th'  arm  and  weak  i'  th'  yed, 

and  we  are  further  assured  that  the  gentry  of 
Cheshire  "  is  from  ancietit  time  left  preserved  in 
continuance  of  name,  blood,  and  place."  "  They 
are  of  stomack  stout,  bold,  and  hardy  ;  of  stature 
tall  and  mighty  ;  wilhall  impatient  of  wrong  and 
ready  to  resist  the  enemy  and  strainger."  We 
quote  this  from  Mr.  T.  A.  Coward's  "  Pic- 
turestiue  Cheshire,"*  a  capitally-illustrated  book 
by  Mr.  Koger  Oldham,  whose  architectural 
perspectives  are  familiar  to  our  readers.  The 
plan  of  the  itinerary  adopted  takes  the  form 
of  a  continuous  tour,  made,  however,  at  more 
than  one  time,  and  for  the  most  part  during  the 
spring  and  summer.  With  an  intention  of 
elucidating  our  remarks  about  this  work,  we  have 
reproduced  several  of  the  illustrations  from  the 
originals  available  by  the  co\irtesy  of  the  artist. 
The  first  of  these  shows  Dunham  Mill,  near  the 
park  of  that  name — a  place  much  frequenled  as 
a  favourite  resort  of  Manchester  trippers.  The 
park  was  once  a  lovely  place  ;  but  the  hall  is  very 
like  a  workhouse,  and  long  unoccupied,  dark  and 
gloomy.  The  outbuildings  are  more  attractive, 
and  the  gabled  mill  furnishes  a  pleasing  sketch. 
Another  is  of  Arley  Green,  and  in  the  same 
neighbourhood  we  are  told  that  Swineyard  Hall 
is  a  pretty  moated  grange  ;  but  no  view  appears 
of  it.  The  square  tower  (if  Mobberley  is  typical 
of  Cheshire  stonework,  simple  and  well-propor- 
tioned. Leaving  the  itinerary  from  Knutsford  to 
Tabley,  the  author  takes  the  reader  through  the 
salt  country,  about  which,  in  a  chatty  manner, 
much  interesting  information  is  afforded.  Hol- 
ford  Hall,  where  the  "bold  ladie  of  Cheshire," 
Mary  Cholmondeley,  entertained  that  gay  monarch 
James  I.,  is  here  illustrated.  Church  MinshuU 
■    has  some  more  pretty  wood- framed  houses,  and — 

Middlewycb  is  a  pretty  town. 

Seated  in  a  valley. 
With  the  church  and  market  cross, 

And  eke  a  bowhng  alley. 

The  Forest  of  Delamere  furnishes  a  well- filled 
chapter,  and  the  city  of  Chester  occupies  another 
with  some  account  of  the  "  rows"  and  "gates," 
though  there  are  very  few  illustrations.  That  of 
"the  oldest  house  in  Chester"  is  very  prettily 
drawn.  Some  idea  of  its  excellence  may  be 
gathered  from  the  selection  of  other  sketches  from 
the  volume  with  which  we  are  enabled  to  illus- 
trate thete  notes.  Bidston  Hall  archway  gate 
No.  5,  shows  the  entry  to  that  delightfully 
irregular  and  quaint  grey  grange,  and  on  the 
soffit  of  the  arch  are  some  curious  ornaments  said 
to  represent  two  decanters  and  a  punchbowl. 
Poole  Hall,  No.  7,  the  finest  of  the  Wirral 
houses,  is  partly  in  brick  and  stone,  and  partly  in 
plaster  and  timber,  which  is  the  oldest  portion, 
notably  the  timbered  overhanging  gable  at  the 
rear.  Inside  is  a  grand  panelled  room.  The 
font  cover  at  Astbury  Chui'ch,  No.  6,  forms 
pait  of  a  series  of  rich  Jacobean  furniture, 
and  there  is  '  a  beautiful  rood-loft  of  which 
a   view    would     have    added    to    the    value    of 

*  Picturesque  Cheshire.  By  T.  A.  Coward.  Illustrated 
by  Roger  Oldham.  London  and  Manchester ;  Bherratfc 
andBoghes.  1903. 


the  volume.  An  ornamental  lantern  pendant, 
once  said  to  have  enriched  a  statue,  helps  to  fur- 
nish the  interior,  which  possesses  a  fresco  in  the 
nave  clerestory,  illustrating  the  Virgin  Mother 
knighting  St.  George.  The  stables  at  Marples 
Hall,  No.  4,  has  stepped  gables  to  the  tower  over 
the  gateway,  and  is  connected  with  the  ivyclad 
enchanting  home  of  the  celebrated  Vernon  family 
and  the  reriled  Bradshaws,  of  bepraised  memory. 
The  description  of  the  assoaiations  of  this  old 
place  rank  amongst  the  most  entertaining  pages  of 
Mr.  Coward's  book.  He  refers  to  the  bed  Crom- 
well is  said  to  have  slept  in,  but  no  illustration  is 
furnished.  The  timber  churches  of  Marton  and 
Siddington,  in  the  Congleton  neighbourhood, 
look  very  unusual  with  their  picturesque  turrets, 
while  the  famous  black-and-white  mansion  of 
Bramhall,  in  the  same  style  of  work,  cannot  fail 
to  be  interesting.  We  give  a  view  of  the  entrance 
front,  No.  3,  in  which  it  is  seen  in  its  carefully 
renovated  condition.  Inside  there  is  much  beau- 
tiful Elizabethan  woodwork,  though  during  the 
early  part  of  the  last  century,  the  property  being 
sold  to  an  estate  company,  much  of  the  best  glass 
and  furniture  was  previously  removed  to  Capes- 
thorne.  Huxley  Tower  Hall,  No.  2,  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  Cheshire  moated  granges  in 
brick,  with  heavy  stone  muUions  and  corner 
([uoins,  and  its  charm  is  greatly  cnhinced  by  the 
arched  gateway  and  bridges  seen  in  Mr.  <,)ldham's 
pleasing  sketch.  Lymm  Market  Cross,  on  the  way 
from  Bowdon  to  Runcorn,  is  a  good  example  of  its 
class,  standing  on  a  series  of  steps  cut  out  of  a  base 
of  solid  rock,  and  worn  to  its  natural  shape  by 
endless  footsteps  of  many  generations.  To  the 
front  of  the  picture  stand  the  stocks,  perfect  and 
useful,  though  out  of  date.  The  sundials  and 
centr.al  pinnacle  are  modern.  Brereton  Hall  is 
partly  illustrated.  We  have  thus  said  enough  to 
inspire  a  further  acquaintance  with  this  topo- 
graphical guide  to  the  charms  of  Cheshire. 
The  book  is  neatly  bound  in  canvas,  handy  for 
reference,  and  making  instructive  reading  for 
many  a  fireside  reminiscence  of  summer  holiday 
trips  ;  while  by  Mr.  Coward's  pages  future  enter- 
prising outings  may  be  increased  by  the  pleasure 
of  planning,  forethought,  and  anticipation.  Amap 
would  add  to  the  practical  value  of  the  volume, 
and  in  a  second  edition  Mr.  Oldham  might  be 
induced  to  include  a  few  reliable  interior  sketches 
with  advantage. 


The  new  bridge  across  the  East  Kiver  at  New 
York,  connecting  Manhattan  Island  and  Williams- 
burgh,  was  formally  opened  last  week.  It  is  the 
largest  single-span  suspension  bridge  in  the  world, 
and  has  been  in  course  of  construction  for  more  than 
seven  years.  It  exceeds  Brooklyn  bridge  in  length 
by  l,2S4ft.  The  total  cost  of  the  bridge  and  its 
approaches  to  date  has  been  over  €2,000,000  sterling. 
The  bridge  has  four  surface  railway  tracks,  two 
tracks  for  elevated  trains,  two  roadways  for  vehicles, 
two  footways  for  pedestrians,  and  two  bicycle 
paths. 

The  new  military  hospital  which  has  been  for  some 
years  in  course  of  erection  on  the  Thames  Embank- 
ment at  Milllank  is  now  nearly  complete.  It  is  a 
red  brick  building,  with  white  stone  faf-iugs,  and 
only  two  stories  in  height.  It  is  to  be  the  military 
hospital  of  the  London  garrison.  It  was  onginally 
designed  to  provide  300  beds,  but  an  increase  in  the 
female  nursing  staff  has  reduced  the  number  of 
patients'  beds  to  225. 

Mr.  Deputy  Baddeley  has  commissioned  Mr. 
Horace  Mouutford  to  proceed  with  the  execution  of 
the  bronze  statue  of  Milton,  which  will  be  placed  in 
front  of  the  church  of  St.  Giles's,  Cripplegate.  The 
work  of  restoring  the  fabric  will,  it  is  expected,  be 
completed  in  the  early  summer,  when  the  statue  will 
be  placed  in  position. 

The  new  municipal  buildings,  in  which  is  included 
a  county-court,  at  Jarrow,  will  be  opened  early  in 
the  coming  year.    The  cost  has  been  about  £12,000. 

The  urban  district  council  of  Felixstowe  have 
adopted  a  scheme  for  the  development  and  laying 
out  of  the  Hamilton  Cliffs,  at  a  cost  of  something 
like  £10,000,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  a 
private  Act.  The  proposal  includes  a  pump-room 
and  concert-room,  and  bandstand.  Mr.  R.  W. 
Schultz  is  the  architect. 

The  Ipswich  Town  Council  have  been  pressed  by 
the  Local  Government  Board  to  provide  dwellings 
for  114  persons  of  the  labouring  class  displaced  by 
street  widenings.  At  the  last  meeting  of  the  council 
it  was  decided  to  build,  on  a  site  between'Alexandra 
Park  and  the  Back  Hamlet,  127  rods  in  extent,  20 
houses  containing  five  rooms  each,  and  three  houses 
containing  four  rooms  each.  Plans  prepared  for 
these  dwellings  by  Messrs.  Brown  and  Burgess,  of 
Prince's-street,  Ipswich,  were  formally  approved 
and  adopted. 


COMPETITIONS. 

C.4.MREIII.EY, — Four  dcsigus  were  sent  in  for 
the  new  offices  required  by  the  urban  district 
council  of  Camberley.  The  design  by  Mr.  R.  II. 
Poulterhas  been  placed  first,  that  by  Mr.  W.  J. 
Hodgson  second,  and  two  by  the  surveyor  (Mr. 
F.  C.  Uren)  third  and  fourth.  The  building  is  to 
cost  £2,500. 

Thornlev,  DiunAM. — The  designs  of  Mr. 
H.  T.  Gradon,  A.R.I.B.A.,  of  Durham,  have 
been  selected  in  a  limited  competition  for  new 
Wesleyan  Methodist  church  and  schools  at 
Thornley,  involving  an  expenditure  of  about 
£2,500. 


CHIPS. 

Mr.  Agnew,  Local  Government  Board  inspector 
for  Ireland,  has  held  an  inquiry  at  Colera.'ne,  con- 
cerning an  improvement  scheme  made  by  the  Rural 
District  Council  under  the  Labourers', Dwelling) 
(Ireland)  Act.  The  scheme  provides  for  the 
erection  of  57  cottages  in  addition  to  101  cottages 
already  erected.    ^ 

For  some  years  past  there  has  been  a  proposal  to 
liuk  the  island  of  Ceylon  to  the  mainland  of  India 
by  a  railway  carried  across  the  corAl  reef  of  Adam's 
Bridge  and  the  island  of  Rameswaram,  and  the 
project  has  now  been  brought  within  view  of  com- 
pletion by  the  report  of  a  railway  commission,  which 
has  just  been  issued  in  India,  recommending  the 
construction  of  a  broad-gauge  line. 

At  a  last  meeting  of  the  Sandgate  Urban  District 
Council,  a  letter  was  received  from  Lord  Radnor's 
agent  offering,  on  his  behalf,  to  give  a  strip  of  land 
to  the  councU  for  the  purpose  of  widening  Folke- 
stone-hill, on  which  there  is  a  great  deal  of  traffic, 
and  which  at  present  is  inconveniently  narrow.  It 
was  decided  to  accept  the  offer. 

An  effort  is  being  made  to  collect  about  £400  to 
enable  the  committee  of  the  St.  Nicholas  .Staine  1 
Glass  Window  Society  to  complete  the  filhng  of  the 
windows  of  Newbury  Parish  Church  with  stained 
glass.  Only  four  windows  in  the  clerestory  remain 
to  be  filled. 

Mr.  Frederick  Whittaker  Scott,  J.P.,  of  South 
Cliffe,  Reddish,  Lancashire  and  of  the  Atlas  Wire 
Rope  Works,  Reddish,  wire  rope  manufacturer, 
who  died  on  October  22  last,  aged  60  years,  lelt 
estate  of  the  gross  value  of  £238,461  Os.  3d.,  in- 
cluding personalty  of  the  net  value  of  £170,913 
lOs.  4d. 

The  death  took  place  at  his  residence,  Roydon, 
Camberley,  on  Wednesday  week,  after  a  few  dayn' 
illness,  of  Major-General  Edward  Abbot  Anderson, 
for  many  years  professor  of  military  topography  at 
the  Royal  Mditary  College,  Sandhurst.  General 
Anderson  was  71  years  of  age. 

The  contract  for  the  public  installation  of  electric 
lighting  in  Inverness  has  now  received  the  signature 
of  the  Edmundson's  Electricity  Corporation,  who 
are  bound  under  a  penalty  to  complete  the  works 
and  to  supply  the  electric  light  within  twelve 
months  from  date.  The  contractors  agree  to  pay  to 
the  town  council  the  sums,  amounting  in  all  to 
£2,400,  which  had  been  expended  by  the  council  in 
connection  with  former  operations  under  the  Fro- 
visional  Order. 

The  Feoffees'  Nightingale  Ward,  which  has  been 
added  to  the  hospital  and  dispensary  at  Rotherham 
at  a  cost  of  £2,000,  was  opened  last  week.  The 
building  is  of  stone,  the  interior  walls  are  cement 
painted,  marble  terrazzo  floor,  glazed  faience,  warm - 
air  heating  stoves,  provided  with  double-fronted 
grates  by  Shorland  Brothers,  of  Manchester,  and 
end  pavilions  for  lavatories  and  baths.  Hot-water 
pipes  are  also  used  as  auxiliary  heaters.  Mr.  J.  E. 
Knight,  of  Rotherham,  was  the  architect,  and  Mr. 
Snell  the  builder. 

A  special  meeting  of  the  Nottingham  City  Conncil 
has  been  held  to  consider  an  application  from  Mr.  J. 
H.  Brown,  the  gas  engineer,  who  was  appointed 
twelve  months  ago,  for  an  increase  of  his  salary 
from  £750  to  £1,000  a  year,  with  a  yearly  increase 
of  £100  until  the  maximum  of  £1,500  is  reacheC. 
The  council  decided  to  increase  the  salary  to  £l.00O 
a  year,  on  the  understanding  that  Mr.  Brown 
remains  in  the  service  of  the  corporation  under  these 
terms  for  two  jears. 

The  corporation  of  Batley  have  accepted  an  offer 
by  Mr.  Carnegie  of  £0,000  for  a  free  library,  and 
have  decided  to  invite  plans  for  the  building  in  open 
competition. 

Another  Alpme  tunnel  has  entered  into  the 
domain  of  projects  definitely  settled  in  all  detail. 
This  is  the  boring  of  the  Ricken,  for  which  ihe 
contract  has  actually  been  let.  Three  firms— one  in 
Lausanne,  one  in  Paris,  and  one  in  Marseilles- 
have  assumed  responsibility  for  the  work,  which, 
however,  they  do  not  undertake  jointly,  but  form 
themselves  into  a  limited  company  for  the  purpose. 
The  boring  is  to  be  made  for  £307,000,  and  the  rail- 
way is  to  be  completed  in  four  years  sixty  days. 


Jan.  1,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIXG    NEWS. 


luilMng  Jnttlltgtttct 


Lancsiiii:,  Cri.AsGow. — The  latest  addition  to 
the  municipal  public  buildings  of  Glasgow,  Lang- 
aide  Public  Ualls,  was  opened  on  December  2i, 
,  in  the  new  halls  which  have  been  erected  in 
Langside-road.  It  has  been  sought  to  reproduce 
in  dtsign,  so  far  as  possible,  the  old  National 
Bank  buildings  in  IJueen-street,  and  the  materials 
of  the  old  bank  have  been  utilised  in  the  erection. 
The  Queen-street  building  was  designed  by  the 
late  Jlr.  John  Gibsun,  of  London.  It  was  Italian 
in  style,  having  a  front  divided  into  five  bays, 
with  double  orders — Ionic  uelow  and  Corinthian 
above — the  centre  bay  slightly  projecting,  and 
having  coupled  columns  right  and  left.  In  the 
reconstructed  building  the  interior  is  divided  into 
a  largo  hall,  with  gallery,  affording  accommoda- 
tion for  SOO  :  a  lesser  hall,  with  gallery,  accom- 
modating 320  :  and  outer  haU,  accommod.ating 
100;  reception-room,  accommodating  60,  and 
smaller  rooms.  At  the  inaugural  ceremony  it 
was  stated  that  over  70,000  stones  from  the  old 
building  had  been  used  in  the  re-erection,  and 
that  the  contractors  for  the  reconstruction,  Messi-s. 
P.  and  W.  Anderson,  had  performed  the  work 
without  charging  any  profit. 

Leith. — In  his  report  on  the  building  trade  of 
Leith  in  1903,  Mr.  Finlay.  burgh  surveyor,  states 
that  contrary  to  expectation,  there  has  been  a 
very  contiderable  amount  of  work  in  hand 
throughout  the  year,  fifty-eight  warrants  were 
granted  by  the  Dean  of  Guild  Court,  as  against 
76  in  1902,  and  the  total  value  of  the  buildings 
for  which  warrants  were  given  was  about£268,000. 
A  large  sum  has  been  expended  on  new  ware- 
houses during  the  year,  the  most  important  of  the 
new  buildinifs  being  the  grain  elevator  at  the 
Edinburgh  Dock,  a  building  which,  when  com- 
pleted, wiU  measure  160ft.  by  120ft.  by  116ft.  high. 
A  large  elevator  is  also  in  course  of  erection  at 
Salamander  -  street.  Mr.  Finlay  states  that, 
judging  by  the  amount  of  tenement  property  being 
erected  in  the  burgh,  there  is  evidently  a  great 
demand  for  houses  of  this  class — particularly  for 
three  and  four-roomed  houses.  Tenements  are 
being  erected  in  Sloan-street,  Dalmeny- street, 
lona  -  street,  Dickson  -  street,  and  Buchanan- 
street,  and  altogether  they  will  accommodate  2i0 
tenants.  The  tenements  passed  by  the  Court 
during  the  year  will  accommodate  401  tenants, 
and  will  amount  in  value  to  about  £100,000. 
There  also  appears  to  be  a  great  demand  for  self- 
contained  houses  and  villas.  There  are  indications 
that  the  coming  year  will  be  a  quiet  one. 

Newcastle.  ox-Tyne.— The  Pavilion  Theatre 
m  Westgate-road  was  opened  on  Jlonday.  The 
building  has  been  designed  by  Messrs.  Wylson 
and  Long,  of  Lnndon,  and  the  contractors  are 
Messrs..  Jacob  Parkinson  and  Sons,  of  Newcastle. 
The  front  of  the  building  has  been  executed  in 
stone  and  red  brick  in  Free  Renaissance.  It  is 
some  70ft.  in  width,  and  divided  into  three  bays 
separated  by  broad  pilasters,  finished  with  sem"i- 
circular  arches,  that  in  the  centre  being  deeply 
recessed  and  richly  ornamented,  to  form  balconies 
approached  from  the  dress  circle  and  gallery 
levels,  while  the  side  bays  are  kept  more  simple 
in  treatment  to  afford  contrast.  Extending  over 
the  entire  front  at  the  first-floor  level  is  a  lii-ht 
iron  and  glass  canopy.  The  centre  bay  of  the 
front  on  the  ground  floor  is  occupied  by  the 
entrance  vestibules.  The  auditorium,  which  is 
•55ft.  wide  between  the  walls  and  .)Uft.   high  to 

the  domed  ceiling,  is  divided  into   three  parts 

namely,  gallery,  balcony,  and  ground  floor.  The 
latter  consists  of  stalls,  fauteuils,  and  pit.  At  the 
back  of  the  pit  is  a  large  saloon  lounge.  The 
decorations  are  in  the  Renaiesance  style.  The 
auditorium  is  covered  by  a  dome,  which  is 
divided  into  panels  with  ornaments  and  paint- 
ings :  the  auditorium  will  seat  nearly  2,000 
people.  The  stage  is  50ft.  wide  by  35ft.  deep, 
with  a  proscenium  opening  of  29ft.  The 
dressing-rooms,  of  which  there  are  nine,  are 
contained  in  a  separate  block  at  the  rear  of  the 
stage  on  three  floors.  The  whole  of  the  public 
tiers,  staircases,  passages,  are  of  fireproof 
construction,  and  the  stage  is  cut  off  from  the 
auditorium  by  a  solid  wall  carried  up  above  tlie 
roof,  the  proscenium  opening  being  fitted  with  an 
asbestos  fireproof  curtain. 

PoKTOiiELLo,  N.B.— At  the  Edinburgh  Dean 
of  Guild  Court  on  Friday  the  plans  were  passed 
for  the  erection  of  a  new  church  for  the  Itev.  J. 
Dcnlevy,  St.  .lohn's,  Portohello,  and  permission 


was  given  to  take  down  the  existing  church, 
together  with  two  houses  in  Sandford  Gardens. 
The  new  church  will  be  Gothic  in  style,  and  has 
been  designed  to  seat  800  people.  The  total 
length  of  the  church,  which  will  be  situated  at 
the  corner  of  Brighton-pl.ace  and  Sandford- 
street,  will  be  112ft.,  the  width  60ft.,  and  the 
height  of  the  tower  113ft.,  and  the  whole  build- 
ing will  be  faced  both  inside  and  out  with  stone. 
There  will  be  a  lofty  nave,  an  apsidal  chancel, 
two  aisles,  and  four  chapels.  Jlr.  J.  T.  Walford, 
Joppa,  is  the  architect. 

Shuewsiicrv. — At  the  Easter  Vestry  at  the 
Abbey  Church,  it  was  decided  to  start  a  scheme 
for  the  repair  of  the  tower  consequent  upon  the 
receipt  of  an  architect's  report  on  its  dilapidated 
and  somewhat  dangerous  condition.  The  advice 
of  the  Society  for  the  Protection  of  Ancient 
Buildings  has  been  obtained  by  those  interested 
in  the  work,  and  it  will  be  carried  out  under  their 
supervision.  Circulars  will  shortly  be  issued  in- 
viting subscriptions  towards  the  co^t  of  the 
scheme,  which  will  be  about  £1,500,  and  it  is  in- 
tended 1o  commence  the  work  in  the  spring  if  a 
sufticient  amount  is  by  that  time  in  hand.  The 
tower  is  of  the  period  of  Edward  III.,  whose 
statue  stands  in  the  east  niche  above  the  great 
west  window,  and  the  nave,  the  oldest  part  of  the 
fabric,  dates  back  to  1079.  In  1886  the  chancel 
of  the  church  was  rebuilt  by  the  late  Mr.  John 
Pearson,  R..\.,  at  a  cost  of  about  £11,000. 


CHIPS. 

The  Grand  Theatre  and  Opera  House,  which  has 
just  been  erected  in  Vicar-street,  Falkirk,  was 
formally  opened  on  Saturday.  It  accommodates 
2,000  people,  and  has  cost  over  £11,000. 

Copies  of  the  specifications  and  forms  of  tender  for 
the  Cape  Government  timber  contract  may  be 
obtained  on  application  at  the  Commercial  Intelli- 
gence Branch  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  50,  Parlia- 
ment-street, S.W. 

The  partnership  heretofore  subsistine  between 
E.  H.  Fawckner,  P.  Fawckner,  and  J.  F.  Groves, 
architects,  under  the  style  of  Habershon,  Fawckner, 
and  Groves,  Newport  and  Cardiff,  has  been  dissolved 
so  far  as  regards  J.  F.  Groves. 

A  large  new  four-dialled  illuminated  striking 
clock  has  been  publicly  set  going  in  the  tower  of 
Christ  Church,  Shieldiield,  Newcastle.  The  clock 
has  been  put  in  by  the  Newcastle  Corporation,  and 
was  supplied  by  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Potts,  of 
Newcastle  and  Leeds. 

The  total  length  of  railways  completed  in  the 
United  States  on  the  last  day  of  December,  1902,  is 
given  as  203,132  miles,  being  a  net  increase  on  the 
preceding  year  of  4,364  miles. 

The  number  of  Scottish  Provisional  Orders  to  be 
dealt  with  during  the  next  session  of  Parliament  is 
twenty-seven,  and  the  estimates  of  cost  amount  to 
£4,473,100. 

It  was  decided  at  a  meeting  of  the  tramways 
committee  of  the  Cardiff  Corporation  last  week  to 
extend  the  tramways  from  Castle-road  to  Crwys- 
road  over  the  Bhjmney  Railway  Bridge,  and  from 
the  latter  place  to  Taly-garn-street,  at  a  cost,  in- 
cluding car  and  electrical  equipment,  of-  £12,218, 
and,  further,  from  the  present  Cowbridge-road 
terminus  to  west  of  Victoria  Park,  Canton,  at  an 
expenditure  of  £5,455. 

The  Sanitary  Committee  of  the  Manchester 
Corporation  are  considering  plans  for  building 
workmen's  dwellings  in  certain  crowded  parts  of 
the  city.  The  scheme  for  house  building  in  Rochiiale- 
road,  which  was  before  the  commissioner  of  the 
Local  Government  Board  a  few  days  ago,  has  been 
advanced  a  stage,  and  further  consideration  was 
given  to  the  proposal  to  build  a  number  of  work- 
men's dwellings  in  Bradford-road.  As  to  the 
character  of  these  latter  dwellings,  the  committee 
i.re  divided.  Some  members  favour  the  idea  of 
having  tenement  dwellings  three  stories  in  height, 
whilst  others  are  strongly  in  favour  of  self-contained 
cottages.  The  question  will  be  further  considered 
at  another  meeting. 

The  historic  mansion-house  of  Bulavil,  near 
Kingussie,  L'pper  Speyside,  where  Sir  David 
Brewster  lived,  and  which  was  built  in  1769,  was 
destroyed  by  fire  on  Sunday,  and  a  portion  of  Sir 
David  Brewster's  valuable  library  was  burned. 

Under  the  direction  of  Mr.  A.  G.  Temple,  F.S.A., 
the  director  of  the  Guildhall  Art  Gallery,  the  whole 
of  the  pictures,  numberijg  nearly  100,  included  in 
the  recent  Gilbert  bequest  to  the  Corporation,  have 
been  hung.  The  pictures,  which  comprise  12  oil 
paintings  and  82  water-colours  and  sketches  by  the 
late  Sir  John  Gilbert,  have  been  distributed  in  three 
of  the  galleries.  One  of  the  large  pictures  was 
begun  by  the  artist  only  a  few  months  before  his 
death,  and  is  in  an  unfinished  state. 


(f  nginctring  i^otes. 

.\hehdeen. — On  .Saturday  afternoon,  through 
the  kind  permission  of  Mr.  R.  Gordon  Nicol, 
harbour  engineer,  the  members  of  the  Aberdeen 
Association  of  Civil  Engineers  (a  party  number- 
iog  over  fifty)  paid  a  visit  to  the  Regent  Bridge 
works  at  Aberdeen  Harbour.  The  reconstruction 
of  Regent  Bridge  includes  the  removal  of  the  old 
swing  bridge  and  piers,  the  construction  of  a  new 
entrance  to  the  upper  dock,  and  the  providing  of 
a  new  swing  bridge  with  operating  machinery, 
and  was  undertaken  by  the  Aberdeen  Harbour 
Commissionets  to  give  better  facilities  to  the 
shipping,  railway,  and  vehicular  traSic  of  the 
port.  T'he  masonry  wall  of  the  south  abutment 
is  190ft.  long  in  the  direction  of  the  passage,  and 
is  founded  for  its  whole  length  on  granite-faced 
concrete  cylinders  sunk  to  a  hard  bottom,  and  on 
which  the  granite  superstructure  is  reared.  These 
■walls  have  a  total  height  of  47ft.  6in.  from  the 
foot  of  the  cylinders  to  cope  level,  and  give  a 
depth  at  high  water  of  32ft.  Two  short  masonry 
return  walls,  also  founded  on  cylinders,  flank  the 
east  and  west  sides  of  the  passage,  and  are  con- 
tinued in  line  by  timber  wharves  to  join  the 
e-xisting  quay  walls.  Within  the  space  thus 
inclosed  is  situated  the  pivot  on  which  the  new 
bridge  will  swing,  and  the  pits  for  the  raising  and 
slewing  machinery  operating  the  bridge.  "These 
are  built  of  granite  masonry,  as  is  also  the  tail 
race.  The  new  swing  bridge  has  a  total  length 
of  156ft.  on  the  central  line,  and  an  extreme 
width  of  45ft.  It  is  of  the  inverted  tail-race 
swing  type,  with  unequal  arms,  and  is  formed 
with  two  main  girders  of  the  bowstring  type  with 
N  web  bracing  20ft.  deep  at  the  centre  ;  cross 
girders,  bracketed  side  walks,  and  steel  deck 
throughout.  The  roadwaj'  carries  two  lines  of 
railway  for  up-and-down  traffic,  two  tracks  for 
vehicular  traffic  wide  enough  to  admit  traction 
engines,  and  the  side  walks  for  foot  passengers 
are  cut  off  from  the  roadway,  as  the  pavements 
are  placed  outside  the  main  girders.  The  bridge 
is  built  entirely  of  mild  steel.  'UTien  swinging, 
the  total  weight  is  carried  on  a  lifting  girder 
which  re»ts  directly  on  the  central  hydraulic 
lifting  press,  in  which  is  placed  the  pivot.  The 
temporary  bridge  is  constructed  entirely  of  timber 
on  piles,  with  the  exception  of  the  opening  span, 
and  carries  the  cross  vehicular  and  foot  traffic  over 
the  decks. 


The  late  Sir  Charles  Nicholson,  of  The  Grange, 
Totteridge,  Herts,  first  baronet,  whose  only  son 
and  successor  in  the  title  is  a  well-known  architect, 
left  estate  of  the  gross  value  of  £87,810,  including 
net  personalty  valued  at  £73,808. 

A  heated  discussion  took  place  at  the  last  meeting 
of  the  Lancaster  Town  Council,  over  a  recom- 
mendation of  the  tramways  committee  to  inausurate 
another  route  from  the  Castle  Station  to  Market- 
street,  King-street,  Common  Garden-street,  Brook- 
street,  to  Dalton-square,  the  present  terminus,  at  a 
cost  of  £8,041.    The  report  was  eventually  adopted. 

The  rector  and  churchwardens  of  St.  Ebbe's 
Church,  Oxford,  appeal  for  help  towards  the 
restoration  of  their  church,  which  has  a  very  ancient 
history.  There  still  remain  several  objects  of  in- 
terest, two  Early  English  windows  (at  present 
blocked  up),  a  Norman  doorway  (uot  in  use),  an 
ancient  tower,  of  which  the  lower  part  may 
possibly  be  of  Saxon  origin,  but  which  now 
needs  partial  rebuilding  or  removing  to  a  more 
suitable  position.  The  interior  of  the  church  sadly 
needs  thorough  renovation.  The  windows  contain 
nothing  but  thin  plain  glass.  The  parish  is  now  one 
of  the  poorest  in  the  city  of  Oxford. 

Mr.  Wilfred  Joseph  Cripps,  C.B.,  of  Cirencester, 
a  distinguished  ai-cha^ologist  and  a  leading  authority 
on  old  English  plate,  who  died  on  Octotier  26  last, 
aged  62  years,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  William 
Cripps,  M. P.,  has  left  estate  of  the  gross  value  of 
£84,552  183.  9d.  gross,  including  £7'2,U5  8s.  od.  in 
net  personalty. 

The  town  council  of  Southend-on-Sea  have 
adopted  the  borough's  surveyor's  plans  and  estimate 
for  the  construction  of  a  roadway  through  Porter's 
Grange  from  Southchurch-road  to  the  i*uilway 
bridge,  at  an  approximate  cost  of  £2,300. 

Mr.  E.  Doran  Webb,  F.S..V.,  of  Salisbury,  arshi- 
tect,  has  been  presented  with  the  freedom  of  the 
borough  of  Shaftesbury  for  his  services  m  connection 
with  the  excavations  at  the  ancient  Abbey  of 
Shaftesbury. 

With  a  few  exceptions  terms  have  now  been 
arranged  for  street  widenings  in  connection  with 
the  proposed  L.C.C.  electric  tramways  from 
Woolwich  to  F.ltham. 


48 


THE    BPILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  1,  1904. 


TO    CORRESPONDENTS. 

(We  do  not  hold  ourselves  responsible  for  the  opinions  ol 
our  correspondents.  All  communications  should  be 
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communications  respecting  illustrations  or  literary  matter 
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DouBTtL'L.— The  question  of  the  ownership  of  plans  was 
decided  so  far  back  as  July,  1870,  against  the  architect's 
claim  in  the  well-known  case  of  "  Ebdy  v.  McGowan," 
heard  by  Lord  Chief  Baron  Kelly  aod  Barons  Bramwell 
and  Pigott.  In  that  leading  action  plaintifl"  was  an 
architect  who  had  been  employed  by  defendant  to  pre- 
pare plans  and  get  tenders  for  a  vicarage.  The  plans 
were  duly  prepared  ;  but  defendant  dechoed  to  proceed, 
and  wrote  to  plaintiff  offering  to  pay  the  2}  percent, 
due,  and  asking  for  the  plans.  Plaintiff  declined  to  give 
up  the  plans,  but  sued  for  payment,  and  set  up  a 
custom  sanctioned  by  the  R.I.B.A.  among  architects  to 
retain  their  plans  if  the  work  was  abandoned.  The 
Court  held  that  such  custom,  even  if  proved,  would  be 
unreasonable,  and  that  defendant  need  not  pay  for  the 
plans  unless  they  were  dehvered  to  him.  This  decision 
has  never  been  controverted.  The  case  was  fully  re- 
ported in  our  issue  of  July  8,  1870,  Vol.  XtX.  p.  33. 

"BUILDING  NEWS"  DESIGNING  CLUB. 

Drawings  Received.  — "Douge,"  "The  Last  Han  In," 
"Frena,"  "Novocastria,"  "Roma." 


The  Right  Hon.  Herbert  J.  Gladstone,  M.P.,  has 
performed  the  opening  ceremony  at  the  new 
Liberal  Clnb  in  New  Ferry.  The  club  provides 
reading-room,  smokeroom,  billiard -room,  offices, 
&c.  The  work  of  construction  was  carried  out  by 
Messrs.  John  Lee  and  Son  from  the  designs  of  Mr. 
T.  Taliesin  Rees,  of  Birkenhead. 


»  •  ♦ 

ACTON  COUNTY  SCHOOLS  COMPETITION. 

To  ths  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 

SiE, — The  conditions  stated  that  the  school 
shall  face  ensf.  This  was  a  very  important  re- 
quirement, because  the  shape  of  the  land  and 
position  of  roadway  through  the  site  made  the 
question  a  govemingconsideration  which  obviously 
altered  the  whole  arrangement  of  the  playing 
fields.  Mr.  Stokes,  the  umpire,  ignored  this 
stipulation,  and  chose  a  plan  which  does  and 
must  face  irest.  The  instructions  stipulated  that 
a  preparation  room  and  a  balance  room  were  to  be 
provided.  The  chosen  plan  provides  neither.  The 
conditions  insist  that  the  rules  pertaining  to 
secondary  schools  issued  by  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion were  to  be  adhered  to.  These  rules  say  that 
in  all  secondary  schools  having  a  first  floor  two 
staircases  at  least  shall  be  provided.  Mr.  Stokes 
overlooks  this  clause,  and  selects  a  plan  with  only 
one  stairca'e.  £8,000  was  the  prescribed  outlay. 
It  was  an  inadequate  sum,  no  doubt,  but  clearly 
economy  in  the  face  of  such  a  stipulation  must 
and  ought  to  be  taken  into  accoimt.  The  two 
premiated  designs  were  both  large  in  area,  and  not 
planned  compactly  with  a  view  to  cost.  You  have 
published  in  this  week's  Biilding  News  the 
design  chosen,  so  that  any  reader  can  judge, 
looking  at  the  double-storied  hall,  the  amount  of 
ground  covered,  the  extent  of  roofings,  the 
quantity  of  wall  surfaces  with  red  facings  and 
the  stone  mullioned  windows,  as  well  as  moulded 
and  shaped  doorways,  how  much  care  has  been 
exercised  in  this  respect.  AVhat  is  the  good  of 
rules  if  they  are  to  be  thus  tampered  with  and  not 
adhered  to  'r — I  am,  &c.,  Ax  Auchitect. 


CHIPPENDALE    AND    OLD    FURNITURE 
DEALS. 

Sir, — The  capital  story  recorded  in  your  Office 
Table  this  week  is  out  and  away  one  of  the  best 
tales  I  have  heard  told  of  the  well-known 
rapacity  of  dealers  of  the  better  class  in  this  line. 
There  is  a  subtle  refinement  about  its  ingenuity, 
though  an  unbeliever  whom  I  met  asked  how 
much  the  earl  got  for  his  trouble  r  I  can  tell 
your  readers  an  instance  of  a  much  more  elegant 
deal,  untarnished  by  greed  of  the  grosser  sort, 
and  j'et  none  the  less  complete  as  a  cute  piece  of 
business.  A  dealer  of  good  standing  chanced  to 
be  away  in  the  West  Country,  and  hearing  that 
two  maiden  ladies  living  on  the  outskirts  of  the 
place  of  his  visit  were  possessed  of  some  fine  old 
furniture,  he  bethought  him  of  a  chance  not  so 
frequent  now  as  formerly.  So  he  called  and  sent 
in  his  private  card,  asking  if  he  might  be  allowed 
to  see  these  things.  The  ladies  were  very  polite, 
and  granted  his  prayer.  The  visitor  expressed 
warm  admiration,  and  said  no  doubt  could  exist 
as  to  the  very  valuable  character  of  their  beautiful 
belongings.  The  ladies,  being  in  far  from 
affluent  circumstances,  said  they  would  be  very 
willing  to  sell  this  furniture  for  £50.  He  at  once 
replied  that  on  no  account  could  he  make  any 
ofiier,  and  he  would  not  for  the  world  take  any 
mean  advantage  of  them.  The  furniture  was 
worth  a  lot  of  money,  and  he  strongly  advised 
them  to  send  it  up  to  a  well-known  sale-room  in 
London,  where  the  best  value  was  sure  to  be  got. 
He  offered,  in  fact,  to  manage  the  transit,  kc, 
for  them.  The  ladies,  with  many  thanks, 
adopted  the  disinterested  advice  thus  tendered, 
and  the  things  were  accordingly  brought  to  the 
hammer  in  London  at  the  place  suggested.  The 
bidding  ran  up  to  something  between  four  and  five 
hundred  pounds,  and  the  furniture  was  bought  at 
that  figure  by  the  gentleman  who  had  arranged  for 
the  ladies.  Their  thanks  knew  no  bounds  ;  they 
were  more  than  satisfied.  The  purchaser  also  had 
no  reason  to  complain.  The  stuff  had  been  rather 
neglected,  and  needed  some  repair  in  places, 
which  a  few  pounds  with  his  expert  knowledge  soon 
accomplished,  and  before  long,  with  the  advan- 
tage of  the  advertisement  and  credit  insured  by 
the  sale  in  such  a  mart,  our  friend  sold  the  furni- 
ture at  considerably  more  than  double  what  he 
paid  for  it.  There  is  a  touch  of  fine  art  in  such  a 
fiscal  scheme  as  this  carried  out  on  straight- 
forward lines. — I  am,  kc, 

A  Furniture  Coxxoisseur. 

Boxing  Day,  1903. 


side  shopkeeper  who,  after  dealing  in  coals  and 
a  loc  gings  agency,  by  way  of  an  adjunct  to  his 
original  grocery  store  or  general  shop,  added  to 
his  comprehensive  claims  for  public  support  the 
name  of  "architect  and  sanitary  specialist." 
This  is  the  kind  of  circumstance  which  has  led 
probably  to  the  demand  for  registration,  though 
in  that  case  the  above  individual  in  question 
would  have  a  right  to  be  added  to  the  list,  should 
he  so  insist,  though  I  scarcely  suppose  he  would 
lay  claim  to  art  qualifications.  On  the  other 
hand,  there  have  been  for  some  little  while  a 
small  cult  of  schemers  who  one  day  call  them- 
selvfs  architects  and  another  day  undertake  col - 
tracts  covered  by  the  flimsy  trading  term  of 
"  Guild,"  which  is  really  nothing  more  nor  less 
than  a  small  business  syndicate.  No  one 
could  rightly  object  to  these  people  making 
and  supplying  goods,  artistic  or  otherwise; 
but  they  seek  to  interfere  with  the  furnishing  and 
fitting-up  of  buildings  already  in  the  hinds  of 
competent  architects.  Such  firms,  operating 
under  the  gui-e  of  a  sortof  "  artworkers'  guild." 
impertinently  introduce  the  show  partner  of  their 
business,  who  poses  as  their  architect  as  weU  as 
practising  independently,  and  in  this  way 
an  endeavour  is  attempted  to  rob  the  archi- 
tect proper  of  the  building  of  his  legiti- 
mate right  to  finish  his  own  work  and  earn  his 
own  fees.  It  appears  to  me  high  time  that 
regular  architects  should  combine  to  give  these 
"crafty"  gentlemen  no  quarter.  I  have  hid 
experience  of  this  sort  of  thing  in  a  public  build- 
ing of  mine,  and,  having  the  eir  of  a  large  sub- 
scriber among  the  lajjy  friends  of  the  institution, 
this  young  architectural  trader- gentleman  so 
worked  the  affair  foi-  all  it  was  worth  that  he 
would  have  ousted  me  entirely  could  he  but  have 
had  his  way.  He  belongs  to  a  set  who  are  too 
"  high  arty  "  to  belong  to  the  Institute;  and  if 
they  did  they  would  have  to  give  up  their  double- 
barrel  trading  in  goods  for  buildings  where 
wights  of  this  kidney  take  fees,  too,  as 
professional  architects.  Now,  they  only  ought 
to  rank  as  outsiders.  How  would  Registra- 
tion affect  them  :'  Trade  unionists  would  treat 
them  as  "blacklegs."  Without  knowing  what 
underlies  these  "  guild  "  trading  firms,  or  these 
piecework  farmers  (they  sublet  their  work, 
having  no  shops  of  their  own  worth  speaking 
about),  some  architects  are  induced  to  give  them 
orders.  Let  me  advise  my  fellow-architects  to 
take  warning.  These  sort  of  men  ought  not  to  be 
afforded  the  publicity  and  adiertisement  ac- 
cruing to  readers  of  papers  before  our  recog- 
nised societies. — I  am,  "Sec, 

Art  before  Trade. 


BRIGHTON  AND   HOYE    HOSPITAL   FOR 
WOMEN   COMPETITION. 

Sir, — So  many  competitors  have  written  to  me 
on  the  subject  of  Mr.  Hine's  award  (and  not  one 
in  its  favour),  that  I  should  be  glad  of  the  pub- 
licity afforded  by  your  columns  to  ask  those 
competitors  who  have  not  written  to  send  ine 
their  names  and  addresses,  that  I  may  communi- 
cate with  them. — I  am,  ice, 

Horace  R.  Appelbee. 

15,  Gt.  James-street,  Bedford-row, 
London,  W.C. 


Jttttrc0mmutticati0tt* 


QUSSTIOXS. 

[12031.]— Drain  or  Sewer.— The  several  drains  for  a 
block  of  property,  consisting  of  three  small  cottages,  all 
belonging  to  one  owner,  and  having  a  common  yard  dis- 


ARCHITECTS     AS     SPECIALIST 
CONTRACTORS. 

Sir, — Registration    is    in   the  air  concerning 
architects.     We  have  all   heard  of  the  country- 


s-r?-ceT-. 


charge  into  a  common  drain,  -which  runs  along  a  covered 
passage,  and  thence  to  the  main  sewer.  a3  sketch.  I-*  this 
common  drain  a  sewer  within  the  meaning;  of  the  Public 
Health  Act,  and  are  the  municipal  authorities  rs.-p  jnsihle 
for  its  maintenance  and  repair  *— G. 


Jan.  1,  1904 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


49 


TBADB 


PBOFESSIONAI.  AND 
SOCIETIES. 

DCNDF.K  IXSTITI  TE  1)F  AUCIIITKCTUKE,   SrIEXCE, 

AND  AuT. — -The  above  institute  held  a  special 
meeting  on  the  IHth  ult.  to  consider  an  advertise- 
ment by  a  "  trade  "  associition  in  Dundee  which 
appeared  in  the  local  newspapers  asking  architects 
to  tender  for  preparing  plans  of  a  number  of 
public-houses  in  the  town,  in  accordance  with 
the  Licensing  (Scotland)  Act,  190.'!.  The  meeting 
felt  that  for  architects  to  tender  would  be  to 
entirely  lower  the  status  of  the  profession,  and 
that  the  appearance  of  such  an  advertisement  was 
certainly  a  plea  in  favour  of  registration.  The 
following  resolution  was  passed:  "  This  meeting 
of  architects  considers  that  it  is  inconsistent  with 
the  dignity  of  tlie  profession  to  tender  for  the 
work  as  advertised  by  the  Dundee  Wine,  Spirit, 
and  Beer  Trade  Prottcticn  Association,  and 
recommends  that  architects  should  refrain  from 
tendering." 

♦.^^^^  • 

LEGAL  INTELLIGENOB. 

An  Aechitect  in  Difficulties. — Ernest  Loader, 
architect,  residing  in  Michael's-road,  Stockwell,  was 
Bummoned  to  the  South- Western  Police-court,  on 
Tuesday,  by  his  wife,  living  in  Selkirk-road,  Bat- 
tersea.  Mr.  Burehell,  who  supported  the  summons, 
sail  the  defendant  inherited  a  fortune  under  the 
will  of  a  relative,  but  squandered  every  penny  of  it 
by  fast  living.  Efforts  had  been  made  to  prevent 
the  case  from  coming  into  Court,  but  he  was  unable 
to  advise  his  client  to  accept  the  offered  terms.  Mrs. 
Loader  said  her  husband  deserted  her  in  February 
last  while  they  were  living  in  Ranelagh-gardens, 
Barnes.  She  traced  him  to  a  Richmond  hotel,  and 
entered  his  bedroom.  Ha  then  took  hold  of  her 
and  pushed  her  down  the  stairs,  but  his  man- 
servant, running  to  her  assistance,  prevented  her 
from  falling.  The  defendant,  for  whom  Mr.  S.  BeU 
appeared,  did  not  contest  the  facts.  He  admitted 
squandering  the  money  referred  to,  and  said  all  he 
had  to  live  upon  was  about  £2  weekly.  The  wife 
said  her  husband  had  lived  at  the  rate  of  £.30  a 
week.  Mr.  Garrett  hesitated  in  face  of  the  de- 
fendant's statement  to  make  a  large  order.  He 
required  him  to  contribute  £1  weekly  towards  his 
wile's  support,  but  said  it  would  be  increased  if  his 
muns  improved. 

COMPEN'SATION     Aw.lED    AT   GU.VXERSBUEY. — Mr. 

Frederick  G.  Chinnock  has  published  his  award 
arising  out  of  the  claim  by  Mr.  Leopold  de  Roth- 
schild for  £58,000  compensation  from  the  Metro- 
poUtan  District  Railway  Company  in  respect  of 
property  taken  (and  consequential  damage)  at 
Gunnersbury.  The  area  acquired  was  2.ia.  2r.  13p., 
or  1,114,390  superficial  feet,  having  frontages  to 
Gunnersbury-lane  and  Uxbridge-road.  At  the 
arbitration  the  expert  valuations  handed  in  on 
behalf  of  the  claimant  ranged  from  £52,111  to 
£56,835,  and  those  for  the  railway  company  from 
£23,805  to  £28,200,  The  amount  of  the  award  is 
£11,036. 


Messrs.  Hayward  Brothers  and  Eck<'.ein,  Ltd.,  of 
Union-street,  Borough,  London,  S.E  ,  have  just 
secured  the  contracts  to  supply  their  well-known 
stable  fittings  for  a  53-3talled  stable  for  Ham)i3tead 
Borough  Council,  under  Mr.  O.  E.  Winter, 
A.M.I. C.E.,  engineer;  also  for  26-staU  stable  for 
lltord  Urban  District  Council,  under  Mr.  H.  Shaw, 
A.M.I.C.E.,  engineer. 

The  gifts  to  the  museums  and  art  galleries  of 
Glasgow  Corporation  during  November  included — 
"Portrait  of  Robert  Crawford,  LL  D.,"  b/  George 
Henry,  A.R.S.A.,  presented  by  the  subscribers; 
"A  Salmon  Stream,"  by  James  Ducharty  ;  "A 
Fishing  Village,"  by  James  Docharty;  "  Land- 
scape,' by  H.  W.  Williams;  and  "A  Woody  Land- 
scape," by  Thompson  of  Duddingston,  presented  by 
J.  C.  Arnot ;  and  twenty-eight  memorials  of  the 
poet  Robert  Pollok,  author  of  the  "  Course  of 
Time,"  1798-1827,  presented  by  John  Pollok  and 
Elizabeth  Pollok,  Eaglesham.  The  purchases  during 
the  month  included  100  pieces  Romano-Egyptian 
textiles,  third  to  sixth  century ;  and  seven  drawings 
of  Old  Glasgow  and  the  River  Clyde. 

On  Tuesday  an  inquiry  was  held  at  the  municipal 
buildings,  Liverpool,  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Bicknell,  an 
inspector  of  the  Local  Government  Board,  into  an 
application  made  by  the  city  council  to  the  board 
for  sanction  to  borrow  £3,550  for  the  erection  of 
public  washhouses  in  Itathbone-road,  Old  Swan. 

At  Berkeley  Church,  on  Monday,  the  wedding 
took  place  of  Mr.  R.  Robertson,  asiistaut  architect 
to  the  London  County  Council,  to  Miss  Ethel  Emily 
Stephens,  daughter  of  Mr.  George  Stephens,  of 
Hitbermead,  Falfiold.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  Robertson 
received  numerous  presents,  among  them  being  a 
Sheraton  clock  from  the  architects'  department,  a 
silver  salver  from  the  housing  section,  and  an 
aneroid  barometer  from  the  clerks  of  works  of  the 
London  County  Council. 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

Pollution  of  Chioiiestek  Habbour.  —  The 
report  of  Dr.  Alexander  G.  R.  Foulerton,  medical 
officer  of  health  for  East  Sussex,  to  the  Sussex 
Fisheries  Committee  on  the  condition  of  Chichester 
and  Shoreham  Harbours,  has  just  been  published. 
It  refers  to  the  pollution  of  the  harbours,  which  is 
said  to  result  mainly  from  domestic  sewage,  and 
states  that  a  modified  system  of  chemical  precipita- 
tion will  shortly  be  in  working  order  at  the  sewage 
outfall  works  of  the  city  of  Chichester,  which  he 
believes  will  prove  satisfactory.  Dr.  Foulerton  in- 
dicates harbour  works  which  ought  to  be  under- 
taken at  once  by  the  Bosham  sanitary  authority, 
and,  in  conclusion,  points  out  that  the  water  of 
Emsworth  creek  is  seriously  polluted  by  the  discharge 
of  crude  sewage  from  Emsworth,  and  that  the  creek 
is  absolutely  unfit  for  the  storage  of  oysters.  Even 
if  the  Emsworth  sewage  were  treated  there  would 
still,  he  holds,  tie  the  strongest  objection  to  the 
placing  of  oyster  ponds  so  close  to  a  sewage  outfall 
as  those  on  the  foreshore  of  Emsworth  must  be  so 
long  as  the  outfalls  are  in  their  present  position,  iln 
order  to  preserve  the  purity  of  the  tidal  water,  it  ts. 
Dr.  Foulerton  urges,  necessary  that  the  Emsworth 
sewage  should  be  purified  by  some  such  method  as 
that  now  being  carried  out  at  Chichester  before  it  is 
discharged  into  the  harbour. 


CHIPS. 

The  Penrith  Urban  District  Council  have  adopted 
the  recommendation  of  the  general  purposes  com- 
mittee to  carry  out  an  electric  supply  scheme,  as 
suggested  by  the  engineers,  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
£7,507. 

The  death  occurred  at  Scarborough  on  Friday  of 
Mr.  A.  G.  Wellburn,  builder.  He  was  a  prominent 
Freemason,  and  for  thirty  years  hid  taken  an  active 
part  in  the  work  of  the  Conservative  party.  He  was 
a  bachelor,  and  aged  56. 

Mr.  James  Rhind,  of  5,  Cavendish -road,  Birken- 
head, and  of  36,  The  Temple,  Dale-street,  Liverpool, 
architect  and  surveyor,  who  died  on  the  6th 
November  last,  left  estate  valued  at  £36,107,  in- 
cluding personalty  of  the  net  value  of  £2,368. 
Probate  of  his  will  has  been  granted  to  his  widow, 
Mrs.  Alice  Jane  Rhind,  to  whom  he  left  the  whole 
of  his  property  absolutely. 

The  Goole  Rural  District  Council  have  granted 
an  increase  of  salary  to  Mr.  E.  C.  B.  Tudor,  C.E., 
who  for  the  last  twenty-six  years  held  the  dual 
appointments  of  engineer  and  surveyor  to  both 
Goole  urban  and  Goole  rural  authorities,  and  the 
appointment  of  surveyor  to  the  rural  council  for 
above  thirty  years. 

A  scheme  has  been  prepared  by  the  city  engineer, 
Mr.  Arthur  E.  Collins,  for  making  Norwich  a  port. 
At  a  cost  of  £210,000  he  estimates  the  river  between 
Yarmouth  and  Norwich  could  be  straightened, 
canalised,  .and  embanked,  and  docks  constructed  at 
Norwich  which  would  enable  coasters  and  steamers 
of  300  tons  to  proceed  direct  from  oversea  to  the  city, 
while  large  steel  lighters  of  the  type  now  so  much 
used  could  go  up  to  Norwich  carrying  a  thousand 
tons  each. 

The  Greek  Archaeological  Society  has  decided  to 
order  a  marble  bust  of  the  late  Mr.  F.  C.  Penrose, 
F.R.S.,  F.R.I.B.A.,  in  recognition  of  his  services 
on  behalf  of  Greek  sculpture.  The  bust  will  be 
placed  in  the  annexe  to  the  English  Institute  to  be 
built  in  his  memory. 

Mr.  P.  N.  Hooper  has  been  appointed  borough 
electrical  engineer  and  works  manager  to  the  Poplar 
Borough  Council  at  a  salary  of  £400  per  annum. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Edinburgh  and  Leith  Gas 
Commissioners  on  Monday  authority  was  given  to 
the  engineer  to  take  estimates  for  the  extension  of 
the  gasworks  at  Granton,  at  a  probable  cost  of 
£200,000. 

Lord  Alverstone  has  consented  to  open  the  new 
County  Council  buildings  which  have  been  erected 
at  Newpor*.,  Isle  of  Wight,  at  a  cost  of  £10,000. 

Mr.  Charles  Fowler,  of  Abbotsleigh,  Famborough, 
Hants,  and  formerly  of  Marlborough-plaoe,  Hamil- 
ton-terrace, London,  architect  and  surveyor,  who 
died  on  Dec.  8  last,  aged  80  years,  has  left  estate  of 
the  gross  value  of  £30,467  10s.,  and  of  the  net  value 
of  £30,140  4s. 

It  is  stated  that  the  report  of  the  Royal  Commis- 
sion on  Sewage  Disposal  with  reference  to  the  con- 
tamination of  shell-fish  by  sewage  has  now  been 
agreed  upon,  and  will  be  published  at  a  very  early 
date. 

The  contract  for  the  eijuipment  i/f  the  large  elec- 
tricity generating  station,  about  to  be  erected  by  the 
Great  Western  Railway  Company  at  Park  Itoyal, 
close  to  the  Royal  Show-ground,  has  been  secured, 
after  keen  competition,  by  the  Electric  Construc- 
tion Company,  of  London  and  Wolverhampton. 
The  station  will  require  about  lO.OOOH.P.  of  plant, 
which  will  be  available  for  either  lighting  or  traction. 


OBttt  O^fiRce  Cable. 


The  suggestions  for  the  rebuilding  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital  have  evoked  some  corre- 
spondence in  the  Toms.  Mr.  MicAUster  urges 
the  desirability  of  adopting  a  bold  front,  and 
entirely  reconstructing  the  buildings  in  blocks 
ten  stories  in  height.  This  is  generally  supported 
by  Mr.  Alfred  Saxon  Snell,  F.R.I.B.A.,  who 
says  that  by  such  a  plan  long  corridors  could  be 
abolished,  and  they  would  be  replaced  by  lifts. 
Such  a  mode  of  construction  would,  Mr.  Saxon 
Snell  submits,  include  the  greatest  possible 
amount  of  sunlight  to  the  wards  ;  more  and  purer 
air  and  less  dust ;  freedom  from  noise ;  concentra- 
tion of  all  working  parts,  and  better  facilities  for 
efficient  administration ;  reduced  cost  of  site ; 
and,  as  regards  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  the 
creation  of  a  large  income  from  ground-rents  of 
the  frontage  land.  To  this  Mr.  William  Wood- 
ward, A.R.I.B.A.,  replies  that  while  there  is 
nothing  in  the  London  Building  Act  prohibiting 
the  erection  of  such  lofty  blocks  of  wards,  such 
a  proposal  is  to  be  deprecated  on  the  ground  of 
the  obvious  risk  to  life  should  fire  break  out^ 
a  risk  that  would  be  increased  by  the  proximity  of 
commercial  buildings  inclosing  all  the  frontages. 

Among  recent  additions  to  the  Glass-room  at 
the  British  Museum  is  a  seated  figure  of  the 
Virgin  and  Child,  presented  by  Mr.  J.  H. 
Fitzhenry.  The  material  is  Italian  majolica,  of 
a  rich  blue,  and  the  work  belongs  to  the  early 
part  of  the  16th  century.  From  the  Bardini 
collection  there  has  been  acquired,  by  purchase, 
a  pair  of  Delia  Robbia  altar  vases,  blue  in  colour, 
and  holding  at  the  top  moulded  fruits  and  flowers. 
For  the  Ethnographical  Department  there  has 
recently  been  purchased  a  fine  specimen  of  West 
African  carving,  consist'ng  of  a  door  of  hard 
red-wood  in  two  panels,  each  about  8ft.  6in. 
high  by  3ft.  6in.  wide.  This  door  at  one  time 
formed  the  gate  of  the  town  of  Akarrc,  Northern 
Nigeria,  and  was  brought  home  by  Mr.  L. 
Kentish -Rankin.  The  two  panels  were  originally 
so  fastened  as  to  open  and  close  together  ;  and  the 
edges  where  they  overlapped  have  been  bevelled 
so  that  the  join  should  not  be  too  noticeable. 
One  of  the  panels  has  a  pivot  at  the  top  and 
bottom,  and  by  means  of  these  the  whole  was 
swung,  either  in  rude  hinges  or  holes  cut  in  a 
beam  let  into  the  wall  of  the  town.  On  each 
panel  are  seven  rows  of  carvings,  e\idontly  of 
recent  execution,  sep.arated  by  raised  bands  of 
ornamentation. 

Mr.  Charles  L.  Ea.stlake  writes  expressing 
regret  that  the  small  but  picturesque  grammar- 
school  at  Plympton  is  about  to  be  disestablished, 
owing,  we  believe,  to  lack  of  scholars.  The 
school  was  founded  and  endowed  by  Serjeant 
Maynard,  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  Eliza  Hele 
Estates  of  Fardell  in  Comwood.  In  design  the 
structure  is  a  remarkable  instance  not  only  of 
the  survival  of  Pointed  architecture  in  the  17th 
century,  but  of  an  original  and  clever  treatment 
of  the  style,  almost  reminiscent  of  Italian  Gothic. 
It  is  raised  on  a  flat-ceiled  cloister  inclosed  by  a 
graceful  colonnade.  Its  walls  are  banded  ex- 
ternally with  alternate  courses  of  granite  and 
dark  limestone.  The  voussoirs  of  its  arches 
share  the  same  character.  In  1715  the  Kev. 
Samuel  Reynolds  was  headmaster  of  the  school. 
His  distinguished  son.  Sir  Joshua,  was  educated 
here,  and,  indeed,  was  born  in  the  little  parsonage 
which  once  formed  part  of  the  establishment,  but 
is  now,  unfortunately,  pulled  down.  Another 
president  of  the  Royal  Academy,  Sir  Charles 
Eastlake,  received  his  early  training  here  until 
he  was  removed  to  Charterhouse ;  and  Benjamin 
Haydon,  head  boy  at  the  school  in  180 1 ,  wrote 
his  name  on  one  of  its  walls  when  he  revisited  it 
only  a  year  before  he  met  with  his  untimely  end. 
Mr.  F.astlake  suggests  that  the  building  should 
be  acquired,  and  converted  into  a  village  library 
and  reading-room. 

The  amenity  of  the  beautiful  Leigh  Woods,  on 
the  Avon  gorge,  opposite  Clifton,  is  seriously 
threatened  by  the  quarries  from  which  the  IJristol 
Corporation  is  obtaining  its  stone  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  -Vvonmoulh  Docks.  The  Leigh, 
or  Somersetshire  side  of  the  Avon,  is  being  made 
unsightly  by  huge  quarries,  and  soon  the  whole 
face  of  the  clitTs  will  bo  "absolutely  denuded  of 
wood,  and  a  raw  surface  of  quarried  stone  will 
face  the  Cliiton  hills,"  unless  steps  are  taken  to 
avert  the  destruction.  A  local  committee  has 
been  formed  at  Bristol,  under  Sir  Lewis  Fry,  to 
see  what  can  be    done    towards    arresting  the 


50 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  1,  1904. 


destruction    and     preserving    these    picturesque 
heights  for  lovers  of  beauty. 

"A.  E."  GIVES  in  the  Siotsiinui  an  account  of 
the  accidental  discovery  of  a  marble  sarcophagus 
under  the  floor  of  the  nave  in  St.  Mark's,  Venice, 
by  Professor  Manfredi,  the  architect  to  the 
Duomi.  It  was  raised  and  taken  into  the 
baptistery,  where,  in  the  presence  of  Siguor 
Manfredi,  the  Prefect  of  ^'enice,  and  other 
officials,  it  has  just  been  examined  and  opened. 
The  sarcophagus  measures  Cft.  Oin.  long  by 
2ft.  Gin.  broad  and  high.  It  is  evidently  an  old 
Roman  tomb,  for  on  its  front  tbere  is  an 
"album,"  and  there  were  lines  of  inscription 
which  have  been  effaced.  The  lid,  which  is  one 
slab  of  stone,  bears  a  Byzantine  cross  cut  deep 
into  it.  It  was  therefore  a  pagan  sarcophagus 
used  by  the  A'enetians  for  Christian  burial. 
Again,  its  surface  outside  showed  traces  of 
fire,  possibly  dating  from  the  destruction  of 
the  first  church  of  St.  Mark  in  976.  When 
opened  the  sarcophagus  was  found  to  contain 
four  skeletons— one  to  a  large  extent  complete, 
the  others  in  pieces.  Two  skulls  lay  at  either  end 
of  the  tomb.  Professor  Scrinzi  says  that  an  old 
document  in  the  archives  speaks  of  the  bones  of 
four  saints  having  been  deposited  in  the  segreta  of 
the  church.  The  sarcophagus  was  lull  of  limpid 
water.  This  was  run  off,  when  the  bones  were 
seen  to  be  resting  on  a  layer  of  mud.  Before  any 
further  light  on  the  contents  of  the  sarcophagus 
can  be  gained,  it  will  be  nectssary  to  take  out  the 
bones  and  examine  them,  also  to  search  the  mud 
and  see  if  any  coins  or  relics  of  the  time  are  con- 
tained in  them.  This  will  soon  be  done.  Mean- 
time, Professor  Scrinzi  is  endeavouring  to  discover 
if  any  trace  of  the  delaced  inscription  can  be  made 
out,  ■  and  also  the  archives  of  the  church  of  the 
ninth  century  will  be  examined.  I'ieccs  of  red 
terracotta  vases,  beautifully  iridescent  bits  of 
glass,  probably  of  a  lamp  that  burned  in  the  crypt, 
some  burned  bones,  shells,  and  many  pieces  of 
frescoed  plaster  were  found  around  the  sarco- 
phagus. Professor  Manfredi  has  been  authorised 
to  continue  his  researches  under  the  mosaic  floor 
of  the  church. 

At  Exeter  Cathedral,  on  Christmas  day.  the 
electric-light  installation,  the  gift  of  Mr.  H.  A. 
Willey,  was  utilised  for  the  first  lime,  iind  the 
processional  cross  was  also  initially  employed. 
The  electric  equipment  includes  the  lighting  of 
nave,  choir,  ais'es,  and  Lady  chapel,  and  has  been 
carried  out  by  Mr.  Willey,  with  the  approval  of 
the  cathedral  architect, 'Mr.  E.  H.  Harbottle. 
The  cross  is  the  gift  of  Lord  Clinton,  the  Lord 
Lieutenant  of  the  county,  as  a  thank-offering  for 
the  safe  return  of  his  two  sons  from  South  .\trica. 
The  cross  took  two  years  to  make.  It  is  Sift. 
high,  is  of  solid  silver,  with  panels  of  ivory.  On 
the  front  are  the  emblems  of  the  four  Evangelists 
in  silver  gilt,  and  Agnus  Dei  on  red  enamel,  (in 
the  ivory  panels  are  large  amethysts,  symbolical 
of  the  wounds  of  the  head,  heart,  hands,  and  feet, 
whilst  a  topaz— the  stone  of  glory — is  in  the 
centre.  Around  the  lamb  are  four  carbuncles, 
symbolical  of  the  blood  of  the  Lamb,  and  four 
small  crystals.  Around  the  base  ot  the  cross  are 
shields  in  enamel,  with  the  aims  of  the  chapter, 
the  cross  of  St.  George,  and  the  emblems  of  ihe 
patronal  saints — St.  JIary  and  St.  Peter.  It  is 
stated  to  be  the  first  time  since  the  Reformation 
that  Exeter  Cathedral  has  been  presented  with  a 
processional  cross. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Sal  ford  Museum  and 
Art  Gallery  Committee  shows  that  during  the 
year  the  collection  of  old  English  pottery,  com- 
prising many  rare  and  valuable  pieces,  has  been 
rearranged,  and  descriptive  labels  have  been 
prepared  and  piinted.  Among  the  additions  to 
the  pottery  section  is  an  example  of  Wedgwood's 
basalt  reproduction  of  the  famous  Portland  vase 
in  the  British  Museum  ;  also  an  example  of  rare 
old  Leeds  lustre  ware,  and  many  facsimile  repro- 
ductions of  noted  pieces  of  early  Italian  majolica, 
Hispano-Morfsquo,  and  other  wares.  To  the 
collections  which  illustrate  the  silversmith's  art 
and  early  art  in  metal  work  have  been  added  some 
typical  electrotype  examples  of  Scythian  gold 
work,  4th  century  ;  and  Irish  metal  work,  Sth  to 
12th  century,  a.d.  Two  oil  paintings  have 
been  added  by  purchase  to  the  permanent 
collections  in  the  Langworthy  Gallery.  Thev 
are  the  "Thames  from  Windsor  Castle,"  by 
Frederick  Goodall,  R.A.,  and  "  Dittisham  on  the 
Dart,"  by  Stuart  Lloyd,  R.B  A. 

Mr.  Tomkixsox,  M.P.  for  the  Crewe  Division 
of  Cheshire,  has  given  his  constituents  some 
details   of  a  scheme  promoted  by  himseK,  Pro- 


fessor Long,  Mr.  Spear,  M.P.,  and  others  for 
bringing  labouring  men  back  to  the  land.  They 
formed  a  syndicate  and  bought  a  derelict  farm  of 
366  acres  at  Newdigateat  £15  an  acre,  with  tithes 
included.  Included  in  the  purchase  was  an  old 
manor-house  with  a  moat  and  some  commodious 
farm  buildings.  The  land  itself  is  chiefly  fine 
old  pasture.  They  advertised  that  they  were 
prepared  to  carve  up  the  farm  and  sellin  lots 
varying  from  three  to  twenty  acres,  and  to  meet 
individual  requirements  by  advancing  part  of  the 
purchase  money.  They  had  something  like  1,200 
applicants,  and  frjm  these  selected  25  whom 
they  regarded  as  most  suitable.  The  tenants 
will  pay  the  purchase  money  in  ten  years,  10  per 
cent,  being  paid  on  entering.  They  were  also 
assisting  to  erect  cottages  for  certain  of  the 
teiiants.  These  are  mostly  people  who  have  made 
a  little  money  in  other  occupations,  and,  having 
regard  to  the  fertility  of  the  land,  it  is  thought 
that  they  should  do  well. 

M.  Jacqites  SiegI'Ried  has  juot  presented  the 
castle  of  Langeais  to  the  French  Institute.  The 
castle  is  situated  23  kilometres  from  Tours,  in  the 
valley  of  the  Loire,  and  is  an  imposing  building, 
dominating  a  little  town  which  lies  beneath  its 
walls.  Erected  in  the  10th-century  by  Foulques 
Nora,  the  castle  of  Langeais  became  the  prey  of 
different  lords,  who  obtained  it  by  hard  fighting. 
It  belonged  successively  to  Tbibaud  II.,  Count  of 
Touraine,  Foulques  V.,  Count  of  Anjou,  .and 
Robert  de  Vitn'.  In  1201)  it  passed  wholly  into 
the  possession  of  the  King  of  France.  Louis  .\I. 
gave  it,  in  HG6,  to  Francois,  of  (Orleans,  son  of 
the  celebrated  Bastard  of  Orleans.  Much  later 
it  was  acquired  by  the  Due  de  Luynes,  wasfacked 
during  the  Revolution,  and  reconstructed  under 
the  Restoration.  Its  complete  restoration  is  due 
to  M.  Jacques  Siegfried,  its  latest  owner,  who 
caused  it  to  reassume  its  original  appearance,  and 
has  transformed  it  into  a  museum  of  the  period. 

Tn  E  second  volume  of  "  Academy  Architecture ' ' 
for  1903  was  issued  within  a  few  days  of  the  end 
of  the  year.  Some  thiity  illustrations  embrace 
the  selections  gi\en  of  the  Architectural  Exhibits, 
and  there  are  about  a  dozen  photographs  of  sculp- 
tures from  Burlington  House.  The  remainder 
appears  to  be  made  up  of  American  and  Con- 
tinental drawings  or  photographs.  The  best 
plates  in  the  little  volume  are  in  colour  printing. 
One  of  these  is  the  Hall  at  Ockwells,  .Surrey, 
drawn  by  Joseph  Nash  (1S09-1H78)  and  a  fine 
Interior  of  Cologne  Catliedral,  by  Louis  Haghe 
(1S06-I885).  Most  of  the  plates  devoted  to 
.\cadcmy  drawings  are  occupied  by  subjects  which 
we  have  already  illustrated,  and  though  a  few  are 
unduly  reduced,  the  reproductions  here  given  are 
well  done  and  irisply  printed,  especially  the  half- 
tone blocks  of  the  unsuccessful  designs  for  the 
Deptford  and  Crewe  town-halls.  The  King's 
Sanatorium  views,  on  the  other  hand,  are  not  so 
good.  The  birdseye,  which  appeared  in  the 
BiiLDixo  News  in  November,  is  here  seen  much 
too  small  to  be  effective. 

At  the  "  Luckie  Horsethoe  "  Studios  at  Exeler, 
Mr.  Harry  Hems  held,  on  Christmas  Day, I  his 
thirty-fifth  annual  gathering  of  the  aged  poor  of 
the  city.  There  were  sixty-one  guests  in 
number  all  told,  comsponding  to  the  years  of  life 
of  the  genial  host,  and  representing  broken- 
down  citizens  and  their  wives  or  widows.  One 
of  the  large  studios  had  been  converttd  for  the 
nonce  into  an  ideal  banqueting-hall,  and  was 
gai'y  decorated  with  flags,  evergreens,  and 
Chinese  lanterns.  Grace  having  been  said  by  the 
Rev.  Prebendary  S.  W.  E.  Bird,  M.A.,  rector  of 
St.  SidweU's,  all  fell  to  with  a  will,  the  menu 
comprising  a  baron  of  beef,  geese,  tankards  of 
Burton  beer,  plum-puddings,  and  mince-pies. 
After  dinner  the  triplet  of  family  punch  bowls 
came  upon  the  scete,  together  with  "yards  of 
clay  "  in  the  shape  of  churchwarden  pipes.  The 
silver  loving  cup,  a  trophy  of  the  host's  prowess 
as  one  of  England's  first  Volunteers  in  his  early 
athletic  days,  was  passed  around  and  duly 
honoured.  Later  his  Worship  the  Mayor  (Mr. 
F.  J.  Widgery),  together  with  the  Mayoress  and 
Mrs.  Widger_y,  the  Mayor's  venerable  mother, 
appeared  upon  the  scene,  together  with  several 
members  of  the  magisterial  bench  and  town 
council.  Mr.  Harry  Hems,  as  usual,  occupied 
the  chair,  and  Mr.  Greville  C.  Hems,  the  host's 
eldest  son,  that  being  his  first  appeanance  after  a 
long  and  dangerous  illness,  extending  over  eight 
months,  was  the  vice.  The  health  of  the  Mayor 
and  Mayoress  was  drunk  with  musical  honours, 
and  in  responding  his  Worship  proposed  "  The 
Host  and  Hostess,"    which  was  also  enthusias- 


tically received.  Tea,  dancing  followed,  "  Auld 
Lang  Syne  "  was  sung,  and  the  departing  guests 
each  received  a  shilling,  half  a  pound  of  tea,  and 
a  plum-pudding  weighing  a  pound  and  a  quarter. 

Sewage  is  treated  in  Briinn,  Moravia,  by  a 
chemical  process  utilising  a  reagent  composed  of 
one  kilogramme  of  organic  carbon,  20  to  30 
grammes  of  lime,  and  10  of  zinc  dust  per  cubic 
metre  of  sewage.  Toe  carbon  is  obtained  by 
dry  distillation  in  gas  retoits  of  offal  from  abat- 
toirs. After  mixing  with  the  proper  dose  of  the 
reagent,  the  sewage  flows  into  a  settling  basin, 
from  which  the  deposited  mud  is  pumped  to  filter 
presses.  The  press  cakes  are  distilled  dry  and  a 
part  of  the  reagent  can  be  recuperated.  From 
the  settling  basin  the  turbid  water  flows  to  a 
filter  consisting  of  superposed  layers  of  brick, 
coke,  and  carbon.  From  this  filter  the  clarified 
effluent  is  turned  into  the  river  without  offence. 


CHIPS. 

The  Teddington  Town-hall,  which  comprised  nine 
shops,  the  Bijou  Theatre  of  Varieties,  and  a  large 
clubroom,  was  completely  destroyed  by  fire  on 
Tuesday.  The  building,  which  was  of  red  brick 
and  white  stone,  was  erected  in  1SS6,  at  a  cost  of 
about  £30,000,  for  jiarochial  offices.  The  site  is 
triangular  in  shape.  Facing  the  street  were  ten 
shops.  Overhead  was  the  theatre,  and  over  that 
again  was  a  large  liall  that  had  been  used  as  the 
Teddington  Jubilee  Club. 

Another  new  picture  has  been  added  to  the 
.Sunderland  Art  Gallery.  It  is  entitled,  "  To  be  or 
not  to  be :  Signing  the  Wedding  Contract,"  and  is 
from  the  brush  of  Mr.  H.  G.  Glindoni. 

The  Raveusthorpe  Rural  District  Council  have 
selected  for  the  appointment  of  survej'or  and  in- 
spector Mr.  Edgar  J.  Willson,  Bicester. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  has  teen 
held  at  Leicester  into  the  corporation's  application 
for  sanction  to  borrow  £100,000  for  electric-lighting 
purposes,  £22,108  for  the  building  of  Harrison-road 
School,  and  £900  for  the  purchase  of  property  in 
Redcross-street  for  the  purpose  of  street  improve- 
ment. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Luckie  Horseshoe  Sick 
Benefit  Club  was  helJ  on  Saturday  at  Messrs.  Harry 
Hemsjand  Sons'  studios  in  Longbrook- street,  Exeter. 
The  hon.  sec,  Mr.  H.  Turner  Hems,  reported 
a  favourable  and  healthy  year,  with  the  satisfactory 
result  that  a  bonus  was  granted  to  each  member  ot 
nearly  50  per  cent,  upon  their  annual  contributions. 
A  substantial  balance  has  been  carried  over  tor  1904. 

An  arrangement  has  been  come  to,  subject  to 
approval  by  the  Christ's  Hospital  council  and  the 
Treasury,  for  the  purchase  by  the  General  Post  Office 
ot  the  whole  of  the  hospital  site  now  remaining  to 
be  disposed  of.  The  price  will  be  paid  by  a  Govern- 
ment annuity.  The  arrangement,  if  carried  out, 
will  preclude  the  further  expansion  of  the  area  of 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital. 

At  the  next  meeting  of  the  Manchester  City 
Council  the  art  gallery  committee  will  recommend 
the  purchase  of  portraits  of  De  Quincey  (by  James 
Archer,  E.S.A.),  and  Mrs.  Delaney  (by  Allan 
Ramsay). 

The  housing  committee  of  Liverpool  have  resolved 
to  ask  the  city  council  to  place  at  their  disposal  a 
sum  of  £3,000  for  the  purchase  and  demolition  of 
insanitary  property  ;  and  also  a  sum  of  £00,000  for 
the  purchase  ot  land  and  erection  of  dwellings  under 
the  Housing  of  the  Working  Classes  Act,  IS'jO. 

Mr.  Robert  McCallum,  who  has  been  for  many 
years  on  the  engineering  staff  of  the  Public  Works 
Department  of  Ontario,  has  been  appointed  city 
architect  of  that  municipality. 

A  committee  of  Bilston  Urban  District  Council 
have  accepted  a  tender  for  76,000  blue-paving 
bricks  at  503.  per  thousand. 

The  current  issue  of  Indian  Em/'nietriyig  states 
that  Mr.  R.  L.  Sevenoaks,  till  recently  employed 
on  the  E.I.R.  building  construction  works  at 
Lillooah,  and  who  has  been  selected  as  clerk  of 
works  on  the  Queen  Victoria  Memorial  Hall  for 
Calcutta,  has  arrived  at  Calcutta  with  the  necessary 
plans  drawn  up  by  the  architect.  Sir  William 
Emerson,  for  the  commencement  of  the  foundations. 

The  dedication  of  two  new  bells  took  place  in 
Bottesford  Church,  Leicestershire,  on  Thursday  in 
last  week,  by  the  Bishop  of  Leicester.  The  former 
oakframework,  which  bore  signs  of  being  more  than 
four  centuries  old,  has  been  replaced  by  a  wrought- 
iron  framework  made  by  Messrs.  White  and  Sen, 
of  Appleton,  Berkshire.  The  peal  now  consists  of 
eight  bells,  one  of  which  has  been  recast. 

'Mr.  Harold   Oakley  has  this  Christmas  issued  a 

very  effective  small  view  of  the  entrance  front  of 

Sir    Christopher    Wren's    buildings    at    Hampton 

Court,  reproduced  in  autotype   in  a  very  effective 

,  and  artistic  style,  rich  in  tone  and  good  in  drawing. 


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THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


51 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERING  JOURNAL. 
VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  2557. 


FRIDAY,  JAXVARY  »,   1901. 


NON-OBSERVANCE    OP   CONDITIONS. 

INDrV'IDUALITY  is  not  a  gift  promoted 
by  rule  and  proscription,  and  therefore  it 
is  we  see  so  few  good  designs  that  are  the 
result  of  competitive  conditions.  Yet  the 
personality  of  the  designer  will  often  lift  his 
■work  above  that  of  the  average  artist.  He 
interprets  the  conditions  in  a  free  and  un- 
fettered spirit,  and  while  following  the  essen- 
tial points  he  manages  to  infuse  an  artistic 
unity  into  his  design.  So  it  is  we  find  one 
author  who  competes  for  a  public  building 
according  to  certain  definite  conditions 
capable  of  grasping  the  scheme,  imparting 
a  meaning  to  the  requirements  as  a  whole, 
while  another,  without  knowledge  of  his  sub- 
ject will  timidly  conform  to  the  letter  of  the 
conditions  in  a  meaningless  and  half-hearted 
manner.  We  are  conscious  at  once  of  the 
difference  between  the  two  designs.  In  the 
plan  of  the  artist  we  perceive  a  masterful, 
comprehensive  grasp  of  the  problem  ;  each 
department  of  the  edifice  is  studied  in  its  rela- 
tion with  other  parts  immediately  concerned : 
entrances,  halls,  and  vestibules  are  treated 
as  an  architectural  whole ;  the  windows  and 
light  areas  are  skilfully  distributed,  and  the 
author  has  in  his  mind  from  first  to  last  the 
worSing  and  administration  of  the  building. 
In  the  plans  of  the  average  designer  a  want 
of  organising  power  reveals  itself  in  every 
part.  The  departments  are  put  together  with- 
out a  sufficient  motive,  or  an  eye  to  the  working 
capabilities.  These  differences  must  be  taken 
into  account  in  the  adjudication,  if  truemerit 
is  to  be  rewarded.  Justice  requires,  however, 
that  a  line  should  be  drawn  between  designs 
which  show  a  culpable  neglect,  a  disregard  of 
essential  conditions,  and  those  which  con- 
form to  them.  Have  our  recent  competition 
awards  given  satisfactory  evidence  of  this 
discrimination  ?  We  are  inclined  to  think, 
•on  the  contrary,  they  have  been  made  with- 
out a  careful  consideration  of  the  merits  in 
many  instances.  The  appointment  of  assessor 
is  intrusted  to  a  body  of  architects,  who 
nominate  someone  of  good  position  in  the 
profession,  but  without  special  qualifications 
for  the  task ;  he  makes  his  examinations  of  the 
plans  in  a  perfunctory  manner.  When  we 
consider  the  immense  amount  of  time  and 
thought  which  each  competitor  must  have 
brought  to  his  self-imposed  task,  it  seems 
preposterous  that  an  assessor  can  determine 
the  rektive  merits  of  the  designs  in  as 
many  hours  as  the  competitors  have 
taken  weeks  to  prepare  them.  To  effi- 
ciently discharge  the  duty,  the  adjudi- 
cator ought  to  bring  to  it  a  particular 
study  of  the  problem  he  has  to  solve ;  he 
should  have  studied  the  requirements,  and 
sketched  out  roughly  in  his  mind  the  kind  of 
building  wanted,  and  the  possible  variations 
that  can  be  made.  Anj'  departure  from  the 
conditions  ought  to  be  made  the  subject  of 
investigation,  to  discover  if  the  author  has 
satisfied  the  intention  of  the  conditions,  or 
ignored  them  without  reason.  Any  omission 
on  his  part  should  be  examined  to  see  whether 
it  is  justifiable  ;  whether  it  would  not  impair 
or  curtail  the  usefulness  of  the  building,  or 
add  to  increased  labour;  and  if  not  satisfied  on 
these  points,  the  assessor  ought  at  once  to 
regard  such  omissions  as  defects.  As  to  ques- 
tions of  accommodation-  or  dimensions,  he 
should  observe  a  strict  impartiality,  for  any 
groat  departure  from  the  schedule  ought  to 
disqualify  the  design,  unless  it  is  unim- 
portant, in  which  case  it  should  never  bo 
stated.  The  question  of  cost,  also,  if  made 
conditional,  should  bo  thoroughly  examined, 


and  a  surveyor  appointed  to  assist  the  assessor. 
Let  us  examine  a  few  points  that  occur  to  us. 
Non-compliance  with  instructions  may  be 
interpreted  in  two  ways.  It  may  mean  simply 
a  desire  to  show  a  departure  from  a  beaten 
track,  or  to  do  a  thing  differently  to  other 
people  from  a  motive  of  independence ;  or  it 
may  proceed  from  a  conviction  that  the  in- 
structions are  not  the  best  to  follow  impUcitly, 
and  that  a  better  plan  suggests  itself  to  the 
author.  The  former  motive,  to  say  the  least, 
is  a  little  ' '  waggish  " — it  savours  of  self-asser- 
tiveness.  C'ompeting  architects  revert  to  it 
from  a  sense  of  a  bravado  spirit  with  the  inten- 
tion of  enlisting  attention,  and  the  advisory 
architect  or  assessor  ought  to  be  on  his  guard 
in  not  falling  into  a  trap.  Thus  we  often 
notice  plans  placed  on  a  site  a  contrary  way 
to  that  suggested,  or  a  department  like  a 
town-hall  placed  in  another  part  of  the 
ground,  or  in  another  direction  than  that 
intended ;  or  the  competitor  of  this  kind 
ignores  a  definite  instruction  by  providing, 
perhaps,  one  suite  of  rooms  instead  of  two, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  selected  design  for  the 
Acton  Town  Hall,  where  the  author  only 
provides  one  ballroom  and  one  dining-room 
instead  of  two  of  each,  as  required  by  the 
conditions  of  competition.  When  the  latter 
motive  is  evident,  when  the  author  shows  a 
better  and  more  desirable  arrangement  than 
that  laid  down,  we  at  once  acquit  him  of  any 
desire  to  be  irregular  or  contradictory.  His 
departure  from  the  instructions  is  only  made 
to  show  us  a  preferable  mode,  which  is 
generally  obvious  from  a  careful  examination 
of  the  plans.  Now  we  consider  that  the 
assessor's  course  istodisting^iish  between  these 
intentions  or  motives.  If  he  discovers  no 
ground  for  a  departure  from  the  conditions,  he 
is  bound,  in  justice  to  the  other  competitors, 
to  disqualify  the  design,  and  we  consider  that 
it  is  his  duty,  imposed  upon  him  by 
justice  and  fair  play,  to  make  a  strict  ex- 
amination of  the  competitors'  plans  so  as  to 
satisfy  himself  of  any  reason  why  the  in- 
struction is  disobeyed.  A  mere  cursory 
inspection  of  a  set  of  plans  will  not  enable 
him  to  do  so ;  he  must  by  close  examination 
of  the  plans  find  out  how  the  omission  will 
affect  the  working  or  administration  of  the 
building — whether  it  will  frustrate  the  inten- 
tion of  the  promoters;  if,  in  short,  the  altera- 
tion or  departure  is  an  improvement  or  the 
reverse,  and,  having  settled  the  point  in  his 
own  mind,  advise  the  committee  accordingly. 
Unfortunately,  this  is  not  the  course  of  in- 
vestigation generally  pursued ;  the  assessor 
does  not  keep  the  instructions  before  him, 
testing  each  plan  by  them,  step  by  step,  but 
is  satisfied  if  in  the  main  the  plan  has  points 
which  appeal  to  his  mind.  In  this  way  a 
design  is  selected  which  violates  some  essential 
condition,  and  those  who  have  observed  it 
have  a  good  ground  for  protest.  The  reason 
of  a  departure  from  the  instructions  should 
be  made  clear :  the  assessor  ought,  as  we  have 
said,  to  be  able  to  discover  the  reason  for  him- 
self ;  but  the  competitor,  in  justice  to  others, 
should  explain  the  reason  of  any  change  he 
may  make.  Without  such  explanation  he 
cannot  complain  if  his  design  is  rejected. 
Instructions  which  are  not  drawn  up  with 
any  intention  of  being  strictly  enforced  are 
often  unsatisfactory :  they  afford  an  excuse 
for  these  departures;  and  they  are  unjust  to 
competitors  who  conscientiously  consider 
them  to  be  binding.  For  this  reason  we 
think  it  is  fair  to  the  competing  architects 
that  thoj  should  bo  informed  before  hand, 
whether  the  committee  or  the  assessor  intends 
them  to  be  strictly  followed,  or  whether  thoy 
are  only  suggestions  for  the  guidance  of  the 
competitor.  When  thus  e-plained  every 
comj)otitor  can  use  his  own  discretion,  and  no 
one  can  find  fault  with  him  if  ho  adopts 
another  coui'se.  In  the  case  of  other  classes 
of  building,  instructions  permitting  the  archi- 
tect to  use  his  own  discretion  are  reasonable, 
and  those  optional  conditions  allow  of  a 
greater  freedom  of  planning  and  design.     A 


design,  such  as  that  chosen  for  Liverpool 
Cathedral,  could  not  have  been  possible  it 
the  suggestion  as  to  the  provision  of  a  large 
central  area  for  congregational  use  had  been 
strictly  enforced.  But  it  is  certainly  unfair 
to  other  competitors  if  the  condition  had  been 
made  binding.  So  in  a  competition  say,  for, 
a  town-hall  and  offices.  There  are  many 
reasons  for  placing  the  town-hall  on  the 
ground  floor,  and  one  or  more  competitors 
place  it  in  that  position.  The  instructions 
issued  to  the  architects  may  state  that  it  is  to  be 
on  the  first  floor,  and  if  they  are  to  be  taken 
as  binding,  it  would  be  unjust  to  the  other 
competitors  to  accept  a  plan  with  the  hall  on 
ground  floor ;  but  if  the  conditions  are  not 
intended  to  be  strictly  enforced,  the  altered 
position  cannot  be  found  fault  with.  In  this 
instance  the  promoters  gain  the  experience  of 
the  profession  and  the  advantage  of  the 
optional  interpretation.  Of  late  there  has 
been  a  custom  rather  subversive  6f  the  con- 
ditions issued  to  competing  architects — 
namely,  that  of  reopening  certain  questions 
of  plan.  We  mean  the  answering  of  ques- 
tions put  by  different  competitors.  These 
answers  are  often  at  variance  with  the  early 
printed  instructions,  and  an  element  of  un- 
certainty and  confusion  is  introduced.  The 
objection  to  this  practice  is  that  manj'  of  the 
competitors  who  have  complied  with  the 
original  instructions  find  to  their  dismay 
that  another  and  better  arrangement  is 
possible  and  tolerated,  and  that  those  who 
avail  themselves  of  the  later  advice  are  in  a 
more  favourable  position.  If  the  answers  are 
confirmatory  of  the  instructions,  or  simply 
explain  in  fuller  language  what  was  in- 
tended, all  would  be  right ;  but  often  an 
answer  is  given  quite  contrary  to  the  original 
instruction.  We  could  mention  several 
recent  competitions  where  this  has  been  the 
case.  Perhaps  one  architect  asks  whether  cer- 
tain provided  rooms  can  be  placed  in  another 
part  of  the  plan,  or  in  another  place  than 
specified,  and  the  answer  is  that  they  may 
be  ;  or  whether  one  room  instead  of  two  for  a 
certain  purpose  is  allowable,  and  he  is 
answered  in  the  affirmative.  The  system  as 
conducted  is,  in  short,  the  issue  or  substitu- 
tion of  another  set  of  conditions.  If  questions 
are  allowed,  they  ought  to  be  restricted  to 
interior  details,  and  they  ought  to  be  re- 
ceived before  a  certain  date,  and  published, 
with  the  answers,  as  soon  as  possible,  before 
the  competitors  have  made  much  progress 
with  their  plans.  The  practice  at  least  indi- 
cates the  uncertain  and  indefinite  manner 
in  which  instructions  are  drawn  up  by  com- 
mittees and  their  advisers — that,  in  fact,  mmy 
of  the  provisions  would  be  better  left  to  the 
option  of  the  competitors.  When  buildings 
are  wanted  for  schools,  elementary,  secondary, 
or  technical,  or  for  hospitals,  which  have  to 
be  arranged  to  conform  to  certain  rules,  the 
conditions  must  necessarily  be  of  a  more 
binding  character.  There  ought,  for  instance, 
to  be  no  excuse  for  an  architect  in  a  school 
competition  to  give  a  less  number  of  class- 
rooms, or  of  other  dimensions  than  those 
required,  or  for  him  to  omit  to  provide  a 
second  staircase  when  two  are  thought  neces- 
sary by  the  Board  of  Education.  In  hospital 
planning  there  can  be  very  little  opportunity 
to  introduce  changes  or  modifications,  as 
every  detail  of  ward  planning  and  administra- 
tion is  now  established. 

The  question  may  bo  raised  whether  it  is 
reasonable  to  impose  certain  rules  upon 
architects  who  ought  to  know  something 
about  the  planning  of  every  kind  of  building ; 
or  why,  if  tho  accommodation  is  given  and  the 
cost,  any  competent  architect  may  not  bo  able 
to  prepare  plans.  The  answer  will  depend 
on  circumstances.  Municipal  buiUlings,  for 
instance,  combine  tho  roquiromouts  and  in- 
terests of  so  many  officials,  from  the  mayor 
and  town  clerk  to  the  caretaker,  that  it  is 
necessary  to  draw  up  instructions  based  on 
experience  and  any  special  condit  ons.  The 
result  of  competition  in  this  class  of  buiUling 


52 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


Jan.  8,  1904 


is  strong  presumptive  evidence  that  many 
in  the  profession  are  quite  incapable  of  form- 
ing any  practicable  arrangement  without 
instructions.  Many  are  hopelessly  at  sea  in 
planning  a  suite  of  offices  for  such  an  ofBcial 
as  the  rate  collector  or  town  clerk ;  they  have 
little  experience  of  the  working  of  municipal 
business,  of  thewantsof  committees,  of  mayors, 
or  chairman  of  a  district  council :  of  the 
duties  of  medical  officers,  rate  collectors,  and 
other  officers ;  they  know  little  of  the  routine 
of  such  vocations,  or  the  way  in  which  the 
public,  the  average  ratepayer,  goes  about  his 
business,  pays  his  rates,  calls  to  see  the 
clerk  or  surveyor,  medical  officer,  or  sanitary 
inspector;  the  arrangement  of  desks  and 
counters,  cupboards,  and  other  conveniences. 
And  yet  without  definite  and  technical 
knowledge  of  these  matters,  -the  plan  of  a 
building  of  this  kind  is  impracticable.  So 
much  in  planning  depends  on  an  instinctive 
sense  of  use  and  routine ;  for  a  designer  may 
show  all  the  accommodation,  but  unless  the 
rooms  are  properly  connected,  his  plan 
is  useless.  Local  Government  rules  apply 
to  man)'  buildings — hospitals,  workhouses, 
homes,  baths  and  washhouses  —  and  as 
these  rules  and  regulations  are  pub- 
lished, every  competent  architect  may  be 
expected  to  know  them,  and  to  apply  them 
to  any  particular  case.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
it  is  only  the  expert  who  can  do  so.  The 
general  practitioner  cannot  be  expected  to 
make  himself  a  master  of  details  of  parti- 
cular buildings.  School  planning,  hospital, 
laboratory,  and  other  structural  arrange- 
ments can  only  be  mastered  after  the  mind 
has  become  habituated  to  them.  To  sum 
up  these  remarks,  competition  conditions 
impose  certain  obligatory  tests  upon  those 
who  compete,  and  as  such  they  ought 
to  be  observed  in  the  design  of  build- 
ings. If  assessorship  is  to  be  satis- 
factory, those  who  assume  that  office  should 
be  able  to  assist  in  the  preparation  of  con- 
ditions that  are  binding.  No  doubtful 
clause  should  be  introduced,  such  as  those 
we  find  so  often  issued  to  competing  archi- 
tects, and  which  require  supplementary  ex- 
planation. The  non-observance  of  instruc- 
tions must  be  attributed  to  this  cause.  With 
the  uncertainty  and  indefinite  nature  of  in- 
structions, we  must  bo  prepared  to  allow 
more  latitude  to  the  architect  in  his  inter- 
pretation. But  the  judges  of  designs  do  not 
strictly  carry  out  this  principle,  which  is  only 
fair  to  the  competitors.  They  assume  a 
standard — it  may  be  a  good  or  a  bad  one — 
and  they  decide  accordingly.  If  it  is  good, 
the  promoters  of  the  building  reap  the  ad- 
vantage :  but  if  otherwise,  both  competitors 
and  the  promoters  are  the  worse  for  it. 


OLD 


PIASTERS   AT   BUELINGTON 

HOUSE. 

ONE  of  the  principal  features  of  the 
present  Winter  Exhibition  is  the  im- 
portant collection  of  Sir  Thomas  Ijawrcnce 
which  fills  Galleries  II.  and  IV.  Gallery  III. 
also  includes  a  few  of  the  works  of  Lawrence. 
The  Italian  masters  are  strongly  represented 
in  Galleries  I.  and  III.  We  may  first  notice 
briefly  a  few  of  the  forty-five  works  of  SirThos. 
Lawrence,  President  of  the  Eoyal  Academy, 
who  became  a  fashionable  and  favourite 
portrait  painter  during  the  Regency  and  the 
reign  of  George  IV.  In  his  lifetime,  indeed, 
he  became  a  painter  of  celebrities,  and  must 
have  amassed  a  large  fortune  in  portrait 
painting,  in  spite  of  the  low  prices  which  then 
prevailed  :  but  his  fame  has  not  lasted,  and 
only  of  late  years  has  it  revived,  possibly 
owing  to  the  high  opinion  entertained  of  him 
by  the  French  and  other  critics.  The  general 
opinion  held  of  the  works  of  Lawrence  in  this 
country  is  that  he  was  affected  and  artificial 
in  stylo,  and  no  doubt  this  was  due  partly  to 
the  period  during  which  he  painted  (17()9  to 
1830),   when  there  was  so  much  that  was 


artificial  in  dress  and  manners.     Ilis  portraits 
were  said  to  be  "delicate,  but  not  true"; 
another  critic  said  that  Lawrence  "  made  cox- 
combs of  his  sitters,  and  his  sitters  made  a 
coxcomb  of  Lawrence.''  Yet,  for  all  this,  there 
was  much  that  was  meritorious  in  his  work, 
especially   in   his    earlier   efforts.     To  some 
extent  he  was  influenced  by  Reynolds,  who 
died  when  Lawrence  was  quite  a  young  man. 
His  studies  of  feminine  beauty  and  childhood 
are  very  charming  and  graceful.     In  Gtillery 
II.  we  have  his  portrait  of  "  Lady  Hamil- 
ton," who  married  Sii'  W.  Hamilton,  English 
Ambassa<lor  at  Naples.     She  is  shown  as  a 
full-length    lady  with    dark  hair,  seated  at 
the  foot  of  a  tree  in  a  wood,  without  head- 
gear, and  pensively  looking  up — in  a  yellow 
dress,   with   a    robe   on    her  knees.     It  was 
exhibited  in  1792  under  the  title  of  a  "  Lady 
of  Fashion.''     It  is  in   the  Duke   of  Aber- 
corn's    collection.     No.   46,   another  in   the 
same  collection,  represents  "Portraits  of  Mrs. 
Maguire  and  Arthur  Fitzjames,"  afine  group 
of  a  lady  in  low  dress  with  fair  hair  caressing 
a  large  dog,    and  a  boy   in   crimson  velvet 
sitting  in  front.     The  picture  is  circular,  a 
shape    the     painter    much     admired.     The 
tones  of  red  and  golden  hue  are  rich,     "  Por- 
trait of  Viscount  Hamilton  as  a  Child  "  (48) 
in  the  same  collection  is  full  of  delicacy  ;  the 
child  face  is  that  of  a  little  cherub,  and  the 
frame  is  of  the  sunray  pattern  so  fashionable 
in  the  days  of  the  Regency.     The  ' '  Portrait 
of  Lady  Harriet  Hamilton"  as  a  girl  comes 
next ;  her  hands  are  clasped  over  a  low-cut 
white  dress.     "Master  Linley,"  from  Dul- 
wich  College  (61),  son  of  the  musical  com- 
poser, is  a  half-length,  with  long  brown  hair 
falling  in  curls  over  shoulders,    "  A  Portrait 
of  Master  Lambton  "  (52)  is  a  full-length  of 
the  boy  seated  on  a  rock  on  the  bank  of  a 
river,   in   crimson    velvet    dress,   with  legs 
crossed — he  has  well-cut  features  and  dark 
curly  hair.     It  is  in  the  Earl  of  Durham's 
collection.     A  large,  life-size  seated  figure  of 
"  The  Duchess  of  Sutherland  and  Child ''  (j3) 
in  a  red  chair  with  a  book,  and  child  on  her 
knee,  in   black  low-cut  dress,  with  curtain 
and  architectural  landscape,  is  a  very  beautiful 
group  in  a  harmony  of  black  and  deep  red. 
"  A  Gipsy  Girl "  [55)  holding  a  white  hen  is 
a  deep-toned  work,  and  is  a  fine  example  of 
the  painter's  simple  and  easy  style.    Another 
portrait  of   "Lady   Harriet  Hamilton   as  a 
Child  "  (oS),  a  bust  in  white  dress  and  mob 
cap  with  blue  ribbons,  her  rich  auburn  hair 
falling  over  her  shoulders,  is  charming  and 
prettj-.     Then  we  have  portraits  of   "  Lady 
Elizabeth  Belgrave  "  (Marchioness  of  West- 
minster) (09),  "  The  Countess  of  Leitrim  and 
Daughter,"   in    which    the    lady    is   shown 
seated    holding  her   child,   the    latter  with 
good  features  in  warm  tones,  and  the  life- 
size  standing  figure  of  "  Mrs.  Angerstein  and 
Child "    (62),    in    high-waisted   white  dress 
open  in  front,  at  the  corner  of  gallery,  a  tall 
figure.     The  porti-aits  painted  after  ISOO  are 
more  artificial    and    affected.     The  famous 
portrait  pictures   of  the   "  Countess  Gower 
and  Child,"  "The  Lady  Acland  and  Sons" 
(111),  and  others  we  have  named,  engraved 
by  Cousins  and  others,  are  here  to  be  seen.  In 
the  Third  Gallery  three  more  of  this  painter's 
work    may  be  seen.     The   most    important 
and  striking  are   from  Windsor:   "  I'ortrait 
of  I'ope  Pius  VII."  {61),  elected  to  the  Holy 
See  in  1792,  the  pontiff  who  crowned  Napo- 
leon   at    Paris    in     1S04,    and    afterwards, 
through  subsequent  disputes   between   him 
and  the  Emperor,  was  seized  by  the  French 
troops  in   Rome   and    carried   to  Pontaine- 
bleau ;  he  was  released  in  1814,  and  made 
many  useful  reforms.     The  Pope  is  seated  in 
his  scarlet  robes,  with  an  architectural  back- 
ground.     'It    was    jiainted     in     1819.      Sir 
Thomas's  other  pictures  are  the  jiortraits  of 
"  The  First  Lord  Ribblesdale,"  a  full-length 
standing  figure,  in  drab  breeches  and  gaiters, 
leaning  on  a  pedestal ;  and  "  Diana  Countess 
of  Normanton,"  a  full-length  standing  figure 
on  a  flight  of  garden  steps,  in  white  low-cut 


dress  with  coloured  sash,  a  silk  shawl  on  her 
left  arm. 

In  Gallery  IV.  we  can  only  notice  the 
King's  large  seated  portrait  of  Cardinal 
Gonsalvi  (110),  in  scarlet  robes,  beforeaback- 
ground  of  the  facade  of  St.  Peter's,  rich  in 
colour;  and  the  portrait  group  of  "The 
Countess  Grey  and  Daughters"  (lOJ),  a 
cii-cular  and  very  beautiful  example ;  also 
several  interesting  works  by  Sir  Francis 
Giiint,  P.R.A. 

The  Old  Masters  occupy  Galleries  I.  and 
III.  In  the  first  we  notice  several  Flemish 
and  Italian  works.  Memling's  "  Pieta  "  is 
the  only  work  of  this  master,  and  represents 
the  Body  of  Christ  being  lowered  into  the 
tomb,  supported  by  two  men,  with  St.  Mary 
Magdalene  and  the  Vii-gin  and  St.  John, 
with  figures  behind,  in  a  rocky  landscape. 
Very  fine  in  execution,  but  hard,  is  Maitre 
de  Flemalle's  "  Virgin  and  Child,"  an  interior 
with  full-length  figure  of  the  Virgin  seated 
nursing  the  Child  in  her  lap,  her  dress  of 
pale  bluish-grey,  her  hair  falling  over  her 
shoulders.  The  glimpse  of  a  town  through 
a  window  adds  a  charm  to  the  interior. 
It  is  lent  by  Mr.  George  Salting.  Van 
Leyden's  "  Acloration  of  the  Magi"  is  a  large 
composition  full  of  figures,  with  Virgin  and 
Child,  with  Magi  making  their  offerings.  It 
is  brown  in  its  tones,  and  full  of  animation. 
Admirable  in  its  soft,  warm  tones  is  the  reputed 
work  of  Giovanni  Bellini,  founder  of  the  older 
Venetian  school.  The  large  circular  panel 
attributed  to  Filippino  Lippi  (13),  a  noble 
work,  rich  in  its  red  and  blue  draperies, 
and  representing  the  Virgin  and  Child,  with  St. 
Margaret,  St.  John,  and  St.  Joseph,  is  a 
good  example  of  this  Florentine  master, 
whose  frescoes  in  the  Church  of  the  Carmine 
at  Florence  are  held  in  high  esteem.  It  is 
lent  by  Mr.  E.  P.  Warren,  whose  Greek  sculp- 
ture was  exhibited  here  last  year.  Lord 
Methuen's  "Virgin  and  Child,"  by  Fillipo 
Lippi,  is  a  fine  panel ;  another  circular  panel 
of  the  same  subject  is  lent  by  the  Marquess  of 
Northampton  (20),  who  is  a  large  contri- 
butor, and  has  lately  come  into  posses- 
sion of  the  pictures  of  Lady  Ashburton. 
It  is  by  Sandro  Botticelli.  A  very  fine 
Fillipo  Lippi,  "The  Annunciation."  is  lent 
by  Lord  Methuen  (2o),  with  a  full-length 
figure  of  the  Virgin  seated  in  a  corridor 
taking  the  lily  from  the  Angel  Gabriel,  with 
the  kneeling  figure  of  the  donor  behind.  _  Mr. 
Arthur  E.  Street  sends  a  few  masterpieces  : 
a  "Virgin  and  Child  "  by  Piero  di  Cosimo, 
a  large  circular  panel  ;  the  blue  and  red 
draperies  are  brilliant ;  it  is  a  rare  work  by 
a  painter  of  eminence.  The  series  of  pictures 
representing  "  Judith  and  Holof ernes,"  lent 
by  Lord  Methuen  (29,  31,  and  37,  38,  &c.), 
are  interesting  compositions.  They  are  at- 
tributed to  Veronese.  Then  there  is  "the  large 
picture  of  the  "  Virgin  and  Child  Enthroned 
with  Saints,"  by  Moretto  of  Brescia,  lent 
by  F.  Cavendish  Bentinck  (42);  "Young 
Man  with  Hand  on  Skull"  (32)  attributed 
to  Giofgione  —  in  the  ]SIarquess  of  North- 
ampton's collection — a  fine  subject'  Criti- 
cism will  be  busy  in  discounting  the 
authenticity  and  genuineness  of  many  of 
these  pictures. 

In  the  large  Gallery  III.  we  can  only 
glance  at  a  few  of  the  works.  Attributed  to 
Francesco  Guardi  is  a  view  of  "  Venice  with 
Laguna  and  Church  of  San  Giorgio, "  lent 
by  the  Corporation  of  Glasgow :  the  remark- 
able and  large  "  Landscape  ''  (66)  of  the 
Earl  of  Radnor,  showing  the  Palace  of  the 
Escurial  in  the  middle  distance,  attributed 
to  Rubens,  though  from  the  history  of  the 
picture  appended  this  is  rather  doubtful. 
Rubens  in  a  letter  says  the  picture  is  not  by 
him,  but  by  one  Virhulst,  of  Antwerp  ;  but 
that  he  finished  the  picture  for  Charles  I.  at 
his  request.  As  a  landscape  the  blue  middle 
distance  spoils  the  effect.  The  Earl  of 
Powis's  fiae  picture  of  "Verona"  (68).  by 
Canaletto,  with  the  Adige  and  its  floating 
water-mills,  and  the  banks  of  river  crowded 


Jan.  8,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


53 


with  houses  and  churches,  and  a  castle  on  an 
eminence,  is  au  example  of  this  architectural 
painter's  correct  drawing  and  finished  execu- 
tion. "The  Dream  of  Jeromo,"  a  lai'ge 
canvas  ((>!)),  with  its  warm  flesh  tones, 
attributed  to  the  Venetian  School ;  and  Lord 
Mothucn's  (ihirlandaio,  "  Virgin  and  Child 
and  St.  John ''  (70),  a  circular  panel,  is 
delicate  in  its  modelled  smooth  tones ;  in  the 
background  a  temple.  "The  Adoration  of 
the  Shepherds  "  (7 1 )  is  attributed  to  Bonifazio 
\'cronose,  a  group  of  figures  in  warm  colours, 
the  Virgin  seated,  with  St.  Joseph  kneeling, 
while  the  Child  in  the  \'irgin's  lap  holds  a  bird, 
and  a  shepherd  is  jiresenting  another  bird 
to  the  Infant  Saviour.  The  "  Holy  Family,'' 
attributed  to  Titian,  lent  by  the  Marquess  of 
Bath,  is  a  small  composition  in  a  Landscape, 
the  Virgin  under  an  overhanging  tree.  Then 
we  have  a  "  Portrait  of  Charles  I.,"  by  Van 
Dyck,  lent  by  the  Mar(|uess  of  Northampton, 
a  full-length  standing  figure  of  the  king  near 
a  table,  on  which  is  a  crown  ;  he  is  in  black 
dress,  with  a  background  of  architeotur.al 
landscape.  This  pictiu-c  lielonged  to  the 
late  Lady  Ashburtou.  The  "Portrait  of  an 
Italian  Lady,"  lent  by  the  King  from 
Hampton  Court,  b}'  Parmigiano,  a  half- 
figure  seated,  in  a  very  rich  embroidered  dress 
of  interlaced  black  braid  on  a  light  ground 
with  large  turban  head-dress ;  a  life-size 
portrait  of  two  young  men.  Lord  John  and 
Lord  Bernard  Stuart,  by  Van  Dyck,  lent  by 
the  Earl  of  Darnley  ;  a  portrait  of  Henrietta 
Maria,  Consort  of  Charles  I.,  once  the  property 
of  the  late  Lady  Ashburton,  a  full-length 
standing  figure  in  white  satin  dress  of  the 
queen  (78),  by  the  same  painter;  a  reputed 
Rembrandt  portrait  of  "A  Lady"  (77), 
belonging  to  the  Marquess  of  Northampton  ; 
another  Parmigiano  portrait  of  a  "Young 
Man"  (82),  lent  by  the  Duke  of  Sutherland; 
''Pomona"  (81),  by  G.  Tiziano,  a  nude 
figure  of  the  goddess  in  a  landscape,  reclining 
on  the  ground,  her  left  arm  round  Vertumnus, 
who  is  shown  as  an  old  woman,  also  on  the 
ground,  in  yellow  tones,  are  of  interest. 
To  Nicholas  Poussin  is  attributed  two 
pictures  belonging  to  the  Duke  of  Rut- 
lanil— one  a  "Confirmation"  scene,  show- 
ing a  group  of  persons  in  a  church, 
one  old  man  laying  his  hand  on  a  child's 
head;  and  the  other  "Extreme  Unction" 
(84  and  S6),  showing  a  death-bed  scene  in 
which  the  rite  is  being  administered  to  a 
dying  man  surrounded  by  friends.  These 
pictures  are  full  of  animation,  and  firm  in 
handling  and  refined  in  colour.  A  centre 
life-size  portrait  of  "Duke  of  Orleans,"  by 
Van  Dyck,  is  lout  by  tho  Earl  of  Radnor 
(85) ;  another  reputed  work  of  this  German 
painter  is  "A  itagadalen,"  in  red  robe, 
kneeling  in  prayer  in  a  cavern,  a  well- 
modelled  figure.  There  is  also  i  dark 
•■  ( 'lassical  Landscape,"  lent  by  the  Glasgow 
<  'orpoi'ation,  by  Gaspar  Poussin,  and  two 
portraits  by  Reynolds,  "  Portraits  of  Mrs. 
Boone  and  Daughter"  (93),  and  the  "  Mar- 
quess of  Granby  "  (i)4),  a  large  life-size  por- 
trait in  centre  of  gallery,  a  fine  composition. 
The  marquess  stands  resting  on  his  charger, 
which  is  held  by  a  black  servant ;  he  is  in 
uniform,  a  battlefield  is  seen  in  the  distance. 
It  is  lent  by  Mr.  Cliarles  J.  AVertheimer. 
The  former  portrait,  with  its  architectural 
background  and  landscape,  painted  in  1774, 
is  a  fino  example  of  Reynolds'  portraiture, 
and  has  not  been  seen  hero  before.  Tho 
white  dresses  and  crimson  robe  trimmed  with 
I'rmine  of  the  ladies,  make  a  noble  picture. 
Ilomnc^y's  portrait  of  "Lady  I  trummond 
and  her  Sister  "  (9j)  is  graceful ;  the  land- 
scape cleverly  painted;  and  Lawrence's  full- 
length  standing  portrait  of  "  Miss  Farren  " 
(lOG),  in  whito  dross  and  fur-trimmed  cloak 
with  powdered  hair,  is  a  tine  example  of  a 
decidedly  pretty  woman. 

In  (tallory  V.  the  chief  works  are  those 
of  tho  late  Ifonry  Tanworth  Wells,  R.A., 
and  John  Callcott  Horsley,  R.A.  Of  the 
former,    Mrs.   Arthur    Street  contributes    a 


portrait  of  "  Tho  Painter "  (her  father) 
(123),  a  standing  half-figure  with  a  palette 
and  brushes  in  his  left  hand,  a  good- 
featured  and  expressive  portrait.  The  por- 
trait of  Miss  Evelyn  Ouless  shows  a  pleasant, 
fresh  face  with  light  hair,  seated,  in  black 
dress,  with  her  hands  in  her  lap.  There  are 
portraits  also  of  Mrs  Arthur  Street  (1'28),  in 
black  and  red  dress,  with  a  rich  screen  back- 
ground, and  a  group  (130),  with  portraits  of 
the  painter  and  his  wife,  and  George  P. 
Boyce,  water-colour  painter,  admirable  in 
composition  and  colour  ;  a  colossal  state  por- 
trait of  "  LordHatherley  as  Lord  Chancellor," 
standing,  preceded  by  mace  and  pursebearer, 
lent  by  the  Fishmongers'  Company,  and  of 
"Charles  West  Cope,  R.A."  (141),  lent  by 
the  Royal  Academy.  Samuel  Bough  is  re- 
presented by  his  picture  of  "Dunkirk 
Harbour"  (125),  lent  by  the  Corporation  of 
Glasgow,  excellent  in  its  colour  and  sunlight, 
thejiarbour  and  town  and  groups  of  figures 
full  of  animation  ;  also  his  stormy  seascape, 
"Storm:  Bass  Rock"  (129).  J.  C.  Horsley 
was  a  painter  of  much  invention  in  genre  sub- 
jects. His  colouring  is  bright,  and  the  inci- 
dents honestly  treated.  "A  Pleasant  Corner," 
a  lady  seated  at  a  fireplace  near  a  window 
holding  a  book,  is  a  diploma  picture  ;  the  sun- 
light through  the  window  and  the  details  of 
room  and  panelling  are  exceedingly  well 
painted.  "The  New  Dress"  (138)  is  also  a 
delightful  picture,  a  child  showing  his  dress 
to  an  old  lady,  painted  with  much  realism. 
"Mary  Queen  of  Soots  in  Captivity"  (132)  is 
a  clever  dramatic  scene  in  which  the  young 
queen  is  .shown  as  a  captive  on  a  charge  of 
the  lisivl  and  Countess  of  Shrewsbury.  She 
is  standing  near  a  window  of  her  room  feeding 
pigeons.  A  lady,  presumably  the  countess, 
is  entering  the  room,  while  the  queen's  female 
attendants  are  examining  a  white  satin  dress 
near  a  little  side  altar.  The  scene  is  painted 
with  feeling,  and  the  colouring  is  biilliant. 
"A  Truant  in  Hiding"  and  "The  Poet's 
Theme"  (135,  134)  are  also  admirable  pic- 
tures of  i/i'iire,  in  which  there  is  sentiment 
and  technical  qualities.  We  can  only  men- 
tion the  cattle  pieces  of  Sidney  Coojoer, 
painted  in  his  best  manner,  dating  about  the 
middle  of  the  last  century,  quite  as  crisp  and 
fresh  as  when  they  left  the  easel. 

The  Water-colour  Room  is  filled  with 
sculpture  and  bronzes,  many  of  them  statu- 
ettes and  busts  by  E.  Onslow  Ford,  R.A.,  and 
Harry  Bates,  A. R.A.  The  bronzes  are  very 
interesting,  many  of  them  Italian  of  the  1 5th 
and  16th  centuries.  These  have  been  con- 
tributions chiefly  from  Mr.  J.  Pierpont 
Morgan,  Mr.  George  Salting,  ^Ir.  Alfred 
15eit,  Mr.  S.  E.  Jvennedy,  Mr.  J.  P.  Heseltine, 
and  others.  They  contain  groups,  statuettes, 
chieflj-  of  15th  and  Kith  century  Italian 
workmanship,  and  will  repay  a  careful 
inspection. 


REGISTRATION   OF   ARCHITECTS. 

THE  Special  Business  Meeting,  held  at  Con- 
duit-street last  Monday,  when  Jtr.  Aston 
Webb,  R.A.,  President,  occupied  the  chair,  was  a 
very  representative  and  crowded  one,  many 
members  from  the  provinces  attending  to  take 
part  in  the  voting  on  this  interesting  ques- 
tion, and  several  of  tho  Allied  Architectural 
Societies  being  represented  by  their  pre- 
sidents, who  had  travelled  far  and  wide  to 
attend  this  meeting.  Prior  to  the  special 
business,  tho  following  gentlemen  were  duly 
elected  as  Fellows: — Messrs.  1'.  .Morley  llorder, 
Alexander  P.  Macalister,  T.  K.  Jlilburn,  Wm. 
Milburn,  and  A.  E.  Perkins.  Jlr.  Frank 
Bern.'irJDickseo.R.A.,  was  elected  Hon.  Associate, 
and  Lo  (Jompte  Robert  do  Lasteyrie,  professor  of 
arch.v'.jlogy  at  the  Erolo  des  Charles,  Paris,  was 
eleiled  as  Hon.  Con-osponding  Hc.nber. 

The  following  resolutions  were  put  down  on  the 
agenda  paper  under  the  names  of  Messrs.  G. 
A.  T.  Middloton,  A.If.I.U.A.  ;  liutler  Wilson, 
F. R.I.I!. A.,  President  of  the  Leeds  and  Vork- 
sbiro  .\rchitectural  Society:  .1.  W.Beaumont, 
F.R.I.B.A.,  President  of  tho  Manchester  Society 
of  Architects;  John  Woolfall.  F.U.I. B.A.,  Presi-  I 


dent  of  the  Liverpool  Architectural  Society ; 
Edgar  G.  C.  Down,  F.R.LB.A,  on  behalf  of  the 
Cardiff,  South  Wales,  and  Jlonmouth  Society  : 
and  Jlr.  Herbert  Davis,  F.lt.I.B.A.,  on  behalf  o£ 
the  York  Architectural  Society  : — 

1.  That  this  Institute  is  in  favour  of  the  general  prin- 
ciple of  the  coinpulsary  examination  and  registration  of 
architect.^. 

2.  That  a  committee  be  appointed  to  consider  what 
steps  should  be  tiken  to  give  effect  to  this  principle,  and 
to  report  thereon  to  a  Special  General  Meeting  before  the 
opening  of  Parliament. 

;i.  To  nominate  this  d.  ramittee. 

The  President  read  three  letters  of  apology,  in 
wliich  adverse  opinions  were  expi-essed,  from 
members  unable  to  attend.  Mr.  Middleton,  on 
being  called  upon  to  propose  the  first  resolution, 
asked  to  be  allowed  to  give  way  in  favour  of  -Mr. 
Butler  Wilson,  who,  on  rising,  requested  permission 
to  withdraw  the  first  resolution  and  substitute  the 
second,  adding  after  the  word  "committee"  the 
words  "  consisting  of  thet'ouncil  and  representa- 
tives of  the  Allied  Societies,"  and  in.stead  of  "  this 
principle"  to  change  the  reading  to  "the 
principle  of  registration."  After  considerable 
discussion  on  points  of  order,  notice  according  to 
the  by  -  laws  rendering  such  alterations  im- 
possible in  a  technical  sense,  it  was  arranged,  ou 
the  suggestion  of  JNIr.  .James  S.  Gibson,  to  formally 
put  the  first  resolution,  and  then  allow  Mr. 
Butler  Wilson  to  move  the  second  resolution  thus 
altered  as  an  amendment.  Mr.  Middleton  then,  as 
a  matter  of  form,  proposed  the  first  resolution, 
merely  to  admit  of  the  amendment,  as  above. 

Mr.  Butler  Wilson  said  he  should  use  no  argu- 
ments in  favour  of  the  principle  of  registration, 
as  no  doubt  those  who  were  adverse  to  such  a 
measure  were  tired  of  hearing  it  advocated,  while 
for  his  part  also  it  might  be  said  that  he  was 
entirely  wearied  with  the  continued  recapitulation 
of  time-worn  objections.  The  day  had  come  for 
action,  and  as  H  out  u£  the  17  Allied  Societies  had 
passed  resolutions  in  favour  of  Registration,  he 
urged  that  the  Institute  Council  could  not  well 
refuse  to  give  the  subject  further  assistance. 
Mr.  G.  C.  Ashlin,  R.'H.A.,  President  of  the 
Royal  Institute  of  Architects  of  Ireland,  supported 
the  amendment,  which  was  spoken  to  by  jlr.  J. 
AV.  Beaumont,  who  explained  how  the  opinions  of 
the  Allied  Societies  had  been  obtained.  Sir.  Mac- 
Vicar  Anderson  proposed  a  further  alteration  in 
the  wording  of  the  amendment,  and  this  was  form- 
ally supported  by  Mr.  H.  T.  Hare,  P.A.A.  Mr. 
Butler  Wilaonat  once  accepted  thesuggested  modi- 
fication, and  this  precluding  further  discussion,  the 
President  put  the  motion,  which  was  carried  unani- 
mously, with  the  exception  of  one  vote  from  a 
junior  Associate.  The  resolution  thus  adopted  is 
as  follows  : — ' '  That  a  committee,  consisting  of  the 
Council  of  this  Institute  and  of  representatives  of 
the  Allied  Societies,  be  appointed  to  consider  the 
principle  of  Registration,  and  to  report  thereon 
to  a  special  general  meeting."  The  interest 
manifested  on  Monday  was  undoubted,  and  the 
Council  attended  in  full  force,  with  very  few 
absentees.  Evidently,  however,  opinion  at  present 
is  very  divided,  and  many  were  disappointed  not 
to  have  heard  more  discussion ;  but  as  the  end 
actually  obtained  in  the  election  of  a  com- 
mittee of  inquiry  was  considered  satisfac- 
tory b)'  all  sides,  the  result  may  be  said 
to  more  than  justify  the  trouble  and  expense 
to  which  so  many  had  been  willingly  put 
in  order  to  attend,  even  though  tho  proceedings 
only  lasted  three-<iuarter3  of  an  hour.  Mr.  Aston 
Webb  assured  the  country  members  of  his  sincere 
appreciation  of  their  presence,  and  of  the  intention 
of  the  Couni'ilto  thoroughly  investigate  and  weigh 
the  proposal,  taking  fully  into  account  the  repre- 
sentations that  had  been  received.  Tho  President's 
"Smoker  "  at  Home  will  lo  held  on  Monday  next 
in  the  cralleries  of  the  Institute. 


EXETER   C.VniKDRAL. 

AS  brioHy  mentioned  in  our  last  issue,  the 
electric  light  has  this  Christraastide  been 
introduced  into  this  fine  old  cathedral,  whoso 
interior,  with  its  imique  unbroken  line  of  groining 
running  from  stem  to  stern  (as  nautical  men 
would  put  it) — i.e.,  from  extreme  east  to  west, 
presents  a  perspective  more  fascinating  and 
beautidd  than  is  that  possessed  by  any  other 
cathedral  church  in  l'".ngland.  The  whole  work, 
now  almost  completed,  is  tho  generous  gift  of 
Mr.  Henry  A.  Willoy,  a  prominent  Exonian  of 
much  public  spirit,  and  by  far  the  largest 
employer  of  labour  in  the  ancient  city  of  which 
he  is  a  native. 
Electricity  has  been  convoyed  into  the  building 


54 


THE    BUILDING    KEWS. 


Jan.  8,  1904 


by  high-tension  armoured  cahles,  capable  of  con- 
Teying  current  at  50  amperes  with  a  pressure  of 
400  volts  for  consumption,  according  to  the  Board 
of  Trade  regulations.  The  cables  enter  the 
venerable  and  sacred  edifice  by  means  of  a  brick 
conduit  running  from  the  adjacent  Palace-yard 
along  the  south  choir  aisle,  beneath  the  south 
transept,  and  under  the  south  transept  floor  in  an 
air-conduit  to  a  main  switchboard  on  the  western 
side  of  the  south  transept.  From  this  point 
they  rise  clear  of  the  vaulting,  which  is  68ft. 
above  the  floor  line,  and  are  fitted  upon  the 
stone  floor  above  the  groining,  protected  by  steel 
tubing.  Separate  cables  are  laid  from  point  to 
point,  constructed  of  stranded  copper  conductors 
of  12  amperes  capacity.  There  are  two  main 
switches  of  100  amperes  capacity,  separately  con- 
trolling the  northern  and  southern  sides.  The 
whole  of  the  branch  fuses  and  switches  are  fixed 
immediately  above,  and  electrical  meters  are  fitted 
to  the  same  position,  thus  enabling  the  cathedral 
staff  to  locate  quickly  any  blown  fuses.  The  nave 
is  lighted  by  means  of  fourteen  7 -light  electroliers 
of  wrought  iron,  of  good  design,  the  actual  wotk 
of  the  donor,  who  is  also  caiTyiifg  out  the  fixing 
generally,  through  the  medium  of  his  staff. 

The  choir  is  being  fitted  with  thirteen  7 -light 
brass  electroliers,  of  similar  design  to  those  tow 
in  Bristol  Cathedral.  These  have  been  supplied 
by  the  makers  of  the  latter,  Messrs.  John  Singer 
and  Sons,  of  Frome,  Somerset.  The  Lady  chapel 
is  to  have  six  7-Iight  brass  electroliers  of  like 
design.  The  choir  aisles  wiU  each  have  three 
7-light  ones,  in  design  and  material  like  those  of 
the  nave,  whilst  the  north  and  south  transepts 
are  to  have  four  7-light  electroliers.  These 
will  correspond  with  those  in  the  nave.  The 
specification  and  general  arrangement  of  the 
lights  were  prepared  by  Jlr.  T.  Hammond, 
A.I.E.E.,  assisted  by  Mr.  Munro,  the  E.xeter 
city  electrical  engineer. 

The  14th-century  vaulting  of  Exeter  Cathedral 
contains  a  large  number  of  the  most  exquisitely 
carved  (Beer  stone)  Decorated  bosses  in  the 
■world,  and  as  the  electrical  cable  in  every 
instance  passes  down  through  the  centre  of  a 
boss,  those  who  look  upon  interference  with  the 
old  building  with  jealous  care,  were  naturally 
alarmed  for  those  bosses'  safety.  Happily,  under 
the  careful  eye  of  Mr.  E.  H.  Harbottle, 
F.R.I. B. A.  (the  cathedral  architect),  the  some- 
what delicate  task  of  piercing  thecrisplj'-manipu- 
lated  foliage  and  figure  carving  has  been  effected 
without  the  least  damage. 

It  was  during  the  restoration  of  the  interior  of 
Exeter  Cathedral,  at  a  cost  of  something  like 
£40,000,  by  the  late  Sir  George  Gilbert  Scott, 
R  A.,  in  1870-77,  that  the  lighting  of  the  fabric 
generally  by  electricity  was  proposed  by  Mr. 
Harry  Hems ;  but  the  late  Dean  Boyd  and  his 
chapter  were  probably  not  advanced  enough  to 
seriously  consider  the  project,  with  which  the 
late  Sir  Gilbert  was,  however,  in  full  sympathy. 
So  the  cathedral  body  were  content  for  their  nave 
and  aisled  to  be  illuminated  by  gas-jets  placed 
above  the  abaci  of  the  capitals  carried  upon  the 
fine  clustered  Purbeck  columns  that  support  the 
north  and  south  arcades,  whilst,  to  this  day,  the 
choir  and  Lady  chapel  are  still  primitively  lit  by 
oil  lamps  and  candles.  Sir.  Hems,  however, 
afforded  practical  evidence  of  his  belief  in  the 
utility  of  using  electricity  for  ecclesiastical  build- 
ings by  getting  his  parish  church  of  St.  Sidwell 
lit  by  it.  That  was  the  first  instance,  we  believe, 
of  a  church  in  this  country  being  so  lighted.  The 
large  20-light  electrolier  in  St.  Sidwell's  chancel 
is  a  fine  example  of  wrought-iron  work. 


REPORT   OF   THE   SELECT   COMMITTEE 
OX  VENTILATION. 

THE  question  of  ventilation  is  one  that  nowa- 
days interests  all  classes  of  society,  which 
really  seems  to  be  beginning  to  have  a  more 
intelligent  appreciation  of  the  necessity  of  pure 
air  for  the  maintenance  of  health,  and  of  the  evil 
effects  of  foul  air.  A  high  authoritv  (Parkes 
says  : — 

"Health  is  only  possible  when  to  other  condi- 
tions is  added  that  of  a  proper  supply  of  pure 
air.  .  .  .  Statistical  inquiries  prove  beyond  a 
doubt  that  of  the  causes  of  death  which  are 
usually  in  action,  impurity  of  the  air  is  the 
most  important." 

In  this  connection,  an  analysis  of  the  recently- 
published  Report  of  the  Select  Committee  on  the 
Ventilation  of  the  House  of  Commons  (1903), 


with  the  views  of  others  competent  to  express 
an  opinion,  should  prove  of  value  as  embodying 
the  latest  and  most  authoritative  ideas  on  the 
subject. 

There  have  been  a  good  many  Royal  C;m- 
missions  appointed  from  time  to  time  to  inquire 
into  ventilation,  particularly  the  ventilation  of 
the  Houses  of  Parliament,  in  which  buildings  a 
great  variety  of  artificial  contrivances  have  been 
tried  at  a  considerable  expenditure  of  the  public 
money,  but  so  far  without  any  definite  or 
satisfactory  results. 

It  appears  from  the  report  that  the  f.ins  for 
propelling  air  into  the  House  do  not  satisfactorily 
perform  the  work  they  have  to  do,  divers  recom- 
mendations being  made  in  respect  to  them.  The 
hot  air  extraction  shaft  in  the  clock  tower  is  also 
to  be  abandoned  as  inoperative. 

There  are  great  complaints  of  the  "  draughts  " 
caused  by  the  extraction  fans  in  the  divisional 
lobbies  and  the  committee  rooms  ;  in  one  room 
the  chairman  of  committee  insisting  upon  having 
the  fans  shopped  as  soon  as  he  enters. 

These  extraction  fans,  it  is  stated,  have  been 
put  in  at  the  suggestion  of  the  select  committee, 
and  are,  it  is  presumed,  of  the  most  improved 
pattern,  though  the  results  do  not  seem  to  be 
encouraging,  as  the  committee  report  in 
respect  to  them,  that  complaints  are  made  "on 
the  score  of  noise  and  draught."  It  is  also  stated 
that  the  ventilation  of  the  smoking-rooms  "  is  by 
no  means  satisfactory." 

The  drawbacks  to  fan  extraction  appear  to  be 
the  intolerable  draughts  they  create,  and  the  un- 
equal distribution  or  extraction  of  the  air.  a  small 
sirocco  being  set  up  in  one  part  of  a  room  whilst 
the  air  is  stagnant  in  other  parts.  ( »ne  report  says : 
"  Draughts   existed  in  the  upper  levels  of  every 

room   ventilated    mechanically    by    extraction, 

while  the  halls  of  such  bui'dings  were  generally 

full  of  draughts." 

The  analysis  of  the  air  of  the  House  is  seemingly 
satisfactory,  but  it  is  significantly  added  :  — 

"  This  conclusion,  obtained  by  means  of  objective 
t  sts,  is  no',  however,  confirmed  by  the  sub- 
jective test  of  the  Members'  own  feelings.  It 
is  the  common  experience  of  many  Members 
that  the  air  of  the  Chamber  'lacks  freshness,' 
that  there  are  some  qualities  possessed  by  it 
which  lead  to  a  stay  for  a  length  of  time  in  the 
chamber  causing  in  the  Members  a  lassitude 
and  feeling  of  heaviness  which  tends  to  inter- 
fere with  the  due  performance  of  their  duties." 

In  another  report  on  the  ventilation  of  the 
House  of  Commons  the  following  appears ; — 

"  AVhen  one  considers  the  enormous  volume  of 
air,  equal  to  ten  times  the  cubic  contents  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  which  is  passed  through  it 
every  hour,  also  that  the  elaborate  tables  of  air 
analysis  are  apparently  all  that  could  be  desired, 
and  yet  the  ventilation  is  so  notoriously  bad,  it 
is  clear  that  there  is  something  very  radically 
wrong  with  mechanical  ventilation"  by  impul- 
sion, and  that  tables  of  analysis  and  of  volumes 
of  air  passed  through  a  building  are  not  to  be 
accepted  as  correctly  indicating  either  the 
general  purity  of  the  air  or  the  efliciency  of  the 
ventilation." 

It  seems  that  this  feeling  of  iimlaix/-  is  usually 
experienced  with  artificial  methods  of  ventilation, 
ard  is  evidence  of  injury  to  health,  demon- 
strating in  an  unmistakable  manner  that  me- 
chanically driving  columns  of  air  through  or 
out  of  a  building  is  not  ventilating  it,  however 
powerfully  it  may  be  done.  The  Committee 
says:  — 

"  It  will  be  desirable  to  bear  in  mind  certain 
general  principles  of  ventilation.  .  .  .  The 
density  of  air  expired  bj'  man  being  the  same 
as  that  of  unbreathed  air  when  raised  to  a  tem- 
perature of  from  78^  to  81-  Fahr.,  or  there- 
abouts, this  expired  air  naturally  ascends  when 
the  temperature  of  the  surrounding  air  is  below 
this  range,  and  naturally  descends  when  it  is 
above  it.  Hence  when,  as  is  usually  the  case, 
the  temijerature  of  the  air  in  a  building  is  below 
78°  or  so,  ventilation  from  below  upwards  is 
assisted,  and  that  from  above  downward?  is 
hindered  by  the  breathing  effects  of  each  indi- 
vidual in  the  building;  and  the  larger  the 
number  of  individuals  the  greater  is  the  assist- 
ance or  hindrance  thus  offered.  Hence,  other 
things  being  equal,  natural  ventilation  may  ba 
said  to  be  that  which  takes  place  upwards  from 
below,  or  at  least  from  the  level  of  the  heads  of 
the  persons  present." 


This  accords  with   what  has  been  expressed  by 
an  earlier  Royal  Commission  :  — 

"  Whilst  the  air  is  in  the  lungs,"  say  the  Com- 
missioners, "  it  acquires  so  much  heat  that  it 
becomes  specifically  lighter  than  the  suiTound- 
ing  air,  and  rises  above  our  heads.  The 
heated  air  which  passes  upwards  should  pass- 
away.  .  .  .  Fur  the  ventilation  of  rooms 
exits  should  be  provided  for  the  spent  air  near 
the  ceiling  .  .  .  The  method  of  low  ventila- 
tion (exits  near  the  floor)  should  be  avoided  on 
various  grounds." 

The  report  of  the  Committee  proceeds  to  deal 

with  the  "  Plenum  "   system,  ventilation  by  fan 

propulsion,  electi;ically  or  engine  driven — ■ 

"Taking  No.   1,   the  'Plenum'  system,"    says 

the  report,  "the  flow  is  determined  simply  by 

pressure  at  the  inlet,  and  the  air  makes  its  exi', 

below  the  breathing  level. 

"  These  features  would  alone  lead  the  Com- 
mittee to  hesitate  in  recommending  that  the 
present  scheme  should  be  exchanged  for  the 
'  Plenum '  system.  They  are  confirmed  in  this 
decision  by  the  following  considerations— 

"As  was  stated  above,  an  essential  condition 
of  the  system  is  that  all  windows  be  kept  closed, 
and  that  no  doors  be  left  open  for  a  longer 
period  than  absolutely  necessary  for  entrance 
or  exit.  The  Committee  believe  that  this  con- 
dition would  be  very  strongly  objected  to  by 
Jlembers.  Moreover,  the  Committee  learn  that 
in  buildings  in  which  the  system  is  in  use,  the 
very  regularity,  it  may  be  said  the  very 
monotony  of  the  supply,  aided  perhaps  by  the 
psychological  influence  of  not  being  able  to  open 
a  window,  produces  an  unfavourable  effect  on. 
those  remaining  in  the  building  for  any  length 
of  time.  These  speak  of  the  air  as  '  tiring '  or 
'  oppressive,'  acd  say  they  feel  '  that  they  want 
to  open  the  window  in  order  to  get  a  little  fresh 
air.'  Making  every  allowance  for  the  play  of 
prejudice,  the  testimony  thus  given  does  seem 
to  the  Committee  to  militate  seriously  against 
the  system,  and  they  cannot  recommend  that  it 
should  be  adopted. 

"  Passing  to  system    No.  2  [also  mechani- 
cal], with   the    intake   at  the  ceiling  and  the 
outflow    by    the    floor,    this    differs    from  the 
Plenum    system    chiefly    as    regards   the   dis- 
tribution   of    motive    power.     It    contravenes 
(ii.)  and  possesses  no  advantage  as  regards  (iv.), 
and  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  would  satisfactorily 
comply    with    (i.)     and     (iii.)     Moreover,  the 
system    was    in    early    days    adopted    in   the 
Chamber,    and    given    up    as-  being    unsatis- 
factory.    The    Committee   cannot   recommend 
its  adoption." 
These  mechanical    systems    do    not  apparently 
meet  with  the  approval  of  the  Select  Committee, 
and   it   is   to   bo   hoped   that  it  may  succeed  in 
securing  the   "more  perfect   fan,"  which  it   is 
suggested   shou'd    be    tried — when   found — as  a 
substitute  for  the  existing  hot-air  upcast  shaft  in 
the  clock-tower,  that  somewhat    antiquated  and 
out-of-date   method    of    extraction    being    con- 
demned as  inefficient   and    expensive.     Judging 
from   the   results   of  the  experiment  which   the 
committee    has    already    made    with    the   latest 
construction    of    extraction     fans,    these    appli- 
ances,  when   used   for  extraction,    would    seem 
to    be    no    more    satisfactory    than    when    em- 
ployed   for    propulsion,    and    it    is   conceivable 
that    their    extension,    as    is    proposed,    to    the 
Debating   Chamber   may  meet  with   no   greater 
success   than   has  hitherto  attended  all  previous 
efforts   to   ventilate   the  chamber   with  artificial 
arrangements. 

The  objections  to  open  windows  when  used  as  a 
means  of  ventilation  in  cold  and  stormy  weather 
are  admitted ;  but  barbarous  though  such  a 
method  may  be  when  employed  under  those  con- 
ditions, it  would  seem,  according  to  the  com- 
mittee, could  it  at  all  times  be  employed,  to  be 
preferable  to  Plenum  ventilation,  which,  though 
doubtless  very  captivating  in  theory  and  to  {the 
inexperienced,  has  been  shown  in  practice  as 
applied  to  different  classes  of  buildings  to  be  even 
more  unsatisfactory  and  unhealthy  than  the  hot- 
air  extraction  shafts  in  vogue  in  tte  early  days  of 
ventilation,  and  of  which  type  the  shaft  in  the 
clock-tower,  now  condemned  by  the  committee,  is 
a  belated  survival. 

Referring  to  one  of  the  latest  applications  of 
the  plenum  system  or  fan  propulsion  to  a  large 
building  in  Birmingham,  it  was  stated  at  a  meet- 
ing of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architect.", 
that— 
"  It  would  become  a  very  big  question  ■whether 


Jan.  8,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


55 


the  '  Plenum  '  system  would  not  be  taken  out 

of  those  buildings,  and    somethinjj  of  a  very 
different  nature  put  in." 

It  is  also  said  in  respect  to  this  building,  that — 

"A  feeling  of  oppression  existed   which  did  not 

meet  with  the  entire  approval  of  the  Visiting 

Staff,  as  exercising  upon  them  an  indefinably 

depressing  efftct.  and  that  the  atmosphere  was 

close  and  lacking  in  freshness." 

This  system  has  not    been  any  more  successful 

in  a  similar  building  in  Glasgow,  judging   from 

the  published   repoits  of  tests  and  statements  of 

certain  of  the  start'. 

A  paper  on  "Plenum"  ventilation  as  applied 
to  a  hospital  in  Belfast  was  read  a  week  or  two 
ago  before  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects. In  the  course  of  the  discussion,  a  dis- 
tinguished medical  scientist  (Ur.  Christopher 
Childs)  said — 

"  Iq  many  Plenum  installations  he  had  inspected, 
there  had  seemed  to  him  grave  defects  in  the 
relative  positions  and  sizes  of  the  inlets  and 
outlets,  and  it  seemed  to  him  that  no  definite 
principles  had  been  laid  down  as  to  the  most 
important  details.  He  was  not  sure  that  it 
afforded  fresh  air  for  hospitals  and  schools. 
They  all  recognised  the  necessity  for  a  full 
supply  of  pure  air.  It  was  easy  to  test  the 
atmosphere  and  ascertain  the  relative  propor- 
tion of  carbonic-acid  gas  in  a  volume  of  air, 
and  also  to  count  the  microbes :  but  hitherto 
analysts  had  failed  at  one  point— in  showing 
them  whence  came  the  invigorating  qualities 
which  they  all  recognised  as  present  in  fresh 
air.  These  health-giving  qualities  seemed  to 
him  to  be  lacking  in  air  pumped  into  a  build- 
ing under  a  Plenum  system,  and  t  j  be  jjresent 
m  methods  of  natural  ventilation.  The  value 
of  fresh,  not  filtered  or  pumped,  air  was  obvious 
in  the  treatment  of  cases  of  phthisis,  and   all 

recognised  its  exhilarating  effects 

He  would  not  allow  that  it  (the  Plenum  system) 
was  the  best  for  hospitals,  as  patients  needed 
the  stimulus  of  absolutely  fresR  and  frequently 
changed  air." 

A  well-known  London  architect  (Mr.  A.  Saxon- 
Snell)  endorsed  this  opinion,  saying  that — 

"  He  and  others  believed  it  to  be,  so  far  as  they 

had  investigated  it,  a //«;/<•  iiiisti(i;:" 
There  would  seem  to  be  a  lack  of  scientific 
treatment  in  the  designing  and  application  of 
these  mechanical  systems,  and  an  imperfect  know- 
ledge of  the  natural  laws  which  control  what  is 
eaUed  '^  ventilation,"  that  must  militate  against 
ventilation  as  an  applied  science  in  the  mind  of 
the  layman,  by  shaking  confidence,  and  engender- 
ing a  feeling  of  distrust  which  is  to  be  deplored, 
as  much  harm  and  misunderstanding  may  arise 
therefrom.  Truly  a  little  knowledge  in  matters 
such  as  these  is  indeed  "a  dangerous  thin"." 
Parkes  says  :  —  ° ' 

"  Ventilation   is   a   science,    and  it  requires  the 
study  of  a  lifetime  to  master  properly  all  its 
intricacies.     The  greatest  engineering  skill  is 
necessary  in  the  arrangement  of  tubes  and  the 
supply  of  fresh  air." 
The     Metropolitan    .\sylums     Board,     which   is 
advised  by  eminent  scientists,  does  not  employ 
mechanical    ventilation,   the  hospitals  under  its 
jurisdiction    being    satisfactorily    ventilated   by 
natural   means,    and    the    official   leports  of  the 
results  obtained  with  the   "  Boylo  "  system  form 
an  object-lesson  as  to  what  may  be  achieved  with 
a    natural    method   of    ventilation    scientifically 
applied. 

This  system  is  favourably  referred  to  in  a 
number  of  Government  reports,  and  from  pub- 
lished accounts  it  would  appear  that  buildings 
of  greater  magnitude  and  of  a  more  dillicult 
character  than  the  Houses  of  Parliament  have 
been  successfully  ventilated  with  it.  Sir  Douglas 
Galton  doubtless  spoke  from  the  deptli  of  his 
great  experience  when  ho  said  :  — 

"It  is  far  better  to  trust  to  the  ventilation  of 
Nature — natural  ventilation^than  to  the  arti- 
ficial pumping  in  of  air  " 

— a  dictum  which  is  endorsed  by  an  equally  high 
authority,  Sir  Henry  Burdett,  who  says  :  — 
"  Having  reg.ard  to  the  temperate  character  of 
the  British  climate,  wo  have  yet  to  be  con- 
vinced that  it  is  desirable  or  necessary  to 
introduce  artificial  ventilation  into  our  hos- 
pitals. .  ._  .  At  tiuy's  Hospital  (new  building) 
the  artificial  system  can  bo  compared  with  the 
natural  system  in  the  older  wards,  and  the  '  wood 

I 


result  of  the  comparison   certainly  does  not 

make     for     the     superiority     of     the    former 
methoJ." 

{To  be  continued.) 


V 


OAK   STAVES   FOR  JOINERY. 

a,  letter  from    Jlessrs.    GrisseU    and   Peto, 
contraciors,    York -road,   Lambeth,   to    Mr. 
Oharles  Barry,  written  on  the  30th  Nov.    lf)44, 
with  reference  to  the  con'ract  for  the  finishings 
at  the  New  Palace,  Westminster,  the  following 
paragraph  is  found  : — "The  wainscot  to  be  used 
in  the  joiner's  work  is  assumed  to  be  from  the 
best  grown  Riga  wainscot  in  the  logs,  and  from 
Pipe  staves    of    the    boat    quality,  in    equal  pro- 
portions,  to  be    prepared  for  use    by    steaming 
or  otherwise."     In    a    memorandum   of     agree- 
ment entered   into    on    Dec.    3,    1814,   between 
Charles   Barry,    architect,   and    Messrs.    Cirissell 
and  Peto,  builders,  as  to  the  conditions  of  con- 
tract for  the  finishings  already  referred  to,  the 
following  is   the  first  clause  : — "  The  wainscot  is 
assumed  to  be  from  the  log,  and  pipe  staves,  in 
equal  quantities,  the  prime  cost  of  which  in  inch 
boards,    seasoned    by   steam    or    other    artificial 
means  so  as  to  be  fit  for  use,  is  calculated  at  6id. 
per  foot  superficial."     The  second  clavise provided 
that  "  if  it  should  be  found  necessary  to  make  use 
of  thoroughly  dry  wainscot  boards  for  the  whole 
or  any   portion   cf    the  joiners'   work,    seasoned 
by  n.atural   means    (viz.,  exposure  to   the   atmo- 
sphere), the    prime  cost    of   such    boards,    with 
the    addition     of     a     profit     of    7j     per    cent, 
is    to    be    allowed    for    them    over    and    above 
the  price  of  6Jd.  per  foot  superficial,  the  prime 
cost  of  wainscot  boards  provided  in  the  contract 
as  above  stated."     The  relative  values  of  joiners' 
work  in  wainscot  and  in  deal  were  fixed  at  |rd 
and  jrd  respectively.     The  "  finishings  "  referred 
to   in   the   foregoing  clauses  were  chiefly  doors, 
shutters,   wall   linings,    and    presses    with   their 
accompanying    architraves,    cornices,     cappings, 
and   other   mouldings.      The   panellings   in   this 
joiner's  work  had  to   be  prepared  from  oak  un- 
usually thick  for  such  a  purpose,  as  they   were 
in  many  cases  worked  on  both  sides  to  represent 
the  pleats  and  folds  of  linen  (hence  the  name  of 
linen  panels),  a  very  favourite  way  of  decorating 
what  would  otherwise  be  a  plain,  fiat  surface,  and 
much   practised  in  this  country  during  the  six- 
teenth and  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  centuries. 
To  discern  how  far  such  a  specification   as   the 
foregoing  would  be  applicable  to  the  oak  required 
for  joinery  in  a  first-class  building  at  the  present 
day   is   the   object   of    this   article.      It   will   be 
noticed   that   the   main   provision   for   the   ra^id 
seasoning  of  oak   to   be   used  in  this  important 
work  was   by  steaming,    so   that   within    a  few 
weeks  after   signing     the    contract,   the   builder 
had     by    this     process    to    convert    unseasoned 
into   seasoned  timber   dry     enough   to     be   used 
with  safety  in  first-class  joinery.     English  oak 
loses  about  one-third  its  weight  in  seasoning — 
that  is,  if  an  oak  plank  12tt.  long,   12in.   wide, 
and  Sin.  thick  weighs  2001b.  as  it  comes  from  the 
forest,  it  will  weigh  only  1331b.  after  standing  on 
end  for  three  years  in  a  dry  place — say  a  covered 
shed — and   this    is  called  "  natural  seasoning." 
The  same  wood,  if  steamed  for  twelve  hours  and 
dried  in  a  similar  manner  for  six  months,  will 
weigh  only  UiUlb.  ;  if  boiled  and  dried  it  will 
weigh    1351b.     Both    these    latter   processes   are 
combinations  of  artificial  and  natural  seasoning. 
It  is  obvious  that  oak  dried  by  natural  seasoning 
is  more  costly  than  that  artificially  seasoned  ;  the 
process  is  so  much  longer,  the  interest  on  capital 
sunk  and  lying  idle,  as  well  as  the  labour  in- 
volved in  turning  and  restacking  the  boards  or 
scantlings  all  contribute  to  make  it  an  expensive 
procsss.     Conse(|uentIy   in   the  foregoing  agree- 
ment it  will  be  seen  that  an  extra  price  was  to  be 
paid  for  naturally-seasoned  boards  beyond    that 
agreed  to  for  artificially-seasoned  stiiil',   though 
the  scantlings  were  in  each  case  cut  from   Riga 
wainscot  logs  of  the  same  (juality.  To  understand 
what    takes    place    in    tho    seasoning      of      oak 
timber,  an  elementary  knowledge  of  its  minute 
structure  is  necessary,  and  sullicient  to  guide  any 
tradesman  in  controlling  the  process.     Oak  is  ii 
ring   porous  wood  ;  a  thin  section  held  up  to  tho 
light  shows  it  to  \o  somotning  like  a  fine  sieve. 
Owing  to  certain  longitudinal  wide  tubes  having 
been    cut    across    in    making   the   section,    this 
peculiar   structure,  totally  unlike   that  of    pine, 
facilitates   the   seasoning  process  as  it  also  mate- 
rially assis's  the  reabsorbli^ 


especially  through  the  ends  of  the  timber.     All 

growing  timber  contains  protoplasm  in  its  living 
cells.     This    substance    is   one  of    extraordinary 
complexity  ;    it   contains    carbon,    oxygen,   and 
hydrogen,  with   nitrogen,  and  a  small  proportion 
of  phosphorus  and  sulphur:    the  whole  of  Iheso 
substances  are  found  combined  with  over  90  per 
cent,  of  water.     The  living  cells  of  oak,  as  of  all 
other  trees,  are  those   in  the  sapwood,  the  heart- 
wood    being    the    dead    skeleton   or    framework 
which  supports  the  tree.     The  walls,  too,  of  all 
cells,  living  or  dead,   are  saturated  with  water, 
and    it     is     found     partly    filling    the    cavities 
of    dead    cells.     When    oak    loses    one-third  its 
weight    in    seasoning    it    loses    all    this    water, 
leaving  behind    as    solids    any   substances    held 
in    solution.     It    may    be    thought    that    in   an 
excess  of    hot  water,   or   in   steam,    the   organic 
compounds  would  pass  off  in  seasoning  by  this 
method  ;  but  though   some  unquestionably  do  so 
pass  away,  the  great  bulk  are  coagulated  by  the 
heat   (as  the  albumen  of  an  egg  is),  and  being 
rendered  insoluble  in   this  way,   they  remain  in 
the  wood.     Steaming  or  boiling  timber  does  not 
aft'ect  its  strength  if  the  process  is  not  continued 
too  long,  and  one  hour  to  every  inch  in  thickness 
is  the   utmost  exposure   for  wood  where  loss  of 
strength  is  to  be  guarded  against.     Kiln-drying 
has  now  to  a  great  extent  displaced  steaming  or 
boiling  oak.     The  green   wood  can  be  subjtcted 
to  a  temperature  of  120°  Fahr.  without  danger  ; 
but  if  the  oak  is  to  be  raised  to  160°  or  more,  it 
should  be  naturally  dried  for  a  few  months  before 
placing  it  in  the  kiln,  to  prevent  splitting.     Pine 
is  treated  differently  :  it  is  usually  kept  at  about 
180°  for  four  days,  and  it  may  be  placed  in  the 
kiln   fresh   from   the   saw.     Oak   an  inch   thick 
takes  from  eight  to  ten  days  to  dry  sutticiently 
when  exposed  to  about   150°.     Neither  oak  nor 
any  other  timber  will  season  thoroughly — that  is, 
all  the  moisture  will  not  be  driven  off  by  stacking 
in  an  open  shed,  for,  even  under  the  most  favour- 
able conditions,  in  such  a  case  it  will  contain  from 
10  to  12  per  cent,  of  moisture — in  fact,  thoroughly 
dry  wood  cannot  be  obtained,   for  chemical  de- 
composition sets  in    before  it  loses  all  its  water. 
Kiln-dried  wool  has  less  moisture  than  that  dried 
under  an  open  shed  for  any  length  of  time,  .and 
if,  after  it  is  removed  from  the  kiln,   a  stack  is 
carefully  built  with  it  on  strips  under  cover,  but 
exposed  to  the  air,  the  wood  will  gradually  absorb 
moisture  and  return  to  the  condition  of  air-dried 
wood.     With  modem  appliances  at  his  disposal 
for  seasoning  wood,  the  builder  should  never  use 
for  fixing  any  yard  or  shed  seasoned  wood,  as  its 
drying  is  only  partial,  being  more  intense  on  the 
outside  than  in  the  middle  of  the  piece  :  and  when 
he  uses  kiln-dried  wood  it  should  be  worked  up  in 
a  dry  workshop,  and  the  surfaces  of  the  finished 
work  filled  or  coated  with  oil  paint,  varnish,  oi 
some  waterproof  filler  before  they  are  exposed  to 
the  atmosphere.     Treated  in  this   way  the  work 
will  remain  for  any  length  of  time  unaltered  in 
size  and  weight.     Boiling  and  s'eaming  will  to 
some  extent    render    oak    non-hygroscopic,  and 
therefore  less  likely  to   shrink   and  swell  under 
varying  atmospheric  conditions  :  but  such  treat- 
ment will  not  be  as  effectual  as  waterproofing  the 
exposed  surfaces  by  some  of  the  methods  indicated 
above.     Oak  is   a  most   difficult  wood  to  season 
thoroughly  without  splitting,   on  .account  of  its 
irregular   structure  as   comptred   with  spruce  or 
pine.     This    gives   it    a    radial    and    tangential 
shrinkage  in  drying  fully  three  times  as  great ; 
the  longitudinal  shrinkage  in  either  being  never 
more  one-tenth  of  an  inch.     Riga  wainscot  oak 
is   much   lighter   than   English  oik.  the  former 
weighing  only  about  531b.  to  the  cubic  foot,  and 
the  latter  5Slb.,  and  as  the  strength  of  timbers  of 
tho  same  kind  is  directly  as  the  density,  it  follows 
that  Knglisli  oak  is  much  stronger  than  thit  im- 
ported from  Riga.     It  sliould   be  recollected  that 
ia  selecting   oak   for  joinery  strength   is   not  a 
matter  of  much  importance,  for  the  weakest  oak 
is  strong  enough  for   the  purpose.     .V   "mild" 
wood — tliat   is,  one   which   works  easily  on   tho 
bench,  and  does  not  twist  or  give  when  worked 
up — is   tho    most    suitable    for    indoor    joinery. 
Knglish  oak   was  at   one   time   extensively  used 
for   framing,  panelling,  and  wainscoting.     Many 
of    our    country    parish     churches    were    fitted 
with  pews  or  "loose  boxes"  of  this  material. 
.Vs  late  as  the   IlUh  and   17th  centuries  several 
churches  were   furnished  wholly  in  English  oak, 
many  of  the   framed  partitions,   doors,  and  wall 
linings  having  panels  of  splendid  figure.     Some 
of  these  were   ISiii.  to  20in.   wide  in  one  piece, 
and   not  more  than     Jin.    thick  in  the  middle. 


on  of  moisture  by  the 
when    exposed    in    a    damp   atmosphere,  I  tapering  to  a  feather  edge  all  round  where  they 


56 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  8,  1904. 


entered  the  grooved  framings.  In  the  London 
churches,  huilt  during  the  Renaissance  of  Wren 
and  his  immediate  followers,  oak  Joinery  was 
always  adopted  for  pewing  and  doors ; — the  seats 
may  now  be  seen  rearranged  (and mutilated),  the 
doors  being  as  they  left  the  workmen's  hands.  In 
the  country  parish  churches  the  beautiful  old  oak 
panelling  has  in  most  cases  been  swept  away  by 
"restorers"  to  m-ike  room  for  pitch  pine  or 
"deal,"  stained  and  varnished.  All  oak  for 
joiner's  work  should  be  cut  with  the  grain,  that  is 
radially  or  on  the  quarter,  and  all  staves  are  so 
rut,  and  in  this  respect  they  hive  an  advantage 
iver  larger  timber,  and  it  is  also  more  likely 
utaves  will  furnish  drier  wood  than  logs.  It 
is  evident  that  if  one  of  the  transverse  dimen- 
sions of  a  piece  of  oak  lies  along  a  radial 
line,  the  other  dimension  must  be  at  right 
angles  to  it,  and  it  will  be  cut  tangentially,  or 
bastard-wise,  and  riff-rersd.  Two  opposite  sides 
being  parallel,  they  will,  of  course,  be  along 
radii,  or  at  right  angles  to  them  in  thin  boards. 
But  this  does  not  hold  good  for  boims  or  large 
scantlings.  As  the  proper  conversion  of  oak  for 
Joinery  is  a  mcst  important  operation,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  describe  it  accurately.  A  piece  of  oak 
square  on  section  may  have  all  four  faces  cut  tan- 
gentially :  but  it  can  never  have  more  than  one 
face  cut  radially,  the  opposite  face  being  onlj- 
approximatelj'  so  even  when  the  thickness  of  the 
piece  is  not  very  great.  When  a  transverse 
section  of  any  large  oak  scantling  is  examined,  a 
series  of  fine  lines  or  rays  of  appreciable  width 
wiU  be  seen  crossing  the  annual  rings  at  right 
angles.  In  a  complete  disc  cut  from  the  trunk  or 
a  branch  some  of  the  rays  maj'  be  seen  extending 
from  the  centre  to  the  circumference,  or  from  the 
pith  to  the  bark.  Other  secondary  rays  may  be 
seen  between  these  ;  but  all  radiate  from  the 
centre  or  pith,  and  they  are  known  as  medullary 
or  pith  rays.  Any  surface  of  a  piece  of  oak  which 
coincides  with  one  of  these  rays  shows  the  grain, 
and  it  is  "  cut  on  the  quarter."  Every  other 
surface  is  a  bastard  or  tangential  cut.  It  is  evident 
thatif  one  faceof  apieoeof  thick  scantling  lies  along 
a  ray  no  other  face  can  do  so  unless  it  is  wedge- 
shaped,  for  no  two  radii  of  the  same  circle  can 
be  parallel  to  each  other :  timber  of  this  shape 
if,  however,  not  used  in  joinery.  The  object 
sought  in  cutting  oak  radially  is  that  the 
"  figure  "  produced  by  the  medullary  rays,  some- 
times called  the  "silver  grain,"  may  be  seen  to 
the  best  advantage,  and  this  peculiar  marking 
dies  away  gradually  as  any  surface  varies  from  a 
radial  line  until  when  it  reaches  a  tangent  or 
bastai-d  cut,  the  figure  disappears  completely,  the 
edgea  only  of  the  rays  being  visib'e.  A  piece  of 
oak  is  said  to  be  "quartered"  or  cut  with  the 
grain  when  its  greatest  transverse  dimension  lies 
along  a  medullary  ray,  and  if  its  smallest  dimen- 
sion is  on  a  ray,  the  piece  is  bastard  cut.  AU  oak 
staves  are  cut  on  the  quarter,  and  an  examination 
of  any  one  on  a  section  of  either  end  will  show 
that  this  is  so  ;  the  width  of  the  stave  will  always 
coincide  with  a  ray,  or  make  some  slight  angle 
with  it,  the  thickness  will  show  bastard-cut  faces, 
so  that  in  the  conversion  of  oak  staves  for  joinery 
work  the  exposed  face  should  be  in  the  width  of 
the  stave,  and  not  the  thickness,  if  it  is  desired 
to  show  the  figure  of  the  stuff ;  indeed,  the  size 
of  any  particular  stave  will  probably  allow  of  no 
alternative. 

Oak  staves  may  be  divided  into  two  classes, 
according  to  the  amount  of  labour  expended  in 
dressing  them  after  they  are  cleft,  and  these  may 
be  broadly  defined  as  Baltic  and  American ;  for 
the  purposes  of  this  article  staves  from  Fiume 
and  Bosnia  will  be  included  with  those  from 
Memel  and  other  European  ports  under  the 
heading  of  Baltic,  and  staves  from  the  States  and 
>anada  will  be  taken  toge'her  as  American. 
A  Baltic  stave  is  parallel-sided,  and  the  adjacent 
sides  are  at  right  angles  with  each  other;  the 
surfaces  cf  the  wood  which  have  been  dressed  with 
an  adze  are  as  smooth  as  if  they  had  been  planed 
by  hand,  and  much  smoother  than  by  a  machine, 
for  there  is  no  sign  of  that  wavy  appearance 
which  disfigures  the  finished  face  of  machine- 
worked  stutf .  A  Baltic  stave  is  perfectly  straight 
from  end  to  end,  but  the  ends  are  not  square 
with  the  piece  either  in  width  or  thickness.  They 
generally  skew  across  in  an  erratic  and  unaccount- 
able manner,  which  may  occasion  some  waste  of 
wood.  A  stave  from  the  United  States  is,  to 
use  an  expressive  slang  term,  "a  caution," 
and  a  stack  of  such  staves  is  more  like 
what  woodmen  of  England  call  "  cordwood " 
for  firing  than  anything  e'se  — in  fact,  one 
accustomed  to  use  Baltic  staves  for  Joinery  would 


not  know  what  to  do  with  American  staves, 
except,  perhaps,  to  burn  them,  as  for  building 
purposes  they  are  altogether  worthless.  The 
American  stave  may  be  lin.  thick  on  one  edge, 
and  Sin.  thick  on  the  other  edge  :  it  is  therefore 
very  much  wedge-shiped  in  cross-section  ;  it  is 
crooked  in  length,  and  a  line  running  along  either 
edge  atlords  an  object-lesson  in  curves  of  contrary 
flexure,  none  of  which  are  amenable  to  any  known 
mathematical  process  of  investigation.  In  a  few 
words,  an  American  stave  is  twisted,  crooked, 
wedge-shaped,  rough-surfaced,  and  sappy;  in 
fact,  irregular  in  every  way  ;  and  how  coopers 
use  them  will  always  remain  a  mystery  to  the 
uninitiated.  When  a  piece  of  oak  cleft  as 
described  exceeds  6ft.  in  length  it  ceases  to  be 
a  stave,  and  it  becomes  a  plank.  Again,  the 
ex'reme  width  of  a  stave  is  Tin.,  and  its  thick- 
ness 4ia.  If  either  of  these  dimensions  is  ex- 
ceeded, the  same  fate  befalls  the  stave  :  it 
bscoraes  a  plank  ;  so  that  the  largest  stave  cannot 
be  more  than  Gft.  by  Tin.  by  -tin.,  unless  there  is 
some  special  agreement  to  the  contrarj-.  If  it  is 
asked  why  this  should  be  so,  the  only  answer 
that  can  be  given  is,  "  The  trade  has  arranged 
that  certain  oak  fcantlings  shall  be  sold  by 
the  '  Blille,'  and  ethers  by  the  cube  foot  or  foot 
of  inch  thick,  the  former  being  staves  and  the 
latter  planks ;  the  distinction  being  made  so  as  to 
reduce  the  measurement  and  classification  of  such 
goods  to  a  system  which  shall  be  understood  by 
all  concerned,  having  been  adopted  by  mutual 
agreement.  The  lengths  of  staves  are  always  in 
whole  inches,  the  widths  in  inches  and  halt 
inches,  and  the  thicknesses  in  inches  and  quar'er 
inches,  or  in  quarter  inches  only  ;  a  pipe  stave  to 
a  builder  would  be  Gft.  by  5hm.  by  2J.in.  A 
dealer  would  describe  it  as  T2in.  5jin.  wide, 
10-4ths  thick.  Staves  are  therefore  sorted  for 
thickness  in  quarter-inches,  in  widths  for  half 
inches,  and  in  lengths  for  full  inches,  the  dimen- 
sions being  always  taken  to  the  shortest  and 
narrowest  jioints.  If  a  stave  measures  66in.  long 
at  one  side  and  6Tin.  at  the  other  side  through 
being  cut  out  of  square,  the  length  is  taken  as 
being  66in.  only,  and  should  any  corners  be 
waney  through  accident  or  otherwise,  the  nar- 
rowest dimensions  inside  the  wane  will  be  the 
measured  width  and  thickness.  The  width  of  a 
Baltic  stave  is  usually  twice  its  thickness,  b>it 
this  rule  cannot  be  applied  to  wedge-shaped 
American  goods.  There  are  1,'200  staves  by 
count  in  a  mille,  and  they  are  of  various  lengths 
which  are  arranged  in  classes  of  the  same  length, 
and  named  after  the  vessels  or  casks  in  which 
they  are  to  be  used.  Pipe  staves  are  from  G6in. 
ta  T2in.  long;  Brandy  staves,  .')4in.  to  65in; 
Long  Hogsheads,  .51in.  to  33  ;  Short  Hogshead, 
4Gin.  to  50in.  ;  Long  Barrel,  38in.  to  4.>in.  ; 
Short  Barrel,  34in.  to  3Tin.  ;  Long  Heading, 
26in.  to  33in.  ;  Short  Heading,  ISin.  to  25in.  ; 
and  Ends,  all  under  ISin.  Full  sized  staves  are 
sorted  ll-4ths  and  up  thick,  by  ,5|in.  and  up 
wide  ;  then  in  |ths  thick  down  to  4-4ths  or  lin. 
For  quality,  Dantzic  staves  are  sorted  as  Crown, 
Brack,  and  Brack  Brack.  AU  Crown  staves  of 
whatever  lengths  are  stamped  for  Pipe  "  K  "  at 
the  end  ;  Hogshead  "  OK,"  and  Brandy  "  B  K." 
Pipe  Brack  are  stamped  in  the  middle  "I,"  and 
Brack  Brack  II,  Hogshead  Brack  Brack  are  II  IF, 
Brandy  Brack  X,  and  Brack  Brack  XX.  Ouebec 
Butts  are  a  much  better  type  of  stave  than  any 
nraiutactured  in  the  States,  and  they  might  be 
made  available  for  Joinery  work  ;  but  the  waste 
would  be  great,  for  in  a  stack  of  Pipe  lengths 
(Gft.  Gin.)  the  widths  may  vary  from  9in.,  SJin., 
Siin.,  Sin.,  THn.,  Tin.,  down  to  GMn.,  and  the 
thickness  from  4iin.  to  2jin.  Again  in  a 
Canadian  Pipe  stave  one  edge  may  be  2in. 
thicker  than  the  other  in  a  width  of  Gjin. 
There  may  be  as  much  as  IJin.  of  sapwood 
on  the  outer  edges,  and  the  surfaces  are 
all  rough  ; — ideal  ones  in  fact  for  plasterers'  laths, 
tjuebec  staves  to  be  merchantable  or  "  standard  " 
must  hold  o./ft.  long,  oin.  broad,  and  from  lin. 
to  Sin.  thick  ;  Uii.  long,  4 Jin.  broad  ;  3Ht.  long, 
4in.  broad ;  and  2Ut.  .5in.  broad,  the  standard 
mille  here  being  always  1,200  pieces  Ojft.  by  Sin. 
by  loin,  thick  ;  all  other  staves,  of  whatever  size, 
being  reduced  to  this.  West  Indian  or  Puncheon 
staves  are  3ift.  long,  4in.  wide,  and  not  less  than 
Jin.  thick,  straight  -  grained,  properly  split, 
straight  edges,  no  grub  or  large  worm  holes, 
veins,  or  splinters ;  three  small  worm  holes  are 
allowed.  The  length,  breadth,  and  thickness  of 
(Juebec  staves  are  measured  in  the  shortest, 
narrowest,  and  thinnest  parts,  so  that  builders 
may  safely  buy  on  this  method  of  finding  the 
number  of  feet   ol  timber   in  a  miUe.     In  the 


States  (Georgia,  fur  instance),  mercantile  staves 
are  .54in.  long,  3in.  wide,  and  lin.  thick  on  the 
narrowest  edge  :  Hogshead  staves  are  42iu.  long, 
3io.  wide,  and  not  less  than  -^\n.  on  the  thinnest 
edge ;  Barrel  staves  21ft.  long,  3in.  wide,  and 
J  in.  thick  ;  and  Heading  staves  2jft.  by  Gin.  by 
lin.  on  one  edge,  snd  not  lees  than  Jin.  on  the 
other,  all  these  staves  being  sound  and  free 
from  worm  holes  or  knots.  In  passing,  it 
may  be  noted  that  in  Georgia  they  split  oak  roof 
shingles  22in.  long  by  at  least  SJin.  wide,  and 
-Mn.  thick,  tapering  to  nothing.  The  cubic 
content  of  a  mUle  of  any  kind  of  staves  is  a 
matter  of  prime  consideration  to  the  builder.  As 
Memel  staves  are  always  full-sized,  there  are  in  a" 
mille  of  Pipes  T90c.ft.,  in  Brandy  Pipe  650ft., 
Hogshead  550ft.,  Barrel,  Long  and  Short,  410ft., 
and  Heading,  Long  and  Short,  340ft. ;  these  being 
in  every  case  average  contents.  Stettin,  Dantzic, 
and  similar  staves  are  undersized,  and  will  not 
cube  to  as  much  as  those  from  Memel.  Dantzic 
and  similar  staves  are  sorted  in  three  classes, 
according  to  thickness :  first,  25in.  and  up ; 
second,  2in.  and  up  to  2?iin.  ;  and  third,  under 
2in.  The  cubic  contents  of  a  mille,  according  to 
this  classification,  being  as  follows; — fl)  Pipe, 
630ft.;  (2)  do.,  410ft.;  (3)  do.,  2T0ft.  'Brandy 
Pipe  and  Hogshead  :  (1),  510ft.  ;  (2),  340ft. ; 
(3),  220ft.  Long  and  Short  Barrel :  (1),  400ft. ; 
(2),  2G0ft.  ;  (3),  ITOft.  Heading,  Long  and 
Short:  (1),  230ft.;  (2),  150tt. ;  (3),  100ft. 
Bosnian  staves  are  sorted  as  Pipe  Glin.  to  T2in.  ; 
Hogshead  49in.  to  GOin. ;  Barrel  43in.  to  48in. ; 
Heading  36in.  to  42in.,  and  ends  under  36ra. : 
for  thickness  they  are  sorted  as  lin.  and  2in. 
A  mille  of  Bosnian  Staves,  Long  Hogshead,  lin. 
thick,  will  cube  to  200ft. ;  Short  do.,  IGOft.  ; 
Long  Barrel,  140ft.  ;  Short  Barrel,  r20ft. ;  and 
Heading,  lOOft.  Quebec  and  similar  American 
Staves,  rough  or  cleft,  will  cube  to  (per  mille)  : 
Pipe,  64in.  to  T2in.  by  lin.  thick,  230ft. ;  Uin. 
thick,  345ft.  ;  and  so  on  in  proportion  up  to  Sin. 
thick.  These  quantities  are  based  on  the  mean 
thickness  of  the  American  staves,  and  not  on  the 
least  thickness  us  usually  measured  :  hence  there 
is  a  very  considerable  difference  between  the  con- 
tents ascertained  in  each  way — a  fact  which 
should  not  be  forgotten  by  the  purchaser.  From 
the  foregoing  description  of  the  various  staves 
imported,  it  will  be  seen  at  once  that  when  an 
architect  intends  to  use  wood  converted  in  this 
way  for  his  joinery,  he  should  specify  Jlemel 
staves,  and  give  preference  to  those  of  an  old 
shipment,  avoiding  all  new  importations  as  much 
as  possible.  The  chief  advantages  to  be  gained 
in  using  staves  instead  of  wainscot  logs  for  boards 
and  scantlings,  appear  to  be  that  the  former  are 
always  cut  radially,  and  must  to  some  extent  be 
seasoned,  whilst  the  latter  may,  in  con  version,  be  cut 
"bastard,"  and  they  are  unseasoned;  but  in  all 
other  respects  the  advantages  lie  with  the  log  on 
account  of  its  size.  Of  course,  there  is  much  lees 
sawing  in  staves  than  on  large  logs ;  but  since  the 
introduction  of  steam  machinery,  the  cost  of 
sawing  a  log  by  a  horizontal  saw  or  a  band-saw 
is  a  trifling  matter,  and  waste  is  reduced  to  a 
minimum,  though  still  there  is  saving  in  this 
respect  in  the  use  of  staves.  -\ny  joiner  knows 
that  the  larger  the  plank  or  log  is  from  which  he 
has  to  cut  his  stuff,  the  smaller  the  waste  will  be, 
assuming  that  the  wood  is  sound  and  straight- 
sided  ;  in  other  words,  there  is  less  waste  in  the 
conversion  of  large  timber  into  scantlings  than 
small  timber.  "What  constitutes  a  wainscot  log, 
and  in  what  respect  is  it  distinguished  from  other 
oak  logs,  say  those  from  Quebec  or  Stettin  'f  In 
the  first  place,  the  latter  are  the  largest  squared 
timbers  in  one  piece  that  can  be  cut  from  the 
tree  ;  the  heart  is  therefore  in  the  centre  of  each 
log,  or  nearly  so.  The  corners  may  be  waney, 
though  all  four  sides  are  sawn  or  hewn,  and  knots 
may  also  be  present,  as  well  as  shakes  and  rotten 
heart,  the  large  (Juebeo  logs  being  liable  to  the 
latter.  In  preparing  a  wainscot  log  the  butt  of 
the  tree  is  selected,  so  as  to  be  free  from 
knots.  The  log  is,  therefore,  as  compared 
with  other  logs,  short.  A  cut  is  always  put 
through  the  centre  of  a  butt  intended  for  wainscot, 
or  the  heart  may  be  wholly  removed  by  cutting  a 
plank  2in.  thick,  the  full  width  of  the  trunk,  out 
of  the  centre  ;  — the  end  section  of  each  piece  will 
now  be  a  semicircle,  or  nearly  so,  with  one  flat 
face— that  through  the  heart  of  the  tree.  To  make 
each  half-trunk  so  cut  a  wainscot  log,  two  other 
cuts  are  put  in  it  at  right  angles  to  the  first,  at 
certain  distances  from  the  centre,  varying  accord- 
ing to  the  size  of  the  tree.  In  this  way  two 
triangular-shaped  pieces  are  taken  off  the  sides, 
and  a  log  is  left  with  one  face  cut  through  the 


Jax.  8,  1004. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS, 


57 


centre  of  the  tree  (and  really  a  quarter  cut,  for  it 
shows  the  silver  grain),  two  faces  parallel  to  each 
other,   both  sawn  like  the  fust,   and  the  curved 
side   having    the    sapwood    and    bark    still  on  ; 
roughly  speaking,   the  end  of  the  log  is  shaped 
like  an   oven-door — that  is,  a  figure   with  three 
sides  of  a  rectangle  and  the  fourth  a  segmental 
curve.      The   side   cuts    in    a  wainscot  log  are 
not   necessarily   at  the  same    distance  from  the 
centre    of    the    tree,    they    may    vary    in    this 
respect  so   much   us  to  show    a  figure  anything 
hut    symmetrical.     Austrian     wainscot    logs  are 
usually    much    larger     than     Odessa    or   other 
lialtic  logs,  and  the  former   ara  often   perfectly 
straight  from  end  to  end  ;  but  the  latter  may  be 
as  humped  as  a  camel  or   dromedary,  in  which 
case  there  is  a  good  deal  of  waste  in  converting 
the  log  into  scantlings  of  even  moderate  lergth. 
It  has  been  said  that  a  wainscot  log  is  first  cut 
through  the  centre,  and  this  is  true  of  nearly  all 
the  logs  now  coming  into  the  market.     Formerly 
the  first  cuts  were  put  through  the  trunk  an  inch 
or  more  away  from  the  centre,  so  as  to  cut  the 
pith  out  in  a  2in.  plank :  as  the  trees  get  smaller, 
the  first  cuts  approached  nearer  and  nearer  to  the 
heart,  until  now  one  cut  through  it  severs  the 
trunk  into  two  logs  of  the  largest  size  possible  to 
be  obtained  from   the    tree.     Suppose    that    an 
architect  is  about  to  specify  the  kind  of  oak  he 
wishes  to  be  used   in  his   joinery  or  finishings 
(trimmings  the  Americans  call  them),  what  con- 
siderations will    determine    his    decision  in  the 
matter  r     If  he  is  weak  on  this  subject  he  will 
naturally  fall  back  on  * '  wainscot ' '  as  being  safe, 
though,  at  the  same  time,  he  may  not  have  any 
idea  of  what  the  term  means.    If,  however,  he  has 
courage  enough,  as  well  as  the  inclination  to  visit 
a  timber  merchant's  yard,  and  inspect  his  stock, 
■with  a  view  to  selecting  what  looks  to  him  to  be 
the  best,  he  will  probably  decide  on  a  (iuebec 
log,  as  its  size  and  shape  leave  little  to  be  desired. 
Such  a  stick  is  hewn  evenly ;  the  sides  measure 
about   2ft.    square,    and  the  length  is,  perhaps, 
40ft.  or  over — a    magnificent    piece    of  timber  ! 
But,  unfortunately,  "things  are  not  what  they 
seem,"  for  the  end  shows  that  the  heart  is  rotten, 
and  there  are  shakes,  "  star  "  and  "  ring  "  com- 
bined, so  open  that  the  hand  may  be  thrust  into 
them,  and  thus  more  than  half  the  log  may  be 
absolutely   worthless  for  any  building  purposes 
whatever.      No  one  can  tell  what  the  value  of 
such  a  log  is,  taken  as  it  stands.     That  is  ascer- 
tained only  when  it  is  opened,  and  this  process  is 
performed   at  the   risk   of   the  purchaser,  iin/rsx 
theye  is  a  spcciiil  contract  to  the  contrani.     Another 
log  may  not  be  quite  so   large ;  the   heart  may 
be   sound,   but  shakes   are   common.     Those   in 
American  oak  logs  are,  like  all  things   produced 
on  that  continent,  immense  ;  once  seen,  they  are 
never     forgotten,    and     they    reconcile   one   to 
the     modest     imitations    of   them   to   be   found 
in  Baltic,    Upper   Gulf   or  White  Sea  "deals." 
A    third     log,     apparently     sound     or     nearly 
so,  shows  by  the  seasoning  cracks  along  the  sides 
that  there  is  a  pretty  considerable  "  twist "  in  it, 
so  that  a  cleft  piece  would  be  much  more  suitable 
for  a  boomerang  than  a  door  rail.     (|uebec  Oak 
usually  shows  a  pinkish  colour  through  the  grain, 
and  it  may  often  be  distinguished  from  European 
Oak  by  such  a  peculiarity.    This,  tak  ^n  into  con- 
sideration with  other  faults,  keeps  the  price  of  the 
wood  comparatively  low,  for  it  seldom  brings,  for 
first  iiuality,  more  than  from  28.  9d.  to   3s.  4d. 
per  foot  cube,  and  for  second  quality  from  Is.  6d. 
to  2s.  6d.     To   specify  (Quebec   Oak   for  joiners' 
■work  would  not,  therefore,  be  a  safe  venture  for 
the   architect,   and   its   use   would   be   most  un- 
profitable for  the  builder,  unless  the  latter  could 
make  some  of  it  pass  for  "  wainscot  "  at  wainscot 
prices  on   some   other  job.     Oak   logs   from  the 
United  States  sell  for  about  Is.  8d.  per  cubic  foot ; 
some  of  the  best  may  rise  to  2s.  6d.  No  American 
Oak  logs  can  be  recommended  for  joinery,  as  the 
waste  in  conversion  may  be  great,  and  if  the  ( tak 
is  to  be  used  on  account  of  its  cheapness,  then 
i|uartered  planks  or  boards  should  be  selected,  and 
these  are  too  common  in  the  market,  as  are  boards 
bastaril  cut,  which  should  bo  scrupulously  avoided. 
Stettin  and  Dantzic  oak  logs  come  next ;  they 
may   be   considered    as    an    intermediate    class, 
standing  between   American   and   true  wainscot 
logs,  and  are  worth  from  2s.  Ud.  to   lis.  (id.  per 
cubic  foot ;  the  waste  in  conversion  is  consider- 
able, on   account   of   defective  angles  or   wnnoy 
corners.     On  an  average  of  50  Stettin  logs  the 
waste  due  to  defective  angles  would  be  about  9 
per  cent.,    to   which   another   2   or   3   per  cent, 
should  be  added  for  sapwood,  or  1 1   per  cent,  in 
all,  and  in  estimating  the  available  timber  in 


such  logs  this  would  be  a  fair  deduction  from  the 
gross    contents ;    the    trade,    however,    claim   a 
deduction  of  33-3  per  cent.,  so  that  a  log  squaring 
to  20in.  and  cubing  to  102ft.  would  measure  net 
'j3ft.,  tho  sale   contents  being  at  the  same  time 
only  OSft.     As  there  is  more  timber  in  the  log 
than  is  actually  paid  tor,   the  price  is  in  con- 
sequence reduced   from  2s.   Gd.   to   Is.    lOd.   per 
cubic  foot  by  this  system  of  measurement ;  the 
retail  dealer  does  not,  however,  profit  by  it.     The 
waste  on  a  Baltic  wainscot  log,   say,  one  from 
Odessa,  would  be  in  the  sapwood  on  the  curved 
side  ;  but  this  is  always  thin,  being  never  more 
than  from   Jin.  to  Jin. ;   36ft.  is  a  fair  size  for  such 
a  log,  and  the  sapwood  would  probably  be  about 
•01   per   cent,    of   the   whole;    the  waste   owing 
to  a  crooked  or  humped  back  would  be  much  more, 
and  would  depend  on  the  extent  of  the  irregularity, 
and  the  lengths  of  the  scantlings  or  boards  to  be 
cut  from  it.     For  building  work  straight-backed 
logs  should  be  always  selected  in  preference  to 
crooked  ones,  especially  when  the   builder  buys 
the  boards  or  planks  retail.     Timber  merchants 
stock  wainscot  logs  sawn  into  the  usual  thicknesses 
required,  the  pieces  being  stacked  and  stripped. 
Such  wood  is  generally  open-air  dried,  or  it  may 
be  seasoned  under  cover.     In  either  case  the  retail 
price  varies  from   lOd.  to  Is.  per  foot  super,  inch 
thick.     Wainscot    logs    are    sold    per    ISc.ft. — 
"Crown  English"   and   "Dutch,"  being  worth 
from  60s.  to  lOOs.  ;  and  Brack  from  473.  to  OOs., 
the  content  of  the  log  being  what  is  known  in  the 
trade  as  "  nominal."     The  bark  is  always  left  on 
the  curved   side   of   a   wainscot  log.     In  taking 
dimensions    for     content,    the     bark    is    always 
removed  when  the  measurements  are  taken  ;  and 
if  the  shape  of  the  log  is  very  irregular,  cross- 
sections  must  be  taken  in  several  places  when  the 
actual  correct  content  is  required.     The  lengths 
of  wainscot  logs  are  taken  in  feet  and  quarters 
of    a   foot,    the   depths    in   inches   and   quarters 
of  an   inch,  and   the  base  width  to  quarters  of 
an  inch.     In  cubing  these  dimensions  fractions 
under     half     a     foot     are     rejected.     Wainscot 
logs,    when    sawn    by    timber    merchants,    are 
stacked  in  boards  as  they  are  cut  off,  so  that  a 
retail  purchaser  must  take  them  as  they  rise,  each 
log  being  stacked    separately — ^an    arrangement 
which   prevents   a   purchaser   taking  the   widest 
boards,  or  selecting  any  single  boards  which  may 
suit    his    purpose    best.     Wainscot    oak    in    an 
architect's  specification  is  generally  understood  to 
mean  boards  cut  from  wainscot  logs,   and  which 
have  been  stacked  for  some  time,  such  logs  being 
imported   from    Odessa    or    other    Baltic   ports. 
There   are   American    wainscot   boards  imported 
already  sawn,  but  they  are  not  equal  to  those  cut 
from  Baltic  logs,  so  that  the  architect  must  be 
careful  to  specify  exactly  the  timber  he  wants, 
or  the  builder  may  supply  him  with  inferior  ma- 
terial and  such  as  is  not  suitable  for  the  work. 
Austrian  wainscot    oak    logs    are   usually  much 
larger  than  Baltic  wainscot   logs,  a  fair  average 
size  for  the  former  being  about   60ft.  :    indeed, 
many  forest  logs   cube  to  more  than  this.     The 
waste  from  sapwood  scarcely  ever  reaches  more  than 
0'3  per  cent,  of  the  whole,  and  as  the  crown  or  back 
of  the  logs  is  very  frequently  quite  straight  from 
end  to  end,  the  waste  from  irregularity  so  common 
in  Baltic  logs  is  almost  nothing  in  this  case.  When 
the  dimensions  of  any  piece  of  joinery  are  such 
that  Memel  and   similar  staves  can  be  used  for  it 
without  waste  of  sawing  or  material,   such  staves 
are  an  ideal  raw  material ;  but  as  this  possibility 
is    rather   remote,  then  no    more  luxurious    and 
costly  timber  could  be  used  than  the  staves.     The 
waste  in  conversion    must  be  enormous,  for  the 
cubic  content  of  a  full-sized  Baltic  pipe  stave  is 
only  a  little  over  half  a  cubic  foot  as  against  120 
times   as   much   in    an   Austrian   wainscot   log ! 
Then,    again,    taking   the   price.    Crown   Memel 
staves   are  worth  from €220  to  £230  per  mille,  or 
a  little  over   .')S.  6d.  per   cubic   foot,    as  against 
Is.  6d.  or  4s.  9d.  for  Austrian  wainscot.     Canada 
butts  sell  for   £80  to  £100  per    mille,  or  about 
2s.  7',d,  per  cubic  foot.  Tho  waste  on  those  would 
bo  very   great ;  doubling   the;   price   at   tho  very 
lea.st.     Boston    and    riiiladelphia    (extra    heavy 
pipe  staves^  are  worth  only  from    £2.')  to   £3.)  per 
mille.  and  even  at  this  )irico  they  would  bo  dear 
for  any  building  fim.     For  good  joiniry  it  may 
lie  said  that  no  oak  timber  is  better  or  cheaper  in 
tho  end  than  Austrian  (.'rown   wainscot,   which 
sells  for  about  tho  same  price  as  Riga,  llemcl,  or 
<  )des8a  wainscot,  but  has  the  .advantage  of  being 
imported  in  larger  sticks. 

»-,^ 

Builders  workshops  at  Torrington,  belonging  to 
Mr.  H.  Grant,  were  destroyed  by  fire  on  Friday. 


BUILDING  MATERIALS  IX  EGYPT. 

TIIE  monthly  report  for  November  of  the 
]5ritish  Chamber  of  Commerce  in  Egypt 
draws  attention  to  the  small  part  played  by 
British  manufacturers  in  the  matsrials  employed. 
At  the  root  of  tho  defect  appear  to  be  the 
characteristic  unwillingness  of  the  British  makers 
to  enter  the  market  and  to  cater  for  the  needs  of 
the  Country,  tho  absence  of  direct  representation, 
and  the  high  price  of  British  goods.  The  pre- 
ponderant demand  in  Egypt  is  for  cheap  articles. 
They  may  bo  inferior,  but  they  must  be  cheap. 
To  take  steel  joists  as  an  example.  Belgium  and 
Germany  enjoy  the  practical  monopoly  of  the 
trade,  and  can  undersell  Great  Uritain  by  as 
much  as  £2  to  £3  a  ton.  Tho  former  countries 
supply  an  article  which  suffices  for  all  practical 
purposes  and  passes  all  the  necessary  tests,  and 
yet  is  interior  in  (juality  to  Engl'sh  steel ;  it  will 
not  stand  rolling  into  small  sections  and  thin 
plates,  which  are  consequently  supplied  by 
England.  There  appears  no  reason  why  our 
country  should  not  be  able  to  take  a  share  in  the 
trade  by  manufacturing  a  lower  grade,  but 
serviceable  quality.  In  lead  and  iron  piping,  in 
sanitary  goods,  in  paints  and  oils,  in  ironmongery 
for  doors  and  windows,  it  is  the  same  story — 
Great  Britain  will  not  condescend  to  cheapness. 
For  a  given  diameter,  the  foreign  maker  will  offer 
lead  piping  that  is  thinner  in  section  and  conse- 
quently lower  in  price  than  the  English  one,  and 
yet  will  satisfy  the  tests  prescribed.  Paints  and 
oils  of  English  manufacture  are  better  represented 
than  they  used  to  be,  but  their  high  price  still 
rules  them  out  of  the  market  for  building 
purposes.  Lifts  are  supplied  almost  entirely 
from  Italy,  English  manufacturers  in  this 
department  being  absolutely  unknown.  In  fact, 
the  only  line  in  which  Great  Britain  is  ade- 
quately represented  is  that  of  building  machinery 
and  implements. 

A-^ 

CHIPS. 

A  site  has  been  secured  at  Harrogate  by  the 
Primitive  Methodists,  on  which  it  is  proposed  to 
erect  a  connexional  orphanage.  The  institution  will 
benefit  very  considerably  under  the  wUl  of  the  late 
Mr.  S.  S.  Eades,  of  West  Hartlepool. 

The  Skipton  Urban  Council  have  completed  their 
arrangements  tor  promoting  a  Bill  in  Parliament 
during  the  ensuing  session  to  empower  them  to 
acquire  water  flowing  off  Embassy  Moor,  at  an 
estimated  cost  of  about  £70,000. 

The  Corporation  of  York  have  decided  to  borrow 
£3,000  tor  the  erection,  at  the  rear  of  the  municipal 
buildings,  of  a  suitable  hall  to  be  utilised  as  a 
museum  and  town-hall. 

The  Preston  Town  Council  have  unanimously 
decided  to  pass  under  the  common  seal  a  petition  for 
leave  to  introduce  a  Bill  in  the  ensuing  session  of 
Parliament  entitled  "Preston  Corporation  Water 
Bill,  1904."  The  proposed  waterworks  extensions 
will  cost  £200,000. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  general  purposes  committee  of 
the  corporation  of  Warrington  it  has  been  decided  to 
widen  Warrington  Bridge  at  a  cost  of  about  £2,,i00. 
The  present  structure,  which  is  known  as  Victoria 
Bridge,  was  erected  in  the  year  1S37,  and  it  has  been 
the  only  vehicular  bridge  within  seven  or  eight  miles 
of  Warrington. 

The  new  church  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  in  con- 
nection with  the  Dodsworth  Mission,  Normanton, 
has  been  dedicated  by  the  Bishop  of  Beverley.  The 
church,  including  fittings,  has  cost  £900,  and  will 
accommodate  200  worshippers.  The  church  is  built 
on  the  crest  of  Woodhouse  Hill,  facing  the  highway 
to  Wakefield. 

The  council  of  the  Baptist  Union  have  decided  to 
place  a  statue  of  the  late  Charles  Haddon  Spurgeon 
in  the  new  Baptist  Church  House,  Southampton- 
row,  Holborn,  at  a  cost  of  T'nigs.  Mr.  Hamo 
Thorneycroft,  K.A.,  has  promised  to  adjudicate 
upon  the  work  sent  in  by  the  sculptors  who  have 
decided  to  enter  in  competition  for  the  commission. 

Bethel  M.N.C.  Church,  Brighouse,  has  been  sold 
for£l,47.')  to  a  local  printing  firm,  and  an  effort 
will  be  made  to  start  a  new  building  scheme  shortly, 
a  site  in  Halifax- road  and  Parsonage-lane  having 
been  already  secured.  Bethel  was  built  in  ISll, 
and  enlarged  in  1856. 

Mr.  R.  L.  Sevenooks  has  been  appointed  super- 
intending ,\rchitect  of  the  tjueen  \ictoria  Memorial 
Hall  about  to  be  erected  at  Calcutta  from  .'■^ir 
William  F.merson's  designs. 

The  Marquis  of  Abergavenny,  who  claimed 
£8,198  18s.  (id.  as  compensation  from  the  Uckfield 
Rural  District  Council  for  the  acquisition  of  land 
at  Kotherfield,  taken  under  compulsory  powers,  has 
been  awarded  £3,075. 


58 


THE    BUILDIKG    NEWS. 


Jan.  8,  1904. 


BuilbinsJtttellisettCt 

Devoxport. — A  new  infants'  school,  erected  at 
the  head  of  Ker-street,  to  supersede  the  school  in 
Mount-street,  was  opened  on  Friday  by  the  chair- 
man of  the  Education  Committee.  The  building 
provides  accommodation  for  200  children,  and 
contains  an  assembly-room  and  three  classrooins, 
two  of  which  can  be  thrown  into  one.  There  is  a 
teachers'  room  above,  wich  storeroom  communi- 
cating. All  the  rooms  are  heated  by  open  fires. 
The  building  is  constructed  of  the  old  materials 
of  the  Salvation  Army  temple,  which  formerly 
stood  on  the  site,  and  is  plastered  externally.  It  is 
furnished  largely  by  the  apparatus  used  at  Mount- 
street.  The  plans  were  prepared  by  Messrs.  Hine 
and  Odgers,  architects,  Plymouth,  and  carried 
out  by  Messrs.  A.  R.  Lethbridge  and  Sons,  con- 
tractors, Plymouth. 

Liverpool  Cathedral.  —  Another  generous 
special  gift  for  the  adornment  and  fitting-up  of 
Mr.  6.  Gilbert  Scott's  new  cathedral  is  announced. 
Mr.  H.  Douglas  Horsfall,  a  prominent  Liverpool 
chur:;hman,  has  given  £5,000  for  the  purpose  of 
providing  the  reredos.  At  a  meeting  of  the 
executive  committee  of  the  Liverpool  Cathedral 
on  Monday,  a  sub-committee  was  appointed  to 
make  the  necessary  arrangements  for  the  cere- 
mony of  laying  the  foundation-stone,  which 
would  probably  take  place  in  May  or  June  next. 
The  ceremony  is  to  be  performed  by  the  King. 
The  diocesan  surveyor,  Mr.  G.  Bradbury,  was 
instructed  to  fence  in  so  much  of  the  site  at  St. 
James's  Mount  as  will  be  required  for  the  new 
cathedral. 

fr-^ -^ 

CHIPS. 

There  was  unveiled  on  Friday,  in  the  municipal 
buildings,  Duml)arton,  a  stained-glass  window, 
commemorative  of  the  coronation  of  King  Edward. 
The  design  of  the  window  is  the  act  of  crowning 
of  the  King.  Messrs.  William  Meikle  and  Sons, 
'Glasgow,  are  the  makers,  and  the  design  is  also  by 
their  artist,  Mr.  J.  T.  Stewart. 

The  Prix  Lheureux  for  1903  has  been  awarded  to 
M.  Pascal,  architect,  and  member  of  the  Institute 
of  France,  for  his  work  at  the  National  Library, 
Paris.  The  prize  is  alternately  awarded  to  a 
sculptor  and  to  an  architect  for  Uie  most  beautiful 
public  work.  In  1900  it  went  to  M.  Dalou  for  his 
"Triomphe  de  la  Eepublique  "  in  the  Place  de  la 
Nation  ;  in  1901  M.  Charles  Girault  won  it  for  his 
Petit  Palais;  and  in  1902  M.  Barrias  received  it  for 
his  monument  to  Victor  Hugo. 

Mr.  Ernest  Grice  informs  us  that  the  partnership 
carried  on  between  Mr.  Gething  and  himself  since 
March,  1889,  under  the  style  of  Gething  and  Grice, 
has  been  dissolved  as  and  from  January  2,  1904. 
Mr.  Grico  having  purchased  all  Mr.  Gething's 
share  and  interest  in  the  late  business  and  the 
assets  thereof,  he  will  continue  same  without 
interruption  under  the  style  of  Grice  and  Co.  at  the 
premises  occupied  by  the  late  firm.  To  prevent 
confusion  and  delay,  customers  and  clients  of  the 
late  firm  are  requested  to  address  all  correspondence 
in  full  to  Grice  and  Co.,  Addison  Wharf,  191, 
Warwick- road,  Kensington. 

Two  stone  coiiins,  each  containing  a  man's  skele- 
ton in  a  good  state  of  preservation,  were  unearthed 
on  Friday  by  workmen  who  were  digging  for  deep 
foundations  for  the  new  South-Eastem  Railway 
block  dwelUngs  near  the  Bermondsey  parish  church 
gates  in  Abbey -street,  S.E.  The  ground  is  part  of 
the  site  of  the  old  Cluuiao  monastery  of  Bermond- 
sey,  founded  in  the  11th  century,  and  broken  up  at 
the  Reformation.  No  portion  of  the  abbey  now 
remiins  above  ground,  but  fragments  of  its  stone- 
work are  often  turned  up  by  the  excavator.  The 
coftias  had  no  lids,  and  are  of  chalk  pieced  to- 
gether. One  of  the  skeletons  seems  to  be  that  of  a 
stoutly-built  hunchback,  who  had,  besides  a  spinal 
curvature,  bow  legs. 

Of  the  191  Bills  that  have  been  deposited  in  the 
Private  Bill  Office  for  promotion  in  the  coming 
Session  of  Parliament,  45  relate  to  gas  under- 
takings, involving  capital  to  the  amount  of 
£2,750,000.  In  addition,  applications  are  at  present 
being  made  for  20  Provisional  Orders,  the  expendi- 
ture on  gasworks  purposes  proposed  under  these 
amounting  to  £670,000.  These  sums  represent  a 
total  of  £3,420,000,  which  it  is  sought  to  spend  in 
extending  old  and  in  building  new  gasworks. 

While  cutting  a  roadway  recently  near  the  High- 
street  gateway  of  Bangor  Cathedral  workmen 
found  what  is  pronounced  to  be  the  arm  of  a  pre- 
Norman  cross  of  the  key  pattern.  The  stone,  which 
js  of  the  same  character  as  other  Celtic  crosses  which 
have  been  discovered  in  Welsh  places  of  antiquity 
has  been  handed  over  to  the  authorities  of  Bangor 
C  .thet'ril.  ^ 


TO    OOBRESPONDENTS. 

[We  do  not  hold  ourselves  responsible  for  the  opinioiw  of 

our  correspondents.     All    communications  should  be 

drawn  up  as  briefly  as  possible,  as   there  are  many 

claimants  upon  the  space  allotted  to  correspondents.  J 

It  is  particularly  requested  that  all  drawings  and  all 

communications  respecting  illustrations  or  literary  matter 

should  be  addressed  to  the  EDITOR  of  the  Building 

News,  Clement's  House,  Clement's  Inn  Passage,  Strand, 

W.C.,  and  not  to  members  of  the  staff  by  name.    Delay 

is  not  unf  requently  otherwise  caused.    All  drawings  and 

other  communications  are  sent  at  contributors'  risks,  and 

the  Editor  will  not  undertake  to  pay  for,  or  be  liable  for, 

unsought  contributions. 

Cheques  and  Poslxifflce  Orders  to  be  made  payable  to 
Thk  Stband  NswspApsa  Compa.n-v,  Lijiited. 

Telegraphic  Address  : — "  Timeserver,  London." 
Telephone  No.  1633  Holbom. 


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Received.-C.  W.- J.  M.  F.-F.  B.— T.  L.  M.— W.  R.- 
J.  B.  and  Co.— E.  K.— N.  D.— C.  R.  S. 


be  part  of  motor  house,  which  is  to  be  14ft.  deep,  and 
say.  '25ft.  wide  inside  sizes.  The  kitchen  department  to 
be  of  the  size  suitable  for  such  a  house.  The  front  of 
the  tavern  will  face  south,  and  the  return  front  west. 
Scale  of  the  plan  may  be  one-sixteenth  of  inch 
scale;  but  both  elevations  should  be  eighth  scale.  Ditto 
for  section.  A  view  is  desirable.  R^ofs  ti.  be  set  out 
at  angle  of  45^  Plans  to  be  sent  to  the  Building  News 
Office,  Clement's  Inn-passage,  by  February  6  next. 
Drawings  Received.— "  Old  Mercer."  "The  Kid," 
•' Arabitang,"  "Tyne,"  "Architect,"  "  Novocastria." 
"Jingo,"  "Eagle,"  "  Zig  Zag,"  "  Yew  Tree."  "Leo," 
"Vulcan."  "Ghost,"  "The  Imp,"  "Cleddadyn," 
"  Douge,"  "  Frena,"  "  Roma,"  •'  Last  Man  In," 
"Bill,"  "Stoney."  "Ionic,"  "Trytan,"  "  Giy  ville," 
"King's  Pawn,"  "Liver,"  "  Eurymedon,"  "Cast," 
"The  New  Boy,"  "Hermit,"  "Obelish."  "Cymro," 
"D'Artagnan,"  "Marcus,"  "  Plumbbob,"  "Henri," 
"  Vectis.'' 


C0ittsp0nlicttce» 


EEGISTR.\TION. 
To  the  Ediim-  of  the  Building  News. 

Siu, — I  was  much  disappointed  with  the  result 
of  the  meeting  at  the  R.I.B.A.  on  Monday  last. 

At  the  opening  of  the  meeting  the  President 
commenced  to  read  letters  he  had  received  against 
the  proposal,  obviously  to  prejudice  the  case  of 
its  supporters.  AVhat  would  be  said  of  a  judge 
in  a  court  of  law  who,  before  a  case  was  opened, 
proceeded  to  read  letters  in  favour  of  the  defend- 
ant, 80  as  to  endeavour  to  infiuence  the  jury's 
opinion ':  I  was  glad  to  see  that  one  member — 
Mr.  Woodward — had  the  courage  to  rise  and 
protest  against  such  an  unfair  act. 

While  thanking  our  provincial  brethren  for 
their  great  efforts  in  favour  of  Registration,  it 
strikes  me,  from  what  I  heard  at  Monday's 
meeting,  that  stronger  leaders  are  wanted.  "The 
withdrawal  of  the  first  paragraph  of  the  motion 
was  a  fatal  step,  and  one  that  played  directly 
into  the  hands  of  the  Council ;  and  after  about 
twenty  minutes'  talk — not  discussion— this  great 
question  of  the  principle  of  Registration  ended  in 
a  "fizzle,"  and  was  handed  over  to  the  tender 
mercies  of  the  members  of  Council,  and  by  them 
to  be  no  doubt  shelved  indefinitely. 

I  think  I  smUed  more  than  I  trembled  when  I 
heard  an  ex-President  of  the  Institute  gravely 
declare  that  if  the  principle  of  Registration 
was  accepted,  "  he  should  really  have  to  sever  his 
connection  with  the  Institute  I  "  Terrible  threat. 
I  was  at  first  afraid  that  that  mighty  dome  above 
me  would  fall  about  my  head,  that  the  ma-ssive 
walls  of  the  meeting-room  would  crumble  round 
my  shoulders  upon  such  a  fearful  pronouncement 
being  made  ;  but  strange  to  say  that — 

In  spite  of  this  terrible  curse, 
Xobody  seemed  one  penny  the  worse. 

Even  if  this  ex-President  does  sever  his  con- 
nection with  the  Institute,  that  act  will  not  stop 
the  great  wave  of  revolution  which  has  now 
rolled  right  into  the  four  walls  of  the  Institute, 
and  the  leaders  of  this  great  movement,  backed 
by  their  sturdy  followers,  now  give  a  mandate  to 
the  Council  to  prepare  a  fair  and  just  scheme  of 
registration. — I  am,  &c.,     Hou.m  e  T.  Box.nek. 

13  and  14,  King-street,  Cheapside,  E.G. 


"BUILDING  NEWS"  DESIGNING  CLUB. 

FOURTH   LIST   OF  SUB.IECTS. 

A  WAYSIDE  hostelry  catering  for  motor  travellers  and 
cyclists,  having  a  put-up  house  for  vehicles,  as  well  as  a 
shop  for  engineer  and  repairs.  The  site  is  a  level  one 
f  rontingahigb  road  at  the  j  unctionof  a  cross-country  lane, 
whence  a  rear  entrance  to  stiibles  for  horses  can  be  got. 
The  inn  is  to  be  of  the  usual  type,  suitable  for  this  kind 
of  superior  business,  and,  architectually.  the  group  is  to 
be  pretty  and  picturesque  in  red  brick  and  tile  hanging, 
or  partly  in  roughcast  plastering  for  the  upper  walls. 
"There  must  be  a  uood  bold  sign  with  the  designation  of 
"The  Sun  and  Wheel.''  The  accommodation  to  pro- 
vide a  bar  and  bar  parlour,  a  luncheon  or  coffee  room, 
soft,  by  ISft.,  a  billiard-room  for  a  full-sized  table,  and 
lavatory,  two  w.c.'s,  &c..  for  men,  conveniently  placed 
not  too  far  from  the  entrance  and  close  to  the  billiard- 
room,  yet  well  isolated  for  ventilation.  The  publican 
■will  want  a  sitting-room  and  four  bedcooms,  two  of  these 
being  for  four  female  servants.  There  are  to  be  four 
guests' bediooms.ageneral bathroom,  anda  W.C  available 
for  ladies'  day  use,  and  not  too  much  in  evidence.  There 
must  be  a  good  s'airs,  4ft.  wide,  and  the  building  can 
be  in  two  floors  by  preference,  with  a  commodious  cellar 
for  beers  and  wines.  The  shop  should  face  the  main 
road,  and  is  loi  to  have  a  big  plate-glass  ordinary 
window,  but  is  required  to  be  nicely  designed,  to  have 
sash-bars  l^in.  thick.  It  must  be  not  less  than  lift,  by 
lift.,  and  a'cyde  business  will  be  conducted  there.  It 
should  be  connected  with  the  motor  shelter  at  the  back 
out  of  yard,  and  into  which  an  archway  should  lead 
through  themain  partof  thehotelaftertheoldinn  model, 
and  to  be  tall  enough  for  a  coach  at  a  pinch.  Stable  for 
four  horses,  including  one  loose  box.    Coach  house  will 


THE  SURVEYORS'  INSTITUTE  AND  THE 
QUANTITY  SURVEYORS'  ASSOCIATION. 

Sir, — In  your  issue  of  the  1st  inst.,  in  your 
editorial  "  Looking  Forward,"  you  note  that 
"the  Association  has  met  with  opposition  on  the 
part  of  the  Institution."  I  do  not  think  this  is 
quite  just  to  the  Institution,  as  they  have  not  up 
to  the  present  (to  my  knowledge)  actually  opposed 
the  Association,  but  only  declined  to  assist  it,  and 
expressed  their  opinion  that  it  is  not  required. 
The  two  bodies  can  hardly  be  considered  in  actual 
opposition  whUst  we  who  are  joining  the  new- 
Association  are  still  remaining  in  the  old  Insti- 
tute—'..</.,  I  personally  am  a  Fellow  in  both,  and 
so  is  my  son. 

The  necessity  for  a  separate  and  distinct 
(ifniiititii  Simri/ors'  Association  has  become  im- 
perative by  the  action  of  the  Institute.  They 
issue  diplomas  in  such  a  general  way  that  the 
le'.ters"  F.S.I."  after  a  quantity  surveyor's  name 
are  absolutelj"  no  proof  whatever  that  he  is  com- 
petent to  supply  proper  quantities,  and  then  allow 
him,  under  cover  of  these  letters,  to  issue  any 
inaccurate  quantities  without  their  ever  moving 
to  suppress  or  correct  him  in  any  way,  and  the 
o-eneral  public  are  deluded  in  the  belief  that  his 
competency  is  certified  by  the  Institute,  whilst 
really  all  they  have  to  do  with  him  is  to  collect 
his  three  guineas  annually,  and  otherwise  let  him 


Jan.  8,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


59 


run  loose  and  play  havoc  with  cuntractors,  who 
then  have  to  employ  competent  men  to  get  the 
errors  pat  right  (and  generally  have  to  pay  the 
cost  of  doing  it). 

If  the  Institute  really  wishes  to  do  its  duty  to 
the  profession,  and  to  have  any  value  at  all 
attached  to  its  membership,  let  it  enact  at  once 
a  by-law  that  any  member  of  that  Institute  who 
shall  send  out  quantities  shall  be  held  responsible 
for  their  accuracy  and  compelled  to  pay  for  all 
losses  by  frrora  therein,  and  that  on  the  refusal 
of  any  member  to  recoup  any  loss  the  Council 
shall,  on  the  application  of  the  aggrieved  con- 
tractor (or  building  owner",  investigate  the 
matter,  and  if  the  member  refuses  to  pay  any 
sum  they  may  find  to  be  due  through  his  errors, 
he  shall  be  at  once  expelled.  Until  the  Institute 
is  prepared  to  come  into  this  line,  the  present 
abuses  will  (so  far  as  they  and  their  members  are 
concerned)  continue,  and  their  diplomas  be  simply 
of  the  value  of  wastepaper. — I  am,  &c., 

A.  J.  Gatks. 

20,  Mecklenburgh-square,  London,  W.C, 
Jan.  5. 


ACTON  COUNTY  SCHOOL 
PETITION. 


C05I- 


SiR, — The  writer  of  the  letter  in  your  last  issue 
and  the  reviewer  of  the  plans  on  exhibition  in  the 
above  competition  have,  I  think,  made  some  mis- 
take as  to  the  conditions  under  which  the  designs 
were  prepared.  In  justice  to  a  well-known 
assessor,  I  should  like  to  make  a  correction. 

As  to  cost,  it  would  appear  that  none  of  the 
designs  submitted  could  be  carried  out  for  the 
stipulated  amount.  The  accommodation  asked 
for  was,  I  understand,  a  fixed  quantity,  and  com- 
petitors were  not  at  liberty  to  reduce  it.  That 
being  so,  some  of  the  competitors— the  author  of 
the  selected  design  among  them — were  frank 
enough  to  point  out  that  a  satisfactory  building 
TOuld  not  be  provided  within  the  limit  of  cost 
fixed  by  the  CJovernors— at  all  events,  that  their 
design  would  cost  more. 

The  building,  it  is  stated,  was  to  face  in  an 
easterly  direction.  To  anyone  versed  in  school- 
planning,  this  surely  meant  the  working  portion 
of  the  building— the'  classrooms,  in  fact.  In  the 
accepted  design  the  classrooms  cbietly  face  east. 

Preparation  and  balance-rooms  may,  or  may 
not,  be  a  necessity  for  a  laboratory  in  a  school  of 
this  class  ;  but  in  case  they  were  not,  I  under- 
stand, asked  for  here. — I  am,  &c., 

Anothek  Architect. 


The  Museum  of  Science  and  Art,  in  Chambers- 
street,  Edinburgh,  which  has  had  recently  intro- 
duced into  it  a  complete  installation  of  electric 
light,  has  now  been  repainted  and  decorated,  practi- 
cally for  the  first  time  since  it  was  opened  forty 
years  ago.  The  painting  and  decoration  have  been 
executed  by  Mr.  James  Clark,  124,  George-street, 
under  the  direction  of  His  Majesty's  Board  of 
Works,  Parliament-square,  Edinburgh,  and  have 
taken  about  sixteen  months  to  accomplish. 

At  the  meeting  on  Tuesday  of  the  town  council 
of  West  Hartlepool  a  letter  was  read  from  Mr.  J.  W. 
Brown,  late  borough  engineer,  asking  that  he 
should  be  paid  IJ  per  cent,  upon  pmns,  &o.,  that 
he  had  prepared  for  special  work  sanctioned  by  the 
council  involving  an  expenditure  of  £22,730.  The 
letter  was  referred  to  the  chairmen  of  the  various 
committees  for  consideration. 

Mr.  Robert  Jamefon,  head  of  the  firm  of  Jameson, 
Bryceson,  and  Co.,  timber  merchants,  of  Hull,  and 
Mayor  of  Hull  in  the  three  years  1870-71-72,  died 
at  hisj-esidence,  East  Ella,  near  Hull,  on  Tuesday, 
aged  70  years. 

The  list  just  published  of  the  membership  of  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  shows  an  aggregate 
number  on  the  roll  for  Jan.  1 ,  1901,  of  7,47.S  names, 
against  7,397  on  the  corresponding  day  last  year. 
The  increase  is  in  the  classes  of  members  and 
students. 

The  Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells  (Dr.  Kennion) 
visited  Meare  on  Monday,  and  dedicated  the  church 
bells,  which  have  been  rehung,  and  reopened  the 
church  tower  after  restoration. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  Walter  Simpson 
McClelland,  F.H.I.B  A.,  M.I.C.E.,  formerly  in 
practice  as  an  architect  arnl  engineer  at  .lannagar, 
Bomliay,  hut  since  his  return  to  England  a  resident 
at  Sevenoaks,  where  he  served  on  several  local 
authorities.  Mr.  McClelland  had  been  a  Fellow  of 
the  R.I.B.A.,  for  nearly  thirteen  years. 

Messrs.  U.  Waygood  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  send  us  a 
list  recently  issued,  "Points  about  the  Waygood 
Electric  Lift,"  which  will  be  found  useful  by 
readers. 


$ttterc0mmutttcation. 


QUESTIOX-S. 

[12032.]— Hammer-Beam  Boof.  &o.— The  writer 
having  been  asked  to  de-^ig^n  a  gymnaeiuin  80ft.  long  by 
tjOft.  wide,  walls  of  brick  15ft.  high  from  floor  to  bed  of 
wall-plate,  the  building  to  be  lighted  by  windows  on  each 
side -will  any  of  your  numerous  readers  kindly  answer 
the  following  queries  ?  Taking  the  pitch  of  the  roof  at 
an  angle  of  45%  what  should  be  the  thickness  of  the  brick 
walls  to  carry  a  htimraer-beam  roof  ?  Also,  what  should 
be  the  sizes,  scantlings,  or  strength  of  the  following  pitch- 
pine  timbers— viz.,  principal  rafters  (about  10ft.  apart, 
with  wrought-iron  tie-rods),  collars,  beams  (31ft.  high 
from  floor  ,  queen  posts,  struts,  hammer-beams.  purHns. 
common  rafters,  ndge  .'  The  writer  proposes  to  cover 
with  |in.  wrought  and  tongued  boarding  the  under  sides 
of  the  common  rafters  and  the  collar  beams  thus  — 


n 


— Midland  Mas. 


^  ixri^fjL^ 


[12033.]— Worms  in  Oak.— Will  some  reader  kindly 
advise  me  as  to  a  solution  which  will  kill  worms  in  old 
oak!  Also,  what  may  be  the  best  method  of  removing 
old  coats  of  paint  from  some  old  carved  bench  ends  ?— 

POPPY-KEAD. 


SEFLIES. 

[12031.]— Drain  or  Se'wer.— See  "  London  Building 
Act."  by  Banister  Fletcher,  18'J5,  of  B.  T.  Batsford,  High 
Holboni,  W.C  — REtiENT's  Park. 

[12031.]— Drain  or  Sewer.—"  G."  will  have  to 
ascertain  whether  aay  other  owner  connects  his  drains 
into  the  common  drain  in  qucfetion.  If  not,  then  the 
common  drain  does  not  come  under  section  10  of  the 
Public  Health  Acts  Amendment  Act  1890,  and,  conse- 
quently, will  be  a  sewer  from  the  point  where  the  drains 
of  two  houses  connect,  to  the  main  sewer  in  the  street, 
and  Ihe  municipal  authorities  are  responsible  for  its 
maintenance  and  repair.  Section  41  of  the  Public  Health 
Act  1875  gives  the  local  authority  power  to  enter  upon 
premises  to  examine  drains,  and  it  found  defective  to 
cause  the  owner  to  repair.  In  default,  tlie  local  authority 
are  empowered  to  do  the  work  and  recover  the  cost  of  so 
doing  from  the  owner.  Section  13  vests  all  sewers  (with 
certain  exceptions)  in  the  local  authority.  Section  15 
says  in  effect  that  the  local  authority  must  keep  in  repair 
all  sewers  vested  in  them.  Section  19  of  the  Public  Health 
Acta  Amendment  Act  1890  extends  the  powera  given  by 
section  41  Public  Health  Act  1875,  and  they  now  apply 
"  where  two  or  more  houses,  belonging  to  diffeient 
owners,  are  connected  with  a  public  sewer  by  a  sinjjle 
private  drain."  It  is  clear  that  to  bring  a  case  under  this 
section  the  property  must  belong  to  different  owners.  It 
is  a  strange  thing  to  say.  but  it  is  true,  that  if  each  of  the 
three  cottages  was  differently  owned  the  several  owners 
would  be  responsible  for  its  maintenance  and  repair. — 
Jas.  B.  Hctchins. 


STATUES,    MEMOBIALS,    &c. 

Ceippleoate.— In  all  about  £^,250  has  been  so 
far  contributed  towards  the  scheme  for  the  purchase 
of  a  site  adjoining  St.  liiles's  Church,  Cripplegate, 
on  which  to  erect  a  statue  of  John  Milton,  vvho  is 
buried  there,  and  for  the  restoration  of  the  north 
front  of  the  church,  which,  in  consequence  of  the 
removal  of  some  old  houses  built  against  it,  is  in  a 
very  dilapidated  condition.  As  the  total  expense  of 
the  project  will  be  about  £4,050,  £1,400  remains  to 
be  collected  before  it  can  be  carried  out.  Mr. 
Deputy  Baddeley  is  the  donor  of  the  statue  of  the 
poet,  and  the  sculptor  selected  is  Mr.  Horace 
Montford.  The  figure  of  Milton  will  be  cast  in 
bronze,  and  placed  upon  a  Portland  stone  pedestal 
— the  whole  being  about  13ft.  high.  Bronze  bas- 
reliefs  will  be  placed  on  two  sides  of  the  pedestal, 
the  subject  of  one  being  taken  from  "  Comus  "  and 
the  other  from  "  Paradise  Lost."  The  sculptor's 
design  represents  Milton  walking  in  his  garden 
apostrophising  the  Spirit,  and  the  head  is  modelled 
from  Milton's  bust  at  Cambridge,  which  was  cast 
from  Ufe. 


During  the  year  1903  there  were  submitted  to 
the  Sunderland  Building  Committee  419  plans  for 
buddings  of  all  descriptions.  Of  this  number  390 
were  approved  and  25  disapproved,  and  in  four 
cases  the  committee  deemed  it  advisable  to  interfere 
with  the  erection  of  the  buildings.  The  plans 
approved  in  respect  of  houjes  represented  477 
houses,  10.1  of  which  will  be  one  story  in  height, 
45  one  story  and  a  half,  and  327  two  or  more 
stories. 

The  city  surveyor  of  Manchester  (Mr.  T.  de  Courcy 
Meade)  has  prepared  an  estimate  of  the  cost  of  the 
new  tramways  for  the  construction  of  which  the 
Tramways  Committee  will  seek  powers  in  the  next 
session  of  Parliament.  The  total  estimated  outlay 
is  £32,500. 

The  Cleveland  Bridge  and  Engineering  Co.,  of 
Darlington,  have  been  given  the  contract,  by  the 
New  Zealand  Public  Works  Department,  for  the 
erection  of  two  large  viaduct  bridges,  both  carrying 
a  double  set  of  lines,  of  the  New  Zealand  Midland 
Railway.  One  bridge  will  have  two  spans,  each 
190tt.  wule,  with  a  third  span  of  (JOtt.  width,  and  a 
central  lattice  pier  of  170ft.  high  ;  whilst  the  second 
structure  is  to  have  a  span  l92ft.  wide,  togtther 
with  soveral  large  approach  spans. 

The  Mo/.irt  Society  at  Dresden  has  commissioned 
Herr  Hosaeus,  theCharlottenburg  sculptor,  to  model 
a  statue  of  the  composer  for  Old  Dresden. 

The  baths  committee  of  the  Bradford  City  Council 
on  Monday  accepted  tenders  for  the  erection  of 
cottage  baths  at  Low  Moor,  and  a  set  of  baths  in 
Leeds-road,  Bradford.  The  total  cost  of  the  former 
will  be  £1,000  and  the  latter  £7,000. 

The  annual  report  by  Mr.  Alexander  Dowell  on 
Edinburgh  Propi  rty  Market  states  that  during  1903 
a  somewhat  larger  business  was  done  than  iluriiig 
the  previous  year.  He  sold  239  lot.'i,  of  the  total 
value  of  £220, 2SS,  while  SI  were  sold  privately  for 
£127,350.  Of  the  lots  exposed,  31'5  per  cent,  were 
sold,  against  27'7  per  cent,  in  1902.  an  increase  of 
3-8  per  cent.,  and  the  amount  realised  in  excess  of 
upsets  was  7'4  per  cent.,  compared  with  4S  per 
cent,  in  1902. 


CHIPS. 

The  Dowager  Lady  Williams  Wynn  formally 
opened,  on  'Tuesday,  the  Tanat  Valley  Railway, 
which  has  been  constructed  under  the  Light  Rail- 
ways Act  of  1896,  with  a  subsidy  of  £28,000  from 
the  Government,  and  other  subsidies,  amounting  in 
the  aggregate  to  another  £28,000,  from  County 
Councils.  Fifteen  miles  long,  the  new  raUway 
effects  a  junction  with  the  Cambrian  Railways 
near  Owestry,  when  it  proceeds  up  the  Vale  of 
Tanat  to  Llangynom,  opening  up  a  fresh  tourist 
district. 

The  necessity  for  extensions  of  plant  at  the 
Ferryhill  generating  station  to  meet  the  increased 
demand  was  reported  on  to  the  town  council  on 
Monday  by  the  electrical  engineer,  who  recom- 
mended the  purchase  of  new  plant  at  a  cost  of 
£20,460.  The  council  authorised  the  engineer  to 
obtain  tenders  for  the  additional  plant. 

The  building  trade  at  Burntisland  during  the  year 
has  been  more  active  than  for  several  years  past. 
Property  of  the  value  of  fully  £18,600  has  been 
added  during  the  year,  or  is  in  course  of  completion. 
A  new  church  for  the  Erskine  congregation  has 
been  erected  for  £0,000,  and  premises  costing  t;5,000 
have  been  put  up  by  the  Co-operative  Society  in  the 
High-street.  The  building  prospects  in  the  new 
year  include  a  new  Episcopal  church  at  Ferguson- 
place  for  St.  Serf's  congregation,  towards  whict. 
over  t2,000  has  been  raised,  and  reconstruction  on 
a  greatly  improved  scale  of  the  railway  station. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Wharfedale  Guardians  on 
Friday,  the  house  committee  reported  that  the  Local 
Government  Board  inspector  had  pointed  out  the 
necessity  of  enlarging  the  workhouse  and  infirmary. 
It  was  decided  to  add  the  present  inflrmai'y  to  the 
workhouse,  and  build  a  new  infirmary  to  accommo- 
date 60  to  70  inmates  at  an  estimated  cost  of  £1,000. 

Halifax  Town  Council,  at  their  next  meeting,  will 
be  asked  to  authorise  the  town  clerk  to  make 
application  to  the  Local  Government  Board  for 
their  sanction  to  the  corporation  borrowing  £86,765 
for  the  completion  of  Walshaw  Dean  reservoirs  and 
other  waterworks  purposes. 

The  death  has  taken  place  at  Penicuik  of  ex- 
Bailie  Adam  Brown,  builder,  at  the  age  of  70.  The 
deceased  was  son  of  a  farmer.  He  served  his 
apprenticeship  with  Mr.  Laing,  joiner,  Silverburn, 
and  with  a  son  of  the  latter  carried  on  business  at 
Lothian-road,  Edinburgh.  About  45  years  ago  he 
settled  in  Penicuik.  He  was  a  member  of  Penicuik 
Police  Commissioners  and  town  conned  for  15  years. 

The  King  has  granted  to  Mr.  Cecil  Ilarcourt 
Smith,  Assistant  Keeper  in  the  Department  of  Greek 
and  Roman  Antiquities  of  the  British  Museum, 
authority  to  accept  and  wear  the  Cross  of  Com- 
mander of  the  Royal  Greek  Order  of  the  Saviour, 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  King  of  the  Hellenes,  in 
recognition  of  valuable  services  rendered  by  him  as 
former  Director  of  the  British  School  at  Athens. 

The  headless  body  of  Mr.  Howani  Dru-Drury, 
eldest  son  of  Colonel  EdwardDru-Drury,  waafound 
on  Ihe  railway  on  Tuesday,  between  Charlton  and 
Blackheath.  The  deceased,  who  was  27  years  of 
age,  and  had  been  a  member  of  the  London  Archi- 
tectural Association  since  189S,  was  in  practice  as  an 
architect  at  Westiuiuster,  and  resided  with  his 
parents  at  Woodville-road,  Shooter's  Hill,  Black- 
heath. 

A  large  clock  with  four  Oft.  dials,  and  striking 
hours,  has  just  been  erected  upon  the  church  tower 
of  St.  .lames's  Church,  Gravesend.  '1  bo  work  has 
been  carried  out  by  Messrs.  .lobn  Smith  and  Sous, 
Midland  Clock  Works,  Derby,  to  the  general  designs 
of  Lord  tiriinthorpe.  The  liravesend  .lubileeclock, 
made  in  1SS7,  was  by  the  same  firm. 

The  Orilnanco  Survey  shows  that  in  21  years 
113(t.  of  chlV  has  been  washed  away  at  Hopton,  a 
village  situated  midway  between  Yarmouth  and 
Lowestoft. 


60 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  8,  1904. 


CONTENTS. 
♦-♦'♦ 

Non-Observance  of  Conditions    

Old  Masters  at  Burlington  House     

Registration  of  Architects    

Exeter  Cathedral     

Report  of  the  Select  Committee  on  Ventilation 

Oak  Staves  for  Joinery 

Building  Materials  in  Egypt        

Building  Intelligence      

Correspondence 

Intercommunication       

Statues,  Memorials,  &c 

Our  Blustrations     

Competitions     

The  Building  News  Directory   

Oux  Office  Table       

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  Week 

List  of  Competitions  Open 

liat  of  Tenders  Open     

Latest  Prices     

Tenders       


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

RAWTENSTALL     PL^BLIC     LIBRARy,— AOTON     TOWN     HALL.- 
NATIONAL   JIEDAL   DBAWIN'OS   KOIt    ILHTSTRATIONS. 


Out  Jllttstrations. 


TOWN     HALL,      MINR'U'AL      OFFICES,      AND      FREE 
LUIRAKY,   RAWTENSTALL  :    SELECTED  DESIG.N. 

This  design  was  selected  in  competition,  Messrs. 
Butterworth  and  Duncan  being  the  assessors. 
The  proposed  outlay  on  the  entire  scheme  is  about 
£30,000,  but  for  the  present  the  corporation  are 
proceeding  only  with  the  free  library  at  a  cost  of 
£5,500.  JMessrs.  Crouch  and  Butler  and  Rupert 
Savage  are  the  joint  architects. 

ACTON    TOWN    HALL:    SELECTED    DESIUN. 

We  reproduce  to-day  the  three  elevations  of  Mr. 
Hunt's  design  for  these  buildings,  and  with  it  we 
give  a  double-page  p'ato  of  the  detail  of  his 
main  entrance  front.  These  are  the  drawings  on 
which  Jlr.  J.  Mac  Vicar  Anderson,  the  advisory 
architect  employed  by  the  Acton  Council  on  the 
nomination  of  the  President  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects,  fixed  his  choice.  The  plans 
of  the  two  principal  floors  were  illustrated  in  (he 
BuiLDixfi  News  last  week,  with  the  view  which 
was  made  subsequently  to  the  determination  of 
the  competition  to  its  present  stage.  The  "  half- 
ground  plan  "  on  the  detail  sheet  is  not  complete, 
as  in  order  to  give  the  design  to  as  large  and  clear 
a  scale  as  possible,  a  portion  of  the  second  tower, 
which  is  a  repeat  of  the  tjlher.  had  to  be  cut  off, 
otherwise  the  proportion  would  have  been  too 
square  for  the  fixed  sizes  of  our  pages.  By  refer- 
ence to  the  general  elevation,  however,  it  will  be 
exactly  seen  how  the  parts  come,  and  also  where 
the  water-closets,  alluded  to  last  week  in  our 
review  of  all  the  designs,  are  situate,  imme- 
diately in  the  forefront  of  the  building,  in 
connection  with  the  large  arched  windows 
of  these  towers.  The  iron  stanchion?  and 
cross  girders  imbedded  in  the  masonry  to 
carry  the  oversailing  balcony  above  the  door- 
way are  shown  on  this  detail ;  but  the  chimneys 
to  the  rooms  over  the  entrance  vestibule,  and 
flanking  the  central  portion,  do  not  appear  on 
either  of  the  elevations,  which  show  the  tower  spires 
free  of  such  features.  The  roof  of  the  council- 
chamber,  shown  as  the  central  skyline  of  the 
Winchester-street  front,  is  located  considerably 
to  the  rear,  so  would  hardly  appear  from  the 
street,  and  the  same  is  obvious  with  reference  to 
the  drum  of  the  dome  at  the  corner,  which  would 
be  considerably  hidden  by  the  skyline  of  the 
frontages  at  this  part  of  the  buildings. 

NATIONAL     MEDAL     DRAWINGS    FOR     HOOK 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 

A  SILVER  medal  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Arthur 
Watts,  of  the  Regent-street  Polytechnic,  for  two 
designs,  one  of  which  we  reproduce  to-day,  called 
"Riches,"  rt^presenting  an  old  man,  all  that 
remains  of  him,  surrounded  by  his  long-loved 
treasures,  with  which  he  will  at  no  distant  date 
0''  necessity  part  company.  The  examiners  speak 
of  Mr.  Watts's  work  as  showing  "  great  origi- 
nality and  very  effective  treatment  in  black  and 
white."  The  other  three  detigns  on  our  double- 
page  plate  are  from  the  pen  of  Miss  Jessie 
Mx'Oonnell,  of  Streatham  Common,  who  obtained 
a  National  Bronze  Medal  for  them.  The  titles  of 
the  subjects  are  "  The  Triflcr,"  enjoying  "  life  " 


at  a  village  fair ;  "  The  Student,"  alone  with  his 
dogs  by  the  cliff -bounded  shore  ;  and  "  The 
Recluse,"  away  from  the  world  "in  meditation 
wrapt "  before  the  altar.  The  four  pictures 
depict  four  distinct  ideals  of  lite— vastly  different, 
though  with  graphic  distinctness  each  scene  tells 
its  own  tale  equally  well. 


CHIPS. 

Mr.  John  Bernard  Hardman,  of  St.  John's,  150, 
Hagley-road,  Edgbaaton,  head  of  the  firm  of 
Messrs.  John  Hardman  and  Co.,  stained-glass 
painters  and  decorators,  left  estate  which  has  been 
valued  for  probate  at  £27,424  28.  9d.  gross,  with  net 
personalty  amounting  to  £23,354  18s.  2d.  The 
executors  are  the  testator's  sons,  Mr.  John  Tarleton 
Hardman,  of  25,  Wentworth-road,  Harborne, 
manufacturer,  and  Mr.  Gerald  James  Hardman,  of 
St.  John's,  and  Mr.  James  John  Parfltt,  of  Leaming- 
ton, barrister-at-law. 

A  system  of  electric  tramways  serving  the  city 
and  suburbs  was  inaugurated  at  Bath  on  Saturday, 
when  at  eleven  o'clock  twenty  cars  made  their  first 
trips  over  the  various  routes.  The  full  complement 
of  thirty  cars  is  now  running,  giving  frequent 
service  to  OlJfieldPark,  Weston, Tiverton, Bathford, 
Batheaston,  and  Combe  Down. 

The  Preston,  Fulwood,  and  Longridge  Joint 
Isolation  Hospital  is  being  ventilated  by  means  of 
Shorland's  patent  exhaust  roof  ventilators,  special 
inlet  tubes,  and  under-ted  ventilators,  the  same 
being  supplied  by  Messrs.  E.  H.  Sliorland  and 
Brother,  of  Manchester. 

Lieut.  General  Lord  Grenfell,  Commanding  the 
Fourth  Army  Corps,  opened  at  Maidenhead  on 
Monday  the  new  Volunteer  Drill  Hall,  a  building 
soft,  by  40ft.,  with  two  galleries,  erected  to  accom- 
modate 700  persons,  at  a  cost  of  over  £3,200,  and 
presented  to  Maidenhead  by  the  late  Mr.  J.  M. 
Pearoe. 

A  new  line  for  passenger  traffic  was  opened  on 
Monday  by  the  East  and  West  Yorkshire  Union 
Railways  Company.  The  line  extends  from  the 
Leeds  Midland  Station  to  Robin  Hood,  and  the 
distance  is  about  nine  miles.  Including  the  branches, 
there  are  four  stations  on  the  hneof  route — Hunslet, 
Stourtou,  Rothwell,  and  Robin  Hood.  There  are 
two  other  stations  not  yet  quite  completed.  The 
line  was  certified  by  Major  Pringle,  of  the  Board  of 
Trade. 

The  Local  Government  Board  have  signified  their 
sanction  to  a  loan  of  £3,5110  for  purposes  of  sewer- 
age and  sewage  disposal  at  Ivybridge,  South  Devon. 
The  scheme  has  been  prepared  by  Messrs.  Cameron, 
Commin,  and  Martin,  engineers,  of  Westminster, 
and  the  purification  works  will  be  on  the  septic 
tank  system. 

The  electricity  committee  of  the  Bradford  City 
Council  have  let  the  tender  for  the  laying  of  the  cable 
for  the  tramway  to  Greengates,  and  the  work  will 
be  taken  in  hand  at  once. 

The  work  of  restoring  the  grand  priory  and  parish 
church  of  Wymondham,  Norfolk,  has  reached  a  stage 
which  will  permit  the  nave  and  south  aisle  to  be 
used  for  worship.  Messrs.  Hicks  and  Charlewood, 
of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  are  the  architects,  and 
Messrs.  Kattee  and  Kent,  of  Cambridge,  the  con- 
tractors. Reopening  services  have  taken  place  this 
week. 

The  telephone  number  for  the  headquarters  of  the 
Society  of  Architects,  South  Buildings,  Staple  Inn, 
Holborn,  is  1852  Holborn. 

Thirty-nine  new  Baptist  Chapels,  with  13,551 
sittings,  and  costing  £90,410,  were  erected  last  year. 
On  enlargements  and  improvements  £44,371  was 
expended. 

Mr.  W.  Hole,  R.S.A.,  has  just  completed  his 
second  large  historical  picture  of  the  series  for  the 
adornment  of  thebanqueting-hall  of  the  Edinburgh 
City  Chambers.  The  subject  is  the  signing  of  the 
National  Covenant  in  Greyfriars'  Churchyard, 
February  28,  1038.  The  picture  will  be  unveiled  at 
the  meeting  of  the  city  council  on  Tuesday  next. 

The  students  of  the  London  County  Council 
School  of  Photo-Engraving  and  Lithography  held 
their  annual  supper  on  Saturday  evening,  Mr. 
George  Frampton,  R.A.,  in  the  chair,  over  ISO 
students  and  guests  being  present.  A  small  exhi- 
bition of  students'  work  will  be  open  free  to  the 
public  to-day  and  to-morrow  (Saturday)  in  the  Art 
Room  at  the  School,  No.  6,  Bolt-court,  Fleet-street, 
E.C. 

Powers  for  a  new  scheme  for  constructing  tram- 
ways to  Lytham  from  Preston  are  applied  for  by 
the  Preston  and  Lytham  Tramways  and  Tramroads 
Bill  for  the  ensuing  session.  The  proposed  new 
tramway  is  to  be  over  nine  miles  in  length,  of 
which  the  greater  part  is  to  be  a  double  line,  and 
is  to  connect  with  the  Blackpool,  St.  Annes,  and 
Lytham  Tramways  in  Trent-street,  Lytham,  and 
run  right  into  the  borough  of  Preston. 


COMPETITIONS. 

Limerick. — A  competition  is  being  held  for 
a  new  boat-house,  to  be  erected  on  the  walls  of 
the  existing  one,  at  Limerick,  and  the  style  may 
be  in  "Swiss,  Norwegian,  Pjarly  English,  or 
present-day  styles,"  a  list  which  furnishes  a  suf- 
ficiently varied  choice  in  the  matter  of  taste ; 
"  but  other  styles  maybe  submitted."  There  is 
to  be  a  balcony  on  the  river  side.  The  first  floor 
is  at  the  street  level,  and  the  accommodation 
includes  a  billiard-room,  committee-room,  dining- 
room,  card  room,  and  caretakers'  quarters.  The 
cost  is  limited  to  £1,700.  The  work  is  for  the 
Shannon  Rowing  Club.  Each  design  is  to  beir 
a  motto.  An  architect  of  repute  will  assist  in  the 
choice,  and  £31  10s.  Od.  is  the  premium  offered. 
Plans  to  go  in  on  Feb.  15  next,  at  Limerick. 

Wallasey  :  the  New  Town  Hall. — Wallasey 
Urban  District  Council,  at  their  next  meeting, 
will  be  required  to  confirm  or  otherwise  the  reso- 
lution, adopted  by  a  committee  of  the  whole 
council  last  month,  in  favour  of  inviting  compe- 
titive designs  for  the  new  town-hall.  It  is  pro- 
posed to  offer  premiums  of  £250  for  the  successful 
design,  and  two  other  premiums  of  £100  and  £50 
for  those  which  come  next  in  order  of  merit.  The 
designs  which  obtain  premiums  are  to  be  the 
absolute  property  of  the  council,  who  reserve 
the  right  of  appointing  their  own  architect  for 
carrying  out  the  work. 


The  dissolution  of  partnership  is  announced  of 
N.  S.  Joseph,  C.  S.  Joseph,  and  C.  J.  Smithem, 
architects  and  surveyors.  Queen-street,  Cheapside, 
E.G.,  under  the  style  of  N.  S.  Joseph,  Sen,  and 
Smithem,  so  far  as  regards  N.  S.  Joseph. 

The  London  County  Council  have  authoiised  an 
expenditure  of  £'245,000  for  the  purpose  of  widening 
Hampstead-road  at  the  southern  end.  It  has  also 
been  agreed  to  accept  the  tenders  of  two  English 
firms  for  steel  rails  and  other  work  in  connection 
with  the  electrification  of  the  tramways  to  the  total 
amount  of  £80,000.; 

Mr.  Goodyear,  borough  surveyor  of  Colchester, 
in  a  recent  report  on  the  drainage  of  Lavenham, 
said  it  was  impossible  to  carry  out  a  sewerage  scheme 
on  the  gravitation  ]irinciple:  pumping  or  ejection 
would  be  needed.  That  would  involve  an  expenditure 
of  £4,000  to  £5,000.  The  Cosford  Rural  District 
Council  have  agreed  to  consult  Mr.  Hy.  Robinson. 

An  example  of  the  vagaries  of  contracting  is 
afforded  by  the  list  of  tenders  received  for  rebuild- 
ing the  tower  of  Rochester  Cathedral,  Mr.  C. 
Hodgson  Fowler,  F.R.S.,  of  Durham,  architect. 
The  amounts  range  from  £5,292,  the  price  of  the 
accepted  tender,  up  to  as  much  as  £9,335,  a  differ- 
ence of  £4,042.  Th»re  were  nine  tenders  in  all,  and 
three,  not  including  the  highest,  were  considerably 
over  £7,500  each. 

Two  memorials  to  the  late  Dr.  Stephens  were 
dedicated  at  Winchester  Cathedral  on  the  first 
anniversary  of  his  death.  The  one  was  the  altar- 
tomb  which  has  been  erected  over  his  grave  in  the 
Water-close,  and  the  other  was  a  brass  that  has 
been  placed  in  the  cathedral  choir.  The  altar-tomb, 
or  sarcophagus,  is  designed  in  the  Renaissance 
style,  and  is  made  of  PenteUcus  marble  (from  Mount 
Pentelicus,  near  Athens),  and  measures  8tt.  4in.  by 
4ft.,  and  2ft.  lOin.  in  depth.  It  has  at  the  head  the 
Chapter  arms  granted  by  Henry  VIII, ,  and  at  foot 
are  the  arms  of  the  late  Dr.  Stephens.  The  cross 
monolith  is  decorated  with  foliated  carving.  Messrs. 
Farmer  and  Brindley,  of  Westminster  Bridge- 
road,  S.E.,  carried  out  the  work. 

In  ten  years  the  consumption  ot  cement  in  the 
United  States  has  increased  144  per  cent.,  being 
2S,402,46Ubbl.  in  1902.  This  increase  is  due  to 
prosperity  in  the  building  trades  and  to  new  uses  for 
the  material.  Cement  production  in  the  United 
States  has  grown  remarkably  in  ten  years,  being 
2(i,l(;5,9:;4bbl.  in  1902,  as  against  8,119,939bbl.  m 
1893.  An  important  era  in  American  cement  con- 
struction came  in  with  the  application  of  reinforced 
concrete  to  large  buildings. 

During  the  year  just  ended  no  fewer  than  fifty- 
four  new  Congregational  chapels  and  halls  have 
been  built  and  eighteen  new  churches  formed.  In 
addition,  thirty-two  foundation-stones  for  chapels 
or  mission  schools  were  laid,  together  with  seven- 
teen for  new  school  premises. 

A  new  organ,  erected  by  Messrs.  Browne  and 
Sous,  of  Deal,  at  a  cost  of  £420,  has  been  dedicated 
at  the  parish  church  of  Preston-next-Faversham. 
The  instrument  is  erected  over  the  west  door,  and 
has  a  separate  console,  which  is  placed  at  the  other 
end  of  the  nave. 

The  will  has  been  proved  of  Alderman  George 
Fothergill  Smith,  of  Yarm-road,  Stockton-on-Tees, 
brickmaker,  who  died  on  October  17  last,  aged  74 
years  leaving  estate  valued  at  £40,486  lOs.  3d. 
gross,  with  £35,077  Is.  Id.  in  net  personalty. 


Jan.  S,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


77 


©ttx  (©fSce  CaMt 


We  are  rery  glad  that  the  Koyal  Institute  of 
British  Architects  has  appointed  a  committee  of 
its  own  body,  and  of  representatives  of  the  allied 
societies,  "  to  consider  the  principle  of  Registra- 
tion, and  to  report  thereon  to  a  special  meeting." 
It  is  now  nearly  twenty  years  since,  thanks 
to  the  initiative  of  the  then  newly-formed 
•Society  of  Architects,  architectural  registra- 
tion was  brought  within  the  sphere  of  practi- 
cal politics.  The  proposal  has  steadily  made 
friends,  in  spite  of  much,  perhaps  whole- 
some, hostility.  We  have  often  expressed  our 
regret  that  the  Institute  has  not  taken  the 
matter  in  hand,  and  hope  that  now  fourteen  out 
of  the  seventeen  societies  allied  with  it  have  pro- 
nounced in  favour  of  registration  that  the  com- 
mittee appointed  will  promptly  get  to  work  and 
repoit.  The  present  opportunity  affords  a  reason- 
able hope  of  success.  Public  opinion  is  ripe  for 
registration,  and  we  are  certain  Parliament  wi  d 
speedily  respond  to  a  well-considered  demand  for 
it.  It  is  for  the  Institute  to  deteimine  whether 
it  will  lead  that  demand,  in  which  case  the 
recognition  in  connection  therewith  of  its 
own  position  as  the  principal  professional 
society  is  certain,  or  whether  it  will  still 
stand  aloof  and  leave  the  battle  to  be  won  by 
outsiders.  Its  adoption  of  the  former  and  better 
course  might  not  improbably  lead  to  large 
additions  to  its  own  ranks :  it  would  certainly 
enhance  the  status  of  the  profession. 

The  Housing  of  the  Working  Classes  Act, 
passed  last  session,  and  which  came  into  opera- 
tion on  New  Year's  Day,  substitutes  SO  for  60 
years  as  the  maximum  period  for  which  a  loan 
may  be  sanctioned  by  the  Local  Government 
Board  for  the  housing  purposes,  authorises  the 
transfer  of  any  powers  of  the  Home  OiBce  respect- 
ing them  to  the  Local  Government  Board,  and 
imposes  a  set  of  rehousing  obligations  to  operate 
for  the  provision  of  dwelling  accommodation  for 
persons  of  the  working  class  in  cases  where  land 
is  acquired  under  statutory  powers.  For  the 
purpose  of  these  obligations:  "The  expression 
•  working  class '  includes  mechanics,  artisans, 
labourers,  and  others  working  for  wages  ; 
hawkers,  costermongers,  persons  not  working  for 
wages,  but  working  at  some  trade  or  handicraft 
without  employing  others,  except  members  of 
their  own  family,  and  persons  other  than  domestic 
servants  whose  ir.come  in  any  case  does  not 
exceed  30  shillings  a  week,  and  the  families  of 
any  such  persons  who  may  be  residing  with 
them."  If  more  than  30  such  persons  are 
threatened  with  displacement,  the  company  or 
authority  armed  with  statutory  powers  is  de- 
barred from  exercising  them  until  the  Local 
Govemment  Board  have  either  approved  a  housin  " 
scheme  or  decided  that  it  is  not  necessary.  It  it 
also  enacted  that  on  failure  of  local  authorities 
to  make  schemes  for  rebuilding  on  unhealthy 
arras,  confirming  authorities  may  orier  them  to 
make  such  schemes  that,  if  the  coat  of  demolish- 
ing too  old  houses  will  not  be  reimbursed  by  the 
sale  of  materials,  the  deficiency  may  be  re- 
covered from  the  owners,  that  cleared  land  may 
be  utilised  for  shops  and  recreation  ground  as 
well  as  for  dwellings,  and  that  the  implied 
statutory  condition  for  fitness  in  the  letting  of 
houses  at  certain  low  rents  is  to  take  effect  not- 
withstanding any  stipulation  to  the  contrary. 

A  Home  t)riiCE  circular  has  been  issued,  signed 
by  Mr.  R.  K.  Bannatyne,  secretary  to  the 
Departmental  Committee,  which  was  recently 
appointed  to  inquire  and  report  as  to  what 
amendments  and  extensions  of  the  A\'orkmen'3 
Compensation  Acts  are  necessary.  Mr.  Bannatyne 
asks  for  the  views  and  suggestions  of  represeiita- 
tive  associations  of  employers  and  workmen  on  the 
subject,   on  the   followin, 


the  Workmen's  Compensation  Acts,  and,  if  so,  in 
what  class  of  cases  and  for  what  reasons  r 

A  toiiKusi'oxDENT  cf  the  Ttnfs  calls  attention 
to  the  '•  ancient  lights  "  case  of  •'  Colls  v.  Home 
and  Colonial  Stores  Limited),''  recently  before 
the  House  of  Lords,  which  although  of  the 
greatest  importance  to  all  who  are  interested  in 
the  erection  of  new  buildings  in  London,  does 
not  appear  to  have  attracted  much  notice.  It  is 
an  appeal  by  tlie  Home  and  Colonial  .Stores 
Company  against  a  judgment  in  the  Court  of 
.\ppeal  holding  them  responsible  for  interfering 
with  the  "ancient  lights"  of  the  respondents, 
who  contended  that  they  were  not  only  entitled 
to  an  injunction,  but  to  an  order  of  the  Court 
to  lower  the  new  building  by  pulling  down 
those  parts  of  it  which  interfered  with  the  clear 
access  of  light  the  respondents  formerly  enjoyed. 
Although  judgment  has  been  reserved  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  the  Lord  Chancellor  went  so  far  as  to  say 
that ' '  whatever  their  decision  maj-  be,  they  will  not 
order  the  building  to  be  pulled  down."  The 
correspondent  utilises  this  action,  which  is  still 
siibjmlice,  to  draw  attention  generally  to  the  un- 
satisfactory state  of  the  law  respecting  ancient 
rights  of  light  and  air.  The  erection  of  a  lofty 
and  expensive  building,  can  be,  he  points  out, 
stopped  by  any  small  tenement  whose  lightorair  is, 
even  in  an  infinitesimal  degree,  likely  to  be  inter- 
fered with.  This  prohibition  acts  as  an  absolute 
deterrent  to  capitalists  and  employers  of  labour, 
prevents  that  natural  expansion  which  their 
enterprise  requires,  and  encourages  an  iniquitous 
system  of  blackmail  on  the  part  of  any  one  who 
can  find  the  semblance  of  a- grievance.  At  the 
present  time  he  shows  there  are  three  great 
building  enterprises  stopped  in  London  by  the 
operation  of  legal  injunctions  on  account  of  this 
light  and  air  question — namely,  Waring's  new 
premises  in  Oxford-street,  the  Savoy  Hotel,  and  the 
Walsingham  House  Hotel.  The  correspondent 
asks  whether  it  would  not  be  well  to  create  a  tribunal, 
or  to  invest  some  existing  tribunal,  with  the 
power  to  assess  damages,  at  the  same  time  abolish 
the  right  which  at  present  exists  of  absolutely 
stopping  improvements  on  the  ground  of  an  inter- 
ference with  ancient  lights. 

The  Birmingham  Architectural  Association 
have  passed  the  following  resolution,  copies  of 
which  are  to  be  sent  to  the  Lord  Mayor,  the  town 
clerk,  and  the  members  of  the  city  council :  — 
"  That  a  protest  be  entered  against  the  increasing 
amount  of  architectural  work  carried  out  by  the 
city  surveyor,  believing  that  it  is  not  in  the 
interest  of  the  ratepayers  nur  conducive  to  the 
best  architectural  result  when  important  building 
work  is  carried  out  without  the  designs  and  super- 
intendence of  a  qualified  architect,  nor  fair  to  the 
architectural  profession,  which  is  well  represented 
in  Birmingham,  to  be  repeatedly  ignored  when 
public  buildings  are  contemplated  by  the  city 
council." 

The  institute,  formerly  used  as  public  baths, 
which  the  London  County  Council  lias  acquired 
and  fitted  up  in  Ferndale-road,  Brixton,  will  be 
opened  during  this  month,  under  the  title  of  the 
L.C.C.  School  of  Building.  It  is  intended  that 
the  institute  should  form  a  centre  for  instruction 
in  all  the  various  branches  of  the  building  trade. 
Lecture-rooms  and  workshops  liave  been  provided 
for  various  trade  classes,  while  the  large  hall  will 
be  utilised  for  carrying  out  practical  work  in 
various  building  operations  on  a  large  scale. 
Provision  will  be  made  for  instruction  in  the 
following  subjects,  among  others  : — Geometry, 
buildins     construction,     architectural     drawinir. 


history  of   architecture, 
chemistry    and    physics 
builders'      bookkeeping, 
brickwork,  masonry, 
work,  heating    and 


mechanics   of  building, 

cf    building    material, 

builders'     estimating, 

plasterers'  work,  plumbers' 

ventilating,    carpentry  and 


joinery,  painters'  and  decorators'  workj  and 
woodcarving.  Copies  of  the  prospectus  may  be 
obtained  from  the  secretary  of  the  Board,  or  from 
'"  '      -     -  -  Fern- 


.. ,    -  ^  and   other   points  :— 

(1)  The  pecuniary  burden  imposed  by  the  -Vets, 

and  the  incidence  of  the  cost.     (2)  The  proportion    '*'®  ^'^''^'^'P''''  ''-t'-C.   School  of  Buildin, 
of  cases  settled  out  of  court — i.e.,  by  a"-reoment     J''le-road,  Brixton,  S.W. 
iigreed  arbitrator,  or  representative  committee— 
to   the   number    brought    into    court.      (3)  The 
practice  which  is  alleged  to  be  common  of  com- 
muting the  lialiility  lor  weekly  payments  by  pay- 
ment of  a  lump  sum.     (1)  The  extent  and  clfects 
of  the  prai  tico  of  insuring  against  the  liabilities 
imposed    by     the    Acts.      (.51    Contracting    out 
{(■))   How  have  the  Acts  affected  friendly  societies 
accident,  and  other  benefit  funds,  .V'c.  r"    (7)  Have 
they  affected  the  employment  of  the  old,  weak 
and  partially  maimed  r     (8)  Is  recourse  often  had 
to  the  Lmployers'  Liability  Act  in  preference  to 


Ionic  ones.  In  the  Heraion  the  capitals  were  exe- 
cuted in  the  Doric,  and  the  pedestals  in  the  Ionic 
style.  Further  excavations  will  be  made  next 
year  in  the  Palace  of  Gdysseus.  Professor  Dijrp- 
feld  will  continue  his  work  at  Leukas,  whilst 
Herr  Vollgraf  will  excavate  in  Ithaka.  Xext 
spring  the  French  School  of  Archioology  will 
continue  its  excavations  at  Delphi,  whilst  the 
English  School  will  begin  work  in  the  province 
of  Lakonia. 

The  timber  trade,  in  common  with  most  other 
trades,  has  felt  the  year  just  closed,  Messrs. 
Denny,  Mott,  and  Dickson  report,  to  be  one  of 
real  strain  and  anxiety.  With  a  few  exceptions, 
such  as  teak,  mahogany,  and  (Quebec  goods,  the 
imports  have  been  more  than  ample  to  fill  the  dull 
demand  ;  and  want  of  confidence  in  the  prospects 
of  trade  has  effectually  killed  all  the  briskness  and 
ready  marketing  of  well-bought  goods,  which  go 
to  make  "  good  business."  F.o.b.  prices  have 
been  resolutely  maintained  by  both  shippers  of 
hard  and  soft  woods :  but  the  choice  of  keeping 
out  of  the  market,  or  submitting  to  a  cost  which 
has  left  little  or  no  room  for  a  working  profit,  has 
borne  hardly  on  the  merchant  or  dealer  who  may 
have  no  reserve  of  profit  to  fall  back  upon.  There 
have  not  been  wanting  signs  that  the  profits  of 
the  five  good  trade  years  which  ended  in  1900 
have  been  exhausted,  and  the  restriction  of  bank- 
ing facilities  must  painfuUy  accentuate  to  many 
the  feeling  of  business  stress  and  political  appre- 
hension with  which  the  new  year  opens  for  the 
majority  of  thoughtful  traders. 


MEETINOS  FOB  THE  ENSTIINO  ■WTEEK. 

To-DAv  (Friday). — Architectural  Association.  "Egyp- 
tian Architecture,"  by  Hugh  Stannus, 
F.R.I.B.A.    7.30  p.m. 

Birmingham  .\rchitectural  Associa- 
ciation.  Mr.  J.  A.  Gotch  on  "  Domestic 
.\.rchitecture  from  the  Conquest." 

To-MOBBOw  (Satcbday;  . — Glasgow  Technical  College 
Scientific  Society.  Alex.  G.  Strathem, 
SI.I.M.E.,  on  "  The  Manufacture  of 
Weldless  Chains."    7.30  p.m. 

Monday'. — Surveyoi's'  Institution.  Discussion  on  **  In- 
dustrial Decentralisation."    8  p.m. 

Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects. 
President's  "  At  Home."  (Drawings  by 
the  late  J.  L.  Pearson,  R.A.,  will  be  on 
view.)    S  30  to  11pm. 

Glasgow  Royal  Philosophical  Society : 
Architectural  Section.  "  Modern  House 
Dicoration  and  ifurnishings,"  by  John 
Taylor.    S  p.m. 

Tuesday. — Architectural  Association  of  Ireland.  "  An 
Architectural  Ramble  in  the  North  of 
France,"  by  G.  P.  Sheridan.      S  p.m. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  "The 
Electrical  Reconstruction  of  the  South 
London  Tramways  on  the  Conduit  Sys- 
tem," by  Alexander  Millar,  A.M.I.C.E. 
S  p.m. 

Wedxesday.  —  Auctioneers'  Institute.  "  The  Estate 
Agency  Question  :  A  Proposal  for  a 
Central  Exchange,"  by  Sydney  A. 
Smith,  F.S.I.    S  p.m. 

Northern  Architectural  Association. 
"  Reinforced  Concrete  and  its  .Applica- 
tions," by  T.  J.  UritBth,  C.E.    7.30  p.m. 

Glasgow  Architectural  Association. 
".Architecture,  Registered  or  Free,"  by 
Professor  Beresford  Pite,  F.R.I.B.A. 
8  pm. 

Surveyors'  Institution.  Students'  Pre- 
liminary E.^amination. 

Thcrsday. — Society  of  Arts.  "  The  Pi-esidency  of 
Bombay,"  by  Sir  VTiUiam  Lee-Warner, 
K. C.S.I.    4.30  p.m. 

Manchester  Society  of  Architects. 
"  .Arehitecture,  Free  or  Registered,"  by 
Professor  Beresford  Pite,  F.R.I.B.A. 
7  p.m. 

Shettield  Society  of  Architects  and 
Surveyors.  " TheTraining  Re^juired  for 
the  Profession  of  a  Surveyor,"  by  E. 
Holmes. 

Friday.— Glasgow  .Architectural  Craftsmen's  Society. 
"  Steelwork  Construction,"  by  C.  R. 
Bonn,  M.l. C.E.    .Sp.ui. 


A  KEi'OHT  on  the  excavations  undertaken  at  the 
instance  of  the  tireek  Arch:eological  Society,  at 
the  Heraion  in  Simos  has  been  published  by  JI. 
Iv'appadias,  who  personally  superintended  them. 


The  rural  district  council  of  Barrow-ou-Soar 
have  obtained  the  sanction  of  the  rural  district 
council  to  borrow  (;r2,32J  for  purposes  of  sewerage 
worla  at  SUeby. 

The  Corrugated  Iron  Co.,  Walsall-street  (Messrs. 
Joues  and  Farnworth),  have  purchased  over  '20  acres 
of  land  at  F.llesmere  Port,  Cheshire,  adjoining  the 


The  Temple  of  Hera  was  the  most  celebrated  of  i  river  Mersey,  for  the  erection  thereon  of  new  rolUng 

,,   .1       .  1        .       ....  .     .  ,,  .....  I  ;ii 1 1 ;-; ...„_i..,    ..*  ~ .  .,«   .^.-..^  A,-»rt 


the  temples  in  Jlinor  .\sia.  It  was  built  long 
before  the  Artemision  at  I^phesus,  and  consisted 
of  two  wings.  'There  were  twenty-four  pillars 
along  each  of  the  longer  sides,  and  eight  pillars 
on  the  short  ones.  Two  pillar  capitals  were  dis- 
covered during  the  excavations,  which,  in  the 
opinion  of  JI.  Kappadias,  wore   Doric  and  not 


mills  and  galvanising  works,  at  a  cost  of  loO,000. 

The  town  council  of  Folkestone  have  decided  to 
enlarge  their  town-hall  at  a  cost  of  about  it, 000. 

Mr.  R.  D.  Holt,  of  Settcn  Park,  Liverpool,  has 
presented  a  valuable  oil  painting,  "  French 
Politicians,''  by  Miss  Flora  Reid,  to  the  Art 
Gallery,  Rochdale. 


78  THE    BUILDING    NEWS.  Jan.  8,  1904. 


LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


Winasor— Elevations  for  Police  and  Fire  Brigade  Stations 23gs E.  A.  Stickland,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Surveyor,  Windsor  Jan.  15 

Wakefield— Free  Library  Chas.  Jas.  Hudson,  Town  Clerk.  Town  Hall,  Wakefield „     20 

Borstal,  Rochester-Chanceir&ci..'.^~^^'i^'..'"i'. St.  Matthew's  Vicarage,  Borstal,  Rochester  „     31 

Erdington— Council  House  and  Free  Library  (Wm  Henman,  _.._„         ,.       _,         „,,.„„„,. 

FRIBA    Assessor)  £50,  £S1,  £20 Herbett  H.  Humphries.  En?..  Public  Hall,  Erdington,  Birmingham  Feb.    1 

Hkley— FreeLibrary,  Public  Offices,  and  Assembly  Hall £100.  £30.  £20 Frank  Hall,  Clerk,  CouncU  Offices,  Hkley 1 

Vienna— Machinery  to  Lift  Boats 100,000,  75,000,  and  50,000  kronen   ...  The  Austro-Hungarian  Con.-Gen,  22,  Laurence-Pounteney-lane,E.C.  Mar.  31 

Torquay— Carnegie  Public  Library  and  Municipal  Buildings,  „„„„       „         „,„         „„„ 

Upton  Valley  (Assessor)  SCgs.,  30gs Fredk.  8.  Hex,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Torquay — 

Glasgow— Hutchesontown  Branch  Library    James  G.  Munro,  Town  Clerk,  City  Chambers,  Glasgow — 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 


BUILDINOS. 

Kirkcaldy— E.xtension  of  Car-Shed  Corporation W.  L.  Macindo,  Town  Clerk,  Kirkcaldy Jan. 

Aldingboume-Rep.iirs  to  Council  Schools    E.  B.  Wannop.  12,  North  Pallant,  Chichester 

Aberbai-goed- Rebuilding  Greyhound  Inn Geo.  Kentshole,  Architect,  Station-road,  Bai^oed 

BirdweU- Two  Houses  and  Shop  C.  Gamer Arthur  Whitaker.  Architect,  Worsborough  Bridge,  Bamsley 

Columbkille— Church  Repair  and  Alteration J.  G.  Skipton.  C.E  ,  Gowan,  Co.  Cavan 

Xcle— Restoring  Nave  Roof  of  Church Herbert  J.  Green,  A.R.I.B.A.,  31,  Castle  Meadow,  Norwich 

Hengoed — Temporary  School  Glamorgan  County  Council    T.  Mansel  Franklen,  Clerk,  Westgate-street,  Cardiff  

Bury  St.  Edmunds— Alterations  to  Police  Station  West  Suffolk  Standing  Committee  ...  A.  A.  Hunt.  Architect.  51.  Abbeygate-street,  Bury  St.  Edmunds  ... 

Cambuslang- Brick  Chimney  Shaft  (100ft.  high) Lanark  County  Council  W.  L.  Douglas,  C.E.,  Engineer,  District  Offices,  Hamilton  

Dungannon  Junction-Gatekeeper's  Cottage    Great  Northern  (Ireland)  By.  Co.  ...  W.  H.Mills,  Engineer-in-Ch-ef,  Amiens-street  Terminus,  Dublin  .. 

Skelmanthorpe- Wesleyan  Sunday  School J.  Berry,  Architect,  3.  Market-place,  Huddersftc-ld 

Bedford— Additions  to  Schools  -. Education  Committee  Heniy  Young,  Architect.  Maitland-street,  Midland-road,  Bedford  .. 

Manor  Park,  E. — Cainegie  Library,  Romford-road East  Ham  Urban  District  Council   ...  Adam  Horsburgh  Campbell,  Engineer,  Town  Uall,  East  Ham,  E.... 

Cockermouth— Works  at  Flimby  Lodge Guardians W.  G.  Scott  and  Co.,  Architects,  Workington    

Bury  St.  Edmunds— Alterations  to  Police  Station  West  Suffolk  Joint  Committee A.  Ainsworth  Hunt,  County  Architect,  Bury  St.  Edmunds  

Linthwaite— House  and  Buildings  at  Green  House  Farm C.  F.  Mallinson  and  Son,  Surveyors.  Market-place.  Huddersfleld 

Cambuslang- Refuse  Destructor  &  Electric  Lighting  Station...  Lanark  County  Council  W.  L.  Douglas,  C.E.,  Engineer,  District  Offices.  Hamilton  

Sheffield— School  at  Carter  Knowle Education  Committee  Holmes  and  Watson,  Architects,  38,  Churcli-street,  Sheffield 

Barrow-in-Furness— Ceihng  Lights  at  Technical  School  Corporation C.  F.  Preston,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Barrow-in-Furness 

Haigh— Twelve  Houses R.  and  W.  Dixon,  Architects.  5,  East-gate,  Burnley   

Stockport— Offices  at  Sanitary  Depot  Cleansing  Committee  John  Atkinson,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Surveyor,  Stockport  

Paddington,  W.— Extension  of  Harrow-road  Workhouse Guardians F.  J.  Smith,  F.R.I.B.A.,  Parliament  Mansions.  Victoria-st.,  S.W... 

Fort  William— Additions  to  Argyll  Holel  Donald  Rankin  L.  and  J.  Falconer,  Architects,  Fort  William,  N.B 

Bradley,  Bilston— Two  Temporary  Pavilions    South  Staffordshire  Hospital  Board...  George  Green,  Town  Hall.  Wolverhampton 

8outhend-on-Sea— Extension  of  Car-Shed Corporation .- E.  J.  Elford,  M.I.M.E..  Borough  Engineer,  Southend    

Mortlake— Stabling  and  Workshops Barnes  Urban  District  Council G.  Bruce  Tomes,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Surveyor,  High-street.  Mortlake 

Pontnewydd— Pohce  Station Standing  Joint  Committee William  Tamer,  F.S.I.,  County  Surveyor,  Newport,  ilon 

Stockwell,  8.W.— Additions  to  Stores  at  B.W.  Hospital  Metropolitan  Asyluuis  Board   W.  T.  Hatch.  A.M.I.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.,  Embankment,  EC 

Grimtby- Alterations  to  Free  Library H.  G.  Whyatt,  A  M.I.C.E.,  Boro'  Eng.,Town  Hall-square,  Grimsby 

Tooting,  S.W.-Cottsge  at  Grove  Hospital   Metropolitan  Asylums  Board    W.  T.  Hatch,  A. M.I.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.,  Embankment,  EC 

Naas— Medical  Officer's  Residence    Guardians D.  J.  Purcell,  Clerk.  Naas,  Ireland    

Shooter's  Hill,  S.E.— Cottage  at  Brook  Hospital Metropolitan  Asylums  Board    W.  T.  Hatch.  A.M.I.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.,  Embankment,  E.C 

Coventiy— Four  Houses,  Sandy-late    Harrison  and  Hattrell,  Architects,  2.3,  Hertford-street,  Coventry  ... 

Mile  End-road.  E.— School  Alterations,  Bancroft-road Mile  End  Old  Town  Guardians    J.  M.  Knight,  Architect,  3S,  Bancroft^road,  Mile  End-road,  E 

Glyn  Ceiriog — Two  Houses  .? Thomas  Griffiths,  Coedyglyn-terrace.  Glyn,  Ruabon    

Coventry —Shop  and  Stores Perseverance  Co-operative  Society  ...  Harrisonand  Hattrell,  Architects,  23,  Hertford-Street,  Coventry    ... 

Askam,  Dalton— Carnegie  Branch  Library,  Lord-etreet  Dalton-in-Furness  U.D.C W.  Richardson,  Surveyor,  Station-road.  Dalton-in-Furness 

Glyn  Ceiriog— Two  Houses  .-. Thomas  Griffiths.  Coedyglyn-terrace,  Glyn.  Ruabon    

HaUfax— Institute.  Warley  Town A.  S.  McCrea  Walsh  and  Nicholas,  Architects,  Museum  Chambers,  Halifax 

Bamsley— Villa.  Chapel-street   Senior  and  Clegg,  Architects,  15,  Regent-street,  Bamsley 

Manchester- Alterations  to  Pupil  Teachers'  College  Building...  Education  Committee  W.  Windsor,  (Juantity  Surveryor,  S7.  Brown-street,  Manchester 

Tallyllyn— Parsonage Rev.  J.  Williams  G.  T.  Bassett,  A.R.I.B.A..  Aberystwith  

Pontypridd— Rebuilding  Three  Shops,  Taff-street  Rhondda  A'alleys  Brewery  Co Arthur  O.  Evans,  Architect,  Pontypridd 

Ynysybwl— Bakehcuse  Co-operative  Society D.  Dalis  Jones,  Secretary,  45,  Robert-street.  Ynysybwl,  Wales  

Mountain  Ash— Public  Offices    Urban  District  Council    J.  H.  Phillips.  Architect.  Clive  Chambers,  Windsor-place,  Cardiff... 

Winchburgh— County  Police  Station  Linlithgowshire  County  Council  W,  M.  Scott,  Architect,  Linlithgow  

Royal  Albert  Dock— Mercantile  Marine  Office H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works J.  B.  Westcott.  H  M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey^s  Gate,  S.W 

Bamsley— Two  Shops,  Peel-square James  Fox  and  Sons Tennant  and  Bagley.  Architects.  Pontefract  

Cheltenham— Fortv-Two  Houses  Great  Western  Railway  Co G.  K.  Mills.  Secretary,  Paddington  Station.  W 

Barnsley— Rebuilding  old  Koyal  Oak  Hotel James  Fox  and  Sons Tennant  and  Bagley,  Architects.  Pontefract  

Aberfan,  Mertbyr  Vale— Three  Business  Premises  and  House William  Dowdeswell.  Architect.  Treharris  

Ramsgate— Free  Library,  Clarendon-gaidens  Corporation E.  B.  Sharpley,  Town  Clerk,  Albion  House,  Ramsgate  

Blackpool— E.xterisions  to  Sanatorium Sanitary  Committee John  S.  Brodie.  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Blackpool  

Trealaw— Chapel,  Victoria-street O.  H.  Evans.  Architect,  Post  Office  Chambers,  Pontypridd 

Merthyr  Tydfil- School  (200  infants)  at  Woodlands  School  Board  J.  Llewellin  Smith,  Architect,  50,  High-street,  Merthjr  TydBl  

East  Ham- School  Restoration  after  Fire,  Shafte.sbury-road  ...  Education  Committee  R.  L.  Curtis,  Architect.  120.  London  Wall,  Moorgate-street,  E.  C... 

London,  E  C— Additions  to  the  Royal  Mint H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works J.  B.  Westcott,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Gate,  S.W 

Wiilthamstow- Corrugated  Iron  Shed Urban  District  Council    Geo.  W.  Holmes.  A.M.I.C.E.,  Town  Hall,  Walthamstow 

Kensington— I'ire  Brigade  Station London  County  Council  The  Architect's  Department.  3,  Warwick-st.,  Charing  Cross,  S.W... 

GyffyUwg,  near  Ruthin- School  (156  places) School  Board  Rowland  H.  Jones,  Clerk  to  the  Board,  Denbigh  

Derby— Offices.  St.  Mary's  Gate Standing  Joint  Committee J.  Somes  Story,  County  Surveyor,  St.  Mary's  Gate,  Derby  

Sunderland— Additions  to  Victoria  Hall    Corporation John  Eltringham,  Architect,  (12,  John-street,  Sunderland Feb.    1 

Langho,  Blackburn- Epileptic  Homes    Chorlton  .V  Manchester  Asylum  Com.  Giles,  Gough.  i:  TroIlope,Archts., 28,  Craven-st.,  Charing  Cross,  W.C.  Mar.   4 

Canterbury— Blackman  Ward  and  Alterations  to  Hospital W.  J.  Jennings.  Architect,  4,  St.  Margaret's-street,  Canterbury — 

Midsonier  Norton— Additions  to  Town  Hall Urban  District  Council    Wm.  F.  Bird,  C.E.,  Surveyor,  Midsomer  Norton  — 

Brampton— Co-operative  Stores T.  Taylor  Scott,  F.R.I.B.A.,  43,  Lowther-street,  Carlisle  — 

Wombwell— House,  Elliott's-terrace    A.  Stevenson  A.  Stevenson,  56.  East-view,  New  Scarborough,  Wombwell — 

LimehouscE.- Alterations  at  No3.  45, 47,  &  49,  RhodesweU-rd L.  Gross,  21,  Alvington-crescent,  Dalston,  N.E.    .......  — ■ 

Coalville— Slaughter  House Co-operative  Society Goddard  and  Wain,  Architects,  High-street.  Coalville,  Leic3  — 

Bestwood- Forge  Mills Sands  and  Walker,  Architects,  Angel-row,  Nottingham — 

Headingley,  Leeds— Crematorium  at  Lawns  Wood  Cemetery...  Headingley-cum-BurleyBurialBoard  W.  S.  Braithwaite,  Architect,  6,  South-parade,  Leeds    — 

Hove— Factory Sonive  and  Co.,  Portslade  — 

Leeds— Works  E.xtension G.  Bray  and  Co G.  Fredk.  Bowman.  Architect,  5,  Greek-street,  Lseds — 

Headingley,  Leeds— Tutor's  Residence  at  Wesleyan  College Danby  and  Simpson,  Architects,  10,  Park-row,  Leeds — 

ELECTRIOAL    PLANT. 

Kettering— Electricity  Meters Urban  District  CouncU    Kennedy  and  Jenkin,  Engineers,  17,  Victoria-street,  S.W Jan.  !> 

Glasgow— Generating  Plant Corporation W.  A.  Chamen.  Engineer,  75,  Waterloo-street,  Glasgow    „  11 

Manchester— Laying  Undergiound  Telephone  Pipes  Paving  Committee The  City  Surveyor's  Office,  Town  Hall,  Manchester ....^ ,  11 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales— Plant  and  Machinery  Municipal  Council Preece  and  Cardew,  8.  Queen  Anne's  Gate,  Westminster,  S.W r2 

West  Brompton,  S.W.— Wiring  at  Workhouse,  Fulham-road  ..  St.  George's  Union  Guardians  Burstall  and  Monkhouse,  14,  Old  Queen-street.  Westminster  „  !■> 

Pontypridd-Pipework  and  Meters  Urban  Di.»trict  Council    R.  P.  Wilson,  C.E,  66,  Victoria-street,  Westminster  .- „  1* 

Egremont- Cables  (7.100  yards)    Wallasey  Urban  District  Council J.  A.  Crowther,  Electric  Supply  Works,  Sea  View-road,  Liscard    ...    „  lb 

Beliast— Incandescent  Lamps  at  Goods  Shed,  York  Dock   Harbour  Commissioners G.  F.  L.  Giles.  Harbour  Engineer,  Belfast  ■■ ,.  Jo 

Erith- Plant Urban  District  Council    Hawtayne  and  Zeden,  Engineers,  9.  Queen-street-place,  E.C „  1« 

Greenwich,  S.E.— Six  Electrically  DrivenBoiler  Feed-Pumps...  London  County  Council  The  Ckrk,  London  County  Council,  Spring  Gardens,  S.W. ,  1» 

Enniscortby-Plant Lunatic  Asylum  Committee  H  T.  Harris.  Consultiug  Engineer,  30,  ParUament-street,  Dublin  ...    „  20 

Avila,  Spain-Electric  Lighting The  Municipal  CouncU,  Avila,  Spain >>  2i 

ENOINEERINQ. 

East  Ham— Weighbridge  (10  ton)  at  Refuse  Destructor  Works  Urban  District  Council    A.  H.  Campbell.  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Eist  Ham,  E Jan.    !> 

8winton--Sewage-Screening  Machine Urban  District  Council    Henry  Entwisle,  Council  Offices,  Smuton    

Brecon— Work  at  Cattle  Market    Corporation „.  H.  L.  Griffiths,  Borough  Survevor.  Guildhall,  Brecon 

Clay  Cross -Borehole Urban  District  Council   W.  H.  Radford,  C.E. ,  Albion  Ch.ambers,  King-street,  Nottingham.. 

Huddersheld-Bridge  over  River  Holme,  Queen's  Mill-road  The  Town  Clerk,  Tjwn  Hall,  Hudderstteld  

B  .1    v-^l"^?!''^  Cast-iron  Pipes  (2,347  yards  of  Sin.; Urban  District  Council    W.  H.  Radford,  C.E.,  Albion  Chambers.  King-street,  Nottingham.. 

Kotnermthe.S.I,— Repairing  Front  of  South  Wharf    Metropolitan  Asylums  Board    W.  T.  Hatch,  M.I. C.E. .  Embankment,  E.C 

Uayt^ross— Well  Sinking..    Urban  District  Council    W.  H.  Radford,  C.E.,  .ilbion  Chambers,  King-street.  Nottingham.. 

Brampton-Stone  Skew  Bridge  at  Midgehohne    Cumberland  County  CouncU G.  J.  BeU,  M.I.C.E.,  County  Bridgemister,  The  Courts,  Carlisle    ... 


9 
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It 
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IS 
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IS 
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IS 
IS 
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Jan.  15,  1904. 


THE    BITILDIXG    NEAVS. 


79 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEEEIXG  JOUEXAL. 
VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  255S. 


FRIDAY,   JAXUAIIY  15,   190t. 


PEOFESSIOXAL    EQL'IPMEXT. 

IN  these  days  of  improved  educatioDiil 
facilities,  the  ever-rising  standard  of 
professional  attainments  is  one  of  pressing 
importance.  The  public,  including  in  that 
general  term  the  employers  of  architects,  are 
ceaseless  in  their  demands  for  greater  effi- 
ciency iu  their  advisers.  They  look  upon  the 
profession  to  protect  them  from  all  kinds  of 
claims,  municipal  and  legal ;  from  imaginary 
as  well  as  real  woes  incidental  to  their 
business  relations  with  other  people  ;  and  to 
instruct  them  iu  various  matters  about  con- 
struction, hygiene,  the  application  of  science 
to  everyday  questions  of  living,  in  the  princi- 
ples of  art  in  architecture  and  decoration. 
A  few  instances  will  suffice.  The  client 
comes  to  an  architect  to  advise  him  as  to  his 
liabilities  under  model  by-laws,  to  prepare 
plans  that  will  pass  the  requirements  of  the 
local  authority  or  County  Council,  to  advise 
on  questions  of  easements,  such  as  ancient 
lights.  lie  comes  to  his  architect  to  advise 
hini  about  the  laying-out  of  his  land  for 
building,  and  the  preparation  a  scheme  that 
will  be  remunerative,  to  value  his  property,  to 
improve  his  premises,  to  render  his  house 
dry  and  protect  it  against  underground 
water,  to  improve  the  drainage  of  his  house, 
to  prevent  damp  spoiling  the  wall-paper  of 
his  rooms,  to  advise  on  decoration,  all  of 
which  things,  unimportant  though  they  may 
appear,  call  for  a  varied  knowledge  of  common 
and  statute  law,  of  hygiene,  practical  science, 
and  artistic  culture.  They  are  not  matters 
"that  can  be  picked  up  from  books  in  a  rule- 
of-thumb  sort  of  way.  Practical  experience 
will,  of  course,  enable  a  man  to  apply  a 
remedy,  say,  to  prevent  the  flooding  of  a 
cellar  floor,  or  the  percolation  of  moisture 
through  brick  walls ;  but  it  has  to  be  acquired. 
Beyond  this,  practical  experience  is  of  little 
-use  when  the  architect  is  confronted  with 
new  conditions  and  altered  circumstances,  for 
he  must  then  rely  on  his  general  knowledge 
and  study  to  enable  him  to  propose  a  remedy 
or  suggest  a  method  of  action.  The  mere 
'■practical  man"  is  at  sea  directly  he  loses 
sight  of  those  familiar  points,  when  a  new 
problem  presents  itself  with  which  he  has  had 
nothing  to  do.  He  then  feels  beyond  his 
depth ;  his  rule-of-thumb  experience  does  not 
help  him.  The  most  practical  head  could  not 
have  discovered  such  useful  building  inven- 
tions as  uralite  or  the  ' '  Luxf  er  "  prism  without 
the  aid  of  scientific  knowledge  and  deduction. 
There  must  be  a  groundwork  or  substratum 
of  ascertained  facts  ready  to  the  mind.  These 
are  broadly  the  physical"  properties  of  matter, 
mechanical  laws,  and  chemical  and  other 
principles.  With  these  ready  at  hand,  the 
architect  is  to  a  large  degree  able  to  decide 
which  mode  or  material  is  the  best  for  his 
purpose.  Experience  is  limited  to  certain 
materials  and  methods  with  which  it  has  had 
to  do.  .1  large  part  of  the  architect's  practice 
turns  on  questions  of  law,  of  the  interpreta- 
tions of  statutes  and  the  ai)plioation  of 
certain  pnnciples  upon  which  legal  points 
have  been  decided.  These  mu^t  be  learned, 
(iuestions  are  constantly  being  asked  of  him 
about  the  rights  and  liabilities  of  lessees. 
Experience  is  a  great  aid.  A  good  memory 
also  may  furnish  ohapti?rand  verse  of  the  law, 
and  of  decisions  that  have  been  given  ;  but 
if  a  particular  case  is  not  on  "all  fours" 
with  the  finding,  the  professional  man  has 
to  rely  upon  his  knowledge  of  principles 
and  his  own  judgment.  Without  a  know- 
ledge of  stiituto  law  the  architect  could  not 
give  any  opinion  on  many  questions  which 


depend  on  Acts  of  Parliament,  nor  would 
he  be  able  to  carry  out  the  requirements  of 
by-laws  and  regulations.  Such  statutes  as 
those  of  the  Labouring  Class  Dwellings  Act, 
Local  Government  Board  regulations, 
London  Building  Act  and  Amendments, 
iletropolis  Management  and  Building  Acts 
Amendment  Act  for  protection  from  fire  of 
theatres,  and  I'ublic  Health  Acts  must  be 
learned,  and  their  principal  provisions 
mastered,  to  enable  the  architect  to  practise. 
These,  from  their  complex  nature,  are  be- 
coming a  laborious  part  of  the  architect's 
equipment ;  new  by-laws  and  regulations  are 
being  constantly  made  which  have  to  be 
learned,  and  they  impose  a  severe  tax  on  the 
modern  practitioner.  The  Law  of  Ancient 
Lights  restricts  buildings  in  our  large  towns 
to  such  an  extent  that  the  architect  must 
make  himself  master  of  the  subject  and  the 
leading  rulings,  and  ho  must  be  prepared 
before  long  to  revise  his  knowledge  if  the  Bill 
for  the  Eeform  of  that  law  is  passed.  So  also 
the  new  rules  to  be  observed  in  the  planning  of 
fitting  up  of  public  elementary  and  secondary 
schools  are  important  just  now,  as  embodying 
the  experience  of  the  Board  of  Education  in 
school  planning.  The  designer  of  schools 
half  a  century  ago  or  so  could  not  now  rely 
upon  his  experience  in  this  matter.  He 
would  find  his  provision  for  playgrounds, 
lighting  and  ventilation,  cloakrooms,  and 
entrance  accommodation,  classrooms,  and 
the  proportions  allowed  for  each  department 
of  pupils  quite  out  of  date  and  inadequate. 
The  subdivision  required  for  class  teaching, 
entrances,  desks  and  floor  areas,  supervision 
and  management  of  children  necessitate 
a  system  of  planning  quite  difierent  to  that 
which  was  in  vogue  forty  years  ago. 
A  central  hall  with  six  or  seven  classrooms 
grouped  round  it,  or  classrooms  opening 
from  a  corridor  in  smaller  schools  and  buildings 
of  one  floor,  or  at  most  two  floors,  are  pre- 
ferred. And  so  with  other  buildings  in 
which  classification  and  administration  ai'e 
necessaiy.  The  application  of  science  to 
building  has  advanced  by  leaps  and  bounds 
of  late  years,  and  has  made  it  necessarj-  for 
the  architect  to  revise  his  previous  ideas  and 
methods.  He  can  no  longer  afford  to  accept 
the  i-ule-of-thumb  methods  of  our  grand- 
fathers. Thus,  for  instance,  he  ought  to  be 
sure  that  his  views  about  such  things  as 
ventilation  and  heating  are  in  accord  with 
modern  scientific  data.  Thus,  for  instance, 
extraction  shafts  and  fans  for  all  kinds  of 
purposes  some  years  ago  were  proposed  for 
most  complex  buildings,  but  recent  data, 
such  as  the  evidence  revealed  by  the  "  Eeport  of 
the  Select  Committee  on  Ventilation"  to  which 
we  referred  last  week,  have  made  it  clear  that 
there  are  serious  drawbacks  to  the  system  as 
carried  out  in  the  Houses  of  Parliament, 
where  all  kinds  of  artificial  devices  are  em- 
ployed. Thus  it  is  shown  that  draughts  are 
created  by  the  extraction  fans  in  the  com- 
mittee-rooms and  other  parts,  and  that  the 
hot-air  shafts  do  not  act  as  they  were  in- 
tended to  do.  And  all  this  trouble  is  no 
doubt  owing  to  the  application  of  a  system 
which  is  only  efficient  under  certain  con- 
ditions. ■\Ve  cannot  interfere  with  the 
equilibrium  of  the  air  motions  without  detri- 
ment. The  principles  of  warming  also  are 
better  understood  now,  and  the  architect 
ought  to  be  able  to  recommend  to  his  client 
the  most  economical  plan,  and  bo  able  to 
distinguish  the  merits  of  different  kinds  of 
stoves  and  warming  apparatus.  A  want  of 
judgment  on  this  iiuestion  of  wanning  and 
ventilation  may  bo,  as  it  often  is,  a  source 
of  continued  annoj-ance,  and  incur  a  large 
cost.  In  practice  the  aichiteot  is  apt  to 
select  a  particular  firm,  rather  than  a  system, 
a  plan  which  generally  saves  trouble  and  in- 
vestigation. The  firm's  or  company's  repu- 
tation is  suflicient  to  insure  the  proper  method 
being  introduced.  But  in  some  instances  this 
course  may  be  misleading,  rival  claimants 
are  before  the  architect,   and  he  is  therefore 


at  an  advantage  when  he  can  adjudge  the 
merits  of  each  before  deciding.  Hygienic 
requirementsof  buildinghave  become,  indeed, 
a  special  department  of  the  architect's  work. 
He  is  now  recjuired  to  distinguish  the 
different  soils  and  sites  for  certain  kinds  of 
building,  also  to  study  the  question  of  aspect,  of 
drainage,  preventive  measures  to  insure  dry- 
ness of  floors  and  walls,  good  ventilation, 
water  supply,  &c.,  and  sanitary  fittings.  The 
last  named  of  these  requirements  necessitates 
a  knowledge  of  inventions,  including  traps, 
cisterns,  and  closets  and  various  fixtures, 
which  have  been  introduced  during  the  last 
half-century.  In  its  wider  sense  hygiene 
comprises  the  study  of  the  laws  of  health 
applied  to  the  construction  not  only  of  dwell- 
ing houses,  but  of  hospitals,  workhouses,  and 
other  .-pecial  kinds  of  building,  for  the  treat- 
ment of  diseases.  A'ery  few  architects  can  hope 
to  become  masters  of  this  subject,  which  is  now 
largely  taken  over  by  the  specialist.  Xever- 
theless,  the  professional  man  is  expected  to 
know  something  about  these  questions,  so  that 
if  he  were  asked  by  a  client  as  to  the  best 
aspect  for  certain  rooms,  or  about  the 
latest  system  of  laying  drains,  and  of 
ventilating  them,  of  removing  subsoil  water, 
or  the  proper  number  of  cubic  feet  to  be  pro- 
vided tor  a  patient  in  a  hospital  ward,  he 
would  be  able  to  furnish  a  correct  answer. 

He  must  be  able  to  have  other  sciences  at  his 
command.  The  many  recent  developments 
of  electricity  in  their  relation  to  buUding, 
motive  power,  lighting,  electi'ic  lifts,  cannot 
be  neglected.  The  kind  of  dynamos  for  con- 
verting mechanical  into  electrical  energy, 
their  construction  and  parts,  and  their 
cost.  Lately  the  use  of  electric  motors  has 
been  before  the  profession.  They  occupy 
little  space,  are  under  complete  control,  and 
are  therefore  useful  for  driving  domestic 
machinery,  and  are  of  the  inclosed  or  partially 
inclosed  type.  These  the  architect  ought  to 
be  acquainted  with.  The  improvements  made 
in  electrical  plant  and  fittings  call  for  atten- 
tion by  all  in  the  profession.  As  a  rule  the 
architect  consults  an  electrical  engineer  or 
firm,  and  the  fittings  and  accessories  are  left 
to  them — a  perfectly  justifiable  proceeding, 
as  no  architect  can  master  all  the  details ;  at 
the  same  time,  he  should  be  able  to  bring  a 
knowledge  of  the  subject  to  bear.  Even  more 
necessary  is  it  for  him  to  become  conversant 
with  the  laws  of  fluids  at  rest  and  in 
motion,  of  convection,  &c.,  before  he  is 
able  to  intelligently  grasp  the  principles 
of  hydraulic  passenger  lifts,  water  supply, 
and  power,  or  to  understand  the  proper 
construction  of  hot  and  cold  water  ap- 
paratus, hot  water  he.ating,  and  the  various 
appliances  used  in  buildings  for  flushing  and 
other  purposes.  The  specification  for  these 
trades  cannot  be  efficiently  performed  with- 
out a  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  pressure,  How 
of  water  through  pipes  and  orifices.  Such  a 
principle  is  that  enunciated  in  works  of 
•'  Applied  Mechanics."  that  the  frictional  loss 
of  energy  due  to  different  levels  of  water  is 
proportional  to  the  kinetic  energy  at  the 
nozzle  or  orifice  in  a  vessel.  One  authority 
has  made  clear  the  hydraulic  problem.  Ne- 
glecting friction,  ho  shows  that  a  pound  of 
water  at  any  place  has  its  total  energy  in 
three  shapes.  It  has  h  foot-pounds  of  energy 
because  it  is  h  feet  above  a  datum  level.  It 
has  2-;ift.-lb.  of  energy  because  its  pressure 
is  II  pounds  per  square  inch,  and  it  has 
i'-^C.4-t  foot-pounds  of  enei-gy  because  its 
velocity  is  v  feet  per  second.  If  the  practitioner 
knew  such  a  simple  fact  as  that  water  in 
a  horizontiil  pipe  has  greater  velocity  where 
the  jiipe  is  contracted,  and  therefore  greater 
kinetic  energy,  manj*  mistiikes  would  be 
avoided.  On  the  other  hand,  the  pres- 
sure of  water  is  less  at  this  point,  whereas 
where  the  pipe  expands  the  pressure  is 
greater.  This  is  easily  illustrated  by  a  series 
of  upright  pipes  on  a  horizontal  one  with 
alternate  contractions  and  expansions.  Upon 
this  simple  fact  is  explained  the  jet  pump 


80 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jatt.  15,  1904. 


or  the  theory  of  injectors.  In  various  other 
ways  the  principle  is  applied  to  siphons,  as 
those  for  the  discharge  of  flood  waters  at 
weirs.  Professor  James  Thomson  has  proved 
by  experiments  "  that  the  velocities  at  similar 
points  are  exactly  the  square  roots  of  the 
dimensions  of  the  vessels,  and  the  total 
quantities  of  water  which  flow  are  propor- 
tional to  the  square  roots  of  the  fifth  powers 
of  the  dimensions.'' 

Another  law  of  applied  mechanics  explains 
the  phenomenon  of  bending  or  flexure  of 
beams  —  namely,  "that  the  moments  of 
all  the  molecular  forces  about  any  axis 
balance  the  moments  of  weights  about  the 
same  axis."  In  this  way  the  architect 
and  the  engineer  has  some  theory  to 
work  upon,  and  these  theories  assume  some- 
thing. Thus  the  theory  of  bending  is  founded 
on  the  assumption  that  the  plane  cross  section 
of  a  beam  remains  plane  after  bending,  an 
assumption  based  on  the  hypothesis  that 
materials  are  homogeneous,  and  not  loaded 
beyond  their  elastic  limit.  Experiments 
generally  agree  with  these  assumptions, 
and  the  practical  man  is  glad  to  accept  a 
theory  which  can  be  practically  applied. 
Again,  every  architect  ought  to  be  con- 
versant with  the  theory  of  the  arch  and 
arched  rib,  and  the  application  of  the  link 
polygon  to  the  subject.  The  ordinary  force 
diagram,  where  all  the  vertical  forces  form 
one  side  of  the  triangle  is,  or  should  be, 
familiar,  and  by  this  simple  diagram  we 
can  find  the  thrusts  or  forces  acting  at  the 
joints  of  the  arch  stones.  Graphic  statics,  in 
fact,  open  to  the  architect  a  wide  field  of 
study  and  application. 

Materials  and  their  constructive  use  and 
treatment  have  assumed  an  importance  quite 
unknown  in  the  past.  The  properties, 
physical  and  chemical,  of  building  stones, 
cement  and  plaster,  iron  and  timber,  ought 
to  be  thoroughly  known  by  the  architect,  if 
he  desires  to  specify  with  discrimination. 
Qui  of  the  heterogeneous  collection  of 
materials,  systems,  processes  that  have  been 
brought  out,  and  are  still  appearing,  extend- 
ing over  a  century,  certain  types  have  been, 
and  are  being,  evolved  by  the  process  of 
selection.  Improvements  and  modifications 
take  place,  and  these  have  all  to  be  known 
and  grasped.  There  is  a  tendency  in  the 
present  day  to  drift  along  with  no  personal 
grip  upon  the  facts  and  their  uses.  We  are 
content  with  catalogues  and  prospectuses, 
and  circulars  of  inventions  and  processes  of 
new  and  improved  materials  and  appliances ; 
but  this  is  not  enough  if  the  architect  seeks 
to  keep  abreast  of  the  age.  lie  must  do  more 
than  scan  the  journals  and  catalogues,  he 
must  make  personal  examination;  investiga- 
tion, and  even  experiment  with  the  object  of 
discovering  for  himself  the  merits  of  any  new 
material  or  method.  The  perfect  architect 
has  two  or  three  distinct  fields  for  his  activity, 
he  may  become  a  mathematical  expounder  of 
constructive  problems,  an  expert  surveyor 
and  valuer,  devoting  himself  to  the  legal  and 
business  aspect  of  his  profession,  or  become 
a  designer  and  artist,  appropriating  all  his 
gifts  and  knowledge  to  the  planning  and  design 
of  buildings  ;  but  in  either  case  he  must  be 
proficient  in  general  knowledge,  his  standard 
of  education  must  be  raised  to  satisfy  the 
public  expectation  of  requirements  of  the  day. 
IIow  best  to  provide  this  equipment  for  the 
architectural  profession,  including  those 
already  in  practice,  is  a  difficult  question.  It 
must  be  by  a  general  levelling  up  rather 
than  the  method  of  raising  the  standard  of 
examination  for  the  few.  It  must  have  a 
beginning  by  an  elementary  examination 
before  demanding  a  high  status  of  profes- 
sional qualification. 


A  5ta.mea-gla83  window  has  been  placed  in  S^ 
Miry  s  Church,  Wareham,  by  the  congre<'ation,  in 
roco'nitiou  of  the  muniacence  of  Mr.  J.  B.  Du  ' 
in  restoring  and  strengthening  the  roof. 


THE  INTEEXATIONAL  SOCIETY  OF 
SCULPT0E8,  PAINTERS,  AND 
GRAVERS. 

THE  fourth  exhibition  of  this  .'Society,  now 
on  view  at  the  New  Gallery  in  Regent- 
street,  is  of  a  comprehensive  and  interesting 
character,  as  it  comprises  many  works  by 
artists  of  various  nationalities  —  chiefly 
French,  German,  and  Dutch.  To  confine 
our  views  to  the  drawings  and  oil  pictui-es, 
many  schools  and  methods  are  to  be  com- 
pared, from  the  literal  to  the  more  spiritualised 
conceptions  of  art.  In  the  South  Room  we 
have  the  interesting  charcoal  drawings  of 
Frank  Mura,  Joseph  Pennell,  the  etchings  of 
Frank  Duveneck,  the  etchings  of  Felicien 
Eops,  in  addition  to  original  wood  engravings, 
wash  drawings,  etchings,  and  colour  prints 
and  pastels.  Here  we  find  many  embodying 
the  old  traditions  of  Gerome,  that  a  picture 
should  represent  some  fact  worthy  to  be  told, 
and  bo  well  drawn,  a.i  well  of  those  later 
views  of  the  Romanticist  and  Impreesionist, 
which  have  taken  to  some  extent  the  place  of 
the  Realist.  AYe  have  some  fine  examples  of 
colour  and  atmosphere  even  in  this  first  room. 
"A  Thames  Barge,"  "Old  Cottages,"  by 
Mura,  are  charcoal  drawings  of  much  interest. 
Edgar  Wilson's  "Old  London,"  a  coloured 
etching,  is  clever  if  small,  decorative  in  treat- 
ment, and  full  of  invention.  The  visitor 
will  admire  the  original  wood  engravings 
(after  Raeburn,  Reynolds,  Opie,  and  other 
old  masters)  by  Timothy  Cole,  the  brilliant 
pastel  view  of  "  The  Piazzetta,  Venice"  (19), 
by  Simon  Bussy;  the  freely-handled  charcoal 
drawings  of  Joseph  Pennell,  a  master  of 
light  and  shade  effects,  chiefly  views  of 
Toledo  (23-30).  The  pen  drawings  illus- 
trating "Milton's  Shorter  Poems,"  by  Robert 
Anning  Bell,  are  remarkable  ink  drawings. 
Archibald  S.  Hartrick  sends  three  wash-draw- 
ings illustrating  Borrow's  "Wild  Wales" 
and  "  Vathek  "  (an  Oriental  romance), 
showing  much  breadth  of  treatment.  These 
are  pen-and-ink  sketches  washed.  G.  Anque- 
ton's  lithograph,  "  The  Finish,''  a  racing 
scene,  is  spirited.  Of  the  pastels,  Charles 
Milcendeau  has  a  clever  Dutch  figure  subject, 
"La  Toillette  "  (j4)  ;  Miss  Sutro's  very 
graceful  fuU -length  figure  of  a  fair  girl  stoop- 
ing to  pick  up  the  train  of  her  heliotrope 
skirt,  is  seen  next  {o6),  and  is  entitled  "  La 
Sortie  de  Bal,"  the  golden  hair  and  rich 
violet  shade  of  dress  and  the  linos  of  the 
draperies  make  an  attractive  picture.  Sombre 
and  broad  in  handling  are  the  pastels  of 
H.  Muhrman  (57-00),  in  which  the  lights  are 
accentuated  by  white  pigment.  Felicien  Rops' 
series  of  etchings  and  colour  prints  (63  to  81) 
are  chiefly  symbolic  or  allegorical  studies, 
such  as  "  L' Amour  dominantle  Monde  "  (64)  a 
female  undraped  figure  represented  receiving 
the  admiration  of  a  countless  thi-ong  of 
cupids,  who  flutter  round  the  dazzling  torch 
which  she  holds  ;  "  La  Vielle  Kate,"  "  L'in- 
cantation,"  "  La  Foireaux  Amours,'  &c.,  are 
clever.  F.  Luigini's  subject,  "Impressions 
des  Halles,  Paris ''  (82)  is  admirable  in  its 
distribution  of  light  and  shadow  and  colour 
in  the  market  place.  His  water  colour, 
"  Girl  Peeling  Potatoes  "  (90),  and  "  Ija 
Vieille  Eglise  "  (86),  a  pastel,  are  delightful 
studies.  Hans  von  Bartel's  "In  the  Fire- 
light," a  girl  seated  before  a  wood  tire  the 
ruddy  light  of  which  illumines  her  face,  is 
forcible;  and  there  is  M.  A.  J.  Bauer's  sketchy 
view  of  the  front  of  Amiens  Cathedral  (94). 
The  etchings  of  Fritz  Thaulow,  "  Le  Degel," 
"  The  Old  Gate"  (96  and  97),  and  the  chalk 
drawings  of  Kew  Bridge  (108,  109),  by 
Archibald  G.  Macgregor,  showing  the  con- 
struction of  one  of  the  masonry  piers,  and 
Phil  May  s  pen-and-ink  and  wash  caricatures 
of  well-known  statesmen,  are  clever  and 
humorous.  Henry  Wilson  sends  also  a 
case  of  jewelry  (12o),  and  a  casket  in  gold, 
silver,  enamels,  and  precious  stones,  pre- 
sented to  the  Right  Hon.  J.  Chamberlain, 
M.P.,  by  members  of  the  Constitutional  Club. 


Entering  the  West  Room,  we  find  a  clever 
work  by  A.  Ludovici,  "  The  Pool,'  with  its 
rippled  water  and  reflected  light ;  Robert 
Burns  "Tapestry"  (144),  a  lady  at  work; 
T.  Austen  Browns  fine  portrait  of  "  Inga 
and  Helga — Mrs.  Geoffrey  Hawkins  and 
Daughter"  (145),  in  fur  cloak,  showing  blue 
bodice  and  black  hat.  But  one  of  the 
notable  works  in  this  gallery  is  bj-  Charles 
Cottet.  ■'  Deuil  Marin,"  a  large  scene  by  the 
sea.  On  a  seat,  with  their  back  to  the  sea, 
are  three  women  of  three  generations — a 
young  girl,  between  the  elder,  in  deep  mourn- 
ing. There  is  nothing  here  but  dry,  sombre, 
and  dreary  realism  of  a  sad  and  commonplace 
kind,  though  the  faces  and  hands  are  well 
painted;  but  the  painter  is  a  well-known 
member,  who  has  loved  to  paint  toilers  by 
the  sea,  their  lives,  sorrows,  and  joys,  and  it 
is  in  this  sense  we  have  to  estimate  the  per- 
formance. Charles  Cottet's  picture,  "  Messe 
du  Matin,"  is  painted  in  the  same  vein — a 
number  ot  women  in  black  wending  their 
way  to  a  village  church.  E.  A.  Homel  s 
brilliant  composition,  "  A  Little  Lady ''  (135), 
and  "Sloe  Blossoms''  (137),  are  impressions  of 
sunlight  and  colour.  The  late  president,  Mr. 
Whistler,  is  represented  by  an  early  picture 
of  refined  drawing  and  delicacy  in  tone, 
"  The  Symphony  in  White  '  (152) — a  grace- 
ful figure  of  two  girls  reclining  on  a  sofa  :  a 
well-known  work,  and  much  admired.  An 
unfinished,  full  length  standing  figure  of  a 
girl  in  pale  rose,  known  as  ' '  Rose  et  Or ;  La, 
Tulipe,  is  full  of  delicacy  and  grace.  A  third 
picture  exhibited  is  "  Valparaiso"  (154),  also 
a  well-known  example  of  Whistler,  lent  by 
Mr.  W.  Graham  Robertson.  ' '  La  Tulipe  "  is  a 
work  of  subtle  power  and  grace  ;  the  figure, 
lines  of  drapery  are  most  perfect  and  refined. 
The  "  Maisons  sur  1  Eau  "  (146),  by  H.  E.  le 
Sidaner,  a  mist  effect ;  Arthur  .S.  Haynes* 
"Sussex  by  the  Sea,"  a  large  landscape  of 
the  downs  (149) ;  Fritz  Thaulow's  admirable 
picture,  "  The  Diligence,"  ])assing  through  a 
town — an  evening  effect  (157);  M.A.Bauer's 
large  view  of  "  Pera,"  Alfred  AVithers 
fine  landscape,  "  Bridge  at  Moret"  are 
worth  naming.  "  I'n  Mot  Piquant  " 
(162),  by  S.  Zuloaga,  paints  a  Spanish  sub- 
ject rich  and  captivating.  There  is  a  charm 
and  fascination  in  the  smiling  face  and  figure 
of  the  girl,  who  partly  turns  round  to  hear  a 
joke  or  a  flattering  remark  from  the  dark 
man  who  is  following  her  with  vase  and 
grapes.  It  is  certainly  clever,  and  Zuloaga 
is  popular  in  Paris  for  his  work  in  this  vein. 
His  "  Gitane  et  Andalouse"'  (174)  is  another 
study  of  gipsy  women,  forcibly  handled.  .Sir 
James  Guthrie's  portrait  of  "Miss  Janie 
Martin  "  (168),  a  girl  in  red  skirt  holding  a 
large  black  hat  with  feather,  J.  E. 
Blanche's  "  La  Louise  de  Montmartre,"  a 
young  lady  seated  leaning  on  a  cabinet,  and 
John  Lavery's  "  The  First  Communion,'"  are 
clever  figure  subjects;  also  his  "  Lady  in 
Pink''  (181),  a  seated  figure — the  rich  sheen 
of  the  rose-coloured  skirt  is  cleverly  painted. 
A.  D.  Peppercorn  has  a  powerful  landscape, 
"  A  Stormy  Day." 

The  North  Room  has  several  pictures  of 
merit.  Bertram  Priestman  has  a  very  large 
picture,  "The  Lock  Pool,"  powerfully 
handled,  and  E.  A.  Hornel,  ''A  Woodland 
Garden"  (198),  girls  in  a  wood  picking 
snowdrops,  the  high  lights  loaded.  Douglas 
Robinson  in  "The  Pink  Peignoir''  (194), 
sombre  in  colour,  is  pleasing,  and  "  Black 
and  Rose,"  the  study  of  an  attractive  girl, 
well  treated  by  Harrington  Manor.  T. 
Millie  Dow's  "Eve"  (192)  is  a  clever 
nude  figure  and  landscape  composi- 
tion. Sue  is  in  the  act  of  offering  a  red 
apple.  "Old  Amsterdam,''  by  G.  H.  Breitner 
(208)  is  a  large  snow  scene  on  the  river.  A 
large  centrally  hung  picture,  "  Le  Dejeuner,'' 
by  Claude  Monet,  represents  the  interior  of  a 
room,  where  a  lady  and  child  .are  seated  to  a 
light  repast  with  many  dainties,  a  lady  in 
walking  diess  leans  against  the  window — 
probably  one  of  his  earlier  literal  renderings. 


i 


Jan.  15,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


81 


His  works  are  now  chielly  visionary  land- 
scapes in  which  colour,  light,  and  atmosphere 
are  handled  with  Turneresciuo  effect.  J.  A. 
Johnston  (228)  in  a  "  Portrait  of  a  Lady  '  is 
pleasing  in  the  composition  of  figure  and 
accessories.  The  lady  is  in  a  figured  morn- 
ing gown  standing  near  a  cabinet,  the  colour- 
ing rich  but  restrained.  Xear  it  Alfred  11. 
Maurer  has  a  life-.size  figure  of  "  The 
Dancer,"  a  type  of  femininity  which  is  cer- 
tainly not  attractive  in  a  n'jlf  of  this 
kind.  The  hard  features  and  angularity  of 
the  limbs  look  strangely  out  of  accord, 
more  realistic  of  the  country  fair.  V. 
Hammersho  (19li)  has  a  pleasing  "  Interior," 
of  a  room  in  white,  the  black-dressed  figure 
of  a  woman  standing  near  a  corner,  back  to 
the  spectator.  The  drawing  and  treatment 
are  Dutch,  and  remind  one  of  a  Vermeer. 
Aa  gipsy  figure  compositions,  the  large 
pictures,  "  Danse  (jitane"  (2.'!2  and  243),  by 
B.  Anglad:i,  are  powerfully  painted,  though 
the  subject  is  not  very  clear.  One  represents 
a  gipsy  dance.  There  is  a  mystical  meaning 
which  is  well  sustained  in  the  technically 
clever  subject  "Fate,"  by  G.  Sauter,  a 
harmony  in  silver  grey  with  scarlet  poppies. 
We  can  only  notice  in  addition  Mrs.  Dods 
Wither's  "The  White  House  by  the  River" 
(216),  a  clever  subdued  piece  of  romantic 
scenery;  Emil  C'laus's  "Azaleas"  (230)  ;  J. 
Buxton  Knight's  "  The  Marsh  Mill  "  (221) ; 
F.  C.  Frieseke's  "  Girl  with  Parasol,"  delicate 
in  colour  (189) ;  Herbert  Goodall's  view  of 
"Aldgate"  (23-1);  Charles  H.  Shannon's 
"Bathers,"  graceful  figure  composition; 
F.  Shaulow's  winter  scene,  "  Le  Degel  "  ; 
Grosvenor  Thomas's  central  picture,  "  Village 
Inn,"  forcibly  handled:  Matthew  Jtlaris  m 
his  delightful  "  Souvenir  of  Amsterdam" 
(237)  ;_  J.  E.  Blanche  (244);  and  Jean 
Franijois  Raffaelli's  portrait  of  a  young  girl, 
delicately  handled  (24G),  all  works  of  merit. 
Charming  portraits  are  those  by  F.  Howard 
of  Mrs.  Wolf  Joel  (IS.j),  showing  this  lady 
playing  at  the  pianoforte,  and  Sir  E.  A. 
Walton  is  also  represented  by  a  pleas  ng 
"  Landscape  "  (193).  The  balcony  has  a  few 
good  portraits,  and  Constantin  Kousnetzoff's 
"  En  Plein  Air,"  a  quay  scene,  is  a  clever 
treatment  of  sunlight  and  atmosphere. 
Eaffaelli,  Gaston  Hochard  (278),  A.  Zorn, 
and  many  other  painters  of  the  English, 
French,  and  Dutch  schools,  including  a 
clever  picture  by  Norman  Garstin(2.59),  "  Lo 
Cafe  Rose,"  may  be  mentioned.  M.  Rodin, 
the  new  President,  the  successor  of  Mr. 
Whistler,  who  has  done  much  to  render 
the  International  Society  a  success,  has 
a  colossal  plaster  figure,  "  Le  Penseur.' 
in  the  Central  Hall,  where  it  occupies  the 
central  position,  a  powerful  figure  composi- 
tion modelled  with  great  skill,  in  which  the 
expression  of  deep  thought  iu  the  bowed 
head  is  very  ably  realised.  His  "Torso 
of  St.  John,"  also  is  a  bronze,  and  "The 
Dream  "  are  also  powerful  works,  and  his 
"  Bellona  "  (331)  is  a  fine  head.  We  have  no 
space  to  mention  other  plaster  and  bronze 
productions  in  the  Central  Hall,  which 
are  of  a  most  varied  description ;  but  of 
those  which  commend  themselves  to  us  for 
their  realism,  sometimes  strained,  or  for  their 
graceful  modelling,  we  must  mention  the 
following:— ••  Lo  Reveil  dans  la  Mort"  by 
A.  Bartholome ;  his  small  marble  "  jeuno 
Fills  se  Coitfant  "  (342)  ;  "  L'l'aifant  Mort  " 
(34^),  by  A.  Bartholome,  a  mother's  anguish; 
■■  Fe7iii]io  Sortant  du  Bain,"  also  a  marlilo 
figure,  and  Prince  Paul  Traubotzkoi's 
"  Mother  and  Child,"  a  clever  group  in 
bronze.  "  Le  Secret,"  by  A.  Bartholome 
(335),  a  grouji  of  four  nudo  maidens  under  a 
tree  in  high  relief,  is  well  iiiodoUed  in  plaster. 
There  are  also  portraits  of  1  'ojie  Loo  XIII.  and 
"  Cardinal  Rampolla,"  by   Philip  E.  Jjaszlo. 


A  stained-glass  memorial  window  is  about  to  be 
placed  in  Holy  Trinity  Church,  Maidstone,  in  the 
aouth  wall.     The  subject  is  the  Good  Samaritan. 


THE   ARCHITECTURAL   ASSOCIATIOX. 

THE  fortnightly  meeling  of  the  Architectural 
Association  was  held  at  9,  Conduit-street, 
W.,  on  Friday  evening,  the  President,  Jlr.  Henry 
T.  Hare,  F.R.I.B.A.,  in  the  chair.  Several 
nominations  for  memhership  were  read,  and 
Messrs.  F.  CJoldsbrough,  W.  A.  Whiddington, 
and  H.  P.  D.  Cant  were  elected  as  members.  The 
President  announced  the  following  fresh  dona- 
tions to  the  New  Premises  Fund: — Mr.  C 
Allan  Peache,  £5  5s ;  Mr.  L.  Sargant,  £2  ; 
and  Mr.  W.  M.  Fawcett,  £1  la.  Un  the  motion 
of  the  President,  votes  of  condolence  were  passed 
to  the  families  of  the  late  Mr.  William  Pain, 
liquidator  of  the  Royal  Architectural  Museum, 
and  of  the  late  Mr.  Howard  Dru-Drury. 

EGYPTI.\X    AllCIIITECTrilE. 

A  lecture  on  this  subject,  profusely  illustrated 
by  lantern   views  of  photographs  taken   by  the 
author  during  last  winter,  and  by  reproductions  of 
sketches  and    diagrams,   was   delivered  by   Mr. 
High     Stanncs,    F.R.I.P.A  ,     who,    speaking 
without  notes,  lucidly  traced  the  development  of 
the    Egyptian    style   from   two    diverse  sources. 
Exhibiting    a    large-scale    map    of    E^ypt,    he 
showed  that  the  country  was  divided  by  physical 
and  geological  as  well  as  ethnological  conditions 
into  two  territories.     The   first.     Lower  Egypt, 
was  a  swampy  district  on  the  coast,  built  up  of 
the   (lihris  brought  down    by  the   Nile  deposits 
which  constantly  choked  the  outlet  of  that  river, 
making     a    delta,    between     the     channels     of 
which  once  grew  in  the   mud  the  papyrus  and 
other  reeds.    And  there  was  Tpper  Egypt,  where 
the  Nile  was  confined  for  about  a  thousand  miles 
within     a    valley,    some    nine      or     ten     miles 
in     breadth,    by    parallel     chains     of     hills,  at 
the     lower    end     of     limestone,   succeeded     in 
the    upper   reaches   by  sandstone    and    granite. 
xVll    this    narrow    basin    was    fertilis-d    by   the 
overflowing  Nile,  and  constituted  Upper  Egypt. 
Beyond    the     reach     of    the     floods    on    either 
side  were  the  barren  sands  of  the  desert.  In  Lower 
Egypt  the  building  materials  were  bundles  of  reed 
or  maize,  plastered  with  mud  :  in  Upper  Egyptthe 
building  materials  were  limestones,  sandstones, 
and  granite.     Although  many  thousands  of  years 
since  Upper  and  Lower  Egypt  were  constituted 
one  united  kingdom,   the  differences  of  architec- 
ture subsisted  to  this  day,  and  it   was  still  easy 
to  distinguish  the  use  in   ornamentation  of  the 
papyrus  bud,  with  its  concave  outline,  and  of  the 
lotus,   with  its  swelling  convex  fqrm.     To   this 
day,    in   Egypt,    the    primitive  shelter  of    mud 
and  straw — the  mud-built  walls  and  vaults — were 
employed,   and   the   shadul    was    still    used    for 
raising  the  fertilising  water  to  the  level  of  the 
fields.     As    the     lotus    sprang-up     and   rapidly 
flowered  on  the  subsidence  of  each  inundation, 
the  graceful  flower  became,  naturally  enough,  the 
emblem  of  fertility,  and   on  festal  occasions  the 
lotus   blossom    was   gathered   for  decoration,  for 
chaplets  on  ladies'  heads,  for  bouquets,  and  was  also 
placed  in   coffins   and   on   tombs,    as  well  as  in 
shrines  and  houses.     It  was  not  to  be  wondered 
at,     therefore,     that      the     lotus     became     the 
typical     capital     of      Egyptian      pillars.       Mr. 
Stannus   proceeded   to   sketch   the   chronological 
development  of  Egyptian    architecture.     In  the 
first    and    earliest    period     the     materials    were 
dominant,  and  work  executed  in  the  Upper  and 
Lower   Kingdoms  was  dissimilar  in  construction 
and  details.     A\'here  in  the  south  stone  could  be 
obtained   in  large  masses,  a  trabeated  mode  of 
construction  was   naturally  adopted,  but  in  the 
Delta  and  its  approaches  the  inhabitai-ts  perforce 
built   with   reeds  plastered  over  with   mud.     In 
later  times,   they   combined   the  two   classes   of 
material,  as  facilities  for  transport  from  the  upper 
reaches  of  the  Nile  enabled  them  to  bring  down 
large  stones,  and  these  opportunities  fur  commu- 
nication tended  to  obliterate  local  dilferencus  in 
art.     In  the  third  period  the  Hyksos,  a  Shemitic 
race,  conquered  and  dominated  Lower  Egypt,  but 
they  were  ultimately  driven  out,  and  when  in  the 
fourth  period  the  kingdoms  were  again  united  as 
the  Upper  and   Lower  Lands  the  symbols  wore 
combined.       In    the    fifth    period,    which     w.is 
contemporary    with     the     Dorian     architecture, 
the    Egyptians   were     impregnated    with    Urcck 
principles,    and    a  renascence    of    art    was  very 
obvious.     Finally,  in  the  Ptolemaic  ago,  we  see 
the    workings   of  (ireek    training    with    native 
details.     Mr.  Stannus    exhibited    on   the  screen 
a  view   of  .\bydos,    showing  a  native  h\it  con- 
structed  of   bundles   of    maizc-atalks  lirmly   tied 
together  at  intervals.     These  bundles  had  a  much 
greater     strength     than     would     bo     expecttd. 


and  were  ussd    for    supports.      Views   of   long 
walls    of    unburnt  bricks  at   -Vbydos   were  also 
shown.     These  were  <  riginally  built  as  a  series 
of  isolated  towers  in  line,  the  central  portion  of 
the   sandy  foundation  of   (ach  tower  being   ex- 
cavated deep  in  the  sand,  so  that  the  courses  were 
curved  downwards  at  the  centre.  The  intervening 
spaces  between  the  line  of  towers  were  afterwards 
built  up,   so  as   to  provide    a    continuous   wall. 
The     brick     viulting     at     the     Ramesseum     at 
Thebes     was    next     shown  ;     here    the    vaults 
of  unburnt  brickwork  had  on  the   soffits  a  thin 
coating  of  mud,  once  rendered  to  a  smooth  surface. 
The    evolution    of  capitals    and  bases    of   piers 
and  columns  was  next  explained  by  means  of  a 
series    of    diagrams    arranged    in    chronological 
sequence.     Mr.  Stannus    pointed    out    tha',    the 
jointing  by  no  means  corresponded  with  the  con- 
struction, and  it  was  clear  that  the  outlines  of  the 
piers,  their  caps  and  bases,  were    given  by  the 
mason  as  he  dressed  down  the  built-up  stonework, 
no    attention    whatever   being    paid    by  him  to 
the   actual  jointing   of    the    stones.     Angles    of 
piers   were    widely   chamfered    off,    intervening 
plane  surfaces  being  decorated  with  hieroglyphics, 
or  in  other  cases  with  groups  of  vertical  flutings. 
Piers    of    this    character  date   from     1,300    k.c. 
An  interesting  sequence  of  square-cut  piers  was 
shown  on  the  screen,  beginning  with  the  Temple 
of  Kha-f-Ra,  and  proceeding  to  the  Temple  of 
Tehutmes  III.,  of  the  18th   dynasty,   at  Medinet 
Habu,  and  to  that  of  Seti  I.  at  Abydos,  demon- 
strating the  development  of  the  Egyptian  orders. 
Passing  on  to  the  polygonal  piers,  examples  were 
exhibited  from  Benihasan,  the  tombs   of   Amen- 
hetep,  and  of  Ameni.  from  the  Festal  Temple  of 
Tehutmes  HI.  near  Karnak,  and  with  the  inter- 
rupted  circle,  from    the    Temple    of    Seti  I.  at 
Abydos,  where  hieroglyphics  were  carved  in  the 
flat  surface  between  the  quadrants  of  the  columns. 
A  pilaster  of  Seti  I.  of  the  19th  dynasty  displayed 
a   wealth    of   religious  symbulism    in  the  hiero- 
glyphics, and   other   photos    were    shown    from 
Bet  el-AVali,  near  Kalabsheh.     In  the  latter  rock- 
cut  tombs   the    ornamentation    was    not  painted 
but  deeply   sunk  in   the    masonry.     A  series  of 
lotus-bud  capitals,  showing  the  evolution  of  the 
conventional  form,  was  exhibited  from  the  tomb 
of  Ptah-shepses,  near  Abusir,  of  tte-5th  dynasty, 
the   tomb   of   Khety   at    Penihasan,  of   the  11th 
dynasty  ;  the  chapel  of  Tehutmes  III.  near  Luxor  ; 
theCourt  of  Amen-hetepIH.,  also  near  Luxor :  the 
Temple  Court  of  Amen,  near  Karnak,  of  the  2-2nd 
dynasty.     The  convex  outline  of  the  lotus-flower, 
wherever  employed,    was   pointed    out,  and  ex- 
amples  were   shown   of   a   little   toilet    vase  for 
unguents  in    green  glazed  pottery  of  the  lotus- 
flower     shape,     4Mn.     in     height,    of    the    1st 
dynasty,  and  an  exquisite  pectoral  in  open  work, 
belonging  to  Usr-t-s^  III.,  and  dating  from  ii  c. 
26S1   to   2660.     The  papyrus-flower  was  alw.iys 
shown  with  concave  sides,  and  of  this  instances 
were  exhibited   from   the   Colonnade   of  -Vmen- 
hetep,  near  Luxor,  and  stelai  of  Tehutmes  III.  near 
Karnak,  in  which  both  the  lotus-flower  and  the 
papyrus  were  utilised  as  btcrme  the  "  Lord  of  the 
Two  Lands.'"     Mr.    Stannus  observed    that    he 
had   worked    out    the   beautiful    proportions    of 
the  monolith  columns.    He  found  that  their  height 
was  divisible  into  21  parts,  five  of  which  went  to  the 
capital.     The   effect   of    the    observed    resulting 
proportion    was   admirable,  and  he    found    that 
all  the  variations  in  the  diameter  of  the  column 
were  obtained  by  successively  inscribing  the  largest 
possible   square  within   a  circle  and  the  largest 
possible  circle  in  turn  within  that  square,  and  as 
the  Egyptians  were  skilledgeometere,  there  seemed 
no   reason   to  doubt   that   the   proportions   were 
settled  in  this  manner.     In  late  times,  when  the 
columns  were  heavy  and  clumsy,  the  diameters  of 
the  columns  at  various    parts    bore   no  propor- 
tionate   relationship    to    each    other.      In    some 
columns  from  Memphis  it  would  be  seen  that  the 
design  consists  of  six  lotus-bud  stems  bound  in  a 
bundle,  the    encircling  band  being  tightened  by 
the  insertion  under  it  of  a  sunller  bud  between 
each    lotus    stem.      This    dates    from    the    .ith 
dynasty,  c.   3500   ii.c.     They  saw   the  lolus-bud 
treatment    in   the    chapel   of  Tehutmes,   of    red  . 
granite,  near  Luxor,  which  was  left  by  Kameses, 
when   he    built    his  Court    at  a  difl'erent  angle 
to   avoid    it.      Mr.    Stannus    further   advanced 
his     theory      that    the     palm  -  capitals      were 
derived  from   Mesopotamia.     Until  the  period  of 
the  18th  dynasty  the  palm  tree  w.is  not  known 
in  Fgypt,  "but  at  that  time  it  wi.s  introduced  from 
Mesopotamia.     The  cajiitals  of  the  Festal  Tempio 
of  Tehutmes   III.  at   Karnak  gave  a  suggestion 
of  the  crown    of    leaves  at  the  top  of  a  palm- 


82 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  15,  1904 


tree,  with  the  drooping  ring  of  leaves,  and 
the  dates  close  to  the  stem,  and  we  know 
that  the  temple  was  built  by  Tehutmes  on  his 
return  from  Mesopotamia.  Unfortunattly,  we 
had  no  remains  from  Slesopotamia  of  an 
earlier  date  than  se\en  centuries  after  this 
18th  dynasty;  but  a  leading  authority,  while 
admitting  this  hiatus,  said  that  there  was  no  reason 
to  suppose  in  so  unchanging  a  country  as  Mesopo- 
tamia ihe  same  treatment  of  the  column  would 
not  have  persisted  throughout  that  interval. 
Passing  on  to  architecture  of  the  Ptolemaic  period, 
Mr.  Stannus  showed  illustrations  of  the  work 
by  Ptolemy  Philopater,  erected  212  k.c,  .ind  also 
that  at  Der-el-liledineh  of  Euergetes  II., 
120  ji.c,  in  which  the  lotus  and  papyrus  were 
used  side  by  side  in  the  capitals.  In  the  Temple 
of  Isis  on  the  island  of  Phihe  was  also 
seen  the  lotus  .and  papyrus  employed  for 
ornamentation  alternately.  In  the  Hat-hor 
capitals  they  found  the  leading  chacteristic  was 
the  introduction  of  the  cow'shead,  horns,  or  ears. 
The  temples  of  Isis  were  the  "Lady  chapels  "  of  Ihe 
day,  and  the  cow  was  employed  as  an  emblem  of 
maternity.  A  number  of  capitals  with  faces  of 
Hat-hor  were  shown.  The  figure  has  one  face  as 
at  El  Kab,  Amen-hetep  III.,  )i.c.  H1J-13S3,  or 
two  faces,  as  at  Der-el-Bahr,  Bahri,  ii.c.  Io03- 
1481,  or  four  faces,  as  at  Phihe,  Xekht-neb,  ii.t,, 
361  ;  or  intheBirthHouse.EuergetesII.,  n.c.  120; 
or  carved  in  a  sunken  block  at  a  temple  by  the 
same  sovereign,  also  b.c.  120  ;  and  at  ether  late 
and  rather  coarsely  executed  instances  of  Pioman 
character  at  Phihe  and  Denderah,  a.h.  98, 
and  K.c.  50.  Mr.  Stannus  next  treated  upon 
the  Pylons  in  front  of  the  temples,  and  showed  that 
the  silling  figures  i"  front  of  these  were  always, 
owing  to  seme  convention  or  imperfect  draughts- 
manship on  the  part  of  theartist,  drawn  in  side- view. 
Various  examples  of  Pylons  and  of  (Jsirid  figures 
were  shown  from  .4.bu  Simbel  and  Thebes,  and  in 
conclusion  the  lecturer  referred  to  the  clerestories 
over  the  central  portion  of  Egyptian  temples. 

Mr.  P.  PiiEXE  Si'iERs,  F.S..\.,  proposed  a  vote 
of  thanks  to  Mr.  Stannus  for  his  interesting 
lecture,  and  for  the  excellent  display  of  photo- 
graphs which  he  had  taken  to  illustrate  it. 
M.  Choisy  had  attributed  the  curved  courses  of 
the  Egyptian  brickwork  near  Abydos  not,  as  5Ir. 
Stannus  had  done,  to  a  desire  to  prevent  spread- 
ing, but  because  the  walls  were  erected  iu  places 
near  rixers  subjected  to  floods.  Mr.  .Stannus  had 
clearly  differentiated  between  the  lotus  and 
papyrus ;  but  he  had  omitted  to  mention  that  the 
papyrus  had  long  been  extinct  in  Egypt.  He 
(Mr.  Spiers)  never  came  upon  a  papyrus  in  his 
various  stays  in  Egypt,  and  only  saw  one  iu 
growth  for  the  first  time  during  a  recent  trip  to 
Chatsworth.  The  use  of  the  lotus-flower  as 
a  capital  dated  from  the  Slh  or  6th  dynasty, 
whereas  he  understood  Mr.  Stannus  to  allude 
to  its  introduction  in  the  12th  dynasty. 
He  very  much  doub'.ed  the  historical  truth  of 
Mr.  Stannus's  suggestion  that  the  so-called 
palm-capital  was  "brought  from  Mesopotamia ; 
we  had  no  art  in  the  latter  country  known 
to  be  contemporaneous  wiih  itj  use  in  Egypt, 
and  the  only  semblance  to  a  palm-tree"  that 
he  could  discover  was  the  column  was  thick 
at  the  top,  where  the  tree  was  smallest  in  girth, 
andn'iv  irrsd.  His  own  opinion  was  that  these 
capitals  were  so  fashioned  that  the  ornament 
could  be  readily  seen  by  worshippers  standing  on 
the  temple  floor.  He  thought  too,  the  palm  was 
introduced  into  Egypt  earlier  than  the  time  of 
Tehutmes  III.,  and  that  some  of  the  early  tombs 
from  the  Pyramids  had  palm  trees  used  as  decora- 
tion on  the  lintels. 

Professor  K.  Elsey  Smith  seconded  the  vote  of 
thanks,  remarking  that  the  address  had  been  sug- 
gestive, and  full  of  interest  and  value  to  all 
students.  The  photographs  had  been  arranged 
and  selected  with  great  skill. 

Mr.  John  D.  Cr.\ce  supported  the  motion  in  a 
few  appreciative  sentences,  and  Mr.  Roxald  P. 
■Tones,  in  concurring,  coupled  the  temple  plans  of 
Egypt  with  those  of  Indii.  Mr.  Arnold  B. 
Mitchell  also  spoke,  and  the  President  having 
put  the  motion,  it  was  carried  by  acclamation. 

Mr.  Stanni-s  briefly  replied,  remarking  that  the 
sunburnt  brick  walls  of  Abydos  were  assuredly 
not  built  in  curved  lines  vertically  because  of  the 
influence  of  water,  for  they  were  more  than 
nine  miles  from  the  Nile. 

The  PuESiDiiNT  announced  that  the  next  paper 
will  be  read  on  Friday,  the  22nd  inst,  by  Mr 
Maurice  B.  Adams,  F.R.I.B.A.,  and  will  be 
entitled,  "  As  to  the  Making  of  Architects,  wi-h 
examples  o£  draughtsminship." 


DRAWINGS   BY   THE    LATE 
PEARSON,   R.A. 


J.    L. 


AT  the  President's  At  Home  "  Smoker,"  held 
at  Conduit-street  on  Monday  evening  laat, 
Mr.  Aston  Webb,  R.A.,  P.R.I.B.A.,  entertained 
a  very  large  gathering  of  members,  including 
many  from  ihe  provinces,  who  had  accepted  his 
generous  and  well-timed  hospitality.  The 
pleasure  of  the  occasion  was  largely  enhanced  by 
the  exhibition  of  a  well-chosen  series  of  working 
plans  and  detail  drawings  of  notable  buildings 
erected  by  the  late  John  Loughborough  Pearson, 
R.A.,  whoseworkwasalwaysof  thehighestorderof 
architectural  merit,  capably  designed  and  excel- 
lently detailed.  As  a  consequence,  his  olBce 
drawings  are  of  the  greatest  interest,  while, 
owing  to  his  natural  diflidence  and  retiring 
character,  very  few  opportunities  during  his  life- 
time were  afforded  for  inspectiag  any  of  his 
drawings  of  this  kind.  Mr.  Frank  Pearson 
kindly  complied  with  Mr.  Aston  Webb's 
desire  to  show  a  selection  of  the  distin- 
guished workmanship  left  by  the  illustrious 
architect  of  Truro  Cathedral,  and  many  of  the 
most  beautiful  churches  associated  with  the 
(Jxford  movement  during  the  reign  of  (iueen 
Victoria.  Mr.  Pearson's  designs  were  essentially 
characteristic  of  the  needs  of  ritual  development, 
and  the  vitality  of  his  conceptions  is  verj-  largely 
due  to  the  fact  that  his  buildings  provided  for  the 
actual  requirements  of  a  definite  ideal  and 
every  -  day  use  by  those  for  whom  they 
were  planned.  He  was  at  once  in  sympathy  with 
the  forward  movement  in  which  his  clients  were 
engaged,  and  as  it  grew  out  of  its  initial  associa- 
tions with  arch.'cological  limitations  so  Pearson 
developed,  too,  his  methods  of  des'gn  and  church 
arrangement.  Of  hii  earlier  work  the  most 
conspicums  example  is  furnished  by  Holy 
Trinity  Church,  erected  by  him  for  Archdeacon 
Bentinck,  in  Bessborough  Gardens,  Pimlico, 
about  1850,  and  which  Sir  Gilbert  Scott  described 
as  "  the  best  modem  specimen  of  a  14th-century 
church."  The  series  of  buildings  exhibited  by 
the  drawings  seen  at  Monday's  meeting  at 
Conduit-street  commenced  with  the  plans  of  St. 
Peter's,  Vauxhall,  designed  for  the  present  Dean 
of  St.  Paul's,  Dr.  Gregory.  This  red  brick 
vaulted  little  building  marks  a  departure  in  church 
architecture,  and  it  still  ranks  as  one  of  the  most 
notable  instances  of  Pearson's  constructional 
ability.  The  climax  of  his  originality  of  treat- 
ment in  the  adaptation  of  Mediajval  traditional 
methods  to  19th-century  church  building  was 
jierhaps  realised  in  the  erection  of  St.  .\ugustine's, 
Kilburn,  which  is  thoroughly  modern  both  in 
materials  and  intention.  The  drawings  shown 
on  Monday  of  this  completed  building  were  there- 
fore of  particular  interest,  though  the  adjaci-nt 
schools,  clergy  house  and  sisterhood  buildings 
were  not  reprtsented.  In  reality  these  adjuncts 
form  a  most  important  part  in  the  grouping  of  the 
whole  scheme.  The  drawings  of  St.  Stephen's, 
Bournemouth,  the  most  beautiful  church  in  that 
town,  were  included,  and  so  were  those  of  Pearson's 
grand  pariah  church  at  Hove,  which  is  ttill 
unfinished.  The  plans  of  Truro  Cathedral  were 
exhibited,  and  also  the  details  of  Westminster 
Hall  additional  buildings,  as  well  as  the  Uni- 
versity Library  at  Cambridge.  Of  Renaissance 
work  the  chateau  -  like,  terracotta  and  brick, 
"  Westwood  House,  Sydenham,"  now  used  as  the 
Passmore  Edwards  School  Teachers'  Orphanage, 
was  shown,  and  likewise  the  elevations  of  a 
Classic  ballroom,  designed  by  Pearson  for 
Clevedon.  There,  too,  were  the  stalls  at  Peter- 
borough Cathedral,  and  a  great  many  other 
details  for  church  fittings,  iron  screens,  and 
furniture— all  of  wh'ch  were  drawn  with  the 
utmost  skill  and  refinement  of  detail,  thoroughly 
well-worked  out  and  shown.  Most  of  the  drafts 
are  left  in  pencil  slightly  tinted,  and  often  un- 
written upon ;  but  in  every  case  precision  is 
conspicuous,  and  defined  accuracy  of  delineation 
leavts  nothing  undetermined.  Those  who 
attended  the  "At  Home"  early  had  the  best 
chance  of  studying  this  exhibition,  for  soon  the 
rooms  became  so  crowded  and  full  of  smoke  that 
perambulation  was  most  difficult.  Notwithstand- 
ing, a  most  enjoyable  time  was  spent. 


Property  of  the  gross  value  of  £8,037  Ss.  Sd., 
includmg  £129  14s.  ltd.  in  net  personalty,  has  been 
left  by  Mr.  WiUiam  Joseph  Parker,  retired  builder, 
and  timber  valuer  to  Messrs.  Bruton,  Kuowles,  and 
Co..  estate  agents,  of  Gloucester,  who  died  at  his 
residence,  Lawn  Villa,  Longford,  Gloucestershire, 
on  August  17. 


SIR  JOHN  VANBRUGH,  ARCHITECT, 
POET,  AND   DRAM.\TIST. 

AN  interesting  and  graphic  account  of  the  life 
of  Sir  John  Vanbrugh,  dramatist  and  archi- 
tect, by  Mr.  Robert  P.  Oglesby,  of  Leeds,  was 
given,  on  the  7th  inst.,  at  the  Victoria  Hall, 
York,  before  the  members  of  the  York  Architec- 
tural Society.  Mr.  Thos.  Monkman,  president, 
took  the  chair. 

Mr.  (Iglesby  said  that  the  subject  of  his  paper, 
who  lived  about  the  end  of  the  17th  century, 
obtained  instant  success  as  a  dramatist  with 
"  The  Relapse,"  which  was  produced  at  Drury 
Lane,  whilst  his  wit  was  a  sure  passport  to  high 
society.  Voltaire  referred  to  him  as  the  gayest, 
as  Walpole  considered  him  the  best,  writer  of 
dialogue,  and  he  was  allotted  a  high  place  amongst 
the  dramatists  of  the  timn.  He  leant  towards 
the  virtues  which  are  sound  and  healthy,  and  will 
always  remain  such.  Of  feeling,  in  the  senti- 
mental sense,  he  possessed  little,  but  his  plots 
were  always  interesting  and  free  from  complexity. 
Jlr.  Oglesby  passed  en  to  the  consideration  of  his 
career  as  an  architect.  Not  the  slightest  evidence 
could  be  found  of  any  previous  architectural 
education,  or  even  inclination,  which  would 
account  for  the  transition  from  the  drama,  or 
warrant  his  being  trusted  with  scheme)  of  such 
magnitude  as  fell  to  his  lot.  There  was  a  slight 
overlapping  of  vocations,  inasmuch  as  his  first 
completed  architectural  work  was  a  theatre  in  the 
Haymarket ;  and  his  sudden  leap  from  drama  to 
architecture  was  taken  as  a  glorious  joke  by  his 
brother  wits  and  litterateurs. 

CASTLE      HOW.VBD. 

In  the  year  1702  Sir  John  was  engaged  with 
the  design  and  erection  of  Castle  Howard,  York- 
shire, for  the  Earl  of  Cirlisle,  this  being  his  first 
great  scheme.  "  His  want  of  training,"  said  the 
lecturer,  "  is  here  observable  on  all  hands,  but 
his  genius  for  the  pic'uresque  atones  for  many 
defects.  He  seems  to  have  regarded  his  buildings 
as  so  much  materi<I  for  scenic  effect  at  the  sacri- 
fice of  all  suitability  for  their  purpose."  Though 
\'anbrugh  had  his  detractors — chief  of  whom  was 
Walpo'e,  who  said  he  lacked  all  idea  of  propor- 
tion, convenience,  and  propriety — he  had  never- 
theless stout  adherents,  amongst  them  Sir  Joshua, 
Reynolds,  who  said  :  "  In  the  buildings  of  Van- 
brugh, who  was  a  poet  as  well  as  an  architect, 
there  is  a  greater  display  of  imagination  than  we 
shall  find,  perhaps,  in  any  other."  The  plan  of 
Castle  Howard  was  a  blending  of  the  Palladian 
and  Elizabethan.  It  contained  lengthy  corridors, 
and  hardly  one  fine  room.  The  west  block  was 
not  completed  as  originally  intended,  but  was 
afterwards  built  in  1763  by  Carr,  of  York,  the 
architect  of  Harewood  House.  The  south  front 
was  the  most  graceful  example  of  Vanbrugh's 
work.  He  cared  nought  for  rules,  as  might  be 
seen  by  the  varying  height  of  pilasters  belonging 
to  the  same  order.  The  vases,  terminals,  and 
busts  assisted  in  breaking  up  the  sky  line,  and 
gave,  at  a  distance,  a  castellated  effect  to  the 
buUding,  and  the  severity  of  the  north  front  was 
much  relieved  by  the  use  of  sculpture.  Here  was 
to  be  seen  one  of  the  segmental  arcades  which  was 
absent  from  C'arr's  wing. 

ARCniTECTVRAL    PECILIARITIES. 

"The  Ionic  Temple,"  the  writer  continues, 
"with  tetrastyle  porticoes,  at  one  end  of  the 
terrace  is  again  the  stalking  horse  for  urns.  The 
interior  is  built  with  marble,  and  the  dome  and 
porticoes  do  not  seem  to  be  on  very  intimate  terms 
with  the  main  body  of  the  temple.  Nicholas 
Hawksmoor,  who  was  responsible  for  the 
mausoleum,  has  in  this  case  allowed  Vanbrugh's 
influence  to  pass  him  by,  and  produced  a  scholarly 
and  reserved  effect.  Horace  Walpole  jocularly 
remarks  that  the  mausoleum  at  Castle  Howard 
would  tempt  one  to  be  buried  alive.  The  bridge 
over  the  lower  part  of  the  lake,  with  its  enormous 
keystones,  is  a  good  example  ot  Vanbrugh's 
passion  for  ponderous  masonry.  Passing  to  the 
interior,  the  hall  is  35ft.  square,  and  no  less  than 
77ft.  high  to  the  ceiling.  This  height,  so  out  of 
proportion  to  its  area,  gives  it  a  dreary  and 
tunnel- like  appearance.  It  contains  a  somewhat 
exuberant  Rococo  mantel.  In  such  a  confined 
snace  the  height  of  the  column  seems  enormous. 
Here  we  catch  a  glimpse  of  one  of  the  staircises 
which  flank  each  sid-s  of  the  apartment,  which 
contains  coarse  decoration  by  Pellegrini.  The 
chapel  is  contained  in  Carr's  wing,  and  was 
decorated  by  Kemp.  The  Earl  of  Carlisle  was  so 
pleased  with  Vanbrugh's  design  that  he  created 
him  Herald    Clarenceux    Kmg  at  Arms.     This 


Jan.  15,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING 


NEWd. 


83 


Rave  cjcnt  ofTenoe  'o  his  brother  henilJs — in  the 
first  |il:ui:  because  he  know  naught  of  horiiMry, 
and  secuniily  becauee  he  hui^hed  at  it.  ITie  long 
corridors  and  high  rooms  made  the  Earl  anticipate 
a  draughty  house,  but  Vanbrugh  satisfied  him 
that  on  the  stormiest  night  '  not  one  candle  wanted 
to  be  pill  into  a  lanthorn,' and  that  the  building 
did  not  rtipiire  above  one  pound  of  wax  and  two 
of  talliiw  candles  per  night  to  light  it  more  than 
the  K.irl's  1. on  ion  house." 

IlLENHEIM    HIS    M.VSTEKPIECE. 

The  leading  features  of  the  many  mansions 
designed  by  this  famous  architect  were  dealt  with, 
Griuibthorpe,  Lincolnshire,  being  referred  to  as 
considered  by  many  people  to  be  Vanbru^h's 
best  work.  His  greatest,  luwever,  was  HIenh-im, 
erected  by  a  gra'eful  nation  for  John  Churchill, 
firsi  Duke  of  Marlborough,  the  sai  t  grateful 
nation  omitting  to  provide  the  necessary  funds. 
Though  Wren  actually  made  a  plan  for  a  portion 
of  the  building,  and  was  then  at  the  zenith  of  his 
fame,  he  was  passed  over  in  favour  of  \'anbrugh, 
whose  influence  at  Cjurt  was  paramount.  Here 
was  his  lifetime's  0 pport unity  to  staggerhumanity, 
and  the  plan  of  Blenheim  at  once  stamped  him 
as  a  man  of  powerful  imagination.  It  bore  a 
certain  similarity  to  Ciistle  Ifoward,  but  the 
quadrant- shaped  wings  formed  fa(,ades  to  suites 
of  rooms  instead  of  being  treated  as  open 
arcades.  The  building  was  essentially  com- 
memorative and  monumental,  and  the  conveni- 
ence of  the  inhabitants,  or  the  fact  that  the 
distance  separating  the  kitchen  from  the  dining- 
room  was  several  hundred  feet,  in  no  wise  dis- 
turbed the  architect.  Some  idea  of  the  size 
might  be  gained  from  th-)  fact  that  the  total 
extent  of  the  park  front  was  SJOft.  It  had 
been  said,  and  he  thought  with  truth,  that  "  no 
mansion  has  such  a  grand  appearance  as  Blen- 
heim," and  Vanbrugh  accomplished  the  work 
under  more  trying  circumstances  than  perhaps 
any  architect  had  had  to  contend  with.  Van- 
brugh married  rather  late  in  life.  He  wrote — 
"If  I  am  going  to  make  a  blunder  it  is  better 
to  do  so  at  the  end  of  one's  life  than  at  the 
beginninar  of  it."  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of 
Colonel  Yarborough,  of  Heslington.  near  York. 
In  a  letter  on  the  subject,  Lady  Mary  Wortley 
ilontague  said  :  "  You  know  Van's  taste  always 
was  odd.  His  inclination  to  ruins  has  given  him 
a  fancy  for  Mistress  Yarborough."  This  delicious 
epistle,  said  Mr.  Uglesby,  written  in  her  lady- 
ship's twentieth  year,  gave  us  some  idea  of  the 
stae  of  contemporary  society.  The  actual  work- 
manship of  Blenheim  was  admitted  to  have  been 
admirable.  One  writer  remarked  that,  "  So 
perfectly  was  the  work  carried  out  that  it  is 
possible  to  look  through  the  keyholes  of  ten 
doord,  and  see  daylight  at  the  end,  over  300ft. 
away."  \'ery  great  were  Vanbrugh's  faults, 
but,  notwithstanding  his  glaring  want  of  refine- 
ment and  taste,  he  possessed  valuable  qualities, 
and,  had  he  lived  longer,  would,  no  doubt,  by 
further  study,  have  become  a  really  great  archi- 
tect. He  certainly  conceived  all  his  buildings  as 
a  whole  and  in  relation  to  their  surroundings, 
and  the  general  mass  of  each  had  been  acknow- 
ledged to  be  grand  and  imposing. 


REPORT   OF   THE   SELECT   COMMITTEE 
OX  VEXTIL.VnON.— 11. 

LIETTT.-CDLONEL  D.  BOSWELL  REID 
(son  of  the  late  Dr.  Reid,  who  designed  a 
system  of  ventilation  for  the  Houses  of  rarlia- 
ment),  in  giving  his  evidence  before  the  Com- 
mittse,  said  : — 

"  I  was  very  much  astonished  to  find  that  the 
arrangements  were  entirely  reversed  in  many 
respects  from  the  condition  in  which  my  father 
left  them  in  IS.52  ;  and  I  was  not  at  all  aston- 
ished to  see  in  the  papers  certain  language 
which  did  not  seem  to  fpeak  very  highly  of 
the  condition   of  affairs  as   to  the   ventilation 

here The   special    defect   is   this :   in 

my   opinion   a    properly  -  ventilated    chamber 
should  ventilate  itself  mi  iii-a//;/." 

Referring  to  the  hot-air  aspirating  shaft  in  the 
clock  tower  as  a  means  of  extraction,  Colonel 
Reid  further  said  :  — 

"  It  is  a  very  expsnsive  w.ay,  an  1,  I  should  say, 
a  very  unsatisfactory  way.  ...  It  is  absurd 
and  ridiculous,  and  contrary  tn  all  science  and 
commonscnse," 

This  opinion   was   endorseil    by    I'rofesaor  W. 
Napier  Shiw,  head  of  the  Meteorological  Ollice, 


who  advised  that  this  hot-air  shaft  thould  be 
disused  as  ineflicieiit  and  out  of  date,  and  it  has 
been  abandoned  accordingly. 

From  the  complaints  luade  by  the  members  in 
respect  to  the  "  noise  and  draughts"  caused  by 
the  new  extraction  fans  fitted  experimentally 
by  instruction  of  the  committee  to  different  partis 
of  the  House,  it  would  appear  as  if  the  question 
of  extraction  has  not  yet  been  satisfactorily  solved, 
and  according  to  the  report,  it  is  proposed  to 
remove  these  fans  from  their  present  positions, 
and  try  them  elsewhere  to  see  if  there  is  any 
improvement,  which  would  appear  to  be  some- 
what hopeletrS. 

Extraction  fans  may  be  all  very  well  in  hot 
weather  wben  a  draught  from  any  source  is  some- 
times acceptable,  though  in  warm  weather  there 
is  nothing  to  equal  an  open  window,  which  may 
then  safely  be  resorted  to,  and  it  has  the 
additional  advantage  of  being  costless  ;  but 
it  is  a  very  different  thing  in  cold  weather,  when, 
it  is  safe  to  say  that,  in  at  least  nine  cases  out  of 
twelve  where  extraction  fans  are  used,  they  will 
be  found  to  be  out  of  operation,  as  people  simply 
will  iiiif  put  up  with  cold  draughts  in  such  weather, 
especially  the  arctio  whirlwind  usually  experienced 
in  the  vicinity  of  an  extraction  fan  ;  so  that, 
during  the  winter  months,  when,  owing  to  doors 
and  windows  being  kept  closed,  special  means  for 
ventilation  are  most  required,  extraction  fans 
cannot  be  employed  except  at  a  sacrifice  of  com- 
fort and  the  risk,  nay,  certainty,  of  catching  cold. 

The  Council  Chamber  of  the  Bristol  Corpora- 
tion may  be  cited  as  a  case  in  point,  where  the  city 
fathers  have  had  to  ask  the  Mayor's  permission  to 
wear  their  hats  as  a  pro'ection  against  the  "  in- 
sufferable draughts  "  caused  by  the  new  electric 
extraction  fans.  One  councillor  pathetically 
pleaded  to  have  the  fans  stopped,  protesting  that 
he  "  would  rather  stifle  than  be  killed  by  these 
terrible  draughts." 

This  would  appear  to  be  the  general  experi- 
ence where  electric  extraction  fans  are  employed, 
particularly  in  cold  weather. 

The  following  extracts  from  a  report  on  the 
ventilation  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament  speak  for 
themselves  as  to  fan  propulsion. 

"I  never  yet  knew  of  a  system  of  pDpulsion, 
pure  and  simple,  that  effected  an  efficient  and 
satisfactory  venti'ation  of  any  large  build- 
ing. ...  So  long  as  architects  employ  the 
Plenum  system  or  propulsion  pure  and  simple, 
colossal  buildings  like  the  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment, the  London  Law  Cour's,  the  National 
Liberal  Club,  &c  ,  will  continue  to  be  notori- 
ously badly  ventilated  in  every  sense  of  the 
term. 

"This  trouble  of  inefficient  ventilation  in 
large  legislative  buildings  —  notwithstanding 
the  enormous  amount  of  fresh  air  that  can  be 
passed  through  them  sometimes  '  without  venti- 
lating them ' — is  not  at  all  confined  to  the 
Houses  of  Parliament  in  this  country." 

It  has  been  said  that : 

"The  Houses  of  Parliament  have  been  the 
field  of  various  successive  experiments  on  a 
large  scale,  each  of  which  in  turn  was  supposed 
would  completely  succeed  in  rendering  the 
legislative  chambers  places  of  pure  air. 

"  They  have  all,  however,  proved  ilixnstroiis 
faihires.^^ 

The  Select  Committee  having  recorded,  in 
common  with  previous  committees,  its  disapproval 
of  Plenum  and  kindred  methods  of  mechanical 
ventilation,  which  it  "  cannot  recommend  should 
be  adopted,"  and  as  neither  the  propulsion  nor 
extraction  fans,  nor  the  hot-air  upcast  shaft  in 
the  tower  appear  to  be  satisfactory,  it  will  be 
interesting  to  note  what  other  plan  may  be  ro- 
sorteil  to  in  this  the  latest  of  the  many  attempts 
to  efficiently  ventilate  the  House  of  Commons 
artificially,  and  which,  so  far,  have  proved 
abortive  and  worse  than  useless. 

The  committee  has  clearly  pointed  out  the  evils 
arising  from  the  present  methoil  of  propelling,  by 
moans  of  fans,  hot  air  into  the  House,  to  wliich  is 
in  part  attributed  the  "  lassituile  and  feeling  of 
heaviness  experienced  by  the  members,  which 
tends  to  interfere  with  the  duo  performance  of 
their  dut'es." 

Open  windows  are  also  apparently  not  to  bo 
thought  of,  as  it  is  stated  they  could  not  bo  em- 
ployed in  lold  weather  on  account  of  the  draughts 
and  other  annoyances,  which  the  members  would 
not  stand. 

A  Royal  Commission  on  the  \'entilation  of 
Schools  appears  to  have  arrived  at  the  sia\o  con- 


clusion, stating,    in    regard    to  open    windows, 
that: 

"  In  those  cases  in  which  the  ventilation  was 
effective  the  temperature  of  the  dormitory 
would  follow  closely  that  of  the  outside  air,  and 
would  not  exceed  that  of  the  outside  air  by  more 
than  about  2A°." 

With  the  thermometer  at  freezing  point  plus 
the  cold  draught,  such  a  temperature  in  an  occu- 
pied room  would  he  unbearable,  and  yet,  as  is 
pointed  out,  that  is  what  open- window  ventilation 
practically  represents  during  certain  periods  of 
the  year,  and  it  cannot  therefore  be  relied  upon  as 
a  constant,  fatisfactory,  or  always  safe  means  of 
changing  the  air. 

It  would  seem,  from  the  unanimity  of  their 
reports,  that  Royal  Commissions  on  Ventilation 
have  a  rooted  objection  to  open  windows  in  cold 
weather,  Plenum  ventilation,  and  hot-air  exhaust 
shafts. 

One  Royal  Commissioner  (Dr.  Armstrong) 
denounces  the  Plenum  system  or  fan  ventilation 
by    propulsion  in   the    strongest  terms,  saying  : 

"Anything  mo-e  pernicious  I  cannot  imagine 
.   .   .     Such  a  system  is  abominable." 

Another  Royal  Commission  also  condemns  it  in 
no  uncertain  language  : — • 

"In  one  hospital  we  eximined,"  say  the 
Commissioners,  "  which  was  ventilated  by 
one  of  the  most  elaborate  apparatus  (Ple- 
num) we  have  anywhere  seen,  and  which 
professed  to  supply  between  4, 000c. ft.  and 
5, 000c. ft.  sf  air  per  bed  per  hour,  we  found  the 
atmosphere  of  the  wards  stagnant  and  foul  to  a 
degree  we  have  hardly  ever  met  with  else- 
where. We  at  once  pointed  out  this  circum- 
stance. An  inquiry  was  immediately  insti- 
tuted, when  it  appeared  that  one  of  the  valves 
of  the  supply-pipe  had  been  tampered  with, 
for  no  other  reason,  that  we  could  perceive, 
except  to  save  fuel  by  diminishing  the  quantity 
of  warm  air  supplied  to  the  sick.  The  venti- 
lation in  this  case  was  worse  than  a  delusion." 

Sir  Douglas  Galton  makes  the  following  preg- 
nant remarks  in  "  Hospital  Construction"  :  — 

"  The  writer  has  visited,  on  several  different 
occasions,  three  of  the  important  hospitals  in 
Europe  and  the  United  States  of  America  in 
which  the  ventilation  depended  on  propulsion, 
and  on  every  occasion  the  propulsion  happened 
to  be  out  of  use  for  the  time  .   .  . 

"The  author  visited  a  hospital  recently  in 
which  the  ventilation  was  by  propulsion .  The 
amount  of  fresh  air  which  was  entering  the  wards 
was  stated  to  be  at  the  time  at  a  rate  of  over 
5,000e.ft.  per  patient  per  hour,  and  yet  there 
was  a  distinct  feeling  of  relief  and  freshness  ou 
passing  from  the  ward  to  the  open  air  .   .  . 

"  Experience  would  seem  to  justify  the 
hesitation  which  has  been  felt  with  respect  to 
artificial  ventilation." 

Professor  R.  H.  Smith,   referring  to  Plenum 

ventilation,  says  :  — ■ 

"The  down  system  can  never  supply  really 
pure  air  to  be  breathed  by  the  lung*.  The 
exhalations  of  the  human  body  are,  as  they 
issue,  so  warm  thit  they  must  perforce  imme- 
diately rise.  Therefore,  if  the  supply  of  fresh 
air  comes  from  above,  it  can  only  reach  the 
nose  and  mouth  by  driving  down  with  it  .and 
mixing  with  these  foul  exhalations,  and  there 
is  unquestionably  nothing  to  breathe  except 
this  polluted  mixture." 

This  system  is  of  .Vmerican  origin,  but  is  now 
condemned  as  "  a  menace  to  health,"  and 
practically  discarded  in  the  United  States. 

In  the  face  of  all  this,  no  other  conclusion  can 
be  come  to  than  tint  the  repeated  failures  to 
eft'ectual'y  v<  ntilate  not  only  the  Houses  ot 
Parliament,  but  other  public  buildings  must  bo 
ascribed  to  a  too  blind  adherence  to  mechanical 
and  other  artificial  arrangements,  and  to  ignoring 
the  claims  of  natural  means  scientifically  adapted 
to  the  special  requirements  of  the  buildings  to 
which  they  may  be  applied,  and  which  there  is 
the  strongest  evidence  to  show,  have  boon  com- 
pletely successful  in  buildings  of  the  largest  size, 
and  where  artificial  methods  had  been  tried  and 
failed. 

No  higher  testimony  to  the  superior  merits  of 
natural  ventilati  n  over  all  other  methods  could 
bo  given  than  at  the  last  Paris  Exhibition,  when 
the  dilVorent  juries,  composed  of  scientists, 
engineers,  melieal  men,  architects,  and  others, 
occupying  the  highest  pjsiiioiis  in  th .■irrespective 


84 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  15,  1904. 


professions,  unanimously  adjudged  a  natur.il 
system  of  ventilation  (Boyle's)  to  be  the  best,  and 
accorded  it  the  palm. 

At  the  London  Ventilation  Competition  the 
result  was  the  same  ;  a  natural  system  (Boyle's), 
after  the  most  searching  investigation  and 
strictest  tests,  being  pronounced  to  be_  the  best 
by  the  high  and  well-known  authorities  who 
formed  the  jury. 

(jn  both  these  occasions  all  the  best-known 
mechanical  and  other  artificial  systems  in  the 
world  were  represented. 

With  these  decisive  and  incontestable  facts 
before  us,  there  is,  as  Dr.  Fardon,  Chief  Phy- 
sician at  Jliddlesex  Hospital,  says,  absolutely 
"  no  excuse  for  adopting  an  artificial  method  of 
ventilation,"  and  who  further  says:  "I  have 
inspected  many  mechanical  systems  of  ventila- 
tion, including  those  at  the  Houses  of  Parliament 
and  the  Law  Courts,  but  have  never  seen  one  that 
■was  approved  by  those  who  used  it." 

It  is  almost  incredible  the  ignorance  that  pre- 
Tails  in  connection  with  these  mechanical 
systems  and  their  application,  and  the  lack  of 
even  the  most  elementary  knowledge  of  the 
principles  of  ventilation  and  of  the  natural  laws 
involved.  Colonel  Reid,  continuing  his  evidence 
before  the  Committee,  said,  in  reference  to  his 
inspection  of  the  Plenum  system  at  the  Houses 
of  Parliament,  Victoria,  and  which  is  also  said  to 
be  a  failure  : — 

"When  I  went  there  I  found  the  ventilation 
superintendent,  a  man  who  was  disposed  to 
teach  everybody  what  he  knew  nothing  about 
himself.  I  asked  him  what  were  those  peculiar 
things  which  I  saw,  like  spittoons,  between  the 
Treasury  Bench  and  the  Table  of  the  House, 
and  he  gave  me  a  short  lecture  on  ventilation, 
in  which  he  said  :  '  You  know,  carbonic  acid 
being  heavier  than  air,  the  carbonic  acid  sepa- 
rates itself  from  the  expired  air  at  the  mouth, 
flows  down,  and  is  sucked  down  by  these  holes.' 
I  put  on  my  hat  and  went  out." 

One  would  have  thought  that  in  these  days  of 
higher  education  and  sanitary  progress,  even  a 
schoolboy  would  know  that,  as  Professor  AVood- 
bridge  so  lucidly  explains  it : — 

"The  carbonic-acid  gas  yielded  by  respiration 
from  the  lungs  and  transpiration  through 
the  skin  is  as  thoroughly  diffused  in  the  warm- 
air  currents  rising  from  the  body  as  is  the  same 
gas  made  by  a  candle  or  gas  flame  in  the  air 
currents  ascending  from  those  flames.  That 
gas  when  once  diffused  in  air  can,  because 
neavier  than  air,  no  more  settle  downward  out 
of  the  air,  and  occupy  the  lower  stratum  of  a 
room  than  the  salt,  because  heavier  than  water, 
can  settle  out  of  the  sea  to  its  bottom." 

As  has  been  truly  said  : 

"  The  overwhelming  testimony  which  now 
exists  against  the  utility  of  mechanical  or 
artificial  ventilation  in  any  form  and  in  favour 
of  natural  ventilation  intelligently  and  scien- 
tifically applied  has  led  to  a  marked  change  in 
the  opinions  once  held  by  many  with  regard 
to  the  comparative  advantages  of  the  two 
methods." 

{To  be  continued.) 


INDUSTRLVL    DECENTRALISATION. 

AT  the  ordinary  general  meeting  of  the 
Surveyors'  Institution  held  on  JMonday 
evening  last  (Mr.  Herbert  T.  Steward  in  the 
chair),  the  discussion  of  a  paper  on  this  subject 
read  at  a  former  meeting  by  Mr.  H.  T.  Scoble 
was  resumed  by  Mr.  Wheeler,  K.C.,  who,  while 
agreeing  with  the  author  as  to  the  importance  of 
the  question  of  the  housing  of  the  working  classes, 
and  their  transit  from  their  homes  to  their  work, 
deprecated  any  large  scheme  of  legislation. 
Increased  facilities  for  travelling  he  did  not 
regard  as  an  unmixed  blessing.  In  an  ideal  state 
the  work  and  the  dwelling  should  be  close 
together.  To  bring  men  from  a  distance  to  their 
work  and  back  again  in  overcrowded  conveyances 
could  not  be  a  good  system.  He  was  not  quite 
sure  whether  in  the  case  of  the  works  which  had 
been  moved  from  London  to  sites  further  out, 
the  workmen  had  followed  them,  or  whether 
they  now  had  even  further  to  travel  to  them. 
The  aims  of  the  Garden  City  advocates  were 
hi^h :  but  it  was  well  to  aim  high,  at  least. 
tn  dealing  with  the  housing  of  the  working- 
classes,  it  was  as  well  to  clearly  understand  who 
were  indicated.  Some  workmen  could,  and  did, 
provide  themselves  with  good  and  decent  homes  ; 


but  there  was  a  section  widely  spread  throughout 
London  who  could  not,  or  did  not,  do  so.  In  the 
case  of  these,  he  thought,  although  opposed  to  all 
sorts  of  municipal  trading,  he  would  be  disposed 
to  advocate  the  adoption  of  some  scheme  such  as 
that  of  the  Camberwell  Municipality,  who  bad 
bought  up  and  thoroughly  repaired  old  houses, 
which  they  were  able  to  let  at  very  moderate 
rents.  There  were,  as  the  author  said,  two 
sorts  of  overcrowding — an  excess  of  popula- 
tion to  the  acre  (which  did  not  to  a  great 
extent  exist  in  London)  and  the  overcrowding  of 
rooms  (which  obtained  very  largely,  and  was 
much  more  dangerous  than  the  other  kind). 
Mich  of  the  space  which  might  be  available 
for  housing  was  taken  up  by  great  factories  and 
works  which  were,  instead  of  being  driven  from 
London,  induced  to  remain  in  its  midst  by  the 
present  system  of  Metropolitan  rating.  The  great 
potteries  on  the  Embankment,  the  brewery  in  the 
midst  of  Pimlico,  the  works  in  Sobo,  were  all 
examples,  and  he  gave  instances  of  large  works 
covering  some  acres  of  ground  which,  in  the  heart 
of  an  expensive  neighbourhood,  were  rated  much 
below  their  value  under  the  Metropolitan  Rating 
Act. 

Mr.  Douglas  Mackenzie  said  he  thought  an 
important  factor  in  industrial  migration  must 
always  be  the  question  of  traction,  and  be  fore- 
saw a  wide  adoption  of  motor  carnage  for  bring- 
ing raw  material  to  the  works  and  taking  away 
the  manufactured  product.  The  ideal  load  for  a 
motor  was  5h  tons — less  than  that  was  more  cheaply 
drawn  by  horses ;  and  if  the  goods  were  such  that 
they  could  conveniently  be  loaded  in  batches  of 
about  that  weight,  motor  carriage  would  compare 
very  favourably  in  cost  with  railway  charges, 
especially  when  terminal  charges  and  the  expenses 
of  once  or  twice  handling  were  considered.  It 
was  true  that  a  great  many  of  our  by-roads  were 
very  much  too  weakly  constructed,  and  kept  in  too 
bad  repair  to  make  them  really  useful  for  heavy 
traffic:  but  in  many  cases  it  would  pay  a  mi" 
owner  to  arrange  with  the  local  authority  to  keep 
the  road  to  his  works  in  good  order. 

Mr.  J.  S.  Hodgson  entirely  agreed  with  a 
previous  speaker  that  each  individual  should  be 
made  to  feel  his  responsibility  as  a  ratepayer,  and 
that  anj'  step  in  that  direction  would  help  to  the 
solution  of  the  housing  question. 

Mr.  A.  E.  Baylis  said  he  believed  that  figures 
showing  the  working  of  electrical  undertakings 
by  municipalities  and  private  companies  showed  a 
considerable  balance  of  cheapness  in  favour  of  the 
former.  The  true  reason  for  the  success  of  such 
a  housing  scheme  as  that  at  Port  Sunlight  was 
that  the  industry  carried  on  there  was  a  peculiar 
one — the  profit  from  the  by-products  was  so  large 
as  to  exceed  even  that  from  the  main  product, 
which  could  be  almost  given  awaj' ;  in  fact,  the 
main  object  was  to  dispose  of  it  at  any  price,  and 
in  as  large  quantities  as  possible.  If  such  a  state 
of  affairs  existed  in  the  building  industry,  there 
would  be  no  lack  of  cheap  houses,  and  no 
"housing  question  "  to  deal  with. 

Mr.  A.  King  said  that,  although  certain  manu- 
facturers had  found  it  advantageous  to  transfer 
their  works  from  London  to  the  country,  there 
were  still  many  trades  which  it  would  seem  to  be 
more  convenient  to  keep  in  the  same  locality  as 
had  been  long  devoted  to  them.  The  furniture 
trade  seemed  to  show  no  signs  of  leaving  Totten- 
ham Court-road,  for  instance.  To  many  in- 
dustries it  was  necessary  to  be  near  the  source  of 
the  raw  material,  and,  more  especially,  close  to 
the  market  for  the  products.  Again,  if  factories 
were  to  migrate  in  any  number  to  the  country 
there  would  soon  be  well-situated  localities,  when 
ground  rents  would  go  up  as  competition  for  sites 
became  keener.  With  regard  to  overcrowding, 
he  quoted  figures  to  show  that  in  London  the 
average  population  was  61  person  per  acre,  and 
in  Greater  London  15  to  the  acre.  There  was  no 
city  in  the  world  to  compare  with  London 
from  the  point  of  view  of  health,  while 
the  death  -  rate  in  many  of  the  so-called  rural 
counties  was  extremely  high.  He  defended  the 
workmen  from  the  strictures  pronounced  against 
them  in  the  paper,  for  he  had  known  them  inti- 
mately for  many  years,  and  Mr.  H.  A.  Martin 
said  that  his  experience  in  Canada  was,  that  when 
an  important  works  which  had  outgrown  its 
accommodation  sought  for  a  new  site,  there  was  a 
keen  competition  among  suitable  towns  to  get  it 
placed  in  its  midst :  a  free  site,  sidings  to  import- 
ant lines,  free  drainage  and  water-power,  and 
non-payment  of  rates  for  ten  years  being  among 
the  inducements  offered.  This  might  call  to  the 
mind  of  landowners  the  possibility  that  by  giving 


facilities  for  the  location  of  industrial  works  on 
their  estates,  they  might  considerably  enhance 
the  value  of  their  land. 

Sir.  H.  Chatfeild  Clarke  observed  that  what- 
ever housing  reforms  might  be  introduced  into 
London,  he  sincerely  hoped  the  adoption  of  the 
Leeds  "  Back  to  Back  "  system  would  never  be 
introduced.     It  was  both  hideous  and  unhealthy. 

Mr.  Scoble  having  briefly  replied,  the  meeting 
adjourned. 

' — »^ 

BISHOP   FLEMING'S   CHAPEL,  LINCOLN 
CATHEDRAL.* 

THIS  chapel  is  the  easternmost  one  in  the 
north  aisle  of  the  choir.  It  is  of  good 
Perpendicular  character,  and  was  erected  to 
commemorate  the  episcopate  of  Bishop  Richard 
Fleming,  1420-1431.  The  measured  drawings 
include  only  the  cathedral  elevation  of  chapel  and 
tomb,  with  plan,  section,  and  mouldings  to  same. 

The  elevation  of  tomb  shows  two  effigies  ;  the 
upper  one  of  Bishop  Fleming  in  his  ecclesiastical 
robes,  and  the  lower  one  of  his  body  in  its  shroud. 

There  are  few  other  examples  of  this  peculiarity 
in  exhibiting  the  two  effigies  in  some  of  our 
cathedrals,  notably  Archbishop  Chichele's  tomb, 
c.  1143,  in  the  "north  choir  aisle,  Canterbury 
Cathedral  ;  that  of  Bishop  Fox  in  his  chantry  on 
the  south  side  of  Winchester  Cathedral  choir,  and 
others  unidentified  in  Exeter  Cathedral  and 
Tewkesbury  Abbey.  This  chapel  at  Lincoln 
was  inserted  in  the  wall  of  the  cathedral,  and 
furnishes  one  of  those  instances  so  common 
of  adding  the  style  of  the  period  to  that  of 
an  earlier  building,  regardless  of  the  mutilation 
of  the  latter.  The  rest  of  the  chapel  is  of  little 
interest  beyond  a  good  pisc-ina  and  some  carved 
stone  heads.  The  windows  are  ordinary  and  the 
roof  is  modern,  by  the  late  J.  L.  Pearson,  R.A. 
J.  E.  Dixox-Sr\iN-. 


THE    ARCHITECTUR.\L    ASSOCIATION 
SKETCH-BOOK. 

YOLI'ME  SEA'EN  of  series  three  of  this  very 
excellent  publication  has  just  been  issued 
for  1903  in  four  quarterly  parts,  consisting  of 
seventy-two  large-size  folio  plates.  The  title 
page,  by  Jlr.  Fred.  H.  Ball,  makes  a  very  pleas- 
ing change  upon  previous  efforts  in  this  direction. 
The  treatment  is  distinctly  decorative,  with  a 
well-drawn  female  figure  examining  a  scroll,  and 
seated  on  a  bench  with  branches  from  a  conven- 
tional shrub  powdering  the  background  somewhat 
gracefully,  while  the  drapery  of  the  girl  is  well 
managed,  though  the  lettering  is  scarcely  so  good 
as  usual.  We  notice  some  old  friends  among  the 
contributors  this  year,  friends  who  are  always 
welcomed  :  but,  all  the  same,  it  would  fappear 
from  the  dates  on  the  drawings  that  some  difficulty 
has  been  experienced  in  obtaining  worthy  sketches 
by  newer  men  working  on  the  old  lines.  If  this 
surmise  is  correct,  the  circumstance  furnishes   a 


*  Among  other  illustrations  of  Lincoln  Catheilral  that 
have  appeared  in  the  Building  News  are  general  plans  of 
the  minster  and  secular  canons'  buildings  (by  the  late 
Mackenzie  E.  C.  Walcott)  February  8.  1878;  plans  of 
Cathedral,  April  9,  1869;  and  February  6,  1891:  west 
front,  from  Market-place  (drawing  by  Peter  de  Windt) 
April  29,  1898;  west  front,  W.N.W.,  bird's  eye  from  the 
Exchequer  gate  (Frederick  Mackenzie!  March  6,  189(5; 
ditto,  W.S.W.,  from  fame  tIpw  p  .int  Charles  H.  Holden) 
September  21,  1891 ;  Oalilee  pirch  and  reir  of  west  front 
from  S.S.E.  (W.  H.  Bidlake)  November  26.  18S6  ;  Galilee 
porch  and  central  tower  from  S.W.  (Charles  E.  Mallows) 
February  6,  1S91 ;  rear  of  west  fa<;  ide  from  south  east, 
June  21.  188ii;  central  tower  and  south-west  transept 
(Chas.  H.  Holden)  October  5,  1894;  south  porch  (W.  H. 
Wood)  February  28,  1S79 ;  general  view  from  south-east 
(Axel.  H.  Haig)  April  2,  1869  ;  east  end  (C.  H.  Moore) 
March  31,  189,1;  cloi-ter  and  north  transept  (W.  H.  Bid- 
lake)  February  6, 1891 ;  details  of  staircase  and  cloisters 
(measured  drawing  by  J.  Hutchings,  October  '26,  18a8 ; 
north  door  to  choir  (John  Beggl  Februiry  0, 1S91 ;  chapter 
house  (H.  Harrington^  Oituber  19.  188:!;  angel  choir, 
interior  (pencil  sketch  by  John  Begg)  February  6,  1S91  ; 
ditto  (from  photogriiph)  May  24,  1890 ;  bay  of  choir 
(Sydney  Vaeher!  February  27, 188 ) ;  angel  in  choir  (John  P. 
Seddon)  December  24,  lSii9;  bayof  nave,  October 23, 1885 ; 
bosses  from  angel  choir  (T.  Fred  Pennington  June  21, 1878; 
13th-century  foliage  capitals  and  15th-century  coat  of  arms 
(National  drawings,  by  Arthur  Mackinder)  Mirc-h  13, 
1903:  chancel  gates  (W.  H.  Lethaby)  February  27, 1880; 
inierior  of  north-west  chapel  (the  late  Sir  G.  liilbert 
Scott)  February  6,  1885;  door  of  north-east  (choir) 
transept.  December  24,  l.Si>9 ;  Bishop  Russell's  tomb  in 
choir  (measured  drawing,  by  Francis  Hooper)  April  7, 
1SS2;  Bishop  "Wordsworth's  tomb  (designed  by  Bodley 
and  Garner)  in  retro-choir  (from  photograph)  May  IS, 
18S8 ;  monument  to  Richard  Gainsborough,  architect  of 
angel  choir  in  south  walls  of  cloisters,  September  7, 1894 ; 
misereres  (T.  Fred  Pennington)  April  23,  1880;  eagle 
lectern  (W.  H.  Bidlake)  April  3\  1886;  stone  arcading 
(measured  drawing,  by  H.  0.  Gamblei  November  25, 
1887  ;  stone  beam  in  nave  between  west  towers.  October 
28,  1887  ;  12th-centuvy  window.  November  29,  1878 ;  and 
13th-century  mouldings,  August  25,  1871. 


Jan.  15,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


85 


matter  of  regret,  because  any  falling  off  in  thus 
ilriiwing  old  Iniildings  can  but  be  detrimental 
to  tbu  advancement  of  architei  tiiral  culture 
among  the  rising  generation  of  students. 
The  A. A.  Sketch-book  ought  to  furnish  an  in- 
centive iu  this  direction,  and  hitherto  its  publica- 
tion has  always  been  associatrd  with  a  worthy 
e  nutation  among  the  more  artistically  inspired 
rae7nbera  in  maintaining  the  high  standard  set  by 
the  originators  of  these  useful  folios.  The  present 
editors,  Messrs.  U.  li.  Lewis  and  W.  A.  Pits. 


certainly  deserve  to  be  ably  supported  both  by  old 
contributors  as  well  as  new  ones  and  all  sub- 
scribers are  indebted  to  them  for  their  valued 
services  in  producing  so  capital  a  series  of  varied 
interest.  Mr.  I'hilip  ,J.  Marvin  soi  ds  a  monograph 
set  of  drawings  of  I'lastbury  Jlanor  House,  Hark- 
ing, measured  up  by  him  thirty-two  years  ago,  and 
also  some  queer  chimney  tops  from  ■Strasbourg 
and  Verona.  Mr,  .Vndrew  N.  I'rentico  is  repre- 
sented by  an  exquisite  chromo-litliograpb  of  some 
jMunil  tilowork,    1521-33,  beautifully  delineated, 


from  Andalusia,  Sevilla,  with  two  other  sketches 
from  the  Cathedrals  at  Salamanca  and  Burgos. 
The  central  spire  of  tlio  former  is  shown 
from  the  east  end,  and  locks  a  trille  lower 
in  its  proportions  in  this  study  than  the 
impression  which  the  building  leaves  upon 
the  mind.  Mr.  Arthur  Keen  is  alto  a  con- 
tributor with  views  from  Stokesay,  Shropshire, 
and  t'rockham  Farm,  an  ordinary  Kentish 
house  at  Wcsterham,  as  well  as  tome  pencil 
views  of   the   curiously-planned   apsidal   church 


86 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


Jan.  1-5,  1904. 


of  St.  Sauveiir  AuJeljs  (Lo  Pelit),  Nor- 
mandy. Jlr.  Ctcil  Brewer  is  represented  Lv 
some  fh^lk  ani  brown-paper  ^kett•hes  fro.-n  Bre- 
tagi  e,  Imt  Ih'  se  do  not  seem  so  intere-ting  as  his 
choice  generally  insuns,  and  Mr.  H.  Tanner, 
jun.,  is  very  free  al.«o  in  his  sketches  of  Kirby 
Apelhorpe.  Irom  Xoithamptonshire.  Amon!>-  other 
good  nifn  who  help  to  make  the  volume  are  Me-sr.-i. 
h.  G.  Det'iinr,  C.  De  (irmhy,  A.  C.  I!o6so;n,  and 
.lames  B.  Fulton.  Jlr.  Frank  L'shman's  studies 
(if  old  ironwork  are  excellentlydrawn,  and  there  is 
a  good  deal  of  "  go  "  in  Mr.  F.  C.  Mears's  Koyal 
Arms  carving  from  King's  College  Chape',  Cam- 
briJgp,  a  useful  and  suggestive  heraldic  study  for 
ndaptalion.  The  same  artist's  tketch  of  the  organ 
in  lhis<hapel  is  vrry  spirited  and  well  managed. 
Mr.  Gillespie  has  taken  much  trouble  ia  measuring 
up  some  lljth-century  tombs  from  Stimford.  Mr. 
Iler'ert  A.  Hall's  measured  drawings  of  the 
dining-room,  Coles  Farm,  Bo.^,  are  the  .sort  of 
thing  whiih  well  repay  for  their  care;  and  Mr. 
A.  S.  W.  Mackay  has  elaborately  drawn,  also  to 
scale,  Ihf  Wriothesley  Monument,  Titchlield 
Chuich,  Hant^,  an  elegant  work  put  up  in 
1,)SJ,  in  excellent  detail.  Mr.  A.  E.  Kichard- 
ton's  staircases  from  the  Temple  precincts 
cantot  fiil  to  be  useful,  for  they  are  capital 
samplers  practically  detailed.  The  font  (anopy 
from  Ti  unch  Church,  Norfolk,  which  we  illustrate 
to-day,  forms  also  the  subject  of  a  good  sheet 
here,  by  Jlr.  F.  C.  Mears,  who  likewise  supplies 
a  view.  Lindisfarne  Priory  ruins  are  measured 
up  by  Mr.  R.  Wynn  Clwen,  with  plans  and  parts 
drawn  to  a  larger  scale.  Mr.  W.  Hawke  has 
metsured,  too,  the  Horse  Guards,  designed  by 
"Wm.  Kent  in  1742,  and  built  by  Vardy  a  few 
years  liter.  The  Great  House,  Leyton,  Essex, 
fig'ires  interestingly  on  other  plates  by  Mr.  Edwin 
Gunn,  and  maj'  be  taken  as  a  typical  residence  of 
rarly  ISth-ctntury  date;  somewhat  later  than 
!MiiJle  Temple  Gite  House,  Fleet-street,  de- 
lineated here  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Ifichardson.  Mr. 
Eiwin  Forbes  shows  a  big  sheet  of  Stokesay 
Castle  Hall  and  Tower,  and  there  is  a  hand- 
."omely-treited  plate  of  the  famous  lion  ironwork 
and  hiuges  on  D_irtmouth  Church  door — perhaps 
the  best  drawing  in  the  whole  volume.  It  is 
from  the  pencil  of  Mr.  C.  De  Gruchy,  who 
delineates  largely,  and  with  much  feeling. 


SANITARY    APPLIANCES. 

THE  advance  copy  of  the  new  catalogue  of 
.sanitary  fittings  about  being  issued  by 
Djulton  anl  Co.,  Limited,  of  Lambeth,  is  a 
handsomely  printed  and  bound  volume  of  nearly 
.500  pages,  the  illustrations  in  every  page 
executed  with  marvellous  accuracy  and  neatness. 
It  would  be  quite  impossible  to  give  the  reader 
any  idea  of  the  variety  of  the  fitted  sanitary 
appliances  illustrated  and  described.  The  new 
catalogue  records  the  advance  made  in  sanitary 
science.  What  were  once  standard  patterns  have 
been  superseded  by  others  of  improved  design. 
Thi  most  advanced  appliances  are  shown  in 
sanitary  ware,  and  these  are  of  the  cheapest  as 
well  as  of  the  highest  class  of  goods  obtainable. 
Doulton  and  Co.,  Limited,  are  makers  of  all  kinds 
of  sanitary  ware:  *iaeens  ware,  fireclay,  and  stone- 
ware :  of  their  own  bra«8  and  iron  work,  which 
fact  places  them  in  an  advantageous  position  in 
the  production  of  appliances.  The  catalogue  is 
arranged  in  three  sections.  The  Closet  section 
<'omprisfs  federal  good  types,  the"  LargeArea," 
••Simplicitas,"  "Wash-Down,"  and  "Siphonic/' 
which  are  fully  desc-ribed.  These  closets  are 
made  in  different  kinds  of  ware  to  meet  require- 
ments and  price.  The  "Doulton"  bathroom  in 
white,  relieved  by  gold  lines,  forms  the  first 
illustration,  and  includes  a  canopy  bath  of  white 
vitreous  eoamel  inside,  a  Doulton  Sitz  hath,  a 
statutary  marble  lavatory  with  plated  lever 
handled  valv.s,  .tc  ,  a  very  complete  fitted  room. 
I  he  price  to  each  article  is  given.  The  next  is 
the  "Doulton"  bathroom  in  the  "Adams  ' 
style,  very  chaste.  Les!  expensive  arrangements 
and  fittings  are  shown  on  pp.  5-7,  with  baths 
priced  a»  low  as  £9  Is.,  with  copper  bath-heater 
a  "  .Siraplicitas "  closet  and  Paisley  cistern 
.and  a  fireclay  lavatory,  all  reasonable  in  price' 
Djulton's  patent  "  Metallo-Keramic  joint"  is 
ilhistrated,  and  its  application  to  the  junction 
between  closet  outlet  and  soil-pipe.  Several  good 
<^ximp  es  are  shown  of  Djulton's  "  Large  Ar.a 
Wiishdown  C.oset."  It  is  an  improvement  on 
ihe  "  Mmplicitas  •  as  it  gives  a  large  water  area 
in  the  basin.  This  closet  is  made  in  three 
va.i-ties.     The  prices  v.ary  from  about  £6  6s.  to 


£13,  including  3gal.  cistern  with  decorated 
pottery  shell,  mahogany  seat  and  flap,  &c.  The 
"  Siphonic  "  closet  comfines  a  l-.rge  water  area 
and  depth  of  seal,  with  quick  cleansing  :  it  can  be 
thoroughly  A  ished  by  a  2gal.  cistern.  It  is 
made  in  white  (iueensware  and  strong  gUzed 
fireclay.  lUustrat  ons  follow  of  Doulton's  im- 
proved "  Simplicitas  '  wa-h-down  closets,  con- 
structed of  one  pi  ce  of  ware  with  straight 
back.  It  is  a  self-cleansing  and  compact  closet. 
The  prices  vary,  and  ard  given  on  each  page. 
We  can  only  mention  the  "Improved"  and 
"  Waverley  "  wash-down  closets,  very  moderate 
in  price,  the  closet  complete  from  £t  43.  Doul- 
ton's "special"  closets  for  hospital  use,  closets 
with  cistern  on  seat,  and  School  Board  closets. 
The  decorations  in  colour  for  Uu^ensware  closets 
are  chaste :  we  like  especially  those  on  page  4  3. 
A  very  useful  page  on  "  Measurements  of  Closets  " 
is  given,  a  guide  in  determining  what  closet  is 
adapted  to  suit  a  certain  space.  Water-waste 
preventers  come  next.  The  "  Paisley  "  is  a  very 
efficient  cistern,  simple  and  silent  in  action,  with 
powerful  flush,  in  several  styles  of  shell  decora- 
tion, surface  and  relief ,  and  in  white  (iu-ensware 
in  various  designs.  It  is  a  valveless  siphon,  and  is 
made  to  suit  the  requirements  of  the  water  com- 
panies. The  "isolated"  trough  closet.  No.  333 
with  stonew.ire  basins,  pipes,  and  automatic  flush 
tank,  for  three  to  nine  persons,  is  a  useful  ar- 
rangement of  closets  for  many  purposes,  such  as 
factoriea.  The  closet  is  made  in  srong  stone- 
ware. Doulton's  cast-iron  iaclosurea  for  trough 
closets  and  urinals,  and  the  cast-iron  closet 
divisions  for  workshops  deserve  special  mention. 
The  section  in  Baths  is  equally  complete  and 
varied.  This  company  were  the  first  to  intro- 
duce a  vitreous  enatnel  coating  for  iron  baths, 
and  this  coating  can  be  applied  now  inside  and 
out,  and  can  ^resist  a  very  great  heat.  These 
vitreous  enamelled  biths  are  smooth  and  glossy, 
and  have  all  the  advantages  of  the  earthenware 
bath  without  its  weight  and  bulk.  Several  pages 
of  illustrations  are  given  adapted  for  all  purposes 
and  pockets.  Doulton's  canopy  bath  with 
copper  hood  and  enamelled,  is  unique,  and  several 
patterns  of  shower  and  spray  hath  are  shown  with 
prices  affixed.  The  lavatorj''  section  comprise 
several  very  excellent  and  moderate-priced 
lava'ories  for  corners  and  walls,  with  cast-iron 
standards  and  brackets ;  others  in  fireclay,  single 
and  in  ranges.  These  are  decorated  in  gold,  and 
are  elegant  in  appearance.  Various  decorations 
are  shown  at  the  end  of  this  section.  The 
earthenware  lavatories  are  made  in  all  styles 
and  prices,  so  no  one  need  be  without  this  con- 
venience. Ever}'  part  is  separately  priced. 
Doulton's  improved  sanitary  fittings  for  urinals 
and  the  section  on  sinks  are  especially  worthy  of 
attention  by  all  borough  engineers  and  architects. 
The  sinks  are  made  for  domestic,  hospital,  and 
other  purposes,  and  are  of  glazed  fireclay. 
Doulton's  "  Sanitary  Appliances"  is  a  very  com- 
plete catalogue,  and  is  worthy  a  place  in  the  oBice 
of  the  architect  and  engineer. 


THE  COLTTMBIAN   FIREPROOF  SYSTEM. 

THE  Columbian  Fireproofing  Company,  Ltd., 
37,  King  William-street,  London,  and  also 
of  GlaFgow,  Edinburgh,  and  Paris,  have  issued  a 
descriptive  account  of  their  system  of  their  fire- 
proof floors  and  roofs.  Our  practical  readers  are 
well  acquaintrd  with  this  excellent  system  and 
its  main  features  ;  but  there  may  be  some  who 
would  like  to  know  the  various  sections  and  appli- 
cations of  the  ribbed  bars  which  form  so  valuable 
a  part  of  this  system  of  construction.  These  are 
shown  by  sections,  and  views  are  given  showing 
floors  and  slabs,  andpatelled  and  flat  ceiling  con° 
struction  in  which  the  steel  ribbed  sections  are 
introduced.  The  Columbian  system,  in  short, 
consists  of  special  rolled  tteel  bars  suspended  in 
steel  stirrups  over  steel  joists  and  between  main 
girders  or  resting  on  w.ills,  and  the  ordinary  steel 
joists  are  superseded  by  the  use  of  heavv  ribbed 
bars.  These  bars  are  completely  imbedded  in 
Portland  cement  concrete  composed  of  the 
best  cement,  sand,  and  crushed  furnace 
clinker  or  hard  cinders.  The  ribbed  section  of 
thebars  utilise  the  fuU  strength  of  the  concrete  on 
which  they  are  immersed,  and  form  a  monolithic 
slab  floor  or  roof  of  varying  thickness  according 
to  the  space  required.  This  system  can  be  applied 
to  every  class  of  building.  Three  forms  of 
Columbian  fireproof  floors  are  specified  by  the 
company.  No.  1  panelled  floors  for  warehouses 
and  storage  buildings,  where  great  loads  are  to 
be  earned.     No.   2  is  intended  for  flat  ceilings 


under  and  between  the  joists.  No.  3  comprises 
ribbei  bar  floor  between  main  girders,  by  which  a 
fl  .t  exiling  cao  be  formed  between  the  girders 
and  walls  ty  the  use  of  the  saiall  oiin.,  4in.,  or 
5in.  steel  rihbed  bars.  The  main  giiders  are  put 
in  as  the  building  proceeds,  and  the  spans  between 
them  are  filled  in  with  the  C  lumbian  ribbed  bars 
of  proper  depth  and  space  apart.  These  then 
take  the  place  (t  small  steol  joists.  The  concrete 
fiooiin^  can  thus  be  put  in  ;t  each  story  if 
desired. 

These  different  forms  of  floors  .are  described  and 
illustrated  in  ihe  li  tie  work  before  us.  The 
panelled  floor  is  shown  with  all  the  joists  and 
girders  incised  with  concrete,  a  solid  slab  being 
used  to  cover  the  bottom  flange  of  girder.  This 
is  secured  to  sidei  by  metal  anchors  which  clip 
lower  flange.  Heavy  ribbed  bars  suspended  ovt-r 
top  flanges  of  main  girders  by  stirrups  are  laid 
across  frjm  girder  to  girder,  and  supp  rt  a  slab 
of  concrete,  which  completely  incases  them.  The 
ceiling  beljw  is  thus  divided  into  panels  or  bays 
by  deep-cased  girders.  Spans  may  be  up  to  8ft., 
with  2?tin.  libbed  bars,  which  will  carry  4 
to  12c  *'t.  Tie  second  form  shows  the  main 
girders  (about  6ft.  6in.  apart)  concealed  by  a  flat 
ceiling,  made  of  inch  ribbed  bar.*,  laid  on  lower 
flange  of  girders.  The  ceiling  is  of  25iu.  thick, 
and  is  formed  around  the  ribbed  bars  and  under  the 
lower  flange  of  girder.  In  the  double  construction 
an  interior  centring  is  erected  on  the  concrete  ceil- 
ing, on  which  the  concrete  floor  is  formed  ;  after 
in  pla-^e,  the  centring  is  removed  through  an 
opening  left  in  the  ceiling.  We  ecmmend  to  our 
readers  these  forms  of  construction.  The  ribbed 
bars  are  all  illustrated  full  size,  anel  the  loads  are 
given.  These  range  from  lin.  to  6Mn.  in  depth. 
The  economy  of  using  this  system — by  the  use  of 
small  steel  bars  framed  to  girders,  spaced  2ft.  or 
3ft.  apart,  and  filled  between  with  solid  concrete 
— is  obvious.  The  ribbed-steel  bar  combines  with 
the  concrete  in  giving  the  strength.  There  is 
little  deflection  even  when  these  floors  have  been 
tested  to  four  or  five  times  the  required  load. 
Several  fire-tests,  including  one  of  the  British 
File  Prevention  Committee,  are  gii'sn.  Columns 
are  also  constructed  on  the  fame  principle  ;  and 
for  roofs  and  dorraers  the  lightness  and  rigidity 
of  the  system  are  unquestioned.  A  li-t  of 
buildings  erected  or  in  course  of  construction  on 
this  system  includes  many  warehouses,  oflice- 
buildings,  banks,  numerous  London,  City,  and 
Midland  banks,  theatre^,  schools,  \-c.,  and  many 
of  the.e  are  illustrated,  with  the  names  of  the 
architects  and  builders  appended.  The  work  is 
a  compact  guide  to  the  Columbian  system  of  fire- 
proof floors,  and  will  be  found  of  service  to  the 
profession . 

»-^ 

CHIPS. 

A  memorial  window  has  been  place!  in  Wroek- 
wardine  Parish  Church,  near  Wellington,  Salop,  to 
perpetuate  the  memory  of  the  late  Hon.  lijbert 
Charles  Herbert,  of  Orleton  Hall,  Wellington.  The 
window  has  been  placed  in  the  south  transept,  and 
the  scene  depicted  is  "  The  Impotent  Man  at  the 
Beautihil  Gate  of  the  Temple."  The  window  has 
been  dedicated  by  the  Bishop  of  Lichfield. 

The  Sittingbourne  District  Council  have  received 
the  consent  of  the  Local  Government  Board  for  a 
loan  of  £6,(100  for  the  purpose  of  completing  the 
purchase  of  Milton's  interest  in  the  waterwoiki  at 
Keycol  Hdl,  and  for  water  extensiou. 

The  works  of  improvement  at  the  West  Cliff, 
Cromer,  have  now  been  completed  for  the  com- 
missioners oF  the  town.  Messrs.  Douglass  and 
Arnott  were  the  engineers,  and  Mr.  Buller  was  the 
comractor. 

At  the  las'  meeting  of  the  city  council  of  Man- 
chester Mr.  Standen  Leonard  Pearce  was  appointed 
chief  engineer  provisionally  for  one  year  at  the 
salary  of  £SCO  per  annum,  subject  to  his  devoting 
his  whole  time  to  the  duties  of  the  position,  and  to 
the  arrangements  with  Dr.  Kennedy  and  Mi. 
Melzger. 

A  partnership  has  been  formed  between  Mr.  Ivor 
Jones,  A.R.I.B.A.,  of  Cardiff,  and  Mr.  T.  E. 
Richards,  A.R.I.B.A.,  of  Barry;  the  name  of  the 
firm  in  future  being  Messrs.  Ivor  Joues  and  T.  E. 
Richards,  architects  and  surveyors,  IS,  St.  Mary- 
street,  Cardiff. 

The  additions  to  the  Dartford  Union  Infirmary 
are  being  warmed  and  ventilated  hy  me  ins  of 
Shorland's  patent  Manchester  stoves  with  tiled  sides 
and  descenaing  smoke-flues  and  patent  Manchestr 
eratps,  the  fame  being  supplied  by  Messrs.  E.  H. 
Shorland  atd  Brother,  of  Manchester. 

An  open  oak  chancel  screen  is  about  to  be  placed 
in  St.  Petei's  Church  at  St.  Albans  as  a  memorial. 
The  architect  is  Mr.  Temple  Moore. 


Jan.  15,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIXG    NEWS. 


87 


OBITUARY. 
Mr.  Hkm'.y  S.\xoNSNEi,L,F.R.r.B.A.,  member 
<it    council    of   the    Sanitary  lustitute,   died   on 
Sunday  after  five  days'   illness,  at  his  residence, 
Tjincaster  Ijod^e,  Amersham-road,  Putney,  aged 
71.     Mr.   H.   Saxon  Snell,   whose    portrait   was 
t;iven  in  the  BriLiiiNO  News  for  Aug.  1.5,  IS'JO, 
V  as  educated  in  the  office  of  the  late  Sir  James 
Tonnethorne,  and  subsequently  was  assistant  to 
the    late   Sir  Joseph   I'axton   and    the   late   Sir 
^VilliaIn     Tite.      For    some   time   he   was   chief 
(irauglitsman  in  the  Science  and  Art  Department, 
South    Kensington.       Jlr.    Snell    was    a   silver 
medallist  of    the  Royal  Academy  in  1S31.     He 
joined  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects 
as  a  Fellow  in  1870,  but  had  been  in  practice  for 
over  40  years  as  an  architect  and  surveyor,  and 
during  that  time  acted  as  architect  to  '27  metro- 
politan and  suburban  parishes  and  designed  and 
carried  out  large  infirmaries  for  the  unions  of  St. 
Marylobone,     St.      George's,    St.    Olave's,   and 
Holfjorn.     lie  also  designed  anl  carried  out  the 
Royal  Victoria  Hospital,  Montreal,  and  extensive 
additions  to  the  Victoria  Hospital  for  Children, 
London,  and  the  Royal  Infirmaries  at  Hull  and 
Aberdeen.     For  many  years  he  has  been  in  part- 
nership at  Southampton  Buildings,  E.G.,  with  his 
son,  Mr.  Alfred  Saxon  Snell,   F.R.I.B.A.     Mr. 
SneU  was  the  author  of  "Charitable  and  Paro- 
chial Establishments  "  and  (in  ionjunction   with 
the  late  Dr.   Mouat)   of  "  Hospital  Construction 
and  Management."     The  funeral  will  take  place 
to-day     (Friday)     at     noon,    at     Putney     ^'ale 
Cemetery. 

Mr.  H.  R.  Osw.iLD,  coroner  for  South-East 
London,  held  an  inquest  on  Friday  at  Greenwich 
on  the  body  of  How.^rd  Diiu-DiiLitY,  an 
architect  in  business  at  Ijueen  Anne's  Gite,  who 
had  lived  with  his  father,  Colonel  Eiward  Dru- 
Drury,  at  JIaisonette,  Woodville-road,  Black- 
heath,  and  who  was  found  decapitated  on  the 
railway  at  Blackheath  shortly  aftet  midnight  on 
Tuesday  morning.  Colonel  Diu-Drury  said  his 
son  had  no  business  worries,  and  appeared  to  be 
happy  and  comfortable.  He  knew  of  no  love 
affairs  to  trouble  him.  Police  Sergeant  Jones 
said  that  on  the  body  were  ten  photographs  of 
a  good-looking  young  lady,  and  an  unfinished 
letter  apparently  complaining  of  want  of  con- 
sideration on  someone's  part.  Dr.  Hooper  said 
the  position  of  the  body  hardly  pointed  to 
suicide.  The  jury  returned  a  verdict  of  "Acci- 
dental death,"  and  suggested  that  the  railway 
company  should  provide  a  better  fence  to  the  line. 

"  Indian  Engixeekisg,"  gives  some  details  of 
the    career    of    the    late    Mr.    E.    J.    Maktix, 
F.R.I.B.A.,  M.Inst.jC.E.,  whose  death  occurred 
at   Brighton,  a  short   time  since.       Mr.  Martin 
was  formerly    in    Upper    India,  and    did   some 
conspicuous   architectural     work    at    Delhi    and 
elsewhere,    the    Memorial   C  ock    Towtr   on  the 
ridge    at    the    former   place    being    one   of    his 
designs.     It  was  due    to    Sir  Ashley  Eden  that 
Mr.  Martin's  services  were  secured  for  the  pro- 
vince   of     Bengal,     and    a    new     architectural 
crusade  in    favour   of   red   brick   and  terracotta 
construction  was  begun  in  Calcutta.     The  south 
and    west    fa(;ade8    of    Writers'    Buildings,  the 
new     Treasury     Buildings,    and     the    Military 
Accounts  offices  w  re  carried  out  from  nis  plans, 
and  the  new  front  of  Belvedere  was  due  to  him 
also.     Mr.  Martin  subsequently  became  a  super- 
intending engineer  in  Bengal,  when  his  talents 
were    diverted     largely    into     non-architectural 
grooves,     and    in    due    course    he    became  chief 
engineer  and    secretary  to  the  Bengal  Govern- 
ment.    Owing,  however,  to  ill-health,  his  period 
of  office  was  not  marked  by  any  special  efforts, 
and  he  retired  in  ISS)1.     His  career  was  in  several 
senses  a  memorable  one.     Bengal  has  unquestion- 
ably been  the  gainer  and  Calcutta  has  become  a 
finer  city  as   the   result    of    Mr.  Slartin's  brief 
period  of  work  in  these  parts,  and  his  memory 
needs  no  better  means  of  preservation  than  exist 
in  the  fine  frontages  that  form  such  an  attractive 
feature  of  the  public  buildings  of  the  .Metropolis. 
(Jn  his  retireuKmt    Mr.  Martin  became  consult- 
ing architect  to  Messrs.   Martin  and    Co.,  there 
being,  however,  no  family  relationship  between 
him   and  tho  members  of  that  firm,  and  ho  con- 
tinued in  this  position  until  his  death. 

It  is  with  deep  regret  wa  record  tho  death, 
on  tho  Ith  inst.,  in  his  61st  year,  and  through 
an  accident  on  tho  d.ay  of  death  on  his  own 
works,  of  Mr.  William  Stf.ijc.all,  senior 
partner  of  li.  (;  )odman,  of  Cambridge-road  and 
Upper  Thames-street,  his  eldest  son  being  junior 
partner  of  the  firm.     Deceased  was  well  known 


and  greatly  ro^pocted.  The  funeral  took  place 
on  Monday  last.  The  remains  were  taken  into 
('hrist  Church,  Gore-road,  where  the  first  portion 
of  tho  burial  service  was  read  by  the  Rev.  T.  W. 
Chamber.1,  vicar,  assisted  by  his  curate.  A  very 
large  congregation  was  present.  The  interment 
took  place  later  in  the  family  grave  in  Abney 
Park  Cemetery  in  the  presence  of  over  three 
hundred  people,  including  the  majority  of  the 
emp'.oyees  of  deceased. 


CHIPS. 

During  the  last  few  months  an  urgent  repair  has 
been  carried  out  at  the  parish  church  of  Chesterton, 
Cambs,  in  the  reglazing  (with  diamond -shaped 
panes)  the  six  clerestory  windows,  and  also  the 
pointing-up  of  the  wall  on  the  south  and  east  sides. 
During  the  progress  of  the  work  a  discovery  was 
made  in  the  east  end  of  the  south  wall— a  small 
Early  EngUsh  window  of  one  light,  which  had  been 
bricked  up,  probably,  when  the  church  was  modern- 
ised at  the  Iwginning  of  last  century. 

Osborne  House,  Isle  of  Wight,  has  during  the 
past  year  undergone  extensive  alterations  for  its 
new  purposes.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  rooms 
now  have  paint  on  the  walls  instead  of  paper,  a 
Fpecial  lift  has  been  constructed  right  up  through 
the  building,  and  the  arrangements  generally  have 
been  modernised.  The  work  has  cost  many 
thousands  of  pounds.  In  a  short  time  the  building 
will  be  opened  for  the  reception  of  convalescent 
officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy. 

The  Board  of  Trade  have  given  their  consent  to 
the  sale  of  the  tramways  in  Leith  belonging  to  the 
Edinburgh  Street  Tramways  Company  to  the 
Corporation  of  Leith.  The  system  is  to  be  converted 
from  horse  to  electric  traction,  and  to  be  extended 
at  a  total  estimated  outlay  of  £225.000.  Mr.  James 
More  is  the  engineer  to  the  Leith  Town  Council. 

At  the  last  meetiug  of  the  rural  district  council 
for  Cannock,  a  long  report  on  the  Cheslyn  Hay 
waterworks  scheme  was  presented  by  Mr.  R.  E.  W. 
Bemngton,  engineer,  from  which  it  appeared  that 
the  original  estimate  for  the  scheme  was  f.5,000; 
then  extra  works  were  sanctioned  entailing  an 
additional  outlay  of  £1,800.  The  total  cost,  including 
extras,  was  £7,578  ISs.  Id.,  and  the  loans  borrowed 
were  £0,800.  It  was  resolved  to  apply  for  an  addi- 
tional loan  of  £738  13e.  Id. 

Last  week  the  first  sod  was  cut  of  the  new  light 
railway  that  is  to  connect  Frodingham  with  Wiuter- 
ingham  Haven  on  the  Humber.  The  line,  which  is 
eight  miles  in  length,  commences  at  Frodingham 
and  passes  through  Scunthorpe,  Wroxby,  Winter- 
ton,  and  Thealby  to  Winteringham. 

The  total  amount  of  thi  sales  at  the  London 
Auction  Mart  in  1903  was  £5,767.007,  an  increase  of 
£18,786  over  the  previous  year. 

Arrangements  are  being  made  for  laying  down  a 
short  line  of  railway  on  the  estate  of  the  Eirl  of 
Mansfield  at  Logiealmond  for  the  purpose  of  develop- 
ing the  Craiglea  slate  quarries.  The  railway  is 
proposed  to  be  run  from  a  point  near  Methven  to 
the  quarries, and  will  pass  Harrietfield,  LDgiealmond, 
and  Trinity  College  on  its  way  to  the  quarries.  The 
cost  of  the  undertaking  is  estimated  at  €10,000,  and 
the  railway  will  be  entirely  constructed  on  Lord 
Mansfield's  estate. 

The  London  County  Council  have  acquired  a  large 
number  of  insanitary  houses  at  Webber-row,  South- 
wark,  which  are  to  Dedemolishe'l.  Accommodation 
will  be  provided  on  the  site  for  903  persons,  a 
number  slightly  smaller  than  the  number  to  be 
dispossessed.  As  housing  is  at  a  great  premium  in 
the  borough,  the  Southwark  Borough  Council  have 
decided  to  request  the  County  Council  to  so  alter 
the  plans  of  the  proposed  new  houses  that  accom- 
modation may  be  provided  for  2,500,  if  possible. 

The  waterworks  committee  of  the  Manchester 
Corporition  have  received  from  their  engineer,  Mr. 
G.  H.  Hdl,  and  from  the  city  surveyor,  estimates  of 
the  probable  sum  that  will  be  required  to  pay  for 
the  new  \''ork8  to  be  carried  out  in  I  he  present  year, 
including  the  Thirlmere  pipe  laying.  Theexpenditure 
on  waterworks  is  put  down  at  £1,294,700. 

The  Light  Railway  Commissioners  have  given 
notice  of  their  intention  to  hold  two  inquiries  at 
Guildford  and  Woking  on  Monday  and  Friday  in 
next  week  into  applications  made  by  the  West  Surrey 
Light  Railways  Company  lor  powers  to  construct 
two  sets  of  light  railways  in  the  places  named.  The 
propose.l  line  at  Guddford  will  run  from  the  railway 
station  to  the  further  boundary  of  the  adjoining 
parish  of  Worplesdon,  pissing  the  depot  of  tho 
tiueen's  Royal  West  Surrey  Regiment  on  the  way, 
while  that  at  Woking  will  traverse  several  streets  of 
the  town,  and  will  extend  to  Chobhaiu  and  Bagshot. 

The  town  council  of  Stoke-on-Trent  have  decided 
to  ttsk  the  Potteries  Electric  Traction  Company  to 
coLtributehalf  the  cost  (t'2,41.'i)  towards  the  expense 
of  widening  High-street,  which  is  made  necessary 
through  the  laying  of  a  double  tram  Une. 


Builbitts  Jntelligentt. 


BuiMoi.. — A  ppecial  meeting  of  the  Board  of 
Guardians   was    held    on    Friday,    when  it  wis 
decided,  after  a  debate  of  some  hours,  to  approve 
a  fcheme  proposed  by  Mr.  W.  .S.  Skinner,  archi- 
tect,   of   Bristol,   dealing   with    the   workhouses 
under  the  control  of  the  board  at  a  cost  of  about 
£157,000.     The  committee,  in  their  report,  stated 
that  their  proposal  was  as   follows : — To  utilise 
the  Stapleton  Workhouse,  with  slight  alterations 
and  improvements,  for  acute  sick,  and  for  aged 
and   infirm,    able-bodied    women    with    babies, 
married  couples,   cJSuaN,    &c.,     1,398   beds;    to 
utilise   the  Eastville   Workhouse,   removing  the 
wooden  structures,  in    the   mam   building,  and 
three  of  the  five  hospital  pavilions  ^wood  and  iron) 
and  adapting  the    present   imbeciles'    block  for 
chronic  sick  cases,  and   also    erecting  four  new 
pavilion  blocks  for  acute  sick  cases,  a  special  block 
for  lying-in  cases,  and  using  the  main  building 
for  aged  and  infirm,  able-bodied,  married  couples, 
casuals,  &c.,   and  erecting  new  receiving  wards 
and  porter's  lodge,  1,354  beds;  to  erect  a  separate 
building  for  the  accommodation  of  all  imbeciles 
and  epileptics  on  land  recently  acquired  from  the 
committee    of    visitors    of    the   Bristol    Lunatic 
Asylum,  724  beds  ;  total,  3,476  beds.      The  com- 
mittee estimated  the  cost  of  this  iEstituticn  for 
imbeciles,   which    would    contain  administrative 
offices,  complete  in  itself,  at  £100,000. 

Ei>iNiii'Rr;n. — At  a  meeting  of  a  sub-committee 
of  the  Lord  Provost's  Committee  of  the  Edinburgh 
Town  Council  held  on  Monday,  revised  plana  of 
the  exterior  of  the  Usher  Hall  were  submitted 
from  the  city  architect's  department.  The  altera- 
tions made  en  the  original  plan  had  been  done 
with  a  view  of  giving  a  more  dignified  aspect  to 
the  fa<,ade  as  seen  from  Princes-street.  To  this 
end  the  piUared  portico  in  the  centre  had  been 
Eomewhat  curtailed,  so  as  to  allow  of  a  more  solid 
and  supporting  treatment  of  the  wings,  while  the 
ha'l,  rising  above  it,  had  a  wall  head  on  which 
statuary  could  be  set  against  the  sky  line,  and  a 
dome  crowned  with  a  lantern  and  figure.  The 
main  entrance  is  shown  approached  by  a  fiight  of 
steps.  A  feature  of  the  new  proposal  is  the  appro- 
priation of  the  portion  of  Castle-terrace  Gardens 
extending  from  Cambridge-street  to  Cornwall- 
street  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  terrace,  planted 
with  trees  and  laid  out  as  a  garden,  in  front  of  the 
hall.  The  sub-committee  were  favourably  im- 
pressed with  the  amended  design,  and  instructed 
the  town  council  to  request  from  the  city  archi- 
tect's department  an  estimate  of  the  probable  cost 
of  carrying  it  out.  The  tubject  will  come  before 
the  town  council  at  its  meeting  on  Tuesday  next. 


Manchester. — Tbe  Manchester  City  Council 
at  thfir  last  meeting  adopted  a  scheme  for  tho 
erection  of  tenement  dwellings  in  the  Greengate 
district.  The  sch-me  provides  for  the  erection 
of  38  two-story  buildings,  divided  iuto  76  tene- 
ments. Allowing  for  four  people  to  a  tenement, 
304  persons  will  thus  be  accommodated.  Each  of 
the  tenements  will  consist  of  a  living-room,  a 
bedroom,  scullery,  and  pantry,  with  various 
accessories.  The  total  estimated  cost,  including 
land  £7,800  and  buildings  £9,883,  is  £19.444. 
The  annual  expendituie  is  estimated  at 
£1,137  fs  9d.,  .and  the  annual  income,  after 
allowing  for  empties  (the  rental  of  each  tenement 
being  taken  at  4s.  6d.  per  week),  at  £814  1  Is.  9J. 
(»n  these  figures  the  city  engineer,  Mr.  T.  do 
Courcy  Meade,  reports  that  it  will  be  necessary 
to  m.ake  provision  for  an  annual  contribution  of 
£292  1 2s.  from  the  rates  to  the  sinking  fund  and 
interest  account. 

Stanley,  Co.  DiuiiAM.~The  Theatre  Royal, 
Stanley,  which  has  been  erected  at  a  cost  of 
£7,000",  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  William  Forster, 
architect,  Stanley,  was  opened  last  week.  The 
theatre  includi^s  circle,  pit,  and  gallery,  and  is 
seated  throughout  on  ihfl  tip-up  principle.  Thero 
are  eight  dressing-roo-us  on  tho  diltirent  land- 
ings, with  bar  on  the  circle.  The  paintings  havo 
been  executed  bv  Mr.  Phil  D.ivis,  of  Lmcastor, 
and  the  construction  of  the  stage  has  been  super- 
intended by  Mr.  Fred  Angus,  of  (ilasgow.  Tho 
building  has  been  under  the  personal  superin'cn- 
dcneo  of  Mr.  Lindon,  and  tho  various  contracts 
havo  been  cairied  out  by  tho  following  firm*  :  — 
Joiner  work,  Mr.  T.  Mordue,  Dipton  :  plumbinfr, 
Mr.  T.  A.  Molht,  Gateshead;  slating,  Mr.  J. 
Nelson,  Sunderland  ;  decorations  and  painting, 
Mr.  A.  S.  .\rnison,  Sunderland;  furnishing, 
Jlessrs.  Snowball  and  Son,  Gateshead  ;  steel  con- 


88 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  15,  1904. 


struction,  Messrs.  Wright  and  Son,  Hull ; 
plastering,  Messrs.  J.  Mule  .ind  Son,  Sunderland. 
AVvMONUHAM. — The  Priory  and  parish  church, 
which  has  been  in  the  hands  of  the  builder  ever 
since  August,  1901,  was  reopened  last  week.  A 
huge  scheme  of  restoration  has  been  undertaken, 
chiefly  as  a  result  of  the  generosity  of  a  former 
resident,  Mrs.  WiUett,  and  the  first  stage  of  its 
completion  has  been  reached.  For  the  last  two 
and  a  half  years  worship  has  been  carried  on  in 
the  north  aisle  only,  which  has  been  screened  off 
from  the  rest  of  the  edifice,  and  the  nave  and  the 
south  aisle  have  been  in  the  hands  of  the  builders. 
Now  these  parts  are  open  for  use,  and  the  north 
aisle  will  immediately  be  taken  in  hand.  The 
ugly  choir  gallery  has  been  removed  from  the 
west  end,  and  an  elegant  light  arch  has  been  put 
in  its  place.  This  not  only  gives  more  room  in 
the  church,  but  it  allows  of  a  large  window  to  be 
opened  in  the  west  end.  A  groined  roof  has  been 
placed  in  the  arch.  Every  bit  of  the  old  roof  in 
the  nave  has  been  taken  down,  touched  up,  and 
replaced ;  but  the  timber  in  the  south  aisle  was 
too  much  decayed  for  use  again.  The  whole  of 
the  ttOLCWork  has  been  cleaned,  the  memorial 
tablets  have  been  taken  from  the  pillars  and 
placed  on  the  walls  of  the  north  aisle,  and  the 
sanctuary  has  been  paved  with  marble.  The 
plans  were  prepared  by  the  late  Mr.  W.  S. 
Hicks,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  and  have  been 
carried  out  since  his  decease  under  the  super- 
vision of  his  partner,  Mr.  H.  C.  Charlewood. 
Messrs.  Kattee  and  Kett,  of  Cambridge,  were  the 
contractors. 


CHIPS. 

According  to  the  Tear  Book  issued  by  the  Brad- 
ford and  District  Trades  Council  for  last  year,  the 
council  has  been  engaged  in  twenty-nine  cases 
under  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act  and  Em- 
ployers' Liability  Act  during  that  period.  The  total 
amount  received  in  compensation  was  £1,292  Is.  10  J., 
and  included  three  items  of  £192  83.,  £171  10s.  9d., 
and  £100. 

The  new  rapid  transit  tunnel  which  extends  from 
the  lower  part  of  Manhattan  Island  to  Harlem,  a 
distance  of  about  eight  miles,  was  opened  by  the 
Mayor  of  New  York  last  week.  The  tunnel  con- 
tains four  pairs  of  rails. 

The  Southampton  Town  Council  have  received 
the  formal  sanction  of  the  Local  Government  Board 
to  the  borrowing  of  £12, -500  in  reference  to  the 
completion  of  the  Housing  of  the  Working  Classes 
scheme. 

The  east  window  of  St.  Simon's  Church,  Kirk- 
stall-road,  Leeds,  consisting  of  three  large  lights 
and  tracery,  has  been  filled  with  stained  glass  from 
the  studios  of  Messrs.  Kayll  and  Co.,  Albion-street, 
Leeds.  Christ  is  represented  as  "The  Good 
Shepherd,"  "The  Word,"  and  "The  Light  of  the 
World." 

A  memorial  brass  tablet  on  a  grey  marble  slab  to  the 
late  Mr.  Thomas  Fletcher  Twemlow  has  been  unveiled 
in  the  parish  church  of  Audley,  Staffs,  and  there 
was  also  a  dedication  of  the  church  organ,  which 
has  recently  undergone  complete  restoration  at  the 
hinds  of  Messrs.  Xicholson  and  Lord,  of  Walsall. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board, 
held  on  Siturday,  a  letter  was  received  from  the 
Lo3al  Government  Board,  stating  that  they  had 
approved  of  the  plans  relating  to  the  proposed  re- 
construction of  the  South-Eistern  Hospital,  and 
promising  to  issue  an  order  authorising  the  ex- 
penditure and  borrowing  of  £135,200  in  respect  of 
the  proposed  works. 

A  Queen  Victoria  nursing  institute  at  Bryntyrion, 
near  Welshpool,  was  formally  opeued  on  Friday. 
Mr.  P.  H.  Shayler,  of  Shrewsbury,  is  the  aichitnct, 
and  Mr.  Evan  Davies  the  contractor.  The  south 
front  shows  half -timber  gables,  and  the  building 
contains  two  wards,  in  addition  to  administrative 
rooms  and  a  small  ward  for  private  cases. 

A  memorial  lona  cross  of  polished  Aberdeen 
granite,  the  cost  of  which  was  defrayed  by  sub- 
scription from  colleagues  and  friends,  has  been 
placed  over  the  grave  of  the  late  Sir  Joseph  L. 
Wilkinson  (general  minager  of  the  Great  Western 
Eailway)  in  Highgate  Cemetery. 

Negotiations  have  been  begun  between  the  town 
council  and  the  school  board  of  Edinburgh  with  a 
view  to  the  purchase  by  the  former  of  Lothian-road 
Public  School  for  the  purpose  of  enlarging  the  site 
and  improving  the  approaches  of  the  Usher  Hall. 

Audrey  House,  Ely-place,  Holborn,  London,  a 
block  of  offices  consisting  of  five  stories  and  base- 
ment, destined  to  be  the  future  headquarters  of  the 
diamond  merchants,  has  been  erected  by  the  archi- 
tects, Messrs.  H.  H.  and  M.  E.  Collins,  of  Old 
Broad-street.  All  the  corridors  and  lavatories  are 
paved  with  marble  "  Arrolithic  "  mosaic. 


PBOFBSSIONAI,   AND   TRADE 
SOOIETIES. 

Bristol  Society  of  Auchitects. — The  monthly 
meeting  of  this  society  was  held  at  the  Fine  Arts 
Academy,  Clifden,  on  Monday  evening,  Mr. 
Joseph  Wood  (president)  in  the  chair.  A  paper 
was  read  by  Mr.  C.  Harrison  Townsend,  of 
London,  on  "  Pictorial  Mosaics."  A  description 
wag  given  of  the  earliest  examples  of  Christian 
mosaic  handed  down  to  us  from  the  1th  century. 
The  Basilicas  erected  by  Conatantine  were  ex- 
tensively decorated  with  mosaic,  and  those  in 
the  church  of  Sta.  Costanza  at  Eome  are  particu- 
larly interesting,  showing,  as  they  do,  distinct 
Pagan  influence.  It  wac  in  the  early  years 
of  the  5th  century,  .\.d.  402,  that  Honorius 
shifted  the  seat  of  the  Empire  to  the  bare  marsh- 
lands of  Ravenna.  Ravenna  owes  to  the 
Empress  Galla,  of  Placadia,  the  widow  of 
Constantino  II.,  three  of  its  treasures,  the  Bap- 
tistery of  the  Orthodox,  the  Chapel  of  the  Arch- 
bishop, and  the  mausoleum  of  the  Empress  herself. 
At  Rome  highly  important  work  was  executed  in 
this  century,  the  mosaics  on  the  Triumphal  Arch 
of  Sta.  Maria  Maggiore  show  the  Annunciation, 
the  Presentation,  the  Three  Magi,  the  Dispute  in 
the  Temple,  and  the  Massacre  of  the  Innocents. 
The  mosaic  work  of  the  basilica  of  St.  Paolo  fuori 
le  Mura  retains  for  us  the  scheme  of  the  original 
mosaics  of  Pope  Leo  I.  (440  to  461).  The  6th 
century  is  rich  in  material  for  study  in  both  the 
eastern  and  western  portions  of  the  Empire.  In 
the  former  the  building  of  Sta.  Sophia  at  Con- 
stantinople, after  the  fire  of  533,  was  brought  to  a 
close  by  Justinian  in  559.  In  551  Ravenna  re- 
sumed its  place  as  a  great  city  of  the  Empire  of 
the  East,  and  early  in  the  century  the  baptistery 
of  the  Arians,  or  Sta.  Maria  in  C'osmedan,  was 
built.  The  mosaic  decoration  of  this  church,  like 
its  rival  the  Baptistery  of  the  Orthodox,  or  St. 
Giovannia  in  Forte,  starts  with  the  central  sub- 
ject setting  forth  the  Baptism  of  C^hrist,  a 
curiously  close  copy  of  the  earlier  example  seen 
in  the  latter  church.  St.  ApoUinare  Xuovo  and 
St.  Vitale  both  contain  fine  examplej.  Leaving 
Ravenna  for  Rome,  we  find  the  art  under  fresh 
influence,  due  to  the  dominance  of  the  northern 
races  after  the  accession  of  Theodorie  in  493,  a 
good  instance  being  the  Church  of  SS.  Cosma  e 
Uamiano.  Further  work  in  Rome  of  the  6th 
century  are  the  mosaics  of  St.  Lorenzo  fuori  le 
Mura,  and  as  samples  of  the  7th-century  work 
we  have  Sta.  Agnese.  This  latter  work  reaches 
the  border  line  between  the  earlier  and  later  styles. 
Thence  onward  the  lecture  dealt  with  the  de- 
velopment of  the  art  down  to  its  ultimate  decay 
in  the  16th  century,  soon  after  when  its  charac- 
teristic qualities  were  lost  in  a  feeble  imitation  of 
the  painter's  art.  The  17th  and  ISth  centuries 
find  the  art  sunk  to  the  lowest  depths ;  but,  bad  as 
these  last  examples  are,  and  full  of  sickly  senti- 
ment, they  are  in  the  language  of  their  day  ;  but 
for  the  modern  19th-century  work  of  St.  Peter's, 
at  Rome,  not  even  this  can  be  said  :  they  merely 
affect  the  phraseology  of  a  long-past  time,  and  in 
them  mosaic  is  a  dead  art.  The  lecturer  then 
alluded  to  modern  work  in  England,  and  some 
excellent  examples  of  Mr.  Annlng  Bell  and  Mr. 
Walter  Crane  were  shown  on  the  screen  :  the 
work  of  Burne  Jones  in  the  English  church  at 
Rome  was  also  shown.  Upon  the  motion  of  Mr. 
Mowbray  Green,  of  Bath,  seconded  by  Dr.  Alfred 
Harvey,  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  the 
lecturer,  which  Mr.  Townsend  suitably  ac- 
knowledged, and  the  proceedings  then  terminated. 

Midland  Federation  of  Building  Trade 
Employers. — In  the  report  of  the  Midland  Centre 
of  the  National  Federation  of  Building  Trade 
Employers,  presented  at  the  annual  meeting  held 
at  Birmingham,  under  the  presidency  of  Mr. 
C.  II.  Barnsley,  reference  was  made  to  the  de- 
pressed condition  of  the  industry  throughout  the 
Midland  Counties,  the  information  from  some 
localities  showing  that  the  conditions  had  not 
been  so  discouraging  for  a  long  time.  The 
following  officers  were  elected  for  the  ensuing 
year  :— President,  Mr.  J.  Sharman  Wood  (Wor- 
cester) ;  vice  -  presidents,  Mr.  H.  Willcock 
(Wolverhampton)  and  Councillor  F.  G.  Whittall 
(Birmingham)  ;  hon.  treasurer,  County  Alderman 
J.  Bowen,  J. P.  (Birmingham). 

Scottish  Ordained  Surveyoiis'  Students' 
Society. — At  a  meeting  uf  this  society,  held  in 
the  Rooms,  George-street,  Edinburgh,  on  Monday 
night,  a  paper  was  read  by  the  President,  Mr. 
W.  Y.  Carrick,  ordained  surveyor,  on  the 
I' History  of  the  Profession."  Seme  interesting 
instances  of  early  modes  of  measuring  in  London 


and  Edinburgh  were  noticed,  and  reference  made 
by  examples  to  the  methods  which  were  employed 
in  the  valuing  of  large  contracts,  abbeys,  and 
colleges,  from  the  12th  to  the  16th  centuries. 


COMPETITIONS. 


Herne  Hill  Free  Lirkarv. — At  the  last 
meeting  of  the  Lambeth  Borough  Council  the 
Libraries  Committee  reported  that  48  architects, 
giving  Lambeth  residences,  had  applied  for  and 
obtained  particulars  with  the  view  to  sending  in 
competitive  designs  for  the  proposed  Carnegie 
library  at  Herne  Hill. 

PuEiiLA. — The  Spanish  colony  in  Puebla,  which 
is  exceedingly  wealthy,  has  decided  to  construct 
a  hospital  in  Puebla  on  land  already  bought  for 
the  purpose.  The  following  were  invited  to  send 
plans  for  the  edifice  in  competition,  a  money 
prize  and  the  direction  of  the  work  to  go  to  the 
successful  competitor: — Messrs.  Silva,  Bello, 
Soils,  Hall,  and  Santiesteban.  The  jury,  com- 
posed of  Dr.  Sanchez  Munoz,  Don  Agustin  de 
la  Hidalga,  Don  Bias  Reguero  Caso,  Don  Joaquin 
Crespo,  and  Don  Ramon  Romano,  have  decided 
in  favour  of  the  design  submitted  under  the  name 
of  "  Burgos,"  which  turned  out  to  be  the  work 
of  the  well-known  architect,  C.  J.  S.  Hall, 
F.R.I.B.A.,  professor  of  architecture  in  the 
Puebla  stats  college.  The  work  is  to  be  com- 
menced at  once.  The  land  selected  is  near  the 
famous  Rancho  Colorado  sulphur  springs. 

SouTHWARK  Bridge  Reconstruction'. — Some 
correspondence  has  taken  place  between  the 
Council  of  the  Royal  Institute  ol  P.ritish  Archi- 
tects and  the  City  Corporation  relative  to  the 
proposal  to  invite  competitive  designs  for  the 
rebuilding  of  Soiithwark  Bridge.  The  Council 
of  the  R.I.B.A.  suggested  that  an  architect  and 
engineer  each  eminent  in  their  profession  should 
be  appointed  to  act  as  joint  assessors  in  the  com- 
petition, and  that  it  should  further  be  made  a 
condition  that  an  architect  and  an  engineer  should 
be  associated  in  the  execution  of  the  work,  as  is 
so  generally  the  practice  adopted  in  France.  The 
Bridge  House  Committee  of  the  Corporation  have 
replied  that  they  were  acting  in  the  matter  of  the 
reconstruction  in  consultation  with  the  President 
of  the  R.I.B.A. 

Wolverhampton. — At  a  special  meeting  of  the 
town  council,  held  on  Monday,  a  letter  from  the 
Wolverhampton  -Architectural  Association  was 
received.  The  writers  drew  attention  to  the 
unfair  custom  of  intrusting  architectural  works 
to  be  carried  out  by  the  borough  engineer's 
department .  "  This  in  recent  years  has  frequently 
been  done,  and  the  present  appointment  of  the 
Wolverhampton  borough  engineer  to  be  architect 
for  the  proposed  new  buildings  for  the  South 
Staffordshire  Joint  SmaUpox  Hospital  having 
been  brought  under  the  notice  of  the  members, 
they,  after  discussion,  unauimously  resolved  that 
this  protest  against  the  appointment  and  the  above 
custom  should  be  addressed  to  you.  In  support 
thereof,  the  following  reasons  are  suhmitted  :  — 
(1)  That  the  profession  and  training  of  an  engineer 
and  that  of  an  architect  are  quite  distinct.  (2)  That 
the  borough  engineer  is  paid  to  devote  the  whole 
of  his  time  to  the  duties  of  his  otlice  within  the 
borough.  (3)  That  buildings  estimated  to  cost 
over  £10,000  will,  in  the  preparation  of  plans  and 
specifications  and  m  supervision  during  erec- 
tion, occupy  a  large  amount  of  time,  especi- 
ally as  these  buildings  are  outside  the  borough. 
(4)  That  no  architectural  assistant  can  properly 
take  the  place  of  a  responsible  architect.  (5) 
That  as  architects  are  reciuired  to  deposit  copies 
of  all  their  plans  in  the  ofiice  of  the  borough 
engineer  it  is  manifestly  unfair  that  the  engineer 
and  his  assistants,  having  access  to  the  plans, 
should  bo  allowed  to  compete  against  them  in 
their  professional  work.  (6)  That  in  other  pro- 
fessions, as  well  as  trades,  members  of  one  pro- 
fession or  trade  are  not  permitted  to  encroach  on 
one  another.  (7)  That  the  members  of  the  asso- 
ciation, while  making  their  protest  in  this 
individual  instance,  wish  also  to  emphasise  the 
unfairness  of  any  public  architectural  work  being 
carried  out  by  the  borough  engineer  or  h's  staff, 
when  there  are  duly  qualified  architects,  who  are 
ratepayers,  practising  in  the  town,  and  they 
respectfully  suggest  that  in  the  future  the  prepara- 
tion of  plans  for  all  important  buildings  for  the 
borough  should  be  intrusted  by  competition,  or 
selection,  to  local  architects,  believing  that  this 
would  be  to  the  interests  of  the  ratepayers,  and 
conducive  to  the  best  architectural  results. 
Whilst  making  this  protest,  it  is  the  desire  of  the 


Jan.  15.  1904. 


THE    BUILDITs^G    NEWS. 


89 


members  of  the  association,  who  are  frequently  in 
correspoiultnoo  with  Mr.  Green  on  matters  con- 
nected with  his  duties  as  borough  engineer  and 
surveyor,  to  take  this  opportunity  of  expressinj^ 
the  hif^h  esteem  in  which  his  prolessional  abilities 
are  held,  and  their  thanks  for  the  kindness  Jind 
courtesy  he  has  always  extended  to  them.  The 
letter  was  signed  by  3Ir.  Cleo.  Hurst  Stanger, 
F.K.I.li.A.,  President:  llr.  Joseph  Lavender, 
F.U.I.IkA.,  Vice-President ;  and  Mr.  William 
Kdwards,  Hon,  Secretary.  The  letter  was  re- 
ferred to  the  General  Purposes  Committee. 


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"BUILDING  NEWS"  DESIGNING  CLUB. 
DRAwiNfiflRttCEivKD.— "  Wear  "  (too  late). 


Comspfonlieuce. 


REGISTKATK  IN. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildino  News. 

Silt,— Although  I  think  it  would  bo  better  for 

institute  men  to  discuaa  Institute  action  in  the 

It.T.U.A.  Joiirintl  rather  than  the  public  I'reBS, 

and  would  suggest  this  course  of  action  to  Mr! 


Bonn!  r  in  future,  I  cannot  refrain  from  writing 
you  a  few  words  in  answer  to  his  letter  in  your 
last  issue.  So  far  as  the  meeting  on  .lanuiry  o  is 
concerned,  I  preferred  to  obtain  what  I  wanted — 
the  reference  of  the  whole  matter  to  an  important 
committee  who  must,  from  the  tone  of  the  meet- 
ing, now  clearly  understand  that  action  in  the 
diruclion  of  Registration  is  demanded  by  a  large 
majority  of  practising  architects,  rather  than  to 
make  a  long  speech  which  would  jroduce  other 
long  speeches  in  reply,  and  end  by  forcing  that 
which  was  unpalatable  upon  men  whom  we  have 
long  recognised  as  leaders,  and  whom  we  should 
prefer  to  have  as  leaders  in  this  great  matter  as 
in  smaller  matters  in  the  past,  rather  than  to 
oust. — I  am,  ic.  G.  A.  T.  Middletojj. 

19,  Craven-street,  Strand,  W.C,  Jan.  9. 


Sni, — Mr.  Editor  and  members  of  the  archi- 
tectural profession,  it  behoves  me,  as  a  student  of 
that  mighty  conglomeration  of  arts  and  sciences, 
to  ventilate  my  feelings  in  the  candid  light  of  an 
Englishman  on  that  all-important  question  of 
Compulsory  Registration.  In  the  first  instance, 
the  result  ot  the  fifth  general  business  meeting 
of  the  R.I.B.A.  manifested  a  strong  sense  of 
architectural  comedy.  I  have  read  many  very 
funny  stories  in  the  various  p«-riodicals,  &c.,  but 
never  have  enjoyed  such  a  huge  joke  as  that 
exemplified  by  the  latest  resolution  almost  unani- 
mously carried  by  members  of  our  worthy  pro- 
fession. That  a  resolution  should  be  passed  to 
consider  the  principle,  ic,  of  Registration 
is  beyond  all  conception  by  one  surrounded  by 
serious  thoughts  of  business  and  advancement, 
knowing  that  we  already  have  Registration,  the 
course  of  which  has  been  worked  out  on  a 
systematic  principle;  the  word  "compulsory" 
being  left  out  at  once  crushes  all  hopes  for  dis- 
cussion of  the  point  in  question.  The  eminent 
members  of  the  profession  seem  to  forget  that  the 
question  of  Compulsory  Registration  has  been 
brought  forward  to  advance  the  status  of  the  pro- 
fession and  careers  of  the  future  generation  of 
architects.  I  could  understand  their  objections 
to  the  true  advancement  ot  the  architect  of  only 
ordinary  talents  if  they  were  going  to  live  for 
ever,  as  my  experience  has  brought  before  me 
many  facts  detrimental  to  the  professed  brother- 
hood of  members  in  general.  However,  I  sup- 
pose all  professions  are  alike.  One  thing  is  an 
undoubted  fact,  and  that  is  the  disinterested 
feeling  at  lirn-t  that  many  (nut  all)  of  the  archi- 
tects of  good  repute  have  towards  the  younger 
and  struggling  section  of  the  profession.  Com- 
pulfory  Registration  cannot  fail  to  enhance 
the  status  of  the  profession,  and  compel  effi- 
ciency by  all  practitioners.  This  being  the  case, 
all  eminent  architects  must  necessarily  work 
harder  to  keep  well  in  advance  of  the  greatly- 
improved  generality  :  hence  we  can  at  once  open 
out  the  sequel  to  all  objections  raised,  which 
might  be  summed  up  as  follows  : — That  Com- 
pulsory Registration  of  architects  will  undoubtedly 
advance  the  status  and  general  interests  of  the 
architectural  world,  resulting  in  individual 
scholastic  and  practical  advancement  and  conse- 
c|uent  aggrandisement,  thereby  influencing  the 
public  to  the  love  of  the  beautiful  and  noble  in 
art,  and  appreciation  of  true  science,  and  at  the 
same  time,  by  the  rule  of  simple  proportion, 
architects  of  eminence  will  naturally  have  to 
advance  still  more  to  retain  their  well-e«rned 
rank.  I  speak  boldly,  because  it  is  more  a  battle 
wherein  students  of  the  present  day  will  be 
affected  by  the  result  thereof ;  students  of  to-day 
will  be  smarting  under  the  scourge  when  the 
prfsent  eminent  men  are  with  the  great  majority. 
This  is  a  grim  fact,  but  nevertheless  quite  true. 
Again,  individual  feelings  on  this  important 
question  have  been  freely  expressed  with  a  total 
disregard  to  the  general  interest  and  welfare  of 
the  future  (present-day  students)  generation. 
London  architects  object  to  such  an  important 
question  having  been  brought  forward  by  pro- 
vincial architects :  this  is  truly  in  evidence  by 
perusal  of  the  recent  Building  Papers.  Why  such 
a  lack  of  sympathy  and  true  brotherhood  r  Many 
of  the  present  eminent  London  architects  are 
provincial  men  or  of  provincial  extraction  ;  the 
arguments  advanced  against  Compulsory  Registra- 
tion are  simple  and  absurd.  Because  our  neighbour 
is  a  cripple,  should  we  break  our  legs  or  arms 
to  harmonise  with  him  'r  That  argument  is 
as  wise  as  the  one  put  forward  with  respect  to 
the  present  state  of  the  engineers,  sculptors,  &c. 
My  contention  is  that  all  worthy  professions 
should  be  protected  against  the  inroads  of  the 
novice  and  unscrupulous  quack.     If  that  was  the 


case,  the  man  of  average  abilities  would  have  a 
fair  chance  of  gaining  a  respectable  livelihood. 
,\s  it  is  in  the  present  day,  one  has  to  work  with 
enthusiasm  and  under  interminable  diliiculties  to 
eke  cut  a  miserable  existence.  After  years  of 
continuous  strain,  by  fxcessively  long  hours  and 
mental  worries,  one  gains  a  position  as  an  archi- 
tect of  repute,  which  name  lasts  for  a  brief  spell, 
and  all  is  over  and  forgotten.  Many  men  have 
to  live  (and  feed)  on  the  name  so  attained,  as  the 
novice  precludes  all  chance  of  ordinary  com- 
missions, such  as  cathedrals,  town  halls,  cVic,  which 
are  not  of  everyday  occurrence.  Before  I  desist,  I 
should  like  to  ask  the  following  questions  : — 

1.  What  detriment  to  the  interests  of  the 
architectural  profession  will  Compulsory  Regis- 
tration be  ? 

2.  If  the  Royal  Institute  turns  a  deaf  ear  to 
the  petitions  of  powerful  provincial  bodies,  of 
what  practical  interest  is  the  Institute  to  such  'i 

3.  If  provincial  architects  are  out  of  the  pale  of 
the  metropolitan  brotherhood,  would  it  not  be 
better  for  steps  to  be  taken  to  create  a  Provincial 
Institute  in  the  second  city  of  England  or  the 
kingilom  ■' 

■4.  Would  not  Compulsory  Registration  en- 
hance the  importance  of  the  Royal  Institute  '^ 

5.  In  the  event  of  the  advancement  of  our  pro- 
fession by  Compulsory  Registration,  would  not  the 
reigning  powers  have  direct  influence  on  the  con- 
ducting of  public  competitions,  and  eo,  once  and 
for  all,  exclude  the  ignominious  and  dishonour- 
able practices  now    o  prevalent  'r 

6.  Would  not  s  ich  a  "status"  as  the  one 
desired  bring  into  loser  relationship  and  genuine 
sympathy  all  honourable  members  of  the  pro- 
fession r 

Perhaps  many  do  not  desire  the  last  named; 
hence  their  objectionable  manifestations.  I  trust 
that  my  expressions  will  be  taken  in  the 
right  light,  and  that  my  candour  will  not  meet 
with  prejudice,  but  be  accepted  in  the  spirit 
intended,  knowing  that  the  interests  of  the  future 
generations  of  architects  are  at  stake,  we  must 
speak  now,  or  for  ever  hold  our  peace. — Thanking 
you  for  the  space  accorded  me,  I  am,  ifec, 

AllCniBALU  H.  WlNTEIUIURN. 

Leeds,  Jan.  11. 


THE  THREATENED  SPLIT. 

Sir, — Your  contributor,  Mr.  Bonner,  in  last 
Friday's  paper,  is  rather  too  hard  on  ilr.  JIac  Vicar 
Anderson's  fulminations  at  Conduit-street.  No 
doubt  he  allowed  his  old-fashioned  conservatism  to 
carry  his  remarks  beyond  the  limits  of  his  cha- 
racteristic equivalence  of  expression  and  pro- 
verbial Scottish  caution  when  he  heatedly 
threatened  to  split  up  the  profession  should  the 
Institute  venture  to  favour  Registration.  If 
there  is  one  thing  which  would  induce  me  to 
espouse  the  cause  of  Registration,  or  take  sides  in 
this  matter  seriously,  it  would  be  the  uncom- 
promising attitude  advocated  by  Mr.  MacVicar 
Anderson,  though  up  to  now  I  have  been — and, 
indeed,  am — a  non-registrationist.  The  Institute, 
as  the  leading  chartered  body  representing  the 
profession  of  architecture,  is  bound  to  accept  the 
rtsponsibilities  which  inevitably  belong  to  its 
position,  as  also  by  virtue  of  its  assumption  of  a 
right  to  public  recognition.  This  claim  of 
authority  demands  a  correspondingly  active  and 
progressive  policy,  statesmanlike  and  comprehen- 
sive. It  is  impossible  for  the  Institute  to  ignore 
a  united  opinion  on  the  patt  of  the  vast  majority 
of  its  provincial  members  throughout  the  country. 
Mr.  liacVicar  Anderson  misjudges  the  situation 
entirely  by  advocating  a  course  of  action  for 
crushing  the  movement  which,  rightly  or  wrongly, 
weakly  or  strongly,  wiselj-  or  unwisely,  finds  such 
widespread  advocacy  by  men  who  are  quite  as 
good  judges  of  architecture  as  ever  he  can  lay 
claim  to  be,  and  who  have  designed  buildings  of 
equal  importance  to  any  which  he  has  erected. 
Ho  threatens  to  sever  his  connection  with  the 
Institiito.  This  many  would  regret :  but  has  not 
Mr.  JIacVicar  Anderson  tried  the  loyalty  ot 
many  of  his  old  supporters  and  friends  quite 
enough  already  by  the  unfort\inatcIy  bad  choice 
which  he  has  only  quite  lately  made  for  a 
very  important  pile  of  municipal  buildings 
at  Acton,  as  illustrated  by  you  in  your 
c\nrent  issue  r  Could  anything  be  more  incon- 
gruous than  this  r  Here  is  an  ex- President 
of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects 
warning  its  mfmbers  that  ho  will  resign  if 
Registration  is  adopted,  becaufo  he  believes  that 
such  a  measure  will  degrade  the  fine  art  of  archi- 
tecture ;  and  yet  he  himself  has  deliberately  chosen 


90 


THE    BUILDING    NEW8. 


Jan.  15,  1904. 


in  defiance,  it  is  said,  of  the  rules  of  this  seH- 
samec  cmpelition,  one  of  the  most  deplorably  bad 
designs  for  a  hig  public  building  which  we  have 
seen  for  a  very  long  time — a  design  which  has 
Tieen  unreservedly  oonderaned  by  the  professional 
Tress  of  this  country.  His  influence  has 
been,  however,  employed  to  further  the 
erection  of  this  design,  and  add  to  it  the 
long  list  of  miserable  architectural  failures. 
Could  liegistralion  do  anything  worse  r  A  more 
complete  incompelenre  of  juflgment  on  the  part 
of  one  hoMirig  such  a  position  as  ihat  (1  a 
dictator  in  architecture,  and  claiming  to  be  a 
leadi  r  of  opinion  at  ihe  Irstitufe,  appears  to  me 
to  bo  beyond  compulalion. — I  am,  ic, 

FiioxTi  Nulla  Fides. 


ACTOX  COUNTY  SCHOOL  COMPETITION. 

Siu, — I  do  not  wish  to  split  haiis  with  your 
rorrespondent  who  this  week  attempts  to  defend 
Mr.  Leonard  Stokes's  action  in  igroring  some  of 
the  leading  conditions  in  this  comjelilion,  .as 
he  unquestionably  appears  to  have  done.  The 
defence  commencfs  by  asserting  that  "  the 
arcc  mmodation  asked  for  was,  I  under-tand, 
a  Exed  quantity,  and  compelilcrs  were  not 
at  liberty  to  reduce  it."  Now,  in  the  Board 
»f  Education  rules  for  S  condary  schools,  by 
whiih  this  school  design  was  to  be  governed 
and  adhered  to,  the  competitors  are  told 
thtt  "  the  following  dimensions  will  aSord 
suitable  provision  for  25  scholars  ; — A,  room  for 
elemfntary  drawings  25ft.  by  30ft.,  and  15,  room 
for  advanced  drawing  and  art,  not  less  than  25ft. 
by  .'iOft."  The  conditions  also  specify  "  art  j(/o/«v 
for  25  students."  All  is  perfectly  defined  and 
clear,  yet  the  selected  plan  only  provides  nin- 
room.  Then,  again,  the  same  rules  given  to  work 
to  say  :  "In  schtols  of  more  than  150  scholarj 
wilh  upstaiis  rooms  thii-r  must  hr  nl  Ir^/st  ficv 
stnirnixrx."  This  schccl  is  for  250  scholars. 
The  competitors,  it  is  agreed,  were  not  at  liberty 
to  reduce  the  ai  commodation,  and  the  conditions 
said,  too,  that  if  the  schedule  of  accommodation 
was  not  substantially  adhered  to  the  architects 
wuuld  be  disqualified.  Yet  in  the  face  of  this 
the  assessor  departs  from  the  instructions  and 
selects  a  design  with  out  staircase.  Your  corre- 
spondent's defence  to  the  design  having  been  made 
to  face  iccst  instead  of  frf  it  is  not  vt  ry  convinc ing. 
He  81J8  :  "To  anyone  verted  in  school  planning, 
this  surely  meant  the  wtTking  portion  of  the 
baildirg — the  class-rooms,  in  fict.  In  the  ac- 
cepted designs  the  clafsrooms  chiefly  face  east." 
T/iis  IS  not  su.  five  out  of  the  eight  classrooms 
do  not  face  east.  Three  out  of  the  eight  do. 
Three  face  west,  one  faces  north,  and  one  faces 
south.  The  plans  appeared  in  the  Builuing 
NE^YS  fer  Dec.  25  last,  so  that  anyone  can  at  once 
see  who  i<  right — whether  they  Hre  "versed 
in  school  p'anuing  "  or  not.  The  architect, 
in  the  published  front  view  of  the  school, 
shows  it  facing  west.  The  building  was  ordered 
to  face  east.  Mr.  Stokes  takes  the  liberty  of 
ignoring  the  v^  ry  same  instruction  which  would 
have  disqualified  a  competitor,  and  the  above  is 
the  defence  put  forward  on  his  behalf  "  in  justice 
to  him,  because  he  is  so  well  known."  If  he  were 
an  obscure  individual  it  would  not  matter  ;  but  it 
does  matter  when  anyone  appo'nted  to  judge  as 
an  assessor  departs  in  this  unfair  way  frcm  plain 
rules  which  are  issued  for  the  conduct  of  the 
matter  in  hand. — I  am,  kt.. 

Ax  Architect. 


SH.\NN((N    ROWING    CLUB 
COMPETITION. 

Sir, — Last  Friday  you  gave  some  particulars 
of  this  clubhouse  competiiion,  but  the  date  for 
sending  in  has  been  pnstpc  ned  from  February  L5 
to  March  15.  AVhen  it  has  been  decided  to  go  on 
■with  the  building.  Ihe  author  of  the  selected  design 
will  be  appointed  architect  at  a  commission  of 
5  per  cent,  on  the  outlay ;  but  for  this  fee  (on 
some  £1,700)  he  is  to  provide  all  expenses, 
drawings,  details,  epecilications,  and  superintend- 
ence, also  all  tfttnU'uij  crpen^t-s.  Consequently 
the  offer  is  an  e.xce^dingly  liberal  one,  particularly 
for  London  architects,  who,  like  myself,  have  been 
officially  communicated  with  by  post  with  a  view 
to  being  entered  in  the  lists.  There  is  something 
thoroughly  funny  about  the  idea  of  going  to 
Limerick  on  such  comprehen-ive  terms.  One  would 
fancy  Scotchmen  drew  up  the  conditions,  not 
hospitable  and  generous  Irishmen. — I  am.  &e.. 

Not  fou  Jo. 


$nttrc0mmuntcation. 


QrESTIOXS. 

[12034.] -Heating:  House.— It  is  desired  to  build 
in  an  exposed  position  a  ten-roomed  middle-class  hou^e 
■withuut  open  tirepLices,  Cooking  by  ga-».  and  heating  by 
li  ft  water,  the  only  coal  fire  being  for  boiler  in  ba-fement. 
VVouM  any  of  your  readers  who  have  had  practical 
experience  of  such  a  house  in  this  country  kiadly  give 
opinion  as  to  whether  such  a  plan  is  advisable,  and  what 
system  of  heating  would  best  suit.'  Steam  is  not  avail- 
able. A  poiDt  I  specially  wif-h  to  know  is,  whether  it  is 
safe  to  absolutely  depend  on  the  hot-water  system,  and 
leave  out  everything  in  the  shape  of  fireplaces  !  Thpu, 
how  will  the  Cost  of  hot-water  installation  compare  with 
opPQ  fires,  taking  into  consideration  cost  of  hearths, 
giates,  mantelpieces,  flues,  and  chimney  heads  in  con- 
uection  with  the  latter.— A.  Z. 


BEPLIES, 

[120-29.]— "Weisht  of  Floor.-L.  de  C.  Ferg,  in 
Vol.  T.  "Safe  Huilding "  {iSSiti,  gives  several  formulte 
fur  loads  bearings— '-.y.,  uniform  load  on  beam  — 

Centre  load  on  beam — 


18  L  \  /  / 


Load  at  any  point  of  beam- 


"i 


■  72JIN  V  7/ 


Uniform  load  on  cantilever — 

u  =  l'JL(^) 

36  L  V  /"  / 
Load  concentrated  at  end  of  cantilever  — 

72  L  \  /■  / 
Load  at  any  point  of  cantilever- 


72  Y 


(^) 


Where  u-  =  safe  uniform  load  in  pounds  ;  where  >>■  =  safe 
centre  load  on  beam  in  pounds,  or  safe  load  at  end  of 
cantilever  in  pounds;  where  c'l  -  safe  concentrited  load 
in  pounds  at  any  point;  where  Y  -  length  in  feet  from 
wall  to  concentrated  loid  (in  cantilever;  ;  where  M  and  N 
=  the  re>pective  lengths  in  feet  from  concentrated  load 
on  beam  to  each  support ;  where  L  =  length  in  feet  of 
pimn  of  beam  or  length  of  cantilever;  where/-  =  breadth 
ot  beam  in  inches;  where  d  —  depth  of  beam  in  inches  ; 


where 


(^) 


the  safe  modulus  of  rupture  per  square 


nch  of  ihe  material  of  beam  or  cantilever.  The  above 
formula'  are  for  rectingular  wooden  b^ams  supported 
against  lateral  fle.xure  (a  3  ielding  sideways  .  Where 
beams  or  girders  are  not  supported  sideways  the  thick- 
net-s  should  be  equal  to  at  least  half  of  the  depth.— 
REtiEST's  Pahk. 

U2032.]-Hammer-'Beam  Koof  &j.— In  library, 
look  at  '■  Notes  on  Building  Construction  "  {Rivinstoni  ; 
also  J.  P.  Allen  on  "Building  Construction."  Litter 
gives  a  rule  to  ascertain  thickness  of  queen-post  trusses. 
Divide  the  span  by  8,  and  the  quotient  will  be  the  re^i'iired 
thickness  (in  inches),  making  up  for  odd  parts  by  adding 
another  inch  for  heavy-tiled  roofs,  and  omitting  such 
fractions  for  slatts.  Beyond  -12ft.  span,  prince.-?ses  or 
inteimediate  posts  and  struts  inserted  between  the  queens 
and  beel^  of  the  roof,  and  sometimes  necessary  to  frame 
a  small  king-post  truss  above  straining-beam  to  support 
the  ridge.    Illustration.— Rehent's  Park. 

rt2032.1  —  Hammer-Beam    Roof,  &c.  —  Hurst's 

tables  give  for  a  length  of  Suit,  a  thickness  of  30in.  at 
base  ;  but  say  3lin.  fiom  base  to  top  of  wall  as  a  margin 
of  safety.  Footings  double  width  of  base.  That  ought 
to  suffice  for  the  apparently  heavy  trusses,  &c.,  with 
lias  n^ortar  and  best  bncka  (Staffs  blue  preferably). 
Piessure  of  wind  on  roof  may  be  anything  from  r9i>S  to 
3  075  force  in  pounds  per  square  foot  for  a  brisk  gale  at 
20  or  25  miles  per  hour  to  31'488  to  49-2001b.  per  square 
foot  for  hurricane  at  70  to  100  miles  per  hour.  Snow 
maybe  5001b.  per  square  of  100ft.  Rivington's  "  Xotes 
on  Building  Construction "  contains  much  in  its  four 
volumes  (published  by  Longmans  and  Co..  and  to  be  had 
of  trade).  Parts  I.  and  11.  are  IDs.  61.  each  net-  Part  I. 
gives  scantling  sizes.  Table  up  to  4(3ft.  span  :  —Tie-beam 
5-1  by  10.  principal  rafters  5^  by  7J,  queen-posts  5}  by  3t, 
struts  5^  by  3}.  straining-beam  5}  by  10,  purlins  of  bear 
5  by  8^,  common  rafters  2  by  5.  Pitch  up  to  30'.  For 
roofs  of  45^  pitch,  add  lin.  to  depth  of  common  rafters, 
purlins,  and  struts,  and  Jin.  to  depth  of  principal  rafters 
as  given  above.  If  purlin^,  instead  of  being  placed 
immediately  over  joints,  are  placed  at  intervals  along 
the  principal  rafter,  increase  the  depth  of  the  latter, 
given  as  follows : -Q,ueen-po^t  roof:  Without  ceiling 
Ijin.,  with  ceiling  Jin.  Purlins,  if  placed  2ft.  apart,  and 
with  10ft.  bearing,  may  be  made  3  by  6.  Sciutlings  of 
principal  rafters,  struts,  and  straining-beam  can  be 
slightly  altered  by  means  of  the  following  rough  rule  :  — 
For  every  ]in.  deducted  from  the  lesser  dimension  of  the 
pcantling  add  ^in.  to  other  dimension,  and  i-ice  /■:'i-jd. 
For  the  tie-beam,  purlins,  and  common  rafters,  so  long 
as  the  depth  is  about  double  the  breadth.  Jin.  deducted 
from  the  breadth  requires  ]in.  to  be  added  to  depth. 
The  joint  of  the  tie-beara,  with  the  principal  rafter,  to  be 
placed  immediately  over  supporting  wall.  If  not  con- 
venient to  do  this,  depth  of  beam  to  be  increased  lin.  or 
2in.  Part  II.  gives  thus  :— King-post  roof  adapted  for 
spans  of  30ft.,  with  principal  rafters  16ft.  long.  Queen- 
post  roofs  for  spans  up  to  45ft.,  with  principal  rafters 
24ft.  long.  In  roofs  above  50ft.  span  the  strainiog-beam 
between  the  heads  of  the  queen-posts  is  so  long  that  it 
would  sag  without  support :  this  is  afforded  by  means  of 
a  small  king-tie  su-*pended  from  the  junction  of  the 
principal  rafters,  prolonged  above  straining-beam.  The 
tie-beam  requires  to  be  upheld  at  more  than  two  inter- 
mediate points.    Extra  support  afforded  by  suspending 


posts  or  princesses  (illustration)  shows  this.  Fig.  82,  at 
page  -ll.  shows  truss  of  old  roof  at  Exeter  Hall.  Truss, 
76tt.  span,  includes  a  second  set  of  princesses.  The 
fcantlinp.s  were  :  -Tie-beam  Hi  by  7\.  Principal  rafters  : 
long  6J  hy  "ii,  short  14  by  7}  extended  only  as  far  as 
the  head  of  the  queen-poht)  ;  straining  or  collar  beam 
14  by  7J,  queen-posts  fnakj  8}  by  7>  princesses  12  by  4^, 
ditto  outer  set  lu  by  i^'.  struts  7^  by  7"i.  Apex  :  King-post 
(oak)  6  by  7|,  struts  6  by  7k;  straining  sill  7^  by  7^, 
common  rafters  5  by  2},  hip  rafters  10  by  2i,  ridge  piece 
Shy  3^.  pole-plates  12  by  4,  wall-plates  13^ 'by  6.  Cast- 
iron  shoe:*,  heads.  &c.,  used  for  roofs  of  wood  and  iron. 
He  gives  tab!e  in  vol.  ii.  of  breaking  and  working  stresses 
for  materials  for  a  dead  load  of  possible  value  for  the 
roof.  Breaking  stress  in  ton%  per  square  inch.— C.  iron  : 
Tension  li  conipressi  n  48.  W.  iron  :  Tension  23,  com- 
pression IS.  Stec'l :  Tension  32,  ompression  32.  Timber 
(fir)  :  Tension  4J.  compression  3.  Ditto  Joak)  :  Tension 
6-i,  compression  i\.  Working  stress  in  tons  per  square 
inch.  — C.  iron  :  tension  1^,  compression  8.  W.  iron  : 
Ten^ion  5,  compression  4.  Steel  :  Tension  6 J,  compression 
6L  Timber  itir)  :  Tetsion  J.  compression  ^  Ditto  (oak)  ; 
Tension  i.  compression  J.  In  "Safe  Builtting,"  by  Louis 
de  Coppet  Berg,  of  America,  published  by  Ticknor  and 
Co.,  2U,  Tremont-strt-et  Boston,  in  1893.  and  possibly  to 
be  had  p^r  B  T.  Batsford.  91,  High  Holboro,  London, 
W  C.  Vol.  ii.  has  something  on  hammer-beam  roofs. 
Truss  calculations  given  at  pp.  161  and  164  of  great  use, 
I  think.  I  do  not  give  letterpress,  as  without  the  illus- 
tration it  might  be  valueless.  Gives  analysis  of  H.B  T. 
At  two  bricks  thick  of  walling  there  seems  to  be  15  rods, 
320ft.  in  weight,  and  72,789  iu  number  of  bricks.  To  this 
is  to  be  addtd  the  extra  up  to  3lin.  thick.  Perhaps  these 
data  may  help  you.  I  cinnot  give  you  weight  of  trusses. 
I  can,  however,  from  Hurst :  slates,  per  square.  7h  to  9cwt. ; 
tiles,  8  to  15cwt. ;  ^in.  boarding,  2jcwt.— Regent's  Park 
[12:^33.]— "Worms  in  Oak.— Fumigate  with  beazine, 
saturate  wood  with  strong  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate. 
If  used  for  carvings,  restore  colour  by  ammonia,  and  then 
by  weak  solution  of  hydrochloric  acid.  The  holes  may  he 
stopped  with  gum  and  gelatine,  and  a  varnish  of  resin 
dissolved  in  90  per  cent,  alcohol  applied  to  surface  if 
desired.  — Regent's  Park. 

[12033. 1—Worms  in  Oak.— Solution  of  corrosive 
sublimate.  If  any  disc<jlouration  ensues  you  can  fume 
with  strong  ammonia  '880,  or  brush  overdiluted  ammonia 
of  strength  required.— Regent's  Park. 

ri2033.]— Worms  in  Oak.— Soak  well  in  paraffin,  or 
rub  with  mercurial  ointment,  filling  the  holes  with  the 
latter  ap;.lication.  There  are  few  things  better  than  a 
solution  of  American  potash  and  soda,  in  which  to  soik 
old  oak  carvings  for  a  few  days.  The  accumulated  pxint 
will  then  come  off  quite  easily  if  the  wood  is  well  scrubbed 
with  a  strong  nail  brush.— Habbv  Hems. 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

Newcastle-u.vdek-Lt.ue. — The  corporation  have 
adopted  an  economical  device  in  their  new  schema 
of  sewage  disposal,  an  undertaking  which  is  esti- 
mated to  cost  over  £25,000.  Instead  of  coal  in  the 
bacteriological  filters,  they  intend  to  use  broken 
saggars,  a  practically  unproductive  refuse  of  thg 
pottery  manufactories,  which  can  be  had  almost  for 
the  asking.  The  opinion  of  the  consulting  engineer 
is  that  saggars  will  be  more  serviceable  than  coal, 
while  hundreds  of  pouuds  will  be  saved  in  the  cost. 

Royal  Commissiox  on  SEAVA-^rE  Disposal. — An 
interim  report  (No.  4)  has  just  been  issued  by  the 
Commissioners:  Lord  lidesleigh,  Maj-ir- General  C. 
Phipps  Carey,  RE.,  Sir  Michael  Foster,  M.P., 
Colonel  T.  \V.  Harding,  Sir  William  Rimsay,  Dr. 
J.  B.  Russell,  Mr.  W.  H.  Power,  and  Mr.  T.  J. 
Stafford,  the  two  latter  Commissioners  having  been 
appointed  in  place  of  Sir  Richard  Thome  and  Mr. 
Charles  P.  Cotton,  who  have  died  since  the  original 
appointment  of  the  Commission  in  1S9S.  The 
report  deals  solely  with  the  pollution  of  tidal  waters 
and  the  contaoiinatioa  of  shell&sh. 

Stratford-on'-Avo.v  Se^'ERaoe  Scheme.  — A 
special  meeting  of  the  Stratford  Town  Council  was 
held  on  Friday  to  consider  the  scheme,  plans,  and 
estimates  for  the  new  sewage  disposal  works  at 
Milcote  prepared  by  Messrs.  Willcox  and  Raikea,  of 
Birmingham.  The  committee  reported  that  a  claim 
had  been  received  from  Lord  Sackville,  the  owner 
of  the  estate,  amouatin^  to  £10,700,  and  one  from 
Mr.  A.  H.  Pearce,  the  tenant,  of  £975.  Mr.  Willcox 
gave  details  of  the  scheme,  and  estimated  t'  3 
approximate  cost  of  the  works  at  £23, 3i4,  this  in- 
cluding an  allowance  of  £2,000  for  contingencies. 
The  scheme  was  approved,  and  it  was  resolved  to 
apply  to  the  Local  Gjvernment  Board  for  a  loan  of 
£23/500. 


King  Victor  Eaamanuel  and  Queen  Elena  openel, 
on  Monday,  the  Esbibitioc  of  Architectura,  Paint- 
ing, and  Sculpture,  the  work  of  pupils  of  the 
A'jierican  Academy  of  Art  in  Rome.  The  exhibition 
is  housed  in  the  Villa  Aurora,  which  contains 
Guerciuo's  fa'Dous  fresco  of  "  Aurora  driving  away 
Night,*'  from  which  the  villa  derives  its  name. 

Arbitration  proceedings  in  connection  with  the 
improvement  of  .Spooner's  Corner,  Bedford-street, 
Plymouth,  were  held  on  Friday  and  Saturday  at 
the  Western  Law  Courts.  The  umpire  was  Mr. 
Alexander  Stenning,  surveyor,  of  London,  and  the 
arbitrators  were  Mr.  Frank  Ellis,  F.A.I.  ("Elliott, 
Ellis,  and  Co.),  Plymouth,  for  the  claimants,  and 
Mr.  A.  Body,  F.S.I. ,  Plymouth,  for  the  corporati'^n. 
The  total  claim  was  £5,940  for  leasehold  and  free- 
hold interests,  and  £18,247  was  for  trade. 


Jan.  15,  1904. 


TEE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


91 


CONTENTS. 
»♦  » 

Professional  Eiiuipiuent      

The  Internationiil  Society  of  Sculptors,  Paiaters,  and 

Gravers 

The  Architectural  Association 

Drawings  by  the  late  J.  L.  Pearson.  R  A. 

Sir  John  \'anbnish.  Architect,  Poet  and  Dramatist  .. 
Report  of  the  Select  Committee  on  Ventilation.— IE.  . . 

Industrial  Decentralisation        

Bishop  Fleminy's  Chapel,  Lincoln  Cathedral       

The  Architectural  Association  Sketch-Boom      

Sanitary  Appliances     

The  Culumbian  Fireproof  System    

Obituary    

Building  Intelligence    

I'rofessional  and  Trade  Societies    

Competitions 

Correspondence      

Intercommunication     

Water  Supply  and  Sanitary  Matters       

The  BuiLuiNo  News  Directory 

Our  niustrations 

St<uned  Glass , 

Engiaeering  Xotes 

Legal  InteUigence 

Our  Office  Table     

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  Week      

List  of  Competitions  Open 

List  of  Tenders  Open 

Tenders      

Latest  Prices 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PUBLIC  FREE  LIBRARY,  lUlOMLFV,  E.  — NATIONAL  BRONZE 
MEDAL  GROUP  IN  OILS.  — MESSRS.  W.  AND  A.  GILBEV's  NEW- 
PREMISES,  LEICESTER.  —  HOUSE  AT  BUSH  HILL  PARK, 
ENFIELD.— CHURCn  AND  SCROOLS,  BLACKPOOL.— SILVER 
MEDAL  DESIGN  FOR  A  FIftEPLACE. — DESIGN  FOR  A  BOAT 
HOUSE.  — FONT   TOVER,  TRUNCH  CHURCH,  NORFOLK. 


^nx  Kllusttatiotts. 


miOMLEY,    II.,    1'lllI.IC    LIIUIAUY. 

This  building  is  being  carried  out  from  the 
desiga  which  was  placed  tirst  in  a  recent  open 
competition,  for  which  fifty  sets  of  drawings  were 
received.  The  scheme  as  illustrated  will  be 
adhered  to,  with  the  exception  of  one  or  two 
slight  amendments.  Portland  stone  is  to  be  used 
for  the  front  elevation,  and  the  roof  covered  with 
green  Westmoreland  slates.  The  floors  and  stair- 
cases are  to  be  constructed  on  fireproof  principles. 
The  joinery  of  the  principal  rooms  to  be  executed 
in  teak,  the  screens,  window.-^,  and  doors  having 
polished  plate  glass.  The  building  generally  to 
have  wood-block  floors  ;  it  will  be' heated  on  the 
low-pressure  hot-water  system,  and  lighted  by 
electricity.  The  architects  are  Messrs.  Squire, 
Myers,  _  and  Fetch,  of  83,  Old  Queen  street, 
Westminster,  and  ihe  quantity  surveyors  Messrs. 
J.  Rider  Hunt  and  Co.,  LSI,  ijueeu  Victoria- 
street,  E.C. 

N-.ITIOX.IL    IIUONZK    M15DAL    GUOUl'    IX    OILS. 

This  decorative  grup,  consisting  of  a  very 
handsome  old  bracket  clock  with  its  finely- 
wrought  and  engraved  metal  canopy,  a  stained- 
glass  window  light,  and  a  Japanese  statuette, 
was  painted  in  oil-colours  by  Mr.  Arthur 
Mackinder,  of  Lincoln,  and  a  jS'ational  Bronze 
Medal  was  awarded  to  him  for  his  work,  which 
is  broadly  handled,  and  well  managed  in  light 
and  shade,  while  the  drawing  is  excellent  without 
over-elaboration  in  detail.  ( )f  course,  in  ihe 
original,  the  colour  adds  much  to  its  interest ;  but 
the  monochrome  reproduction  gives  a  good  idea 
of  the  study. 

H[F.SSUS.   w.  \sn  A.  filLilKV,   MTl's.,   NEW   I'llEMISKS, 
HIOH    STllEKT,    LEIUESTEK. 

The  building  occupies  one  of  the  many  sites 
which  have  been  set  back  for  municipal  improve- 
ments. The  front  is  of  Guiting  stone  and  Wood- 
ville  sand  stock  bricks.  Mr.  John  Holmes  is 
the  contractor,  and  Mr.  H.  I,awton  Brown  the 
architect,  both  of  J  .eicester. 

HOl'sE    AT    ENITELn. 

The  house  at  Bush  Hill  Bark,  near  Knfield,  is 
now  completed,  and  stands  on  an  open  site  in  a 
pretty  road.  It  is  executed  in  soft  red  bridjs 
and  white  rough  cast,  and  the  roofs  covered  with 
sand-faced  rod  tiles.  The  external  woodwork  is 
painted  a  dull  green,  and  the  ironwork  black.  A 
feature  is  made  of  a  sitting-hull  in  the  plan,  over 
■which  the  joists  are  rovualed  and  plastered  in 
between.  The  staircase  is  partly  in  oak,  and  the 
ceilings  to  the  drawing  and  clining-rooms  arc 
panelled  out  in  wood.  The  builder  is  IMr.  J. 
Springall,  of  Bush  Hill  Bark.  Mr.  A.  Jossop 
Hard  wick  is  the  architect. 


-     CIirRCH    AND    SCHOOLS,    TlLACKEOOl. 

This  view  represents  new  church  premises,  to  be 
erected  for  the  Wesleyan  Methodists  on  the 
Kaikes  Hall  Estate.  The  design  may  be  described 
as  a  free  treatment  of  Decorated  Gothic,  and  is 
to  be  executed  in  brick  and  stone.  The  church 
is  planned  on  the  "all-round  gallery"  system, 
and  provides  sitting  accommodation  forabout  700, 
with  facilities  for  future  extension  in  the  form  of 
transepts.  The  school  premises  consist  of  an 
assembly-hall,  to  seat  500  scholars,  with  class- 
rooms ranged  at  the  front  and  rear,  which  will 
provide  private  accommodation  for  the  whole  of 
the  classes.  The  architect  is  Mr.  II.  E.  Kelvey, 
of  Blackpool  and  St.  Annes-on-the-Sea,  whose 
design  was  selected  in  a  recent  competition. 

SILVEU    MEDAL    DESIGX    EOU    A    EIUEl'LACE    WITH 
rOTTEUY    I'ANELS. 

The  National  Silver  Medal  designs  for  pottery 
panels  intended  for  this  fireplace  were  illustrated 
in  the  Biildin'g  News  for  December  IS  last. 
To-day  we  give  Mr.  Herbert  Budd's  general 
drawing  showing  how  the  panels  come  together 
in  his  design,  the  woodwork  being  broadly  treated 
without  much  moulded  work  effect  being  con- 
centrated on  the  panels  which  he  executed  with 
so  much  success. 

DESIGX    FOR    A    UOATHOUSE, 

This  drawing,  from  last  year's  Uojal  Academy, 
shows  a  boathouse  and  club  designed  for  a  site 
at  Lowestoft  bj' Mr.  Walter  E.  Dobson,  architect. 
The  plan  illustrates  the  general  arrangement  of 
the  scheme. 

TltUXCH    CHURCH,    NORFOLK  :    FONT   CANOFV. 

This  handsome  example  of  Medi:i;val  woodwork 
may  be  considered  in  three  stages,  the  lowest  of 
which  consists  of  six  five-sided  posts  placed  in  the 
form  of  a  hexagon  and  beautifully  carved.  The 
carving  on  each  post  is  varied  in  design,  some 
being  comparatively  plain  (as  the  guilloche 
pattern),  and  others  richly  ornamented  with  plant 
and  even  animal  and  bird  life.  These  posts 
support  an  hexagonal  ceiling,  richly  panelled  and 
traccried.  Above  this  is  the  second  s^^ge,  con- 
sisting of  eighteen  circular  canopies,  which 
follow  the  outline  of  the  hexagon  below  ;  the 
ogee  arches,  forming  th<i  canopies,  spring  from 
richly-moulded  shafts  or  pinnacles.  Above  Ibis 
is  the  third  stage,  consisting  of  a  corona,  for.ned 
of  six  ogee-shaped  arms,  beautifully  moulded  and 
crocketed,  placed  vertically  ov  i  the  posts,  and 
terminating  in  an  ugly  modern  Dutch  cheese 
arrangement.  This  was  most  probably  formerly 
occupied  by  a  figure.  It  is  evident  from  traces 
of  colour  still  visible  that  the  whole  was  originally 
beautifully  coloured,  and  the  effect  must  then 
have  been  grand.  The  drawings  are  by  Sir. 
Frederic  Saunders,  of  Norwich.  The  font  and 
its  cover,  with  half  plan  of  canopy,  and  also 
Trunch  Church  itself,  were  illustrated  from  pen- 
and-ink  drawings  by  Mr.  Percy  Simpson  in 
our  issue  of  October  23,  1891.  The  ringers' 
gallery  in  Trunch  Church  was  depicted  in  the 
BriLiiixG  News  for  March  '20,  1890,  in  one  of 
the  Owen  Jones  Travelling  Studentship  drawings 
by  Mr.  J.  J.  Joass. 


A  chancel  screen,  the  gift  of  Lord  Londonderry, 
has  just  been  set  up  in  the  parish  church  of  Long- 
newton,  near  Wynyard,  The  screen,  which  is  of 
fumed  oak,  was  designed  by  Mr.  Joseph  Pliillips,  of 
Altrincham,  It  is  divided  into  three  opauings  on 
each  side  of  a  central  archway. 

It  is  now  proposed  to  raise  the  great  wall  at 
Assouan '20ft. ,  according  to  the  original  plan,  thus 
providing  a  vast  supply  of  water,  which  is  to  he 
diverted  to  the  Wady  Yussuf  by  the  channel  cut 
2,000  years  back  by  Joseph,  iu  the  time  of  the 
Pharaohs,  to  feed  the  great  basin  south-west  of 
Cairo.     The  cost  will  be  about  £3,000,000. 

In  connection  with  the  use  of  Djver  by  the 
Atlantic  passenger  steamers,  the  contract  for  the 
eleclric  swing  bridge  to  carry  the  railway  across 
Dover  docks  from  the  new  Prince  of  Wales  I'ier  has 
been  placed  with  Sir  William  Armstrong  and  Co. 

The  Bournemouth  Town  Council  have  adopted, 
after  several  hours'  discussion,  the  proposal 
that  the  borough  engineer,  in  co-operation  with  an 
engineer  of  experience  iu  the  construction  of  sea 
defence  woiks,  be  instructed  to  prepare  plans  and 
estimate  of  the  cost  of  an  undercliif  drive  from  Alum 
Chine  to  Boscombe,  a  distance  of  some  two  miles 
along  the  sea  front,  and  that  the  committee  report 
on  tlie  expediency  of  erecting  a  kursaal  or  pavilion 
in  the  pleasure  gardens  near  the  pier  and  se.i.  The 
scheme  was  estimated  to  cost  trom  i'100,00l)  to 
X200,000. 


STAINED    GLASS. 

Warehasi  Parish  CiifRCU. — A  two-1'ght  tran- 
some  window  has  just  been  filled  with  stained 
glass  in  this  well-known  parish  church,  the  figures 
being  St.  Berin,  Bishop  St.  Aldhelm,  Bishop,  hold- 
ing in  his  hand  a  model  of  the  church,  Alfred  the 
Great,  and  Edward  the  Maityr.  Eich  of  the  figures 
has  a  scroll  over  the  head,  bearing  the  name  in 
English.  This  window  has  been  designed  and 
executed  by  Messrs.  Percy  Bacon  and  Bros.,  of  11, 
Newman-street,  London,  W.,  and  is  placed  in  the 
church  as  a  memorial  of  the  restoration  of  the  roof, 
as  indicated  by  a  brass  below  the  window  with  the 
following  inscription:  "This  window  was  placed 
here  by  the  congregation  in  grateful  recognition  of 
the  restoration  of  the  roof  by  J.  B.  D.,  a. 
parishioner,  Oct.,  1903."  At  the  same  time  a  small 
stained-glass  window  of  two  lights,  representing 
two  archangels,  each  holding  instruiii'^nts,  also  the 
work  of  Messrs.  Percy  Bacon  and  Bros.,  was  placed 
above  the  chancel  arch. 


CHIPS. 

At  Robertsbridge,  .Sussex,  which  contains  no 
church  or  other  ecclesiastical  building,  being  legally  a 
mere  hamlet  to  Salehurst,  the  Dean  of  Battle  laid 
last  week  the  foundation-stone  of  a  mission-room 
on  a  site  recently  bought  in  the  centre  of  the  town 
by  the  Bishop  of  Chichester's  Fund.  The  stone 
used  is  a  fine  piece  of  carved  woik  from  the  old 
Cistercian  Abbey  of  Robertsbridge,  which  has  been 
lying  for  many  years  in  the  vicarage  garden  at  Sale- 
hurst.   The  church  will  only  cost  about  £1,000. 

Lac'y  Lilford  writes  to  appeal  for  help  for  the 
restoration  of  the  historical  church  of  Fotheringhay, 
for  many  yearj  connected  with  the  Royal  House  of 
York,  enshrining  memories  of  Agincourt,  of  the 
Wars  of  the  Roses,  and  of  the  last  days  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  as  well  as  being  a  magnificent 
specimen  of  Perpendicular  architecture. 

The  Shire  Hall  at  the  foot  of  the  Castle  Hill  and 
facing  the  Cattle  Market  at  Norwich  is  about  to  be 
enlarged  for  the  Norfolk  County  Council  at  an 
estimated  outlay  of  €9,130. 

An  addition  has  just  been  made  to  the  fine  sculp- 
tured reredos  in  the  parish  church  of  St.  Marj', 
Dallington,  assuming  the  shape  of  a  new  statue  for 
one  of  its  still  vacant  niches.  This  reredos  was 
designed  by  Messrs.  Law  and  Harris,  architects,  of 
Northampton,  with  the  intention  of  filling  its  twelve 
niches  with  sculptured  figures  of  the  Apostles,  whi:  h 
Mr.  Harry  Hems,  of  Exeter,  was  comiiissioned  to 
carry  out.  Funds,  however,  have  not  permitted  the 
whole  series  as  yet  to  be  done,  and  up  till  now  only 
eight  statues  have  occupied  the  niches  destined  for 
their  respective  receptions.  A  ninth  figure — that  of 
St.  Thomas— has  just  been  executed  in  Caen  stone 
by  Mr.  Hems,  and  added  to  the  series. 

The  cathedral  organ  at  Durham,  which  has  been 
in  daily  use  for  27  years,  is  showing  signs  of  irre- 
mediable wear  and  tear.  It  is  about  to  be  recon- 
structed by  Messrs.  Hirrison  and  Harrison,  of 
Durham. 

Arising  out  of  a  report  presented  by  the  chief 
constable  as  to  defects  in  a  newly-erected  station,  a 
discussion  took  place  at  the  last  meeting  of  the 
County  Council  lor  Cornwall  as  to  the  advisability 
of  appointing  a  county  surveyor,  whose  duties 
would  include  the  iusijection  of  pDlice-staticns,  the 
erection  of  new  buildings,  and  other  work.  It  was 
decided  to  instruct  the  county  financial  cleik  to 
submit  a  statement  showing  the  amounts  expended 
in  architects'  fees  for  police-stations  during  the  last 
seven  years. 

At  town's  meetings  held  in  Manchester  fanc'ion 
has  been  given  to  the  promotion  in  Parliament  of 
a  Bill  to  empower  the  corporation  lurlher  to  extend 
the  tramway  system,  and  also  of  a  General  Powers 
Bdl.  Iu  the  second  Bill  provisiou  is  made  for  the 
incorporation  within  Manchester  of  Withington  and 
other  townships  adjoining  the  city. 

The  Rochdale  Corporation  have  adopted  a  schema 
for  layins  out  a  portion  of  Falinge  Patk  tu^iiiitted 
by  Mr.  Mawson,  garden  architect.  The  estimated 
cost  of  the  work  proposed,  including  the  new 
boui'dary  wall  up  Falinge-road  and  I'pper  Sher.tf- 
street,  is  i;9,.')00. 

The  site  committee  of  Chnsfs  Hospital  have 
finally  disposed  of  the  remaining  portions  of  the 
site,  34  acres  in  extent,  to  the  Government  for  Post 
Ollice  purposes,  at  a  perpetual  rental  of  £23,000  a 
year.  The  other  portion  of  the  site,  IJ  acres,  w.as 
previously  sold  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  tor 
the  sum  of  £'210,000. 

The  town  council  of  Ludlow  have  adopted  plans 
l>y  Mr.  H.  P.  Maybury,  C.E.,  of  Malvern,  for  the 
construotion  of  sewage  disposal  works  at  a  cost  of 
t:2,.350. 

The  Tetbury  Board  of  Guardians  have  under 
consideration  plans  prepared  by  Mr.  Lawson,  their 
consulting  architect,  for  the  construction  of  a  new 
workhouse. 


THE     BUILDING    N 


■t-iaif  Fl<an'/l.X.    „,.  Half  R^n'^B^. 


KolfPlcm^: 


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110 


THE    BUILDINCi    NEWS. 


Jan.  15,  1904. 


(fFnginming  i^otes. 


GrF.EN'WICH  AXD  CaMHERWELL  and  Sol'TIIWAKX 

Tramways. — The  electrification  has  now  been 
completed  of  a  further  section  of  the  London 
County  Council's  southern  tramways — namely, 
the  lines  extending  from  the  Elephant  and  Castle 
to  New  Cross  and  Cireenwich.  These  embrace 
about  ten  miles  of  double  track,  six  miles  of 
which — via  the  Xew  Kent  and  Old  Kent-roads — 
will  be  opened  for  public  electrical  service  on 
.Sunday  next,  and  the  remaining  four  miles — via 
<lueen's-road  and  Camberwell — on  the  Sunday 
foUowing.  The  conversion  to  electric  traction  of 
the  cable  line  between  Kennington  and  Streatham 
is  about  to  be  proceeded  with,  and  also  of  the 
short  connecting  line  between  Kennington  Park- 
road  and  the  cable  line  and  some  further  short 
lengths,  principally  in  the  Soiithwark  and  Ber- 
mondsey  districts.  On  the  completion  of  this 
work  all  the  lines  which  formerly  made  up  the 
undertaking  of  the  London  Tramways  Company 
south  of  the  Thames  will  have  been  reconstructed 
for  electric  traction,  together  with  short  sec'ions 
of  line  formerly  belonging  to  the  South  London 
Tramways  Company.  Some  new  lines  are  also 
being  laid,  one  of  which  has  a  terminus  at  the 
8un-e) -side  foot  of  Sjuthwark  Bridge.  This 
will  be  nearer  the  City  than  any  of  the 
existing  termini,  which  are  at  AVestmiuster 
Bridge,  Waterloo-road,  and  Blackfriars  Bridge. 
Between  these  last-named  places  and  Tooting 
electrical  working  was  inaugurated  by  the  Prince 
of  Wales  on  May  15,  1903.  The  underground  con- 
duit system  of  electric  traction  has  been  adopted 
by  the  London  County  Council  for  all  the  above- 
mentioned  lines.  The  work  of  conversion  of  the 
Greenwich  lines  was  divided  between  two  firms  of 
■contractors,  Messrs.  Dick,  Kerr,  and  Co.  acd 
Messrs.  .T.O.  White  and  Co.,  who  acted  underthe 
supervision  of  Mr.  Fitzmaurice,  C.M.G.,  the 
County  Council's  chief  engineer,  as  regards  the 
track  work,  and  of  Mr.  J.  H.  Rider,  the  Council's 
electrical  engineer,  as  regards  the  electricil  equip- 
ment. Pending  the  completion  of  the  Council's 
new  power-house  at  Greenwich,  wliich  will  be  one 
of  the  largest  in  the  kingdom,  a  temporary  arrange- 
ment has  been  made  with  the  London  Electric 
Supply  Corporation  for  the  use  of  a  portion  of  that 
company's  premises  at  Deptford,  in  which  two  of 
the  sets  of  plant  manufactured  for  the  Greenwich 
station  have  been  temporarily  erected. 

The  Great  Northern  and  City  Railway. — 
This  electric  tube  line,  over  3J-  miles  in  length, 
13  expected  to  be  opened  on  February  1  next. 
3y  its  junctions  with  the  Great  Northern 
Railway  at  Finsbury  Park  and  with  the  City 
and  South  London  at  Old-street  and  Moorgate- 
street,  the  Great  Northern  and  City  supplies  the 
missing  link  in  a  chain  of  comraunicaiion  ex- 
tending from  Barnet  and  Enfield  in  the  north  to 
.Stockwell  and  Clapham  Common  in  the  south. 
At  the  northern  terminus  of  the  new  line, 
Finsbury  Park,  the  station  is  immediately  under 
the  platforms  of  the  busy  Great  Northern  junc- 
tion, and  it  is  alongside  a  similar  station  intended 
for  the  use  of  the  lireat  Northern,  ISrompton, 
and  Piccadilly  Railway  now  under  construction. 
The  first  station  southwards  is  Drayton  Park, 
where  the  line  emerges  into  the  open  for  a  few 
hundred  yards.  At  Highbury-corner  a  station 
is  being  erected  immediately  opposite  the  High- 
bury Station  of  the  North  London,  after  which 
the  next  "  stop  "  is  at  the  junction  of  Essex-road 
and  New  North-road.  At  Old-street  the  new 
line  runs  just  above  the  station  of  the  same  name 
on  the  Islington  extension  of  the  City  and  South 
London,  over  the  top  of  which  additional  plat- 
forms have  provided.  The  same  surface  pre- 
mises and  lifts  are,  however  to  be  used  by  the 
two  companies.  The  Moorgate-street  Station  of 
the  new  line— which  for  the  present  will  be  the 
City  terminus — fronts  Finsbury-pavement  close 
to  the  station  of  the  Metropolitan  Railway,  and 
nearly  opposite  that  of  the  City  and  South 
London,  with  which  connection  is  made  by 
subway.  The  diameter  of  the  tunnels  is  16ft.,  as 
compared  with  lift.  Sin.  in  the  case  of  the  Central 
London  and  10ft.  6io.  in  that  of  the  City  and 
South  London.  Toe  power  is  situated  in  Poole 
street,  New  North  road.  A  separate  installation 
is  provided  for  lighting  the  tunnels  and  stations, 
80  that  in  case  of  a  breakdown  the  passengers 
wiU  not  be  left  in  darkness.  To  minimise 
vibration  a  brick  invert  has  been  substituted  for 
iron  plates  in  the  lower  halves  of  the  tunnels, 
the  work  of  construction  has  been   carried  out 


by  Messrs.  S.  Pearson  and  Son  (Limited),  of 
Westminster.  Sir  Douglas  Fox  is  the  engineer 
for  the  Great  Northern  and  City  Railway  proper, 
and  Mr.  A.  Ross,  chief  engineer  of  the  Great 
Northern  Railway,  is  responsible  for  the  works 
at  Finsbury  Park.  The  sub-contractors  for  the 
electrical  equipment  were  the  British  Thomson- 
Houston  Company,  of  London  and  Rugby.  The 
capital  outlay  has  exceeded  £2,500,000. 


LEOAL  INTEIiLIQENOB. 

Advertisement  Sions  and  the  Building  Act. 
— The  Illuminated  Advertisement  Company,  of 
Cranbourn-street,  were  summoned  at  Marlborough- 
street  Police-court  last  week,  before  Mr.  Plow- 
den,  for  having  erected  a  "structure"  (an 
illuminated  advertisement)  on  the  front  of  their 
premises,  beyond  the  general  building  line,  contrary 
to  the  provisions  of  the  London  Building  Act,  and 
to  show  cause  why  the  structure  should  not  be 
demolished.  Mr.  T.  A.  D.  Chdvers  supported  the 
summons  on  behalf  of  the  London  County  Council, 
and  Mr.  Mosely  appeared  for  the  defence.  Mr. 
Chilvers  said  that  the  advertisement,  being  wood 
and  iion  and  strongly  pinned  through  the  wall, 
became  part  of  the  building  itself.  It  was  put  up 
without  consent,  and  was  objected  to.  In  case  of 
fire,  the  district  surveyor  considered  it  dangerous, 
and  there  should  be  a  straight  building  line.  Mr. 
Chilvera  added  that  the  Act  required  that  no 
structures  were  to  ^come  beyond  the  building  line. 
Mr.  Murray,  district  surveyor,  eaid  that  the  "  sign  " 
consisted  of  several  frames  standing  out  lOin.  from 
the  building.  Mr.  C.  Forster  Hayward,  district 
surveyor,  also  gave  evidence,  in  which  he  stated 
that  he  was  informed  the  sign  was  temporary ,.  and 
that  some  canvas  employed  in  it  would  be  replaced 
by  non-combustible  material  when  in  use.  He 
would  have  taken  objection  to  it  if  he  had  received 
notice.  Mr.  Moseley  urged  that  these  cases  were 
not  a  structure  in  law,  and  proceeded  to  argue  upon 
the  strength  of  several  former  decisions,  in  which  a 
steam  roundabout  was  held  not  to  be  a  "  structure," 
and  certain  seats  once  put  up  temporarily  in  the 
Agricultural  Hall  likewise  were  not  considered  a 
structure.  Mr.  Chilvers  having  quoted  other  cases 
in  support  of  his  contentions,  Mr.  Plowden  said  that 
the  question  was,  whether  the  defendants  had 
brought  forward  a  structure  from  the  building. 
These  cases  were  temporary,  and  were  excrescences 
that  could  be  put  up  or  taken  down  at  will  from  one 
day  to  another.  The  summons  would  be  dismissed. 
He  would  give  the  necessary  facilities  if  the  County 
Council  decided  to  carry  the  case  higher. 

South  Shields  Arbitration  Award. — The  award 
has  been  made  known  in  connection  with  the  com- 
pulsory purchase  of  propertj*  in  Fowler- street  by 
the  South  Shields  Corporation,  for  the  purposes  of 
street  improvement,  the  premises  in  question  being 
at  the  corner  of  Fowler-street  and  Burrow-street. 
The  owner  is  Mr.  C.  F.  Shotton,  and  the  price  fixed 
by  the  arbitrators  is  £2,750. 

The  Legal  Definition  of  a  "  Warehouse." — 
At  the  Marylebone  County-court,  Judge  Stonor  has 
given  his  decision  in  the  case  of  '*  Adams  v.  The 
Great  Western  Railway  Co."  The  applicant  was  a 
labourer  in  the  employ  of  the  respondents,  and 
claimed  from  them  compensation  under  the  AVork- 
men's  Compensation  Act,  1 807,  for  inj  uries  sustained 
by  him  on  July  U  last  at  premises  belonging  to  the 
respondents.  The  injuries  were  caused  by  a  violent 
blow  on  his  head  by  the  handle  of  a  crane  which  a 
fellow-labourer  let  go  without  notice.  The  only 
dispute  was  as  to  the  liability  of  the  respondents 
under  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act.  The 
premises  where  the  injury  occurred  are  in  the 
Miuories,  E.G.,  and  goods  generally  lemained  there 
upon  a  platform  only  for  a  few  hours,  but  were 
sometimes  secured  in  the  store  for  a  night,  and  in 
special  cases  remained  for  a  few  nights.  The 
question  was  whether  the  temporarily  stoiing  such 
goods  by  the  respondents  was  warehousing  them, 
and  whether  the  store  itself  was  a  ''warehouse'* 
within  the  section  7,  subsection  2,  of  the  Workmeu's 
Compensation  Act,  1S97.  In  giving  his  decision, 
the  Judge  "said  that  he  had  to  consider  whether  the 
premises  now  in  question  fell  within  the  ordinary 
and  popular  signification  of  the  word  "  warehouse." 
The  correct  primary  definition  or  description  of  the 
word  "  warehouse,"  according  to  all  the  dictionaries, 
was  substantially  a  "  storehouse  or  store  for  mer- 
chandise or  goods,"  and  the  first  question  to  be 
decided  was  whether  the  ordinary  and  popular 
signification  of  the  word  "  warehouse"  was  as  wide 
as  this  definition,  or  whether  it  was  restricted.  The 
second  question  to  be  decided  was  whether,  if  it  was 
to  be  so  restricted,  the  premises  now  in  question 
used  for  the  purposes  under  the  circumstances 
which  he  had  stated  constituted  a  "warehouse" 
according  to  the  ordinary  and  popular  signification 
of  the  word.  He  ventured,  but  with  some  doubt,  to 
hold  that  the  premises  now  in  question  were  in 
ordinary  and  popular  signification  "  a  warehouse  " 
within  section  7,  subsection  2,  of  the  Act,  and  the 
applicant  was  entitled  to  compensation  under  the 
proTisione  of  that  Act.  Since  his  writing  this  judge- 


ment an  important  case  ("  Green  v.  Britten  ")  on  the 
construction  of  the  word  "warehouse"  had  been 
decided  by  the  Court  of  Appeal  (see  report  in  our 
issue  of  Dae.  25  last,  p.  S86),  and  he  ventured  to  think 
that  the  conclusion  at  which  he  had  arrived  was  in 
accordance  therewith.  He  made  an  award  in  favour 
of  the  applicant,  execution  being  suspended  pending 
an  appeal,  the  defendant  company  undertaking  to 
pay  lOs.  a  week  to  the  applicant  in  the  mean  time. 

Dangerous  Ehins  at  Teddington.— At  the 
Spelthorne  Petty  Sessions,  held  at  Staines  on  Mon- 
day, Mr.  M.  Hainsworth,  surveyor  to  the  Tedding- 
ton Urban  District  Council,  made  an  apphcation  in 
connection  with  the  recent  great  fire  at  Teddington, 
which  resulted  in  the  total  destruction  of  the  Ted- 
dington Town  Hall  and  the  Bijou  Theatre  of 
Varieties.  He  asked  the  magistrate  to  make  an 
order  upon  the  owner  either  to  demolish  or  repair 
the  external  walls  remaining  standing,  on  account 
of  the  great  danger  that  they  threaten  to  pedes- 
trians and  to  the  occupiers  of  adjoining  shops.  Mr. 
Hainsworth  said  the  fire  occurred  on  Dec.  29,  and 
on  examining  the  ruins  on  account  of  their  danger- 
ous condition,  he  found  it  absolutely  necessary  to 
stop  up  the  road.  They  waited  a  reasonable  time, 
so  as  to  allow  the  insurance  company  and  the  owner 
an  opportunity  of  making  the  walls  secure.  The 
Bench  made  an  order  for  the  walls  to  be  rendered 
safe  within  seven  days. 

West  Brothers  v.  British  Thomson-Houstoji 
Co. — In  the  King's  Bench  Division  action  has  been 
brought  by  Messrs.  West  Brothers,  contractors,  of 
Rochester  and  Strood,  who  had  contracted  for  the 
erection  of  the  electric-power  station  and  car-sheds 
at  the  depot  of  the  Chatham  and  District  Light 
Railways  Co.,  Ltd.,  for  the  British  Thomson- 
Houston  Co.  On  completion,  a  dispute  arose  as  to 
the  alleged  delay  on  the  part  of  the  builders,  with 
the  result  that  Messrs.  West  Brothers  instituted 
an  action  to  recover  the  balance  due  on  the 
contract.  Shortly  afterwards  the  British  Thomson- 
Houston  Company  issued  a  separate  action  in 
which  they  claimed  heavy  damages  for  delay  in 
respect  of  work  done  under  the  contract.  These 
actions  came  on  for  special  reference  before  Mr. 
Bremner  in  November  last,  when  the  trial  lasted 
six  days.  Evidence  iu  support  of  Messrs  West's 
case  was  given  by  Mr.  R.  G.  West,  Mr.  Walter 
West,  Mr.  Gooch  (of  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Taylor, 
Son,  and  Santo  Crimp),  Mr.  W.  GiU:ert,  and  Mr. 
F.  Thorpe  ;  while  on  the  other  side  the  witnesses 
were  Mr.  Walton,  Mr.  Miller,  and  the  architects  to 
the  company  (Messrs.  J.  W.  Nash  and  Son).  The 
Referee's  order  for  judgment  was  received  on 
Saturday,  whereby  Messrs.  West  Bros.  oVitain  the 
whole  amount  claimed  by  them  in  respect  of  the 
contract,  whilst  the  action  brought  by  the  British 
Thomson-Houston  Co.  for  damages  was  dismissed 
with  costs  against  the  company. 


CHIPS. 

In  connection  with  the  I.'niversity  of  Liverpool 
School  of  Architecture  and  Applied  Art,  the  first  of 
a  series  of  popular  lectures  on  Artistic  Anatomy  was 
given  at  the  University  by  Professor  Pateraon  on 
Tuesday  evening. 

The  dissolution  of  partnership  has  taken  place  of 
T.  Barnes- Williams  and  A.  Griflin,  architects,  A:c., 
Coleman-street,  E.C.,  and  Railway -approach, 
London  Bridge,  S.E.,  under  the  s*-yle  of  Barnes- 
Williams,  Ford,  and  Griftiu. 

The  Court  dinner  of  the  Carpenters'  Company 
will  take  place  on  Thursday  in  next  week,  the  2l3t 
inst.  Mr.  Austen  Chamberlain,  M.P.,  Major- 
General  Mackinuon,  Sir  T.  Sutherland,  Lord 
AUerton,  Lord  Alverstone,  Sir  A.  K  RoUit,  M.P., 
and  the  Masters  of  the  Mercers'  and  Grocers' 
Companies  will  be  present. 

On  Saturday  the  Bishop  of  Manchester  reopened 
St.  Mary's  Church,  Birch,  near  Heywood.  The 
church  has  uudergoiie  extensive  alterations,  which 
have  cost  about  1 1 ,0U0.  In  addition  eight  windows 
have  been  filled  with  stained  glass  as  memorials. 

The  window  erected  in  the  Abbey  Church, 
Hexham,  in  memory  of  the  late  Rev.  Canon  Barker 
(181S-1900),  was  dedicated  by  the  Lord  Bishop  of 
Newcastle  on  Sunday.  The  window  is  the  north- 
ward one  in  the  aisle  of  the  south  transept,  close  to 
the  shrine  of  Prior  Leschman.  The  subject  is  that 
of  Christ  blessing  the  children.  The  window  is  the 
work  of  Mr.  HoUiday,  artist,  of  London. 

The  Dublin  Corporation  have  appointed  Mr. 
Higginbotham  building  surveyor,  and  Mr.  Daniel 
Dowd  as  clerk  of  works  for  the  waterworks 
department. 

The  Bishop  of  Colchester,  at  All  Saints'  Church, 
Bishop's  Stortford,  on  Sunday,  dedicated  a  stained- 
glass  window  as  a  Jubilee  memorial  of  the  founda- 
tion of  the  church  by  the  Rev.  F.  W.  Rhodes,  vicar 
of  Bishop's  Stortford,  in  1853,  and  as  a  memorial 
of  the  vicar's  son,  the  late  Right  Hon.  CecU  Rhodes, 
who  was  born  the  same  year.  The  window  was 
erected  by  public  subscription,  and  contains 
allegorical  figures  of  "  Truth  "  and  "  Charity." 


Jan.  15,  1904. 


THE    imiLDING    NEWS. 


Ill 


Ottt  (©fSce  CabU, 


Tht:  Annual  Exhibition  of  Designs  and  Draw- 
ings sulimitted  for  the  U.I. 15. A.  Piizes  and 
Studentships,  1903-4,  openj  on  Tuesday  next, 
the  19th  inst.,  in  the  Gallery  of  the  Aljjine  Club 
(entrance  in  Mill-street,  Conduit-street,  AV.) 
The  exhibition  will  be  open  each  day  from 
10  a.m.  till  8  p.m.,  and  will  close  on  Saturday, 
Jin.  30.  The  presentation  of  prizes  will  take 
place  on  Monday,  Fth.  1,  on  which  evening,  it 
is  announced,  the  Council  of  the  Institute  will 
announce  to  the  general  meeting  the  name  of  the 
person  the^'  propose  to  submit  to  his  JIajesty  the 
Kin»  as  a  fit  recipient  of  the  Koynl  Uold  Medal 
for  the  current  year. 

A  UEPKESENTATivK  coUcction  of  Working  details 
and  general  drawings  by  JI  ssrs.  G.  F.  Bodley, 
R.A.,  T.  G.  Jackson,  K.A.,  Aston  Webb,  K  A., 
John  IJelcher,  A.R.A.,  Ernest  George,  John 
Douglas.  Sir  William  Emerson,  T.  E.  Collcutf, 
Basil  Champneys,  -Vustin  and  I'aley,  E.  W. 
Mountford,  W.  D.  Cariie,  Reginald  Blomfield, 
H.  T.  Hare,  Beresford  Pite,  Leonard  Stokes, 
E.  J.  May,  Wm.  Flockhart,  James  S.  Gibson, 
Lirichester  Stewart  and  Rickards,  Temple  Moore, 
E.  L.  Lutyens,  Arnold  Mitchell,  H.  H.  Statham, 
and  the  late  Eden  Xesfield  will  be  exhibited  at 
Conduit -street  on  Friday  next,  the  22nd  inst.,  at 
7,30,  when  Mr.  ilaurice  B.  Adams  reads  his 
paper  before  the  Architectural  Association  on 
•'  As  to  the  Making  of  Architects,"  with  examples 
of  draughtsmanship. 

SuMii  further  correspondence  has  taken  place  in 
the  columns  of  the  Tuiics  this  week  on  the  ques- 
tion of  ancient  lights.  Mr.  J.  Howard  Collis 
points  out  that  he,  .and  not  the  Home  and  Colonial 
.•stores.  Limited,  is  the  appellant  to  the  House  of 
Lords  in  the  important  case  now  snfi  Jiirlirr. 
Another  writer  points  out  that  the  building 
owner  who  first  proposes  to  raise  his  property  in 
height  is  blackmailed  by  his  neighbour,  who 
intends  afterwards  also  to  rebuild  to  a  greater 
height  than  before.  A  third  correspondent  defends 
the  present  chaotic  interpretation  of  the  law,  and 
appears  to  regard  it  as  incapable  of  amendment  or 
revision. 

Mit.  Delissa  Joseph,  F.R.I.B..\.,  suggests 
that  what  is  now  desired  is  for  new  legislation  to 
provide  ( 1 )  that  the  I'rescription  Act  shall,  after 
a  given  date,  cease  to  apply  to  large  towns  and 
cities,  an  1  thus  check  the  growth  and  acquire- 
ment of  new  ancient  lights  :  and  (2)  that  a  simple 
procedure  shall  be  provided  for  adjusting  the 
rights  of  such  ancient  lights  as  already  exist,  such 
procedure  being  founded  upon  that  provided  by 
the  London  Building  Act  of  1891  for  dealing  with 
party-walls,  in  which  there  are  necessarily  con- 
dieting  interests.  This  procedure  would  require 
the  parly  commencing  to  build  t  >  serve  notice 
on  the  surrounding  parties  of  his  intentions. 
The  sanounding  owners  would  then  be  required 
to  appoint  architects  to  represent  their  interests 
and  to  meet  the  architect  of  the  building  owner, 
who  would  then  disclose  his  proposals.  If  the 
respective  architects  were  unible  to  agree  to  the 
adjustment  of  the  respective  lines  of  light  or  for 
the  compensation  to  be  paid  for  the  easement 
thereof,  they  would  refer  the  matter  to  an  archi- 
tect-arbitrator, who  would  issue  an  award.  The 
only  appeal  from  this  award  would  be  to  a  tribunal 
similarly  composed  to  that  which  already  exists 
undtr  the  Building  Act  of  1891,  consisting  of  an 
architect,  a  surveyor,  and  a  barrister,  whose 
decision  should  be  final.  Incidentally,  it  would 
be  necessary  to  give  the  arbitrator  and  the  tri- 
bunal the  right  to  award  damages  in  lieu  of  an 
order  either  to  pull  down  or  mutilate  the  pro- 
posed new  buildings.  Jlr.  Joseph  refers  to  the 
Bill  drafted  on  these  linei  by  the  councils  of  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  .Architects  and  the  Sur- 
veyors' Institution,  and  introduced  Ustsession  by 
Jlr.  Fletcher  Moulton,  but  p  ints  out  that  a 
private  Bill,  fuch  as  this,  will  have  little  chance 
of  becoming  law  unlesi  it  is  strongly  backed  up 
by  the  people  wlio  suffer  most  from  the  present 
unsatisfactory  state  of  the  law. 

Di'uiNii  the  months  of  February,  M.iroh,  and 
.\pril,  the  Sanitary  Institute  will  carry  out  at  the 
Parkes  Museum,  Margaret-s'reet,  Kegent-streot, 
\V.,  their  37th  course  of  lectures  ami  demonstra- 
tions for  sanitary  olH  :er3.  Five  loc'ures  will  be 
delivered  on  "  Elementary  Physics  and  Chemis- 
try "  in  relation  t)  water,  soil,  air,  ventila- 
tion, and  meteorology.  Twenty-one  lectures  will 
1)0  given  on  "  Public  Health  Statutes,"  orders 


memoranda,  and  model  by-laws  of  the  Local 
(iovtrnment  l!o.ard  and  the  by-laws  in  force  in 
the  Administrative  County  of  London;  "The 
Practical  Duties  of  a  Sanitary  Inspector" — r.i/., 
drawing  up  notices  as  to  sanitary  defects,  drain- 
te.-ting,  disinfection,  methods  of  inspect'cn,  note- 
taking,  reporting,  and  elementary  statistics ; 
"  .Municipal  Hygiene,"  including  prevention  and 
abatement  of  nuisances,  sanitary  defects  in  and 
about  buildings,  and  their  remedies,  water  supplie.«, 
sanitary  appliances,  drainage,  refuse  removal 
and  disposal,  offensive  trades,  disinfection  ;  and 
**  Building  Construction  in  its  .Sanitary  Rela- 
tions "  Inspections  and  demonstrations  are 
arranged  in  connection  with  the  lectures,  and 
include  visits  to  disinfecting  stations,  dairy 
premises,  municipal  depots,  artisans'  dwellings, 
offensive  trades,  waterworks,  common  lodging- 
houses,  sanitary  works  in  progress,  and  refuse 
and  sewage -disposal  works.  In  some  of  tlie  visits 
the  students  are  ehown  the  routine  of  an  in- 
spector's office  work  and  duties.  The  various 
subjects  to  be  deilt  with  will  be  given  by  well- 
kno*n  authorities,  and  will  be  illustrated  with 
diagrams,  drawings,  models,  and  lantern  slides. 

Sill  TuEvoii  Lawrence,  Treasurer  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  writes  explaining  that 
the  Mansion  House  Committee,  after  much  con- 
sideration, decided  to  retain  the  hospital  on  its 
present  site,  but  afterwards  agreed  to  endeavour 
to  provide  outside  the  premises  a  site  for  the 
nurses'  home,  with  a  staff  of  3iO  females.  During 
the  sittings  of  the  Mansion  House  Committee, 
and  the  whole  of  the  lat'er  part  of  last  year,  the 
hospital  archi'ect,  Mr.  I'Anson,  who  had  tem- 
porarily associated  with  him  Mr.  Rowland  Plumbe 
(one  of  the  .architects  of  the  London  Ho-pital),  have 
been  eng.aged  in  preparing  plans  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  new  buildings  contemplated.  But 
when  the  governors  proposed  to  put  the  nurses' 
home  outside  the  hospital  area,  these  plans 
necessarily  required  revision.  They  have  now 
been  carefully  revised,  and  block  plans,  showing 
how  the  hospital  buil lings  of  the  future  may  be 
distributed  in  more  ways  than  one,  have  been 
prepared  and  submitted  to  the  Medical  Council. 
The  numbt-r  of  blocks,  the  purposes  for  which 
they  are  required,  and  the  estimated  cost  of  each, 
and  of  the  nurses'  home,  have  long  been  known, 
and  can,  .Sir  Trevor  states,  be  put  distinctly 
before  the  meeting  on  the  26th  inst.  He  appeals 
for  liber.al  aid  on  the  ground  that  the  "  recent 
purchase  of  land  from  Christ's  Hospital  will 
enta'l  a  charge  of  over  £9,000  per  annum  on  its 
present  revenue,  leaving  a  deficit  of  £7,000  per 
annum  on  the  ordinary  expenditure." 

The  second  part  of  Vol.  XVI.  of  "  Ars  Quatuor 
Coronatorum,"  a  body  which  devotes  itself  to  the 
more  abstruse  branches  of  Masooic  stud}',  has  just 
been  issued.  At  one  of  the  meetings  a  paper  was 
read  by  Mr.  Edward  Conder,  juQ.,  F  .S  A.,  on 
"William  of  Wykeham,  Bishop  of  Winchester, 
Architect  and  Statesman,"  in  which  he  sets  him- 
self to  combat  the  opinions  of  certain  eminent 
writers  of  recent  times  to  the  effect  that  Wi'liam 
of  Wykeham  was  not  an  architect  at  all  in  the 
modern  sense  of  the  word,  but  at  best  only  a 
supervisor  or  clerk  of  the  work-'.  These  opinions, 
we  are  told,  were  propounded  in  the  fi.st  instance 
by  Mr.  Wyatt  Papworth  in  certain  papers  read 
before  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects  in 
1860  and  1861  respectively,  and  reprinted  in  1887, 
in  Vol.  III.  of  its  Ti'immict'ions,  These  conten- 
tions were  .adopted  by  Mr.  Leach  in  his  "  History 
of  Winch'ster  College,"  and  in  1902  by  Mr. 
.James  Tail,  writer  of  the  Life  of  William  of 
Wykeham,  which  appeared  in  that  year  in  the 
National  Dictionary  of  Biography.  Mr.  ('onder 
adduces  evidence,  clearly  and  consistently  set 
forth,  in  support  of  his  views,  so  that  the  reader 
will  not  lack  the  wherewith  to  Jctermine  for  him- 
self whether  he  has  or  lias  not  succeeded  in  dis- 
turbing the  theory  originated  bj-  Mr.  Papworth 
and  endorsed  by  Messrs.  Leach  and  Tail. 

A  CEDAU  -  WOOD  carving,  representing  the 
"  Nativity  of  Christ,  with  the  Adoration  of  the 
Shepherls,"  which  is  amongst  the  art  treasures 
of  the  Winch  ster  Corporation,  is  now  conjectured 
to  bo  by  Uenvt'nuto  Celtini.  The  carving  hss 
long  hung  in  the  mayor's  parlour,  and  in  :;on- 
sequonco  of  a  publication  of  i  phott^graph  of  the 
carving  and  certain  memoranda  in  the  woodwork 
behind  it.  attention  was  called  to  it.  The  mayor 
of  the  city,  Mr.  Ward,  is  taking  great  care  of  the 
work,  and  is  anxious  th.at  the  wormeiten  back 
should  bo  removeil  and  the  carving  examined  and 
cared  for  by  an  export  and  connoisseur. 

TuE  Board  of  Education,  in  co-operation  with 


the  Council  of  the  Society  of  .Vrts,  intend,  during 
the  present  year,  to  hold,  in  the  Victoria  and 
.\lbert  Museum,  South  Kensington,  an  exhibition 
of  engravings  produced  by  mechanical  means, 
such  as  photogravure  and  other  photographic 
processes,  as  a  sequal  to  the  exhibition  of  en- 
graving and  etching  held  during  last  summer; 
and,  as  great  advancements  have  been  made  in 
printing  in  colours  since  the  Exhibition  of  Jlodern 
Illustration  in  1901,  specimens  of  colour  printing 
will  be  included..  -\  committee,  of  which  .Sir 
William  Abney,  F.R.S.,  will  act  as  chairman, 
has  been  formed  to  advise  the  Board  in  carrying 
out  the  exhibition.  All  communications  should 
be  addressed  to  the  secretary.  Exhibition  of 
Mechanical  Engraving,  Board  of  Education, 
South  Kensington. 

A  MEETING  of  registered  plumbers  in  London 
has  been  held  at  the  Memorial  Hall,  Farring- 
don-street,  for  the  election  of  members  to  the 
London  Registration  Committee.  Mr.  Ctiarlea 
Hudson,  Past  Master  of  the  Plumbers'  Company, 
presided.  The  report  of  the  Registration  Com- 
mittee for  the  j'ear  included  a  statement  that 
3, .500  master  and  operative  plumbers  had  signed  a 
petition  to  Parliament  in  favour  of  the  national 
registration  of  plumbers,  on  conditions  approved 
by  the  Local  Government  Board,  as  a  means  of 
distinguishing  competent  workmen.  Nine  master 
plumbers  and  seven  operative  plumbers  were 
elected  to  fill  the  vacancies  on  the  Registration 
Committee — viz. :  Jlaster  plumbers,  Messrs.  W. 

E.  Bone,  W.  C.  Clegg,  S.  S.  Hellyer,  J.  Hume, 
John  Knight,  F.  Nichols,  C.  Parks,  T.  L.  Pitt, 
and  E.  A.  Williams  ;  operative  plumbers,  G. 
Bennett,  J.  W.  Clarke,  J.  W.  Hart,  A.  J.  Mills, 

F.  Randall,  G.  W.  Stacey,  and  G.  Taylor. 

Ctoou  progress  is  being  made  with  the  pre- 
parations for  the  C'artwr'ght  Iilemorial  Hall 
Exhibition,  to  be  held  in  Manningham  Park, 
Bradford,  this  year.  The  industrial  hall  will  be 
covered  and  roofed  in  about  a  fortnight,  and 
the  contract  for  the  concert  hall  has  been  let  to 
Messrs.  Jloulson  and  Son-.  There  is  to  be  floor 
accommodation  in  this  hall  for  2,000  persons, 
1,000  seated  and  a  similar  number  on  the 
promenade.  This  hall  will  also  be  used  for  the 
meetings  and  demonstrations  to  be  held  whilst 
the  exhibition  is  in  progress.  Sketches  were 
approved  by  the  Building  Committee  on  Friday 
of  a  bridge  which  is  to  span  the  lake  in  the 
pirk,  and  which  will  add  to  the  beauty  of  the 
tcene  when  illuminated  at  night.  The  erection 
of  the  water-chute  has  also  been  commenced. 
The  education  section  will  be  divided  into  two 
parts,  the  first  dealing  with  education  and  the 
school  work  proper,  as  regards  the  training  of  the 
children,  ana  will  include  exhibits  from  France, 
Germany,  Italy,  and  the  Colonies.  The  second 
part  will  have  to  do  with  domestic  science  ;  and 
there  will  be  practical  demonstrations  of  all  classes 
of  domestic  work. 

According  to  the  Daily  ifai/,  Mr.  Harry  Hems, 
of  Exeter,  occupies  the  proud  position  of  chief 
letter- writer  to  the  Press.  Jlr.  Hems  writ-s 
that  he  has  set  a  couple  of  clerki  to  go  over  his 
personal  cuttings.  "  There  are  sixteen  volumes, 
and  they  measure  1ft.  3in.  by  Uin.  per  volume, 
and  stand  5ft.  Sin.  high  when  piled.  I  find  i 
possess  t,003  signed  letters  or  articles  of  my  own 
that  have  appeared  in  th-i  public  Press  since  1S6S. 
They  have  been  written  not  only  at  home,  but  in 
most  countries  in  Europe,  North  and  South 
Africa,  and  in  many  p.arts  of  the  I'nited  States 
and  Canada.  I  do  not  include  in  those  several 
thousand  paragraphs  and  articles  I  have  written 
.anonymously,  which  are  bound  in  different 
volumes.  Altogether  my  cuttings  in  which  my 
own  name  appears  number  26,283."  The  first  in 
the  series  occurred  in  the  issue  of  the  Bi  ii.dixo 
News  published  nearly  six -aod-thirty  years  ago, 
on  Jan.  31,  18S8,  wherein  Mr.  Hems  is  referred 
in  some  Exeter  Notes  as  having  carved  an  altar 
in  the  church  of  St.  George's,  Clyst. 

A  EEw  years  ago,  says  the  Cm  lIihii  ^lirlulf', 
brickmakers  in  Toronto  threw  away  as  useless  a 
considerable  quantity  of  what  are  known  as 
"clinker  bricks" — i  c,  bricks  uneven  in  colour 
and  shape,  and  exhibiting  protuberances  on  their 
surfaces.  These  peculiarities  arc  due  to  the 
bricks  being  placed  in  the  arch  of  the  kiln,  where 
they  are  exposed  to  the  greatest  heat.  .\n 
architect,  in  looking  one  day  at  a  pi'e  of  these 
refuse  bricks,  thought  he  saw  possibilities  in  them, 
and  forthwith  boiight  sulhcient  of  them  to  build 
himself  a  house.  'I'ho  appearanca  of  the  house 
was  pleasing,  and  in  contr.ist  to  the  ordinary  run 
of  work,     tlther  architects  then  saw  a  value  in 


112 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  15,  1904. 


the  clinker  brick,  and  began  to  use  them.  The 
demand  so  increased  that  the  brickmakers  them- 
selves came  to  see  the  ralue  of  what  they  had 
been  accustomed  to  regard  as  a  waste  product, 
and  the  price  was  advanced  until  now  "  clinkers" 
bring  two  dollars  per  thousand  more  than  standard 
first  quality. 

The  Board  o£  Education,  m  co-operation  with 
the  council  of  the  Sjciety  of  Arts,  intend,  during 
the  present  year,  to  hold,  in  the  Victoria  and 
Albert  Museum,  South  Kensington,  an  Exhibi- 
tion of  Engravings  produced  by  mechanical 
means,  such  as  photogravure  and  other  photo- 
graphic processes,  as  a  sequel  to  the  Exhibition 
of  Engraving  and  Etching  held  during  last 
summer  :  and,  as  great  advancements  have  been 
made  in  printing  in  colours  since  the  Exhibition 
of  Modem  Illustration  in  1901,  specimens  of 
colour-printing  will  be  included.  A  committee, 
of  which  Sir  "William  de  W.  Abney,  K.C.B., 
F.H.S.,  will  act  as  chairman,  has  been  formed  to 
advise  the  Board  in  carrying  out  the  exhibition. 
All  communications  should  be  addressed  to  the 
Secretary,  Exhibition  of  Mechanical  Engraving, 
Board  of  Education,  South  Kensington. 

The  L'jeds  Fireclay  Co.,  Ltd.,  notify  the  following 
staff  alterations: — Mr.  A.  Barrett,  who  has  been 
secretary  for  14  years,  has  been  elected  a  director, 
and  has  been  appointed  Managing  Director  and 
Deputy  Chairman  of  the  Company ;  Mr.  B.  J.  W. 
Lone,  who  has  been  one  of  the  company's  managers 
in  London  for  many  years,  has  been  elected  a 
director  and  appointed  to  control  the  Sales  Depart- 
ment in  London  and  the  South;  Mr.  H.  J.  Boot, 
for  several  years  Mr.  Barrett's  assistant,  has  been 
appointed  secretary  of  the  company. 

We  understand  the  Duke  of  Richmond  and 
Gordon  is  enlarging  the  present  stands  at  Good- 
wood Park,  and  that  the  whole  of  the  stonework, 
which  is  very  considerable,  is  being  carried  out  by 
the  Stuart's  Granolithic  Stone  Co.,  Limited,  of 
MiUwall,  London.  This  firm  has  recently  carried 
out  similar  work  to  the  large  new  stands  at  Sandown 
Park,  Esher. 

Halifax  Town  Council  sanctioned  on  Monday  an 
application  being  made  to  the  Local  Government 
Board  for  authority  to  borrow  £86,70.5  for  the  com- 
pletion of  "Walshaw  Dean  Eeservoire,  and  for  other 
waterworks  purposes,  the  repayment  to  extend  over 
a  period  of  sixty  years. 

Mr.  Ernest  Woodhouse,  architect,  88,  Mosley- 
street,  Manchester,  is  the  successful  competitor  for 
the  new  schools,  Manley  Park,  Manchester,  for 
the  Withington  Education  Authority. 

Lord  Avebury  has  consented  to  preside  at  the 
opening  of  a  series  of  educational  lectures  promoted 
by  the  Carpenters'  Company  at  Carpenters'  Hall  on 
February  18.  The  Eirl  of  Harrowby  will  preside 
on  a  later  occasion  at  a  lecture  on  "  Forestry,"  by 
Professor  Schlick  at  Carpenters'  Hall. 

Mr.  Herbert  Spencer  has  bequeathed  to  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery  the  marble  bust  of  him- 
self by  Boehm,  and  to  the  same  institution  his  three- 
quarter  length  portrait  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Burgess,  R.A. 
Should  the  trustees  of  the  Gallery  decline  it,  the 
portrait  is  to  be  given  to  the  Corporation  of  Derby, 
Mr.  Spencer's  native  town,  to  whom,  in  the  event 
of  the  trustees  accepting  Burgess's  picture,  he  has 
bequeathed  a  replica  painted  by  Mr.  J.  Hanson 
Walker. 

For  the  combined  parishes  of  Aylton  and  Pixley, 
Herefordshire,  a  new  parsonage  has  been  erected  for 
the  rector,  the  Rev.  A.  H.  Knapp.  It  is  one  of 
several  such  vicarages  of  a  type  for  poor  parishes 
erected  by  Mr.  Ernest  G.  Davies,  M.S. A.,  architect, 
of  Hereford.  It  is  built  of  red  brick,  with  half- 
timbered  gables  and  tiled  roofs,  with  casement 
windows  and  leaded  lights  in  the  Queen  Anne  style. 

Mr.  R.  C.  Quin,  electrical  engineer,  was  acci- 
dentally drowned  at  Tamuey,  County  Donegal,  on 
Monday,  while  surveying  a  quarry  belonging  to  Mr. 
Margerison,  of  Bradford,  Torks.  At  the  inquest, 
the  evidence  showed  that  Mr.  Quin  was  a  member 
of  the  firm  of  Messrs.  (iuin  and  Speight,  electrical 
engineerSjOf  Victoria-street,  Westminster,  S.W.  The 
jury  returned  a  verdict  of  "Accidentally  Drowned." 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSOTNG  "WEEK. 

To-DAV  (Fbidav;.— Glasgow  Architectural  Craftsmen's 
Society.  "  Steelwork  Construction,"  by 
C.  E.  Bonn,  M.I.C.E.    8  p.m. 

Monday.— Eoyal  Institute  of  IBritish  Architects.  Award 
of  Prizes.  "Architecture  in  Lead."  by 
J.  Starkie  Gardner.    8  p.m. 

Surveyors'  Institution.  *'  Some  Duties 
"Which  Might  be  Profitably  Undertaken 
by  Land  Agents,"  by  J.  C.  Chandler. 
7  p.m. 

ToESDAY.— Society  of  -irtii.  "  Celtic  Ornament,"  by 
George  Cotfey.    8  p.m. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  Dis- 
cussion on  "The  Electrical  Reconstruc- 
tion of  the  South  London  Tramways  on 
the  Conduit  System."    8  p.m. 

Wednesday.— Society  of  Arts.  "  Organ  Design,"  by 
Thomas  Casson.    8  p.m. 

Edinburgh  Architectural  Association. 
"An  Architect's  Holiday  in  Portugal," 
by  W.  Crum  Watson.    8  p.m. 

Friday. — Arcbltectui-al  Association.  "  As  to  the  Making 
of  Architects,  with  Examples  of 
Draughtsmanship."  by  Maurice  B. 
Adams,  5.E.I.B.A.    7.30  p.m. 


THE  AECHITECTUEAL  ASSOCIATION. 
JANUARY  22iid-  Ordinary  GENER.\L  MEETING,  at  No.  9, 
C«nduit  ftrpet.  W.,  at  130  p.m.  Paper  bv  Mr.  MAURICE  B 
*DAMS,  F  R  I.B.A  .  entitled  "  As  to  the  M^liinii  of  Arrl.itects.  willi 
E.xamples  of  Draushtsmanship  "  An  Eihihition  of  Drawings  by 
well-knoivn  .\rihitecw  will  be  on  view  during  the  evening 

.lANUARY  2Hrd,  FIRST  SPRING  VISIT:  to  the  Offices  of 'he 
Itoval  London  Friendly  Societv.  Finabury  Circus,  by  kind  permission 
of  Mr.  .lOH.V  BKLCH'ER.  A-R.A.  .Members  10  mtet  at  the  building 
at  2.3fl  p.m.,  and  to  prcduce  their  memberehip  passes  for  the  current 
Session. 

I.OLIS   AMBLER     1  „         g 
H.  TANNER,  Jun.  i  "'"'■  '"'"■ 


€\)t  Socittg  of  Eitljitttts. 

Founded  1884.      Incorporated  1893. 


The  next  EXTRANCE  EXAMINATIOX  will  be  held 
in  LONDON  and  certain  rROVINCIAL  CE.VTRES  on 
MARI.'H  'JSth,  30th,  and  31st,  1901.-  Syllabus  post  free,  i,r 
on  appUcition  to  the  SECRETARY  of  the  Wjciety  of 
.Architects.  Staple  Inn  Buildings  (South),  Holborn, 
London,  W.C. 


OHIPS. 

At  Friday's  meeting  of  the  Edinburgh  Photo- 
graphic Society,  Professor  Baldwin  Brown  lectured 
on  "  Composition  and  Light  and  Shade  in  Turner's 
Liber  Studiorum."  The  lecture  was  fully  illus- 
trated by  a  series  of  reproductions  of  many  of  the 
pictures  in  the  Liber  Studiorum,  in  which,  Pro- 
fessor Baldwin  Brown  explained,  Turner  sought  to 
give  the  whole  truth  of  Nature  in  her  various 
moods.  Attention  was  drawn  specially  to  Turner's 
management  of  composition  and  hght  and  shade. 

In  connection  with  the  forthcoming  annual 
Furnishing  Trades  Exhibition  and  Market,  to  be 
held  at  the  Agricultural  Hall  in  April  next,  work- 
men's competitions  have  been  organised.  There 
will  be  substantial  monetary  prizes,  in  a  number  of 
instances  reaching  £50  each. 

The  Suffragan  Bishop  of  Crediton  dedicated  in 
the  belfry  of  Exeter  Cathedral's  Norman  Tower, 
built  by  Warelwart,  the  blind  Bishop  of  Exeter, 
(a.d.  1107-36),  the  memorial  tablet  that  com- 
memorates the  first  peal  of  Grandsire  Caters  rung 
upon  these  bells  since  their  restoration.  The  tablet 
is  of  English  oak,  panelled  and  traceried.  Upon  the 
pediment  at  the  top  is  a  shield  of  Eirly  character, 
and  thereupon  a  raised  Maltese  cross,  with  its  inner 
parts  formed  like  a  cross  uowy,  and  voided 
throughout.  The  memorial  has  been  made  by 
Messrs.  Harry  Hems  and  Sons,  of  Exeter. 

The  new  ofiices  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway 
Co.  in  Trafalgar-square  have  just  been  completed 
under  the  direction  and  from  the  designs  of  Mr. 
G.  Richard  Julian,  A.K.I.B.A.,  Messrs.  Mark 
Patrick  and  Son  being  the  builJers.  The  frontage 
to  the  square  is  51ft.  6in.,  and  the  building  consists 
of  a  basement  with  strong-rooms  and  five  stories 
above  the  ground  floor  of  fireproof  construction 
throughout.  '*  Well "  fireplaces  have  been  used 
throughout  the  building,  and  the  whole  of  the  locks, 
taulight-openers,  and  other  ventilating  gear  has 
been  suppUed  by  Messrs.  Jas.  Hill  and  Co.,  of 
Queen  Victoii  i-street,  E.G. 


On  Monday  the  new  council  school  erected  at 
Prestsvood-road,  Heath  Town,  Wolverhampton, 
was  opened.  It  was  commenced  by  the  late 
Wednesfield  School  Board,  and  it  is  the  first  to  be 
opened  under  the  authority  of  the  Statt'ordshire 
County  Council.  In  the  mixed  department  accom- 
modation is  provided  for  260  children,  in  addition 
to  a  separate  cookery  centre  for  60  girls,  and  there 
is  a  central  hall.  The  infant  department  is  a 
separate  block,  with  accommodation  for  210  children. 
The  school  is  on  the  classroom  system,  and  the  floors 
are  laid  with  wood  blocks.  Mr.  Fred  T.  Beck,  of 
Wolverhampton,  was  the  architect,  and  Messrs. 
George  Cave  and  Son  were  the  builders. 

The  new  premises  in  the  High-street,  Edinburgh 
—to  be  known  as  the  Hospice— of  the  Nursing 
Home  for  Women,  which  formerly  carried  on  its 
work  at  George-square,  Edinburgh,  were  formally 
opened  on  Monday  by  Lady  Helen  Munro-Ferguson. 
The  premises  occupy  three  flats.  There  are  two 
wards  and  a  large  number  of  private  rooms.  The 
second  floor  is  mainly  devoted  to  the  nursing  de- 
partment and  the  operating-room,  and  the  lower 
flat  is  occupied  by  the  administration  department. 
Mr.  Harold  Tarbolton,  of  Edinburgh,  was  the 
architect. 

As  the  result  of  the  recent  scholarship  examina- 
tions at  the  Electrical  Standardising,  Testing,  and 
Training  Institution,  the  examiners  recommend  the 
following  awards:— To  H.  S.  Phillips,  of  Oakham 
School,  an  exhibition  of  40  guineas,  tenable  for  two 
years;  L.  W.  Ballard,  of  Dunheved  College, 
Launceston,  and  G.  E.  Whitton,  of  Welling- 
borough Grammar  School,  exhibitions  of  30  guineas, 
tenable  for  two  years ;  H.  R.  Ainsley,  of  the 
Masonic  School,  a  special  prize  of  20  guineas. 

An  alarming  accident  occurred  on  Saturday  at 
tlie  new  railway  bridge  of  the  Caledonian  Company 
over  the  Clyde  at  Glasgow,  at  present  undergoing 
completion.  Eight  riveters  were  engaged  working 
on  a  staging  suspended  at  an  elevated  position  from 
the  side  of  the  bridge.  The  planks  supporting  the 
staging  suddenly  gave  way,  and  three  of  the  men 
fell  into  the  river  below,  while  the  others  were  left 
clinging  to  the  structure.  All  the  men  were  rescued, 
and  sustained  but  slight  injuries.  A  similar  accident 
recently  occurred  in  connection  with  the  Central 
Station  extension,  resulting  in  the  death  of  three 
woikmen. 

The  Birmingham  City  Council  adopted,  on  Tues- 
day, after  a  long  discussion,  a  recommendation  of 
the  General  Purposes  Committee  for  extending  the 
Council  House  Buildings,  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
£100,000.  The  Lord  Mayor  explained  that  the 
Fire  Brigade  wanted  a  new  station,  and  the 
Finance  Committee  required  additional  storage. 
The  Gas  Committee's  work  was  much  congested, 
and  the  Art  Gallery  was  unable  to  properly  exhibit 
its  treasures. 

Mr.  G.  Cooper  Drabble  has  been  appointed 
resident  engineer  on  Contract  C  of  the  Derwent 
Valley  Water  Board's  main  aqueduct.  This  con- 
tract, which  was  recently  let  to  Messrs.  Morrison 
and  Mason,  of  Glasgow,  extends  from  Rowsley  to 
Whatstandwell,  running  through  the  hills  on  the 
east  side  of  the  River  Derwent,  and  comprises  about 
i'f  miles  of  tunnel,  one  mile  of  cut-and- cover,  and 
4|  miles  of  pipes.  The  construction  is  to  be  com- 
menced immediately. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  urbau  district  council 
of  Southgate,  it  was  reported  that  the  order 
authorising  the  construction  of  a  hght  railway  by 
the  Middlesex  C.C.  along  Green-lanes  from  Wood 
Green  to  Enfield,  a  distance  of  about  four  miles,  had 
been  confirmed  by  the  Board  of  Trade.  The  cost  of 
road  preparation  is  estimated  at  £3G,O0O.  As  far  as 
possible,  the  road  for  the  entire  distance  will  be 
made  a  uniform  width  of  GOft. 

The  thirty-ninth  session  of  the  British  Archieo- 
logical  Society  was  opened  on  Tuesday  at  the 
Continental  Hotel  in  Rome,  under  the  presidency 
of  the  British  Ambassador.  Professor  Stuart  Jones, 
'  if  Oxford,  delivered  the  inaugural  address  on  the 
"  Ara  Pacis  Augustic." 

At  Belfast  the  old  houses  of  William  Napier,  the 
distiller,  built  in  Wellington-place  in  1S19,  is  being 
demolished,  and  on  its  site  will  be  erected,  from 
plans  by  Messrs.  Young  and  Mackenzie,  of  Belfast, 
a  pianoforte  warehouse. 


LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


■Wakefield— Free  Library 

Borstal,  Rochester— Chancel,  &c 

£rdington— Council  House  and  Free  Library  (WmHenman. 

F.R.I.B.A.,  Assessor)    ;... 

nkley— Free  Library.  Public  Offices,  and  Assembly  Hail..'..!.!! 

Bangor— Houses  for  Working  Classes 

Vienna— Machinery  to  Lift  Boats !..!.!!"!!!'! 

Newcastlc-on-Tyne— Grammar  School  (J.  BUson,  F.R.i!B.A!! 

F.8.A.,  Assessor) 

Torqtiay-Camegie  Public  Library  and  MtmidpalBuiidiiise! 

Upton  Valley  (Assessor"!   

Olaegow—Hutchesontown  Branch  Libraiy 


Chas.  Jas.  Hudson,  Town  Cleik,  Town  Hall,  Wakefield Jan.  20 

St.  Matthew's  Vicarage,  Borstal,  Rochester  „     31 

f'O,  £3(1,  £20   Herbert  H.  Humphries.  EnR..  Public  Hall,  Erdington,  Birmingham  Feb.    1 

£100,  £50.  £'20 Frank  Hall,  Clerk,  Council  Offices,  Ilkley „        1 

20gs.,  ICga John  Gill,  City  Surveyor,  Ban,'or    ,      20 

100,000,  7a,000,  and  50,000  kronen   ...  The  Austro-Hungarian  Con.-Oen,22,  Latirenoe-Pounteney-lane,E.C.  liar.  31 

£100,  £50,  £25 Horace  J.  Criildle,  Solicitor,  2,  CoUingwood-st.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne  April  26 

SCgs.,  30g8 Fredk.  S.  Hex,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Torquay — 

James  G.  Munro,  Town  Clerk,  City  Chambers,  Glasgow — 


Jan.  15,  1904. THE    BUILDING    ^EWS. 113 

LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 


BUILDINQS. 


Manchester— Alterations  to  Pupil  Teachers'  College  Building...  Education  Committee W.  Winds^or,  (luantitv  Surveryor.  .37.  Brown-street,  Hanchester Jan.  16 

Tallyllyn— Parsonage Rev.  J.  Williams  „...  O.  T.  Basaett.  A.R.I.B  A.,  Aberystwith  ,      1« 

Esslemont— Cottar  Houses Wm.  Davidson.  Architect,  EUon.  N.B „      16 

Pontypridd— Rebuilding  Three  Shops.  Taff-street  Rhondda  Valleys  Brewery  Co Arthur  0.  Evans.  Architect,  Pontypridd 16 

Kir^''a  Lynn — Five  Pairs  of  Cottages.  Tennyson-avenue Jarvis  and  Son.  Architects.  King's  Lynn „      16 

Bishop's  Stortford— Alterations  to  Workhouse  Chapel Guardians Alfred  G.  Gwynn,  Clerk,  Hishop's  Stortford  18 

Ynysybwl— BakelKuse  Co-operative  Society D.  Dalis  Jones,  Secretary,  4\  Robert-street.  Ynysybwl,  Wales   „     18 

Mountain  Ash— Public  officea    Urban  District  Council    J.  H.  Phillips,  Architect,  Clive  Chambers,  Windsor-place,  Cardiff ...    „      18 

Sheffield— Nursery  Block  at  Fir  Vale  Workhouse  Guardians J.  Creswick  Brameld,  Architect,  .S  and  10,  *  >eorge-street,  Sheffield  ..    „      18 

Carditf—Temporary  Chureh  of  St.  Vincent    Rev.  David  Davies,  II.A John  W.  Rodger.  Architect.  U.  High-street,  Cardiff   18 

Winchburgh— County  Police  Station   Linlithgowshire  County  Council  W.  M.  Scott,  Architect,  Linlithgow  „      18 

Abercam— Urban  Council  Otiices Urban  District  Council    John  Williams,  Engineer,  Council  Offices.  Bridge-street,  Abercam    „     18 

Savile  Town.  Dewsburv— Four  Houses No.  3,  Stanley-terrace,  Savile  Town  Dewsbury „     19 

Royal  Albert  Dock— Mercantile  Marine  Office H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works J.  B.  Westcott.  H  M.  Office  of  Works.  Storey's  Gate,  8.W „      19 

Bamsley— Two  Shops.  Peel-square  James  Fo.\  and  Sons Tennant  and  Bagley,  Architects.  Pontefract  „     19 

Cheltenham  — Foitv-Two  Houses  Great  Western  Railway  Co G.  K.  Mills.  Secretary.  Paddington  Station,  W „     19 

Bamsley— Rebuilding  Old  Royal  Oak  Hotel James  Fox  and  Sons Tennant  and  Bagley,  Architects,  Pontefract  „      19 

Aberfan,  Merthyr  Vale— Three  Business  Premises  and  House William  Dowdeswell,  Architect,  Treharris  20 

Shardlow,  Derby— Vagrants' Block  at  Workhouse Board  of  Guardians  Naylor  and  Sale.  Architects,  Iron-gate,  Dei-by  „     20 

Scotforth,  Lancaster— House  J.  Parkinson,  Architect,  t57.  Church-street,  Lancaster „     20 

Eamsgate— Free  Library,  Clarendon-gardens  Corporation E.  B.  Sharpley,  Town  Clerk,  Albion  House,  Ramsgate  ,,     20 

Swinton.  Manchester — Escape  St.aircase  at  Schools Guardians A.  J.  Murga'royd.  Architect,  23,  Strutt-street,  Manchester „     20 

Claughton,  Lanes — New  Aisles,  Vestries,  &  Restoring  Church Austin  and  Paley.  Architects,  Lancaster 20 

Blackpool  — Extensions  to  Sanatorium Sanitary  Committee John  S.  Brodie,  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Blackpool  ,     20 

Kilkenny — Alterations  at  Dispensary  Guardians Kieran  Comerford,  Clerk.  Kilkenny ,,     21 

Trealaw— Chapel.  Victoria-street O.  H.  Evans.  Architect.  Post  Office  Chambers,  Pontypridd  ,,     21 

Merthyr  Tydfil— School  (200  infants)  at  Woodlands  School  Board  J.  Llewellin  Smith,  Architect,  50,  High-.street,  Merthyr  Tydfil   23 

Hahfax— Four  Houses,  Newstead T.  Kershaw,  Architect,  Lanes  and  Yorks  Bank  Chambers,  Halifax.    ,,      23 

Croydon— Alterations  to  Clothing  Store  at  Workhouse Guardians F.  West.  Surveyor.  23.  Coombe-road,  (.'roydon   „     23 

Cwmhach —House  and  Three  Small  Tenements Thomas  James.  Ashgrove.  Dinas  Cross „     23 

East  Ham  — School  Restoration  after  Fire.  Shaftesbury-road  ...  Education  Committee  R.  L.  Curtis.  Architect.  120.  London  Wall.  Moorgate-street,  E.  C...    „     21 

Devonport— Entrance  Lodge  Town  Council The  Surveyor's  Office.  Municipal  Offices,  Ker-street,  Devonport ,,     25 

Runcorn — Additions  to  Lavatories  at  Workhouse  Guardians William  and  Segar  Owen,  Architects.  Cairo-street,  Warrington „     '25 

Cardiff— Mortuary  Buildings,  Crawshay-lane  Corporation W.  Harpur,  M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Cardiff    25 

Dartmouth— Abattoir  at  West  Hill R.  M.  Luke,  Chief  Engineer,  15,  Princess-square.  Plymouth    „     25 

London,  EC— .Additions  to  the  Royal  Mint H.M.  Commissionera  of  Works J.  B.  Westcott,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  G.ate,  S.W ,,      26 

Walthamatow- Corrugated  Iron  Shed Urban  District  Council    Geo.  W.  Holmes,  A.M.I. C.E.,  Town  Hall,  Waltbamstow „     26 

Leigh-I»estructor  Buildings Corporation Tom  Hunter,  Boro'  Engineer,  Bank  Chambers.  Leigh.  Lancashire  ..    „     26 

Kensington— Fire  Brigade  Station London  County  Council  The  Architect's  Department,  3.  Warwick-st.,  Charing  Cross,  S.W...    ,,     26 

Whall.  y  Rarge— Temporary  Schools  E.  G.  W.  Hewlett .' Ernest  Woodhouse,  Architect,  .SS.  Moslev-street,  Manchester  „     26 

Gyffyllwg.  near  Ruthin— School  (156  places! School  Board  Rowland  H.  Jones,  Clerk  to  the  Board.  Denbigh „     27 

NarborouBh,  near  Leicester— Lunatic  Asylum  (700  patients)  ...  Committee  of  Visitors Everard  and  Pick.  Architects,  Millstone-lane,  Leicester „     27 

Derby-Offices,  St.  M.ary's  Gate Standing  Joint  Committee J.  Somes  Story,  County  Surveyor,  St.  Mary's  Giite,  Derby  „     27 

Llanfarian -House T.  E.  Owen J.  Lewis  Evans,  Architect.  21,  Great  Dargate-street,  Aberystwith...    „     29 

Hahfax -Additions  to  West  Mount  Ironworks   C.  F.  L.  Horsfall  &  Sons.  Architects.  Lord-st.  Chambers.  Hahfax  ..     „     3) 

Sunderland— Additions  to  Victoria  Hall    Corporation John  Eltdngham,  Architect.  62.  John-street.  Sunderland Feb.    1 

Paddmgton,  W.— Power  House  at  Technical  Institute London  County  Council  Th"  Architect's  Department.  13.  Pall  Mall  East,  S.W 1 

Kingston-upon-Tbames— Internal  Alterations  to  Engine-Room  Guardians William  H.  Hop?.  Architect.  Sevmour-roid.  Hampton  Wick  ,,       8 

Holywell -Alterations,  &c.,  to  Rehoboth  Welsh  CM.  Chapel T.  G.  Williams,  M.S.  A.,  52,  South  Castle-street.  Liverpool „       9 

Runcorn— Isolation  Hospital  Rural  District  Council Geo.  E.  Bol^haw.  Architect,  189,  Lord-street,  Southport    22 

Langho,  Blackburn- Ei.ileptic  Homes    Chorlton  \-  Manchester  Asylum  Com.  Giles.  Gough.  ,.t  TroUope,  Archts.,'2.'<,Craven-st.,CharingCro35,W.C.  Mar.   4 

Canteibuiy— Blackman  Ward  and  Alterations  to  Hospital W.  J.  Jennings.  Architect.  4.  St.  Margaret's-street,  Canterbury — 

Midsomer  Norton- Additi<ms  to  Town  Hall Urban  District  Council   Wm.  F.  Bird,  C.E.,  Surveyor,  Midsomer  Norton  — 

Brampton— Co-operative  Stores T.  Taylor  Scott.  F.R.I. B.A..  43.  Lowther-street,  Carlisle  — 

Wombwell— Hou-e.  ElUotfs-terrace    A.  Stevenson  A.  Stevenson,  56.  Eist-view.  New  Scirboroush,  Wombwell — 

Limehouse,E.-AIterationsatNos.  45,  47,  &49,  Rhodeswell-rd L.  Gross,  21,  Alvingtoa-crescent,  Dalston,  N.E — 

Coalville— Slaughter  House Co-operative  Society '  Goddard  and  Wain,  Architects,  High-street,  Coalville,  Leios  — 

Bestwood- Forge  Mills Sands  and  Walker,  Architects,  Angel-row,  Nottingham — 

Headineley.  Leeds-Crematorium  at  Lawns  Wood  Cemetery...  Headingley-cum-BurleyBurialBoard  W.  S.  Braithwaite.  Architect,  6,  South-parade,  Leeds    — 

Hove— Factory Sonive  and  Co.,  Portslade  — 

Leeds-Works  Extension G.  Bray  and  Co G.  Fredk.  Bowman,  Architect,  5,  Greek-street,  Leeds — 

Headingley,  Leeds— Tutor's  Residence  at  Wesleyan  College  Danby  and  Simpson,  Architects.  10.  Park-row,  Leeds  — 

Banff— Post  Office  H.M.  Commissionera  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Gite,  S.W — 

ELECTRICAL    PLANT. 

Egremont- Cables  (7,100  yards)    Wallasey  Urban  District  Council J.  A.  Crowther,  Electric  Supply  Works,  Sea  View-road,  Liscard    ...Jan.  16 

^''!*"t— Incandescent  Lamps  at  Goods  Shed,  York  Dock   Harbour  Commissioners G.  F.  L.  Giles,  Harbour  Engineer.  Belfast „      IS 

Enth— Plant Urban  District  Council    Hawtayne  and  Zeden,  Engineers,  9,  (iueen-street-place,  E.C „     18 

Greenwich,  S.E.— Six  Electrically  Driven  Boiler  Feed-Pumps  ..  London  County  Council  The  Clerk,  London  County  Council,  Spring  Gardens,  S.W 19 

l-nniscortby-PIant Lunatic  Asylum  Committee  H  T.  Harris.  Consulting  Engineer,  30,  Parliament-street,  Dublin  ...    „     '20 

A  Vila  Spain -Electric  Lighting The  Municipal  Council,  Avila.  Spain 22 

>V  hitby-Fceding  and  Distributing  Mains Urban  District  Council    L.  H.  King,  Electrical  Engineer,  Whitby 25 

Uornsey-I  lant    „^ Urban  District  Council    Robert  Hammond,  M.I.C.E..  61.  Victoria-street.  Westminster,  S.W.  Feb.    8 

ENGINEERINa. 

^jr^.-L^y'DS  .'Water  Mains Rural  District  Council E.  J.  Cory,  F.S. I..  High-street.  Rye  Jan.  16 

\viIton-l5ept:c  lanks   Guardians I^emon  and  Blizard.  MU.I.C.E..  38,  Silver-street,  Salisbury 16 

W.uthowiam.  Halifax— .Stone  Shaft  on  Marsh  Estate Raymond  Berrv,  Mining  Engineer,  Commercial-streJt,  HaUfax 16 

Mid.lleton-Disinfector Corporation Frederick  Entwistle,  Town  Clerk,  Middleton „  IS 

pt.iKe  Canon,  Exeter--Reoonstruction  of  Bridge Great  Western  Railway  Co G.  K.  Mills.  Secretary.  Paddington  Station.  W ,  19 

?^i"jS°'.a»,'V"?  J  "'■"'''"'  Eotherhithe  and  Eatchff    London  County  Council  The  Engineer's  Department,  County  UM.  Spring  Gardens,  S.W 19 

(.liadderton-Steel  Girder  Footbridge  Urban  District  Council    A.  W.  Cox.  Survevor.  Town  Hall,  Cbadderton,  Oldhim 19 

Jjimcrick— binkimr  Well  at  Power  Station Electric  Lighting  Committee P.  J.  Baker.  Engineer.  Gasworks.  Limerick    „  19 

JJ.ptlord,  h.E.-Oas-Engme  „ Borough  Council    The  Borough  Surveyor's  Office.  493,  New  Cross-road,  S.E 19 

Ashton-under-Lyne-Economisers    Guardians J.Eaton.Sons.&Cantrell,  Archta.,Stamford-st..Ashton-uader-Lyne    „  19 

oieenwichb.h,.— lumps  at  Electricity  Generating  Station London  County  Council  The  Clerk,  London  bounty  Council,  Sprin?  Gardens,  S.W 19 

Glasgow-Engineering -VFork Corporation J.  Lindsay,  Clerk.  City  Chamber,s,  Glasgow    20 

rjewmarket  -  Cast-iron  Ri.ing  Main  aoin.)  Urban  District  Council    J.  W.  Metcalf.  Survevor.  Town  Hall,  Newmarket il 

walthamstow-Heconstructing  and  Widening  Four  Bridges...  Ui  ban  District  Council    Geo.  W.  Holmes.  A.M.LC.E.,  Town  Hall,  Waltbamstow 23 

llublin-Dredpng  ........._.  Corporation The  Engineer's  Offices.  City  Hall.  Dublin    23 

Ldinburgh-Gas-rropeliing  Mnchineiy Gas  Commissioners  W.  R.  Herring,  M.I.C.K.,  Manager,  New-street  Works,  Edinburgh    „  25 

Devonpoit -Cornish  Boiler  f..r  Workhouse  Albert  Gard,  Clerk.  19.  at.  Aubvu-stre -t.  Devonport  „  25 

orrell  ana  1  embert.in-Wulening  Portions  of  Railway Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Rlilway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office.  Hunt's  Bank,  M  luchester   26 

"™t'">  Abbot- Masonry  Reservoir  and  Waterworks  Rural  District  Council S.imuel  Segar.  Engineer.  Union-street,  Newton  .\bbot,  Devon    '26 

ulUbury-1  limping  Station Urban  District  Council    J.  T.  Eayrs,  M.I.C.E.,  39,  Corporation-street,  Birmingham '28 

t.lI™'"'^;      *''",'•',        ;V-„ Corporation Stevenson  and  Burstal.  3S.  Pariiament-street.  Westminster 30 

lalermo-Stcam  Hour  Mill The  Honourable  Senator  Tasca-L^nza.  Sindic  of  P.ilermo.  Sicily 31 

Cairo- 1  hrce  Road  Bridges  over  the  Nile  Ministry  of  PubUo  Works  The  Com.  Intel.  Branch.  Board  of  I'ride.  .50.  Pariia  Q»nt-street,S.W.  Feb.  1 

Madnd-Bridge  across  Abrunigal  Creek    The  Fir.st  Casa  Consistorial.  Plaza  de  la  VUla.  5,  Madrid  S 

tt!!™!!''' S'~;i-       ,'.;  .    ''In™.'"*\,'*''''''''''*''^ Urban  District  Council    Robert  Himm  md,  M.I. C.E.,  61.  Victoria-street.  We.stminster,  S.W.    „  .S 

ivIS,'fi'n^°if,       •''''';.''''.''"'■".■•■■;.• Urb.an  District  Council    Robert  Hammond,  M  I.C.E.,  64,  V.otori*-street,\Ve<t.uinster,  S.W.    „  8 

Avonmouth,Bristo- Opening  Bridge  for  Royal  Edward  Dock  Docks  Committee W.  W.  Squire.  Engineer,  Engineer's  Offi-e.Cumberiinl-ro  id,  Bristol    „  15 

Avonmoutn,  Bri8toI-Cai8.son  for  Royal  Edward  Dock Docks  Committee  W.  W.  Squire.  Engineer, Engineer's Offioe.Camberland-road,  Bristol    „  15 

PENOINQ    AND    'WALLS. 

nastings-linundary  Walla  &  Fences,  W.  St.  Leonard's  School  Education  Committee C.  A.  Piggott,  Archt.,  Saxon  Chimbera.  Lindon-rd..  St.  Leonards.  Jan.  13 

tJ,„^™  «  w'    ■iS'Tri     ,f'"'?"^ J"\  "■;•"'  '■"^^'"xTcs  London  County  Council  The  Parks  D,-pu-tment.  U.  Regent-.street.  S.W '22 

^liL^M'p.Vi,' M     '-{^  T  I.       ■•  '^'r  'o  Parks  and  Open  Spaces.  London  County  Council  The  Parks  D-p  irtment,  U,  Regent-street,  S.W 22 

P,^?oi  1-      -n      ■       ,,,u1?,",1'^  for  Deer  Incloaures London  County  Council  The  Pirks  II  qi  irt.nent,  11,  R?gent-street.  S.W '22 

«fS;„;  ttT'"?,    "  ,J^^'1"  ^'""'  ^"^  '^"''K'^    London  County  Council  The  Knuiaeers  l),.partment,  bounty  Hall,  Spring  Girdens.  S.W -28 

s^ndon  '^'n  .  ■  ~     n  "  ^i"""'  Ji?'„-„  v; Corporation... A.  E.  White.  M.I  C.E  .  City  Engineer.  Tjwa  Hill.  Hull  29 

fiTri^Sr  r  '"""i"^  Boundary  WaU,  Radno>etreet ^ c.  11.  Baker,  '26,  Victoria-roid.  swindin  Feb.    1 

I  xonage-iron  icncmg  and  Gates Eural  District  Council G.  Freebairn  Stow,  Rasident  Engineer,  Corn  ExoUinge,  U.xbridi5     — 

PTTRNITURB    AND    FITTINGS. 

Tl^d»'"l"M™Si!!I!'5'''"T'' ?'?■''  ^2?'^  ^°''?°'  Metropolitan  Asylums  Biird    T.  Dancombe  Mmn.  Clerk,  Embinkmont,  EC Jjin.  18 

Bristol    n^if^r^  ^^  ^^wl""' ^'I'P'''''' ^™"''"   Sanitary  Committee W.  J.  Jeeves,  Town  Clerk,  Lieds 25 

ijnsioi-Bedsteads  and  Mattresses  to  Ham  Green  HospiUl Health  Committee The  General  Medical  Superintendent,  1%  Prince-street,  Bciatol 31 


114 THE    EUILD'jlSra    INEWS. Jan.  15,  1904. 

PAINTINO. 

Croydon — Eorouph  Hn^pita]  at  Waddon Town  Council The  Borough  Engineer's  Office.  Town  Hall.  Croydon Jan.  18 

Bishop's  etortford— Workhouse  f^hapel Guard'aii« Alfredo  Qwynn.  rierk,  Bi-hop's  Stortford „  18 

Sheffield— Nnrpery  Block  at  Fir  Vale  "Workhoute  Guardian^ : .T.  Creswick  Biameld,  Architect.  8,  George-street.  flneffi^M 18 

Blackhum  -  Corporation  Baths  Town  Hall  Committee William  Stubbs.  Borough  Engineer,  Municipil  Offi:ei,  Blickbura  ..    „  23 

Clauehton.  Lanes— Church Austin  and  Paley.  Architects.  Lancaster  20 

Southport  Central  to  Preston— Station  Buildings Lanca.-'hire  &  Yorkshire  R  lilway  Co.  The  Eayiieer's  Office.  Hunt's  B.ink,  Minchester Feb.  8 

Wigan  to  Southport— Station  Buildings Ijancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  office.  Hunt's  Biok,  Manchea'er „  8 

Blackburn— Goods  Station  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester „  8 

Burnley  to  Todmorden- Station  Buildings TAncas»hire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Eigioeer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester „  ft 

Newton  Heath— Carriage  Works  &  Mnnsall-lane  Carriage  Shed  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester „  8 

Newton  Heath  to  Rochdale  and  Middleton  Br  inch  — Stations  ..  Tiaocashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Eigineer'a  Olfi:e,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester 8 

Eochdale  to  Sowerby  Bridge  -  Station  Buildings Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank,  M^nchest-T „  8 

Sowerby  Bridge  to  Miifleld  and  Dewsbury  Junction -Stations  lAncasbire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester „  8 

Bradford— Passenger  and  Goods  Stations  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester „  8 

Hull— Stables  and  House,  Edwards-place Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Otlioe,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manshester „  8 

PLUUBINa    AND    GLAZIXG. 

Winchburgh- County  Police  Station    Linlithgowshire  County  Council  W.  M.  Scott,  Architect,  Linlithgow    Jan.  IS 

Mountain  Ash— Plumbing  Work  of  Water  Supply Urban  District  Council    W.  O.  Thomas.  Surveyor,  Town  Hall.  Mountain  Ash „  lt> 

Keiphley- Plumbing  Work  (One  Year) Corporation The  Borough  Sanitary  Inspector's  Office,  Town  Hall.  Keighley 2'> 

Halifax— Four  Houses  at  Newstead T.  Kershiw,  Architect.  Linc^  and  Yorks  Bank  Ch  imbers,  Halifax..    „  23 

Halifax— Additions  to  West  Mount  Ironworks    .. C.  F.  L   Horsfall  and  Sons,  Ardits.,  Lird-street  Chambers,  Halifax    ,.  3» 

Headingley— Crematorium  at  Lawns  Wood  Cemetery  Headingley-cum-BurleyBurial  Board  W.  8.  Braithwaite,  Architect,  6,  South-parade,  L^eds — 

BOASS    AND    8TBKETS. 

Wimbledon— Making-up  Arthur-road    Urban  District  Council    C.  H.  Cooper,  M  I.C.E..  Engineer,  The  Broadway.  Wimbledon  Jan.  16 

^rnborough— Street  Woiks  Urban  District  Council    J.  E.  Hargreaves.  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Famborough,  Hants „  16 

Wimbledon— Making-up  Landgrove-road Urban  District  Council C  H.  Cooper.  M.I  C.E  .  Engineer,  The  Broadway.  Wimbledon  „  16 

East  Dulwif  li- Making-up  Playfleld-cresccnt  CamberWell  Borough  Council    W.  Oxtoliy.  Bom'  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Camberwell,  8.E „  18 

NuDhead,  8.E.— Makiog-up  Harlescott-road Camberwell  Borough  Council    W.  Oxtoby.  Boro'  E  igineer.  Town  Hall.  Camberwell.  8  E 18 

Halifax— Improvement  Works  Highways  Committee  James  Lord.  C.E. ,  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall.  Halif-ix 18 

North  Dulwirh-Makmg-up  Elmwood-road Camberwell  Borough  Council    W.  Oxtoby,  Boro'  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Camberwell.  S.E 18 

Camberwell.  S.E —Asphalt  and  Tar  Paving Borough  Council    W.  Oxtoby,  Boro'  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Can-berwell,  S.E ,  IS 

Horwich- Street  Works    Urban  District  Council    The  Surveyor.  Council  Offi'es,  Horwich    19 

Tottenham,  N.-Making-up  North-grove Urban  District  Council    W.  H.  Prescott,  A  M.I.C.E.,  71'2,  High-road,  Tottenham „  19 

Chadderton- Street  Works  Urban  District  Council    A.  W.  Cox.  Surveyor,  Chaddert<m.  Oldhatn   19 

Enfleld— Making-up  Poynter-road    Urban  District  Council    Richard  Collins,  Surveyor,  Public  Offices.  Enfield „  20 

Northfield— Makine-up  Norman-road  King's  Norton  and  NorthfleldU. DC.  A.  W.  Cross.  A. M.I. C.E,  Engineer, '2.3,  Valentine-rd.,  King's  Heath    „  20 

Fulham,  8. W.— Making-up  Langthorne-street  Borough  Council    F.  Wood.  A.M.I. C.E.,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Fulham,  S.W.    „  20 

Cymtner,  Forth- Makiog-np  Belmont-street Rhondda  Uiban  District  Council The  Surveyor's  Office,  Pentre,  Rhonddi „  SI 

Trealaw— Pacing  Works,  Ynyscynon-road : Rhondda  Urban  District  Council The  Surveyor's  Office.  Pentre,  Rhondda    „  2t 

Stockport- Street  Works Highways  and  Sewers  Committee   ...  John  Atkinson,  A  M.I. C.E. ,  Borough  Surveyor,  Stockport m  21 

Blaenllechau  Fern<lale-Making-up  George-street Rhondda  Urban  District  Council The  Surveyor's  Office,  Pontre.  Rhondda   „  21 

Cardiff— Road  Widening  between  Morritton  and  Pontardawe..  Glamorgan  County  Council    T.  Mansel  Franklen.  Clerk,  Westgate-stieet,  Cardiff  ,  21 

Penygraig-Making-up  Field-street Rhondda  Urban  District  Council The  Surveyor's  Office,  Pentre,  Rhond  ia    „  21 

Cynuner,  Forth -Making-up  Blosse-street Rhondda  Urban  District  Council The  Surveyor's  Office,  Pentre,  Rhondda „  21 

Willenball-Kerbing  and  Channelling Urban  District  Council    T.  Ed.;ar  Fellows.  C.E  ,  Town  Hall,  Willenhall ,  2» 

Penge.  S.E.— Tar  Paving  (7,0C0  yards) Urban  District  Council    The  Surveyor  Town  Hall,  Aneriey,  SE „  23 

Willenhall— Road  Works Urbsn  District  Council    T.  Edjfar  Fellows  C.E,  Town  Hall.  Willenhall „  2S 

Belfast- Flagging  (1.983  superficial  yards)   Harbour  Commissioners G.  F.  L.  Giles,  Engineer,  Harbour  Office,  Belfast „  2S 

Salford-Eoad  Works    Corporation  The  Borough  Engineer's  Office,  Town  Hall,  Salford    „  26 

Wood  Green,  N.— Making-up  Western-road Urban  District  Council    C.  J.  Ounyon,  A  M.I.C.E.,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Wood  Green  „  27 

Wood  Green,  N.-Making-up  Alexandra  Park-road Urban  District  Council    C.  J.  Gunyon.  A. M.I.C.E.,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Wool  lireen  2T 

Erdington — Making-op  Oakfield-road Urban  District  Council    H.  Humphreys.  Engineer.  Public  Hall.  Erdington.  Birmingham  ...    ,,  27 

Wood  Green.  N.—Making-up  The  Grove    Urban  District  Council    C.  J.  Gucyon,  A.M.I.C.E  ,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall.  Wood  Green  „  27 

Richmond- Street  Works Town  Council .T.  H.  Brierley.  Borough  Surveyor.  Town  Hall.  Richmond,  Surrey  ..     „  29 

Haslingden- Road  Guardians    J.  Kerr  Hay,  Clerk,  Pike  Law,  near  RiwtenstaU Feb.  2 

SANITARY. 

Thaneville -Sewerage  Works Cockermouth  RD  C J.  B.  Wilson.  A.M.I  C.E.,  Cock  ermouth Jan.  IS 

Lower  Hagley- Sewerage  Works  Bromsgr.ive  Rural  District  Council  ..  H.  W.  Taylor,  A.M.I.CE.,  St.  Nicholas  Chmbrs,Newcastle-oa-Tyne    „  18 

Alnwick— Sewerage  Works Urban  District  Couooil    Geoffrey  Wilson,  Town  Surveyor,  Green  Bat.  Alnwck  18 

Blakedown— Sewerage  Works    Bromsgrove  Rural  District  Council  ..  H.W.Taylor,  A. M  ICE,  M.  Nicholas  Chmbrs..Newcastle-on-Tyne    „  IS 

Pentre— Sewers,  &c Rhondda  Urban  District  Council W.  J.  Jones.  Engineer.  Public  Offices,  Pentre,  Rhondda  ,,  19 

King's  Lynn— Public  Convenience  at  St.  Ann's  Fort Corporation     H.  J.  Weaver.  Borough  Surveyiir.  King's  Lvm     20 

Dudley— Eightein  Water  Closets  to  Police  Cottages,  Priory-rd.  Watch  Committee John  Oammage.  Borough  Engineer.  Town  Hall,  Dudley  2> 

Glasgow — Public  Convenience,  Minerva-street Corporation J.  Lindsay.  Clerk,  City  Chambers,  Glasgow    *,  21 

Ugborough,  Devon— Sewer Totoes  Rural  District  Council   C.  Ell  s.  Surveyor.  Buckfastleigh 22 

Methley,  Yorks    Sewerage  Works Urban  District  Council    G.  Bernard  Hartley.  C.E..  Eaat-paraile  Cliambtrs.  L-eds  '^3 

Wordsley.  Stourbridge— Sewerage  Works Kingswinford  Rural  District  Council  William  Fiddian.  F.S.I..  Old  Bink  Offices.  Stourbridge 25 

Wokingham— Sewers Town  Council C.  W.  Marks.  Borough  Engineer.  Town  Halt.  Wokingham  28 

Middlesbrough— Marten  Beck  Valley  Sewer F.  Baker.  Borough  Engineer,  Middlesbrough ,  29 

Melksham— Sewering  and  Sewage-Disposal  Works    Urban  District  Council    A.  G.  Smith.  Cl.-rk,  Melksham SO 

Horeham— Sewerage  Works    Urban  District  Council   S.Mitchell,  Clerk,  Market-s.iuare,  Horsham Feb.  10 

STEEI.    AND    IBON. 

London,  W.—?teel  Bridge  Gilders  (240  tonsi   Great  Western  Railway  Co G.  K  Mills.  Secretary.  Pa ddington  Station,  W Jan.  19 

Swinton— Sewer  Ventilators Urban  District  Council    Henry  Entwisle.  Council  Offices.  Swinton     ,  20 

CardifiF-Steel  Tramway  Rails  (JOO  tons)    Corporation W.  Haipur,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall.  Cardiff    21 

West  Bromwich— Two  Iron  Staircases  at  Workhoufe  Guardians J.  W.  Allen,  Architect,  'iliS.  High-street.  West  Bromwich    22 

Harrogate  -Cast-iron  Spigot  and  Socket  Pipes    Corporation G.  Wilkinson.  Electricity  Department.  Harrogate i,  2a 

Bamford- Cast-iron  Pipes  for  Derwent  Aqueduct Derwent  Valley  Water  Board  Edward  Sandeman,  Engineer's  Office,  Bamford,  vi;\  Sheffield ..    ,»  2» 

Southampton— Fire-Escape  Staircases  at  Workhousi    Guardians Mitchell,  Son.  it  Giitteridge,  Archts.  9.  Portland-st.,  Southampton.     „  27 

Y'ork- Outside  Iron  Staircase The  Medical  Superintendent,  North  Riding  Asylum  Clifton,  York..      — 

STOBSS 

Coventry— Fireclay  Goods,  &c.  (One  Yearl    Gas  Committee   Fletcher  W.  Stevenson,  General  Manager,  Gasworks,  Coventry  Jan.  16 

Sleaford- Granite  (10,000  tons)  and  Slag  (lO.COO  tons)  Rural  District  Council E.  Clements.  Clerk.  7<.  Southgate,  Sleaford „  IS 

Kensington.  W.— Granite  (500  tons) Board  of  Guardi.ans J.  H.  Rutherglen,  Clerk,  Guirdians'  Offices,  Marloes-rd.,  Kensington    „  11! 

London,  E.C.— Stores Great  Indian  Peninsular  By.  Co J.  I.  Berry.  Secretary.  4S.  Copthall- avenue,  E.C ■•  1« 

Boston— Granite  and  Slag   One  Year) Rural  District  Council H.  Snaith.  Clerk.  10.  New-street,  Boston »  18 

Camberwell,  S.E  —Works  and  Maten  ils  (One  Year)    Borough  Council    W.  Oxtoby.  Boro'  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Camberwell,  S.E 18 

Bury,  Lanes-Retorts,  Firebricks,  and  Fireclay  ! One  Year)  ...  Gas  Committee  H.  Simmonds,  Engineer,  Gasworks,  Elton,  Bury,  Lanes    18 

Paddington,  W.-Stone  Landings Borough  Council    A.  W.  J.  Russell,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Paddington „  IS 

Baabury— Hartshill  Stone  (pne  Year) Town  Council N.  H.  Dawson,  C.E.,  B  irough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Banbury   18 

Dundee— Firebricks,  &c.  (One  Year)    Gas  Commissioners   Alex.  Vuill.  Gas  Engineer.  G.isworks,  Dundee •,  19 

Braintree— Gravel  Flint  (7iO  tof'":  jardsl Rural  District  Council E.  H.  Bright.  Surveyor.  Dodds  Hall,  Braintree.  Ewex ,  19 

Heywood  — Retorts  and  Fireclay  Goods  (One  Year)    Gas  Committee  W.  Whatmough.  Gas  Manager,  Municipal  Buildings,  Heywocd 1.9 

Camberwell,  S.E. —  Drainpipes  &  Sewer  Ironwork  (One  Year)..  Borough  Council    , W.  Oxtoby.  Boro' Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Camberwell,  S.E ,  19 

Braintree-Granite  (150  tons) Rural  District  Council E.  H.  Bright,  Surveyor,  Doddi  Hall,  Braintree,  Essex  „  19 

Tyldesley— Fireclay  Goods  (One  Year)    Gas  Committee   ■. R.  H.  Oinman.  Engineer,  G.iSworks.  Tylde-iley .- »  1» 

Dundee  — Retorts.  \'c.  (One  Year) Gas  Commissioners    Alex.  Yuill,  Gas  Engineer,  G,isworks,  Dundee ..    ,,  19 

Braintree -Hard  Brick  Rubbish  (SOO  yards)  Rural  District  Council F.  H.  Bright.  Surveyor.  Dodds  Uall.  Braintree.  E«ex 19 

Birmingham— frtoies  (One  Y.ar)   Public  Wirks  Committee   The  City  surveyor's  Office,  Council  House.  Birmmghim   20 

Keighlty- Works  and  Materials  (One  Year)    Corporation The  Borough  Sanitary  Inspector's  Office.  Town  Hall,  Keighley iW 

Birmingham- Wood  Paving  Blocks  (One  Year) Public  Works  Committee  The  City  Surveyor,  Council  House,  Birmingham   „  2> 

Meriden— Granite  lOne  Yean Rural  District  Council    A.  Seymour.  Clerk,  11,  Priory-street,  Coventry ■.    „  20 

Isleworth-Granite  Spalls  1,200  tons)    Brentford  Union  Guardians W.  Stephens,  Clerk,  Union  Offices,  Isleworth 2> 

Birminaham—RoadMaterials  (One  Year)  Public  Works  Committee    The  City  Surveyor,  Council  House,  Birmingham  >.  2i> 

Salford-Firebiicks,  Retorts,  &c.  (One  Year)             Gas  Department W.  W.  Woodward.  Engineer.  Gas  Offices.  Bloom-street,  Salford    ...     „  21 

Easlboume-Flints  (lOO  tons) Guardians A.  Hurst,  Clerk.  Guirdians'  Offices,  Triniiy  Chambers,  Eistbourne    „  22 

Harrogate— Cast-iron  Pipes G.  Wilkinson,  Corporation  Electricity  Department,  Harrogate  „  23- 

Hailsham-Road  Material     &c.  (One  Year) Rural  District  Council Edmund  Catt,  Clerk,  17,  London-road,  Hailsham ,•  2* 

Harrogate-Ironmongeiy.  ic.  (One  Y'ear)    Coiporation E.  Wilson  Dixm,  M.I.C.E  ,  11.  Albert^street,  Harrogate 2* 

Midhurst— Broken  Gianite,  &c Rural  District  Council ArthurG.  Oibbs,  District  Surveyor.  Midhurst.  Sus'cx  .^ „  2i 

Edinburgh-Composition  and  Terracotta  Bricks  (Two  Years).  Gas  Commissioners  W.  R.  Herring,  M.I.C.E..  New-street  Works.  Eiinburgh 2» 

Belfast  -Flagging  for  Footpath  Pavement  (1.983  yards)  Harbour  Commissioners G.  F.  L.  Giles,  Harbour  Engineer,  Harbour  Office,  Belfast  „  25 

Halfleld,  Herts- Gianite  and  Slag  (One  fear  Hertfordshire  County  Council  Urban  A.  Smith.  County  Surveyor,  Hatfield,  Herts  ....^.  .....    „  25 

Lhelsea-Woiks  and  Materials  (One  Year) Borough  Council    T.  W.  E.  Higgens,  Boro' Surveyor,  Town  HaU,  King  s-road,  Chelsea    „  27 

|»'.6-- Road  Materials,  &c.  (One  Year)    "  Urban  District  Council    W.  Holt,  Engineer,  Council  Offices,  Sale i>  27 

Spilsby- Broken  Granite  (6.0C0  tonsl  &  Broken  Slag  (500  tons.  Rural  District  Council T.  A.  Busbridge.  C  E  ,  District  Surveyor,  SpiUby  „  29 

IVorwich- Broken  Granite  (One  Year) Norfolk  County  Council  T.  H.  B.  Heslop,  M.I.C.E,,  County  Surveyor,  Norwich   .. ..  30 

Grimsby-Road  Materials  (One  Year) Corporation  Gilbert  Whyatt,  A.M.I.C.E..  Boro'  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Grimsby  Feb.    1 

airo-btores...    Egyptian  MinUtry  of  Interior  Lt.-Col.  Western.  E.E.,  C.M.G.,  Broadway  Chambers,  Westminster    „  I> 

Levenshulme-Gramte  cuppings  a,500  tons)  C.  and  A.  Musker,  Ltd.,  Liverpool — 


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THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


115 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERIXa  JOUENAL. 

VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  2559. 

*-•-• 

IRIDAY,  JANUAKY  22,  1904. 


ECONOMICS  OP  BUILDING. 

ECONOMY  of  design  and  constniction  is 
one  of  those  qualities  which  appeal  to 
all  who  build  either  for  business,  pleasure,  or 
speculation.  The  rise  in  prices  of  both 
materials  and  labour  makes  it  the  duty  of  the 
profession  to  keep  expenditure  within  certain 
limits,  and  yet  we  must  distinguish  between 
what  is  known  as  a  '"cheese-paring  economy  " 
and  that  reasonable  restriction  in  our  build- 
ing which  may  be  more  correctly  termed 
economical.  As  we  all  know,  there  is  a  kind 
■of  "cheapness"  which,  in  the  long  run, 
turns  out  dearness,  whether  it  is  applied  to 
oiir  garments,  our  furniture,  or  our  houses 
:and  buildings  ;  materials,  textile  and  others, 
which  wear  out  and  look  shabby,  and 
workmanship  which  soon  becomes  the  worse 
for  wear.  We  cannot  call  this  economy,  but 
rather  extravagance,  for  the  word  "economy  " 
comes  from  two  Greek  words — oikos,  house  ; 
and  nomof,  law — and  really  means  manage- 
ment of  a  house,  prudence  in  the  use  of 
means  and  money,  and  so,  as  applied  to 
building,  it  ought  to  mean  the  use  and 
arrangement  of  materials  and  labour  that 
will  give  us  the  best  result.  Negatively,  we 
•can  affirm  it  does  not  mean  cheap  bricks  or 
stone  or  timber,  thin  walls  or  scantlings  ;  it 
is  not  synonymous  with  a  low  price  or 
tender,  or  with  anything  that  is  common 
and  of  little  value.  So,  having  cleared  our 
definition  of  a  good  deal  of  what  it  is 
not,  we  may  turn  to  consider  a  few  of 
the  methods  by  which  economy  may  be 
attained.  The  word,  at  least,  is  loosely 
applied  by  many  people.  They  appear  to  think 
that  a  low  tender  and  a  cutting  down  of 
materials  are  economy.  "SVe  do  not  believe  in 
a  beam  being  made  deeper  or  heavier  than  it 
need  be  to  carry  a  given  load,  nor  a  floor 
being  constructed  with  deeper  iron  or  steel 
joists  and  girders  and  thicker  concrete  than 
experience  has  shown  to  be  suflBcient  for  its 
special  purpose  ;  at  the  same  time  we  would 
•draw  a  line  between  adequacy  and  in- 
adequacy. AVe  should  not  think  it  economy 
if  the  beam  deflected  every  time  a  heavy  load 
came  upon  it,  or  if  the  floor  had  to  be  tem- 
porarily propped  or  supported  from  below 
when  a  crowd  of  people  occupied  the  room. 
Our  American  cousins  cut  their  bridge 
members  very  fine  sometimes,  and  rather 
pride  themselves  on  their  " 'cuteness,"  and 
many  of  the  colossal  bridge  ;  nd  viaduct 
failures  in  America  have  been  the  result  of 
this  engineering  adroitness  in  reducing  the 
sections  of  the  members  to  the  utmost  limit. 
This  is  a  kind  of  refinement  which  is  often 
regarded  as  scientific  economy— that  is,  the 
economy  of  reducing  the  factors  of  safety  to 
the  lowest  limit  compatible  with  theory.  But 
this  kind  of  science  and  finesse  can  be  pur- 
chased too  dear.  In  this  country  we  are  not 
in  the  habit  of  cutting  our  materials  so  fine. 
Perhaps  our  fault,  if  it  is  one,  is  to  employ 
larger  scantlings  than  are  absolutely  necessary, 
80  as  to  produce  a  solid  and  stable  appearance. 
But  there  are  certain  ways  in  which  economv 
can  bo  attained.  Let  us  consider  a  few  of 
those  often  disregarded  by  the  architect. 
Adaptation  and  suitability  of  plan  is  one  of 
the  most  important  of  them.  A  wasteful 
plan  is  the  cause  not  only  of  iiioon- 
yenience  and  di.soomfort,  but  is  uneconomical 
in  every  sense.  Unnecessarily  long  cor- 
ridors ;  a  room  having  a  corridor  on  two 
sides,  constitute  defective  and  wasteful 
arrangements.  So  features  ought  to  bo 
adapted  also  to  their  use.  Rooms  too  big 
for  their  special  purpose,  or  too  high,   or  a 


room  lighted  by  windows  that  are  too  wide, 
or  wrongly  placed  ;  a  fireplace  too  large  for 
the  room,  or  a  door  in  the  wrong  position, 
cannot  serve  their  purpose  econoraicall}- ;  but 
these  things  are  factors  in  good  economical 
planning.  AVo  could  jwint  to  many  mistakes. 
Economy  of  planning  also  consists  in  mini 
mising  the  distances  traversed  in  a  building, 
thus  reducing  the  amount  of  wear  and  tear 
of  those  using  it.  Take  for  example  a  long 
building  like  a  warehouse  or  school  or  set  of 
offices.  It  may  be  thought  extravagant  or 
costly  to  provide  more  than  one  staircase. 
This  is  a  mistake.  Two  staircases  at  the 
extremities  of  the  building  or  suite  of  rooms, 
by  dividing  the  service  or  traffic,  will  con- 
tribute to  the  effectiveness  and  economy  of 
the  work,  and  will  have  the  same  affect  as  a 
building  of  half  the  length  served  by  one 
stair.  An  entrance  doorway  at  each  end  is  in 
the  same  manner  desirable.  Doors  and 
windows  placed  in  the  most  desirable 
positions  for  entrance  and  light  indicate  also 
an  economical  arrangement,  and  they  show 
that  the  architect  has  made  the  best  of  his 
opportunitj',  and  a  greater  amount  of  service 
and  saving  'of  artificial  light  are  secured. 
The  economist  in  design  will  discover  how  he 
can  make  the  most  use  of,  and  obtain  the 
greatest  convenience  and  comfort  from  every 
room,  and  in  the  most  direct  way.  To  the 
novice  and  unskilful  planner  these  matters 
appear  trivial ;  but  they  are  really  the  points 
which  distinguish  an  economical  plan  from 
a  wasteful  and  costly  one. 

In  construction,  economy  is  of  the  greatest 
importance.  The  economics  of  construction 
includes  not  only  a  scientific  treatment  of 
materials,  but  a  mechanical  arrangement  of 
all  members  of  a  building,  so  that  they  should 
be  perfectly  adapted  to  their  various  purposes, 
of  sufficieut  size  to  carry  the  required  loads 
or  to  resist  stresses  without  being  wasteful  or 
extravagant.  The  laws  of  mechanics  in  their 
application  to  structures  of  masonry,  timber, 
and  iron  are  the  basis  of  economics ;  but  it  is 
needless  here  to  dwell  upon  them.  One  of 
the  main  conditions  is  that  every  member, 
whether  it  be  a  column,  an  arch,  a  beam,  a 
strut,  or  any  tensile  member,  should  be 
apportioned  to  the  stress.  How  often  we  see 
an  arch  ill-proportioned  to  the  load,  either 
unnecessarily  thick,  or  without  sufficient 
abutments,  or  of  the  wrong  shape.  Thus, 
for  instance,  a  flat  segmental  arch  over  a 
wide  opening  carrying  a  lofty  wall,  is 
decidedly  less  economical  than  an  iron  girder, 
as  it  exercises  a  considerable  thrust.  So  if  area 
or  space  is  of  value  in  a  building,  an  iron 
pillar  or  stanchion  is  more  economical  than 
a  stone  column.  A  girder  or  beam  must  be 
proportionei  to  its  load.  If  its  working  load 
is  greater  than  the  proper  factor  of  safety 
requires,  it  is  apt  to  bend,  and  is  not  the 
most  economical ;  it  may,  however,  be  too 
large,  or  the  section  may  be  heavy,  and 
then  it  is  extravagant  and  wasteful  of  metal. 
There  is  a  cei'tain  section  in  which  the 
depth  and  width,  or  flange  to  web,  are 
properly  proportioned  to  the  requirements, 
the  metal  being  duly  distributed  to  resist 
tension,  compression,  or  buckling,  that 
we  call  economical,  and  it  can  be  ascer- 
tained by  mathematical  means,  or  by 
formulir.  The  economics  of  the  beam  is 
really  the  duo  proportion  to  resist  the  com- 
pression and  tension  in  the  upper  and  lower 
flanges,  well  known  to  all  students.  It 
would  be  uneconomical,  for  example,  to 
design  a  oast  -  iron  girder  with  equal 
flanges  when  scientifi ;  theory  has  established 
the  fact  that  the  lower  flange  should  have  six 
times  the  sectional  area  of  the  upper  flange. 
I'jConomy  also  doteriuinos  that  the  molecular 
forces  in  a  beam  must  balrnco  tho-.o  of  the 
weight  -that  is,  that  the  "  bending  moment  " 
of  a  beam  must  bo  balanced  by  tlie  moment 
of  resistance  of  the  fibres,  and  this  eipiality 
can  only  be  found  by  a  certain  depth  of 
beam  or  area  of  flange.  It  would  be  .simply 
wasteful  of  material  to  put  it  in  a  beam  of 


double  the  depth,  or  to  place  the  beam  on  its 
side  instead  of  on  its  narrow  edge.  In  truss 
design  the  economics  of  construjtion  must  be 
observed  in  the  disposition  of  the  various 
members  so  that  the  stresses  may  be  taken 
directly  by  struts  and  tensile  members  of 
the  proper  sectional  area.  In  the  com- 
pression members  like  a  strut,  economy  is 
observed  by  so  placing  the  strut  that  its  axis 
will  coincide  with  the  line  of  pressure,  and 
thus  avoid  cross  strain.  ICverj-  member  of 
a  roof  or  any  framed  work  should  have  a 
direct  bearing,  and  be  proportioned  for  its 
special  work.  Any  disregard  of  this  rule  is 
wasteful  of  material,  and  is  a  violation  of 
economical  conditions.  The  sectional  area 
of  each  piece  ought  to  be  equal  to  the  work 
it  has  to  do.  either  as  a  strut  or  a  tensile 
member.  If  too  great,  there  is  needless 
material,  and  weight  is  added  ;  while  if  in- 
adequate, an  undesirable  strain  is  created, 
and  the  structure  suffers.  The  science  of 
economics  will,  in  fact,  make  the  study  of 
stresses  the  chief  object,  rather  than  that  of 
architectural  effect,  though  one  depends 
much  on  the  other.  An  extravagant 
use  of  material  or  a  badly  -  arranged 
construction  cannot  satisfy  the  artistic  sense. 
The  study  of  stresses  or  graphic  statics  is 
therefore  essential  to  an  economical  design. 
In  iron  and  steel  structures  it  is  of  the 
utmost  importance  to  use  material  with  dis- 
cretion. A  lumpy  iron  column,  or  a  girder 
that  has  been  made  too  large,  adds  an  un- 
desirable load  to  the  foundations  ;  it  is  there- 
fore better  to  reduce  all  the  sections  to  a 
minimum  compatible  with  safety.  In  the 
United  States  there  is  a  tendency,  on  account 
of  the  great  height  to  which  office  buildings 
are  erected,  to  reduce  the  uprights  and  floor 
structures  to  the  lowest  limits  so  as  to  lessen 
the  weight  on  the  foundations.  The  necessi- 
ties of  encasing  or  fireproofing  have  also  made 
it  imperative  to  reduce  all  columns  and  other 
members.  But,  of  course,  this  saving  may 
be  carried  to  an  extreme,  and  it  is  possible  to 
carry  it  beyond  the  limit  of  economy.  The 
economics  of  iron  construction  comprises  not 
on'y  a  nice  adjustment  of  weights  and  re- 
sistances, a  careful  study  of  graphic  statics, 
but  also  a  means  of  protection  from  corrosion 
and  fire.  It  would  be  costly  extravagance  to 
erect  an  iron  building  that  was  exposed  to  all 
the  changes  of  the  weather  without  adequate 
protection  either  by  painting  or  encasing  all 
ironwork  in  cement ;  and  the  experience  of 
iron  structures  like  bridges  is  that  the}'  re- 
quire constant  supervision  and  protection 
from  the  corresive  action  of  the  atmosphere, 
that  their  permanence  or  durability  is  very 
questionable.  The  constant  need  of  inspection 
and  painting  becomes  a  source  of  anxiety  and 
expense.  We  need  only  mention  the  great 
cost  of  painting  such  a  structure  as  the 
Crystal  Palace,  which  has  to  be  done  every 
three  years.  The  architect's  experience  has 
not  been  favourable  to  iron  as  an  economical 
material,  either  in  the  shape  of  c^st  or 
wrought  iron.  For  ornamental  work  like 
railings  and  crostings,  the  former  is  con- 
stantly breaking,  and  tlie  latter  must  be 
periodically  scraped  and  painted.  The  choice 
and  protection  of  materials  used  in  construc- 
tion have  a  considerable  bearing  on  this 
question,  and  the  architect  who  studies 
economy  will  bo  rather  disposed  to  minimise 
his  employment  of  iron  in  construction  in  all 
exposed  parts  or  wherever  dampness  may 
reach  it. 

The  selection  of  materials  and  the  methods 
of  design  are  questions  which  ought  to  bo 
influenced  by  economy  in  its  true  sense. 
Thus  the  specification  of  bricks  and  stone  of 
unquestionable  reputation  for  hardness  and 
durability  insures  the  best  economy.  For 
the  facings  of  buildings  at  least  the  bricks 
selected  should  bo  of  the  best  quality,  hard, 
well  burnt,  and  of  good  shape  and  colour, 
tliough  wo  often  notice  that  the  softest  and 
])oorost  quality  of  bricks  are  placed  in  the 
sides  of  buildings  which  are  most  exposed  to 


116 


THE    BUILDING    KEWS. 


Jan.  22,  1904. 


the  weather.     In  the  choice  of  stone  also  the 
best  economj-  is  insured  by  the  selection  of 
the  best  quarries  and  beds,  a  rule  which  is 
oven  to  a  greater  extent  ignored  in  practice. 
The  sof tesi,  open-grained  stone  is  used  because 
it  can  be  worked  easier  and  carved  at  less 
cost,  as  we   can   prove  in  hundreds  of  our 
stone  buildings  in  London  and  the  country. 
It  is  almost  unnecessary  to  say  that  in  the 
selection   and    specification  of  timber   even 
worse  mistakes  are  made  ;  inferior  brands 
are  chosen  because  they  are  cheaper.   And  so 
of   other   materials.     There  is   a    dangerous 
aphorism  that  "the  best   is  good  enough," 
or,  conversely,  that   "  good  enough  "  is  best, 
and  the  profession  are  too  apt  to  adopt  this 
rule,  and  to  accept  anything  that  has  satisfied 
others  without    investigation.     The    history 
of   our    engineering    enterprises   and   naval 
equipments  afford  instances  of  false  economy 
in  the  design  of    our   fighting   and  trading 
vessels.      It    has    been    pointed     out     that 
in    war    vessels     weight     and     space     are 
very  precious,  so  that  questions  of  economy 
receive    minor     attention,     and  the    result 
is    that  both   engines   and   boilers  of   such 
vessels   are   designed  for  good  economy   at 
about  full  power    under    natural    draught, 
but  are  ^too  small  for  economy  under  forced 
draught.    For  the  latter   "Jo   per  cent,  more 
space  and  weight  would  bo  required.     Thus 
if  space  and  weight  in  these  vessels  are  to  be 
reasonably'  preserved,  speed  must  be  sacrificed 
and    r/tv'  ru-sii.     In  buildings  efficiency  and 
space  may,  in  like  manner,  be  purchased  at 
the  cost  of  stability  by  the  use  of  flimsy  con- 
struction, and  on  the  other  side  the  building 
may  be  too  massive  ami  heavy  in  structure 
to  be  economical  from   a    commercial  view. 
In    the    study    of    building  economics,  the 
questions   of   repetition   and  standardisation 
come  also  into  prominence.     Every  architect 
knows  that  he  can  add  greatly  to  the  cost  of 
his  design  without  corresponding  advantage, 
by  adopting  an  irregular  style  and  method 
in  which  the  features  vary,  as  in  a  building 
with  a  number  of  roots  or  windows  of  diflvr- 
ing  construction  and  sizes.     Economy  is  to 
be  gain3d  by  observing  a  certain  amount  of 
repetition — that    is    by   repeating,    say,   the 
same  window  along  a  front  where  like  con- 
ditions  prevail,    and    bj'  adopting  the  same 
form   of    roof    or  ornamental    features.     A 
writer  on   engine  .'ring   refers   to  one  of  the 
principal    features     of     this   age     of    close 
economics  in  the  manufacture  of  articles  of 
standard  siz?,  and  to  gauge,  so  that  the  parts 
are  interchangeable.    To  manufacture  cheaply 
large  quantities  must  be  produced,  and  this 
is    only   possible    when    standard   sizes   are 
made,  which  mean?,  of  course,  repetition  of 
parts,  so  that  the  cost  is  distributed  over  a 
large  number  of  units.  The  "  best  for  its  special 
purpose,''    is  a  condition  that  conflicts  with 
this  repetition,  and  is  more  costly  ;  so  in  many 
building  and  large   engineering   works  it  is 
essential    to    reduce    unnecessary    cost    by 
adopting    standard    units.     These,    as   it   is 
pointed  out,  represent   matured  exjierienco. 
AVe  all  know  how  imjiortant  the  sj'stem  of 
standardisation  has  been  in  bridge  building 
in  America  and  other  countries,  where  rapid 
complrtion  is  essential,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
Atbara   "Bridge    in    Africa.     The   American 
bridge  builders,  by  adopting  standard  spans, 
the   parts    of   which   can   be   quickly   made 
and   interchangeable,    solved    the    problem, 
and  the  Penco^'d  Ironworks  of  Philadelphia 
successfully  guaranteed  the  erection  of  the 
bridge  in  time.     In  such  instances  we  have 
the    principle    carried    out    with    the  most 
economical  results.     By  this   system  bridge 
construction  can  be  done  at  a  much  cheaper 
rate  than  by  the  system  of  treating  each  case 
by   itself.     Practical   men  are  beginning  to 
see  the  many  advantages  of  this  system  of 
multiplying   the   units   of  construction,   not 
only  ia  cheap  and  speedy  execution,  but  in 
cases  of  repair  to  parts  of  a  structure  which 
can   be    replaced   promptly.      Even    in   the 
design  and  arrangement  of  the  parts  and 


fixtiu-es  of  building,  economics  ought  to 
guide  the  architect.  We  have  seen  many 
faulty  arrangements  such  as  a  costly  dis- 
tribution of  rain-water  jiipes  where  a  little 
thought  would  have  saved  one  or  more  down 
pipes.  In  a  recent  competition,  one  of  the 
authors  showed  a  gutter  which  could  not 
carry  away  the  rain  water  without  an  inside 
rain-water  pipe  and  sanitary  waste  pipes 
from  a  lavatory  that  would  entail  expense 
and  trouble  everj'  time  a  stoppage  occurred. 
They  are  details  which  are  in  open  defiance 
of  economic  principles.  These  and  other 
questionable  arrangements  in  sanitary  and 
plumbing  fixtures  involving  labour  and 
expense  show  inattention  to  economy  as  one 
of  the  fundamental  laws  of  building. 


WOMEN'S   INTEENATIOXAL    AET 
CLUB  EXIIIBITIOX. 

NO  better  evidence  can  be  afforded  of  the 
capacity  of  women  for  art  than  the  in- 
teresting exhibition  now  open  at  the  Grafton 
(_Talleries,    Grafton-street,   of  the  Women's 
International   Art  Club.     Opening  the  same 
week  as  that  of  the  International  .Society  of 
Sculptors  and  Painters  at  the  New  Gallery, 
and    containing     works     by     lady     artists, 
French    and    British,    there    is    an    oppor- 
tunity for  comparing  the  results ;  undoubted 
talent     is     disjjlayed,     yet    the    exhibition 
of     male     artists     is,     perhajis,     stronger. 
In   these    pictures   in  the   Cfraftou   Gullery 
we   see    combinations   of  the  English    and 
French  methods  of   painting   in   landscape. 
Transcripts     of     nature    full    of    sunshine 
and    rustic    life,    with    subtle    suggestions 
of  atmosphere   in   a  low    key   of  colour  in 
which  the  details  of  nature  are  less  studied 
than   the    sentiment.      In    portraiture    and 
i/enn:  painting  the  same  low  key  and  sombre 
colouring  is   evident.      There  is  an  uncon- 
ventional grace  and  poetic  sentiment  in  such 
works  as  those  of  Winifred  <  'ayley  Robinson 
(4,  J.  6),  A.  Babniau's  "  Girllteading''  (Hi) 
id  a  grey  misty  light — a  very  subtle  work  of 
expression    and     sentiment ;      or    in    Ellen 
Gertrude   Cohen's    four    studies   (11   to  14). 
But  to  begin  our  notes  in  the  Octagon  Room, 
there  is  much  to  admii'e  in  the  grey,  oil  land- 
scape of  E.  Q.   Henrique's  "  On  the  Banks  of 
the  Gouche"  (1),  in  Amy  Sawyer's  "  Le  Roi 
est  mort — Vive  le  Roi  " — a  clever  decorative 
stud}'   of  figures   in   pastel,    and  in   Bethia 
Clarke's  "An  Armful  of  Daisies  " — a  pastel. 
"  A  Game  of  Ball ''  and  study  of  a  child,  by 
Winifred  Cayley  Robinson    (.5    and   (J),  are 
decorative.     Very  effective  are  the   breadth 
and  colour  of  "  A  Worcestershire  Field,"  by 
M.  V.  Wheelhouse  (10),  Florence  E.  Ilaig's 
"Old   Man's  Head''   and  Portraits  (IS  and 
19),  Blanche  M^ithew's  "  Duck  Pond  "—bold 
and  free  in  handling,   Mrs.  Eastlake's  (M.  A. 
Bell)  "  Reflections ''and  "Rouge  etNoir"  (24 
and  25) — the  latter  a  girl  holdinga  black  kitten 
in  her  arms,  in  jjastel — are  clever  sketches. 
■■  Sunshine  and    Shadow  "    (27),    by   Mary 
V.    Hunter  —  a    young     mother    with    her 
baby    in     a     garden    of    rose     trees,    is    a 
pleasing    study    of    sunlight.     Florence    E. 
Haig   has    an   expressive  portrait  (29)   of  a 
lady.     The  large    brilliant    oil    pictures  by 
Anna  Boch  (:3T-;i9)  are  interesting  examples 
of  modern  Flemish.     One  of  them  is  a  bright 
churchyard  with  peasant  mourners  wending 
their  way  to  the  church  ;  and  another  a  view 
of  "  Village   de   Flandres,"   in  strong  sun- 
light   effects.      Mary    Maomonnie's   garden 
scene  (40)  represents  a  French  flower  garden, 
a  skilful  rendering  of  blossom.     The  small 
sketches    of  the    Market  Place    and   "  t31d 
Tower,   Honlleur,"    by  Margaret  Moscheles 
(■42,  44,  &o.)  are  direct  and  effective;  and  a 
large  pastel  portrait  group,  "  Daughters  of  F. 
Coryton'' (42),    two   young   girls   dressed  in 
white,  one  with  blue  sash,  and  the  other  with 
fair    tresses,    seated,    with   a  book   between 
them    (47),    is    attractive    in    drawing    and 
delicate    in    colom-,   by    Gwenny    Griffiths. 


In  the  Centre  Gallery  we  must  speak 
approvingly  of  the  "  Garden  in  Berks," 
by  S.  F.  Wright,  and  the  landscape 
of  Juliette  Wytsman  (o7),  "  La  Bruyere"  ; 
the  clever  head,  by  Alice  Robertson  (51),. 
of  a  French  woman,  "  La  Mere  Marie," 
the  portrait  of  M.  Lancaster  Lucas,  a  little 
girl  seated  in  large  carved  oak  armchair  with 
straight  back  and  arms,  in  a  white  frock, 
with  a  book  at  her  side — very  natural  and 
childlike.  Mary  L.  Garrido,  in  her  pleasing 
piece  of  r/enre,  "Household  Cares" — a  girl 
in  kitchen  preparing  vegetables — is  also  a. 
work  of  much  simplicity  and  charm  of 
colour.  The  admirable  breadth  and  sketchy 
landscapes  of  Blanche  Mathewes  (Gl,  22,66, 
and  67)  from  Lambourne  and  its  picturesque 
neighbourhood  are  delightfully  bold  and 
vigorous.  No.  64  is  the  centre  picture,  "  En 
Bretagne,"  and  represents  a  convivial  drink- 
ing party  of  young  fellows  round  a  table, 
with  cups ;  one  of  them  has  partaken  of 
liquor  too  freely,  and  has  fallen  asleep  on  the 
table,  while  the  others  are  smiling  at  their 
comrade.  The  subject  reminds  one  of  a 
Dutch  cabaret  scene  or  revel.  The  faces 
of  the  boon  companions  are  painted  with 
force  and  animation,  and  the  light  is  skil- 
fully thrown  on  the  company.  There  is 
solidity  as  well  as  power  in  the  handling  and 
grouping,  but  the  work  is  too  assertive.  It 
is  by  Helene  von  Beckeroth,  a  rising  German 
lady  artist.  Refined  and  scholarly  is  Alice 
Robertson's  picture,  "All  is  Vanity,"  an 
elderly  lady  seated  at  a  toilet  table  on  which 
a  number  of  trinkets  are  exposed.  She  holds 
up  a  necklace  of  pearls,  while  her  young 
daughter  holds  a  mirror,  arranging  her  hair. 
It  is  sombre  in  key.  Elizabeth  F.  Krusman 
van  Elton  (70)  shows  a  Paris  boulevard.  On 
a  seat  a  group  of  poor  Italian  women  sit,  and 
one  is  chatting  to  a  gendarme.  They  are 
called  "Italian  Models  in  Paris."  There  is 
a  sense  of  dreariness  in  the  scene,  and  the 
faces  of  the  tired  women  and  the  work  is 
tenderly  painted  in  a  low  key  of  colour. 
Hilda  Porter  s  "  Off'  the  High  Road  '  shows 
cattle  under  the  welcome  shade  of  trees, 
through  which  gleams  of  sunshine  pass. 
Maude  Broughton  Leigh  tells  (76)  a  pathetic 
story — an  oM  lady  at  the  bedside  of  a  child, 
in  the  faint  light  of  a  candle.  Elise 
Thompson's  studies  (79  and  SO),  and  Gertrude 
Ijeese's  cottage  scene,  a  young  mother 
watching  her  infant  in  a  cot,  with  candle 
on  a  small  side  table,  is  tender  in  sentiment 
(82).  Lily  Delissa  Joseph  has  a  charniing 
figure  study,  "Contemplation,"  a  lady  in  a 
green,  low-cut  dress,  seated  in  thoughtful 
meditation,  in  a  subdued  tone  of  colour  (86), 
though  the  flesh  tint  is  unpleasing,  also  a 
portrait  of  herself.  There  is  nice  sentiment  in 
Elizabeth  Nourse's  "  Le  Retourde Travail,'  a 
peasant  within  the  door  of  her  cottage,  where 
a  youth  stands  after  his  day's  toil.  The  sun- 
light is  happily  rendered.  "Coquetry,"  a 
lady  before  a  glass,  in  a  rich-figured  gown, 
placing  a  scarlet  poppy  in  her  haii ;  the  light 
is  cleverly  introduced.  A  very  amusing 
piece  of  genre,  cleverly  told,  is  Charlotte 
Mura's  "  When  the  Cat's  Away,  the  Mice 
Will  Play  "  (95) ;  a  couple  of  maidservants, 
one  at  the  piano  while  the  other  is  mimicking 
the  airs  of  a  vocalist  with  a  piece  of  musio  in 
her  hands.  A  very  dainty  series  of  figure 
studies  are  those  of  Olga  de  Boznanska,  full 
of  feeling  (102-105),  in  low  tones  of  grey  and 
poetic  in  sentiment.  The  large  work  of  F. 
Malony,  "  The  Sale  of  an  old  Boat  on  Btaples 
Quay  "  (107),  represents  a  group  of  fishermen 
round  a  gentleman  in  frock-coat  and  hat, 
holding  a  p.aper — probably  the  auctioneer — 
it  is  skilful  and  animated  in  the  expres- 
sions of  faces.  JNIadeline  Carpentier's 
"Petits  Enfants  au  Bord  de  I'Eau,"  are 
youngsters  rowing  a  boat  in  a  stream,  very 
simple  and  truthful ;  and  we  have  also  some 
very  broad  effects  of  wind  in  trees  in  Clare 
Atwood's  picture  (113).  Marie  J.  Naylor's 
pictures  of  "  Sleep,"  a  young  girl  lying  down 
undraped  on  a  bench,  and  a  portrait  of  a  lad}' 


Jan.  22,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


117 


in  loose  dress  in  a  harmony  ot  subdued  reds 
— pink  and  fawn — are  admii'ablo  in  the  poso 
and  colour  scheme. 

In  the  ^Vater-Oolour  (Long)  Oallerj", 
several  small  sketches  and  studies  oC  land- 
scape are  to  be  seen.  !Miss  K.  M.  AN'allace 
(r24)  in  "  Wherries,"  after  DeWint,  the  small 
landscapes  by  Joan  iJrew,  are  of  merit;  views 
from  Cannes  (127,  12.S)  and  a  charming  little 
figure  drawing  of  mother  and  child  in  a 
g.arden,  "  Summer  Time,"  by  Florence 
^^mall.  Maud  D.  Ilurst  has  also  a  pleasing 
figure  subject,  an  "  Interior,"  sunlight 
through  casement  (1. 'SO).  MathilJePhillipson's 
■•Etude  de  Femme"  (1-17)  is  a  well-di'awn 
undraped  figure.  E.  M.  Tiister  sends  an  in- 
teresting series  of  broad  sketches,  direct 
studies  of  Nature  (1-l.S,  &c.);  and  the  lion. 
Secretarj',  Evelyn  Howard,  paints  some 
charming  subjects  in  Picardy.  Etaples,  and 
Dartmoor  (10:3,  &c.)  Miss  Catherine  Howard 
sends  an  excellent  series  ot  Venetian  land- 
scapes and  flower  studies,  strongly  painted, 
half  a  dozen  in  number  (Nos.  231-6). 
A  well -painted  profile  of  Miss  MacEac 
(170),  by  M.  V.  Wheelhouse,  and  the  sketches 
of  Edith  II.  Adie  (171,  &c.)  and  Constance 
Flood  Jones  (ISl,  &c.),  including  a  nice 
sketch  ot  a  cathedral,  with  a  gleam  of  light 
through  mist  (182),  maj-  be  noticed.  !Mary 
Barton  is  delightful  in  her  "  Spring  iu  Kew 
Gardens"  (18(j),  with  the  patches  of  yellow 
and  violet  flowers :  and  we  notice  the 
landscapes,  &c.,  of  M.  Lanchester  (ISS,  &c.), 
the  pastel  sketches  bj^  N.  Labouchere,  by 
Ethel  Burgess  (213),  Emily  Duncan's  ''  A 
Eainy  Day"  (251),  a  clever  realisation  of  a 
wet  road  and  village  street,  Florence  Small's 
composition,  "Winter  Sheltering  Sleeping 
Spring."  the  latter  personified  as  a  fair 
recumbent  girl,  and  Fortunea  de  Lisle's 
portrait  of  Mrs.  A.  Harter.  The  end  gallery 
contains  several  oil  pictures :  the  chief  of 
these  are  F.  M.  Campbell's  touching  subject 
"The  Seamstress"  (282),  fallen  asleep  in  a 
chair  by  a  flickering  lamp ;  Elizabeth  van 
Elton's  "Studies  of  Dutch  Girls";  Dora 
Boughton-Leigh's  "  Ironing  Day,"  a  clever 
light-and-shido  effect ;  Blanche  Mathewes' 
broad  sketches  (303,  &c.) ;  a  portrait  by 
Maud  Coleridge  (319)  of  "Lady  Lsttice 
Cholmondley "  ;  Mabel  Young's  "Melody" 
(322) ;  and  some  black  anl  white  figure 
classic  studies  by  Jessie  L.  Walter.  Many 
specimens  of  handicrafts,  enamels,  metal- 
work,  embroidery,  and  sculpture,  are  also 
exhibited,  which  show  skilful  treatment  of 
materials. 


THE  SOANE  MEDALLION  AND 
OTHER  IN.STITUTE  DESIGNS  AND 
DRAWINGS. 

WE  cannot  say  that  the  Institute  designs 
this  year  are  quite  up  to  the  standard 
expected.  The  subject  given  for  the  Soane 
Medallion  and  i'100^"a  I)esign  for  a 
University  Theatre  on  an  open  site,"  was  not 
one  which  laid  any  hard  conditions  on  the 
competitors.  Foiirteen  designs  have  been 
submitted.  These  comprise  designs  based 
on  Gothic.  I'.enais.sance  and  domical  types  of 
plan  ;  but  tliore  are  only  two  or  three  which 
claim  special  notice.  The  design  awarded 
the  prize  "  Oxen,"  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Horth,  is 
probably  the  most  reasonable  of  the  schemes 
submitted,  though  we  cannot  say  that  it  is 
quite  satisfactory  as  a  practical  plan  for  a 
theatre.  The  planning  and  design  are  cer- 
tainly monumental.  The  author  makes  his 
theatre  an  elongated  area  with  apsiilal- 
shapod  ends  on  the  long  axis,  and  sliglit  side 
transeptal  recesses.  Tho  platform  forms 
one  end  apse.  Round  this  hall  is  a  corridor, 
or.  properly  speaking,  a  series  of  vestibules, 
which  give  access  to  the  area  from  four  sym- 
luotrically-placod  entrances  at  tho  four  angles 
of  plan,  two  on  each  side,  one  of  those  at  the 
]datf()rm  end  being  for  women,  and  the  other 
lor  platform  ;  at  the  entrance  end  are  two 
others  on  opposite  sides  for  students.    These 


have  elliptical-shaped  vestibules  or  halls  in 
connection  with  the  cloakrooms,  robing- 
rooms,  and  lavatories,  and  form  with  the 
aisles  under  galleries  a  corridor  apju-oach 
round  tho  theatre.  The  main  public  entrance 
is  through  a  projecting  portico  and  hall  at  the 
end  opposite  platform.  Tho  cloakrooms, 
lavatories,  retiring  and  robing  rooms  form  an 
external  range  of  rooms  also  conforming  to 
tho  plan.  The  platform  is  inclosed  by  a 
circular  apsidal  end,  which  corresponds  to 
the  opposite  or  main  entrance  end.  Both 
have  semi-domical  vaults  which  project  from 
the  main  dome,  while  the  side  recesses  or  tran- 
septs form  semicircular  clerestories  above. 
The  elevations  are  well  broken  up,  and  there 
are  cupolas  over  the  four  side  entrances,  two 
on  each  side  of  dome,  which  emphasise  the 
corners,  and  the  perspective  eft'ect  would  be 
more  pleasing  than  the  side  elevation,  which 
has  a  rather  heavy  profile.  Internally  the 
side  recesses  are  arched  above  with  coffered 
arches ;  these  have  galleries.  The  seats  in 
the  main  area  are  arranged  in  curved  lines, 
and  divided  into  sections  with  passages. 
These  seats  are  concentric  with  a  point  on 
the  platform,  and  the  acoustical  properties 
would  be  no  doubt  good.  The  design  "  Gable 
Endie,"  by  Mr.  David  Smith,  placed  second, 
has  a  circular  plan  with  a  surrounding 
corridor  giving  access  to  area  of  theatre ;  out- 
side of  which  the  entrances  for  students,  the 
smaU  hall,  cloak  rooms,  &o.,  form  an 
external  circular  and  lower  range  of  build- 
ings. A  porch  with  robing  room  forms 
ono  end  of  main  diameter  leading 
directly  to  the  platform,  which  pro- 
jects in  to  tho  circular  area  and  has 
a  small  recess  behind ;  at  the  opposite  end 
of  diameter  is  the  public  entrance.  The 
chancellor's  chair  is  shown  in  the  first  block 
of  seats  near  the  entrance  in  the  diameter  of 
theatre.  The  seats  are  arranged  in  concentric 
curves  struck  from  the  platform.  The  section 
shows  a  double  shell  to  dome,  with  space 
between ;  the  drum  is  pierced  by  lights,  be- 
tween which  are  small  buttresses,  which  give 
support  to  the  springing,  and  resist  the 
thrust.  Below  these  domical  range  of  lights 
is  a  fresco  frieze,  representing  the  "  Progress 
of  Education."  The  main  walls  abo^e  the 
gallery  level  are  .  strengthened  by  radial 
external  buttresses,  with  columns  in  front. 
These  form  columnar  rcoesscs  between  th(> 
projecting  entrances.  The  outer  buildings 
are  roofed  at  a  lower  level.  Thc^  plan  is  at 
least  ingenious.  The  general  effect  would 
bo  rathi;'r  lumpy,  oven  with  the  pleasing 
contour  given  to  the  springing  of  dome. 

'  ■  Hal "  is  the  motto  of  a  domed  theatre,  cir- 
cular in  plan,  with  an  apse-like  recei^s  at 
platform  end,  and  the  general  effect  is 
Bvzantine.  The  main  area  of  circular 
theatre  is  surrounded  by  a  range  of  lofty 
columns  of  red  marble,  carrying  circular 
arches ;  these  separate  the  aisles  from  the 
central  area,  and  give  much  dignity  to  the 
interior.  The  aisles  have  spherical  vaults 
above  round  the  springing  of  largo  dome. 
The  large-scale  drawings  propose  frescoes  on 
the  vaults  and  wall  surfaces.  A  severe  type 
of  architecture  is  chosen.  The  series  of  aisle 
vaults  are  finished  externally  by  truncated 
gables,  and  these  are  pierced  by  clerestorj- 
windows.  The  outer  range  of  offices  aie 
roofed  low.  Other  designs  for  this  subject 
are  lacking  in  purpose  or  are  coarse  in 
design.  Wo  can  only  mention  "  Sanctus 
Boscus,"  a  circular  theatre  with  a  wide 
outer  corridor  and  four  main  entrances, 
but  extravagant  in  its  circular  -  shaped 
entrance  and  lofty  tower  over  a  jiorle 
cochh-c  in  front.  The  flat  domical  roof 
of  theatre  is  formo<l  of  trussed  ribs  of 
steel  with  circular  glazed  'antcrn,  and  the 
theatre  is  mainly  lighted  by  largo  circular- 
lieaded  windows.  "Rotunda."  is  a  design 
on  a  sort  of  French  opora-houso  style ;  tho 
domi!  is  rilibod  aiul  tho  drawings  indicate 
skill.  "  Rannock "  is  a  plan  with  .semi- 
circular theatre,     ".loiiah  Man"  has  a  pro- 


digious dome,  too  heavy  and  crushing. 
"  Tay  '  has  an  elongated  area  with  apse-Iiko 
ends  and  side  galleries  ;  the  proportions  and 
details  are  unsatisfactory,  and  heavy  cupolas 
are  shown.  "  Phrnnix  "  is  octagonal,  square 
externally,  with  centre  dome  and  corner 
towers,  and  "  Star"  has  a  Late  Gothic  fan- 
vaulted  hall  of  rectangular  form  with  en- 
trance-hall and  cloakroom  in  form. 

For  tho  Tite  Prize  eleven  have  competed. 
This  subject  was  a  crescent  in  a  large  city,  a 
suggestive  scheme  in  view  of  the  Strand 
Improvement  or  crescent  approach  now 
being  formed — Aldwych.  The  students  were 
instructed  to  follow  the  principles  of  Palladio, 
^'ignola,  Wren,  or  Chambers  in  the  design  ; 
but  with  the  exception  of  the  ilesign  awarded 
the  prize,  by  Mr.  Heaton  Comyn,  and  one 
other,  the  designs  are  commonplace.  In  the 
selected  scheme  the  author  proposes  a  crescent 
road  with  two  radial  streets,  and  a  promenade 
or  open  inclosure  in  front,  with  baliistrading 
and  steps  and  a  clock  tower  in  centre.  The 
three  blocks  of  the  crescent  contain  a  centre 
bank,  with  dome  forming  a  central  feature, 
and  side  shops  and  oftioes,  bridged  over  by 
archways  at  the  side  streets.  Chambers' 
Somerset  House  river  front  has  been  taken 
as  a  model  apparently  for  the  crescent.  The 
archways  support  open  colonnades.  The 
design  is  pleasing  in  proportion  and  detail, 
the  corners  of  crescent  are  emphasised 
by  cupolas ;  the  basement  is  rusticated, 
and  includes  in  the  side  blocks  a  mezza- 
nine over  the  shops,  which  have  arched 
windows,  the  stories  over  being  relieved 
by  an  order  of  pilasters.  The  stories 
over  the  streets  are  proposed  for  oflices. 
A  nice  and  feelingly-drawn  pencil  per- 
spective is  sent  with  large-scale  elevation. 
The  design  "  Porthos  "  (Mr.  A.  D.  Nicholson) 
receives  a  medal  ot  merit  for  well-designed 
blocks  between  the  radiating  streets.  The  style 
is  rather  severe  ;  there  are  pilasters  with  a 
Greek  deep  frieze  which  comprises  the  top 
story  windows.  Three  deeply  coffered  arches 
adorn  the  central  block,  with  a  small  cupola 
over.  The  drawings  are  well  executed. 
"  Bydand"  shows  arches  and  colonnades  over 
the  streets,  but  the  shops  are  commonplace 
and  the  details  coarse.  "  Fleur  de  Lis  "  is 
rather  cramped  in  the  elevation :  other  de- 
signs, like  "Canny Alnwick'"  and  "Anglice," 
have  level,  unrelieved  skylines,  and  flat 
parapets,  and  little  variety  in  the  design. 

For  the  Grissell  Gold  Medal  fourteen 
designs  have  been  sent  in,  the  subject  being 
the  design  and  construction  of  a  timber  spire 
or  lantern  termination  to  a  tower.  The  gold 
medal  is  awarded  to  ("Cardon  ')  Mr.  J.  W. 
Hepburn  for  a  lofty  campanile  of  Ita'ian 
type  crowned  by  a  timber  lantern.  Perhaps 
strictly  the  subject  applies  more  to  a  timber 
spire  or  lantern  for  a  tower  such  as  that  of 
the  design  awarded  a  medal  of  merit.  At 
any  rate,  ]Mr.  Hepburn's  design  has  con- 
siderable merit,  and  is  one  of  the  best  thin^ 
of  tho  exhibition.  Tho  author  crowns  his 
square  tower  of  masonry  by  a  two  staged 
erection  ot  timber,  tho  first  projecting  beyond 
the  faces  of  towei',  square  in  plan,  with  ])ro- 
jecting  windows,  one  on  each  face.  Above 
it  rises  a  smaller  square  oi-ectiou  ot  timber 
with  balcony;  there  is  a  lead  flat  between 
the  two.  Level  with  the  windows  in  the 
framed  studwork  of  oak  a  band  of  colour  i.s 
carried  round,  tho  panels  between  studs  being 
of  bright  rod,  which  is  also  seen  in  the 
ooriiico  of  first  stage  and  the  Italian  tile  roof. 
Below  is  a  row  of  copper  shields  with  blue 
bctwoon  studs.  Riven  o.ak  weather  boarding 
is  proposed  externally.  Tlie framing  is  skilful, 
shnwn  by  largo  details  and  a  large-scale  ele- 
vation. Tiie  medal  ot  merit  is  given  to  A.  J. 
Barclay  for  a  Classic  tower  ot  stono  crowned 
by  a  timber  octagonal  spiro  ot  four  stages. 
a"  largo  ci'utre-post  of  octagon  sci'tion  rises  in 
tho  centre,  from  which  radial  struts  spring 
from  a  cast-iron  socket.  The  largo-scale  plans 
and  elevation  are  well  drawn,  and  tho  juoflle  of 
lantern  is  pleasing.  ' '  Wee  Macgregor ' '  shows  a 


118 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  22,  19C4 


good  timber  lantern.  "  Eihera  "  is  a  domical 
construction.  "Simplex"  is  a  clever  and 
artistic  design,  with  a  timber  spire  on  square 
tower,  with  open-framed  buttresses  at  angles 
terminated  by  figures  of  angels.  "  Le  Nord" 
is  also  a  spire,  and  a  good  design  is  that  of 
"  Yddraig  Goch,'"  the  weight  of  lantern 
being  brought  down  by  raking  struts  inside 
of  tower. 

Coming  to  the  measured  drawings  of 
ancient  buildings,  the  Institute  Silver  Medal 
has  been  awarded  to  "Dolphin"  (L.  M. 
Gotch)  for  his  admirable  and  ably  executed 
drawings  of  Church  of  St.  Oswald,  Ashbourne, 
Derbyshii-e — a  cruciform  edifice  of  a  very 
interesting  type,  having  a  nave  with  one 
aisle  about  the  same  width,  and  a  long  Early 
English  chancel  with  a  perceptible  declination 
to  the  north.  It  has  a  centre  tower  and 
spire  of  Decorated  character ;  the  nave 
and  south  aisle  contain  work  of  Decorated 
and  Perpendicular  dates.  We  hope  to  be 
able  to  reproduce  the  drawings  of  this  very 
interesting  church.  Hon.  mention  has  also 
been  awarded  to  the  design  of  Mr.  G.  S. 
Solomon  for  drawings  of  Tideswell  Church, 
Derbyshire,  of  Decorated  and  I'erpendicular 
periods.  It  has  a  nave  and  side  aisles,  and  a 
long  chancel.  The  detail  of  south  transept 
window,  of  flowing  Decorated  character,  is 
interesting,  and  the  tower  at  the  west  end, 
with  large  pinnacles,  is  unique  of  its  kind. 
Other  drawings  include  a  carefully  drawn 
plan  and  elevatioii,  &o.,  of  Old  Shoreham 
Chui'ch,  Sussex,  by  "  Erin,"  drawings  of 
St.  James's  Church,  Piccadilly,  by  ("Vis") 
Mr.  C.  ]j.  Gill,  which  receives  hon.  men- 
tion, an  interesting  example  of  Wren's  style. 

The  Pugin  Studentship  is  represented  by 
three  sets  of  drawings,  and  is  awarded  to  Mr. 
F.  C.  Mears  for  several  masterly  drawings, 
including  a  carefully  measured  section  and 
details  of  Pershore  Abbey,  Worcestershire,  a 
well-known  and  beautiful  example  of  Middle 
Pointed,  very  effective  Indian  ink  wash 
drawings  of  Christchurch  Cathedral,  O.^on  ; 
King's  College.  Cambridge;  St.  Mary  the 
Virgin,  Oxford  ;  Chartres  Cathedral,  St. 
Catherine's  Church,  Norfolk  ;  Pilgrims' 
Church,  Houghton  -  le  -  Dale,  and  other 
sketches.  A  medal  of  merit  is  awarded  to 
Mr.  W.  S.  A.  Gordon  for  drawings  and  details 
of  Carlisle  Cathedral,  York  Minster,  Canter- 
bury Cathedral,  a  Gable-ended  Church, 
Houghton-le-Dale,  Norfolk ;  and  Eltham 
Palace  roof  and  several  domestic  examples 
of  an  interesting  kind.  Some  very  beautiful 
coloured  drawings  are  exhibited  also  for  the 
Owen  Jones  Studentship.  There  are  live  con- 
tributors. The  studentship  prize  is  awarded  to 
Mr.  W.  Davidson  for  drawings  of  coloured 
decoration  of  Norfolk  rood-screens;  we  may 
especially  name  those  of  Ranworth  Church, 
Norfolk,  also  those  of  Ludham  Church,  St. 
Ambrose,  and  St.  Augustine  Churches  in  the 
same  county,  which  are  very  unique  and 
I'ich  in  colour,  especially  the  large  figure 
panels  from  Ranworth  church  screen.  There 
are  also  several  drawings  of  marble  and  tile 
pavements  and  friezes  from  the  Baptistery, 
Florence,  San  Miniato  Church,  Salisbury 
Cathedral,  &c.  A  medal  of  merit  goes  to 
II.  MorJey  for  coloured  drawings  of  tomb 
ind  altar-pieces  from  Italian  ohiu'chos.  For 
the  Cates  l?ru.e  four  sets  of  drawings  have 
been  sent,  including  cottages,  swimming- 
baths,  a  hospital,  Gothic  vaulting,  &c.  Hon. 
Mention  is  awarded  to  Mr.  Baxter  Greig  for 
a  design  for  a  town  hall. 


•       KOYAL    INSTITUTE    OF    BKITLSH 
.IKC'HITECTS. 

THE  fortnightly  ordinary  meeting  of  the 
Institute  of  Architects  was  held  on  Monday 
evening  at  9,  Conduit-street,  W.,  Mr.  John 
Slater,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair.  The  minutes 
of  the  business  meeting  held  a  fortnight  pre- 
viously were  confinned  after  araendment,  at  the 
chiillengeof  Jlr.  G.  A.  T.  Miiuilftos-,  who  pointed 
out  that  the  original  motion  was  duly  seconded, 
a   correction   admitted    to   be   ncceseary  by  the 


chairman.  On  the  motion  of  ilr.  A.  Graham, 
F.S.A.,  hon.  secretary,  a  vote  of  condolence  "was 
passed  to  the  relatives  of  the  late  Mr.  Henry 
Saxon  Snell,  Fellow,  who  had  a  large  practice  in 
poor-law  buOdings  for  metropolitan  authorities, 
and  also  in  hospital  construction  and  matters  of 
heating  and  ventilation. 

THE   DEED     OF   AWARD    OF    MEDALS,    STUDENTSHIPS, 
AXD   PRIZES. 

The  Secretary,  Mr.  W.  J.  Locke,  read  the 
following  award  of  prizes  which  hud  been  made 
that  afternoon  by  the  Institute  Council : — 

The  Institute  Silver  Medal  and  Twentt- 
FivE  Guineas  for  Essays.  Not  awarded.  Medal 
of  Merit  and  Ten  Guineas  given  to  "  X,"  Claude 
Batley,  Little  Eoundwood,  Ipswich.  Eight  essays 
submitted. 

The  Institute  Silver  Medal  and  Ten  Guineas 
FOR  Deawino  (Subject:  Measured  Drawings  of 
Ancient  Buildings  in  the  United  Kingdom  or 
Abroad).  "Dolphin,"  Laurence  M.  Gotch,  62, 
Lynton-terrace,  West  Ealing,  for  Church  of  St. 
Oswald,  Ashbourne,  Derbyshire.  Certificates  of 
Merit  awarded  to  "  Gothic,"  Gerald  S.  Salomons, 
78,  King-street,  Manchester,  for  Tideswell  Church, 
Derbyshire ;  and  to  "  Vis,"  C.  Lovett  Gill,  17, 
Albert-street,  Regent's  Park,  for  St.  James's 
Church,  Piccadilly.     Twelve  competitors. 

The  Soane  Medallion  and  £100  (for  Continental 
Travel)  (Subject ;  Design  for  a  University  Theatre 
on  an  open  site).  "Oxon,"  Frederic  J.  Horth,  1, 
Cavendish-square,  Hull.  Hon.  mention  and  Certi- 
ficate of  Merit,  "  Gable  Endie,"  David  Smith,  33, 
Albert-square,  Dundee,  the  gainer  of  the  Pugin 
Studentship  last  year.     Fourteen  competitors. 

The  Owen  Jones  Studentsiup.  Certificate  and 
£100  (for  travel  and  study  of  colour),  W.  Davidson. 
121,  Gilmore-place,  Edinburgh.  Medal  of  Merit  to 
H.  Morley,  GO,  Sydney-street,  South  Kensington. 
Six  competitors. 

The  Pucin  Studentsiup.  Silver  Medal  and  £100 
(for  travel  in  the  United  Kingdom).  F.  C.  Mears. 
65,  Sydney-street,  South  Kensington.  Medal  of 
Merit  to  W.  S.  A.  Gordon,  65,  Wellmeadow- 
road,  Hither  Green,  S.E.    Three  competitors. 

The  Godwin  Bursart  :  Silver  Medal  and  £65 
(for  travel  outside  the  United  Kingdom),  H.  Phillips 
Fletcher,  F.R.I.B.A.,  29,  New  Bridge -street,  E.G. 
Two  competitors. 

The  Tite  Prize  :  Certificate  and  £30  (for  travel 
in  Italy).  (Subject :  Design,  according  to  the 
principles  of  Palladio,  Vignola,  Wren,  or  Chambers, 
for  a  crescent  in  a  large  city.)  *'  Bridge,"  C. 
Heaton  F..Comyn,  A.R.I.B.A.,  U,  Great  Ormond- 
street,  Bloomsbury.  Medal  of  Merit  to  "  Portlos," 
A.  D.  Nicholson,  19,  Royal -crescent,  Glasgow. 

The  Arthur  Cates  Prize  :  Forty  guineas.  Not 
awarded.  Grant  of  twenty  guineas  to  F.  Winton 
Newman,  58,  Savernake-road,  Hampstead,  X.W. ; 
and  Certificate  of  Meritto  Baxter  Greig,  A.R.I.B.A., 
183,  Dulwich-grove,  S.E.     Four  competitors. 

The  Geissell  Gold  Medal  and  Ten  Guineas, 
for  Design  and  Construction.  (Subject :  Timber 
spire  or  lantern  termination  to  a  tower.)  "  Cardon," 
James  William  Hepburn,  83,  PatsbuU-road,  N.W. 
Medal  of  Merit  to  Arthur  Jas.  Barclay,  343,  Union- 
street,  Aberdeen.     Fourteen  competitors. 

The  AsiiriTEL  Prize  of  Books  value  £10 — to 
the  student  who  distinguished  himself  most  highly 
in  fhQ  final  examinations  held  during  the  year. 
Awarded  to  Francis  Winton  Newman,  58,  Saver- 
nake-road, Hampstead,  N.W. 

LEAD    ARCHITECTVUE. 

Mr.  J.  Starkie  Gardner,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper 
on  this  subject,  illustrated  by  about  a  dozen  lantern 
views.  The  lecturer  biiefly  stated  the  history 
of  the  use  of  lead,  and  proceeded  to  show  that 
the  metal  has  specially  valuable  properties  that 
distinguish  it  from  all  other  metals.  Capable  of 
producing  the  most  dtlicate  and  lace-like  effects, 
or  of  covering  with  an  impervious  sheath  the 
most  extensive  buildings,  it  equally  defies  the 
ravages  of  time  and  the  corroding  influences  of 
air  or  of  water.  It  succumbs  to  the  attacks  of 
fire  alone.  Under  the  murky  pall  of  our  great 
cities  its  hue  deepens  to  a  sombre  black,  but  if 
weather-beaten  in  purer  air  it  oxidises  to  a  silvery 
white,  producing  contrasts  of  light  and  shade 
which  are  exquisitely  beautiful.  Formerly  richer 
effects  were  obtained  by  gilding  and  painting  in 
chevrons  of  colour  or  powdered  devices,  or  by 
vaiying  the  surface  with  inlays  of  tin,  or  incising 
patterns  and  filling  them  with  minium,  white 
oxide,  or  black  asphaltum.  It  quickly  tarnishes, 
but  freshly  melted  or  cleaned  its  surf  aco  is  lustrous 
as  silver  ;  and  this  might,  peihaps,  be  preserved 
by  coating  it  with  vitreous  glaze  dissolved  in  fluoric 
acid.  The  Greeks  first  applied  lead  decora- 
tively  in  architecture.  William  of  Malmesbury 
describes  an  ancient  pavement  in  Glaston- 
bury Abbey  as  formed  of  "stones  designedly 
inlaid   with   triangles   and    squares   and   figured 


with  lead."  The  finest  existing  example  of  14th- 
century  work  is  that  now  in  the  Cathedral  of 
Eheims  (illustrated  in  the  Building  News  for 
October  9,  1874).  A  sparing  use  of  lead  waa 
made  in  ceilings  and  vaultings,  where  the  gUded 
stars  are  of  lead.  The  pomegranate  pendants  and 
leaves  at  the  intersections  of  the  geometric  ceiling 
to  Cardinal  Wolsey's  cabinet  at  Hampton  Court 
are  of  lead,  like  the  enrichments  to  the  ceiling 
of  the  Chapel  Royal,  St.  James's.  Window* 
like  those  in  .Salisbury  Cathedral  often  depended 
for  the  decorative  effect  entirely  on  the  grace  and 
intricacy  of  their  leaded  lines.  Beautiful  plaques 
of  perforated  lead,  usually  lozenge-shaped,  but 
sometimes  square  or  round,  replaced  ono  or  more 
of  the  quarries  of  a  window  for  ventilation  ;  they 
are  met  with  in  considerable  variety  in  the  oflBcea 
and  corridors  of  Tudur  buildings,  such  as  Hampton 
Court  and  Haddon. 

moulded  and  cast  lead. 

The  simplest  and  most  natural  method  of  using 
lead  decoratively  is  to  cast  it  in  moulds.  The 
Romans  first  employed  a  method  of  decoration 
used  later  by  Sussex  and  other  Mediieval  iron- 
founders.  Small  objects  in  relief,  such  as 
escallop-shells,  beaded  rods,  plain  rings,  &c., 
were  impressed  as  decoration  into  the  beds  of 
sand  upon  which  the  sheets  were  cast.  Some 
richly  decorated  lead  coflins  were  found  under  the 
pavement  of  the  Temple  Church.  The  author 
touched  on  the  uses  of  lead  in  relation  to 

THE   plumbers'    CRAFT, 

which  was  first  mastered  on  a  grand  scale  by  tbe 
Romans.  In  England  lead  pipes  have  been  found 
in  Roman  foundations,  and  at  Bath  is  a  massive 
water  channel  of  lead  an  inch  thick.  Water  was 
brought  into  London  houses  by  lead  pipes  for  the 
first  time  in  1582  by  Peter  Morris,  a  Dutchman. 
Leaden  spouts  for  relieving  the  gutters  formed  at 
times  a  picturesque  feature  in  Mediaeval  buildings. 
Of  greater  interest  were  the  conduits  or  centraldis- 
tributingfou  tains,  which  generally  occupied  some 
accessible  place  in  one  of  the  courtsof  every  princely 
dwelling.  Most  of  these  were  under  canopies,  and 
lead  entered  verj'  largely  into  their  construction. 
The  decorated  tank  or  cistern  for  storing  rainwater 
may  be  of  great  antiquity  ;  the  earliest  preserved, 
of  the  16th-century,  bearing  "E.R."  and  the 
Royal  arms,  was  figured  in  the  Buihhr  for  1862 
(p.  602).  The  author  referred  to  several  speci- 
mens of  16th-century  elaborately-decorated  heads 
to  rainwater  pipes.  In  the  old  artistic  days 
even  the  pump  wis  made  a  vehicle  for  decoration, 
like  that  formerly  in  Leather-Sellers'  Yard, 
which  was  surmounted  by  a  mermaid  pressing  her 
breasts,  out  which  wine  ran  on  State  occasions. 
In  the  17th  and  18th  centuries  much  of  the 
purely  decorative  statuary  produced  in  England 
was  of  lead,  especially  the  mjissive  equestrian 
statues,  the  first  of  which,  that  of  Charles  I.,  by 
Albert  le  Sa?ur,  was  cast  near  Covent  Garden  in 
1633  and  erected  by  Charles  II.  at  Charing  Cross 
in  1674.  The  statue — horse  and  man — is  still 
the  finest  we  possess.  For  the  garden  lead 
reigns  supreme.  Softer  and  greyer  in  tone,  more 
yielding,  less  costly,  and  less  pretentious  than 
bronze  or  marble,  lead  seems,  above  all  other 
materials,  to  lend  itself  to  the  garden.  An 
instance  was  referred  to  of  four  or  five  score  of 
leaded  statues  dispersed  over  a  gentleman's  ex- 
tensive grounds.  'They  consisted  of  reproductions 
from  the  antique  of  ISth-century  renderings  of 
gods  and  goddesses,  and  of  more  modem  subjects, 
such  as  musicians,  dancers,  mummers,  skaters, 
shepherds  and  shepherdesses,  gardeners,  &c.,  in 
contemporary  costume — the  latter  group  by  far 
the  most  interesting.     As  regards 

LEAD   ARCHITECTURE, 

Eusebius  speaks  of  lead  roofs  in  the  3rd  century, 
and  the  domes  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  and  St. 
Sophia  are  still  so  covered.  The  roofing  in  the 
7th  century  of  the  Church  of  York  with  lead  by 
Wilfrid,  and  the  sheathing  of  that  of  Lindisfarne, 
by  Eadbent,  both  walls  and  roof,  must  have  been 
new  and  unusual  occurrences  to  have  been 
chronicled  by  Bede.  The  development  of  Pointed 
church  architecture  in  the  13ih  century  .afforded 
much  scope  for  a  display  of  ieadwork.  The  roofs 
rising  to  a  great  height,  and  becoming  in- 
creasingly rich  with  turrets,  fleches,  Greetings, 
finials,  buttresses,  parapets,  crockets,  gargoyles, 
and,  above  all,  the  lofty  steeples,  often  clustered 
in  threes,  as  at  Lincoln,  Ripon,  and  Canterbury, 
absorbed  more  lead,  and  afforded  greater  areas  for 
dispUy  than  ever.  In  Fr.ance  the  lead  roofs  ap- 
peared to  form  almost  half,  and  by  no  means  the 
least  picturesque  half,  of  many  of  the  great  sacred 


Jan.  22,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


ng 


buildings.  The  laying  of  the  lead  in  strips, 
vertically  or  diagonally,  formed  with  their 
rolled  overlaps  fretted  lines  of  shadow  on  the 
bleaclied  white  surfaces.  Stowe  describes  the 
bell-tower  of  the  I'riory  Church  of  St;  John 
as  "graven,  gilt,  and  enamelled,  to  the  great 
beautifying  of  the  city,  and  passing  all  other  that 
I  have  seen."  The  Palace  of  Sheen,  rebuilt  by 
Henry  VII.,  seems  to  have  been  the  earliest 
revival  of  great  displays  of  lead  in  domestic 
architecture  in  England,  since  the  roofing  with 
lead  of  a  building  earlier  in  the  century  had 
resulted  in  its  being  distinguished  as  Leadenhall. 
The  roof  of  Richmond  Palace  was  a  forest  of 
turrets,  octagons,  pinnacles,  and  finials,  gold, 
and  azure,  with  the  King's  arms  and  vanes  sur- 
mounting them.  Special  ornaments  to  the  build- 
ing were  the  turreted  lanthorns  over  the  great 
hall,  the  clockcase  at  the  west  end,  Ihe  lanthorn 
leaded  and  embattled  with  fourteen  turrets  over 
the  privy  lodgings,  a  round  structure  four  stories 
high,  called  the  Canted  Tower,  embattled  and  all 
covered  with  lead  :  besides  the  chapel.  Queen's 
and  Prince's  closets,  hall,  middlegate,  and 
kitchen,  decorated,  embattled,  covered  with  lead, 
and  all  equal  "special  ornaments  "  of  the  build- 
ing. The  Palace  at  Hampton  Court,  though  not 
completely  destroyed  like  Richmond,  is  shorn  of 
the  lead-covered  cupolas,  octagons,  turrets,  and 
louvres,  bedecked  with  finials  and  pennons,  all 
glittering  in  gold  and  armorial  bearings,  which 
rendered  it  the  most  attractive  sight  in  all 
England. 

TIMBER    FRAMING. 

But  it  was  only  where  timber  framing  entered 
largely  into  the  construction  that  the  lead  was 
carried  down  below  the  roofs,  and  a  truly  lead 
architecture  could  be  revived.  The  rural  retreat 
of  Nonsuch,  a  veritable  palace  of  lead,  dazzled 
the  imagination  and  baHled  description.  The 
stanchions  and  outposts  of  the  P>anqueting  Hall, 
three  stories  high,  and  its  lanthorn,  were  "all 
covered  with  lead,  as  were  the  whole  of  the 
wooden  battlements,  perhaps,  like  those  at 
Windsor,  the  great  grace  and  special  ornament 
to  the  whole  building."  The  upper  stories,  at 
least,  were  "butted  round  with  frames  of  wood, 
covered  with  lead,  '  and  these,  with  the  turrets, 
water-tower,  clock-case,  Arc,  "  are  the  ehiefe 
ornament  of  the  whole  house  of  Xonsuch."  But 
for  the  intrinsic  value  of  its  materials,  especially 
the  lead,  the  palace  might  not  have  perished.  In 
1491  Thomas  Wood,  a  goldsmith  atd  sheriff  of 
London,  built  a  row  of  shops  and  dwellings  in 
Cheapside,  fronted  with  lead,  which  every 
chronicler  speaks  of  as  beauteous  and  glorious  to 
behold.  The  front  was  gilded,  and  it  was  known 
as  Goldsmith's-row.  Stowe  describes  it  as  the 
most  beautiful  frame  and  front  of  fair  houses  and 
shops  in  London  or  elsewhere  in  England.  It 
contained  ten  dwelling-houses  and  fourteen  shops, 
all  in  one  frame,  uniformly  built  four  stories  high, 
beautified  towards  the  street  with  the  Cioldsmiths' 
arms;  and  the  likeness  of  Woodmen,  in  memory 
of  the  founder's  name,  riding  on  monstrous 
beasts.  AU  which  was  cast  in  lead,  richly  painted 
over,  and  gilt.  It  was  regilt  in  1594  by  Sir 
Richard  Martin,  Lord  Mayor,  and  was  destroyed 
in  the  Great  Fire  of  166G. 

Mr.  K.  PiirxE  Spiers,  F.S.A.,  in  i^roposing  a 
vote  of  thanks,  said  he  would  have  liked  to  have 
had  a  little  more  direct  evidence  as  to  the  decora- 
tion in  leadwork  of  the  frontings  of  Nonsuch 
Palace.  A  few  years  since,  Mr.  Robinson,  in  a 
paper  read  before  the  Institute,  claimed  that  all 
the  elaborate  decorations  andbas-rdiefs  which  we 
knew  from  contemporary  drawings  and  the 
records  were  executed  not  in  le^d,  but  in  plaster. 
Throughout  i-'rance  we  saw  beautiful  roofs, 
turrets,  finials,  and  other  decorative  features  of 
the  Renaissance  period  executed  in  cast  lead  ; 
and  there  were  some  excellent  examples  in  this 
material  in  the  courtyard  of  the  Museum  at 
Rouen.  Mr.  Slarkie  Gardner  had  not  alluded  to 
the  load  Collins  of  the  Romans,  of  which  there 
were  two  or  three  fine  examples  in  the  Louvre, 
brought  by  tho  late  U.  Ernest  Ronan  from  Syria'. 
He  hoped  that  there  would,  as  a  result  of  that 
paper,  be  a  revival  of  the  use  of  lead  for  water 
towers  and  similar  features. 

Mr.  Ernest  Gi;oR(iE  seconded  the  vote  of 
thanks. 

>[r.  Mai-uice  B.  Adams  alluded  to  the  probable 
dilliculty  in  the  uso  of  lead  for  vertical  facade 
work,  as  proposed  by  the  lecturer,  as  to  how' the 
ornamental  sheets  or  panels  of  lead  should  be 
joined  together  so  as  to  allow  of  freedom  for  ex- 
pansion and  contraction  under  varying  changes 
of  temperature  without  exposing  the  joints  to 


rain  soakage  and  weather  getting  into  the  framed 
backings.  ITsually  in  old  work  the  lead  sheets 
were  supported  along  their  upper  edge  by  pins 
or  nails,  and  clipped  at  th'  ir  base  by  iron  hold- 
fasts, the  side  edges  beinf;  rolled  or  welted 
together.  As  he  understood  Mr.  Gardner,  where 
his  east  plaques  were  used  the  butt  joints  were 
covered  by  pilasters,  set  in  front  so  as  to  protect 
the  weak  part  of  the  construction  :  but  it  did  not 
appear  clear  how  the  weather  could  be  excluded 
in  e-xposod  situations.  Mr.  Adams  drew  attention 
to  the  desilvering  of  lead,  and  extraction  of 
arsenic  in  its  manufacture,  so  th.al  the  modern  lead 
of  commerce  no  longer  compared  with  old  made 
lead,  which  had  so  exquisite  a  silvery  grey 
lustre  instead  of  the  heavy  dull  black  of 
contemporary  plumbers'  work.  It  also  was  cus- 
tomary among  working  plumbers  to  coat  their 
lead  when  finished  with  turpentine,  to  per- 
petuate this  dull,  heavy,  hard  colour.  Old 
leadwork  not  only  .assumed  a  delightful  tint, 
but  it  obtained  greater  charm  on  account  of  the 
irregular  sizes  and  spacings  of  the  rolls  or  welts, 
avoiding  the  hard,  mechanical  effect  of  present- 
day  methods.  In  roofs  the  rolls  were  carried  up 
to  the  verge  of  the  ridge,  and  there  was  no 
longitudinal  roll :  thus  the  skyline  had  a  simple 
and  effective  variety  in  a  legitimate  way.  The 
creeping  of  leadwork  on  roofs  was  a  great  diffi- 
culty, and  the  speaker  referred  to  Lord  Grim- 
thorpe's  work  at  St.  Alban's  Abbey  as  an  instance 
in  point. 

Sir.  W.  H.  Seth-Smith  confirmed  Mr.  Adams's 
complaint  as  to  the  poor  and  dingy  colour  of 
modern  leadwork.  A  very  good  use  had  been 
made  of  leadwork  for  decoration  by  Messrs. 
Niven  and  Wrigglesworth  in  the  Passmore 
Edwards  Sailors'  Palace  at  Limehouse  ;  the  free 
use  of  leadwork  in  panels  on  that  building  was 
effective  and  charming.  As  to  the  welting  of 
lead,  he  regarded  the  use  in  narrow  strips  far 
preferable  in  effect  to  the  large,  unsightly  rolls 
often  adopted. 

Mr.  E.  W.  Hudson  feared  that  if  lead  were 
employed  for  public  fountains  it  would  speedily 
be  destroyed  by  small  boys  and  stolen  by  vagrants. 

The  Chairman  remarked  that  in  some  modern 
instances  where  lead  was  used  as  a  covering  for 
wooden  turrets,  moisture  had  crept  below  the 
metal  and  had  caused  the  timbers  to  rot.  In  any 
treatment  of  lead  work  the  aim  should  be  to  keep 
the  dimensions  of  the  panels  and  sheets  small. 

Mr.  .Starkie  Gardner,  in  responding  to  the 
vote  of  thanks,  remarked  that  the  entries  in  the 
Record  Office  and  contemporary  illustrations 
showed  that  Ihe  decorations  at  Nonsuch  were  of 
lead,  and  plaster  of  Paris  was  only  employed  for 
internal  work.  As  to  the  size  of  the  castings  in 
lead,  the  panels  in  the  Grand  Hotel  bridge, 
designed  by  Mr.  William  Woodward,  were  3ft. 
by  4ft.,  and  there  was  no  practical  dilliculty  save 
that  of  cost  in  casting  ornamental  sheets  up  to 
10ft.  by  9ft.  or  eo.  He  should  have  no  hesitation 
in  executing  such  castings,  save  that  the  sheets 
would  be  unwieldy  and  not  of  commensurate 
advantage.  The  holes  must  be  el'iptical  to  allow 
of  play  under  changes  of  temperature,  and  they 
could  be  secured  to  iron  framing.  So  long  as  the 
work  was  kept  dry  or  constantly  wet  there  would 
be  no  risk  of  galvanic  action  ;  this  only  occurred 
under  alternations  of  wet  and  dry  contact  with 
other  metals.  The  beautiful  tint  of  lead  was  not 
in  his  opinion  due  to  the  presence  of  silver  in  the 
metal,  as  silver  oxidised  to  a  bl.ack  tone.  There 
would  be  no  difficulty  if  it  were  desired  in  intro- 
ducing an  oxidising  agent  during  manufacture 
which  would  yield  a  silvery  surface.  The  great 
drawback  to  the  use  of  lead  was  the  expansion 
and  contraction  due  to  changes  of  temperature, 
but  this  could  be  provided  against  by  lapping  the 
edges  or  covering  the  joints  with  strips  of  lead. 


"BUILDING  NEWS"  DESIGNING  CLUB. 

A   C'LEUGV    HOVSE    IN    A    SLUM. 

THE  diminution  in  the  number  of  the  com- 
petitors for  tho  subject  indicates  clearly 
enough  who  tho  menibors  are  who  possess  tho 
true  intention  to  go  through  with  what  they  have 
taken  up.  Not  that  tho  problem  is  an  cxceptiou- 
,ally  difficult  one,  or  out-of-tho-way  in  character  : 
but  its  requirements  were  sufficiently  complex  to 
require  some  special  thuught  and  ingenuity.  If 
we  ask  for  designs  for  ordinary  houses  or  any 
other  regulation  subject,  it  generally  proves  so 
popular  that  almost  every  man  on  tho  roll  of  the 
Designing  Club  goes  in  in  Eome  sort  of  fashion, 
even  if  only  in  a  partially  complete  way.    Christ- 


mas, with  its  social  gatherings,  may  account  to 
some  extent  for  the  faliing-olf  of  contributors  on 
this  occasion,  though  the  real  cause  has  been 
alreidy  indicated.  So  much  the  more  credit  to 
those  members  who  have  submitted  these  plans, 
which  number  between  thirty  and  forty  designs. 
From  these  we  have  chosen  "  Ionic "  first, 
"  Ghost  "  second,  and  "The  New  Boy  "  third. 
All  of  these  we  i'lustrate  ;  but,  as  a  matter  of 
course,  neither  of  them  will  escape  criticism  ;— 
indeed,  the  advantage  of  having  one's  scheme 
called  in  question  is  even  greater  to  the  serious 
worker  than  the  commendation  insured  by  the  act 
of  selection  for  the  posts  of  honour.  'Ihe  best 
criticism  and  the  most  impartial  judgment 
is  liable  to  be  misread  and  only  appreciated  in 
a  qualified  way  by  those  most  concerned. 
Whatever  the  merits  of  these  clergy  -  house 
schemes  may  be,  not  one  presents  anything 
approaching  a  model  arrangement.  "Ionic" 
gains  some  points  by  sending  the  sketch  view, 
which  "Ghost"  omitted  to  find  space  for. 
It  was  an  optional,  though  desirable,  thing  to  do. 
"  Ionic,"  on  the  other  hand,  hardly  recommends 
the  elevation  of  his  design  by  this  somewhat  in- 
different perspective,  showing  the  not  too  beautiful 
roof  to  the  vicar's  bedroom  bay  and  the  somewhat 
ungainly,  bald-looking  porch.  The  plain  gable, 
with  the  cross,  giving  a  suggestion  of  the  nature  • 
of  the  building,  is  a  good  feature ;  but  the 
chimneys  want  lifting  to  give  play  to  the  skyline. 
The  bay  and  position  of  the  iron  piers  in  front  of 
the  entry  steps  are  not  correctly  worked  out  in 
this  perspective.  The  central  area  for  light  and 
air  is  none  too  large,  considei-ing  the  height.  The 
space  at  top  of  entrance-hall  steps  would  furnish 
space  for  a  bench,  to  accommodate  two  or  three 
people  waiting  to  interview  the  priest  on  duty  in 
the  consulting-room.  There  is  a  communication 
from  the  clergy  house  to  the  workshop  below, 
and  the  kitchen  department  is  well  separated  from 
the  parochial  portion  of  the  building.  The  service 
stair  is  connected  with  each  floor,  and  the  lift  is 
nicely  managed  with  a  well-lighted  serving  lobby 
attached  to  the  refectory,  which  is  a  spacious  and 
practically  shnped  apartment.  The  retiring-room 
for  entertainers  [or  lecturers,  with  the  lavatory 
and  w.c.  do'-e  at  hand,  is  another  good  point. 
"  The  Ghost  "  appears  to  have  made  a  more  satis- 
factory exterior,  well  adapted  to  salt-glazed 
brickwork  and  appropriate  to  the  use  of  the 
building,  without  any  effort  .after  ornate  eft'ect. 
The  windows  are  well  grouped  and  nicely  pro- 
portioned, though  the  entrance  might  have  been 
improved  by  a  little  touch  of  distinction  and  im- 
print of  artistic  fancy.  Ornament  in  a  flum  is 
out  of  keeping,  and  money  is  wanted  for  other 
more  pressing  needs.  The  r.w.  pipe  might  havo 
been  placed  on  the  return  wall  of  the  projecting 
porch  giving  more  breadth  to  its  little  front.  The 
difference  in  level  caused  by  the  additional  height 
asked  for  in  the  meeting-haU  results  in  the  i&st 
and  second  flcors  each  being  planned  on  two 
levels.  There  is  a  good  roomy  landing,  but  the 
lavatory  has  no  external  light.  The  servants' 
w.c.  and  bathroom  .are  in  the  basement,  which  was 
permissible.  The  bo5-s'  workshop  is  got  at  from 
the  front  area,  and  it  can  be  reached  from  tho 
clergy  house.  The  scullery  is  by  no  means  too 
amply  lighted,  and  the  entrance  vestibule  on  the 
ground  floor  is  open  to  the  same  objection. 

"  The  New  Boy  "  hardly  in'ipires  the  imagina- 
tion, but  there  is  a  simple  aim  about  the  fronts 
of  his  scheme  which  we  do  not  fail  to  recognise. 
The  elaboration  of  the  front  parapet  and  its 
copper  balls  might  have  been  left  out  by  adopting 
a  siropler  wall  face.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
the  piecg.  would  not  be  so  conspicuous  in 
reality  as  they  appear  in  these  drawings. 
The  little  area  in  the  centre  of  tho  building  is  too 
small.  The  boys'  workshop  entrance  does  not 
get  the  adv.antage  of  being  cut  olV  from  tho 
kitchen  department.  Access  is  obtainable  between 
the  ground  floor  and  the  boys'  workshops.  Their 
conveniences  are  not  cut  off  enough  to  bo  freer 
from  objections.  \  window  to  the  main  staircase 
would  have  been  an  improvement  inserted  over 
the  lean-to  roof  at  the  rear,  and  ft  well-hole  to 
the  staircase  would  bo  a  distinct  improvement, 
and  make  the  ground-lloor  hall  lighter.  The  rise 
of  the  main  stairs,  in  full  view  of  the  cntranco 
doorway,  is  a  fault.  Tho  chimney  twixt  the  roofs 
to  bedrooms  on  the  first  floor  does  not  appear  on 
tho  front  elevation,  as  it  ought  to. 

Coming  now  to  the  designs  which  contest  for 
tho  places  of  honour,  we  notify  a  few  which 
indicite  the  possibilities  of  something  in  advance 
of  their  authors'  present  work.  This  is  a  hopeful 
view,  which  must  be  dependent  upon  the  students 


120 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  22,  1904. 


themselves,  for  they  will   understand    our    en- 
deavour shall  be  directed  towards  a  recognition  of 
any  evidence  of  skill  and  ahle  planning.     "  Her- 
mit" ought  to  do  better.     The   corliscrew  lines 
which  go  to  make  up  the  structural  forms  of  his 
perspective  are  not  to  be  commended,  and  if  we 
note  the  play  of  light  and  shade  introduced  some- 
what adroitly,  it  is  managed  in  a  too  tricky  way, 
misleading  and  conventional,  with  downpour  lines 
like  rain  torrents  andbright  flicks  of  sunlight.  The 
elevations  are  hard  in  drawing,  with  arches  left 
out  or  only  partly  shown.     The   porch   is  really 
ugly   and  uncouth.     The  general  idea  of   "The 
Hermit's  "  front  is  on  the  right  lines  for  such  a 
purpose,  though  the  shaped  parapet  is  more  fanci- 
ful than  good.     The  plan  is  excellent  in   several 
respects.     The  isolation  of  the  servants'  stairs  is 
a  great  objection,  and  its  being  all  winders  in  a 
turret  is  another.     It  ought  to  have  given  access 
to  each  floor  for  service.     Another  objection  to 
this  nlan  is  due  to  the  absence  of  communication 
with  the  boys'  workshop  other  than  through  the 
■entry  of  the  clergy  house,  so  that  the  lads  attend- 
ing cannot   arrive  or    leave  by  any  other  way. 
"Vulcan"    sends  a  capital  design,  drawn  well, 
and  simple  and    suitable.      He   carries  nothing 
over  his  hall,  which  has  a  celling  light.     Here, 
again,  the  youths  attending  the  workshop  classes 
must  go  right  through  the   house,   though    the 
author  does  provide  a  sideway  and  staircase  down 
from  the  street    to  the  basement  for  their  use. 
This  entrance  is  devoid  of  supervision,  and  would 
be  very  dark  and  too  attractive  for  tramps.     The 
■vicar's    bedroom    adjoins    that    for    the    senior 
curate  on  the  second  floor.  "  Henri "  has  a  better 
plan  than  elevation.     Its  features  seem  too  big  in 
scale,  and  does  not  appear  to  be  in  harmony  with 
itself.     The  portal  with  its  wide  splay  jambs  re- 
cessing  the  steps  would   look  very  well,   though 
the  vestibule  would  be  none  too  light.   The  work- 
shop entry  is  in  one  area,  and  the  kitchen  door  is 
in  the  other.     The  w.c.  door  facing  the  refectory 
doorwouldhardlycome  fittingly  withcultured  ideas 
of  such  conveniences,  the  antechamberto  the  closet 
serving  the  same  function   to  the  eating-room. 
"  Henri  "  could  have  avoided  such  incongruities 
with  a  little  forethought.     "The  Last  Man  In" 
lacks  refinement.     He  is  ingenious  ;  for  example, 
he  runs  on  the  area  wall  coping,  continuing  it  up 
by  way  of  pilasters  with  caps  carrying  a  stone 
frieze  and  cornice,  coirespondingly  in  importance 
to  half-columns  flanking  the  entrance.     His  side 
elevation    of    porch    does    not    agree  with    the 
front.     The  porch  leads  direct  into  the  priest's 
consulting-room,  into  the  big  meeting-hall,  and 
by  way  of  a  pas.sage  direct  forward  into  the  body 
of  the  building.     The  author  does  not  realise  that 
several  persons  would  most  days  be  waiting  to 
.see  the  clergyman,  and  must  have  a  convenient 
place  to  wait  in,  where  they  cannot  get  into  mis- 
chief,  or  where   but   little   control  is  necessary. 
The  lift  directly  inside  the  dining-room  doorway 
is  a  bad  fault  in  detail.     "  The  Kid"  is  original, 
and  wins  this  place  for  that  reason  ;  but  he  is 
"queer"  and  careless,  thus  spoiling  the  chances 
which   originality   of    ideas   invent.     The  plans 
,  accompanying  the  elevations  do  not  agree  with 
them,  and  are  so  roughly  delineated  that  they  are 
unreliable   and   cannot   be   accepted.     The  ugly 
keystones     extending     like      windmill     sweeps 
beyond   the    arch    in    which    they    are   set   are 
no     improvement.      It    is    not    clear    how    the 
quadrant    windows    of    bedroom    No.    2    would 
open,    and    this   room   is   devoid   of  a  fireplace. 
"The     Kid"     should     improve     his    methods. 
"  Yectis  "  is  a  late-comer,   and   seems   to  have 
spent  much  time  over  his  design,  for  he  takes 
pains,  which  is  a  merit.     To  reach  the  workshop 
the  working  lads  would  have  to  pass  the  kitchen 
door,  which  to  hungry  youths  is  a  sorry  tempta- 
tion.    There  is  a  way  down  froni  the  staircase- 
hall  of  the  clergy  house  ;  but  boys  could  not  come 
in  that  way  on  ordinary  occasions.    It  is  not  clear 
■what  amount  of  head  room,  either,  they  would  get 
under  where  the  first-floor  flight  starts  to  go  up. 
The  elevation,  with  its  canted  bay  porch,  is  simple 
and  not  half  bad,    though  the  embattled  coping 
hardly  supplies  the  right  sort  of  ending,  somehow. 
The  two  staircases  seem  to  be  almost  equal  in  im- 
portance.    The  arches  should  be  drawn  properly  in 
the  view.     The  idea  of  glazed  brick  is  evident  in 
the  treatmfint  adopted.     "Eagle '"has  no  view, 
and  lines  his  fa(,'ade  out  more  like  parti-coloured 
brickwork.      His  porch,  with  its   lumpy  curved 
head,  is  hardly  a  success.     The  plan  is  one  of  the 
best.     "  Tryfan  "  sends    a    good,    workmanlike 
sheet,  -with  well-contrived  arrangements  in  each 
floor.     Speaking  as  a  whole,  his  elevation  also  is 
rather  good  and  pleasantly  drawn.    The  entrance 


from  the  clergy  house  to  the  meeting-room  is  a 
long  way  from  the  platform.  "Liver"  has  a 
pretty  idea  of  a  flgure  frieze  on  the  summit  of  the 
central  projecting  wing  of  his  fac,ade,  though  we 
doubt  if  money  would  be  available  for  its  execu- 
tion. The  design  generally  is  somewhat  ambitious. 
The  vestibule  admits  directly  into  the  meeting- 
hall,  and  there  is  a  small  ofiice  by  the  side  which 
would  be  useful  for  cloaks  and  tickets.  There  is 
a  re'.iring-room  also,  reached  from  the  other  end. 
The  sitting-room  and  refectory  are  carried  over 
the  ends  of  the  hall,  which  has  a  domed  top-light 
in  its  centre.  This  contrivance  of  overlapping 
different  floors  is  one  which  others  might  have 
adopted  with  ad\'antage,  and  by  this  means  light 
is  got  into  the  centre  of  the  block  advantageously. 
"Liver."  however,  is  not  quite  so  successful  as 
might  have  been  looked  for.  His  refectory  is  long 
and  narrow.  His  bedrooms  are  convenient.  We 
wish  he  would  improve  his  style  and  draw  better. 
"  Bill  "  is  neat  and  most  careful :  but  his  plan  is 
not  well  lighted,  particularly  in  the  passages. 
His  back  staircase  has  no  connection  with  the 
intermediate  floors,  which,  for  the  purposes  of 
service,  is  very  desirable.  This,  however,  could 
be  easily  managed  in  this  case.  Three  sheets  of 
drawings  are  sent  in,  but  no  view.  "  Bill "  must 
use  one  sheet  and  try  again. 

The    second-class     designs    do     not    fall    far 
short    in    a    marked  degree   of    merit  from  the 
last  few  named,  and    we   will  proceed   to   con- 
sider the  best  of  those  remaining  to  be  noticed. 
It    is    not    easy    to     exactly    determine,    how- 
ever,   where   the   first  class  ends   or   the  second 
class   commences.     Still,   there  is  a  line   of  de- 
parture, and    "  Eurymedon  "    heads  the  second 
series.     His  elevations  look  fit  for  a  slum,  and 
agree  with  what  would  in  all  likelihood  be  built. 
They  are  almost  commonplace  in  their  plainness, 
but  the  grouping  of  the  fenestration  is  good  and 
unpretentious.     His  plans,  however,  are  far  from 
commendable.      The   only  way  of  reaching  the 
workshop  is  through  the  house  and  down  the  main 
staircase,  off  which  the   w.c's.   on  the  two  main 
floors  are  too  conspicuously  located.      "  Leo  "  is 
not  any  better,  and  his  elevation  is  more  ordinary, 
with    ugly    relieving    arches,     and    sill    aprons 
sprawling  over  and  under  pairs  of  windows  in  a 
meaningless  fashii:.n.  The  work  is  poor.   "  I'lurab- 
bob  "  had  no  time  to  do  a   sketch.      He  puts  his 
hall  at  the  rear,   and  occupies  a  vast  amount  of 
space  in  passages  and  vestibules.     Much  time  has 
been  expended  on   a   scheme   which  starts  on  a 
wrong  basis.  Windows  placed  below  the  junction 
of  two  gables  seldom,  if  ever,  look  right.  "  Cled- 
dadyn  "  draws  in  an  over-inked  way  with  count- 
less lines.       He   seems    to    have  ideas,   but   no 
capacity   in   expressing   them.       His    plans  are 
indifferent.        "  Old    Mercer  "      comes      next 
with  another  overlined  sheet.     One   end  of  the 
meeting-hall  is   wider  than  the  other,  and  it  is 
not  clear  how  the  rear  wall  of  the  upper  building 
is   carried,  no    pier    being    provided   to   take   a 
girder  ;  neither  is  it  quite  evident  on  what  the 
author    relies    for    the    upkeep    of    the    central 
chimney-stack  and  canted  fireplaces  to  the  middle 
bedrooms.      They    come  over    a    door    opening 
with    very    thin   walls    below,    the    flues    from 
the  basement  being   entirely   omitted.     "  Yew- 
tree"    draws     neatly,     but     his     design     looks 
more    like   a   warehouse    than   a    clergy   house. 
The  grand  circular  vestibule,  with  its  niches  for 
statuary,  is  wasteful  and  dark  ;  while  the  staircase 
hall  is  much  too  large,  and  on  the  first  floor  boars 
no  relation  to  what  comes  below.    "D'Artagnan" 
is  crude  and  odd.     The  exterior  does  not  express 
the  internal  planning    (example,  see  bay  to  the 
refectory — no  contrivance  could  be  more  unwork- 
manlike) .     ' '  Ty ne  ' '  uses  a  sheet  not  of  the  size 
specified  in  the  rules,  but  his  work  is  not  without 
merit.    The  canted  bays  above  the  arched  openings 
are  too  pretentious,  and  out  of  keeping  with  the 
subj  ect,  and  the  big  hall  is  put  crossway s  to  the 
back.     "  Zig-zag  "  is  not  to  be  commended,  with 
his  ungainly  tower,  crown    arched   with   flying 
buttresses   over,  supporting  a  stone  fiuial.     The 
plans      are     involved,     and      not      convenient. 
"  Marcus  "    tries     well,    but    is    mixed   in   his 
ideas,  associating  the  kitchen  with  the  workshops, 
and  putting  the  sill  of  the  arched  windows  to  the 
servants'  bedroom  very  near   the   floor  over  the 
vicar's   room.     "  Douge  "   is    neat    to    a   fault, 
showing  even  the  drainage  system,   and   in  some 
respects    he    has   a  very    good   plan.     He  needs 
teaching,    and   he   will  do   better,   for   he   lacks 
style  in  design.    The  remainder  of  the  designs  are 
more     indifferent.      They    may    rank    thus  : — 
"Stoney,"  "The  Imp,"   "Cast,"   "  Gayville," 
"King's  Pawn,"  "Frena,"  "Jingo,"  "  Novo- 


castria,"  "Obelisk,"  "  lioma,"  "Architect," 
"Cymro,"  and  "  Arabitang."  The  design  by 
"  Knight"  arrived  too  late  to  be  placed,  but  he 
would  not  have  disturbed  our  awards  had  his 
plans  reached  us  sooner.  His  design  would  have 
come  among  the  third  series.  "  Wear  "  also  is 
too  late.  The  following  were  the  conditions 
issued  for  this  subject :  — 

"  A  Clergy  House,  with  a  small  hall  for  meet- 
ings incorporated  in  the  building,  which  is  to  be 
located  in  a  town  slum  street,   on  a  site  facing 
south,  with  a  basement  and  a  level  frontage,  50tt. 
wide  and  6.5ft.  deep,  the  adjoining  houses  being 
shops  below   and    lodgings  above,    with   fa(,ades 
■tSft.   high   to   top   of   parapets,   their  elevations 
being   flush    with   the   frontage  line.     The  new 
building  is  to  set  back,  so  as  to  provide  an  area, 
with  steps  down  to  basement  level ;  but  a  project- 
ing wing  or  porch  bay  should  be  arranged,  within 
the  depth  of  which  the  steps  to  front  entry  are  to 
be   contained,   the   ground   floor  bein?   3ft.  6in. 
above  the  street  level.     The  exact  width  of  the 
area  from  back  to  front  is  left  open  fur  the  com- 
petitors ;  but  economy  of  space  is  essential.     The 
area  steps  to  be  3tt.  wide.     The  elevation  to  be  in 
red  salt-glazed  brick,  with  copings  and  strings  of 
the  same  material.     The  casements  to  be  metal, 
in  stout   wood-muUioned  frames,  painted  white. 
IJoofs   tiled.     The   accommodation   to   furnish  a 
hall  on  the  ground  floor,  50ft.  long  by  23ft.  wide, 
having  a  small  platform  at  one  end,  with  a  sepa- 
rate entrance  from  the  house,   the  main  door  to 
the  hall  being  from  the  clergy  house  vestibule. 
A    parish     priest's     consulting    room    must    be 
placed  on  the  other  side  of   the   same  vestibule, 
and   the   hall   of    the    house    is    to   be   beyond, 
where    a     good     staircase,     4ft.     wide     in    the 
going,  is  to  lead  up  and  down.     The  basement 
to  contain  a  workshop  for  lads,   22ft.   by  20ft. 
deep,    and   a   lavatory   and   w.c.    for   their   use, 
isolated  from  the  main   building.     The  kitchen 
and  offices  in  the  basement.     On  the  first  floor, 
two  sitting-rooms  for  the  clergy,  one  being  the 
refectory,  fitted  with  a  lift.     There  must  be  six 
small  bedrooms  for  the  clergy,  one  being  some- 
what larger  (say    Hft.  by    12ft.)  for  the  vicar. 
There  must  be  two  bath-rooms,  a  lavatory,  and 
two  w.c's  for  the  clergy's  use.     These  bedrooms 
may  be  partly  on  the  first  floor  and  on  the  second 
floor.     (Ju   the   third   floor   two    rooms    for   the 
servants  with  a  small  private  staircase  for  their 
use,  right  up  from  basement,  where  their  bath- 
room and   closet   may  be   situated,  though  this 
position  is  optional.     There  is  no  light  available 
from  either  side  of  the  site,  and  no  approach  from 
the  back  ;   but  light  can  be  had  from  the  rear, 
where  there  is  an  open  churchyard.     The  hall  is 
to  be  loft.  high.    The  ground-floor  and  first-floor 
rooms  lift,  high,  other  rooms  9ft.   Cin.,  and  in 
the  basement   13ft.  high  from  floors  to  ceilings. 
Two  elevations,   one   section,    and  plan  of  each 
floor.     Scale  8ft.  to  the  inch  for  elevations,  but 
the  plans  may  be  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  scale  if 
space   is   limited.     A   sketch   view   is   desirable. 
Drawings  to  be  received  on  Jan.  2,  1904. 

[The  drawings  cf  the  last  two  subjects  will  be 
returned  in  a  few  days.] 


REPORT   OF   THE   SELECT   COMMITTEE 
OX  VENTILATION.— III. 

PROFESSOR  SHAW,  continuing  his  evidence 
before  the  Committee,  said  : — 
"  Before  going  on  to  express  my  opinion  about 
the  application  of  the  system  of  ventilation  to 
the  particular  case  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
I  would  like  to  point  out  one  circumstance 
which  seems  to  me  to  be  extremely  important, 
and  is  sometimes  overlooked— that  is  to  say, 
that  each  individual  in  a  room  is  a  source  of 
warmth  to  the  air  which  surrounds  him,  and 
he  does,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  distribute  the  air 
largely  for  himself.  He  warms  the  air  that 
surrounds  him  ;  it  rises  above  his  head,  and  its 
place  is  supplied  by  cooler  air  from  somewhere  or 
other.  .  .  He  is  himself  a  ventilating  machine. 
....  1  think  it  is  an  extremely  satisfac- 
tory way  of  assisting  the  automatic  distribu- 
tion of  air  which  the  individuals  themselves 
produce. 

Professor  Shaw  here  clearly  defines  one  of  the 
primary  and  most  important  elements  in  natural 
or   automatic   ventilation. 

Sir  Douglas  CJalton,  dealing  with  this_  ques- 
tion of  "self"  ventilation,  says  that  it  the 
fresh  air  supply  could  but  have  free  access 
to  each  person  in  an  assembly,  and  the  warm 
columns    of     air  arising    from    the    body    and 


Jan.  22,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIXG    ^^EWS. 


121 


expelled  from  the  lungs  were  continuously  drawn 
oil'  at  the  roof,  to  where  they  naturally  ascend, 
and  not  permitted  to  return  to  be  rebreathed  ; 
inOc.ft.  of  air  per  hour  per  person  would  be 
amply  suliicient,  and  ideal  ventilation  would  be 
achieved.  Xow  anyone  who  knows  what  a 
scientific  natural  system  of  ventilation  really  is, 
is  aware  th*t  those  conditions  are  precisely  what 
it  secures. 

As  showing  that  mechanical  ventilation  may 
prove  a  positive  evil,  the  following  extracts  from 
an  account  by  a  well-known  sanitary  architect 
(Jlr.  G.  H.  Uibby)  of  its  application  to  (Jlaybury 
Asylum,  are  instructive. 

■  I  now  give  the  history  of  the  artiBcial  ventila- 
tion applied  to  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
costly  buildings,  where  every  effort  was  made 
to  carry  it  out  with  good  results,  but  without 
avail. 

"  The  Claybury  Asylum  was  erected  by  the 
London  County  Council  at  a  cost  exceeding 
half  a  million,  and  accommodates  more  than 
-',0U0  patients  .... 

"  The  asylum  was  warmed  and  ventilated 
throughout  on  the  Plenum  system  .... 

"  It  was  reported  to  the  Asylums  Committee 
that  it  was  liuped  that  the  Plenum  system,  by 
which  the  asylum  was  heated  und  ventilated, 
would  work  more  successfully  and  economically 
than  in  the  past  winter. 

"  The  Commissioners  in  Lunacy  complained, 
in  their  report,  that  the  air-inlets  were  badly 
placed,  and  that  the  system  of  ventilation  used 
was  dangerous.  - 

"The  London  County  Council  Asylums' 
engineer  reported  to  the  Council  that  '  the 
principle  of  this  system  causes  very  large  work- 
ing expenses  compared  with  other  methods, 
whilst  Its  magnitude  will  entail  an  expendi- 
ture for  upkeep  unknown  in  our  other  asvlums. 
\  cry  excellent  results  are  necessary  to  warrant 
such  large  expenses,' 

".  .  .   .  Such  a  periodical  expenditure  would 
not  have  been  necessary  in  the  case  of  a  well- 
arranged  natural  system  of  ventilation  :  " 
This  artiBcial  system  of  ventilation  appears  yet 
later  not  to  have  satisfied  the  Commissioners  in 
Lunacy. 

".  .  .  .  TheMedicalSuperintendentreported 
as  follows:  'The  system  is  a  vexatious  and 
unreliable  one.  .  .  .  Everything  is  apparectlv 
done  to  control  this  system.  ...  No  reliance 
can  be  placed  upon  it.' 

"  ....  The  Claybury  Asylum  Sub-Com- 
mittee found  matters  to  be  so  bad  that  they 
reported  to  the  Asylums  Committee  that  the 
system  of  ventilation  was  probably  the  cuise  of 
much  sickness." 

Referring  to  the  Plenum  system,  one  of  our 
leading  hospital  architects  (Mr.  Keith  D.  Youno') 
says : —  °' 

"There  is  a  case  to  which  I  have  before  alluded 
which  goes  to  prove  that  mechanical  ventilation 
can  become  a  positive  evil.  The  application  of 
such  a  system  as  this,  however  carefully  con- 
trived, to  the  wards  of  a  hospital  is,  in  my 
judgment,  a  mistake,  and  a  mistake  that  may 
be  tvllowcd  by  very  gra\-e  consequences.  (Juite 
apart  Irom  the  fact  that  warming  by  hot  air 
is  neither  natural  nor  pleasant,  the  adoption  of 
tuch  a  system,  involving,  as  it  does,  the  absolute 
closing  of  all  windows,  and  the  construction  of 
long  channels  and  shafts  for  the  conveyance  of 
the  air,  is  entirely  opposed  to  all  that  experience 
has  taught  us  in  hospital  hygiene.  Neither  is 
there  any  solid  toundation  of  fact  to  show  that 
what  IS  called  natural  ventilation  has  failed  in 
such  a  way  as  tu  call  for  its  abolition.  ( In  the 
contrary,  there  is  abundant  evidence  to  prove 
that  the  results  obtained  in  hospitals  ventilated 
by  natural  moans  are  better  than  in  tho<e 
provided  with  mechanical  appliances  and  with 
sealed  windows.'' 


floor  of  the  house,  and  passing  it  over  the 
members.  In  so  far  as  that  point  is  concerned, 
the  suggestion  seems  to  me  to  he  woiso  than  the 
present  system.  The  air  supplied,  unless  the 
amount  were  proportionately  increased,  would 
be  le.ss  fresh  when  it  reached"  the  floor  tlian  the 
air  is  at  present,  in  consequence  of  the  fact 
that  the  products  of  respiration  and  so  on  have 
to  go  upwards  in  the  first  instance,  and  to 
bring  them  down  again  would  mean  bringing 
them  down  past  the  members.  The  plenum 
system  seems  to  me  to  have  the  same  objec- 
tion, because  that  depends  upon  introducing 
the  air  near  the  ceiling  and  taking  it  <Hit  near 
the  floor.  And  it  has  also  this  additional  dis- 
advantage, in  my  mind :  that  it  involves  the 
closing  of  all  openings  except  those  that  are 
intended  for  the  purposes  of  the  system  ;  so  that 
the  windows  must  be  kept  closed  and  the  doors 
must  be  kept  closed,  or,  in  case  of  communi- 
cation with  the  outside,  it  must  be  by  airlocks  ; 
that  is  to  say,  by  double  doors.  I  think  that 
that  system,  which  involves  somewhat  rigid 
arrangements  for  the  distribution  of  air,  would 
be  found  so  irksome  to  Jlembers  of  Parliament 
that  it  is  not  desirable  to  introduce  it." 
Professor  S.  Homer  AVoodbridge,  in  a  report 
to  Congress  on  the  ventilation  of  the  Capitol, 
Washington,  also  condemns  this  system,  say- 
ing:— 

"  The  air  in  contact  with  the  body  or  clothing, 
or  expelled  from  the  lungs,  made  moist  and 
warm  by  the  body's  heat  and  vapour,  rises  in  a 
current  which  has  a  far  more  rapid  rata  of  up- 
ward movement  than  any  descending  rate 
which  can  possibly  be  given  to  the  mass  of  air 
ventilating  a  hall.  ...  In  downward  venti- 
lation the  air  breathed  by  floor  or  gallery  occu- 
pants must,  therefore,  necessarily  be  that  of 
the  ascending  currents  of  vitiated  air  reversed 
by  and  diluted  in  the  descending  mass  of  air 
used  in  the  downward  movement.  In  well- 
planned  upward  ventilation,  the  individual 
currents  rise  to  the  ceiling  and  there  escape, 
leaving  the  floor  occupant  in  the  cooler  and 
purer  air  supplies  at  the  floor,  and  untainted  by 
the  vitiated  air  which  rises  out  of  and  away 
from  it.  .  .  .  The  efl'ectiveness  of  properly- 
arranged  upward  ventilation  of  audience  halls 
13  demonstrated  in  the  most  recent  work  of  this 
kind  in  two  theatres  and  a  music  hall  in 
Boston." 

The  tables  giving  the  results  of  tests  made  by 
1  rofessor  Woodbridge  in  a  large  number  of  public 
buildings  are  of  the  most  conclusive  and  con- 
vincing characttr,  and  demonstrate  beyond  all 
cavil  the  immense  superiority  of  the  natural  or 
upward  method  over  the  Plenum  downward  plan, 
which  is  also  strikingly  demonstrated  to  'oehii^hlv 
injurious  to  health. 

The  failure  of  the  Plenum  downward  system  at 
the  German  House  of  Parliament,  Berlin,  and  the 
substitution  of  upward  or  natural  ventilation  is 
historic  in  the  annals  of  ventilation,  and  the 
following-  extracts  from  the  report  of  the  eminent 
Atcencan  engineer,  Jlr.  David  Grove,  who  carried 
out  the  work,  are  very  instructive.  After  t»o 
years'  e.-sperience  with  both  methods  the  engineer 
reports,  under  date  of  Januarv  3.  1S9S  as 
follows  (addressed  to  K.  Uinckeldeyn,  Imperial 
Director  of  Public  Buildings,  Berlin)  •— 


Indeed  it  may  be  said  that  no  architects  of  sreat 
repute  or  po.-ition  have  relied  upon  mechanic il 
ventilation,  and  in  respect  to  this  Sir  Douglas 
Galton  observes  :^ 

"  Tbe  system  of  propulsion  for  hospital  ventila- 
tion has  not  found  general  favour  with  hospital 
architects  or  m'lingers  in  this  country." 

Prof.  Shaw  being  invited  by  the  committee  to 
stato  his  views  on  the  Plenum  and  kindred 
mechanical  systems,  said  :  — 

"iMaking  a  general  descending  current  over  the 
house  means  mixing  the  used  air  with  the  fresher 
air  and  bringing   the   mixture    down   to   the 


n) 
"In  reply  to  ycur  inquiry  of  December  'io  last 
I  have  pleasure  in  informing  you  that  the 
practical  working  of  the  heating  and  ventilatin"- 
in  the  new  German  House  of  Parliament  is 
such  as  I  felt  sure  would  be  the  case  when  pro- 
paring  the  plans.  The  experience  gained 
during  the  forty  years  of  practical  attention 
which  I  have  given  to  the  subjects  of  heatin.' 
and  ventilating  has  proved  to  me  that  no 
system  is  so  good  as  the  up-draught  system, 
this  being  a  natural  one,  and,  if  properlv 
arranged,  in  every  way  effective. 

"  \\'hen  I  planned"  the  heating  and  venti- 
lating of  the  building  in  question,  it  was  stated 
in  the  programme  that  down-draught  venti- 
lating must  be  employed,  and  that  is  the  reason 
why  I  planned  that  system.  At  the  same  time. 
liowcNHu-,  1  prepared  plans  for  a  system  which 
1  lelt  convinced  would  be  far  superior— namely 
for  upward  draught-and  the  practical  working 
ot  tins  i)rinciple  is  in  every  respect  .satisfactory. 

"NVhen  experiments  have  born  made  with 
ibwn-draught,  the  air  in  the  room  has  been 
tound  to  be  very  oppressive,  ospcciallv  in 
muggy  weather. 

"...  It  has  for  a  long  time  been  a  fullv 
settled  mat'er  in  my  mind  that  the  only  way  to 


really  ventilate  a  room  is  to  let  the  air  take  its 
natural  course.  During  the  whole  of  my  ex- 
perience 1  have  never  yet  seen  a  room  in  which 
the  down-draught  system  is  used  where  the 
ventilation  has  been  a  perfect  one ;  and,  ot 
course,  in  any  rooms  where  gas  is  burned, 
such  a  system  is  entii-ely  out  of  the  question." 
Professor  Smith  says  : — 

"  .  .  .  .  The  commonly-adopted  basis  of 
calculation  of  so  many  cubic  feet  of  space  in 
each  room  per  person  meant  that  the  object 
aimed  at  was  the  slowing  down  to  a  standard 
time-rate  of  the  vitiation  of  a  stationary- 
quantity  of  air.  From  this  idea  was  dt  rived 
that  of  supplying  per  hour  between  30  and  200 
times  as  much  as  was  actually  inhaled  by  the 
inmates  of  the  room.  The  true  idea  of  perfect 
ventilation  is  evidently  to  inject  and  extract 
only  a  moderate  excess — say  five  to  ten  times 
as  much — over  that  actually  used,  and  to  do  so 
in  such  a  manner  that  (I)  the  exhalatiocs  do 
not  mix  with  the  fresh-air  supply,  and  (2)  the 
iiiflow  is  properly  diffused,  and  does  not  pass 
direct  to  the  outlets  in  merely  local  currents  or 
draughts. 

'_'  The  only  ideally  perfect  ventilation  consisfs 
in  inducing  a  regular  up-current  from  a  level 
below  that  of  the  human  head  up  to  the  extrac- 
tion outlets  at  the  ceiling.  Under  this  sysjem 
the  bulk  of  fresh  air  required  to  be  admitted  is 
immensely  reduced,  as  is  also  the  expense  of 
warmingit  to  any  degree  considered  desirable." 
The  following   report   of    proceedings   at    the 

Congress  of  the    Sunitary  Institute  denotes  the 

the  feeling  that  prevails  among  sanitary  scientists. 

in  respect  to  mechanical  ventilation,  the  Plenum 

system  being  under  discussion. 

■  We  have  a  striking  instance  at  the  Congress  of 
the  Sanitary  Institute,  of  how  an  assembly  of 
scientific  experts,  having  an  intimate  practical 
knowledge  of  ventilating  systems  and  their 
respective  values,  unanimously  condemned  what 
they  knew  to  be  a  dangerous  system,  but 
which  non-experts,  having  no,  or  at  most  but 
a  superficial,  knowledge  of  ventilating  arrange- 
ments, impressed  by  the  working  of  elaborate, 
machinery,  accept  as  eflicient. 

"The  system  was  condemned  as  a  'retro- 
grade step,  which  the  Sanitary  Institute  ought 
not  to  endorse ;  that  all  mechanical  arrange- 
ments of  the  kind  wore  apt  to  get  neglected 
and  fall  into  disuse,  and  that  no  figures  had 
been  given  to  show  the  actual  economy  of 
the  scheme.'. .  . . 

"  The  decision  at  the  Congress  of  the  Sanitary 
Institute  against  mechanical  anc.  in  favour  of 
natural  ventilation,  confirms  the  opinions 
approved  at  the  International  Congress  of 
Hygiene,  Budapest,  and  at  the  Congress  of  the 
British  Institute  of  Public  Health." 

Plenum  downward  ventilation  was  tried  experi- 
mentally at  Glasgow  University  under  direction 
of  Lord  Kelvin  and  the  university  authorities, 
but  was  finally  abandoned  as  ineflicient  and  un- 
healthy, and  replaced  with  natural  ventilation. 

Ad\-tn:ates  of  mechanical  systems  profess  to 
attach  great  importance  to  the  removal  of  all 
bacteria  from  the  air,  and  show  wonderful  tables 
of  analysis.  Perhaps  this  to  some  extent  accounts 
for  buildings  so  ventilated  being  generally  so  un- 
healthy. Sir  Jlichael  Poster,  chairman  of  the 
Select  Committee,  when  giving  his  evidence. 
rather  e.xplodes,  as  follows,  the  bacteria  "bogy." 
"  The  committee  would  like  to  know  whether  it 
IS  dangerous  to  filter  air  too  free  from  non- 
pathogenic germs  which  may  have  the  property 
of  attacking  and  destroying  the  pathogcnio 
germs  when  they  come  into  contact  'i~l  should 
say,  in  the  first  place,  it  is  exceedingly  improb- 
able that  we  should  bo  able  to  remove  all  the 
bacteria  :  there  will  always  be  some  left ;  and, 
in  the  second  place,  the  removal  of  tho  patho- 
genic bacteria  will  take  place  pm-i  pussii  with  the 
non-pathogenic,  so  that  the  diminished  bac- 
terial supply  will  be  equally  good  or  equally 
bad  as  the  original  supply. 

"Do  the  non- pathogenic  germs  do  people 
any  hanii  when  fireathing'r  "if  they  are  not 
pathogenic,  what  harm  can  they  do  r-^We  have 
no  evidence  that  they  do  harm  "at  all  so  lontr  as 
they  are  not  pathogenic." 
The  following  is  also  interesting  in  respect  to 
tho  injurious  rlTccts  of  artificial  ventilation, 
Professor  Shaw  being  examined  : — 

"  There  are  very  many  qualities  of  air,  in  spite  of 
our  chemical  knowledge,  that  wo  know  little 
about  :it  present  r— That  is  pcrfectlv  true. 


122 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  22,  1904. 


"  And  we  may  be  altering  these  very  con- 
siderably in  our  artificial  apparatus  !' — Yes  ; 
that  is  a  very  serious  consideration. 

"But  the  difference  between  artificially 
supplied  air  and  the  natural  air  may  be  due  to 
occult  qualities  -which  at  present  are  beyond  our 
knowledge  r— I'nknown,  certainly. 

"  Is  it  not  better  to  avoid  hyper-purification 
of  the  air,  which  causes  lassitude  and  oppressive- 
ness r — If  that  is  the  result  in  the  end,  it  would 
be." 

It  was  also  stated  by  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee that : 

"  A  colleague  of  Jlr.  Dillon,  a  medical  man,  used 
to  complain  very  bitterly  of  the  condition  of 
the  air.  which  he  said  was  making  his  hair 
drop  off.  To  use  his  own  phrase,  '  Making  his 
head  as  bare  as  a  billiard  ball.'  " 

This  is  not  a  very  high  testimonial  to  the 
(juaUty  of  the  air  supplied  to  the  House  by  the 
•elaborate  and  costly  artificial  system  in  use",  and 
does  not  say  very  much  for  the  healthiness  of  fan 
ventilation. 

Cocoa  fibre,  manilla  cord,  and  glass  tube  water 
air  screens  employed  in  Plenum  systems  were 
disapproved  by  the  committee  as  objectionable 
for  various  reasons.  Copper  wire  gauze  and 
scrim  cloth  or  canvas  filters,  the  forms  usually 
employed  with  a  natural  system,  were  recom- 
mended to  be  adopted. 

As  a  significant  instance  of  the  change  that 
is  taking  place  in  ideas  regarding  the  re- 
spective merits  of  artificial  and  natural  methods 
of  ventilation,  the  results  of  the  new  Odessa 
Hospital  competition  are  distinctly  instructive, 
this  hospital  being  one  of  the  largest  in  Russia,  if 
not  in  the  world. 

As  the  efficient  ventilation  of  the  hospital  was 
considered  to  be  of  the  first  importance,  very  special 
attention  was  given  to  the  subject,  the  leading 
ventilating  engineers  in  Europe  being  invited  to 
submit  plans.  There  were,  it  is  stated,  thirty - 
four  schemes  in  all  sent  in,  nineteen  of  which 
were  from  this  country,  four  being  American 
systems.  All  were  mechanical  with  the  excep- 
tion of  one,  which  was  a  natural  system.  The 
decision  arrived  at  in  respect  to  these  plans  was 
that  a  mechanical  system  should  be  adopted.  It 
was  resolved,  however,  that  before  selecting  any 
particular  plan  from  amongst  the  number  sub- 
mitted, a  committee  should  be  appointed,  consist- 
ing of  engineers,  architects,  and  others  qualified 
to  judge,  to  investigate  into  the  merits  of  the 
respective  systems,  as  applied  to  buildings  in 
different  countries.  This  committee  commenced 
its  labours  in  (_)dessa,  where  several  public  build- 
ings are  mechanically  ventilated .  It  seems  that  in 
none  of  the  buildings  inspected  was  the  mechanical 
system  found  to  be  in  operation,  though  of  the 
latest  construction,  the  committee  being  informed 
in  each  case  that  the  ventilation  was  bettor  and 
less  objectionable  without  it,  and  it  had  therefore 
been  disused.  The  committee  paid  a  visit  to  this 
country  and  made  exhaustive  investigations  into 
the  different  sj-stems  in  use  here,  including  the 
natural  system.  I'pon  the  completion  of  their 
investigations,  the  report  of  the  committee  was 
laid  before  the  Municipality  of  Odessa,  who  had 
also  received  reports  from  other  quarters,  the 
result  being  that  it  was  unanimously  resolved  that 
mechanical  ventilation  should  nut  be  employed, 
and  that  the  natural  system  (Boyle's)  be  adopted. 

This  certainly  speaks  volumes  as  to  which  of 
these  systems,  the  natural  or  the  mechanical,  was 
found  to  be  the  best  when  the  test  of  actual  ex- 
perience was  applied  to  them  by  competent  and 
-unprejudiced  judges. 

*  {To  be  continued.) 


IRISH  BUILDING  STONES.— V. 

DOWN. 

THE  rocks  in  this  county  are  Chalk,  Upper 
Greensand,  Keuper  Marl,  Bunter,  and 
Permian  Beds  (334),  Carboniferous  Limestone, 
Lower  Silurian  Beds  as  deposited  and  altered, 
Granite,  Basalt,  and  other  igneous  rocks.  Down- 
patrick  is  built  on  Lower  Silurians  and  Alluvium  ; 
Newryon  altered  Lower  Silurians  and  Alluvium; 
and  Newtownards  on  Upper  Banter  sandstone 
and  Alluvium.  This  county  is  one  of  the  few  in 
Ireland  which  yield  any  of  the  newer  stratified 
rocks  ;  but  they  are  not  extensively  developed,  for 
the  greater  part  of  the  county  is  occupied  by 
Silurian  strata,  through  which  some  enormous 
masses  of  granite  have  pushed  their  way.     The 


chalk,  like  that  of  Antrim  and  Lindonderry,  is 
part  of  the  same  deposit  which  outcrops  all  round 
the  Great  Northern  basaliic  plateau ;  it  is  a 
semi  -  crystalline  white  limestone,  altogether 
unlike  the  soft,  earthy  chalk  of  Norfolk  and 
Kent.  It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  when  a 
limestone  such  as  chalk  is  exposed  to  the  action  of 
fire  in  an  open  kiln,  the  carbonic  acid  in  the  rock 
passes  off,  leaving  lime  behind ;  it  is,  however, 
not  so  well  known  that  when  the  same  stone  is 
exposed  to  an  intense  heat  under  circumstances 
which  prevent  the  carbonic  acid  from  passing 
away,  a  crystalline  marble  is  produced,  and  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  what  is  known  in  Ireland  as 
"White  Limestone"  has  been  produced  from 
chalk  in  this  way.  The  Irish  White  Limestone 
of  the  north-eastern  counties  is  therefore  baked 
chalk,  which  still  retains  its  carbonic  acid.  There 
is  an  insignificant  exposure  of  chalk  and  green- 
sand  in  the  Lagan  Valley  between  Moira  and 
Waringstown,  the  chalk  being  quarried  at  Clare 
Hill  and  Maralin  for  lime-burning,  and  some- 
times for  walling,  when  the  blocks  are  roughly 
squared  :  but  the  material  is  so  brittle  and  full  of 
joints  that  it  is  impossible  to  obtain  sound  blocks 
of  any  size  ;  hence  dressings  are  never  worked  in 
it.  The  English  chalk  may  be  seen  worked  into 
quoins,  piers,  and  mouldings  in  Kent,  Surrey, 
Norfolk,  and  Hants.  At  Farnham,  for  instance, 
the  local  chalk  may  be  seen  worked  into  piers  in 
the  nave  arcades  of  the  old  parish  church,  and 
into  door  and  window  dressings  in  the  compara- 
tively new  town  hall.  In  Ireland  the  Green- 
sand  is  not  worked  for  building ;  in  fact,  there 
is  nothing  like  the  development  of  that  rock 
which  is  so  common  in  Surrey,  the  latter  having 
afforded  all  the  easy  working  and  friable  soft 
green  sandstones  used  so  extensively  in  the 
Medi;i'val  churches  of  London.  Some  competent 
authorities  consider  that  the  Hibernian  Greensand 
is  really  a  Lower  Chalk,  its  sandy  character  being 
due  solely  to  the  condition  of  the  waters  in  which 
it  was  deposited.  Greensand  being  a  cretaceous 
rock,  it  follows  that  none  of  the  beds  in  this 
county  belonging  to  the  series  are  of  any  use  for 
permanent  walling  or  dressings,  though  some  are 
hard,  calcareous  pebbly  grit,  or  fine  conglomerate, 
known  locally  as  Mulatto  stone ;  others,  which 
are  fine  sandy  limestones,  have  been  used  for 
lithographic  .stone.  The  so-called  greensand 
which  fringes  the  dolerite  plateau  on  the  north 
of  this  county  is  from  70ft.  to  SOft.  thick, 
the  English  greensand  is  about  60ft.  thick  at 
Merstham  and  Reigate ;  but  this  thickness  is 
chiefly  made  up  of  beds  with  calcareous  nodules 
in  a  greyish-green  sand,  the  actual  building 
stone  bed  seldom  being  thicker  than  oft.  At 
Ventnor  the  greensand  is  about  120ft.  thick,  the 
sandstone  and  rag  beds  making  up  nearly  90ft.  of 
the  whole,  whilst  to  the  south  of  Swindon  the 
thickness  is  over  150ft.,  the  beds  consisting  of 
sandstone,  chert,  and  sands  of  various  colours.  The 
reader  must  not  confuse  this  greensand  with  that  of 
the  Ilythe  Beds,  which  furnish  the  well-known 
Kentish  Rag  ani  Hassock.  In  England  the 
Greensand  is  cut  in  two  by  the  gault  c'ay,  which 
in  some  places  is  from  200ft.  to  250ft.  thick,  the 
upper  division  being  known  as  "  Upper  Green- 
sand," and  that  under  the  gault  "  Lower  Green- 
sand." In  Ireland  there  is  neither  gault  nor 
Lower  Greensand ;  the  Upper  Cretaceous  beds 
are  deposited  directly  on  denuded  Jurassic  and 
older  rocks.  In  England  the  Jurassic  system 
furnishes  the  most  valuable  building  stones  in 
the  country,  including  as  it  does  Purbeck  stone, 
Portland  stone.  Coral  Rag,  the  Great  and  Inferior 
Oolites  and  the  Lias.  The  latter  is  the  only  re- 
presentative of  the  system  in  Ireland,  no  stones 
corresponding  to  the  Portland  and  Bath  being 
found  in  this  country.  In  Devon  there  is  no 
Lias,  so  that  there  is  not  a  single  representative 
of  any  of  the  important  formations  which  exist  in 
England  between  the  Chalk  and  the  New  Red 
Sandstone.  Though  there  is  no  trace  of  several 
important  divisions  of  the  rocks  referred  to,  it 
does  not  follow  that  they  were  never  deposited 
here  ;  the  probability  is  that  they  once  existed, 
but  have  been  removed  by  denudation,  which  has 
also  seriously  thinned  the  underlying  Triassic 
sandstones. 

The  next  rocks  in  descending  order  are  the 
New  Red  Sandstones,  known  to  geologists  as 
"  Triassic  "  ;  they  are  found  here  between  Belfast 
and  Strangford  Loughs.  The  subdivisions,  known 
as  "  Bunter  "  and  "  Keuper,"  are  supposed  to  be 
represented  in  the  sandstones  now  extensively 
quarried  at  Scrabo  Hill,  near  Newtownards,  by 
Mr.  William  Gill  with  about  20  men.  There  are 
several  quarries  in  these  rocks  along  the  valley  of 


the  Lagan,  the  stone  being  brick  red  and  soft, 
like  that  at  Chester,  which  was  used  with  such 
disastrous  results  in  the  cathedral  and  other 
buildings  erected  there  in  the  13th,  14th,  and 
15th  centuries.  At  Kilvarlin,  near  Moira,  there 
is  a  large  quarry  not  now  worked  :  the  stone  from 
it  was  used  locally,  and  for  bridges  in  the  Great 
Northern  Railway  of  Ireland  ;  it  is  supposed  to  be 
a  Bunter  Sandstone,  and  this  division  seldom 
furnishes  a  good  weather  stone.  The  best  Scrabo 
Hill  stone  referred  to  above  is  probably  quarried 
in  the  Lower  Keupvr  beds,  the  only  division  of  the 
Trias  rocks  in  England,  as  in  this  country,  which 
furnishes  a  good  building  stone.  The  Scrabo 
Sandstone  varies  much  in  colour  and  quility; 
hence  it  is  necessary  to  select  it  with  care. 
Some  beds  are  grey,  others  red,  again,  one  may 
be  argillaceous  and  another  siiicious.  Kinahan 
drew  attention  to  the  fact  that  blasting  with  gun- 
powder rendered  this  more  or  less  valueless  for 
building.  The  writer  worked  a  Keuper  sand- 
stone quarry  in  England,  and  gunpowder  was 
never  used  in  it.  After  the  unbearing,  stones  of 
the  sizes  required  were  cut  or  split  in  any  direction 
by  wedges  and  then  slipped  off  their  beds  by 
crowbars.  For  the  uninitiated  it  may  be  explained 
that  the  top  bed  of  the  stone  as  it  lay  in  situ  was 
first  cleaned  off  and  a  line  drawn  on  it,  along 
which  a  number  of  sinkings,  wedge  shape,  were 
made :  these  were  about  Sin.  long,  2in.  wide,  and 
6in.  apart  ;  "  feathers,"  thin  steel  strips,  were 
placed  against  the  sides  of  the  holes,  and  between 
these  the  wedges  were  driven  until  the  stone,  by 
cracking  along  the  line  of  the  wedges,  showed 
that  it  was  split  off  the  parent  rock  to  its  bottom 
bed.  When  a  large  block  is  shifted  in  this  way 
it  is  split  into  smaller  blocks  in  a  similar  manner. 
In  the  latter  case,  as  the  ends  of  the  main  block 
are  in  sight,  chases  or  grooves  are  run  down  them 
to  a  depth  of  an  inch  or  so,  from  the  top  to  the 
bottom  bed  to  control  the  direction  of  the  crack. 
The  town-hall  and  nearly  all  the  buildings  in 
Newtownards  are  of  Scrabo  Hill  Stone,  and  the 
carefully-selected  blocks  have  weathered  well. 
It  was  formerly  much  used  in  Belfast,  but  Scotch 
stone  (New  Red,  from  Dumfries)  has  been  sub- 
stituted for  it — probably  because  it  weathers  more 
rapidly  than  the  native  stone,  and  is  therefore 
better  for  trade.  The  Albert  Memorial  in  Belfast 
is  of  Scrabo  stone ;  so  are  the  churches  of  St. 
Enoch,  Fortwilliam,  and  Donegal-streets.  The 
warehouse  of  Robinson  and  Cleaver  was  built  with 
stone  from  the  Globe  Quarry  on  Scrabo  Hill. 
Stormount  Castle  and  Strain  Church  were  also 
built  with  Scrabo  stone.  A  New  Red  Sandstone 
quarried  at  Dundonald,  four  miles  from  Comber, 
is  a  fine-grained  red  stone  like  that  from  Dumfries, 
and  it  has  been  used  for  the  Scotch  stone.  Not 
reckoning  the  chalk,  there  is  scarcely  any  lime- 
stone in  this  county — a  most  unusual  feature  in 
any  district,  for  Carboniferous  Limestone  is  the 
rock  of  the  country.  Here  it  is  found  occupying  a 
very  small  area  at  Castle  Espie,  a  few  miles  south- 
east of  Comber,  and  near  the  entrancetoCarlingford 
Lough,  at  the  extreme  south  of  the  county.  The 
Castle  Espie  stone  is  worked  for  lime-burning  only. 
In  the  north  of  the  county  lime  is  obtained  from 
White  Limestone  of  the  Lagan  Valley,  as  already 
described.  Lower  Silurian  rocks  cover  nearly  all 
the  county,  but  there  is  not  one  quarry  of  any 
importance  in  them.  Walling  stones  from  these 
beds,  of  a  slaty  and  flaggy  kind,  are  used  for 
local  purposes,  granite  and  sandstone  being 
worked  for  quarries  and  other  dressings.  In  the 
early  part  of  the  last  century  there  were  several 
roofing-slate  quairies  in  the  Lower  Silurian  of 
this  county.  The  slates  were  heavier  than  the 
Welsh  slates,  and  the  colour  was  not  considered 
good,  but  the  "metal"  was  in  no  way  inferior 
to  that  of  the  best  Bangor  slates.  In  passing, 
it  may  be  said  that  a  thin  (first  quality)  slate  is 
really  a  bad  roofing  slate,  for  it  breaks  easily  in 
transit,  in  subsequent  handling  until  it  is  fixed 
and  also  when  repairs  are  being  executed.  It  is 
also  defective,  for  successive  courses  lie  so  close 
together  on  a  roof  slope  that  sheets  of  water  are 
held  between  them,  and  in  a  strong  wind  this 
water  is  liable,  in  every  gust,  to  be  jerked  ofi 
the  upper  edges  of  the  sheets  into  the  space 
over  the  ceiling  joists,  which  latter  are 
frequently  destroyed  by  damp  taken  up  in 
this  way.  The  old  slate  quarries  were 
at  Cloontogh ,  near  Hillsborough ;  Bangor, 
Donaghadee  ;  Tidlycavan,  Lough  Inisk  ;  Bally- 
nacrag,  and  different  places  along  the  lower  sloj  e 
of  the  Mourne  mountains  ;  none  are  in  work 
at  present.  The  Silurian  and  Carboniferous  rocks 
of  this  county  have  been  penetrated  by  granitic 
and    plutonic    rocks    in    the    district    noith    o£ 


Jan.  22,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


123 


Carlingford  Bay.  These  intrusive  masses  form 
extensive  tracts  of  workable  stone  extending 
north-east  and  south-wt-st  from  Newry  in 
range  known  as  the  Mourne  mountains ;  the 
former  are  known  in  commerce  as  "  Newry 
granite."  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  the  Silurian 
rocks  were  metamorphosed  before  the  intrusion  of 
the  granite,  and  as  this  latter  affected  the  sedi- 
mentary rucks  too,  the  metamorphic  strata  of  this 
district  have  been  twice  altered,  and  the  granite 
itself  has  been  foliated  where  the  veins  extend  to 
any  distance  into  the  altered  Silurians.  The 
Slieve  Croob  or  Newry  granite  is  an  unusually 
hard  rock,  and  this  hardness  is  due,  according  to 
Professor  Kinahan,  to  the  rearrangement  of  the 
minerals  in  the  original  granite  by  subsequent 
metamorphic  action.  If  this  view  is  correct,  the 
Newry  granite  must  at  one  time  have  been  in  a 
■'  tight  place."  The  granite  rocks  here  vary  con- 
siderably in  colour  and  texture :  it  is  coarse  andfine. 
grey  and  pink  mottled  with  grey,  along  the  margins, 
where,  in  contact  with  sedimentary  rocks,  it 
becomes  an  elvan,  and  to  the  north  of  <-'astle- 
wellan  Silurian  shaUs  and  slates  may  be  seen 
passing  gradually  into  granite.  The  first  stage 
in  the  change  of  sedimentary  rocks  into  granite 
is  the  formation  of  mica  specks  along  the  bedding 
plane  :  further  on,  the  whole  rock  becomes  mica 
schist,  then  a  sudden  change  to  granite,  where  the 
heat  has  been  sufficient  to  melt  the  stratified 
rocks  and  thus  allow  their  constituent  molecules 
to  enter  into  new  crystalline  forms.  It  has  been 
pointed  out  in  the  se  articles  that,  althouglf  granite 
rocks  have  always  been  found  at  the  base  of  all 
stratified  (igneous)  rocks,  yet  the  former  cannot 
be  considered  primitive  rocks,  as  all  granites  now 
known  are  sedimentary  rocks  which  have  been 
altered  by  intense  heat  under  enormous  pressure 
in  presence  of  water.  Wherever  granite  is  found 
occupying  large  surface  areas,  no  other  rock  is 
ever  found  under  it,  and  the  probability  is  that 
if  it  were  possible  to  sink  deep  enougli,  red  hot 
granite  would  be  reached,  and,  finally,  the  same 
rock  in  a  molten  condition.  It  is  well  to  bear  in 
mind  that  granite  has  been  found  penetrating 
rocks  of  almost  all  ages :  and  as  it  must  in 
consequence  ha\e  been  consolidated  subsequently 
to  tbe  formation  of  these  later  rocks,  it  is  in- 
trusive, and  no  part  of  the  prim;eval  crust  of  the 
globe.  There  is  another  fact  which  must  be 
borne  in  mind  to  understand  the  origin  and 
nature  of  granite— namely,  that  it  is  now  at  the 
surface  in  consequence  of  enormous  masses  of 
rock  having  been  removed  from  above  it,  together 
with  much  of  the  granite  itself,  for  if  such  a 
superincumbent  mass  had  not  existed,  what  is 
now  granite  would  be  cinders,  like  pumice,  and 
ashes;  in  other  wtrds,  the  same  material  will 
form  granite  or  pumice,  according  to  the  condi- 
.tions  under  which  it  is  deposited.  The  granite 
trade  in  this  county  is  an  extensive  industry. 
The  most  important  quarries  are  Ballynacraig, 
Newry,  worked  by  the  I'nited  Xesvry  Granite 
Co.,  with  172  men  ;  Moore,  Newry  (Messrs.  Hugh 
Campbell  and  Son,  96  men).  This  is  a  bright 
grey  granite,  which  contrasts  well  with  Swedish 
green  or  Peterhead  red,  and  is  much  cheaper  than 
either.  Blocks  of  any  dimensions  can  be  turned 
out  plain -worked  or  steam-polifhed ;  tilenville, 
Newry  (Mr.  A.  H.  Kwen,  40  men),  ilr.  Ewen 
has  quarries,  too,  at  Chapel  Hill  and  Ballynacraig. 
.Sturgeons,  Newry— Mr.  Sturgeon,  62  men  ; 
Brown  News,  Bally  neigh— Mr.  Hamilton,  35 
men  ;  Croreagb,  Newry— Messrs  McCuUogh  and 
Sons,  32  men  :  Mr.  J.  JlcCoy  has  a  iiuarry  at 
the  same  place,  which  he  works  with  12  men  : 
Slievedonard,  Messrs.  Mc.\llister  and  Co.,  29 
men  ;  at  the  same  place,  a  qmrry  worked  by  ilr. 
Maginn  with  2(5  men ;  Domullagh,  Jlessrs.  P. 
Finnegan  and  Son,  28  men ;  Kostrevor,  Jlr. 
Sturgeon,  24  men  ;  Warrenpoint,  the  Irish 
tJranite  Co.,  Ltd.,  is  closed  ;  Chapel  Hill.  Exors. 
of  C.  Ewen,  22  men  ;  See  Finn,  Mr.  J.  Mctiinni 
II  men  ;  a  quarry  at  the  same  place  worked  by 
Messrs.  Gordon  and  .McBurney,  9  men ;  another 
worked  by  Mr.  A.  Robinson  with  U  men; 
Pigeon  Rock,  Mr.  J.  Linton,  19  m-n  ;  Ballina- 
craig,  Mr.  S.  M.-.Mlister,  7  men  ;  .Mullan's,  .Mr. 
J.MuUan,  fi  men  ;  liaird's,  .Mr.  ,1.  liaird,  (1  men  ; 
and  Drumcashlone,  Mr.  J.  E.  Kmerion,  1  men! 
Grey  granite  kerbstones  are  imported  daily  from 
foreign  countries  for  road  work  ;  it  seems  sin- 
gular that  these  home  quarries,  all  of  whi<h  turn 
out  a  hard  granite  specially  suitablofor  this  work, 
einnut  compete  with  Sweden  and  Norway  for  the 
trade.  The  Xewry  granite  has  furnished  paving 
setts  for  Liverpool,  lluddersfield,  Preston, 
Chester,  Salford,  Bristol,  and  even  Edinburgh  '. 
They    are    usually    -lin.    cubes,    3in.    by   Oin., 


4in.  by  6in.,  3in.  by  5in.,  4in.  by  5in.,  and 
4in.  by  Tin.  It  seems  strange  that  architects  do 
not  specify  similar  blocks  for  wall  facings.  The 
Castlewellan  quarrj'  (in  the  Newry  granite)  is 
peculiar.  The  black  graining,  which  produces 
the  grey  colour,  occurs  in  elongated  oblique  lines. 
The  stone  was  used  in  the  .Vlbert  Memorial,  Hyde 
Park.  It  was  also  selected,  after  trial  of  granites 
from  other  quarries  in  Ireland,  Scotland,  and 
Cornwall,  for  the  rebuilding  of  the  Bishop  Kock 
Lighthouse  in  the  SciUy  Isles.  .\t  Rostrevor 
(iuay  an  Anorthite  Syenite  of  a  bright-green 
colour  has  been  quarried  and  polished  for  monu- 
mental purposes  by  the  Bessbrook  Granite  Co., 
-Armagh.  Lime  burned  from  the  white  limestone 
in  the  north  of  this  county,  as  at  Maralin,  sells 
for  I5s.  6d.  per  ton  free  on  rail  (G.N.R.)  Being 
nearly  pure  lime,  it  is  white,  and  "bulks  very 
largo  ' '  which  all  pure  Umes  do. 


The  rocks  in  this  county  are  Coal  Measures, 
Upper,  Sliddle,  and  Lower  Carboniferous  Lime- 
stones (297,  320),  with  some  beds  altered  to 
Dolomite,  Old  Red  Sandstone,  Lower  Silurian, 
Cambrian,  and  Pre-Cambrian  Slates,  Schists, 
and  (Juartz  rock,  all  these  latter  strata  being 
much  metamorphosed  granite  (310).  Balbriggan 
is  built  on  Lower  Silurian  beds  and  Greenstone 
(Diorite)  ;  Dublin,  Alluvium,  LTpper  Carbonifer- 
ous Limestone ;  Kingstown,  Granite.  North  of 
the  River  Lifft-y  the  county  is  occupied  chiefly  by 
Carboniferous  Limestone,  it  also  extends  to  a  few 
miles  on  the  south  side  of  the  river ;  further  south 
all  the  rocks  are  Silurian  shales,  schists,  slates, 
or  granite.  Coal  Measure  sandstones  are  found 
to  the  south  of  Balbriggan.  There  are  no  quarries 
of  any  importance  in  the  Sandstone  rocks  ;  but 
west  of  Skerries,  where  they  are  developed,  they 
have  been  used  locally  for  walling  in  many  places. 
In  the  Carboniferous  Limestone  quarries  on  the 
south  side  of  the  river  Liffey,  which  are  in  the 
"  Calp,"  there  are  sandy  limestones  capable  of 
being  raised  in  large  slabs.  Some  of  these,  when 
thin  bedded,  make  good  paving,  and  others  which 
are  found  in  thicker  beds  have  been  much  used 
in  foundation  work  :  the  Old  Windmill  quarry  at 
Rathgar  furnished  much  stone  of  this  class; 
but  the  cost  of  unbaiing  has  added  so  much  to  the 
value  of  the  stone  when  quarried  that  the  trade 
in  it  has  altogether  ceased.  The  limestones  here 
are  still  worked.  The  Carboniferous  Limestone 
quarried  on  the  south  side  of  the  Liffey  is  all 
more  or  less  calpy,  and  makes  better  walling  than 
dressed  work.  In  the  Rathgar  and  Mount  Argos 
quarries  the  stone  is  found  in  self-faced  beds  from 
a  few  inches  to  over  a  foot  thick  and  regularly 
coursed  ;  hence  with  a  little  hammer  dressing  on 
the  face  it  can  be  used  most  economically  for 
walling.  Calp  is  usually  black  and  spliutery. 
Dublin  builders  use  it  for  foundations  and  other 
rough  work.  The  street  pavements  were  of  this 
stone  exclusively  until  it  was  displaced  by  granite 
chippings  in  Medway  Portland  cement.  The 
principal  southern  limestone  quarries  are  Red  Cow, 
Clondalkin,  two  at  this  place  being  worked  by 
Mr.  C.  J.  Hamlin  with  21  men ;  Rathgar,  Mr.  J. 
Jordan,  20  men  ;  Golden  Bridge,  the  Irish  Port- 
land Cement  Co.,  Ltd.,  6  men;  and  Greenogue, 
Mrs.  R.  Byrne,  3  men.  Donnybrook,  now 
filled  up  with  ashes  and  waste,  was  an  im- 
portant quarry.  It  furnished  stone  for  Porto- 
bello  Barracks.  ^lica  schist  is  sometimes  found 
imbedded  in  the  limestones  of  this  district,  and 
at  Milltown.  The  Red  Cow  quarries  furnished 
much  of  the  limestone  used  in  the  Dublin  houses, 
the  Rathgar  stone  was  also  used  in  the  Portobello 
Barracks,  and  the  Milltown  stone  was  extensively 
used  for  building  in  the  valley  of  the  Dodder. 
Christ  Church  Cathedral,  "  restored  "  by  Street, 
was  originally  built  with  Calp  limestone,  and  it 
was  repaired  with  Calp  brought  from  Kimmage 
and  Rathg.ar.  This  stone,  when  badly  selected, 
weathers  to  rotten,  shaly,  black,  earthy  mud. 
Caen  stone  was  used  for  dressings  in  the  restora- 
tion of  Christ  Church  Cathedral,  and  for  some 
years  past  the  work  is  b  ing  restored  again  with 
native  stone,  the  foreign  stone  selected  by  Street 
being  iu  an  advanced  state  of  decay.  The  <  'ustom 
House  docks  in  DubHn  were  built  with  stone  from 
Ballymaculy  and  CoUierstown  quarries,  between 
Leixlip  and  Lucan  ;  it  weathers  well.  The  lime 
burned  from  Calp  limestone  may  be  good,  but  as 
uiost  of  it  is  very  bad  and  dark -coloured,  it  is  not 
mui  h  used  in  Dublin.  Some  of  the  beds  will  not 
burn  to  lime  at  all.  On  the  r.orlh  side  of  the 
river  the  limestone  is  coarsely  crystalline,  but 
not  suitable  for  dressed  work,  though  it  may  be 
obtained    in    large    blocks.      The    two   distinct 


types  of  Carboniferous  Limes'one  described 
may  be  ttudied  with  advantage — the  former  at 
Rathgar  quarry,  in  the  suburbs  of  Dublin, 
and  the  latter  at  St.  Doulough's,  five  miles  from 
the  city,  but  a  short  and  pleasant  walk  from 
Portmarnock,  a  station  on  the  G.N.  Railway,  the 
road  lying  through  Belgritfin.  The  old  church 
of  St.  Doulough's  should  be  visited  on  the  way, 
being  one  of  great  interest  to  architects,  in  that  it 
is  stone-roofed — a  mode  of  construction  most  un- 
common in  the  British  Islands,  as  the  steep 
outer  slope  of  the  roof  is  formed  in  the  same  piece 
of  stone  as  the  curved  vaulted  ceiling  on  the 
inside.  There  are  several  small  churches  in 
Ireland  of  very  early  date  which  were  designed 
to  have  stone  roofs,  and  in  none  of  these  was  any 
wood  used  in  the  "carcase"  of  the  buUding — ■ 
St.  Doulough's  is  such  a  church.  It  is  not  easy 
to  say  when  this  style  of  building  was  first 
adopted  in  Ireland,  for  any  features  which  might 
seem  at  first  sight  to  give  a  key  to  the  date — 
door  and  window  mouldings,  for  instance — will 
be  found,  on  careful  inspection,  to  be  late  in- 
sertions. In  St.  Doulough's,  for  example,  the 
mouldings  of  the  east  tracery  window  head  do  not 
match  those  on  the  jambs,  and  much  of  the  stone 
is  oolite  limestone  similar  to  "Bath"  or 
"  Doulting,"  none  of  which  is  found  in  Ireland. 
The  western  windows,  too,  are  clearly  insertions. 
Now  any  one  of  them  would  give  date  to  the 
building  ;  but  as  they  are  not  original,  they  can 
be  of  no  value  whatever  in  determining  it. 
Indeed,  they  would  in  all  probability  lead  anyone 
but  a  skilled  arch;eologist  astray  in  fixing  the 
period  of  its  erection.  Fergusson says  ("  History 
of  Architecture,"  Vol.  II.,  page  232) :  "  Had  the 
Irish  been  allowed  to  persevere  in  the  elaboration 
of  their  own  style,  they  would  probably  have 
applied  this  expedient  (stone  roofing)  to  the  roof- 
ing of  larger  buildings  than  they  ever  attempted, 
and  might  in  so  doing  have  avoided  the  greatest 
fault  in  Gothic  architecture."  Fergusson  says 
the  Irish  mode  of  roofing  was  "  An  improvement 
on  the  wooden  roof  of  the  true  Gothic  style.'" 
But  as  he  gives  the  10th  century  as  the  probable 
date  of  the  erection  of  stone -roofed  churches  in 
Ircdand,  it  is  not  easy  to  see  how  they  could  have 
embodied  "  an  improvement  "  ona  style  of  build- 
ing which  came  into  exist;  nee  two  centurie* 
later.  Tlie  most  important  quarries  in  the 
Carboniferous  Limestone  of  North  Dublin  are 
Milverton,  near  Skerries,  worked  by  Mr. 
M.  Ileeny  with  39  men.  This  stone  is  light 
grey,  compact,  cry8ta,lline,  rather  coarse-grained, 
and  hard  to  work  ;  it  is  not  suited  for  fin& 
moulded  work,  but  answers  well  for  quoins,  sills, 
copings,  and  heavy  work.  Rockabill  Lighthouse 
is  built  with  this  stone  ;  i".  may  also  be  seen 
capping  the  piers  on  the  Boyne  Viaduct.  The 
town  of  Skerries  is  almost  wholly  built  with  it. 
Beakey's  Cabi'a,  Finglas,  worked  by  Messrs.  W. 
ConoUy  and  Sons,  14  men ;  St.  Derclough's, 
Coolock,  Mr.  M  Flood,  13  men.  worked  chiefly 
for  lime-burning;  H' Uywood,  ilalahide,  Mr.  1*. 
WiLon,  Malahide,  tt.N.  Railway;  Billamaden, 
Garristown,  Mr.  P.  Russell ;  Carrick  Hill,  Mala- 
hide, Mr.  P.  Willan  ;  Ciirkeen,  Skerries,  Mr.  C. 
Healy ;  Swords,  Mrs.  McCormick ;  and  Tolka, 
Finglas,  Mr.  C.  A.  Bayley.  Granite  is  really 
the  building  stone  of  Dublin  City,  though 
limestone  is  brought  from  the  provinces,  and 
sandstone  imported  from  Runcorn  and  Dumfries. 
Swedish  granite  for  columns  and  pilasters  is  also 
displacing  that  formerly  qu  .rried  in  the  suburbs 
of  the  city  for  the  same  purpose.  The  weathering 
of  granite  worked  into  dressings  may  be  studied 
with  advantage  in  the  City  of  Dublin.  In 
the  older  buildings,  such  as  Trinity  College 
and  the  Four  Courts,  it  may  be  seen  iu  variou.s 
stages  of  decay,  .and  it  may  be  said,  from  an  in- 
spection of  these  and  similar  buildings,  that  the 
Dublin  quarries  in  the  Lem.-t  r  Ring  whicn 
yielded  the  stone  used  in  them,  are,  on  tl.c  whole, 
unreliable,  and  that  sound  building  stone  must 
be  sought  for  in  other  places.  There  are,  how- 
ever, perfectly  safe  .stones  in  the  Kingstown, 
Dalkey,  and  Killincy  quarries  ;  but  as  they  are 
hard  and  durable,  builders  reject  them  for  tho 
softer  and  more  easily  worked  stone  of  other 
quarries  ;  in  fact,  they  bring  the  latter  from 
Wicklow  and  Carlow,  the  saving  in  labour  in 
conversion  being  more  than  the  cost  of  the  extra 
haulage.  Professor  Kinahan  is  an  advocate  for 
using  cpuirry-worked  stone  on  a  building :  ho 
says:  "  The  disadvantage  .and  loss  due  to  stone 
being  wrought  at  tho  works  and  not  in  tho 
(luarries  may  bo  seen  at  the  present  moment  in 
tho  works  now  [18S8]  being  carried  on  during 
the  erection  of  tho  buildings  f  r  the  Science  and 


124 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  22,  1904. 


Art  Jluaeum,  Kildare-street,  Uiiblin.     The  stone 
used  for  the  finer  work  is  sandstone  from  Mount 
Charles,  Co.  Donegal,  it  being-  brought  from  the 
quirry  in  squared  blocks.     As  little  waste  as  pos- 
sible is  allowed,  yet  in  cutting   out  a  column  or 
pillar  at  the  works  there  is  a  loss  of  one-tifth  the 
block  ;  and  if  it  is  a  capital  or  other  such  feature 
that  has  to  be  executed,  there  is  a  much  greater  loss. 
There  is  also  the  primary  cost  of  squaring  the 
blocks  in  the  quarry,  so  that  if  a  bad  stone  is  sent 
up,  it  has  become  too  costly  to  be  thrown  away, 
and  must  be  used,   although  faulty,  cs  is  rlviiioii- 
.y/ratal  hi   the  new   huihliiifi.     If  the  stones  were 
wrought  at  the  quarry,  there  would  be  the  fol- 
lowing savings  :  The  cost  of  squaring  the  blocks, 
the  cost  of  the  carriage  of    the  waste,  and  the 
increase  in  the  rate  of  wages  necessarily  paid  in 
Dublin.     There  is  the  expense  of  supervision,  on 
which  great  stress  has  been  laid.     But  whether 
the  work  is  done  in  the  quarry  or  at  the  building, 
superior  operators  have  to  be[employed — men  who 
can  use  their  own  judgment,   and  are  not  solely 
depending  on  the  architect :  so  that  on  this  score 
there  will  be  no  difference  as  to  expense."     This 
opinion  is  what  one  would   be  likely  to  expect 
from  a  geologist,  and  it  is  based  solely  on  eco- 
nomical  considerations.     Efficiency    is    a   fictor 
wholly  lost  sight  of,  and  this  should  concern  the 
architect  more  than  a  saving  of  stone  or  wages 
paid   for   working   it.     If    the    architect   knows 
nothing  about  the  material  used,  which  is  more 
than  probable,  for  the  profession  is  overrun  with 
mere  draughtsmen — amateurs,  in  fact,  who  make 
pretty  drawings — then  the  stone  may  as  well  be 
worked  in  the  planet  Stars  as  on  the  building  site, 
for  nothing  can  be  gained  by  dressing  stones  under 
the  superintendence  of  a  man  who  can't  tell  a  brick 
from  a  pantile.     Buildings  worth  looking  at  in 
this   country  are   our   old   cathedrals,   and  most 
certainly  they  were  pot  built  with  quarry- worked 
stone   to  architects'   designs,   for  the  very  good 
reason  that  an  architect,  in  the  modern  sense  of 
that  name,  was  then  wholly  unknown  ;  buildings 
not  worth  crossing  the  street  to  look  at — such  as 
the  custly  and  vulgar  insurance  and  other  similar 
offices  now  being  erected  in  our  streets — are  built 
in  the  manner  advocated  by  Professor  Kinahan, 
so  that  the  saving  in  expen-:e  has  resulted  in  the 
total  loss  of  all  art  feeling  in  the  work  so  pro- 
duced.    There  are  about  twenty  granite  quarries 
at  BarnacuUia,  Sandyford,  about  six  miles  south 
of  Dublia,  and  four  or  five  miles  farther  south 
towards  the  Wicklow  boundary  ;  there  are  ten  or 
more  quarries  worked   in  (UencuUen  mountain, 
but  few  of  these    employ  more    than  six    men. 
There  se^ms  to  be  a  prejudice  against  the  use  of 
Dublin  County  granite  in   the   city  ;  that  from 
Wicklow  is  preferred.     Xow  no  graaites  can  be 
better  than  those  quarried  at  Dalkey  and  Killing, 
but  they  are  rejected  by  builders  for  more  easily- 
worked,    and,    unfortunately,    more    perishable 
stones. 

For  the  cheaper  class  of  work  in  Dublin,  such 
as  the  walling  and  quoins  to  speculative  build- 
ings, farmers  in  slack  times  cart  surface  stones 
into  the  city:  these  are  nearly  alwaysiron-stained, 
■  and  do  not  stand  the  weather  well.  Unfortunately, 
they  have  in  many  cases  displaced  limestone  of 
good  quality  for  much  of  the  dressed  st'  nework 
in  the  suburbs.  From  Ballyknockan,  in  AVicklow, 
graniie  for  some  of  the  best  work  in  the  public 
buildings  of  Dublin  is  obtained  :  it  is  generally 
known  as  "  Blessington  stone,"  its  distinguish- 
ing characteristics  being  a  bright  grey  colour, 
felspathic  matrix,  and  easily  worked.  It  is  not  so 
durable  as  the  Kingstown  granite  ;  but  that  a  soft 
•working  stone  is  preferred  by  builders  may  be 
gathered  from  the  fact  that  Kingstown  railway 
tatiou  is  built  with  granite  brought  from  Bles- 
ington,  18  miles  away,  though  the  structure 
tself  stands  on  ■■•  granite  rock.  There  are  granites 
of  thi  esuccesb.ve  intrusions  in  this  county,  each, 
to  a  s'-cat  extent  causing  some  alteration  in  that 
previously  deposited  ;  such  change  is  known  as 
"foliation'  or  grain,  and  it  enables  the  rock  to 
be  more  easily  worked  than  if  such  a  structure 
was  as  wholly  absent  as  it  is  in  some  igneous 
rocks.  The  Lower  Silurian  beds  in  tliis  county 
yield  slaty  rocks ;  but  they  are  only  worked 
locally  for  rough  walling,  and  none  of  them  yield 
roofing  slate. 


A  lecture  was  then  delivered  by  the  vice- 
president,  3Ir.  E.  Holmes,  on  "The  Training 
llequirid  for  the  Profession  of  a  Surveyor.''  The 
lecturer  spoke  of  the  immense  increase  which  has 
taken  place  in  the  number  and  importance  of  the 
matters  with  which  a  turveyor  has  to  deal  to- 
day as  compared  with  the  past,  when  his  duties 


OBITUARY. 

The    death    took    place,   on  Friday,    at   his 

residence,  36,  Park-road,  Leith,  of  Me.  John- 
GosMAX,  retired  builder,  who  was  a  member  of 
Leith  Police  Commission  and  Leith  Town  Council 
for  twenty  years,  and  a  member  of  Leith  Parochial 
Board  for  about  the  same  period.  He  was  seventy- 


were  as  a  rule  limited  to  the  actual  measuring  of    gjgj^j  years  of  age,  and  had  been  in  feeble  health 


land  and  the  care  of  roads,  and  as  a  typo  of  the 
old-fashioned  surveyor  instanced  Kichard  Furness, 
the  Dore  poet,  who  about  70  years  ago  described 
himself  in  the  following  linss,  which  were  found 
written  on  the  pl<n  of  a  small  survey  he  had 
made  : — 

I.  Kichard  FumFs?,  schoolmaster.  Dare, 
Keep  parish  books  and  pay  the  poor, 
Draw  plaus  for  buildings  and  indite 
Letters  for  those  who  cannot  write : 
Make  wills,  and  recommend  a  proctor. 
Care  wounds,  let  blood  with  any  doctor. 
Draw  teetli,  sing  P;<alm3.  the  haulboy  play 
At  chapel  on  each  holy  day. 
Paint  sign-boards,  cvrt  names,  at  command 
Survey  and  plot  e.states  of  land. 
Collect  at  E  i^ter  cne  in  ten, 
And  on  the  Sunday  say  Amen. 

and  j-et  in  the  midst  of   all  these  duties  we  are 
told  that  he  found  time  for  the  study  of  poetry, 
French,    and    mathematics.     The    lecturer  pro- 
ceeded to  show  that  by  the  advent  of  railways 
and  the  centralisation  of  dense  masses  of  popula- 
tion had  arisen  the  necessity  for  public  works  and 
undertakings  of   all   kinds,  to  cope  with  which 
there  had  been  passed  various  Acts  of  Parliament, 
such  as  the  Lands  Clauses  Consolidation  Acts,  the 
Railway  Clauses  Consolidation  Acts,   the   Water 
Works   Clauses    Act,    the    Town   Improvements 
Clauses    Act,    the     Inclosure     Act,    the    Public 
Health    Acts,    the    Arbitration    -Vet,    the   Local 
Government    Act,     th?     Light     Railway    Acts, 
besides   numerous  local   Acts,  all   of   which  had 
rery    much     increased     the      extent     and    re- 
sponsibility   of      a     surveyor's      duties.     After 
alluding  to  the  necessarily  close  relationship  of 
the  allied  professions  of  architects  and  surveyors 
and  the  many   subjects   they   have  in  commou, 
Mr.  Holmes  discussed  the  requirements  contained 
in  the  various  subdivisions,  under  which  a  sur- 
veyor might  be  admitted  by  examination  into  the 
Surveyors'  Institution,    and  taking  the  "  valua- 
tion   subdivision "    as    the    one   containing  the 
subjects  with  which  an  urban  surveyor  is  brought 
most  into  contact  in  the  course  of  his  practice,  he 
considered  in  detail  the  following  questions,  with 
regard  to  which,  in  his  opinion,  the  urban  sur- 
veyor should  make  himself  competent  to  deal — 
viz. ;  Law  of  landlord  and  tenant,  law  of  fixtures, 
law  of  dilapidations,  law  of  easements  and  riparian 
right,  law  of  copyholds,  timber  measuring  and 
valuing,  drainage  and  sanitation,  principles  and 
practice  of  valuation.  Compulsory  Purchase  Acts, 
development    of    building    estates,    arbitrations, 
mensuration  and  land  surveying,  report  writing. 
The  lecturer  then  gave  a  synopsis  of  the  range  of 
each  of  these  subjects,  and  discussed  them  sepa- 
rately and  at  length,  first  from  the  point  of  vie» 
of  their  practical  application  to  the  everyday  work 
of  the  surveyor,  and  secondly  from  the  point  of 
view  of  their  general  educational  value.     Having 
suga;ested  suitable  textbooks  to  be  used  in  thestudy 
of  the  subjects,  he  proceeded  to  advise  as  to  the 
best  method  of  study,  strongly  urging  systematic 
application  and  not  cursory  reading.     He  pointed 
out  to  the  younger  members  of  the  profession  the 
importance  of  being  thorough   in   all   things  as 
being  necessary  to  their  own  success  and  due  to 
their  clients    and    to    the    public,    quoting  two 
maxims   of   William   Penn  :    "He   that   under- 
stands  not   his    employment,    whatever   else   he 
knows,  must  be  unfit  for  it,  and  the  public  suffers 
bv  his  inexpertness "  :  and  "Knowledge  is  the 
treasure,  but  judgment  the  treasurer,  of  a  wise 
man." 

A  discussion  followed,  and  on  the  motion  of 
Mr.  A.  E.  Turnell,  seconded  by  Mr.  H.  L.  Pater- 
son,  and  supported  by  Messrs.  T.  Winder,  E.  M. 
Gibbs,  and  others,  a  vote  of  thanks  was  accorded 
Mr.  Holmes  for  his  lecture. 


for  some  time  past.  A  native  of  Grail,  he  went 
to  Leith  in  1844,  and  from  1S59  until  his  retira- 
meat  seven  years  ago  he  was  in  business  there  as 
a  joiner  and  builder.  In  ISTO  he  was  returned  to 
Leith  Town  Council  as  one  of  the  representatives 
of  the  Fifth  Ward,  and  he  was  a  magistrate 
during  six  of  the  twenty  years  he  represented  that 
ward.  On  several  occasions  his  colleagues  in  the 
town  council  ap  lointed  him  a  member  of  the 
Edinburgh  and  District  Water  Trust,  and  in 
various  other  ways  his  practical  experience  as  a 
builder  was  of  service  to  the  community,  notably 
in  connection  with  the  Leith  improvement  scheme 
and  erection  of  Eist  Pilton  Hospital. 


HOW    TO    QUALIFY    AS    A    SURVEYOR. 

THE  monthly  meeting  of  the  Sheffield  Society 
of  -Vrchitects  and  Surveyors   was   held  on 
riday  night  in  the  lecture-hall  of  the  Literary 
nd      Philosophical      Society,     Leopold  -  street, 
Sheffield,  Mr.  T.  Winder  in  the  chair. 


The  congregation  of  St.  David's  Parish  Church, 
Girdner's-crescent,  Eiinburgh,  have  unanimously 
resolved  to  build  a  new  church,  and  have  appointed 
a  committee  to  raise  the  necessary  funds.  A  fresh 
site  will  probably  be  chosen. 

The  representatives  of  Buxton  Town  Council 
and  the  Duke  of  Devonshire's  agents  have  arrived 
at  au  amicable  settlement  with  respect  of  the 
purchase  of  the  Mineral  Water  Baths  by  the  town. 
The  price  is  £,50,0011— namely,  halt  in  cash  and  a 
chief  rent  of  £1,000  a  year  for  25  years. 


CHIPS. 

A  freehold  property  of  ^  acres  in  Wimbledon 
Park  having  been  acquired  by  the  committee  who 
are  seeking  to  provide  Homes  for  Officers'  Widows 
and  Daughters,  buildings  to  contain  24  suites  of 
apartments  are  now  in  course  of  construction,  and 
further  houses  will  be  erected— the  whole  to  contain 
60  suites  of  apartments  -as  funds  (£30,000  being 
required)  are  forthcoming. 

A  town's  meeting  of  Ilford  ratepayers  has  rejected 
the  proposal  to  extend  the  electric  tramways  in 
the  district. 

Mr.  A.  Gray  Scott,  borough  electrical  engineer, 
Croydon,  has  been  appointed  engineer  and  general 
manager  of  the  Hong  Kong  tramways. 

The  partnership  heretofore  subsisting  between 
J.  Whitehead  and  J.  M.  R.  Smetham,  architects, 
&c.,  Harrogate,  under  the  style  of  Whitehead  and 
Smetham,  has  been  dissolved. 

A  contract  has  been  concluded  between  the 
Teeside  Bridge  and  Eagineermg  Works  (Ltd.'),  of 
Middlesbrough,  England,  and  Mr.  Edward  Swanker, 
manager  and  engineer  of  the  Empire  Bridge  Com- 
pany at  Albany,  a  department  of  the  American 
Bridge  Company,  whereby  Mr.  Swanker  agrees  to 
come  to  England  at  once  as  general  manager  of  the 
■Teeside  plant. 

A  united  school  at  Trimley,  near  Felixstowe,  was 
opened  on  Friday.  It  consists  of  a  block  00ft. 
square,  divided  into  three  adjoining  classrooms  on 
the  one  side,  with  the  mam  schoolroom  on  the 
other,  while  between  there  is  a  central  corridor, 
with  glazed  screens.  The  schools  are  fitted  up  with 
glazed  brick  dadoes  and  wood-block  floors.  Gothic,.; 
is  adopted,  the  facings  being  in  red  brick, 
with  Broseley  tiled  roof  and  dormers,  a  central 
lantern,  with  vane,  breaking  the  skyline.  ThtJ 
present  school  forms  the  first  part  of  a  scheme  m 
three  departments,  and  for  which  the  architects 
(Messrs.  Bisshopp  and  Cautley,  of  Ipswich)  havo 
prepared  the  plana.  The  cost,  exclusive  of  site,  hafl 
been  £3, .500.  The  whole  of  the  work  has  been 
executed  by  Mr.  H.  J.  Linzell. 

Messrs.  E.  H.  Shorland  and  Brother,  of  Man- 
chester, have  ju3t  supplied  their  patent  Manchester 
stoves  to  the  small-pox  pavilions.  High  Wycombe. 

The  arrangements  for  placing  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral  a  memorial  to  the  war  correspondents 
who  lost  their  lives  on  service  in  South  Africa  have 
made  satisfactory  progress.  The  position  chosen 
for  the  proposed  tablet  is  on  one  of  the  arches  m  the 
crypt,  immediately  opposite  the  memorial  to  the 
Soudan  correspondents,  and  next  to  the  Archibald 
Forbes  Memorial.  Mr.  W.  Goscombe  John,  A.R.A., 
has  undertaken  to  prepare  the  design. 

A  Hull  firm  of  architects  have  been  invited  to' 
submit  plans  for  a  new  workhouse  infirmary  at^ 
Wetherby. 

The  Newcastle-on-Tyne  Corporation  have  unani- 
mously increased  the  salary  of  Mr.  A.  E .  Le 
Rossignol,  tramways  manager,  from  £750  to  £850, 
to  further  rise  by  instalments  to  £1,000. 

An  appeal  has  been  issued  by  the  Springfield 
Park  Acquisition  Committee  for  funds  to  complete 
the  sum  of  £40,000  necessary  for  the  purchase  of 
Springfield  Park,  Upper  Clapton.  £34,000  has 
already  been  promised,  and  the  London  County 
Council  has  agreed  to  bear  all  the  expenses  of  the 
upkeep  of  the  park  when  acquired.  In  the  mean 
time  a  provisional  contract  has  been  entered  into 
for  the  purchase  of  the  estate  at  the  price  of  £40,000. 
The  option  of  purchase  expires  on  March  25.  The 
park,  which  consists  of  33  acres  on  the  brow  of  a 
hill  within  four  miles  of  the  City,  is  well-timbered, 
and  commands  a  fine  view.  The  nearest  inclosed 
parks  are  Clissold,  about  IJ  miles,  and  Finsbury, 
nearly  two  miles  away. 


Jan.  22,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIXG    XEWS. 


125 


i^ngtnttritts  igotes. 


liuiciiTcix  Si;a  Uicriixi  i:s. — The  groynes  and 
other  sea  defences  at  Brighton  having  been 
injured  by  recent  storms,  the  works  committee 
asked  the  borough  surveyor,  llr.  1''.  J.  C.  May, 
and  the  consulting  engineer  to  the  corporation, 
Mr.  Philip  Loekwood,  to  report  on  the  subject. 
Jlr.  May  recommended  the  erection  of  a  new 
concrete  groyne  and  a  concrete  sea-wall  opposite 
the  Kemp  Town  slopes.  Mr.  Lockwood's  report 
is  opposed  to  this  advice.  He  says  the  cost  would 
be  £42,000  at  least,  and  he  points  out  that  nearly 
£90,000  has  been  spent  during  the  last  eight 
years  in  groynes  and  sea  defences  for  Brighton, 
and  the  works  which  have  been  e.-iccuted  are 
suflicient  to  retain  a  very  much  larger  amount  of 
beach  than  there  is  at  present.  The  important 
question,  he  says,  is  how  to  obtain  a  sulli- 
scient  supply  of  filling  material.  The  sale  of 
shingle  is  stopped  at  Hove,  Shorehaiu,  Little- 
hampton,  Bognor,  Portland,  and  other  places, 
but  8,000  loads  are  being  carted  from  the  Brighton 
beach  annually  for  use  in  the  town — over  liT,000 
loads  being  taken  in  1901  for  the  foundations  of 
wood  paving.  He  recommends  that  the  removal 
of  sand  and  shingle  from  the  beach  be  dis- 
continued. Mr.  May,  in  a  second  report, 
reiterates  his  opinion  that  new  groynes  and  a  sea- 
wall are  necessary,  and  insists  that  Brighton 
cannot  afford  to  wait  for  the  shingle  to  accumulate 
in  a  natural  way.  The  committee  have  decided 
to  do  nothing  until  it  has  been  seen  what  will  be 
the  ett'ect  of  the  non-removal  of  sand  and  shingle 
from  the  beach. 

LioHT  Railways  Act,  1896.— The  Board  of 
Trade  have  recently  confirmed  the  following 
Light  Uailway  Orders  made  by  the  Light  Rail- 
way Commissioners:— (1)  Quarry  Bank,  Brierley 
Hill,  and  Rowley  Regis  Light  Railway  Order, 
1905,  authorising  the  construction  of  light  rail- 
ways in  the  urban  districts  of  (Quarry  Bank, 
Brierley  Hill,  and  Rowley  Regis,  in  the  county 
of  Stafford ;  (2)  Robertsbridge  and  Pevensey 
Light  Railway  (Extension  of  Time)  Order,  1903, 
amending  the  Robertsbride  and  Pevensey  Light 
Railway  Order,  1900  ;  (3)  County  of  Middlesex 
Light  Railways  Order,  1903,  authorising  the 
construction  of  light  railways  in  the  parishes  of 
Acton,  Edgware,  Edmonton,  Enfield,  Finchley, 
Friem  Barnet,  Hendon,  Hornsey,  Little  Stan- 
more,  Southgate,  Tottenham,  Wembley,  Willes- 
den,  and  Wood  Green,  in  the  county  of  Middlesex. 

Liverpool  and  Sovthpout  Railway  Elec- 
TiiiiiCATiox  Scheme.— An  official  report  of  the 
progress  of  the  scheme  for  electrifying  the  Lanca- 
shire and  Yorkshire  Railway  between  Liverpool 
and  Southport,  comprising  23  miles  of  double 
line,  has  been  issued.  The  work  has  now  suf- 
ficiently advanced  to  justify  the  anticipation  that 
it  will  be  completed  in  two  or  three  months,  and 
an  experimental  run  with  one  of  the  new  trains 
has  just  taken  place  over  part  of  the  line.  The 
whole  of  the  high-tension  alternating  cables  have 
been  laid,  the  sub-station  buildings  are  all  com- 
pleted, the  rolling-stock  is  in  an  advanced  state, 
and  is  being  electrically  equipped,  vhile  the 
power-house  building  is  complete,  and  the 
machinery  is  expected  to  be  ready  for  operation 
early  in  the  new  year.  The  trains  generally  are 
composed  of  two  first-class  and  two  third-class 
cars,  and  the  third-class  cars  are  equipped  with 
four  motors  of  loOH.P.  each,  making  a  total  of 
1,200H.P.  per  train.  The  cars  are  00ft.  long  and 
10ft.  wide,  and  have  centre  passages  to  allow 
persons  to  pass  from  one  carriage  to  another. 
The  permanent- way  equipment  consists  generally 
of  a  •'  live  "  rail  of  Vignolo's  section,  commonly 
termed  the  "  third  rail,"  supported  at  intervals 
of  10ft.  on  insulators,  the  centre  of  the  rail  being 
3ft.  lUin.  from  the  centre  of  the  track,  and  the 
top  of  the  rail  3in.  above  the  surface  of  the  track 
rails.  This  "third  rail"  weighs  701b.  to  the 
yard.  The  whole  of  tho  work,  with  the  exception 
of  the  rolling-stock,  which  is  being  made  at  the 
Horwich  and  Newton  Heath  works  of  tho  railway 
company,  is  being  carried  out  by  Jlessrs.  Dick, 
Iverr,  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  London  and  Preston. 

The  NottTii-EAsTEii.N  Railway  and  Electui- 
FlCATiox.— A  service  of  electric  trains  is  about  to 
bo  run  on  the  Newcastle  suburban  linos  recently 
electrified  for  the  North- lOastorn  Railway  Com- 
pany. The  sections  of  line  whirli  are  being  sup- 
plied with  electric  traction  are  the  line  from 
Newcastle  to  Tynemouth,  and  round  through 
Monkseaton,  Benton,  and  Gosforth   back  to  the 


Newcastle  Central  Station,  the  main  line  from 
Jlnnois  to  llcnton,  and  the  riverside  loop  from 
Hyker  to  Percy  Main,  as  well  as  the  railway  now 


in  course  of  construction  from  Gosforth  to  Ponte 
land.  The  aggregate  length  is  about  10  miles,  but 
as  the  line  from  the  Central  Station  to  Heaton 
South  Junction  consists  of  four  tracks,  and  the 
greater  part  of  the  remainder  of  two  tracks,  the 
approximate  length  is  altogether  SO  miles.  On  the 
main  line  the  local  traflic  only  will  be  electric. 
There  are  no  overhead  trolleys,  the  system  con- 
sisting of  a  third  rail  from  which  the  energy  will 
betaken.  The  energy  is  being  obtained  from  tho 
supply  station  of  the  Newcastle  Electric  Supply 
Company  at  Wallsend,  and  the  new  station  which 
is  being  erected  at  Carville. 

Pwllheli. — The  contract  entered  into  inform- 
ally some  eighteen  months  ago  by  the  Pwllheli 
Corporation  with  ilr.  Lester,  of  Plymouth,  for 
the  construction  of  the  harbour  works,  has  now 
been  signed  by  Mr.  Lester  and  the  Corporation, 
and  the  works  have  been  commenced  this  week. 
The  claims  of  landowners  delayed  the  inaugural 
ceremony  until  last  October,  when  it  was  per- 
formed by  Mr.  Ritchie,  and  since  then  the  claim 
of  another  landowner  has  impeded  the  start.  Tho 
contract  is  £50,000,  but  there  is  £.57,500  in  hand 
—  £22,500  being  found  by  the  Treasury,  £15,000 
by  the  Corporation,  and  £20,000  by  the  Cambrian 
Railway  Company.  The  latter  are  to  be  given 
under  the  scheme  sufficient  reclaimed  land  to 
extend  their  terminus,  now  half  a  mile  outside, 
into  the  centre  of  the  town.  The  extra  £7,500 
will  provide  for  contingencies. 


Builbitts  Utttcllistnct 


CHIPS. 

Mr.  T.  Robert  Smith,  A.M.I.E.E.,  of  Leicester, 
has  been  appointed  resident  electrical  engineer  to 
the  Leicester  electric  tramways. 

The  second  part  of  the  Queen-street  Baptist 
extension,  Peterborough,  is  being  carried  out  by  Mr. 
J.  Cracknel,  contractor,  of  that  city.  Already  the 
infant  classroom,  minister's  vestry,  church  parlour, 
heating  chamber,  &e.,  at  the  back  of  the  land,  have 
been  built,  and  excavations  have  been  made  for  the 
foundations  of  the  church  hall  and  classrooms  facing 
Queen-street.  The  cost  of  the  heating  apparatus, 
which  was  put  in  by  Messrs.  Trusswell  and  Co.,  of 
Sheffield,  was  about  £200.  The  foundation-stone 
laying  will  take  place  on  Feb.  4. 

The  Bishop  of  London  on  Monday  afternoon  un- 
veiled a  tablet  in  the  crypt  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
in  memory  ef  Mrs.  Maria  Mary  Fussell,  who  died  in 
1881,  having  bequeathed  £111,000  to  the  London 
Diocesan  Home  Mission. 

The  Bishop  of  Carlisle  dedicated,  on  Friday,  St. 
Margaret's  new  chuicb,  at  Dalton-in-Furness, 
which  has  been  erected  at  a  cost  of  £4,200,  to  take 
the  place  of  an  old  iron  building  which  had  done 
duty  for  thirty  years.  The  style  adopted  is  Early 
English. 

On  Saturday  night  and  Sunday  the  engineering 
department  of  the  Edinburgh  and  District  Tram- 
ways Company  were  engaged  for  over  thirteen  hours 
making  alterations  on  the  cable  system  between 
Pilrig-street  and  St.  Andrew-street  for  the  better 
working  of  the  traffic  on  the  Leith  Walk  section. 

The  erection  of  a  chancel  screen  in  St.  Faith's 
Church,  Wandsworth,  as  a  memorial  to  Queen 
Victoria,  has  just  been  completed.  It  is  of  wrought 
iron,  by  Messrs.  Tonks,  of  Birmingham,  decorated 
in  bronze-green  and  gold  by  Mr.  Bartlett,  of 
Brixton. 

The  ten  masterpieces  left  to  the  Louvre  by  the 
late  Baron  Arthur  de  Rothschild  have  now  been 
delivered  over  to  the  authorities.  They  are  all 
absolutely  of  the  foremost  rank,  and  include  four 
works  by  Greuze,  "The  Dead  Bird,"  "  The  Two 
Friends,"  "Dismay,"  and  "The  Child  with  a 
Doll";  two  by  David  Teniers,  "The  Cabaret" 
and  "The  Game  at  Bowls";  Wouvermaus's 
"Cavaliers  Halting,"  Backhuysen's  "  The  Coast  at 
Scheveiiingen,"  Hobbema's  "The  Farm  in  the 
Wood,"  and  Ruysdael's  "  La  Route." 


Tho  pier  at  Inverary  is  to  be  renewed  and  ex- 
tended, the  work  of  reconstructions  being  intrusted 
to  a  Campbeltown  firm.  Operations  will  be  com- 
menced about  the  beginning  of  February,  aud  the 
new  pier  will  be  completed  by  the  end  ot  April. 

Mr.  Joseph  Hall  has  taken  up  his  appointment  ot 
executive  engineer  of  the  Bombay  Jtuuicipality, 
relieving  Mr.  Murzban,  who  has  retired. 

The  St.  Colomb  Major  Rural  District  Council,  at 
their  meeting  last  week,  appointed  Mr.  T.  T.  Strong- 
man, of  St.  Columb-road,  and  Mr.  Stanley  Olver, 
of  Launceston,  as  surveyors  of  the  highway,  in  the 
place  of  Mr.  O.  H.  Foster,  resigned.  The  highway 
district  has  been  divided,  in  order  that  better  super- 
vision may  be  obtained. 


BiuMiXf.iiAM. — The  Duke  of  Norfolk  presided 
on  Wednesday  at  a  meeting,  held  at  Norfolk 
House,  of  the  subscribers  to  the  Newman  memorial 
church  in  Birmingham,  when  a  report  was  pre- 
sented as  to  the  financial  position  of  the  fund  and 
as  to  the  operations  that  have  already  been  begun. 
It  was  reported  that  between  £14,000  and  £15,000 
had  already  been  received  ;  and  with  this  sum  in 
hand  a  beginning  has  been  made  on  the  nave  and 
side  aisles  of  the  new  church,  the  completion  o£ 
which  isexpected  to  cost  about  £  1 1 ,000  to  £12,000. 
The  completion  of  the  whole  building  is  likely  to- 
cost  from  £25,000  to  £26,000.  Mr.  E.  Doran 
Webb,  tho  architect,  attended,  and  explained  the 
nature  of  the  design.  The  style  is  to  be  15th 
century  Roman.  Interesting  features  of  the 
church  will  be  12  gigantic  monoliths  of  old 
Breccia  marble,  said  to  be  the  largest  monoliths 
ever  imported  into  this  country.  On  either  side 
of  the  nave  will  open  out  six  apsidal  chapels, 
which  will  be  floored  in  mosaic  marble.  The 
roofs  of  the  halls  are  to  be  ultimately  mosaic,  but 
for  the  present  will  be  left  in  rough  concrete. 
The  roof  is  to  be  a  barrelled  roof,  made  in  sweet 
chestnut,  and  all  the  interior  roof  will  be  leaded. 
The  height  of  the  cornice,  exterior  and  interior, 
will  be  62ft.  The  width  of  the  nave  is  to  be  33ft. 
and  its  length  88ft.  The  exterior  length  of  the 
porch  will  bring  it  to  110ft.  This  leaves  the 
transept  and  naves  still  to  be  completed  as  the 
fund  increases. 

BiRMixGHAM  UxiVERsiTY. — In  their  annual 
report  the  governors  state  that  the  erection  of  the 
new  ITniversity  buildings  at  Bournbrook  has 
proceeded  satisfactorily  during  the  past  year,  and 
at  the  present  time  the  foundations  of  the  main 
buildings  up  to  the  level  of  the  higher  plateau  are 
about  complete.  Tenders  were  invited  in  open 
competition  for  the  erection  of  the  superstructure, 
lodges,  &c.  The  lowest  tender  sent  in  amounted 
to  £151,827,  and  was  received  from  Mr.  Thomaa 
Rowbotham  (the  contractor  for  the  foundations), 
and  this  tender  the  council  accepted,  and  the 
work  of  carrying  the  buildings  to  completion  will 
be  immediately  taken  in  hand.  The  lowest  tender 
sent  in  for  heating,  ventilation,  ic,  was  received 
from  Messrs.  Clements,  Jeakes,  and  Co.,  and  has 
been  accepted  at  the  sum  of  £8,150.  It  is  hoped 
that  the  main  buildings,  comprising  blocks  A,  B,. 
and  C,  will  be  completed  by  the  31st  of  March, 
1905,  and  the  great  hall  by  the  Ist  January 
following.  The  erection  of  the  power  station  and 
foundry  and  forge  has  been  completed  at  a  cost 
of  about  £9,900,  and  their  equipment  will  shortly 
be  finished  at  an  estimated  cost  of  £23,000.  Ai> 
additional  building,  designed  by  Professor  Turner 
m  conjunction  with  the  architects,  will  shortly  be 
completed  to  contain  the  steel  melting  furnaces 
and  other  plant  and  apparatus  connected  with  tho 
metallurgical  department.  It  is  estimated  that 
this  will  cost  £3,035,  exclusive  of  the  chimney 
shaft. 

CiiELL,  Stafi'S. — At  the  last  meeting  of  the 
Wolstanton  and  Burslem  Board  of  Guardians, 
an  important  report  was  received  from  the  board's 
architects,  Messrs.  Slater  and  Walley,  with 
respect  to  the  proposed  erection  of  a  new  in- 
firmary and  additions  and  improvements  at  Chell 
AN'orkhouse.  The  plans  provide  for  additional 
accommodation  for  about  120  inmates,  and  tho 
work  involves  an  estimated  expenditure  of 
£12,500.  On  the  recommendation  of  the  work- 
house committee,  it  was  decided  to  submit  the 
plans  to  the  Local  Government  Board  for  their 
approval,  and  to  apply  for  sanction  to  borrow 
£12,500  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  tho 
scheme  of  extension  and  improvement.  Tho 
guardians  further  resolved  to  instruct  their  archi- 
tects to  prepare  plans  and  advertise  for  tenders 
for  supplying  the  workhouse  with  an  electric- 
light  installation. 

Enixin mill. — Tho  Nelson  HiUl  and  East 
Branch  Library,  M' Donald -ro.ad.  was  opened  oa 
.Monday  night  by  tho  Right  Hon.  Sir  Herbert 
Maxwell,  M.P.  In  designing  tho  building, 
advantage  has  been  taken  of  the  obtuse  angle 
made  by  M' Donald-road  and  Leith- walk  to  bring 
out  the  front  in  a  series  of  projections.  .\  further 
feature  of  the  exterior  is  a  tower  at  the  corner, 
and  the  large  luiiUioncd  windows  lighting  up  tho 
principal  rooms.  Towards  Leith- walk  tho  build- 
ing is  throe  stories  high,  the  two  upper  fiats 
being  set  apart  as  houses  for  a  librarian  and  a 
caretaker.  I'ntcring  the  building,  immediately 
in  front  is  the  lending  library,  with  accommoda- 


126 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  22,  1904. 


tion  for  20,000  rolumes  ;  it  is  lighted  from  the 
Toof.  The  Nelson  Hall  occupies  the  largest 
portion  of  the  building,  and  it  is  intended  to  be 
both  a  recreation  and  a  news  room.  It  measures 
76ft.  long  by  50£t.  wide,  divided  with  columns 
and  arches,  and  has  an  open  timber  roof.  To  the 
left  of  the  library  there  is  a  reading-room.  On  the 
upp-r  flat  a  gymnasium  has  been  provided,  while 
on  the  basement  there  is  a  hall  for  small  meetings. 
Mr.  H.  R.  Taylor,  of  Edinburgh,  is  the  architect. 

Gainskorough. — The  Bishop  of  Lincoln  has 
reopened  the  parish  church — recognised  as  one  of 
the  finest  specimens  of  architecture  in  the  country 
• — -after  improvement  and  restoration.  The  work  is 
the  outcome  of  a  scheme  formulated  twelve  months 
ago,  by  which  new  vestries  were  to  be  built,  the 
whole  of  the  interior  redecoiated,  and  a  new 
organ  erected.  This  scheme  was  estimated  to 
cost  £4,000,  and  towards  this  over  £3,200  has 
been  given.  The  work,  thus  far  completed,  com- 
prises the  erection  of  vestries  and  lobbies,  and 
the  decoration  of  the  interior  of  the  church.  The 
vestries  for  the  clergy  and  for  the  choir  are  built 
in  connection  with  the  western  tower,  and  are, 
therefore,  Perpendicular  in  style  ;  they  give  it 
breadth  and  beauty.  The  leading  feature  in  the 
nave  and  chancel  decoration  is  the  gilding  of  the 
large  frieze.  It  is  hoped  that  new  oak  seats  may 
be  placed  in  the  church  before  very  long.  The 
vestries  were  built  by  Messrs.  Rattee  and  Kett, 
of  Cambridge,  and  the  decorative  pa'nting  has 
been  executed  from  the  designs  and  under  the 
superintendence  of  Mr.  G.  F.  Bodley,  R.A..,  of 
London. 

KoTTiNGHAji. — The  extensive  block  ot  build- 
ings erected,  with  a  frontage  to  Carrington- 
«treet,  by  the  Midland  If  lil  way  Company  to  re- 
place their  old  passenger  depot  in  Station-street, 
was  first  opened  to  the  public  on  SiturJay.  The 
period  of  construction  has  already  extended  over 
two  years,  and  nine  months  will  probibly  elapse 
before  the  work  is  completed.  The  large  block 
of  building*  which  forms  the  high-level  portion 
of  the  station  is  now  finished.  The  frontage 
measures  320£t.,  the  block  from  front  to  rear  is 
i3.31t.,  the  general  height  ot  the  buildings  is 
40ft.,  the  central  clock  tower  rising  to  72tt.  The 
Eenaissance  style  has  been  adopted.  The 
entrances  to  the  carriage  annexe,  320ft.  by  56itt., 
have  high  elliptical  arches,  with  Ionic  columns, 
and  massive  double  gates  of  iron  and  bronze 
openwork,  in  the  design  of  which  the  company's 
nonogrim  is  prominent.  The  angles  of  the  clock 
tower  are  finished  with  rusticated  Ionic  columns, 
surmounted  with  a  semicircular  dome.  Exter- 
nally, terracotta  blocks  have  been  exclusively 
employed  as  the  constructive  material,  but 
pressed  bricks  have  been  used  for  lining  the  walh 
of  the  annexe,  terracotta  being  adopted  for  the 
decorative  details.  Three  circular-headed  gate- 
ways, with  glass-panelled  double  folding  doors, 
give  access  to  the  booking-hall  tOtJft.  by  42(t. 
-Dark  green,  chocolate -coloured  glazed  blocks, 
and  buff  terracotta  are  used  in  the  enbellishment 
ot  the  walls.  The  front  of  the  booking-office  is 
treated  in  the  same  colours. 

Patshull,  Staffs. — In' order  to  commemorate 
the  memory  of  the  late  Earl  and  Countess  of 
Dartmouth,  the  present  Earl  and  Countess  have 
erected  a  village  hall  and  inst'tute  at  Burnhill 
trreen,  which  is  situ'ited  on  the  PatshuU  Estate, 
about  a  mile  from  Patshull  House.  The  hall, 
which  is  designed  on  Elizabethan  lines,  will  seat 
200  adults  exclusive  of  the  space  on  the  platform, 
while,  in  addition,  a  gallery  has  been  provided 
which  will  seat  50  more  people.  The  hall  has  a 
movable  stage  20ft.  by  10ft..  with  ladies'  and 
gentlemen's  retiring  rooms.  The  hall  is  heated 
"by  means  of  an  open  fireplace  in  an  ingle  at  one 
side,  and  hot-water  circulation  and  radiators, 
with  fresh  warm  air  inlets  and  exhaust  venti- 
lators on  the  roof.  The  building  has  an  open 
timbered  pitch-pine  roof,  lightly  stuined  and 
varnished,  and  the  exterior  is  half-timbertd,  with 
Tough-cast  interstices.  The  roofs  are  covered 
with  wrought  tongued  boarding,  felt,  and  Broseley 
tiles.  The  building  is  lighted  by  a  large  bay 
window  at  each  end  and  five  side  windows,  all 
filled  with  leaded  glass,  and  at  night  by  wrought 
iron  hanging  lamps.  The  whole  has  been  carried 
out  from  the  design  and  under  the  personal 
inspection  of  Messrs.  John  Wellfr  and  Sons, 
architects,  of  King-street,  Wolverhampton. 

The  Savoy  TnEATRE. — The  Savoy  Theatre, 
which  has  been  closed  for  seven  months,  will  be 
reopened  in  the  course  of  three  weeks.  Daring 
the  interval  the  theatre  has  been  in  the  hands  ol' 
the  builders  and   the   decora'ors.     The  require- 


ments of  the  London  County  Council  have 
necessitated  the  carrying  out  ot  extensive  altera- 
tions so  as  to  secure  more  adequately  the  public 
safety.  Three  additional  exits  have  been  pro- 
vided for  the  use  of  the  public,  and  two  new 
means  of  escape  in  case  of  emergency  have  been 
placed  at  the  service  of  those  engaged  on  the 
stage.  The  public  exits  enable  visitors  to  the 
gaUery,  the  upper  circle,  and  the  dress  circle  to 
reach  the  street  direct,  and  practically  on  the 
level  in  each  case.  Partitions  of  fire-resisting 
materials  have  been  substituted  for  those  of  lath 
and  plaster  which  formerly  existed  in  the  theatre, 
and  the  old  winding  staircases  have  been  re- 
moved, and  new  ones  constructed  of  fire-resisting 
material.  The  heating  and  ventilation  ot  the 
theatre  have  been  overhauled,  and  a  thorough 
hot- water  system  installed.  The  foyer  and  the 
theatre  generally  has  been  redecorated,  though 
the  original  scheme  of  colour  — ^'enetian  red,  old 
gold,  and  peacock  blue — has  been  retained.  An 
ante-room,  decorated  in  the  Adams  style,  has 
been  provided  at  the  back  ot  the  Royal  boxes, 
while  two  of  the  stall-tier  boxes  on  each  side 
have  been  removed  and  their  places  taken  by 
extra  stalls.  The  facade  ot  the  theatre  which 
looks  on  the  new  Savoy-court  has  been  covered 
with  marble  to  correspond  with  the  new  fai;ades 
of  the  Savoy  Hotel,  which  will  form  the  other 
two  sides  of  the  court. 

West  Hautlefool. — The  new  church  of  St. 
•-•swald's.  West  Hartlepool,  which  was  con- 
secrated by  the  Bishop  ot  Durham  on  Monday,  is 
the  gift  of  Mrs.  JIatthew  fJray,  in  memory  of  her 
husband.  It  is  designed  in  the  l-^th-century  stj'le, 
with  a  tower  at  the  west  end.  and  a  lofty  nave 
and  chancel  of  equal  width,  with  a  range  of  seven 
four-light  windows  in  the  clerestory  on  either 
side,  and  a  seven-light  window  at  the  east  end. 
The  extreme  length  of  the  church  from  east  to 
west  is  133ft.,  and  the  width  across  nave  and 
aisles  55ft.,  sitting  accommodation  being  pro- 
vided for  SOO.  It  is  built  entirely  of  stone,  the 
facing  inside  and  out  being  of  course  rubble 
blockers.  The  roots  are  of  pitch  pine.  The  floois 
are  of  pitch-pina  blocks  throughout.  The 
chancel  steps  are  of  Languedoc  and  Pavonazza 
marble.  The  whole  of  the  internal  wood  fittings 
are  of  oak.  The  reredos  is  of  carved  oak,  having 
seven  sculptured  panels  in  high  relief.  There  is 
a  rood  beam  with  groining  and  tracery  below, 
surmounted  with  a  carved  cross.  The  font  is  of 
alabaster,  and  is  cjrved  with  eight  figures  in 
niches.  The  font  canopy  is  of  oak,  and  has  four 
main  posts  upon  which  it  is  supported,  each  of 
these  posts  being  surrounded  by  a  figure.  Ex- 
ternally the  western  porches  have  figures  of  St. 
Oswald  and  St.  Elwin  in  niches  over  the  door- 
ways. These  last-mentioned  figures  are  by  Mr. 
C.  W.  Milburn,  of  York,  the  remainder  of  the 
stone  carving  and  marble  work  being  by  Mr.  R. 
Beall,  of  Newcastle.  The  church,  which  is 
lighted  by  electricity,  was  designed  by  the  late 
Mr.  William  Searle  Hicks,  and  has  been  com- 
pleted under  the  superintendence  of  Messrs. 
Hicks  and  Charlewogd,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
The  builders  are  Messrs.  Thos.  Dickinson  and 
Son,  of  West  Hartlepool. 


The  new  bridge  erected  by  the  Cannock  Rural 
District  Council  over  the  brook  at  Calf  Heath,  and 
known  as  Goldie  Bridge,  was  opened  for  public 
traflic  last  week.  It  is  built  of  blue  brick  and 
cement  on  concrete  foundation,  with  Penkridge  stone 
capping.  Mr.  Whitehead,  surveyor  to  the  rural 
council,  was  the  engineer,  and  Mr.  C.  J.  Neyitf,  the 
contractor. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Exeter  City  Council  the 
town  clerk  announced  the  result  of  the  arbitration 
in  the  matter  of  the  acquisition  by  the  council  of  the 
existing  horse  tramways.  The  council  had  to  pay 
£0,740,  each  party  to  pay  their  own  costs,  and  the 
corporation  to  pay  the  costs  of  the  award.  The 
amount  claimed  by  the  tramway  company  was 
£14,900,  and  the  sum  the  councd  sought  to  pay  was 
£4,900.  Prior  to  the  arbitration  the  council  offered 
the  company,  without  prejudice,  £8,500,  which  they 
refused. 

ttn  Tuesday  afternoon  the  memorial  stones  were 
laid  of  the  new  Waters -Banks  Memorial  Baptist 
Church  in  course  of  erection  at  Eltham, 

Before  the  City  Recorder,  on  Friday,  Walter 
Stiff,  47,  wax  modeller,  pleaded  guilty  to  perjury 
and  the  subornation  of  perjury  in  connection  with 
a  claim  he  had  prefered  against  the  London  Couuty 
Council  for  compensation  for  the  acquisition  of  his 
premises  in  Goswell-road.  E-nma  Flood,  30,  pleaded 
guilty  to  conspiring  to  commit  perjury.  Stiff  was 
sentenced  to  eight  years'  penal  servitude,  and  Flood 
to  a  nominal  penalty  of  four  daj'a*  imprisonment. 


PBOFESSIOITAI.  AND  TBADB 
SOCIETIES. 

ElJINBrROH     BriLDIXG      TUADES     ExCHAXGF,. 

Mr.  A.  Hunter  Crawford  delivered  a  lecture  to 
the  members  of  the  Building  Trades  Exchange 
in  the  Exchange  Rooms,  32,  George-street, 
Edinburgh,  on  Friday  night,  on  "Building 
Construction,"  with  special  reference  to  the 
relations  between  architect  and  contractor  during 
the  carrying  out  of  the  work.  Mr.  James  Forrest 
presided.  After  referring  to  the  preparation  of 
the  plans,  Mr.  Crawford  urged  that  architects 
should  be  more  consistent  in  seeing  that  the 
material  and  method  of  building  specified  in  the 
contract  be  adhered  to,  both  for  the  sake  of  the 
client  and  also  for  the  sake  of  the  contractor,  who 
in  pricing  his  schedule  was  frequently  doubtful 
whether  all  the  materials  specified  would  be 
strictly  insisted  upon.  After  describing  various 
differences  between  English  and  Scottish  practices, 
his  usual  form  of  contract  was  discussed.  In  the 
course  of  the  lecture  Mr.  Crawford  brought  before 
the  members  samples  of  a  new  asbestic  sand 
brick,  which  is  shortly  to  be  made  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Bithgite,  and  invited  the  opinion  of 
the  builders  present  on  its  qualities. 


CHIPS. 

An  ancient  baptismal  font  belonging  to  the  parish 
church  of  Ambleston,  near  Haverfordwest,  has  been 
discovered  at  a  neighbouring  farmhouse,  where  it 
had  been  used  as  a  cheese-press  from  time  im- 
memorial. The  farmer  gladly  gave  up  the  font  to 
be  restored  to  its  original  function. 

At  a  meeting  last  week  of  the  court  of  governors 
of  the  Ipswich  and  East  Suffolk  Hospital,  a  report 
was  submitted  by  the  board  of  management  stating 
that  the  bedroom  accommodation  for  nurses  at  the 
hospital  being  totally  insufficient,  the  board  in- 
trusted Messrs.  Brown  and  Burgess  to  prepare  plans 
and  obtain  estimates  for  adding  to  the  existing  wing. 
They  now  recommended  the  adoption  of  the  plan 
presented,  and  the  acceptance  of  Mr.  Edgar  Catch- 
pole's  tender  for  carrying  out  the  same  for  the  total 
of  £1,139.  The  present  building  provides  eighteen 
bedrooms,  one  bathroom,  and  a  boxroom ;  the  pro- 
posed addition  will  consist  of  eleven  bedrooms  and 
one  bathroom.  The  report  was  received  and 
adopted. 

The  Kirkintilloch  Town  Council  have  agreed  to 
purchase  two  properties  in  Union-street  and  Cow- 
gate  for  £2,250  as  a  site  for  the  proposed  town-hall 
and  municipal  buildings. 

The^T^Dlian  Hall,  which  was  opened  on  Tuesday 
night,  is  part  of  the  building  in  New  Bond-street 
hitherto  known  as  the  Grosvenor  Gallery.  It  was 
originally  built  by  Sir  Coutts  Lindsay  in  1870,  and 
opened  as  a  tine  art  gallery  in  May  of  the  following 
year.  In  18S8  it  was  acquired  by  the  American 
Orchestrelle  Compmy.  Tne  building  has  been  re- 
arranged from  the  designs  of  Mr.  Walter  Cave, 
The  new  concert  hall  was  formerly  the  large  West 
Picture  Gallery.  It  is  approached  by  a  broad  flight 
of  stairs,  which  rise  from  a  vestibule  occupying  the 
entire  width  of  the  Bond-street  frontage.  The  sides 
of  the  concert  hall  are  panelled  with  fumed 
mahogany  to  the  height  of  8ft.  Gin.,  above  which 
the  walls  and  arched  roof  are  distempered  white. 
The  platform  is  19ft.  by  20ft.,  and  the  performers 
enter  from  the  centre  at  the  back.  From  all  sides 
of  the  platform  there  rises  an  organ,  the  front  gUt 
pipes  of  which,  in  their  carved  case  of  fumed 
mahogany,  form  a  striking  feature.  The  usual  tip- 
up  seats  are  upholstered  in  soft  green,  and  the  doors 
are  covered  with  padded  cowhide  of  the  same  tint. 

Messrs.  John  Herring  and  Co.,  timber  merchants, 
Mansion  House  Sawmills,  Close,  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne,  have  recently  erected  new  electric  sawmills 
on  the  site  of  the  Old  Mansion  House,  which  was 
destroyed  by  fire.  The  budding  is  of  iron  with  glass 
roof,  and  has  been  erected  by  the  Pease  Tubular 
Construction  Syndicate,  Ltd.  The  building  and  yard 
are  lighted  with  electric  light. 

The  work  on  the  Simplon  Tunnel  has  now  arrived 
at  a  total  length  of  excavation  from  both  ends 
together  of  17,900m.  out  of  a  total  necessary  for  its 
completion  of  19,727m.  The  progress  now  only 
averages  15ft.  per  day. 

The  town  council  of  Wolverhampton  at  their  last 
meeting  adopted  a  report  of  the  General  Purposes 
Committee  dealing  with  a  proposed  rearrangement 
of  the  staff  of  the  borough  surveyor's  department, 
arising  out  of  the  resignation  ot  Mr.  W.  S.  Bissell, 
chief  assistant.  The  committee  recommended  that 
Mr.  F.  O.  Beaumont  be  appointed  deputy  borough 
engineer  and  surveyor,  at  a  salary  of  £175  per 
annum ;  that  Mr.  H.  B.  Robinson  be  appointed 
architectural  and  engineering  assistant  in  the 
borough  surveyor's  department,  at  a  .«)alary  of  £150 
per  annum,  and  that  he  have  charge  of  the  drawing 
office ;  and  that  a  junior  assistant  be  advertised  for 
at  a  commencing  salary  of  £100  per  annum. 


Jan.  22,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


127 


CONTENTS. 
•-♦-• 

Economics  of  Building 

Women's  International  Art  Club  Exhibition      

The  S'lane  Medallion  and  Other  Institute  Designs 

and  DiawingB     

Koyal  luatitute  of  British  Architects     

BiiLnixc;  News  Designing  Club       

Report  of  the  Select  Committee  on  Ventilation.— III. 

Irish  Building  Stones.— V. 

How  to  Uuahfy  as  a  Surveyor 

Obituary    

Engineering  Notes 

Building  Intelligence    

ir'rofessional  and  Trade  "Societies    

The  Building  News  Directory 

Our  Illustrations 

Competitions 

Tntercoiumunication       

Water  Supply  and  Sanitary  Matters       ... 

fitatues.  Mcraorials,  &o 

Legal  Intelligence 

Our  Office  Table      ... 

^leetings  fur  the  Ensuing  Week      

Latest  IVices    ... 

List  olflCompetitiong  Open. 

List  of  Tenders  Open 

Tenders     


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

OI.DIIAM  BOARD  SCHOOLS  :  SELKCTED  DESIGN'.— NEW  CHITRCH 
OF  ST.  MARY,  ECCLES.  — SKETCHES  IS  ST.  ALBAN's. — 
SEMIDETACHED  COTTAGES  AT  EDZELL. —  "  BUILDING 
news"  club  DESIGN  FOR  A  CLERGY  HOUSE  IX  A  TOWN 
SLUM.  — SKETCHES    FROM   TIIF,    SALE    ROOMS. 


ur  5llusti'att0ns. 


NEW    HOARD    SCHOOL,    CLAHICSFIELH,     OI.UIIA-Vl  : 
SELECTED    DESIGN'. 

The  whole  of  these  schools  are  one  story  in 
height,  and  provide  accommodation  for  1,200 
children,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  £16,000.  The 
award  was  made  hy  "Sir.  Bailey,  who  acted  as  the 
assessor,  from  a  total  of  103  sets  of  plans  submitted 
in  the  recent  competition,  Mr.  Jlenry  A.  Cheers, 
■of  Twickenham,  and  Mr.  Joseph  Smith,  of  Black- 
hurn,  who  worked  conjointly  on  the  scheme, 
being  chosen  as  architects.  The  materials  pro- 
posed are  red  Accriniton  bricks,  with  stone  dres- 
sings, covered  with  Welsh  slates.  Glazed  bricks 
will  he  used  as  dadoes  inside,  with  moulded  cap- 
ping, and  walls  plastered  above  with  Keene's  and 
Portland  cement  reveals,  dressings,  kc.  Herring- 
hone  pattern,  pitch-pine  wood-block  floors  will 
be  used  for  the  rooms,  on  cement-concrete  founda- 
tions ;  and  the  corridors  and  halls  will  be  tiled. 
Heating  will  be  eifected  by  hot  water  on  the 
low-pressure  principle,  and  special  ventilation 
appliances  will  be  employed  in  addition  to  the 
■open  fireplaces  provided.  A  feature  of  the  scheme 
is  the  sloping  corridor  used,  the  site  being  2.511. 
higher  longitudinally  at  one  end  than  the  other, 
and  _  a  similar  slope  transversely  necessitated 
special  means  being  employed  for  getting  over 
this  difficulty,  having  regard  to  the  cost ;  so  that 
it  may  be  said  that  the  architects  seem  to  have  very 
ingeniously  obviated  this  awkward  feature  of  the 
site. 

tniRCH    OF    ST.    M.VBV,    eccles. 

Tins  church,  with  a  commodious  and  handsome 
presljytory  attached,  is  erected  on  the  I>iverpool- 
road,  Kcclcs,  on  land  presented  by  Sir  Humphrey 
de  Trafford.  The  upper  portion  of  tower  and 
spire  are  not  built,  but  the  interior  of  church  is 
completely  finished.  It  measures  120rt.  by  02ft., 
and  will  accommodate  about  000.  It  is  exe- 
■cuted  in  white-ends  and  Kuabon  bricks,  with 
Kainhill  stone  dressings.  A  reredos,  executed 
in  Caen  stone,  with  sculptured  figures,  by  Bollon, 
of  Cheltenham,  also  a  pulpit  by  the  same  firm, 
together  with  much  of  the  chancel  work,  metal 
work  by  Messrs.  Hardtnan,  of  Birmingham,  and 
mosaic  by  Messrs.  Williams,  of  Blackfriurs, 
Manchester,  were  the  presents  of  Lady  Annette 
d(;  Trafford.  The  large  c.ist  window  and  stained 
glass  in  the  sanctuary,  tlio  work  nt  Mayer,  of 
Muaich,  were  also  gifts  from  the  same  family,  as 
also  a  side  altar-piece.  Messrs.  W.  Southern 
-and  Sons,  of  Sall'ord,  were  the  contractors.  Tlie 
architect  for  church  and  presbytery  is  Mr.  W. 
.11.  liawlo,  of  Manchester. 

NATIONAL    medal    SKKTCHES    IN'    ST.    ALHANS. 

Miss  (iKiiTurDE  Slade  contributes  the  four 
■capital  pen-and-ink  architectural  studios  of  old 
buildings  in  St.  Albans  which  we  publish  to-day, 
anil  for  which  a  >.iitionnl  Bronzo  Medal  was 
awarded  by  the  ]!o;ir(l  of  lOducation.  The  sub- 
jects are  so  well  known  that  little  description  is 
oeeded,  and  the  sketches  so  faithfully  depict  what 


is  shown  that  the  buildings  speak  for  themselves, 
recalling  to  the  mind  many  visits  to  this  historic 
old  town. 

SEMIIIKTACUED    COTTAGES,    KIlZELL,    N.H. 

The  materials  used  for  these  cottages  are  local 
stone  for  the  lower  parts  of  the  walling,  and 
cream-coloured  rough-cast  above.  The  roofing  is 
covered  with  sand-tinishcd  red  tiles.  Each  cottage 
containsaliving-roomand  two  bedrooms,  scullery, 
bathroom,  &c.  ilr.  David  S.  CuUon,  of  London, 
is  the  architect. 

"  IIVILUIXi;     news"     DESIGXIXG     CLlli:    A    CLERGY 
IIOISE    IN'    A    .SLVM. 

(For  description  and  awards,  .see  page  119.) 

IIT.N'ITURE    SKETOnES    FROM    THE  SALE   ROOMS. 

TifESE  pieces  at  least  differ  verj'  much  in  style 
and  character,  though  each  individua  ly  possesses 
an  interest  of  its  own.  They  come  from  eiiually 
diverse  collections.  The  "(Jueen  AnncOhiir" 
was  sold  at  Jlessrs.  I'utt'ck  and  Simpson's  at  the 
same  time  as  the  Small  (.)ak  Table  in  a  kindred 
style.  The  others  are  from  abroad,  and  tufii- 
ciently  apeak  for  themselves. 


An  offer  has  been  made  by  near  relatives  of  the 
late  Mrs.  Ley,  of  St,  Vincent's,  Lynton,  to  defray 
the  cost  of  rebuilding  the  chancel  of  the  parish 
church  at  Lynton  as  a  memorial  to  her.  The  altera- 
tions to  the  church  will  include  an  extension  of  the 
present  nave  to  accommodate  the  increasing  summer 
congregation,  the  building  of  a  new  organ-chamber 
and  vestry,  and  rebuilding  and  restoring  the  present 
organ.     The  total  estimated  cost  is  about  £i,.50O. 

The  west  window  of  the  little  church  of  Loxton, 
Somerset,  has  been  filled  with  stained  glass  in 
memory  of  the  late  Eev.  John  Tiarks,  for  twenty - 
five  years  rector  of  the  parish.  The  subject  is  the 
Ascension,  and  the  artists  were  Messrs.  Hean  and 
Maerchant. 

The  Liverpool  Vnion  Wesleyan  Central  Hdll, 
which  is  to  be  erected  in  Renshaw-street  as  a 
memorial  of  the  late  Rev.  Charles  Garrett,  is  to 
accommodate  2,000  parsons  ;  in  addition  to  which 
there  will  be  a  small  hall  to  seat  7')0.  The  total 
cost  will  be  £12,700. 

The  first  memorial  window  to  the  late  Lord 
Silisbury  is  to  be  publicly  unveiled  in  the  church 
of  St.  Peter,  Newlyu,  Mounts  Bay,  Cornwall,  at 
the  end  of  this  month.  The  window,  which  is  to  be 
placed  above  the  font,  in  what  is  kuown  as  the 
Artists'  Parish  Church,  contains  a  representation  of 
the  Good  Shepherd,  and  the  figure  is  surrounded  by 
ruby  diapered  work,  whilst  above,  in  dark  and  light 
green,  are  the  clusters  of  the  vine,  and  the  foliage 
of  the  vine  surrounds  the  whole  of  the  figure.  TLe 
Good  Shepherd  bears  one  lamb  in  the  right  arm  ;  in 
the  left  is  the  pastoral  crook,  and  below  are  the 
lambs  feeding  in  the  green  pastures.  Messrs.  Chater 
and  Sjns,  St.  Dunstan's-hill,  K.C.,  are  the  artists. 

The  Manchester  City  Art  Gallery  has  purchased 
a  replica,  on  a  smaller  scale,  of  "The  Vision  of 
Endymion,"  by  Sir  Edward  John  Poynter,  presiilent 
of  the  Royal  Academy.  The  shepherd  is  in  the  fore- 
ground in  deep  slumber,  whilst  the  goddess  is  seen, 
"  a  bright  something  sailing  down  apaca,"  as  she  is 
described  in  Keats's  poem. 

The  Geological  Society  will  this  year  award  its 
medals  and  funds  as  follows  :  —The  Wollaston 
medal  to  Professor  Albert  lleim,  of  Zurich:  the 
Murchison  medal  to  Professor  G.  A.  Lebour  ;  the 
Lyell  medal  to  Professor  A.  G.  Nathorst,  of  Stock- 
holm ;  Wollaston  fund  to  Miss  E.  M.  R.  Wood  ;  the 
Murchinson  fund  to  Dr.  Arthur  Hutchinson  ;  the 
Lyell  fund  to  Professor  S.  II.  Reynolds  and  Dr. 
C.  A.  Matley;  and  the  Birlow- Jameson  fund  to 
Mr.  H.  J.  L.  Beadnell. 

The  movement  on  foot  to  raise  in  his  native 
town  of  Newcastle-ou-Tyne  a  monument  to  the 
memory  of  the  late  Joseph  Cowen  is  advancing 
slowly.  The  proposal  is  to  erect  a  statue  in  the 
most  public  place,  and,  if  funds  permit,  to  endow 
in  his  honoured  name  an  educational  establishment. 
To  achieve  this  double  purpose,  it  is  estiuiiteil  that 
a  sum  of  at  least  £1,000  will  bo  rc<iuirod.  I'p  to 
the  present  nearly  £1,S00  has  been  subscribed.  This 
a.ssurcs  the  erection  of  the  monument. 

The  Wakefield  and  District  Light  Railway  Com- 
pany, whose  light  railways  are  now  being  con- 
structed, and  will  shortly  bo  opoiied  for  public 
trallic,  will  iiiLroiIuce  a  Bill  next  session,  under 
which  power  is  sought  to  construct  tramways  in 
W^akeiield,  Pontefract,  Normaitton,  Whitwoo;!, 
Castleford,  Feutherstone,  and  Kiiottingley.  The 
proposed  lines  will,  taken  together,  bo  just  over  2.') 
miles  in  length,  and  will  cost  £181). OlS  to  construct, 
including  an  exiienditure  ot  .£14,00.')  upon  street 
wideniiigs  in  Pontefract  and  Normiintoii,  and  the 
alteration  of  the  levels  of  streets  in  Castleford. 


COMPETITIONS. 

AvLEs; ()Ri>  Bridge.  —  Twenty-eight  sets  t£ 
plans,  designs,  and  estimates*  have  been  euh- 
mitted  for  a  new  bridge  over  the  Modway  at 
Aylesford  in  response  to  the  Maidstone  Cor- 
poration's advertisement.  In  the  matter  of 
cost  u  very  wide  range  is  offered,  the  lowest 
estimate  being  something  less  than  £6,000  and 
the  highest  something  over  £60,000  I  The 
figure  which  the  corporation  had  in  mi"d  in 
inviting  plans  was  about  f  :iO,O0O.  The  asses.sor 
will  be  nominated  by  the  President  of  the  Insti- 
tution of  Civil  Engineers,  and  will  be  paid  a 
fee  of  fifty  guineas,  of  which  half  will  be  dis- 
bursed by  the  Maidstone  Corporation  and  half  by 
the  Medway  Navigation  Co. 

CHIPS. 

A  special  meeting  of  the  Bournemouth  Town 
Council  has  unanimously  adopted  a  resolution 
formally  confirming  the  propriety  of  promoting  a 
Bill  in  Parliament  to  effect  a  numVer  of  purposes, 
including  the  construction  of  tramway  extension  to 
Christchurch  along  Cromwell-road  (Pokesdown)  to 
join  a  tramway  authorised  by  the  Christchurch  and 
Bournemouth  Tramways  Act,  I'J'M,  in  Barrack- 
road,  Christchurch.  Another  object  is  to  authorise 
a  tram-road  from  a  point  near  the  junction  of 
Bellevue-road  with  the  road  from  Tucktou  to  Wick, 
including  a  bridge  over  the  fiver  Stoiir.  Powers  are 
also  sought  to  erect  pavilions  and  other  buddings 
upon  Meyrick  Park,  King's  Park,  and  (J  leen's 
Park. 

The  Local  Government  Board  have  approved  the 
scheme  of  the  Birkenhead  Town  Conned  to  erect  a 
scivengiiig  depot  and  sta'les  at  a  cost  of  £2.'),3i-)7. 

Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie  has  offered  £7,-'j00  towards 
the  cost  of  erecting  a  free  library  at  .Scarbor  u?h, 
provided  thit  the  corporation  adopt  the  Free 
Libraries  Act. 

The  memorial-stone  of  the  London  Missionary 
Society's  new  mission-house,  17  and  IS,  New 
Bridge-street,  E.G.,  was  laid  on  Tuesday  by  Mr. 
Albert  .Spicer,  the  treasurer  of  the  society.  The 
building,  part  of  which  will  be  used  for  the  society's 
work  and  part  let  as  offices,  is  designed  in  the 
Renaissance  style,  and  will  be  ficed  externally  with 
grey  granite  to  the  second  floor,  and  above  with 
Portland  stone. 

Notices  have  been  issued  in  connection  with  con- 
tracts which  are  invited  for  the  extension  ot  the 
Post-o.Tioe  buildings  at  Hawick.  A  few  years  ago 
the  Government  purchased  the  present  builliugs,  as 
well  as  some  adjoining  shops,  froai  the  proprietor, 
and  it  was  the  intention  then  to  make  an  extension 
when  the  shop  leases  expired.  Tne  establishment, 
however,  of  the  militiry  camp  at  Srobs  with  postal 
arrangements  upset  the  scheme,  and  the  shops  have 
remained  empty  for  a  long  tims.  It  is  proposed  to 
erect  a  two-story  building  on  the  site  of  the  shops 
facing  North  Bridge-street,  and  the  present  adjoin- 
ing Post-office  buildings  will  rtmiin  as  they  are. 

The  proposal  to  restore  a  chancel  to  the  parish 
church  of  Carisbrooke  has  considerable  interest  for 
archieologists,  whether  residing  in  the  Isle  of  Wight 
or  out  of  it.  The  church  formerly  served  as  a  chapel 
of  the  priory  which  stood  hard  by,  but  the  monastic 
buildings  were  destroyed  by  Sir  Francis  Walsing- 
him.  Queen  Elizabeth's  Secretary,  who  also  thought 
he  was  doing  God  servicB  by  pulling  down  the 
chancel.  The  church  outwardly  is  a  stately  build- 
ing, standiug  in  a  picturesque  position,  but  the 
interior,  which  has  been  much  maltreated  through 
the  centuries,  is  very  disappointing. 

The  city  council  of  Nottingham  have  adopted  a 
report  by  the  Electricity  Committee  recommend- 
ing that  application  be  made  to  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board  for  sanction  to  borrow  the  capital 
sum  of  £100,000  for  completing  the  equipment  of 
the  first  section  of  the  St.  Ann's  generating  station 

Application  has  been  made  to  the  Chancellor  of 
the  Glimceeter  Diocese  for  a  faculty  for  removing 
some  strongly  coloured  gloss  from  the  east  window 
of  the  parish  church  at  Cirencester,  and  putting 
some  obi  stained  class  in  its  place,  as  a  memorial 
to  the  late  Mr.  Wilfred  Cripps. 

Tyncmouth  Town  Council  have  approved  of  an 
important  scheme  ot  extension  by  Smith's  Dcvck  Co., 
Ltd.  The  scheme  includes  the  closing  of  Dotwick- 
strcet,  and  the  purchase  and  demolition  of  a  liirgo 
amount  of  property,  tin  space  cleared  to  lie  utilised 
for  the  extension  ot  the  docks  and  w^oiks.  It  will 
involve  a.  large  expenditure  of  capital,  and  giva 
employment  to  a  largo  number  of  men. 

Xiir  Irihiml,  in  an  article  on  the  industrial 
reviv.il  in  the  sister  kingdom,  states  that  Irish 
granite  is  sharing  to  the  full  in  the  increased 
demand  for  materials  from  Ireland.  Messrs. 
McCartan  and  Co.,  ot  Cistlewcllan,  Co.  Down, 
have  opened  granite  quarries  an!  works  at  Bally- 
magrcehan  on  the  face  of  Cirragh  Mountain,  about 
l.OOOtt.  above  sea  level. 


128 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  22.  1904. 


146 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  22,  1904. 


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Jntocommutticatiott. 


Q  Vi:STIOXS. 

112035.] -Hammer-Beam  Roof.  &0.— I  have  read 
with  much  iiiterest  "  Kegenl's  Park's  "  kind  replies  to 
to  my  queries  in  this  column  of  the  Buildis-o  News  of 
the  8th  inst.,  but  I  should  be  much  favoured  if  he,  or  any 
of  your  other  numerous  readers,  will  kindly  (avoiding  all 
formula)  state  simply  the  required  thickness  of  brick 
walls,  also  the  scantlings  or  strengths  of  the  following 
pitch-pine  roof  timbers  by  filling  in  the  followiog  blank 
spaces  ?— viz.,  principal  rafters,  —  by  —  (each  pair  bting 
about  10ft.  apart,  and  furnished  with  wrought-iroa  tie- 
rods,  and  each  rafter  would  be  »/.,.«■  43ft.  long,  owing  to 
pitch  of  roof  being  45-)  ;  collar-beams,  —  by  —  ;  queen 
posts.  —  by  —  ;  struts,  —  by  —  ;  hammer-beams,  —  by 
— :  purlins,  —  by — ;  common  ratters,  —  by  — ;  and 
ridge,  —  by  — ,  just  in  the  same  manner  as  they  would 
appear  in  a  speciflcati.m ;  Jin.  boarding  as  before  men- 
tioned. The  roof  would  be  covered  with  Welsh  slates. 
May  I  repeat  that  the  proposed  gymnasium  is  to  be  SM. 
long  by  6uft.  wide  (inside  measurements),  and  the  brick 
walls  15tt.  high  from  the  floor  to  the  bed  of  wall-plates. 
It  is  proposed  to  light  the  building  by  windows  on  each 
side.— jVliDL.vN-D  M.\N-. 

[12036.]  — Ivy.— Correspondent  asks  if  he  may  remove 
from  his  wall  ivv  growing  into  it  and  through  the  eaves 
from  his   neighbour's   ground.    What   proper  steps  '- 


■WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

ASPATEIA     AND     SiLLOTH    WaTEE    SUPI'LY. — The 

important  gravitation  water  scheme  promoted  by 
the  Aspatria,  Silloth,  and  District  Joint  Water  Board, 
under  an  Act  secured  in  1901,  is  nearing  its  com- 
pletion, and  the  turning  on  of  the  water  at  the 
terminus  at  Silloth  marks  the  termination  of  a  pro- 
jeL:t  which,  first  mooted  in  1S99,  had  for  its  object 
the  tapping  of  the  Cumberland  hills  and  the  con- 
veying of  the  precious  fluid  through  a  hitherto 
badly  supplied  district  to  the  North-  West  Cumber- 
land coast  town  of  Silloth.  The  streamlets  that 
drain  the  western  slopes  of  the  "  dark-browed 
Carrock,"  and  that  go  to  form  the  River  Ellen  (the 
watershed  is  about  2,261  acres),  have  been  collected 
in  a  reservoir  at  Chapel  House,  near  Uldale,  and 
from  thence  are  conveyed  in  iron  pipes  along  a  route 
which  includes  several  villages  and  the  towns  of 
Aspatria  and  Silloth.  The  distancs  from  the  intake 
to  the  sea  is  19  miles.  The  Eilen  is  compensated 
from  Overwater  Lake,  an  expanse  of  52  acres,  and 
by  its  own  flood-water.  The  water  board  expect  to 
draw  for  some  years  at  least  600,000  gallons  per 
diem  to  supply  their  own  district.  This  latter 
quantity  is  divided  as  follows : — Aspatria  270,000 
gallons  per  day;  Silloth  3:30,000  gallons  per  day. 
Various  outside  parishes  are  partially  supplied, 
notably  Allhallows,  BoUons,  part  of  Westnewton, 
and  Holme  Cultram  Rural.  The  expenditure  on 
the  works  has  been  about  ,£'3.5,000.  'Tne  engineers 
are  Messrs.  Pi  }keriu_;  and  Crompton,  of  Whitehaven. 

Xew  York. — A  commission  appointed  to  consider 
an  addition  to  the  water  supply  of  New  York  has 
reported  in  favour  of  filtering  the  whole  of  the  pre- 
sent supply  at  the  earliest  date  possible.  Any 
further  supply  should,  they  recommend,  be  a  high- 
service  one,  to  be  distributed  from  a  reservoir 
situated  to  the  north  of  the  city,  where  there  is  a 
site  available  at  29.5ft.  above  tide  level.  They  esti- 
mate that  in  another  25  years  the  population  to  be 
served  by  the  New  York  supplies  will  number  seven 
millions,  and  that  the  amount  needed  will  be  120 
imperial  gallons  per  head  per  day.  The  present 
supply  to  New  York  amounts  to  9()  imparial  gallons 
per  head  per  day.  To  supply  the  quantity  esti- 
mated in  their  forecast,  the  present  sources  of  supply 
should  be  augmented  by  400  million  imperial  gallons 
daily.  In  support  of  their  high  estimate  of  the 
quantity  required  per  head,  the  commission  state 
that  their  observations  on  water  waste  in  New  Y''ork 
show  that  apparently  not  more  than  15  per  cent,  of 
the  present  supply  is  now  actually  wasted. 


On  Saturday  Mr.  M.  K.  North,  M.Inst.C.E.,  held 
a  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  at  the  town- 
hall,  Cromer,  into  the  application  of  the  urban  dis- 
trict council  for  sanction  to  borrow  L'3,500,  and 
£500  for  the  purpose  of  the  proposed  council  at  the 
junction  of  West-street  and  Ohapel-street,  and  the 
widening  of  West-street,  and  £1,500  for  the  pur- 
chase of  land  on  Canada-road  for  a  fire  brigade 
station. 

At  a  vestry  meeting  held  at  Wrexham  Parish 
Church  on  Friday,  it  was  decided  to  apply  for  a 
faculty  to  place  a  stained  -  glass  wniJow  in 
Wrexham  church,  as  a  memorial  to  the  late  Dean 
Howell,  Daan  of  S';.  David's,  and  who  had  for  IG 
years  been  vicar  of  Wrexham.  The  window  will 
be  placed  in  the  east  end  of  the  north  aisle,  and  will 
cost  £300. 

The  Pretoria  carpenteis  and  bricklayers  have 
acceded  to  the  master  builders*  proposals  for  a 
0  per  cent,  reduction,  but  the  plumbers  and  plas- 
terers are  standing  out. 

A  thinly-covered  but  beautifully-walled  well, 
45ft.  deep  and  3ft.  Gin.  diameter,  was  discovered 
on  Friday  under  the  pavement  to  the  south  of 
Lincoln  Cathedral,  at  a  spot  over  which  thousands 
of  people  pass  in  the  course  of  a  year. 

Mr.  W.  A.  Ducat  held  an  inquiry  at  the  council 
offices,  Kingswood,  Bristol,  on  Friday  concerning 
an  application  of  the  Kingswood  Urban  District 
Council  to  borrow  £1,700  for  street  improvements. 
The  surveyor,  Mr.  H.  D.  Strange,  explained  that 
the  money  was  required  for  paving  and  kerbing,  and 
for  making  sewer  connections. 

Work  has  just  been  begun  on  the  infirmary  site 
at  Piccadilly,  Manchester,  by  which  the  roads  sur- 
rounding the  grounds  will  be  materially  widened. 
The  alteration  will  involve  the  demolition  of  the 
night  porter's  lodge,  which  stands  at  the  main 
entrance,  but  a  more  convenient  house  will  be  built 
near  the  new  gates.  After  the  roads  have  been 
widened,  consideration  will  be  given  to  the  im- 
provement of  some  of  the  through  tramway  routes. 

Mr.  William  Gardner,  iron  founder,  died  at  his 
residence.  Wester  Park,  Linlithgow,  on  Saturday, 
at  the  age  of  S3  years.  Deceased  started  business 
in  Liulitligow  as  an  iron  founder  some  GO  years  ago, 
and  some  time  afterwards  removed  his  works  to 
Causewayend,  near  Manuel,  in  the  eastern  district 
of  Stirlingshire,  where  he  and  his  sons  have  built  up 
a  large  business. 


STATUES,    MEMORIALS,    &0. 

New  Statues  foe  Yoke  Mixstee. — The  monu- 
ments of  Yoik  Minster  have  received  two  additions 
during  the  last  few  days,  through  the  munificence 
of  the  Duke  of  Northumberland  and  Mr.  F.  Darwin , 
of  Creskeld.  They  are  in  the  form  of  two  statues 
of  Bishop  Walter  de  Skirlaugh,  the  famous  archi- 
tect- bishop  of  Durham,  who  built  the  present  Per- 
pendicular casing  of  the  great  central  tower  of  the 
Minster,  and  Lord  Henry  Percy,  of  Alnwick,  a 
great  benefactor  to  the  Minster.  The  monuments, 
jvhich  are  close  upon  6ft.  in  height,  are  made  of 
Huddlestone  stone,  and  are  placed  on  pedestals  in 
the  Ladye-chapel.  They  are  to  be  unveiled  on 
Saturday,  the  5th  prox. 


CHIPS. 

While  Mr.  Edward  Johnson,  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  ilessrs.  Johnson  and  Sons,  contractors, 
Manchester,  and  their  foreman  of  works  were  cross- 
ing the  river  Derwent  ou  a  raft  at  Belper  on 
Monday,  the  rope  by  which  they  were  pulling 
themselves  across  parted,  preciiiitating  both  into 
20ft.  of  water.  Mr.  Johnson  saved  himself  by 
clutching  the  roots  of  an  overhanging  tree,  but  the 
foreman  was  carried  away  by  the  strong  current 
and  drowned. 

The  dissolution  of  partnership  is  announced  of 
H.  J.  Barbrocke  and  A.  Houghton,  builders  and 
contractors.  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  Suffolk,  under  the 
style  of  Barbrooke  and  Houghton. 

During  a  violent  storm  on  Friday  morning  God's 
Hill  Church,  about  six  miles  from  Ventnor,  was 
struck  by  lightning.  The  pinnacles  of  the  tower 
were  torn  down,  the  face  of  the  clock  torn  off,  the 
font  split  in  the  centre,  the  windows  smashed,  and 
the  roof  of  the  church  much  injured. 

Mr.  Wemyss,  of  Wemyss  Castle,  has  placed  the 
contract  for  the  making  of  a  new  road  between 
Buckhaven  and  Methil  with  Messrs.  J.  and  J. 
Farmer,  Methil.  This  road  forms  a  section  of  the 
proposed  Kirkcaldy  to  Leven  tramway  route.  The 
main  road  will  run  due  west,  but  a  branch  street 
branches  oil',  running  through  a  proposei  block  of 
220  houses  to  Muiredge.  These  houses  are  to  he 
begun  this  week,  at  Mr.  Wemyss's  instance,  to 
accommodate  workmen  at  the  new  pits  east  of 
Denbeath  colliery. 

The  Royal  Academy  has  at  present  three  vacancies 
in  the  list  of  Associates  to  fill  up,  caused  by  the 
promotion  of  Sir  E.  A.  Waterlow,  Mr.  N.  W. 
Macbeth,  and  Mr.  Aston  Webb.  These  vacancies 
will  be  filled  up  at  a  meeting  to  be  held  a  fortnight 
hence. 

The  Leicester  Tramways  Committee  have  decided 
that  Mr.  T.  Robert  Smith,  A.M.Inst.E.E.,  should 
be  appointed  resident  electrical  engineer  to  the  new 
undertaking.  The  salary  will  be  £250  a  year,  rising 
to  £350. 

An  improvement  has  been  made  at  St.  John's 
Church,  Perry  Barr,  Birmingham,  by  the  erection 
of  oak  stalls  tor  the  clergy  and  choir  as  a  memorial 
of  the  late  vicar,  the  Rev.  John  Keble.  The  work 
has  been  executed  by  Messrs.  Roddis  and  I^  ourse,  of 
Aston.    The  stalls  were  dedicated  on  Sunday. 

Mr.  Frederick  Wheeler,  F.R.I.B.A.,  of  U,  Staple 
Inn,  W.C,  and  Horsham,  has  taken  his  son,  Mr. 
C.  W.  F.  Wheeler,  A.K.LB.A.,  into  partnership, 
so  far  as  his  London  practice  is  concerned,  which 
will  in  future  be  carried  on  at  the  above  London 
address  under  the  name  of  Frederick  Wheeler  and 
Sou. 

The  proposed  cavalry  barracks  at  Bulford,  on 
S  ilisbury  Plain,  have  been  finally  abandoned  by  the 
War  Oftice.  In  June  last  a  board  of  officers,  acting 
under  the  direction  of  Field  Marshal  Sir  Evelyn 
Wood,  selected  a  site  on  the  rise  of  the  hill  west  of 
Bulford  Camp.  The  ground  has  been  pegged  out 
and  the  drains  laid  to  connect  the  barracks  with  a 
large  septic  tank  at  the  foot  of  the  hill,  capable  of 
dealing  with  the  sewage  from  the  hutments  and  the 
proposed  new  buildings.  It  has  not  transpired  why 
the  scheme  has  been  abandoned. 

Mr.  Frank  Brangwyn,  M.  Hjalmxr  Molin,  and 
Miss  Adeline  S.  Illingworth  have  been  elected 
Associates  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Painter-Etchers 
and  Engravers. 

The  Kent  soldiers'  memorial  tablet  subscribed  for 
by  the  county,  and  erected  in  Rochester  Cathedral, 
in  memory  of  the  offi  -'ei's,  non-commissioned  officers, 
and  meu  who  fell  iu  South  Africa,  was  unveiled  and 
dedicated  by  the  Dean  on  Saturday  afternoon.  The 
tablet  is  of  Gothic  design,  the  material  being 
alabaster.  It  is  surmounted  by  the  badge  of  Kent, 
the  rampant  white  horse,  and  underneath,  in  proper 
tinctures,  are  the  badges  of  the  nine  regiments 
represented.  The  tablet  was  designed  by  Mr. 
W.  D.  Carije,  F.S.A.,  architect  of  Canterbury 
Cathedral. 

A  serious  outbreak  of  fire  took  place  on  Saturday 
at  the  extensive  timber-yard  of  Charles  Black  and 
Sous  (Limited).  The  place  was  nearly  gutted,  and 
damage  done  to  the  extent  of  £10,000. 


Jan.  22,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIXG    KEAVS. 


147 


LEO-AI.  INTELLIOENOH. 

The  Institute  ok  Saxitary  Engineers  and  its 
Members. — At  Bloomsbury  County  -  court,  on 
Monday,  Ijefore  Judge  Bacon,  the  Institute  of 
Sanitary  Kngineera,  Ltfl.,  I'J,  Bloomsbury-square, 
sued  a  tormer  member,  H.  Knight,  of  Newton-road, 
Bushdeu,  Northampton,  for  i'J  la.  9J.,  being  five 
years  subscription  at  a  guinea  per  annum,  £1  Itli. 
for  a  "call"  made  on  all  members  under  Rule  SO, 
£1  (is.  for  interest  on  subscriptions,  and  the  balance 
of  about  il  for  costs  and  court  fees.  Mr.  Williams, 
for  plaintiffs,  said  the  Institute  was  originally 
registered  on  Oct.  28,  1895,  and  was  re-registered 
as  a  limited  company  on  June  28,  1902.  There  were 
24  other  cases  depending  on  this  test  action.  Mr. 
Arthur  E.  Ashby  said  under  Rule  37  a  member 
cannot 


resign  unless  his  subscriptions  were  fully  paid    „, 
up.  Defendant  had  paid  no  subscripUonsdnM  1899^    ^^^^  ^^^^j  ^^^-^  judgment  accordingly, 


by  plaintiff'  so  to  do.  Further,  the  defendant 
engaged  the  workmen  without  reference  to  the 
plaintiff,  and  refused  to  substitute  piecework  for 
day  work  as  suggested  by  plaintiff.  Mr.  Justice 
Jelt  summed  up  at  great  length,  and  put  to  the  jury 
the  following  questions  :  Which  version  of  the  sum 
still  due  to  plaintiff  as  balance  was  correct— the 
.£{)7  lOs.  he  claimed,  or  the  £30  named  by  defendant  ? 
And  secondly,  was  any  sum  due  to  defendant  as 
damages  for  negligence  due  to  the  plaintiff's  negli- 
gence, and  if  so,  how  much  ^  The  jury  retired,  and 
after  an  hour  and  a  half's  absence  returned  a 
verdict  for  plaintiff  for  £G7  lOs.,  adding  that  the 
plaintiff'  hid  performed  his  duties  satisfactorily,  in 
as  far  as  attendance  was  concerned.  They  awarded 
the  defendant  £30  on  his  counter-claim  only,  for 
allowing  the  basement  to  be  flooded  with  water. 
"      Lordship  thought  the  verdict  a  very  sensible 


and  had  never  sent  m  his  resignation.  His 
inquired  how  people  could  be  made  members  of  a  I 
new  company  without  consulting  them  and  without 
their  consent.  Mr.  'Williams  submitted  that  under 
section 4  of  theCompinies' A^-.t  (1S79)  re-registration 
did  not  affect  or  prejudice  any  debts  or  obligations. 
Defendant  pointed  out  that  the  secretary  he  dealt 
with  was  now  dead  ;  he  sent  in  his  resignation  in 
December,  1900,  as  the  Institute  was  no  good  to 
him,  but  had  no  reply.  Judge  Bacon  said  as  de- 
fendant gave  notice  to  terminate  his  membership, 
judgment  would  be  for  defendant  with  costs. — In 
the  next  case  Mr.  J.  Buckledee,  sanitary  engineer, 
of  Skillingion,  Uxbridge,  was  the  defendant,  who 
was  sued  tor  £2  29.,  two  years'  subscriptions  (for 
1902  and  1903),  £1  10s.  for  the  call,  and  83.  for 
interest.  The  defence  was  that  Mr.  Buckledee 
resigned  by  letter  in  1901 ;  but  as  he  had  done  so 
after  the  directors  made  the  call  of  SOs.  in  April, 
1901,  judgment  was  given  for  the  plaintiffs  for 
£1  IDs.,  the  amount  of  the  call. 

Akchitect    axd    Botldixg  Owner. — Braam  v. 
Roberts. — In  the  King's  Bench  Division  Court  on 
Thursday  and  Friday  in  last  week,  this  action  was 
heard  by  Mr.  Justice  Jelf  and  a  common  jury,  in 
which  plaintiff,  Mr.  Sydney  A.  Braan,  architect,  of 
Kelvedon  Common,  Brentwood,  sued  Mr.  Frederick 
Roberts    for   £67    IO3. ,    balance    of    fees   for  work 
done  as  architect  of  a  house  in  Park-road,  Suu- 
bury-on-Thames.     Defendant  counter-claimed   for 
£3j0   for    plaintiff's   alleged   negligence   and  want 
of    skill    as    an    architect.    It   appeared   that  in 
the    early    part    of    1901    plaintiff    was   acting  as 
architect  for  defendant  as  to  a   house  about  to  be 
built  at  Sunbury.     On  May  28,  1901,  a  contract  was 
entered  into  with  one  Harrison  to  build  the  carcase 
of  the  house  for  £i)00,  and  he  thereupon  commenced 
such  work.     On  June  22  of  the  same  year,  how- 
ever, a  month  later,  it  was  verbally  agreed  between 
the  builder  and  architect  that  plaintiff   should  be 
paid  as  architect  a  special  fee,  to  include  all  services 
as  to  the  house,  to  be  fixed,  at  defendant's  option, 
at  either  («)  10  per  cent,  on  the  total  cost,  or  (4)  10 
per  cent,  on  £900.  Defendant  alleged  that  he  elected 
to  fix  such  fee,  on  scale  B,  at  £90  (although  this  was 
not  admitted  by  plaintiff),  and  in  July,  1901,  paid 
plaintiff  £60  on  account.     At  the  end  of  December, 
1901,  when  only  the  carcase  of  the  house  was  com- 
pleted,   plaintiff    withdrew    from    the    work,  and 
defendant  argued  that  the  value  of  the  house  at  that 
time    did     not    exceed  £1,200.      Defendant    con- 
tended that  plaintiff  was  overpaid  for  his  services.  He 
had  sent  him  £5  in  February  and  £60  in  July,  and  de- 
fendant urged  that  the  sum  of  £15  Is.  had  been  paid 
by  the  contractor  Harrison  for  quantities  which  ought, 
he  held,  to  be  taken  into  consideration.     Defendant, 
in  his  counter-claim,  contended  that  plaintiff  had 
been  guilty  of  negligence  and  want  c2  skill  in  four 
respects — in  planning  the  basement  of  the  house  at 
such  a  low  level  that  it  was  flooded  with  water  ;  in 
allowing  facing  bricks  which  were  not  of  the  best 
quality   to   be  used ;  in  allowing   ceiling  joists  of 
inadequate  size  (3iu.  by  2Jin.)  to  he  fixed  in  the 
ceilings  of  the  rooms  of  upper  floors,  and,  lastly,  in 
allowing    the    wages  of    the    workmen   employed 
between  June  26  and  December  31,  1901,  to  amount 
to   £445  Is.     On  the  first  three  counts  defendant 
eounter-claimed    £100,     and     on    the    last    count 
£250.      As   the    case    proceeded,   defendant  with- 
drew altogether  the  charge  of  receiving  £15  Is.  from 
the  contractor  Harrison  for  quantities.    Plaintiff  in 
his  evidence  stated   that  he  verbally  declined  de- 
fendant's offer  (*)  of  10  per  cent,  on  £900,  but  stated 
he  had  accepted  10  per  cent,  on  the  total  cost.    He 
further  stated  that  he  was  willing  to  complete  the 
work     of     supervision,    but     in     December,    1901, 
defendant  dismissed  all  the   workmen  and  stopped 
the  un('e  staking.     The  charges  of  negligence  were 
categorically  denied.     The  flooding  of  the  basement 
was,    plaintiff    alleged,    due   to    work    carried   out 
against  the  plaintiff's  advice ;  the  facing  bricks  w^re 
specified  to  be  of  the  best  quality,  but   the  brii-ka 
used  were  purchased   hy  defendant  himself  on  the 
recouiraendation    of    Warner,  the  foreman   of  the 
works,  although  plaintiff  said   he   pointed  out  the 
l>rice  was  low,  and  theceiling  joists  were  of  adequate 
size    for  the  load   they  had   to  carry.     As  to   the 
allegations    of    excessive     payment    to    workmen, 
the   defendant    did   not  submit  the  pay-sheets   to 
plaintiff,    although    he    was    frequently    requested 


"Sewer"   under  the  Workmen's  Compensa- 
tion Act. — Judge  Sir  W.  L.  Selfe  had  a  case  under 
the  Workmen's   Compensation    Act  before  him  on 
Friday    at    the     Faversham     County -court.      The 
applicants  were  Richard  Bonney  Rochester,  brick- 
layer, and  John  Juniper,  bricklayer's  labourer,  and 
the  respondent  was  Robert  Mark  Whiting,  builder, 
Faversham.     In  October  last  the  applicants  (in  the 
employ    of    Mr.    Whiting)   were    engaged  at    the 
Faversham    'Waterworks    in    cleaning    out  a  pipe, 
the  purpose  of  which  was  to  carry  off  refuse  matter 
when  the  reservoir  was  cleaned  out.     This  pipe  was 
IGft.  beneath  the  surface,  and  while  the  two  men 
were  at  work  upon  it  a  quantity  of  earth  fell  in, 
crippling  them.     The  point  in  question  was  whether 
the  pipe  in  question  was  a  "  sewer,"  and  thus  came 
within    the    Act    as    an    engineering    work.     Mr. 
Maylam,  for  applicants,   submitted   that  it  was  a 
sewer,  and  quoted  a  number  of  definitions  of  the 
term.     He  contended  that  in  its  broadest  sense  the 
term  included   all   drains.     Mr.    Bsrryman,  for  re- 
spondent, submitted  that  the  pipe  was  not  a  sewer 
in  any  shape  or  form.     He  also  disputed  that  it  was 
even  a  drain,  contending  that  the  latter  was  under- 
stood to  be   a   channel,    which  carried  fluid  matter 
right  away,  whereas  the  pipe  in  question  was  only 
50ft.  in  length,  and  only   carried  the   water— not 
sewage — into  a  dry  well.     He  submitted  that  under 
this  Act  the  interpretation  of  Mr.  Mmton-Senhouse 
as  to  the  meaning  of  a  sewer  was  the  correct  one — 
namely,  a  sewer  of  a  public  or  a  y»«si-public  cha- 
racter.    His  Honour  said  he  was  inclined  to  think 
that  the  pipe  referred  to  could  not  properly  be  de- 
scribed as  a  sewer,  as  it  did  not  fulfil  any  of  the 
purposes  of  a  sewer  in  the  sense  of  carrying  sewage. 
Clearly,  and  in  point  of  fact,  it  was  only  an  under- 
ground passage  for  carrying  off  dirty  water  from 
the  reservoir  into  a  well.      Thence  the  water  per- 
colated into  the  ground  and  was  lost— not  collected 
for  any  purpose  or  carried  away.     It  was  solely 
usel  for  private  purposes.      The  best  definition  in 
his  j  udgment  of  the  word  "  sewer  "  was  that  given  in 
"Sutton  V.  the  Mayor  of   Norwich."     Guided  by 
the  definition  in  that  case,  he   held  that  this  pipe 
was  not  a  sewer,  and  his  award  would  be  in  favour 
of  the  respondent.     O  wing  to  the  serious  nature  of 
the    accident  in  the  case,    however,   it  would   he 
satisfactory  to  him  if   the  question  raised  by  Mr. 
Minton-Senhouse  were  decided   by    the  Court  of 
Appeal. 

The    Drainage  of   Low   Level  Districts.— A 
case  of  interest  to  municipal  authorities  has  been 
decided  by  the  Recorder  of  Portsmouth.  A  syndicate 
having  acquired  several  hundred  acres  of  low-lying 
land  in  the  borough  of  Portsmouth,  known  as  the 
Great  Saltings  Estate,  adjoining  Lanston  Harbour, 
and  separated  from  the  sea  by  an  earth  embank- 
ment, desired  to  develop    it  as  a  building  estate. 
They  accordingly  made  application  to  the  Corpora- 
tion of  Portsmouth  for  sanction  to  construct  a  road 
60ft.  wide  across  the  same.     The  level  of  the  pro- 
posed road  being  about  3tt.  below  high- water  mark, 
and  the  land  7ft.,  the  borough  engineer,  Mr.  Phflip 
Murch,  advised  the  corporation   not  to  approve  of 
the    application,    unless    the    proposed    road    was 
brought  up  to  a  level  of  9tt.  above  Ordnance  datum, 
or  2tt.  above  high  water.     Thereupon  the  corpora- 
tion declined  to  sanction  the  application.     An  Act 
of  l&-i3  gives  the  corporation  power  to  determine  the 
level  of  all  new  roads  and  streets ;   the  same  Act 
gives  applicants  the  right  to  appeal  to  the  Court  of 
(iuarter  Sessions  should   they   feel  aggrieved,  and 
the  applicants  exercising  the  right  of  appeal,  they 
contended,   among  other  things,   that  to  raise  the 
proposed  road  and  the  land  to  the  level  dettrmined 
by  the  borough  engineer  would  throw  upon  thorn  a 
cost  of  about  £223,000,  which  would  bo  prohibitive, 
also  that  the  Corporation,  who  are  about  to  establish 
a  pumping  station   close   to  the  estate   for  dealing 
with  the  sewage  of  a  portion  of  the  borough  in  the 
immediate  vicinity,  should  set  down  the  pumps  to  a 
level  sufficient  to  raise  the  Sv  wage  of  the  estate  when 
developed.     Evidence  was  given  on  behalf  of  tlie 
coipiration  by    the   borough   engineer,    Mr.  Philip 
Murch,  that  unless  the  levels  of  the  proposed  road  and 
land  were  raised  to   the   level   he   h'ld  determined, 
the  estate   and  houses   to    be   built  thereon  would 
bo  liable  to  be  flooded  at  high  water,  and  to  raise 
the  sewage  from  the  great  depth  suggested  by  the 


applicants  would  throw  upon  the  corporation  a, 
very  large  annual  expenditure  for  increased  pump- 
ing, in  addition  to  the  cost  of  constructing  a  deep 
intercepting  sewer  to  convey  the  sewage  of  the 
estate  to  the  pumps.  Mr.  W.  B.  G.  Bennett,  civil 
engineer,  of  .Southampton,  retained  by  the  corjiora- 
tion,  confirmed  the  evidence  of  Mr.  Murch,  and  was 
asked  by  the  Recorder  to  say,  having  regard  to  his 
many  years' experience  with  similar  low-lying  dis- 
tricts, how  he  would  have  advised  the  corporation 
of  Portsmouth  had  he  been  in  the  position  of  Mr. 
Murch  'f  The  witness  said  he  should  have  advised 
them  as  Murch  had  done,  but  he  should  have  sug- 
gested keeping  the  level  up  to  lOtt.  above  Ordnance 
datum,  bringing  the  surface  of  the  road  and  land 
3ft.  above  high  water,  thus  enabling  storm-water 
drains  to  be  laid  which  would  discharge  the  rainfall 
unimpede  I  direct  into  the  tide  from  the  estate,  every 
inch  of  which  it  was  intended  to  cover  with  dwel- 
ling houses  as  shown  by  the  apphcants'  plans,  fori 
financial  reasons.  Mr.  John  T.  Eayers,  civi 
engineer,  of  Birmingham,  concurred  with  the  view 
that  the  levels  should  not  be  less  than  2tt.  above 
high  water.  The  borough  engineers  of  Woolwich 
and  Eastbourne  also  gave  evidence  in  support  of  the 
corporation  case,  as  did  also  the  medical  officer  of 
health  for  Eastbourne,  Dr.  Willoughby,  and  Dr. 
Emmett,  vice-chairman  of  the  health  committee  of 
Portsmouth,  who  had  made  himself  acquainted 
with  the  evidence  of  Dr.  Fraser,  medieal  officer  of 
health  for  Portsmouth  (prevented  from  giving  evi- 
dence through  indisposition).  He  described  certain 
diseases  connected  with  dwelling  on  low-lying  areas, 
which  could  be  avoided  by  raising  the  surface  of  the 
estate  as  determined  by  the  corporation.  Eventually 
the  Recorder  gave  judgment  for  the  corporation, 
appellants  being  ordered  to  pay  costs. 

Rating  of  Navvies'  Huts.- At  the  West  Riding 
Quarter  Sessions  at  Sheffield,  last  week,  Mr.  Samuel 
Roberts,  M.P.,  and  other  Justices  heard  the  case  of 
"Mitchell  Brothers  v.  the  Overseers  of  Anston  and 
the  Assessment  Committee  of  "Worksop  Union." 
This  was  an  appeal  by  Messrs.  Mitchell  and  Co., 
railway  contractors  of  Glasgow,  against  a  rate 
levied  upon  them  by  the  respondents  in  respect  of 
certain  huts  used  by  navvies.  The  appellants  were 
engaged  in  constructing  the  Sh'reoaks  and  Laughton 
Railway,  running  through  Anston.  As  there  were 
no  houses  within  a  reasonable  distance  of  the  works, 
they  found  it  necessary  to  construct  huts  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  navvies.  The  huts  were 
built  of  wood,  were  roofed  with  corrugated  iron, 
and  were  capable  of  being  removed  without  damage 
to  the  freehold.  In  a  poor  rate  made  by  the  re- 
spondents on  May  11,  1903,  each  hut  was  assessed 
at  a  gross  estimated  rental  of  £10.  The  statutable 
deductions  reduced  this  to  £6  ISs.  4d.,  upon  which 
a  rate  was  levied.  The  appellants  appealed,  on  the 
grounds  {uiler  alia)  that  the  huts  did  not  come 
within  the  category  of  lands,  tenements,  and  here- 
ditaments, that  they  did  not  possess  the  quality  of 
permanence,  nor  were  they  in  any  sense  permanently 
attached  to  the  ground  as  fixtures;  and  that  they 
formed  part  of  the  appellants'  plant  used  by  them 
in  connection  with  the  construction  of  the  railway 
through  the  parish  of  Anston,  and  could  be  removed 
at  any  time  as  the  work  of  construction  might 
necessitate  such  removal.  It  was  contended  on  the 
part  of  the  rating  authority  that,  inasmuch  as  the 
huts  in  question  were  each  used  for  the  accommoda- 
tion twenty  to  thirty  navvies,  they  were  heredita- 
ments capable  of  producing  a  considerable  revenue. 
Mr.  Ellison  referred  to  "  Corry  v.  Bristow  "  Boyle 
on  Rating,"  p.  95.  The  Bench  held  that  the  appeal 
should  be  allowed.  On  the  application  of  Mr. 
Ellison,  they  consented  to  state  a  case  for  the 
opinion  of  the  High  Court. 

Surveyors'  Duties  and  Commission.— Haslam 
V.  Watney.— Mr.  Justice  Lawrance  and  a  spacial 
jury  heard,  on  Tuesday,  an  action  brought  by 
Messrs.  Haslam  and  Sou,  surveyors,  carrying  on 
business  at  Reading,  against  Messrs.  Daniel  \\  atney 
and  Son,  surveyors,  to  recover  £1US  63.  8d.  commis- 
sion agreed  to  be  paid  by  the  defendants  to  the 
plaintiffs  for  services  rendered  in  connection  with 
the  sale  of  the  Midgham  Estate,  Berkshire.  The 
defendants  contended  that  the  plaiiiUffs  had  been 
»iiilty  of  breach  of  duty  in  attempting  to  defeat  ttiB 
Kile  of  the  estate  which  the  defendanU  had  effected, 
and  were  therefore  not  entitled  to  any  commission. 
Mr.  Haslam,  junior,  examined,  said  he  was  an  auc- 
tioneer and  estate  agent  at  Reading,  and  practised 
with  his  father  as  Haslam  and  Son.  Since  July, 
ISS2  his  firm  had  managed  the  Midgham  Estate. 
The  estate  was  in  the  hands  of  trustees,  who  pro- 
posed to  sell  it.  Mr.  Daniel  Watney  agreed  to  give 
the  iiIaintilTa  one-third  of  the  commission  they  rfl- 
ceived  upon  the  sale  of  the  estJito.  Mr.  Watney  said 
that  the  property  ought  to  be  put  up  to  auction,  as 
then  no  ipiestion  could  arise  as  to  the  price  IM 
plaintiffs  thought  that  a  better  price  could  be  ob- 
tained by  auction  than  private  treaty.  1  he  auction 
was  fixed  for  July2l,  190J.  On  July  17,  theplam- 
titTa  received  a  telegram  that  the  esUte  was  sold  for 
£45  000.  They  did  not  know  that  Messrs.  \\  atney 
were  contemplating  a  private  sale.  Cross-examined: 
The  estate  was  valued  for  probate  purposes  at 
£37,000   odd,    which   included   timber.     The  sale 


148 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


Jan.  22,  1904. 


effected  by  Messrs.  Watney  was  £i.i,0»0  for  the 
estate,  aud  £14,000  for  the  timber.  He  was  em- 
ployed by  Mr.  Watney  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Frederick 
Greene.  His  duty  was  to  act  in  their  interests. 
He  did  not  know  that  before  the  sale  the 
property  had  been  offered  to  Mr.  H.  D.  Greene  at 
that  price,  and  he  refused  it.  He  knew  that  Mr. 
H.  D.  Greene  was  taking  a  line  opposed  to  Mr. 
r.  Greene,  the  tenant  for  hfe.  From  July  21  he 
assisted  Mr.  H.  D.  Greene  in  trying  to  defeat  the 
sale,  when  the  sale  had  to  be  confirmed  by  the 
Court.  Re-examinsd :  The  £32.5  commission  had 
been  paid  by  Mr.  F.  Greene  to  the  defendants.  Mr. 
Eldon  Bankes  submitted  that  the  plaintiffs  were 
agents  of  both  Messrs.  Watney  and  Mr.  F.  Greene. 
The  plaintiffs  engaged  themselves  actively  on  the 
other  side,  and  were  not  entitled  to  a  commiesion — 
"  Andrews  v.  Ramsay."  If  the  agent  colluded  with 
the  other  side,  and  acted  in  opposition  to  the 
interests  of  his  principal,  he  was  not  entitled  to  a 
commission — "Pearse  v.  Foster."  Mr.  Evans  said 
the  plaintiff  did  not  go  over  to  the  other  side.  The 
plaintiffs  did  not  try  to  prevent  the  sale  of  the 
property,  they  only  tried  to  prevent  the  particular 
sale  by  private  treaty,  and  then  the  estate  would 
have  been  sold  by  auction.  Mr.  Eldon  Bmkes  said 
the  plaintiffs  were  bound  to  assist  Messrs.  Watney 
until  the  sale  was  confirmed  by  the  Court,  when 
Mr,  Watney  would  have  earned  his  commission. 
The  plaintiffs  altered  their  attitude  when  they  heard 
from  Mr.  H.  D.  Greene  that  if  the  sale  had  not  taken 
place  they  would  have  been  retained.  Mr.  Justice 
Lawrance,  in  summing  up  to  the  jury,  said  a 
principal  who  employed  an  agent  was  entitled  to  all 
the  knowledge  and  skill  that  the  agent  could  bring 
to  bear  upon  the  matter,  and  the  agent  had  to  act 
solely  in  the  principal's  interests.  The  jury  found  a 
verdict  for  the  defendants.     Judgment  accordingly. 

A  Southampton'  Aebiteatiox.  —  At  the  last 
meeting  of  ihe  town  countil  of  Southampton  the 
Town  Clerk  reported  that  the  arbitrator  (Mr.  Temple 
Cooke)  had  issued  his  award  in  the  arbitration 
between  the  rural  district  council  of  South  Stone- 
ham  and  the  corporation.  The  subject  matter  of 
the  arbitration  was  the  ad j  ustment  ot  property  and 
liabilities  arising  out  of  the  extension  of  the  borough 
boundaries  in  1895,  in  respect  of  which  the  rural 
district  council  claimed  to  be  paid  by  the  corpora- 
tion the  sum  of  £2,S04  Is.  Id.  The  arbitrator  had 
awarded  the  rural  district  council  (he  sum  of 
£559  8s.  Gd.,  and  had  directed  that  each  party  pay 
their  own  costs  and  a  moiety  of  the  costs  of  the 
award.  The  committee  recommended  the  council 
to  accept  the  award,  and  not  to  prosecute  any 
further  proceedings.    The  report  was  adopted. 

Is  THE  Road  to  a  Whakf  a  "  Factory  "  'i— 
Baeeett  v.  Kemp  Beothees.— In  the  Court  of 
Appeal,  judgment  has  been  given  by  the  Master  of 
Rolls,  Lord  Justice  Mathew,  and  Lord  Justice 
Cozens- Hardy  in  this  appeal  from  an  award  made  by 
the  Judge  of  the  Sittingbourne  County-court  under 
the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  1S97.  The 
applicant  was  a  workman  in  the  employment  of 
Messrs.  Kemp  Brothers,  builders  and  contractors. 
The  employers  were  the  lessees  and  occujiiers  ot  a 
wharf  on  the  river  Medway,  used  for  the  purpose  of 
loading  and  unloading  materials  used  by  thtm  in 
their  business.  There  was  no  machinery  or  plant  on 
the  wharf.  Anyone  was  allowed  to  used  the  wharf 
on  payment  of  wharfage.  A  private  road,  250  yards 
long  and  10ft.  to  Tift,  wide,  led  from  the  public 
highway  to  the  wharf,  and  to  no  other  place,  and 
the  employers  were  the  lessees  and  occupiers  of  this 
private  road.  A  gate  7ft.  high  separated  this  road 
from  the  public  highway,  and  the  gate  was  kept 
continuously  locked,  except  when  the  road  was 
being  used  by  the  employers  or  their  servants.  The 
applicant  was  employed  on  the  private  road,  break- 
ing stones  for  repairing  the  road,  when  a  piece  of 
stone  struck  one  of  his  eyes  and  he  lost  the  sight  of 
it.  The  applicant  had  never  been  employed  on  the 
wharf  itself.  It  appeared  that  the  employers  gave 
notice  of  the  accident  to  the  Inspector  of  Factories, 
and  entered  it  in  the  book  kept  by  them  for  the 
purpose.  In  proceedings  to  assess  compensation 
under  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  1897,  it 
was  admitted  that  if  the  wharf  was  a  "  factory," 
the  employers  were  the ''undertakers  "  in  respect 
thereof.  The  County  Court  judge  held  that 
the  employment  on  the  road  leading  to  the 
wharf  was  employment  on  or  about  thfe  wharf,  and 
that  the  wharf  was  a  "factory  "  within  the  mean- 
ing of  section  7  of  the  Act.  He  accordingly  made 
an  award  of  compensation.  The  employers  appealed. 
Mr.  G.  A.  Scott,  for  the  employers,  contended  that 
this  wharf  was  not  a  "  factory  "  within  section  7  of 
the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  1897.  The  wharf 
must  be  one  to  which  certain  provisions  of  the 
Factory  and  Workshop  Act,  1901,  in  fact  applied 
("  Hall  V.  Snowden,  Hubbard  and  Co.")  That  case 
was  very  similar  in  its  facts  to  the  present  case,  the 
wharf  in  each  case  being  used  merely  for  loading  and 
unloading  materials,  and  no  machinery  being  on  the 
wharf.  The  wharf  here  was  not  used  in  such  a  way 
as  to  constitute  it  a  factory.  "  Raine  v.  Jobson  and 
Co."  did  not  overrule  "  Hall  v.  Snowden,  Hubbard, 
and  Co."  That  case  only  decided  than  an  accident 
happenmg  to  a  workman  in  a  ship  in  a  dry  dock 


was  an  accident  in  a  factory  within  the  Act.  It  did 
not  decide  that  every  dock  or  every  wharf  was  a 
factory.  Further,  a  dock  was  different  from  a 
wharf,  as  it  must  have  machinery  or  plant  for  load- 
ing and  unloading  ships.  The  applicant  must  give 
evidence  that  some  provision  of  the  Factory  Acts 
had  been  applied  to  this  wharf.  There  was  no  such 
evidence  here.  Section  101  of  the  Factory  and 
Workshop  Act,  1901,  applied  certain  provisions  of 
the  Act  to  a  wharf.  The  provision  as  to  notice  of 
accidents  did  not  apply  here  because  the  accident 
did  not  happen  on  the  wharf.  None  of  the  other 
provisions  there  specified  applied.  This  wharf  was 
therefore  not  a  "factory."  Secondly,  if  it  was  a 
factory,  the  accident  did  not  happen  "  on  or  in 
or  about "  the  factory  ("  Powell  v.  Brown," 
"  Fenn  v.  Miller.")  The  Court,  having  taken  time  to 
consider,  dismissed  the  appeal.  The  Master  of  the 
Rolls  said  that  the  Court  had  taken  time  to  consider 
the  matter,  in  order  to  see  what  was  the  true  bearing 
of  the  decision  of  the  House  of  Lords  in  "  Raine 
V.  Jobson  and  Co.,"  and  what  was  its  effect  upon  the 
earlier  decision  of  this  Court  in  "  Hall  v.  Snowden, 
Hubbard,  and  Co."  Upon  carefully  looking  into 
those  cases  it  seemed  to  him  quite  clear  that  the 
House  of  Lords  in  "  Raine  v.  Jobson  and  Co."  had 
overruled  the  decision  of  this  Court  in  "  Hall  v. 
Snowden,  Hubbard,  and  Co."  It  was  true  that 
the  case  in  the  HtuBe  of  Lords  was  not  argued  upon 
the  question  which  arose  for  discussion  in  "  Hall  v. 
Snowden,  Hubbard,  and  Co.,"  and  the  decision  of 
the  House  of  Lords  was  based  upon  an  admission 
made  by  Mr.  Ruegg  that  by  the  combined  effect  of 
the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  1897,  and  the 
Factory  Act,  1895,  every  dock  was  a  factory  within 
the  Act  of  1897.  That  was  an  admission  which 
would  equally  apply  to  a  wharf.  It  was  true  that 
an  admission  by  counsel  could  not  of  itself  make  a 
decision.  The  responsibility  for  the  decision  must 
rest  with  the  Court.  But  in  "  Raine  v.  Jobson  and 
Co."  that  admission  was  adopted  by  the  House  of 
Lords  as  the  basis  ot  their  decision.  That  really 
was  decisive  of  the  present  question.  The  County- 
court  Judge  was,  therefore,  right.  The  only  other 
question  was  whether  the  place  where  the  accident 
happened  was  on  or  about  the  factory.  The  accident 
happened  on  a  road  within  the  curtilage  of  the 
factory.  This  was  a  question  of  fact,  and  there 
was  abundant  evidence  to  support  the  finding  of  the 
County-court  Judge.  Lord  Justices  Mathew  and 
Cozens-Hardy  agreed. 


The  architects  of  the  town  hall  at  Sutton  Cold- 
field  are  Messrs.  Mayston  and  Eddison,  of  Great 
James-street,  W.C. 

The  Midsomer  Norton  Urban  District  Council 
have  accepted,  with  regret,  the  resignation  of  their 
surveyor,  Mr.  William  F.  Bird,  who  will  retire  on 
March  31,  after  13  years*  service.  It  was  also 
unanimously  decided  to  give  him  a  testimonial 
under  seal,  and  to  appoint  him  engineer  for  the 
Downside  and  Clapton  water  and  the  Westfield 
sewerage  schemes,  the  new  isolation  hospital,  and 
the  town-hall  alterations. 

In  the  disastrous  fire  by  which  Knepp  Castle, 
near  Horsham,  the  seat  of  Sir  Merrik  Burrell,  was 
gutted  on  Monday  morning,  valuable  oil-paintings 
were  destroyed.  These  include  Holbein's  "  Anne 
of  Cleves,"  "Thomas  Cromwell,  Earl  of  Essex," 
"  Sir  Henry  Guldeford,"  "  Lady  Guldeford, 
daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Wotton,"  "  Lord  Chan- 
cellor Rich,"  and  two  others.  There  was  also  a 
portrait  of  Sir  Robert  Cotton,  one  of  ' '  William 
Herbert,  Earl  of  Pembroke,"  by  Van  Somer,  an 
interesting  collection  of  family  portraits,  aud  land- 
scapes and  sea  views  by  Vandervelde. 

The  examiners  of  private  Bills,  Mr.  Campion  and 
Mr.  Jeune,  held  their  first  sitting  in  the  House  of 
Commons  on  Monday,  to  take  proofs  of  compliance 
with  the  standing  orders  of  Parliament  in  the  case 
of  the  local  measures  to  be  submitted  during  the 
ensuing  session.  In  the  case  of  the  London  County 
Council  (Tramways  and  Improvements)  Bill,  under 
which  it  is  proposed  to  extend  the  existing  tramway 
along  the  Hampstead-road  by  means  of  a  line 
traversing  Tottenham  Court-road,  two  petitions 
were  presented,  one  by  the  Metropolitan  IJorough 
of  Holborn  and  one  by  the  Messrs.  Maple  and  Co., 
Ltd.,  and  Messrs.  James  Schoolbred  and  Co., 
alleging  non-compliance  with  the  rules  of  Parlia- 
ment. The  examiners  held  that  the  standing  orders 
hai  not  been  complied  with,  and  the  matter  will 
accordingly  come  before  the  Standing  Orders  Com- 
mittee, who  will  dfcide  as  to  whether  or  not  the 
standing  orders  shall  be  dispensed  with. 

The  arbitrators  in  the  London  Water  Arbitration 
resumed  their  sittings  on  Monday,  when  the  claim 
of  the  Lambeth  Water  Company  was  proceeded 
with.  The  company  claim  £5,40(5,923,  and  the 
Water  Board  otter  £1,000,000.  Counsel  for  the 
company  opened  their  case.  Evidence  was  given 
on  Monday  in  support  of  the  claim  of  the  company, 
and  their  case  was  concluded.  Counsel  for  the 
water  board  opened  their  case,  and  evidence  was 
given  on  its  behalf  on  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  and 
Thursday. 


*  • » — 

The  cause  of  statutory  legislation  for  archi- 
tects is  steadily  gaining  adherents  in  the  profes- 
sion, and  as  a  result  of  the  meeting  of  a  fortnight 
since  the  Council  of  the  It.I.B.A.  are  beginning 
to  realise  that  the  movement  can  no  longer  be 
safely  treated  with  disdain.  At  that  meeting  it 
was  made  clear  that  a  majority  of  the  provincial 
members  of  the  Institute  are  in  favour  of  legis- 
lative action  to  secure  registration  being  taken  by 
the  Institute  itself,  and  the  report  ot  the  com- 
mittee then  appointed  is  being  awaited  with 
interest.  We  understand  that  a  strong  and 
representative  committee  of  London  Fellows  of 
the  Institute  who  approve  of  the  principle  of 
registration  is  being  organised. 

The  President  of  the  Locil  Government 
Board  has  appointed  a  Departmental  Committee 
to  inquire  and  report  with  regard  to  any  regula- 
tions which  should  be  made  under  [section  6  of 
t'ne  Locomotives  on  Highways  Act,  1896,  and 
Section  12  of  the  Motor  Car  Act,  1903,  as  respects 
any  class  of  vehicle,  for  the  purpose  of  increasing 
the  maximum  weights  of  three  tons  and  four  tons 
mentioned  in  Section  1  of  the  former  Act,  and 
with  regard  to  any  condition  as  to  the  use  and 
construction  of  the  vehicles  which  should  be  made 
by  any  such  regulations.  The  members  of  the 
Committee  are  the  Right  Hon.  Henry  Hobhouse, 
M.P.  (chairman).  Sir  William  ArroU,  M.P.,  Mi. 
H.  C.  Monro,  C.B.,Mr.  H.  11.  Law,M.Inst.C.E., 
Mr.  George  Deacon,  M.Inst.C.E.,  and  Mr.  H. 
Graham  Harris,  M.Inst.C.E.  Mr.  R.  J.  Simpson, 
of  the  Local  Government  Board,  will  act  as 
secretary  to  the  committee. 

Ax  Exhibition  which  has  been  organised  by 
the  city  of  Bradford  will  be  opened  to  the  public- 
early  in  May.  Already  the  framework  of  a 
capacious  building  tor  the  housing  of  e.xliibits, 
suitably  light  in  structure,  crowns  a  height  in 
the  Lister  Park  at  Manningham,  while  close  at 
hand  is  the  new  Cartwright  Memorial  Hall,  a 
permanent  stone  building.  In  1898  Lord  Masham 
offered  a  sum  of  £47,500  to  the  city  for  the 
erection  of  an  art  gallery  and  museum  which 
should  serve  as  a  memorial  of  Dr.  Edmund  Cart- 
wright,  the  inventor  ot  the  power-loom  and  the 
wool-combing  machine.  On  the  site  ot  Lord 
Masham's  old  home  in  Lister  Park  a  building 
has  now  arisen  from  the  design  of  Blr.  John  W. 
Simpson  and  Mr.  Milner  Allen,  which  was  ad- 
judged the  best  by  Mr.  Alfred  Waterhouse,  R.A. 
The  total  outlay  is  expected  to  be  some  £70,000. 
It  is  to  inaugurate  the  public  opening  ot  the 
Memorial  Hall  that  the  ICxhibition  has  been 
designed.  Practically  all  the  available  space  has 
now  been  allotted  to  exhibitors.  The  chief 
building  is  that  of  the  Industrial  Hall,  measuring 
300ft.  by  180ft.  There  is  a  high  central  nave  of 
60ft.  width,  having  on  either  side  three  transepts 
of  60ft.  by  120ft.  In  this  central  nave  the  pro- 
cesses and  products  ot  Bradford  and  the  West 
Riding  in  general  will  be  shown.  In  the 
transepts  will  be  found  exhibits  belonging_  to 
mining,  engineering  and  sanitation,  locomotion, 
manufacturing  machinery,  and  science.  A  note- 
worthy part  of  the  Exhibition  will  be  a  women's 
section,  established  in  one  of  the  bays  of  the  haU, 
and  controlled  by  an  organisation  of  women. 
Elsewhere  in  the  park  will  be  provided  a  concert- 
hall.  The  Art  Section  of  the  Exhibition  will  be 
held  in  the  new  Cartwright  Hall,  -which  will  be 
filled  with  a  loan  collection  that  is  expected  to  be 
one  of  the  best  ever  brought  together  outside  of 
London.  The  upper  story  is  to  be  occupied  by  a 
collection  illustrative  of  English  art  from  the  days 
of  Hogarth  to  the  present  day.  It  is  intended  to 
preserve  a  strictly  chronological  order,  showing 
the  progress  ot  different  arti^t8  in  respect  of 
method.  There  will  also  be  a  display  of  English 
furniture,  metalwork,  ceramics,  and  photo- 
graphy. Jloreover,  it  is  in  contemplation  to 
bring"  together  some  attractive  examples  of 
Japanese  and  Chinese  art. 

"  Main  Roads,  North  and  North- West  of 
London,"  was  the  subject  of  a  paper  read  by  Mr. 
Herbert  G.  Potter,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Institute 
of  Estate  and  House  Agents,  held  on  Tuesday 
evening,  under  the  presidency  of  Mr.  E. 
Pennington,  at  Pagani's  Restaurant.  Just  as  in 
modern  times  England  had  made  roads  through 
India,  so  the  Romans  had  made  roads  through 
this  islai-d  in  order  to  maintain  supremacy.  But 
with  the  decay  of  the  Roman  Empire  the  roads 
deteriorated,  and  the  science  of  repairing  them 
I  was  lost.     It  was  not  tUl  Edward  the  Confessor's 


Jax.  22,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


149 


reign  that  the  vast  forests  which  had  overrun 
them  were  cleared  away,  and  a  long  time  later, 
when  the  Tudors  oecupitd  the  Throne,  surveyors 
were  appointed.  <->ar  highways  then  gradually 
got  into  very  good  condition,  but  with  the  con- 
struction of  railways  and  the  disappearance  of  the 
old  coaches  they  rapidly  deteriorated,  and  were 
not  satisfactorily  repaired  until  the  day  of  the 
cycle  arrived.  Mr.  Potter  illustrati-d  his  lecture 
with  a  number  of  iriteresting  lantern  slides, 
principally  of  the  old  roads  running  over  J  lamp- 
stead  Ile.alh  and  through  St.  Albans. 

A  srcTiox  of  the  Bigwood  patent  two-part  rail 
and  bonding  for  tramway  electric  traction  is  being 
luid  down  in  Suffolk-street,  Hirmingham,  this 
week,  as  a  trial  test  for  the  city  authorities.  The 
feature  of  the  rail  is  its  renewable  top  portion  or 
head,  which,  when  worn,  can  be  removed  with- 
out taking  up  the  whole  of  the  rail  and  the  paving 
setts,  and  a  new  top  substituted  with  very  little 
trouble  and  expense.  Fishplates  are  also  dis- 
pensed with,  as  the  top  rail  fishes  the  lower  or 
foundation  rail ;  and  another  feature  is  the 
method  of  lionding,  which  is  concealed  or  hidden 
instead  of  on  the  outside  of  the  rail  as  at  present. 
With  modern  electric  tramway  traction,  where 
the  cars  are  heavy  and  a  frequent  service  obtains, 
the  useful  life  and  durability  of  the  rails  is  con- 
siderably shortened,  and  renewal  is  always  a 
serious  matter,  necessitating  as  it  does  the  pulling 
up  of  the  roads  and  the  entire  replacing  of  the 
rail. 

Ax  agreement  has  been  entered  into  between 
Wm.  Lee.  Son,  and  Co.,  Ltd  ,  lime  and  cement 
manufacturers,  of  15,  Upper  Ground-street, 
Ulackfriars,  and  Eastwood  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  brick 
manufacturers,  of  +7,  Belvedere-road,  Lambeth, 
for  the  amalgamation  of  the  retail  businesses  cf 
the  two  conipanies.  For  the  purpose  of  carrying 
out  this  agreement,  a  new  company  has  been 
formed,  under  the  style  of  Lee  and  Eastwood. 
Ltd.  No  shares  will  be  offered  to  the  public. 
The  rhairman  of  the  new  comp.any  will  be  Mr. 
S.  Lee  Smith,  of  Wm.  Lee,  Son,  and  Co.,  Ltd., 
and  Mr.  George  E.  Wragge,  of  Eastwood  and 
Co.,  Ltd.,  will  join  the  board. 


CHIPS. 

Having  been  intrusted  by  the  Indian  Victoria 
Memorial  Committee  with  the  work  of  architectural 
supervision  of  the  erection  of  the  Memorial  Hall  at 
Calcutta  from  plans  he  has  prepared.  Sir  William- 
Emerson  left  London  yesterday  (Thursday)  for 
Marseilles,  where  he  embarks  for  India  to-day. 

In  celebration  of  the  completion  of  the  central 
(Victoria)  tower  and  spire  a  service  will  be  held  in 
Truro  Cathedral  to-day  (Friday)  at  2.30  p.m.  The 
bishop  of  the  diocese  wUl  officiate,  and  the  Bishop 
of  E.Keter  wUl  preach. 

In  Long  Crendon  Church,  on  Thursday  in  last 
week,  the  Suffragan  Bishop  of  Reading  dedicated 
an  organ  and  choir  stalls,  erected  in  memory  re- 
spectively of  the  late  vicar,  Fredtrick  Esse  Ogden, 
and  his  sister  Emily  M.  Ugden.  The  recent  im- 
provements, including  a  brass  eagle  lectern  and 
Bible,  the  raising  and  relaying  in  oak  of  the  belfry 
floor,  &c.,  have  been  carried  out  at  a  cost  of  about 
IGOO. 

New  Rules  and  Fee  Orders  relating  to  the  Land 
Transfer  Acts  of  1875  and  ISDJ,  came  into  operation 
on  .January  1.  These  regulations  introduce  many 
changes  iuto  the  practice  under  the  Acts,  and  an 
Official  Memorandum  has  been  issued  setting  out  the 
most  important  amongst  them. 

Lancaster  magistrates  decided  on  Friday  that  a 
corporation  notice  to  the  owners  of  a  suburban 
street  to  replace  macadam  by  stone  paving  was 
unreasonable.  The  town  clerk  gave  notice  of  appeal. 

Mrs.  Murray  Smith,  daughter  of  the  late  Dean 
Bradley,  delivered  a  lecture  ou  Westminster  Abbey 
at  Morley  Hall,  George-street,  Hanover-square,  ou 
Tuesday.  Mrs.  Murray  .Smith  traced  the  growth 
of  the  building  from  its  fouudatiou  to  its  comple- 
tion, and  contributed  many  interesting  details  not 
commonly  known.  She  pointed  out  that  after  the 
accession  of  the  House  of  Hanover  the  association 
of  the  Kings  of  England  with  the  abbey  became 
less  close,  and  incidentally  expressed  a  hope  that 
some  day  the  minster  would  be  restored  to  its  former 
position  as  the  place  of  Royal  sepulture. 

In  the  Chancery  Division  on  Wednesday,  Mr. 
.Justice  Joyce  gave  judgment  in  an  action,  *'  Knight 
v.  Isle  of  Wight  Electric  Light  and  Power  Co.," 
in  which  the  plaintiff,  the  propiietress  of  a 
boarding-school  for  young  ladies  at  Ryde,  claimed 
damages  and  an  injunction  in  respect  of  nuisance 
and  annoyance  through  the  working  of  engines  and 
machinery  erected  by  the  dofeudants  on  premises 
adjoining  her  school.  His  lordship  granted  au 
in]  unctioD,  and  ordered  an  inquiry  as  to  damages. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  "WEEK. 

Imudvv  lTo-i.Av).—Ari.bitectuiia  Association.  "  A-^totlie 
MaliiDg  of  Arcliitects,  with  Examples  of 
Draughtamanship."  by  Maurice  B. 
Adams,  F.K.LB.A.    7.30  p.m. 

SlTcninv  (To-jumi'.owl.  —  Architectural  Association. 
Visit  to  Offices  of  Roynl  I^ondon  Friendly 
Society,  Finsbury-eircus,  Jas.  Belcher, 
A.ll.A.,  architect.    2.30  p.m. 

Mo.vD.vv.-Sooiety  of  Arts.  "  Oils  and  Fata :  their  Uses 
and  Applications."  Cantor  Lecture  No. 
1,  by  Dr.  J.  Lewkowitcscb.    8  p.m. 

Builders'  Benevolent  Institution.  Com- 
mittee meeting  at  5  p.m. 

Surveyors' Institution.  "The  Garden 
City  Scheme,  and  First  Garden  City, 
Limited."  by  Itilph  Xeville,  K.C.  8  p.m. 

Institute  of  British  Decorators.  "  The 
Primary  Colours,"  by  O.  H.  Morton,  of 
Liverpool,  Painters'  Uall.    8  30  p.m. 

TcEsDAv. — London  Master  Builders'  Association.  Annual 
Dinner  at  Trocadero  Restaurant.  6.30 
for  7  p.m. 

Institution  of  Civil  Enaincers.  "The 
Sanding-up  of  Tidal  Harbours,"  by 
Alfred  Edward  Carey,  M.Iust.C.E.  8  p  m. 

Wbdvesday.  —  Architectural  Association.  Discussion 
Section.  "The  Ventilation  of  Chemical 
Laboratories,"  by  T.  H.  Euasell.  M.A. 
7..30  p.m. 

National  Federation  of  Building  Tr,ade 
Employers.    General  meeting. 

St.  Paul's  Ecclesiological  Society. 
'*  Low  Side  Wioiiows  in  Churches,"  by 
Eev.  H.  Bedford  Pim.    8  p.m. 

Society  of  Arts.  "Ice  Breakers  and 
their  Services,"  by  Arthur  Galston. 
8  p.m. 

Northern  Architectural  Association. 
"Mediteval  Architecture,"  by  B.  P.  S. 
Twizell,  A.E.LB.A.    7.30  p.m. 

Edinburgh  Architectural  Association. 
"Interesting  and  Necessary  Legal  Points 
in  Building,"  by  J.  Maurice  Arthur, 
Glasgow.    S  p.m. 

TnunsDAV.— Society  of  Architects.  "  Robert  Adam. 
Architect  and  Artist,"  by  Percy  Fitz- 
Gerald,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Staple  Inn  Build- 
ings (South),  Holborn,  W.C.    8  p.m. 

Sheffield  Society  of  Architects  and 
purveyors.  Review  of  Essays  and  Cora- 
petitions. 

Friday.— Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  "Metalbirsy 
as  Applied  in  Engineering."  by  Mr. 
Archibald  P.  Head,  M.Inst.C.E.    8  p.m. 

Glasgow  Architectural  Craftsmen's 
Society.  "  Comparison  of  Building 
Practices  in  Scotland,"  by  W.  G.  Peddle. 
8  p.m. 


lOcwt.  casks. 
Per  ton. 

Zinc,  English  (London  mill)  £23    0    0 

Do.,  Vieille  MontJigne 26    5    0 

Sheet  I..ead,  31b.  and  upwards  ...     14    7    6 
Lead  Water  Pipe  (F.O.R.  Lond.)     14  17    8 

Lead  Barrel  Pipe   15    2    6 

Lead  Pipe,  Tiimed  inside  16    2    6 

„       „         „       ,,  and  outside    17  12    8 

Composition  Gas-Pipe 16    2    6 

Soil-Pipe  (5in.  and  6in.  extra)  ...    16    2    6 
Pig  Lead,  in  Icwt.  pigs 10  16 


Lead  Shot,  in  28lb.  bags 1.5    0 

Copper  Sheets,  sheathing  and  rods    73    0 
Copper,  British  Cake  and  Ingot...    lU    0 

Tin,  Straits  132     7 

Do.,  Engbsh  Ingots  133    0 

Spelter,  SUesian 21  12 


LATEST    PRICES. 

¥^-* 

IRON,    &o. 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Rolled-Iron  Joists,  Belgian £5  10    0    to  £6  15    0 

Rolled-Steel  Joists,  EngUsh    6  10    0    „  6  12    6 

Wrought-Iron  Girder  Plates  TOO,,  750 

Bar  Iron,  good  Staffs 6    5    0,,  8  10    0 

Do.,  Lowmoor,  Flat,  Round,  or 

Square    20    0    0    „  20    0    0 

Do., 'SVelsh  6  15    0    „  5  17    6 

Boiler  Plates,  Iron- 
South  Staffs 8  15    0    „        8  15    0 

BestSnedshill 9  10    0  9  10    0 

Angles  lOs.,  Tees  '20s.  per  ton  extra. 

Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  for  bonding.  &c.,  £7  7s.  6d. 
Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  galvanised,  £12  to  £13  per  ton. 

Galvanised  Corrugated  Sheet  Iron — 

No.  18to20.  No.22to24. 

6ft.     to     8ft.   long,    inclusive     Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

gauge £1115    0    ...£12    0    0 

Beat  ditto 12    5    0    ...  12  10    0 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Cast-iron  Columns £6  10    0   to  £8  10    0 

Cast-iron  Stanchions 6  10    0    „  8  10    0 

RoUed-Iron  Fencing  Wire  8    0    0,,  850 

RoUed-Steel  Fencing  Wire 6    5    0,,  6  10    0 

„          „           „        Oalvanised.      7  15    0    „  8    0    0 

Cast-iron  Sash  Weights  4  12    6    „  4  12    6 

Clt  Clasp  Nails,  Sin.  to  6in 9    5    0,,  950 

Cut  Floor  Brads 9    0    0,,  900 

Wire  Nails  (Points  de  Paris) — 

8  to  7      8       9        10       11       12       18       14      15     B.W.G. 

8/-      8/6     9/-     9/8      9/9    10/6     11/3    12/-   13/-    per  cwt. 

Cast-iron  Socket  Pipes — 

8in.  diameter    £6  15    0    to   £6    0    0 

4in.  to6in 5  12    6    „       5  17    6 

7in.  to  24in.  (all  sizes)  5    7    6,,      6  10    0 

[Coated  with  composition,  Ss.  Od.  per  ton  extra ;  turned 

rmd  bored  juiuts,  5s.  Od.  per  ton  extra.] 

Pig  Iron—  Per  ton. 

Cold  Blast,  Ijlleshall    lOSfl.  Od.  to  112a.  6d. 

Hot  Blast,  ditto  658.  Od.  to    70a.  Od. 

Wrought-Iron  Tubes  and  Fittings— Discount  oil  Standard 
Lists  f.o.b.  (plus  5  per  cent.)  :— 

Oas-Tubcs 67Jp.o. 

Water-Tubes   62»   „ 

Steam-Tubes    67j   „ 

Galvanised  Gas-Tubea  65     „ 

Galvanised  Water-Tubes 60     „ 

Oalvanised  Steam-Tubes 45     „ 


TIMBER. 

Teak,  Burmah per  load  in 

,,     Bangkok „     ...  9 

Quebec  Pine,  yellow ,    ...  3 

„    Oak 4 

„     Birch   „     ...  5 

„    Elm 4 

„    Ash „    ...  4 

Dant«ic  and  Memel  Oak      „    ...  2 

Fir ,    ...  3 

Wainscot,  Riga  p.  log...      „    ...  2 

Lath,  Danlsic,  p.f ,    ...  4 

St.  Petersburg „    ...  4 

Greenheart  ,,      „    -..,  7 

Box „    ...  7 

Sequoia,  U.S. A pcrcubefoot  0 

Mahogany,  Cuba,  per  super  foOt 

lin.  thick  0 

„           Honduras  ...      „    ...  0 

„           Mexican „    ...  0 

„           African 0 

Cedar,  Cuba    „    ...  0 

„  Honduras    ,,    ...  0 

Satinwood    „    ...  0 

Walnut,  Italian 0 

„      American  (logs)      0 


5cwt.  casks. 
Per  ton. 
to  £24  10    0 
„      26  IS    0 
„      14    7    6 
„      14  17    8 
„      IS    2    6 
„      16    2    6 
„      17  12    6 
„      16    2    « 
«      16    2 
„      10  17 
„      15    5 
„      73    5 
„      62    0 
„    132  15 
„    13i  10 
„      21  15 


3  , 
Si, 
0  10  , 
0  3  , 
8    1    , 


to  £18 

•I  18 

..  8 

..  1 

..  10 

••  9 

..  8 

..  6 

.,  5 

,.  5 

,.  6 

..  « 

.,  8 

..  IB 

..  0 

0 
,.  0 
,.  0 
„  0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


0  8 
0  7i 
0  5 
0  Si 
0  3i 

0  Si 

1  9 
0  7i 
8    1 


Deals,  per  St.  Petersburg  Standard,  120— 12ft.  by  liin 

by  llin.  : — 
Quebec,  Pine,  1st  £22    0    0    to  £29 

„  2nd 18    5    0    „      23 

„  3rd  11 

Canada  Spruce,  1st 11 

„  2nd  and  3rd   8 

New  Brunswick 8 

Riga    V 

St.  Petersburg 8 

Swedish 11 

Finland 9 

White  Sea 11 

Battens,  alt  sorts   6 


0    18 


13 
15 
10 

0 
10 

0 

0 

0 
10 
10 

Flooring  Boards,  per  square  of  lin. : — 

Istprepared £0  12    6    „     £0  18    0 

2nd  ditto  0  11    6    „       0  15    6 

Other  quaUtiea    0    5    6,,       0  13    6 

Staves,  per  standard  M  : — 

U.S.,  pipe £37  10  0  „  £45  0  0 

Memel,  cr.  pipe  220    0  0  „  230  0  0 

Memel,  brack 190    0  0  „  200  0  0 

STONE.' 

Darley  Dale,  in  blocks per  foot  cube  £0    2    3 

Red  MansBeld  ditto „     ...     0    2  4J 

Hard  York  ditto    ,     ...     0    2  10 

Ditto  ditto  Bin.  sawn  both  sides,  landings, 

random  sizes per  foot  sup.    0    2    8 

Ditto  ditto  3in.  slabs  sawn  two  sides, 

random  sizes  

•  AU  F.O.R.  London. 
Bath  Stone,  dehvered  on  rail  at  quarry  stations 

per  foot  cube  £0 
Delivered  on  road  waggons,  Paddington 

Depot „    ...    0 

Ditto        ditto        Nine  Elms  Depot  ,    ...    0 

Poitland  Stone,  in  random  blocks  of  20ft.  average : — 

Brown         White 
Whit  Bed.   Base  Bed. 

Delivered  to  railway  depot  at  the 

quarry per  foot  cube  £0    1    5i  ...  £0    1  7i 

DeUvered  on  road  waggons  \ 

at  Paddington  Depot    ...  f  n    •?    i  ft    9  91 

Ditto    Nine  Elms  Depot.,  j    "    ■■•"'='     -    "    ^  'I 

Ditto    Pimlico  Wharf / 

OILS. 

Linseed  pertun£17    0  0    to  £17  10 

Rapeseed,  EngUsh  pale  ...    „    ...  23  1.1  0    „  '24    0 

Do.,  brown „    ...  22  10  0    „  22  1.'* 

Cottonseed,  refined 19  10  0    „  2110 

OUve,  Spanish  „     ...  31  10  0    „  81  15 

Seal,  pjilo    28    0  0    „  30    0 

Cocoanut,  Cochin 30    0  0    „  31    0 

Do.,  Ceylon  26    0  0    „  -it'  10 

Pahn,  Lagos ,     ...  2S    0  0    „  28  10 

Oloine ,     ...  17    B  0    „  19    5 

Lubricating  U.S per  gal.  0    7  0,,  0 

Petroleum,  refined 0    0  5J  „  0 

Tar,  Stockholm perbarrel  16  0,,  1 

Do.,  Archangel „    ...  8  19  8    „  1 

Turpentine,  American  ...per  tun  87    0  0    „  87 


161 
18t 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
8    8 


The  centre  of  the  cabinetmaking  industry  iu 
London,  Hewitt-street,  Shcreditch,  was  the  scene 
on  Wednesday  night  of  a  destructive  fire.  'Kie 
property  attacked  was  in  a  building  ,SOft.  by  GOR., 
used  for  tho  general  purposes  of  sa\.-mills  and 
stores,  and  stored  with  great  masses  of  timber  in 
every  stage  of  manufacture.  The  tiro  brckj  out  in 
the  very  centre  of  this  collection  of  combustible 
material.  I'ltimately  the  firemen  succeeded  in 
restricting  the  outbreak  to  the  timber-yard  and 
sawmills.  Tho  cause  of  the  Are  has  not  been 
ascertained. 


150  THE    BUILDING    NEWS.  Jan.  22,  1904. 

LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 

Borstal,  Bochester— Chancel,  &o St.  Matthew's  Vicarage,  Borstal,  Rochester  Jan.  31 

Erdington— Council  House  and  Free  Library  (Wm  Henman, 

F.R.I.B.A..  Assetisorl £E0,  £3f>,  £20   Herbert  H.  Humphries,  Enp..  Public  Hall,  Erdmgton,  Birnunghani  Feb.    1 

Illley— Free  Library,  Public  Offices,  and  Assembly  Hall £100,  £50,  £20 Frank  Hall,  Clerk,  Council  Offices,  Ilkley „       1 

Greenock— Combination  Hospital C.  MacCuUoch,  Town  Clerk,  Municipal  Buildings,  Greenock    2 

Bangor— Houses  for  Working  CLisses 2Cg9.,  lOgs John  Gill,  City  Surveyor,  Bangor    20 

Vienna— Machinery  to  Lift  Boats 100,000,  75,000,  and  50,000  kronen   ...  The  Austro-Hungarian  Con.-Gen,  22,  Laurence-J'ounteney-lane,E.C.  Har.  31 

Newcastle-on-Tvne — Grammar  School  (J.  Bilson,  F.E.I.B.A., 

F.S.A.,  Assessor  £100,  £oO,  £25 Horace  J.  Griddle,  Solicitor,  2,  Collingwood-st.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne  April 30 

Glasgow— Hutchesontown  Branch  Library   Tames  G.  Munro,  Town  Clerk,  City  Chambers,  Glasgow — 

Sale— Wesley  Sunday  Scliool  J-  Tnylor.  S»H!retary.  Stanley  Mount,  Brooklands — 

Haverfordwest -Meat  Market  (£2,000  limitl 20g8 R.  T.  P.  WiUiams,  Town  Clerk,  Haverfordwest — 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 


BXriLDINQS. 

Merthyr  Tydfll— School  (200  infants)  at  Woodlands  School  Board  J.  Llewellin  Smith.  Architect,  59,  High-street,  Merthyr  Tydfil   Jan.  23 

Hahfax— Four  Houses,  Newstead T,  Kershaw,  Architect,  Lanes  and  Yorks  Bank  Chambers,  Halifax.    „      23 

Croydon — Alterations  to  Clothing  Store  at  Workhouse Guardians F.  West.  Surveyor.  23.  Coombe-road,  Croydon   

Brax— Dormitories,  &c.,  at  Reed's  Grammar  School T.  8.  Ullathorne,  Architect,  Selby 

Borrowby— Additions  to  Wheatsheaf  Inn Dover  and  Newsome  Baxter,  Ltd.  ...  John  E.  Walton.  Architect.  Vorthallerton  

Cwmbach— Bouse  and  Three  Small  Tenements Thomas  James.  Ashgrove.  T  inis  Cross 

East  Ham- Schi.ol  Restoration  after  Fire,  Shaftesbury-road  ...  Education  Committee  R.  L.  Curtis,  Architect,  120.  Lmdon  Wall,  Moorgate-street,  E.  C... 

Golcar— Three  Houses.  Station-road    Arthur  Shaw,  Architect,  Golcar 

Keswick— Alterations  to  Station  Hotel   H.  Spencer  and  Co.,  Ltd W.  O.  Scott  and  Co.,  Architects,  Victoria  Buildings,  Workington  ... 

Bramley- Post  Office Kay  and  Long,  Architects,  10,  St.  Paul's-street.  I..eeds   

Devonport— Entrance  Lodge  'Town  Council The  Surveyor's  Office,  Municipal  Offices,  Ker-atreet,  Devonport 

Heworth- Caretaker's  House Felling  Education  Committee  H.  Miller,  Architect,  Council  Building,  Felling 

Pwllheli— Additions  to  Business  Premises D.  Lloyd  Jones.  Jeweller,  High-street,  Pwllheli 

Runcorn — Additions  to  Lavatories  at  Workhouse  Guardians William  and  Segar  Owen,  .\rchitecta,  Cairo-street,  Warrington 

Famham— Ketort-Houpe  Gas  Co.,  Ltd The  Company's  Office.  Gasworks.  Famham 

Aberdeen— New  Church  and  Halls,  Queen-street    William  E.  Gauld.  A.R.I. B.A.,  2.W,  Union-street,  Aberdeen  

Leeds— Residence  and  Surgery  ;  Dr.  B.  G.  Heald Thomas  Winn  and  Sons,  Architects,  92,  Albion-street,  Leeds 

Edinburgh  — Eeconstniction  of  Tenements Magistrates  and  Council Thomas  Hunter.  W.8.,  Town  Clerk,  City  Chambers,  Edinburgh 

Cardiff— Mortuary  Buildings,  Crawshay-lane  Corporation W.  Harpur,  M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Cardiff  

Dartmouth-Abattoir  at  West  Hill  R.  M.  Luke,  Chief  Eoginetr,  15.  Princcss-sauare.  Plymouth    

London,  EC— .Additions  to  Ihe  Royal  Mint H.M.  Commissionera  of  Works J.  B.  Westcott  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Gate,  S.W.... 

Walthamttow-Coriugated  Iron  Shed Urban  District  Council    Geo.  W.  Holmes,  A.M.I.  C.E.,  Town  Hall.  Walthamstow 

Melton  Mowbray— Hospital Hospital  Committee E.  Jeeves.  Architect,  Nottingham-street,  Melton  Mowbray  ...    

Leigh- Destructor  Buildings Coiijoration Tom  Hunter.  Boro'  Engineer,  Bank  Chambers,  Leigh,  Lancaahirfi  .. 

Kensington-Fire  Brigade  Station London  County  Council  The  Architect's  Department.  3,  Warwick-st..  Charing  Cross,  S.W... 

Upper  Holloway,  N.  — Enlargement  of  Sorting  Office H.M.  Conimissionera  of  Works The  Secretirv,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Stnn-y's  0.ite.  S.W 

WhalleyRarsf- Temporary  Schools  E.  G.  W.  Hewlett Ernest  Woodhou.se.  Architect,  SS.  Mosley-street,  Manchester  

Bradley,  Huddersfleld-Two  Houses,  Leeds-road   James  H.  Hall.  Architect  Fartown 

Church  Fenton— Inspector's  House,  &c North-Eastem  Railway  Co William  Bell,  Architect,  York 

Gyffyllwg,  near  Ruthin— School  (156  places) School  Board Rowland  H.  Jones.  Clerk  to  the  Board,  Denbigh  

Derby- Offices.  St.  Mary's  Gate Standing  Joint  Committee J.  Somes  Story.  County  Surveyor,  St.  Mary's  Gate,  Derby  

Earlsheaton— Seven  Houses.  Wakefleld-road Bank  Top,  Eidsheaton 

Gateshead— Lamp-Repairing  Shop North  Eastern  Railway  Co William  Bell,  Architect,  Central  Station,  Newoastle-on-Tyne 

Headingley— Six  ."?(  mi-Dctached  Villas  James  Charles  and  Sons,  98,  Albion-street  Leeds 

Enfield.  N.- Meat  Store  at  Workhouse  Edmonton  Union  Guardians T.  E.  Knightley,  Architect  106,  Cannon-street,  E.C 

Hull- Offices.  St.  Andrew's  Dock , North  Eastern  Railway  Co William  Bell,  Architect  York 

EUand— Additions  to  Grammar  School       Fred  F.  Beaumont.  Architect,  Southgate  Chambers,  Halifax  

Belturbct— Crown  Post  Office  Office  of  Public  Works    W.  H.  Stephens  and  Son,  1.J,  Donegall-siiuare  North,  Belfast  

Stretford- School  at  Gorse  Hill Education  Authority    F.  H.  Mee,  Architect  32,  Victoria-street  Manchester 

Belfast-Synagogue,  Annesley-street  S.  C.  Hunter,  Building  Surveyor,  Belfast  .. 

Llanfarian-House  T.  E.  Owen J.  Lewis  Evans, Architect,  21,  Great  IXargate-street,  Aberystwith  ... 

Banbridge-Bank  Office  Ulster  Bank,  Ltd Lepper  and  Fennell.  MM  R.I.  A.I.,  Archts  ,  33,  Waring-st.,  Belfast 

Hayle— Wesleyan  Church,  Connor  Downs Oliver  Caldwell,  F.R.I. B.A..  Penzance ...■. 

Great  Yarmouth— Two  Houses,  Norfolk-square Frederick  Allen Chas.  G.  Baker,  Architect,  Town  Hall  Chambers,  Great  Yarmouth  .. 

Newport.  Ptm.— House W.  Davies,  The  Cross  House,  Newport,  Pem 

Carrickfergus-Altering  Sheds  in  Market Urban  District  Council    James  Boyd,  Clerk,  Tows  Hall.  Cirrickfergus  

Halifax -Additions  to  West  Mount  Ironworks   0.  F.  L  Horsfall  &  Sons.  Architects,  Lord-st.  Chambers,  Hahfax  .. 

Redcar  -BandstaLd  on  Promenade  Urban  District  Council    James  Howcroft  S  irveyir,  R^Jcar    

Cliffe.  Kent— File  Station     - Parish  CouncU    F.  E.  Rogers.  Clerk.  Clitfe Feb.    1 

Sunderlatd- Additions  to  Victoria  Hall    Corporation John  Eltringham.  Architect  62,  Jjhn-street  Sunderland 

Harrogate-Frec  Library,  Victoiia-aveoue    Corporation Henry  T.  Hire.  F.R.I.B.A.,  Hart-street  Bloimsbury-square,  W.C. 

Cork-Additions  lo  House  at  Shanakiel W,  H.  Hill  and  Son,  Architects,  33.  South  Mall,  Cork 

Paddington,  W.-Power  House  at  Technical  Institute London  County  Council  Ths  Architect's  Department  15.  Pall  Mall  Ei"t  S.W 

Mansfleld-Coal  Store    Coi-poration A.  Graham.  Water  Manager,  Gasworks,  Mansfield 

Bristol— Warehouse.  So.  Mary-le-Port-street Lindrea  and  Co.,  Ltd Herbert  J.  .Tones  and  Son,  Architects.  12,  Bridge-street  Bristol 

Whitchurch, Cardiff-Library R.  and 8.  Williams,  Architect  Wharton-street  Cardiff 

Pontypool— Seven  Covered  Playgrounds Trevethiu  School  Boord  Lansdowne  and  Griggs,  Architects,  Newport  Mon 

Mallow- Si xtf  en  Artisans'  Dwellings  Urban  District  Council   E.  F.  Sheehy,  Architect  57,  George-street  Limerick    

Canterbury-Salesman's  Office   Markets  Committee  A.  C.  Turley.  A.M  I.C.E.,  City  Surveyor,  Guildhall-st,  Canterbury 

Stockton-on-Tees— High  School  for  Girls,  Yarm-road  Felix  Clay,  19,  Buckingham-street  Strand,  W.C 

Cranwell-Cburch  Restoration C.  Hodgson  Fowler.  F  S, A.,  Architect  The  College,  Durham 

Chiswick- Public  Ba'hs.  Fisher's-lane    Urban  District  Council    John  Barclay,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Chiswick  ..^. ....^. 

Bethnal  Grfen.  E.-Stabling.  &c.,  Digby-strect  Borough  CouncU    R.  8.  Ayling.  F.R.I.B  A.,  23.  Old  Queen-street  Westminster,  S.W. 

Halifax— Wesleyan  Sunday  School  (1,000  places) Trustees    A.  G.  Dilzell,  Architect  15,  Commercial-street  Hahfax   

Dartford-AdditioDS  to  Hospital   Joint  Hospital  Committee Robert  Mirchant  A.R.I.B.A.,  '28,  Theobilds-road,  W.C. ,.._. 

Kingston-upon-Thames-Internal  Alterations  to  Engine-Eoom  Guardians William  H.  Hope.  Architect,  Seymour-road,  Hampton  Wiok  

Holywell -Alterations.  &c.,  to  Eehoboth  Welsh  CM.  Chapel T.  G.  Williams,  M.8.A..  52,  South  Castle-street  Liverpool  ■.•_■■..•■ 

St  Leonards,  Sussex  -  Coastguard  Station Admiralty .>. Tlie  Director  of  Works  Dept,  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C.  .. 

Runcorn- Isolation  Hospital  Rural  District  Council Geo.  E.  Bol-haw.  Architect  1S3,  Lord-street  Southport 

Strarlbroke    Police  Station East  Suffolk  Countv Council H.  Miller.  M.I.C.E.,  County  Surveryor,  10,  Museum-street,  Ipswich 

Naiborough,  Leicester— A,syliim  {700  patients)    ^ Committee  of  Visitors  Everard  and  Pick,  Architects,  Millstone-lane,  Leicester 

Tottenham-Municipnl  Buildings Urban  District  Council    W.  H.  Prescott,  A.M.I. G.E.,  712,  High-road,  Tottenham  ^.....  Mar.   1 

Langho,  Blaokliurn-  Epileptic  Homes    Chorlton  i:  Manchester  Asylum  Com.  Giles.  Gougb.  i-  Trollope,  Archt3.,'2B,  Craven-it,  Charing  Cross,  W.C.    „       * 

Bestwood- Forge  Mills Sandsand  Walker,  Architects,  Angel-row,  Nottingham — 

Headinnley.  Leeds- Crematorium  al;  Lawns  Wood  Cemetery...  Headingley-cum-BurleyBurialBoard  W.  S.  Braithwaite,  Architect,  6,  South-parade,  Leeds    — 

Hove— Factory Sonive  and  Co.,  Portslade 

Leds-Woiks  Extension  .....'.....'......"....]!.!."!.".."!!.'.!.'.!.!.!.  G.  Bray  and  Co O.  Fredk.  Bowman,  Architect  5,  Greek-street  Leeds -- 

Headingley.  Leeds-Tutor's  Residence  at  Wesleyan  College  Danbyand  Simpson,  Architects,  10,  Park-row,  Leeds_..^ ■- 

Banff— Post  Office   H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey  s  dte,  S.W — 

Leeds— Five-Story  Shops J.  Longley   Mosley  and  Co.,  5.  Wormald-row.  L?eds • — 

Harrogate -Additions  to  Bilton  Chuich Arthur  A.  Gibson,  Architect  5,  Prospect-crescent,  Harrogate — 

EI-ECTRICAL    PLANT. 

Whitby- Feeding  and  Distributing  Mains  Uiban  District  Council    L.  H.  King,  Electrical  Engineer,  Whitby ..^..... J»n-  25 

Aberdeen— Electric  Lighting  Church  and  Hall Wm.  E.  Gauld,  A.R.I.B.A..  25S,  Union-stroi-t.  Aberdeen      ...  .......     ,,     25 

Leyton-Electrical  Wiring  and  Fittings,  NorUngtoo-rd.  Schools  District  Council William  Jacques,  A  R.I.B  A..  2,  Fen-court.  Feuchurch-street,  li^L.  teb.    2 

Hornsey-Plant   Urban  District  Council    Robert  Hammond,  M.I.C.E.,  Gl,  Victoria-street  Westminster,  b  W,     „       » 

ENGINEERINO. 

Finchley,  N.— Motor  Fire-Engine  Combination  Urban  District  CouncU    E.  H.  Lister,  Clerk.  Church  End,  Finchley,  N Jan.  23 

Dublin-Dredging  Corporation The  Engineer's  Offices.  City  Hall,  Dubhn    ...  .....^............ .. ....... j.    „  2» 

Edinburgh-Oas-Propel.icg  Machinery  Gas  Commissioners  W.  R.  Herring,  M.I.C.E.,  Manager,  New-street  Works,  Edinburgh    „  25 

Devonport-Cornish  Boiler  for  Workhouse   Albert  Oard.  Clerk,  19,  St.  Aubyn-strert,  Devonport  , ^ i» 

Aston  Manor,  Birmingham-Tramlines.  &c Corporation R.  Green,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Con.  Eng  ,  87,  Waterloo-st.,  Birmingham 25 

Orrelland  Pemberton- Widening  Portions  of  RaUway Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester        ..  ^ „  ia 

Newton  Abbot-Masonry  Reservoir  and  Waterworks  Rural  Di»trict  Council Samuel  Segar,  Engineer,  Union-street  Newton  Abbot  Devon   M 

Oldbury- Pumping  Station Urban  District  CouncU    J.  T.  Eayrs,  M.I.C.E.,  39,  Corporation-street,  Birmiogiham „  28 

Hull-River  Walls,  &c Corporation  A.  E.  White.  U  LC.E.,  City  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Hull  2» 

Devonport- Gasworks  Corporation Stevenson  and  Burstal,  38,  Parliament-street  Westminster 3J 

Bodmin -Bridges,  &c Cornwall  County  CouncU   SUvanus  W.  Jenkin,  M.LC.E.,  County  Surveyor,  Liskeard „  SJ 


23 
23 
23 
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23 
23 
23 
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25 
25 
25 
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25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
2S 
26 
26 
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26 
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27 
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7:;:-:  BUILDING  I>Ews.  i  Jan. 22.1904. 


NEW'  CHURCH  OF  5T  MA{?r'5 
ECCLE3.  NEAR  MANCHESTER. 

W  M  EAWLE  ARCHITECT 


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The  Building  [^e 


NORTH     WEST    J 


inn 


SECTION    A.B 


SOUTH     WEST     ELEVATION    . 


Oldham     Board    Schools    Competition.    Selected  Design 

H    A    Cheers   &    Smith,  Architects. 


Jam.  22.1 904. 


NEW   BOARD   SCHOOL 
CLARKSFIELD. 


C*>[T*KC1>6  HOVU 


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'Pmoto-TintT  bv  Jaroea  Akvrman  6   Ou«en  Sotiare.london.W  C 


Jan.  20,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


151 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERING  JOURNAL. 

VOL.  LXXXVl.— No.  2560. 
•-♦* 

FRIDAY,  JAXCARV  2^,   1904. 


I'RIZE   DESIGNS. 

AS  in  the  case  of  the  .artist,  sculptor,  or 
painter,  the  architect  must  often  resort 
to  experimental  moans  of  satisfying  himself 
about  the  actual  result  or  effect  of  his  build- 
ings. In  a  practical  country  like  ours,  there 
is  a  risk  in  being  rather  precipitate — in 
depending  too  much  on  what  has  beenf  done, 
and  too  little  on  what  may  and  can  be  accom- 
plished if  only  we  give  ourselves  a  little 
more  trouble  and  tentative  labour  to  find 
out.  The  professional  man  is  quite  satisfied 
if  he  sees  something  that  will  suit  his  re- 
quirements, or  knows  where  to  go  for  his 
information.  It  may  ibe  a  plan  of  an  exe- 
cuted building  in  a  professional  journal, 
or  a  building  that  is  near  at  hand 
and  can  bo  inspected ;  or,  if  he  wants 
to  design  any  detail,  he  thinks  nothing 
of  finding  some  precedent  on  an  old  or 
modern  building  that  will  suit  him.  He  simply 
modifies,  or  takes  the  example,  and  appro- 
priates it  in  his  drawings.  It  does  not  often 
trouble  him  if  the  example  he  has  annexed 
has  little  or  nothing  which  agrees  with  his  own 
problem.  Site,  scale,  materials,  conditions 
of  accommodation  and  use,  light,  and  other 
circumstances,  may  be  more  or  less  different ; 
he  takes  the  building  for  what  it  is  worth  and 
arranges  his  own  work  upon  it.  He  is  per- 
fectly satisfied  if  he  has  obtained  a  near 
approach  to  his  wants.  We  have  so  many 
buildings  designed  and  built  on  this  plan, 
that  we  seldom  question  the  procedure, 
though  we  cannot  fail  often  to  notice  strong 
resemblances,  and  come  to  the  conclusion  that 
the  architect  has  been  following  in  another's 
groove.  The  cHent  is  satisfied ;  he  thinks 
His  architect  has  thoroughly  studied  the 
problem  and  given  him  the  best  result  of  his 
experience.  So  he  has ;  but  it  might  have 
been  better,  both  in  .arrangement  and  in  ex- 
ternal design,  if  he  had  taken  a  little  more 
time  in  studying  the  subject,  or  had  com- 
pared a  few  buildings  of  the  same  kind  before 
committing  himself  to  bricks  and  mortar.  It 
is  remarkable  what  the  result  of  a  visit  to  a 
few  structures  of  the  same  class  may  be, 
or  even  consultation  with  men  who  are 
experts.  A  very  different  interpretation  may 
be  given  to  a  plan,  or  some  slight  rearrange- 
ment be  suggested  that  will  greatly  aid  the 
usefulness  or  administration  of  a  department. 
New  light  may  be  thrown  unexpectedly  on  a 
particular  part  that  may  make  it  jecessary  to 
remodel  the  plan.  A  stereotyped  plan  or  ele- 
vation takes  fast  possession  of  the  mind, 
and  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  dislodge  it 
from  its  assumed  position.  Like  an  in- 
veterate custom  or  habit  or  prejudice,  its 
dominance  is  often  in  proportion  to  the  time 
it  has  lasted,  quite  conversely  to  its  real 
claim.  So  it  is  with  all  prejudices  and 
traditional  forms.  Wo  shall  never  get  any 
useful  reform  if  we  adhere  to  old  laws  and 
practices  because  they  are  old.  Their  very 
age  is  often  a  reason  why  conditions  have 
changed.  What  would  have  been  the  result 
if  we  had  remained  obdurate  with  the  old 
system  of  housing  the  infirm  and  sick,  or  the 
old  plans  of  prisons,  hospitals  and  schools  ? 
Our  modern  scientific  fever  wards  or  our  school 
buildings  have  been  developed  by  successive 
changes  and  modifications  wnich  wero  stoutly 
resisted  by  the  opponents  of  change.  la  the 
case  of  hospitals,  infirmaries,  asylums,  work- 
houses, schools,  labourers'  dwellings,  and  the 
like,  the  influence  of  scientific  investigation 
and  public  security  have  broken  through 
the  restraints  of  tradition  and  stereotyped 
schemes.    But  the  new  types  thus  cvclved 


have  in  their  turn  resisted  further  change, 
and  are  now  regarded  as  permanent  typos 
which  cannot  be  altered.  .Vrchitects  adhere 
to  this  or  that  type  of  hospital  or  school  upon 
which  to  base  their  new  schemes.  It  is,  of 
course,  convenient  to  adopt  a  precedent ;  but 
it  does  not  follow  that  it  is  suitable  for 
changed  conditions.  To  take  as  an  illus- 
tration a  hall  for  music  and  concerts.  The 
architect  selects  a  tj-pe  of  structure  that 
gives  the  best  acoustical  results ;  it  is  of 
certain  dimensions,  and  built  of  brick,  and 
has  a  flat  or  curved  ceiling.  The  hall  he 
proposes  to  build  is  one  of  double  the 
area ;  its  position  varies,  its  aspects  and 
suiToundings  are  not  the  s.ame.  Can  he 
be  surprised  if  its  acoustical  qualities  are 
defective  ?  He  has  not  considered  the  factors 
of  dimensions :  the  walls  are  of  brick,  but 
differently  lined  inside ;  the  roof  is  timber, 
partly  open  ;  the  position  and  environment 
are  quite  different.  These  varying  elements 
are  sufficient  to  explain  the  difference  in  the 
result,  though  the  plan  may  be  a  correct 
reproduction.  Even  the  addition  of  galleries 
or  the  aiTangemeut  of  internal  fittings  may 
make  the  acoustical  effect  dift'erent.  The 
obvious  lesson  is  that  in  adopting  a  precedent 
the  architect  is  bound  to  be  consistent. 
Unless  his  conditions  are  similar,  he 
cannot  expect  to  achieve  like  results.  Unless 
he  can  reproduce  all  the  circumstances,  the 
dimensions,  materials,  and  fittings,  he  had  far 
better  not  restrict  himself  to  a  particular 
plan,  but  try  to  work  out  his  problem  in- 
dependently. It  is,  of  course,  quite  impossible 
for  an  architect,  like  the  sculptor  or  modeller 
or  painter,  to  make  a  preliminary  study  in 
the  case  of  a  building  ;  he  cannot  make  a  full 
size  model,  and  try  the  result ;  and  this  places 
him  in  a  less  favourable  position  than  his 
brother  artists.  The  old  Mediceval  architect 
pursued  a  course  that  was  more  logical.  He 
did  not  copy  a  building  or  a  plan  of  a  church 
or  conventual  building  that  he  saw  near 
him,  but  he  adopted  certain  traditional  rules 
that  prevailed  at  the  time,  and  made  his  plan 
conform  to  the  site,  material,  and  purpose. 
In  this  way  he  produced  a  building  which, 
though  it  may  have  resembled  other  build- 
ings of  the  kind  in  a  general  way,  was  an 
independent  solution  of  the  problem.  No 
two  of  our  cathedral  churches  can  be 
named  which  are  exactly  alike  in  plan  or 
detail,  though  we  meet  with  scores  of 
modern  churches  which  are  imitations 
of  the  same  model.  Thus  Ely,  Salisbury, 
Lichfield  cathedrals,  all  of  the  same 
period  in  their  main  parts,  cannot  be 
compared  in  plan  ;  and  their  details,  even  of 
the  same  age,  show  variations  in  treatment. 
What  we  may  call  "  studies  "  in  architec- 
tural design  can  be  made  of  value  if  pursued 
in  the  right  spirit.  For  example,  the  yearly 
subjects  given  by  the  Institute  of  British 
Architects  to  students  who  compete  for  the 
Soane  Medallion,  the  Tite  Prize,  and  the 
Grissell  Gold  Medal  are  intended  to  promote 
the  study  of  design.  Of  late  years  the  com- 
mittee have  proposed  many  useful  subjects, 
such  as  a  theatre,  a  monumental  swimming 
bath,  a  domical  town  church,  a  university 
theatre,  buildings  of  modern  requirements, 
in  which  traditional  or  academical  rules  do 
not  predominate.  In  these  exercises  of 
architectural  skill  there  is  an  opportunity 
for  the  student  to  throw  aside  the 
limitations  and  restrictions  of  professional 
convention,  and  to  show  what  can  be  done 
in  the  direction  of  original  effort.  He  is  not 
trammelled  by  an  awkward  site,  by  "  ancient 
lights,"  by  cost,  and  other  circumstances,  aU 
wiiich  things  sd  hamper  the  architect  that  he 
cannot  set  his  mind  on  tho  problem  ])ure  and 
simple.  The  student  is  able  to  consider  tho 
subject  lie  imfn,  to  idealise  tho  theme,  or  to 
adopt  any  model  which  appears  to  him 
desirable.  It  is  a  great  advantage  to  be  able 
to  approach  a  subject  with  an  open  mind, 
unfettered  by  previous  efforts,  in  at  least  the 
case  of  an  artist  who  is  inventive.    Such  a 


mind  can,  by  a  stroke  of  genius,  hit  upon 
an  idea  that  would  be  thought  extremely  - 
bold  or  eccentric  by  a  person  of  less  talent, 
and  having  conceived  the  form  his  design  is 
to  take,  work  out  its  details.  Reasoning,  as 
well  as  a  faculty  for  arranging  and  modelling, 
are  necessary,  but  few  men  are  equal  to  the 
task.  It  is  less  diflicult  to  adopt  a  model,  as 
that  of  an  old  building,  and  this  is  tho  more 
usual  course.  To  take  as  an  example  such  a 
subject  as  that  given  for  the  Soane  Medallion 
— a  design  for  a  I  "niversity  Theatre.  A  large 
area  or  auditorium  has  to  be  arranged  on 
acoustical  principles,  with  a  platform  for 
oratorical  exercises,  addresses,  musical  and 
other  recitations.  There  must  be  retiring- 
rooms,  robing- rooms,  cloakrooms,  and  smaller 
halls,  comprised  with  ample  entrances  and 
exits.  Such  a  scheme  cannot  be  hastily 
conceived  ;  the  author  must  find  out 
the  area  required  for  seating  an  audience ; 
he  must  consider  the  question  of  shape 
of  plan,  whether  rectangular,  polygonal, 
horseshoe,  circular  or  semicircular,  and  thia 
point  must  be  decided  on  grounds  of  acousti- 
cal properties.  Next,  the  question  of  roofing 
such  an  area  has  to  be  considered,  having 
reference  also  to  acoustics  and  the  architec- 
tural appearance  of  the  building.  Where  to 
place  the  chief  approach  and  students'  en- 
trances and  various  other  rooms  has  also  to 
be  considered,  so  as  not  to  spoil  the  general 
idea  of  the  main  hall.  The  selection  of  a 
circular  or  polygonal  area  for  auditorium 
has  been  made  by  many  of  those  who  submit 
designs,  probably  on  the  ground  that  such  a 
shaped  plan  is  best  for  sound  ;  but  this  is  not 
invariably  the  case.  A  university  of  the  tiu- 
ditional  type  would  be  better  served  by  a 
rectangular  area.  The  selected  R.I.B.A. 
design  is  well  thought  out  as  a  monumental 
expression  of  an  isolated  building  of  its  class. 
It  is  at  least  an  ideal  solution  of  the 
problem  on  a  large  scale,  giving  space 
for  an  architectural  treatment  internally  as 
well  as  externally.  The  question  may  be 
asked  whether  such  a  design  is  a  practical 
solution  y  It  is  certainly  a  little  ambitious, 
a  quality  which  other  designs  possess  ;  but 
with  all  its  faults,  it  is  a  good  domical 
treatment  of  an  elongated  area,  though  the 
same  plan  is  seen  at  Sta  Sophia.  In  other 
attempts,  like  that  awarded  "  honoui-able 
mention,"  the  circular  auditorium  and  domed 
area  have  been  adopted,  but  with  less  success. 
The  influence  of  historic  types  is  seen  in 
most  of  the  designs ;  but  we  must  regard 
them  as  "  studies"  of  a  building  of  this  class 
rather  than  a  structure  planned  with  par- 
ticular reference  to  site  and  other  conditions. 
AVe  cannot  expect  architecture  to  advance  by 
the  mere  following  of  models,  however  good 
they  may  be  ;  and  in  this  sense  we  believe  it 
to  be  useful  in  competitions  of  this  kind  to 
give  the  student  free  play  by  not  hampering 
him  with  conditions  and  types. 

What  the  student  should  be  induced  to  do 
— and,  for  all  that,  tho  architect  as  well — is  to 
try  and  see  how  one  of  the  historic  tvpes 
will  adapt  itself  to  the  purpose  of  his  design, 
and  work  on  this  as  a  oasis  ;  but  ho  should 
not  do  this  without  turning  over  in  his  mind 
any  better  possible  type  which  suggests  itself 
as  fulfilling  the  conditions.  But  the  mistake 
made  by  the  average  designer  is  to  "  drag '' 
in  some  favourite  model  or  plan  without  a 
careful  consideration  of  its  suitability. 
Whether  it  really  satisfies  the  conditions  of 
tho  building  is  a  secondary  matter,  so  long 
as  it  agrees  with  the  tiisto  of  tho  author,  or 
his  foregone  conclusion  of  what  tho  design 
should  be  like.  His  reasoning  appears  to  oe 
this  :  — "  I  have  to  cover  a  large  area  or  space 
for  congregational  purposes.  .V  building 
of  oblong  shape  is  best,  and  a  domical  roof 
is  desired  —  (wo  are  imagining  a  modern 
church) — I  will  take  Sta  Soi)hia  for  a  model, 
treating  it  in  a  Classical  or  Gothic  manner." 
If  it  is  a  royal  mausoleum,  tho  same  reason- 
ing would  suggest  tho  adoption  of  a  dome 
like  that    of  St.  ruul's,  with  four  arms  of 


152 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


Jan.  29,  1904. 


e(iual  length  ;  or  a  small  copy  of  the  Pantheon 
of  Paris.  For  the  same  class  of  building, 
St.  Vitale,  at  Eavenna — a  plan  with  an  inner 
octagon  contained  in  an  extei-nal  octagon — 
and  St.  Mark's,  Venice — a  cruciform  arrange- 
m.ent,  with  its  domical  roof — have  been  taken 
as  models.  The  competitions  of  the  Institute 
and  Royal  Academy  give  the  architectural 
student  a  yearly  opportunity  of  testing  his 
capacities  in  this  direction  of  experimental 
designing  certain  buildings,  and  it  is  his  fault 
if  he  does  not  avail  himself  of  the  chance. 
In  some  of  the  designs  at  the  Institute  for  a 
University  Theatre,  we  notice  the  want  of  a 
sense  of  proportion.  ISIr.  Baldwin  Brown,  in 
his  work  on  "  The  Pine  Arts"  says  :  "It  is 
the  first  essential  in  a  work  of  art  that  it 
should  present  itself  as  a  rrnity,  and  not  a 
mere  formless  mass  of  indefinite  extension  "  ; 
but  the  formless  mass  is  too  often  one  of  the 
characteristics  of  the  student's  work  in  these 
competitions.  In  the  French  architectural 
schools,  as  in  the  ^Vmerican  universities,  such 
as  that  of  Cornell,  the  subject  of  composition 
is  made  a  study.  Composition  in  plan  is 
all-important.  The  plan  with  an  exterior 
silhouette  or  form  is  that  which  a  building 
may  assume  in  an  isolated  or  open  site,  such 
as  that  of  the  subject  for  the  Soane  Medallion. 
The  designer  has  to  consider  the  use  of  his 
building,  the  position  of  the  longest  axis, 
which  of  course  will  depend  ou  circumstances, 
as  the  fall  of  the  ground  ;  in  this  case  it  must 
be  perpendicular  to  the  line  of  greatest 
inclination  of  the  ground.  The  view,  too, 
has  to  be  considered  on  the  main  frontage. 
On  this  interesting  subject  we  must 
refer  the  'student  to  the  teachings  of 
M.  J.  Guadet,  Professor  of  the  Theory  of 
Architecture  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts, 
Paris,  or  to  those  of  M.  Thierry.  Certain 
laws  of  composition  have  been  propounded, 
such  that  the  interest  in  an  elevation  must 
be  focalised,  and  have  its  expression  in  one 
point  or  climax ;  that  the  number  of  secondary 
focal  points  must  be  reduced  to  a  minimum, 
or  be  conceived  in  regard  to  the  climax  to 
which  they  must  contribute  or  work  up  to. 
By  climax  we  may  mean  a  central  entrance 
or  projecting  feature,  such  as  a  tower  or 
domical  centre.  It  may  not  always  be 
central ;  but  to  this  point  or  climax  of  interest, 
the  secondary  points  or  features,  like  wings 
or  projections  of  the  building,  will  lead  up. 
In  a  large  complex  building  there  are 
generally  minor  elements,  each  to  some 
extent  distinct,  yet  they  must  be  influenced 
by  the  climax.  "We  instance  these  two  con- 
ditions as  those  so  often  ignored  in  archi- 
tectural compositions.  Thus  we  see  a  long 
facade  dominated  by  two  towers  or  cupolas 
at  or  near  the  ends — in  fact,  two  climaxes ; 
but  these,  instead  of  bein^  identical  in  form, 
are  different:  the  effect  is  to  separate  the 
composition  into  two  parts  without  relation, 
and  each  claiming  attention  that  U  destructive 
to  unity.  There  is  no  symmetry  here, 
but  a  confused  mass.  Or  we  can  imagine 
the  two  ends  of  a  building,  or  two  pavilions 
of  dissimilar  design,  joined  by  a  plain, 
straight  fa(;ade,  and  what  a  discordant  eifect 
it  would  have.  Perfect  balance  or  symmetry 
may  not  always  be  possible,  but  the  designer 
should  try  to  concentrate  attention  at  one 
portion  of  the  farade.  We  may  take  as  an 
/  instance  a  long  fa(;ade  of  a  town-hall  and 
offices — the  tower  and  main  entrance  areplaced 
near  one  end.  This  may  be  made  an  attract- 
ive public  entrance  or  climax  ;  but  minor 
features  would  be  desirable  in  the  shape  of 
tui'rets  or  projecting  parts  if  necessay  to 
break  up  the  lonj;  facades  so  long  as  they 
did  not  compete  with  the  large  tower.  The 
necessity  of  studying  the  masses  of  our 
buildings  in  the  manner  here  indicated  is 
apparent ;  but  how  little  time  is  spent  after 
the  plan  has  been  worked  out  in  bringing 
the  parts  into  an  harmonious  whole  ' 


St.  Mary's  Church,  Clitheroe,  has  been  rehuilt  at 
a  cost  of  about  £7,000. 


PRESERVATION   OF    MATERIALS. 

ALTIIOUQH  there  are  many  patents  and 
processes  in  the  market  for  the  preser- 
vation of  materials,  the  profession  have  not 
agreed  among  themselves  as  to  the  right  one 
to  adojit  or  the  proper  course  to  pursue  in 
many  cases.  Protection  from  dampness  is 
perhaps  one  of  the  greatest  and  most  urgent. 
The  structural  means  of  arresting  the  perco- 
lation of  moisture  through  brick  walls  by  a 
cavity  is  most  effective,  though,  for  certain 
reasons,  very  seldom  adopted  by  London 
architects.  The  question  has  been  discussed 
in  this  journal  many  times,  and  the  argu- 
ments for  and  against  the  plan  brought 
forward  ;  but  few  architects  are  disposed  to 
try  a  method  not  favoured  by  the  local 
authorities,  and  which  adds  a  little  extra  cost 
to  building.  Then  there  are  preventive  means 
of  checking  moisture  passing  through  brick 
walls  by  the  interposition  of  waterproof 
materials,  such  as  the  "  Hygeian  Rock  Com- 
position," asphalt,  or  bitumen,  in  sheets,  &c., 
between  two  thicknesses  of  brick,  which 
are  found  to  effectively  cut  off  dampness. 
Remedies  for  the  trouble  are,  however,  more 
frequently  resorted  to,  for  in  building,  as  in 
every  other  thing,  i^reventive  means  are  not 
thought  of  in  time.  Brick  ^'illas  continue  to 
be  erected,  in  spite  of  all  experience,  in  damp 
situations  near  the  sea-coast,  exposed  to 
"  sou' -westers  "  and  deluging  rains,  with  the 
inevitable  consequence  that,  no  sooner  is  the 
house  occupied  and  the  fires  lighted,  than  the 
inner  warmth  increases  the  suctional  power 
of  the  brick,  and  draws  in  the  moisture  till 
the  plastering  and  paper  are  desti'oj-ed  by 
damp  in  certain  states  of  the  weither, 
and  the  tenant  begins  to  realise  the  cost  of 
continual  repair  and  repapering ;  but  worse 
still  the  members  of  his  family  suffer  from 
colds,  sore  thi'oats,  and  a  variety  of  ailments 
more  or  less  serious.  The  walls  have  to  be 
immediately  examined,  and  remedies  applied 
externally.  In  this  predicament  such  remedies 
as  those  of"Fluate"  for  hardening,  water- 
proofing, and  preserving  building  materials 
are  the  only  available  means  of  preventing 
the  percolation  of  moisture  by  closing  the 
pores  of  the  brick  or  stone  or  plaster.  In  a 
recent  discussion  on  the  Preservation  of 
Materials  before  the  American  Society  of 
Civil  Engineers.  Mr.  George  Hill,  C.E., 
made  some  remarks  on  the  subject  under 
diffei-ent  heads.  Speaking  of  dampness, 
he  said  he  had  ' '  experience  with  certain 
walls  made  of  patent  plaster,  Portland 
cement,  and  sand,  2in.  in  thickness,  and 
used  as  external  wiiUs  of  manufacturing 
buildings,  coated  with  some  of  the  compounds 
on  the  market,  and  found  that  they  were 
efficient."  Brick  walls  coated  on  the  inside 
with  similar  compounds  have  also  excluded 
dampness.  He  said  there  were  quite  half  a 
dozen  compounds  which  can  be  obtained  at 
reasonable  cost  which  will  protect  buildings 
from  deterioration  through  the  transmission 
of  dampness.  No  mention  is  made  of  these 
compounds,  though  they  are  of  a  nature  veiy 
similar  to  those  known  in  this  country. 
Compounds  of  silica  and  other  materials, 
when  applied  to  limestones,  seal  the  pores 
of  the  stone  and  make  it  impervious  to 
moisture,  acids,  and  smoke,  such  as  M. 
Kuhlmaun's  process,  in  which  the  car- 
bonates of  lime  ai-e  treated  with  an  alkaline 
silicate,  or  silicate  of  soda  solution,  or 
'■  water  glass,"  which  converts  the  carbonates 
into  silicates  of  lime.  Ransome's  process  has 
been  largely  used,  both  here  and  in  America. 
The  absorbent  and  cleansed  stone  is  made  to 
absorb  a  large  quantity  of  silicate  of  soda 
and  a  second  wash  of  chloride  of  calcium. 
The  result  is  a  double  decomposition  in  the 
washes,  which  pi-ecipitates  a  crystallised 
silicate  of  lime,  &c.,  in  the  pores  of  the  stone. 
It  is  applicable  to  all  stones,  bricks,  and 
plasters.  There  are  other  processes  for  fiUing- 
in  the  pores  of  stone  and  brick  with  insoluble 
I  substances,  so  as  to  exclude  moisture ;  but 
1  the  subject  is  dealt  with  in  works   of   prac- 


tical chemistry.  Then  we  have  the  pre- 
servation or  protection  of  metal.  Mr.  Kill, 
whom  we  have  quoted,  refers  to  the  causes 
of  failure  of  certain  methods.  Thus,  when 
wiie-lath  is  used,  care  must  be  taken  to 
prevent  moisture  entering,  as  it  would  do, 
through  "  scratch  coats"  when  frozen  and 
thawed.  In  such  a  case,  the  outer  surfacing 
of  cement  cracks  and  falls  off,  leaving  the 
scratch  coat  bare.  A  separation  takes  place 
between  the  finishing  coat  and  the  scratch 
coat  when  the  latter  comes  close  to  the  surface 
of  the  lath.  The  metal  laths  are  then  often 
exposed,  and  become  rusted  before  they  are 
covered  :  hence  the  trouble.  Walls  used  as 
curtain  walls  are  often  constructed  with  hard 
plaster — Portland  cement  and  sand  in  e(jual 
parts,  the  under  coat  being  applied  to 
metallic  laths.  This  coat  is  about  lin.  thick : 
the  surface  coat  of  cement  on  this  is  about 
iiu.  thick  on  each  side,  making  a  wall  of 
about  'Jin.  in  thickness.  The  metallic  laths, 
if  uncoated,  cause  all  the  trouble,  if  they 
should  bo  left  exposed.  The  protection  of 
metal  structures,  like  iron  or  steel  girders 
and  columns,  is  one  of  increasing  import- 
ance. We  can  paint  these  structures,  but 
the  paint  in  parts  exposed  to  dampness 
may  accidentally  be  rubbed  off,  and  the 
mischief  of  oxidation  be  set  up.  At 
points  like  the  bearings  of  steel  girders  on 
the  capitals  of  iron  columns,  between  cover- 
plates,  and  flanges  and  angle  irons,  rust  is 
liable  to  enter  from  this  cause.  A  good 
protection  of  the  paint  has  been  aft'orded  with 
a  casing  of  metal  lath  and  Portland  cement ; 
this  would  apply,  of  course,  to  outer  coverings 
of  metal  structures.  We  have  not  much 
confidence  in  preservative  coatings  like 
paints,  unless  they  are  applied  in  a  proper 
manner.  On  the  imbedding  of  steel  in  con- 
crete a  good  deal  has  been  written  of  late, 
and  many  opinions  have  been  advanced : 
some  of  the  practical  men  have  the  idea  that 
such  imbedding  is  injurious  —  that  the 
cement  "burned  the  .steel."  The  experi- 
ence of  many  engineers  and  experts  capable 
of  judging  is  that  steel  if  coated  by  paint 
or  oiled  imbedded  in  concrete  remains  un- 
impaired. In  the  case  of  steel  grillages 
imbedded  in  concrete,  one  or  two  coats  of  paint 
should  be  given,  and  the  contact  between  the 
steel  and  concrete  should  be  perfectly  close. 
In  the  application  of  steel  for  the  reinforce- 
ment of  concrete,  small  sections  ax'e  recom- 
mended, and  Mr.  Hill  is  of  opinion  "that  as 
the  preservative  coating  is  expensive  and 
makes  the  steel  unpleasant  to  handle,  and 
as  the  steel  can  always  be  imbedded  in  the 
concrete  promptly,  and  thus  preserved  from 
initial  rusting,  it  is  well  that  the  smallersec- 
tions  should  not  be  coated."  With  regard  to 
the  mixing  of  concrete,  the  same  writer  is  of 
opinion  that  wet  mixing  deposited  without 
"tamping"  really  coats  the  steel  more  per- 
fectly and  fully,  thefinerportions  of  the  cement 
being  washed  down  and  effecting  a  more 
perfect  covering.  Tamping  is  less  necessary 
and  the  cost  of  making  and  depositing  is 
reduced.  This  excess  of  moisture  does  not, 
he  thinks,  result  in  a  porous  concrete. 

As  protection  against  fire  it  has  been 
proved  that  columns  wrapped  round  with 
wire-lath  and  plastered  with  Portland  cement 
and  sand,  about  -^in.  thick,  on  which  the 
white  coating  was  applied,  resisted  the  heat 
of  a  fire  and  the  hose  stream  very  success- 
fully. Several  interesting  instances  are  given 
by  Mr.  Hill  of  the  preservative  value  of  Port- 
land cement  concrete  surrounding  T-bars  of 
steel,  bent  into  a  segment  wherever  the  con- 
crete was  in  contact  with  the  steel,  which  was 
unpainted  :  also  of  the  value  of  combinations 
of  concrete  and  expanded  metal,  the  latter 
being  imbedded,  and  showing  no  deteriora- 
tion or  rust.  For  lining  shafts,  expanded 
metal  imbedded  in  Portland  cement  and 
furnace  cinders  is  an  admirable  protec- 
tion, and  the  same  author  refers  to  a  shaft 
through  quicksand  which  was  lined  with 
cinder  concrete  and  expanded  metal  which 


Jan.  29,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


153 


resisted  the  water  around  it,  while  the 
wood  lining  previously  used  quickly  rotted. 
Cement  concrete  and  cinder  concrete  are  thus 
two  valuable  agents  in  the  hands  of  the 
architect  and  engineer  ,as  a  protection  both 
against  moisture  and  fire.  It  would  be  easy 
to  refer  to  many  other  preservative  methods 
and  materials — paints,  I'^ralite,  Kuberoid  - 
which  the  profession  have  I'ecourse  to,  all  ad- 
mirable for  their  several  purjioses,  and  the 
subject  is  one  that  has  an  importance  second 
only  to  the  selection  of  materia's  employed  in 
building.  In  America,  France,  ( lermauy,  and 
■other  countries  experiments  have  been  made 
by  government  and  municipal  authorities 
conducted  by  special  committees  to  investi- 
gate the  value  for  engineering  and  building 
purposes  of  protective  methods  and  pft)cesses, 
and  the  results  of  their  inquiries  and  tests 
have  been  of  the  greatest  value  to  the 
engineer  and  architect.  Our  professional 
bodies  have  lately  taken  up  the  subject  of 
building  materials,  and  committees  have  been 
appointed  to  conduct  experiments,  and  the 
British  Fire  Prevention  Committee  has 
published  in  its  perodical  series  of  useful 
reports  the  results  of  tests  of  various  materials 
and  forms  of  combustion,  with  the  object  of 
showing  their  resistance  to  fire.  The  preserva- 
tion and  protection  of  materials  from  the 
destructive  agencies  of  dampness  and  the 
acids  of  the  atmosphere  of  our  large  towns  is 
.a  question  of  almost  equal  value  to  the 
architectui-al  profession  and  the  public. 


THE    ARCHITECTURAL   ASSOCLATIOX. 

THE  fortnightly  meeting  of  the  Architectural 
Association  was  held  on  Friday  evening  at 
9,  Conduit-street,  W.,  and  was  verj'  numerously 
attended.  In  the  unavoidable  absence  of  the 
President,  Mr.  H.  T.  Hare,  owing  to  indisposi- 
tion, Mr.  Louis  Ambler,  F.E.I.B.A.,  Hon.  Secre- 
tary, occupied  the  chair.  .Seven  nominations 
having  been  read,  Messrs.  (i.  Sherring,  jun.,  and 
J.  C.  iloor  were  elected  to  membership,  and 
Messrs.  H.  A.  Douglass,  C.  J.  Tait,  C.  L.  Crick- 
may,  and  E.  M.  Joseph  were  reinstated  as 
members.  The  chairman  announced  the  follow- 
ing further  donations  to  the  New  Premises 
Fund:— Messrs.  S.  B.  Beale,  £3  Ss.  ;  Hampden 
W.  Pratt,  £2  28. ;  Walter  L.  Spiers,  £2  28.  ; 
J.  C.  Stockdale,  £2  2b.  ;  J.  Soutter,  £1  Is.  ;  and 
J.  .Sulman,  £1  Is.  He  proposed  a  vote  of  condo- 
lence to  the  family  of  the  late  Mr.  Henry  Saxon 
Snell,  long  a  member  of  the  Association,  and  a 
distinguished  member  of  the  profession.  Mr.  H. 
Tanner,  jun.,  announced  several  donations  to  the 
library,  which  were  acknowledged  with  thanks. 

ON    THE    MAKIXG    OF    AN    ARCHITECT. 

A  paper  on  this  subject  was  read  by  Mr. 
MackiceB.  Adams,  F.R.l.B.A.  The  walls  of 
the  meeting  were  entirely  covered  with  a  series 
of  illustrative  working  and  drawings,  plans,  and 
perspectives  by  the  leading  architects  of  the 
day,  the  framed  examples  ovrtlowing  from 
the  walls  and  screens  on  to  the  table  in  front  of 
the  chairman.  Among  the  works  exhibited  were  : 
Mr.  U.  F.  Bodley,  R.A.,  Holy  Trinity  Church, 
JCensington  Gore,  and  chancel  of  parish  church, 
Richmond;  Mr.  Aston  Webb,  R..V.,  P.R.I.B.A., 
Royal  College  of  Science,  South  Kensington; 
Mr.  T.  (.T.  .Jackson,  R..\.,  Brasenose  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  Mr.  .John  Belcher,  .V.E.A.,  Colchester  Town 
Hall ;  Messrs.  Ernest  George  and  Yeates,  new 
houses.  South  -Audley-street ;  Jlr.  John  Douglas, 
Nag's  Head  Cocoa  House,  Chester,  and  gate- 
house, Eccleston,  Cheshire ;  Mr.  T.  E.  Collcutt, 
Lloyd's  Registry,  E.C. ;  Sir  William  Emerson, 
Hamilton  House,  Thames  Embankment,  the 
original  accepted  design  for  luverpool  Cathedral ; 
Mr.  J.  S.  Gibson,  Wals.all  Town  Hall;  Professor 
Beresford  Pite.  Christ  Church,  North  P.rixton, 
Clapham  Church,  and  Hats,  Foley-street,  S.\\'. ; 
Mr.  W.  D.  C'arije,  Ecclesiastical  Cdmmissioners' 
New  Offices,  Millbank,  South  Lvchett  Jtanor, 
Poole.  Dorset;  Messrs.  Lanchester',  Stewart,  and 
Richards,  Deptford  Town  Hall;  Mr.  Reginald 
Blomfiold,  Obelisk,  Haileybury  College;  Jlr. 
Temple  Jloore,  Sledmero  Church,  and  St.  Aiden's 
Church,  Leeds  ;  Mr.  E.  J.  May,  house  at  Hasle- 
mere  ;  Mr.  Leonard  Stokes,  ( .'oincy  ( 'unvent,  neni 
St.  Albans  ;  Mr.  Arnold  Mitchell,  golf  pavilion 
and  Royal  Villa,  Le  Coq-sur-Mcr,  Ostend  ;  Mr. 
H.  H.  StatliaiM,  the  Bni/i/tr  new  front,  and  com- 


petition design  for  C.artwright  Jleraorial  Hall, 
Bradford  ;  Jlr.  E.  AV.  Jlountford,  new  Sessions 
House,  E.C.  ;  Mr.  H.  T.  Hare,  I'resbyterian 
College,  Cambridge  ;  Mr.  Basil  Champneys,  Man  ■ 
Chester  Cathedral,  western  entrance  ;  Jlr.  Wm. 
Flockhart,  Rosehaugh,  Avoch,  N.B.  :  .Mr.  E.  L. 
Lutyens,  Little Thakenham,  Pulborough,  Sussex; 
Jlr.  Maurice  B.  Adams,  Passmore  Edwards  Tech- 
nical Institute,  Peckham-road  ;  and  the  late  Mr. 
Eden  Nesfield  (lent  by  Mr.  E.  J.  May),  Lea  Wood, 
and  house  at  Greenwich.  The  lecturer  observed: 
All  who  aspire  to  become  worthy  of  the 
delightful  pursuit  of  architecture  will  readily 
admit  that  the  subject  which  furnislies  the  title 
of  this  germane  paper  is  of  paramount  importance. 
To  the  members  of  the  -Vrchitectural  Association 
the  inquiry  naturally  presents  a  theme  of  parti- 
cular interest,  .and  however  opinions  may  differ 
as  to  the  details  of  the  curriculum  to  be  employed 
in  the  making  of  architects,  few  are  likely  to 
disagree  in  the  abstract  as  to  the  vital  character 
of  a  matter  so  intimately  associated  with  the 
qualifications  and  equipment  of  those  who  are 
entering  upon  the  profession  of  architectural 
art.  We  live  in  an  age  distinguished  above  aU 
things  by  educational  competition,  while  a 
correspondingly  restless  ambition  actuates  all 
sections  of  the  community,  and  in  nothing,  per- 
haps, is  zeal  displayed  more  conspicuously  than 
in  technical  educational  projects  intended  i'or  the 
bettering  and  amelioration  of  the  professional 
and  working  classes.  It  is  impossible  for  any 
class  to  remain  indifferent  in  this  matter,  and  no 
one  who  has  to  earn  his  own  living,  to  put  it  on 
the  rock-bed  of  existence,  can  afford  to  be  left 
behind.  The  bread-winner  has  no  choice  but  to 
work  strenuously,  and,  if  distinction  is  aimed  at, 
no  shifts  or  working  by  halves  will  do.  The 
sommith  of  the  profession  assure  us  that  "there  is 
plenty  of  room  at  the  top."  In  less  fortunate 
circles,  however,  each  year  every  worker  no 
doubt  finds  more  effort  is  needed  to  maintain  a 
place  of  security  on  the  ladder  of  success,  and 
certainly  more  service  of  a  higher  standard  of 
efficiency  has  to  be  rendered.  For  architects 
beyond  all  question  the  survival  of  the  fittest 
alone  remains  a  certainty,  consequently  a  more 
excellent  status  is  inevitable.  Thanks  to  the 
enterprise  of  a  few,  an  advance  towards  pro- 
ficiency has  already  been  made,  and  some  steps 
have  been  taken  to  improve  the  methods  in  vogue 
for  the  making  of  architects. 

The  disinterested  and  capable  work  carried  on  by 
the  Architectural  Association  during  so  many 
patient  years  furnished  the  basis  of  operation, 
and  induced  many  to  desire  something  higher 
and  more  complete.  It  thus  came  about  that 
the  educational  scheme  has  lately  expanded,  with 
the  notable  result  that  the  Architects'  Day  School 
has  entered  upon  its  initial  stage,  and  thus  far 
may  be  accepted  as  an  accomplished  enterprise 
demanding  our  hearty  and  united  support.  The 
success  attending  this  decided  departure  suggested 
to  me  the  idea  of  promptly  assisting  its  develop- 
ment by  bringing  about  the  free  gift  of  the 
collection  and  buildings  of  the  Royal  Architectural 
Museum,  so  as  to  solve  without  further  delay  the 
long  experienced  difHculty  as  to  the  acquisition 
of  more  suitible  accommodation  in  which  to  con- 
duct this  great  work.  As  so  many  are  still  under 
the  impression  that  the  Museum  was  in  financial 
difficulties,  let  me  .igain  say  that  this  was  not  so, 
because  the  annual  income  which  we  for  years 
past  administered  at  Tufton-street  amounted  to 
between  £1,500  and  £2,000,  and  the  Museum 
had  no  monetaiy  liabilities  whatever.*  It  is  a 
matter  of  congratulation  that  this  important 
transfer  was  rendered  possible  by  the  unanimous 
concurrence  of  the  Council  and  subscribers  of  the 
Royal  Architeclural  Museum,  who  would  not  have 
hanr'ed  over  such  an  exceedingly  valuable  pro- 
perty to  the  Architectural  .-Vssoeiation  had  any 
doubt  whatever  existed  as  to  the  merits  of  its 
present  educational  undertakings. 

Wo  stand,  however,  only  on  the  threshold 
of  the  movement,  which  has  now  entered 
upon  another  phase  owing  to  the  recently 
formulated  design  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects  for  establishing  teaching 
centres  for  architects  in  variovis  big  towns 
all  over  the  kingdom,  under  tho  advisory 
control  of  an  Educational  Committee  at  Conduit- 
street  coinposod  of  some  of  'he  foremost  architocla 
:ind  educationalists  of  tl\o  d:iy.  It  will  thus  be 
evident  that  wo  have  only  commenced  tho  task 
which    stretchtH    out   with    increasing    interest, 


•  Thin  incf»me  of  the  rauseuni  censed,  of  course,  when 
the  school  of  art  was  clotted,  aadtho  subitcriptioQA  stopped 
01  tho  transfer  of  the  museum  propcrt7  to  the  A.A. 


looming  large  in  the  potentialities  of  the 
future.  The  necessity  of  a  more  systematic 
plan  of  educating  students  in  architecture 
is  being  more  clearly  recognised  and  more 
generally  accepted.  I  am  persuaded  that 
nothing  is  better  calculated  to  break  down  tho 
barrier  of  union  between  those  within  and  those 
without  the  pale  of  the  Institute  than  this 
fimdamental  c|uestion  on  which  all  the  best 
architects  are  united  Tho  primary  object  of  this 
enterprise  which  thus  stimulates  the  imagination 
is  not  concerned  so  much  in  furthering  professional 
interests  as  in  promoting  better  building  and 
more  excellent  arrhitecture. 

This  is  the  standpoint  whence  I  propose 
this  evening  to  consider  my  subject,  upon 
the  choice  of  which  permit  me  to  say  one 
word.  The  committee,  in  arranging  the  series 
of  specialised  topics  for  discussion  dviring  the 
current  session,  requested  me  (o  contribute  a 
paper  on  "  I'en  Drawing."  -Vlready,  as  some 
here  may  remember,  I  have  read  two  papers  in 
these  rooms  on  Architectural  Ulustration  and 
Drawing.  It  appeared  to  me.  therefore,  that  we 
might  with  some  advantage  on  this  occasion 
diversify  the  consideration  of  draughtsmanship 
by  carrying  our  conclusions  beyond  the  limita- 
tions of  the  sketch-book,  the  drawing-board,  and 
the  tee-square.  Besides  this,  since  I  relinquished 
my  charge  at  Tuttqn-street,  without  being 
cognisant  of  what  others  have  been  doing  in 
respect  to  this  question  of  education  for  archi- 
tects, I  have  realised  the  liabilities  involved  in 
the  step  which  has  been  taken,  and  consequently 
appreciating  fuUy  the  accruing  responsibilities 
which  are  calculated  to  tax  our  resources  very 
seriously,  I  beg  leave  to  avail  myself  of  this  op- 
portunity to  impress  upon  everyone  whom  I  may 
hope  to  influence  the  abou"diug  need  of  a  united 
effort  to  see  this  matter  through  successfully  in 
the  honourable  disinterestedness  of  is/j:-if  dc  eurps. 
We  must  rise  to  the  occasion,  and  incidentally  it 
may  be  timely  to  recall  the  American  citizen's 
loquacious  observation  as  to  the  "  risk  of  attempt- 
ing to  stop  half-way  whUe  going  up  a  waterspout- 
or  down  a  waterfaU."  The  unkindest  chill  of  all 
woidd  be  that  inflicted  by  the  wet  blanket  of' 
indifference  among  our  fellows. 

In    respect    to    drawing,   I    do    not    in    any 
way     intend     to     overestimate     its     value.      I 
am   fully   cognisant    of  the  current    fashion  to 
warn  students  against  the  trick  of  draughtsman- 
ship.    The  business  of  an  architect  is  to  build, 
and  not  to  draw.  A  good  building,  perhaps,  might 
be  erected  without  good  drawings,  but  it  is  almost 
always  certain  that  the  best  designs  are  shown  by 
the  best  drawings.     Michael  Angelo  said:   "'Let 
whoever  has  attained   to  the  power  of  drawing 
know  that    he    holds    a    great    treasure."     -\rt 
consists    in    the   tangible   and  capable  expres- 
sion of  an  artistic  idea,   and  good  building  as  a 
definition  is  not  intended  only  to  mean  utilitarian 
work,  though  of  course  it  comprises  structurally 
sound    thoroughness     and     practically    pkanned 
buildings  arranged  with  due  regard  to  sanitary 
construction.     'To  all  tliis  there  must  be  added, 
however,    an    embodiment    of  good   proportions 
which  shall  govern    its   design    by   refined  per- 
ception of  architectural  grace  and  taste  in  style. 
Its  conception   must    be    the   result   of  personal 
thought   and  distinguished  by  tho  imprmt  of  a 
vitalising  individuality.     These,  surely  enough, 
are   the    qualities    essential    to    the    making  of 
beautiful  and   convenient  buildings,  each  in  its 
degree  and  size  adapted  to   the  everyday  needs 
of  our  domestic  and  municipal  life.     The  archi- 
tect's chief  endeavour,  notwithstanding  the  sur- 
mounting weight  of  our  commercialism,  should 
be  devoted  to  the  production  of  thoughtful  and 
.artistic  buildings  worthy  of  our  national  great- 
ness and  in  harmony   with    the  aspirations  and 
activity  which  distinguish  the  politic.tl.  ecclesias- 
tical, and  philanthropic  enterprise  of  the  Empire. 
In    spite  of   tho    adverse    conditions    under 
which  we  not  infrequently  h.we  to  build,  and  the 
haphazard  way  in  whii  h  competition  designs  are 
chosen,  also  not  forgetting   our   many  pei-scnal 
shortcomings,  this  enumeration  of  what  ought  to 
constitute  our  ideal    is  no  pragmatic  alMalu?  or 
Barmecide   of   buttery    adjectives.     We    cannot 
regard  with  complacency  the    lost  chances  and 
wasted  opportimities  which  so  many  pretentious 
and    inconsequential    buildings    thi'oughuut    the 
land  continue  every  day  to  place  on  record.     Wo 
must  deplore  tho  [lopularily  of  such  chaotic  and 
petty  productions,  dovoi<l  :»s  they  are  of  all  breadth 
and  bistoful  solidity,  an  eyesore  and  an  incubuj 
prepared  for  posterity.     Ruskin  justly  said  such 
work     is    beneath     the     mark    of    attack     and 


154 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  29.  1904. 


the  level  of  contempt.  The  order  of  the  day 
is  cheapness,  and  that  has  much  to  answer 
for ;  but  moneyed  imbecility  is  the  worst  im- 
becility of  all.  Most  of  the  common  architecture 
of  our  cities  is  simply  that  both  vulgar  and  ex- 
pensive, seeking  to  impress  by  vainglorious  noise, 
heralding  its  costliness  from  groundline  to  ridge 
as  if  obtrusive  opulence  might  be  accounted  a 
■virtue.  Although  it  will  perhaps  be  said  that  the 
average  quality  of  contemporary  design  has  in 
some  ways  improved  of  late,  no  one  can  doubt 
that  a  vast  room  for  betterment  exists.  As- 
suredly, if  we  would  develop  the  art  of  our  time 
it  will  not  be  done  by  posing  with  a  patronising 
aloofness  of  superiority,  but  by  a  manly  grasp  of 
the  fascinations  of  the  day,  its  possibilities  and 
its  needs.  We  shall  never  better  our  work  till  we 
give  it  more  size  and  boldness,  and  by  omitting 
outlay  on  finicking  finishings  spend  more  on 
thickening  our  walls,  and  in  giving  recess  to  our 
doorways  and  window  openings. 

With  regard  to  the  making  of  architects,  we 
must  insist  upon  the  study  of   solids  and  voids 
as  a  matter  of  the  utmost  consequence,  for  without 
a    full     and    an    adequate     recognition     of    the 
importance  of  shadow  and  value  of  wail  space  our 
facility  of  draughtsmanship  and  paper   propor- 
tions becomes  illusive,  and  can  avail  us  nothing 
in  comparison   with    the    spacings  of  light  and 
darkness.     "  The  one    must    be   broad  and  bold 
enough  not    to    be    swallowed    up    by    twilight, 
and  the  other  deep  enough  not  to  be  dried  up, 
like  a  shallow    pool,  by  a  noonday  sun."     Bald 
crudities    and    uncouth    oddments    in    building 
design   possess    nothing    in    common    with    fine 
architecture,      though      it     may     be     admitted 
that   fads   and  mannerisms    have   had,  perhaps, 
their     passing     uses     by    furniehicg    a   counter 
irritant   to   the   normal    commonplaces    of   ugly 
dulness  of  which  we  certainly  have  had  our  share. 
Singularity,  however,  is   a  vastly  different  thing 
to  good  taste,  and  "  L'Art  Nouveau  "'  supplies  no 
substitute  for  beauty  in  form  or  the  spirit  of  good 
design.     Such  a  perverse  masquerade  of  singu- 
larity,   in    the    hope    of     obtaining    credit    for 
originality,  may  for  the  nonce  impart  a  degree  of 
picturesqueness  to  the  architectural  horizon,  and 
the    flauntings    of    a    shallow    independence   of 
precedent  with  the  intent  of  seeming  clever  may 
afford    a    temporary    relief     from     the    sunless 
monotony  of  dismal  propriety  :  but  the  debonair 
of   to-day  thus    indulged    only   incurs   the   in- 
evitable reaction  of  to-morrow,  demanding  equally 
unsatisfactory   stimulants   in   the   form  of  other 
extravagances.     Smart   adroitness  is    a    marked 
characteristic  in  all  Barocco  work,  but  its  clever- 
ness is  only  of  the  stop-chamfer  type,  and  soon 
tires.     Slistaken  departures  such  as  these  are  due 
to  a  disregard  or  lack  of  a  just  appreciation  of 
true  principles,  with  the  consequent  loss  of  worthy 
ideals,  in  the  absence  of  which  taste  is  accounted 
as  if  it  consisted  in  the  aimless  accumulation  of 
so   much   quaint    bric-a-br.ic    or   the   bathos  of 
tawdry  gossip   in  design.     First   one   transitory 
craze  and    then    another,    with    no    more   sub- 
stantiality than  a  fashionable  wallpaper,  beconres 
the  vogue   in   the   chase    after  novelties,  while, 
with  the  same  intent,  other  caterers  for  popularity 
attempt  to    evolve    an    "eclectic'"    style   by  an 
incongruous  blend  of  the  peculiarities  of  several 
historic   styles   rolled   into  one.     Before  we  can 
hope   to    educate    the    public    in   discriminating 
between  such  vagaries  we  must  disassociate  our- 
selves from  this  sort  of  thing,  and,  by  showing  a 
better  way, endeavour  to  overcome  the  complacency 
■with  which  the  public  accep's  the  iigly  in  prefer- 
ence to  the  beautiful  in  all  things  belonging  to 
building.     How  long   are  architects  to  placidly 
accede,  lying  down,   to  this  prevalent    choice  of 
bad   designs    instead    of   good  ones :     In  estab- 
lishing a  more  systematic  schooling  in  architec- 
ture   we   are    taking    the    only  reliable  road    to 
^form  in  such  matters.     The  enterprise  entails  a 
serious  effort,  but   that   which   is   not  worth  an 
effort  is   not  worth  doing  at  all.     Architectural 
laws  can  and  ought  to  be  taught  in  our  training 
schools  just  as  plainly  as  English,  and  spelling, 
and  grammar  are  taught,  and  there  is  no  reason 
why  building  construction  treated  specially  from 
an  architect's  standpoint  should  not  be  scientific- 
ally   taught    and     practically    demonstrated   in 
properly     appointed     workshops     all     over    the 
country.     The  whole  movement  must  be  directed 
and  considered  as  a  unified  explanation  of  build- 
ing requirements  in  their  bearing  upon  the  actual 
practice  of  an  hiteclure,  dealing  with  its  problems 
in  the  round  rather  than  in  the  flat  or  on  paper, 
and  wc  ought  also  to  form,  with  this  object,  a 
•well- selected    series  of    exhibitions    of    modem 


building  appliatccs  of  the  most  recent  make, 
making  the  choice  of  improved  contrivances  and 
of  all  kinds  of  materials  quite  apart  from  any 
advertising  consideration".  In  arranging  such 
an  enterprise  as  is  here  indicated,  let  it  be  clearly 
understood  that  those  who  have  identified  them- 
selves with  it  so  far  lay  claim  to  no  special  pre- 
science, and  have  not  the  smallest  wish  to  arrogate 
to  themselves  more  than  their  share  in  this  matter. 
The  project  must  be  co-operative  in  the  sense  that 
it  needs  the  cordial  help  of  all  concerned.  If  we 
are  unable  to  see  eye  to  eye  in  aU  matters  of 
taste  we  can  and  must  stand  shoulder  to  shoulder 
in  furthering  this  undertaking  for  the  improve- 
ment and  far-reaching  interests  of  our  art. 
Exaggerated  aspersions  on  the  piesent  want  of 
method  in  the  teaching  of  architects  will  only 
tend  to  alienate  the  more  conservative  among  us, 
and  unless  the  profession  generally  is  united  in  a 
disinterested  determination  to  work  with  a  will  in 
this  affair,  the  success  which  we  hope  for  will  not 
be  realised. 

It  would  be  a  grave  mistake  to  only 
establish  a  Metropolitan  Bureau  of  Architectural 
Education,  and  the  policy  adopted  therefore 
should  be  on  broad  and  comprehensive  lines.  In 
common  with  all  cosmopolitan  undertakings,  the 
working  administration  must  possess  a  centre  of 
organisation  located  in  London.  Without  repre- 
sentative association  no  autocracy,  however 
capable,  can  hope  to  compass  the  far-reaching 
necessities  of  this  measure  of  professional  educa- 
tion, wh'ch  in  that  serse  must  embrace  a  national 
scheme.  Members  of  our  profession  in  our  big 
tiwns  understand  as  keenly  as  anyone  the 
need  of  this  democratic  aspect  of  the  affair,  and 
Londoners  will  only  be  too  glad  to  avail  them- 
selves of  the  valuable  assistance  of  their  provincial 
coiifih-rs.  There  must,  of  course,  be  an  unhesi- 
tating recognition  of  the  central  authority,  but  to 
obtain  this  hearty  union  of  forces  architects  out- 
side the  London  district  must  be  accorded  a  pro- 
portionate share  of  the  management.  The 
opportunities  to  be  thus  afforded  will,  I  believe, 
accomplish  more  to  raise  the  status  of  the  pro- 
fession throughout  the  country  than  any  scheme 
of  Registration  by  Act  of  Parliament  could 
possibly  do.  No  one  pretends  that  a  panacea  for 
all  our  needs  in  this  matter  will  thus  be  obtained, 
but  assuredly  the  busy  murmur  of  the  •working 
hive  of  willing  students  should  rouse  the  profes- 
sion from  its  lethargic  lullaby,  which  can  no 
lonijer  be  indulged  in  with  comfort  even  by  the 
profhets  of  a  fanatical  belief  in  laisser-faire, 
owing  10  the  entire  change  in  the  condition  of 
things  brought  about  during  the  last  fifty  years. 
It  must  be  taken  for  granted  that  a  few  well- 
meaning  indi\  iduals  will  prefer  a  sort  of  mugwum- 
pian  isolation  so  peculiarly  attractive  to  the 
outsider,  but  I  am  optimistic  enough  to  believe  that 
the  needs  of  this  educational  development  when 
clearly  stated  will  awaken  the  enthusiasm  of  all 
who  have  the  inter  st  of  good  building  at  heart, 
and  especially  the  j'ounger  and  more  ardent 
members  of  the  profession.  "  Youth  without 
enthusiasm  means  a  maturity  without  faith  and 
an  old  age  without  hofe."  There  is  no  notion  of 
attempting  a  genesis  of  a  fresh  cult  or  the  in- 
vention of  a  new  style,  and  we  are  not  con  erned 
in  the  revival  of  any  bygone  phase  of  building 
art.  Enough  energy  has  already  been  expended 
on  such  like  sterilised  enterprises  by  progenitors 
of  de'unct  forms  of  details.  It  is  a  matter  of 
indifference  whether  we  have  old  architecture  or 
new  architecture,  lintel  or  arched  construction, 
but  it  is  of  the  utmost  consequence  whether 
we  have  architecture  worthy  of  the  name.  Our 
endeavour  should  be  concentrated  in  producing 
beautiful  work,  caring  but  little  whether  it  is 
new  or  not.  Time  alone  can  insure  a  true 
evolution  of  style  which  relies  on  the  labour  of 
multitudes,  and  not  so  much  on  the  inventive 
efforis  of  the  few.  "The  able  architect  will 
probably  adopt  as  his  own  any  type  of  the  day 
which  may  be  going,  and,  working  at  that,  will 
impress  it  with  freshness  and  individuality, 
taking  liberties  with  his  text  no  doubt,  though 
not  in  defiance  of  its  rules  or  for  the  greed  of 
notoriety ;  but  he  will  invest  it  with  originality 
just  in  the  same  way  as  a  master  of  speech  will 
use  the  vernacular,  with  freshness  and  style  of 
expression  to  convey  ideas  which  words  alone, 
without  such  infractions,  could  not  adequately 
describe  or  graphically  indicate."  Such  a  gift 
comes  from  the  gods,  and  cannot  be  given  by  any 
School  of  Arts  or  Royal  Academy,  and  no  ex- 
amination or  training  can  insure  it.  I  do  not 
presume  for  one  moment  that  the  best  studio 
equipment  or  the  most  cultured  class  system  ever 


invented  will  produce  a  single  architectural 
genius,  though  it  is  possible  that  by  such  mean» 
a  potential  master  iu  architecture  might  be  dis- 
covered : — 

One  of  the  few,  the  immortal  names, 
That  were  not  bom  to  die. 

The  most  that  we  can  hop2  for  in  a  general 
sense  is  to  render  likely  a  levelling  up  towards 
an  improvement  in  contemporary  work  more  in 
harmony  with  the  canons  of  architectural  taste 
by  leaving  no  longer  the  making  of  architects  as 
a  matter  of  chance  to  the  happy-go-lucky  rule  of 
thumb. 

With  this  end  it  is  desirable  to  co-ordinate 
and  centralise  our  scheme  of  training.  Let 
no  one  suppose,  however,  that  anything  ap- 
proaching a  sort  of  professional  forcing  house  or 
system  of  cram  is  in  process  of  contemplation 
where  artistic  capacities  will  be  impaired  by 
abstract  theories  and  technical  prolixities.  It  is 
to  be  an  "occupation"  school  conceived  and 
conducted  by  architects  for  architects,  therefora 
the  artistic  and  inventive  powers  of  no  one  are 
likely  to  be  reduced  to  the  level  of  mechanical 
plodders  by  any  inflexible  type  of  regulation 
teaching  in  dealing  with  matters  of  design.  In 
the  more  advanced  stages  of  study  I  presume  the 
advantage  of  practising  architects  of  repute  acting 
as  visitors  will  still  obtain.  The  croakings  of  those 
who  seriously  warn  us  do  not  appear  to  me  to  be 
justified  when  they  anticipate  that  the  .ispira- 
tions  of  artistically-minded  pupils  will  be  stulti- 
fied by  scientific  teaching  of  this  sort.  These 
worthy  people  seem  to  fancy  that  we  had  better 
by  far  leave  things  as  they  are,  with  the  assurance 
that  the  best  will  always  come  to  the  top. 
Absence  of  taste,  paucity  of  ideas,  and  lack  of 
knowledge  are  not  quite  identical ;  but  they  gene- 
rally, however,  exist  together.  Some  have  argued, 
and  argued  well,  that  poverty  is  no  hindrance  (o 
genius,  and  Jlr.  Carnegie  lately  said  that  the 
greatest  inheritance  a  boy  could  possess  is  poverty. 
Doubtless  these  conclusions  can  be  supported  by 
special  experiences,  and  it  is  an  old  saying  that 
man  is  the  architect  of  eircumstances.  None  the 
less  it  is  obvious  that  forethought  would  demand 
a  guide  to  successfully  climb  the  Alps,  and  no  man 
would  wisely  put  to  sea  in  a  skiff.  To  the  "  indi- 
vidual of  infinite  resource"  adverse  circum- 
stances no  doubt  furnish  an  incentive  to  effort, 
while  poverty  may  develop  the  acquisitiveness  of 
genius  ;  indeed,  it  is  open  to  question  whether  im- 
pecuniosity  ever  hindered  the  ultimate  advance  of 
anyone  who  is  possessed  of  a  real  and  enduring  love 
of  his  art.  Architecture  has,  however,  been  ade- 
quately described  as  the  most  diflicult  work  a  man 
can  put  his  hand  to,  and  w'hen  a  student  affects 
an  artistic  consciousness  it  will,  nine  cases  out  ot' 
ten,  prove  a  great  personal  gain  to  him  to  learn 
that  the  pursuit  of  architecture  demands  more 
than  a  superficial  astheticism  to  enable  him  to  cope 
with  the  task  he  is  taking  up.  If,  in  the  tenth 
instance,  such  a  discovery  on  the  part  of  the 
student  shculd  prove  too  much  for  his  artistic 
precocity,  then  surely  the  exception  which  proves 
the  rule  must  be  a  weakling  indeed. 

Whatever  disadvantages  the  English  pupil  has 
experienced  as  compared  with  his  Continental  con- 
temporaries, I  think  we  are  justified  in  congratu- 
lating ourselves  that  anyhow  he  has  escaped  the 
stereotyped  mannerisms  and  academic  formalisms 
so  conspicuous  in  much  of  the  otherwise  modern 
architecture  abroad,  though  we  are  bound  to 
recognise  the  traditional  methods  distinguishing 
the  best  modern  buildings  of  the  French.  The 
over-accentuation  of  individuality  so  detrimental 
to  the  uniformity  of  effect  in  our  English  towns  is 
chiefly  due  to  the  absence  of  comprehensive 
schemes  compatible  with  the  dignity  of  architec- 
tural treatment.  The  uncompromising  insistence 
of  personal  rights  by  different  owners  of  cir- 
cumscribed sites  precludes  anything  approach- 
ing the  grand  scale  of  setting  out  the  facades 
of  our  thoroughfares  on  the  lines  adopted 
iu  France  and  Germany.  The  fiasco  of  the 
L.C.C.  Strand-facade  improvement  scheme  is  a 
case  in  point.  Moreover,  the  position  insured  to 
architects  in  reference  to  the  Governmental 
Departments  of  Public  Works  abroad  has  bo 
counterpart  in  this  country.  While  recognising 
this  difference,  we  do  at  least  obtain  a  picturesque 
personality  in  our  work  which,  however,  is 
gr.idually  becoming  more  subservient  to  recog- 
nised met'iods  of  design,  and  it  is  a  gain  also  that 
the  liriiisb  student  does  not  waste  time  in 
emulating  the  foreign  system  of  draughtsman- 
ship which  starts  with  the  thinnest  of  lines 
and  finishes  with  shading  and  sponging,  and 
sponging  and  shading,  till  the   utmost  finish  i* 


Jan.  29,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIXG    NEWS. 


.■)■) 


obtained,  and  all  individuality  is  gone.  Our 
drawings  are  too  often  mean  and  poor,  and  our 
pupilage  cxperiencea  are  frequently  a  disgrace  ; 
but  I  am  convinced  that  for  practical  efficiency, 
as  also  for  the  retention  of  what  semblance  of 
artistic  tradition  remains  at  all  in  England, 
no  satisfactory  substitute  for  apprenticeship 
under  really  qualified  and  conscientious  masters 
is  at  all  probable,  and,  therefore,  we  shall  do  well 
to  supplement  and  improve  this  old  plan,  instead 
of  attempting  to  supersede  it  by  importing  Herman 
ideals  r«  i/w.  The  gent  ral  consensus  of  opinion 
as  to  the  experience  resulting  from  Ihe  Oerman 
and  other  foreign  colleges'  course  of  four  and 
more  years  of  class  training  amounts  to  this,  that 
when  young  architects  so  taught  commence  to 
practise  they  display,  as  you  might  naturally 
expect,  a  conspicuous  want  of  practical  know- 
ledge, and  fail  from  lack  of  an  acquaintance 
with  the  application  of  much  that  they  have 
theoretjpally  acquired,  so  that  the  older  architects 
abroad  recommend  at  least  a  year's  apprenticeshij) 
after  leaving  the  schools,  and  for  those  who  cannot 
thus  afford  another  twelve  months  in  learning 
their  business  and  can  do  without  holidays,  it  is 
advised  that  they  shall  do  office  work  during  their 
vacations.  In  any  event,  whatever  method  is 
adopted  the  most  must  depend  upon  the  aptitude 
of  the  pupil.  A  man  ought  anyhow  to  be  a 
'prentice  before  he  can  take  up  the  position  of  a 
master  with  advantage,  and  the  best  pupil  needs 
the  best  teaching,  for  taste  and  ability  may  run 
wild  if  not  curbed  and  properly  cultivated.  A 
year's  probationary  work  in  such  a  school  as 
we  are  intending  will  afford  the  student  an 
opportunity  prior  to  his  articles  for  ascertaining 
whether  the  calling  of  an  architect  is  likely  to 
prove  congenial  to  his  particular  capabilities  or 
not.  If  by  this  process  of  elimination  some 
failures  could  be  prevented,  so  much  the  better 
for  art  and  for  the  individuals  themselves.  Much 
of  the  mediocrity  of  our  everyday  designs  would 
be  spared  us  if  these  reasonable  precautions  were 
taken.  A  smattering  acquaintance  with  many 
things  or  a  casual  fancy  for  all  styles  of  work 
will  not  qualify  a  man  to  design  good  modern 
buildings,  any  more  than  an  aU-round  elementary 
course  in  several  languages  would  enable  him  to 
write  well  in  any  one  of  them. 

Whether  it  is  ever  probable,  even  if  it  were 
desirable,  that  our  Government  will  establish    a 
National  School  for  Architects  is  another  question 
beyond  the  range  at  present  of  practical  politics. 
Our  obligations,  however,  in  the  mean  time  are 
definite  and  clear,  it  being  evident  that  architects 
must  combine  in  some  well-concerted  scheme  to 
bringthe  study  of  building  art  and  its  allied  tech- 
nical crafts  into  conformity  with  the  h'gher  educi- 
tional  developments  of  our  time,  which  have  made 
such    overwhelming  advances    during   the   past 
few   years   in   France,  Germany,    and  America. 
England  is  shockingly  behindhand  in  technical 
training    all    round,    as    Sir    Xorman    liockyer 
demonstrated  in  his  British  Association  address 
last  autumn.     It  would  be  worse  than  folly  for 
architects   to   ignore   this  aspect  of   the  subject 
from  a  professional  point  of  view,  which  mani- 
festly  is    of    vital   consequence    for   every  good 
reason.     The    architects    of    this    country   must 
realise  their  position  in  this  matter  and  take  care 
to  befit  themselves  in  order  that  they  may  hold 
their  own  with  engineers  and  kindred  callings, 
and    it    architects    are    to    occupy    with    credit 
an    assured   place   in    current    affairs    quite    as 
distinctively  and  well    recognised   as  those  held 
by  the  legal,    medical,    and   other  professions, 
thoroughness  and  eliiciency  must  be  guaranteed . 
Would  we  secure  the  patronage  of  the  public, 
we  are  bound  to  qualify  our  students  in  order 
that    they   may   merit    its    confidence.     Success 
is  rare,  and  general   rules  can  only  be  pro\-ided 
for  ordinary  work,    and   not  for    anything  re- 
quiring   invention,   and  as  to  how  far  the  in- 
dividual will  compass  success  must  unquestionably 
in  the  main  depend  upon  himself,  as  well  as  upon 
his  capacity  for  continuous  labour.     The  older  he 
grows  the    more  fully  will   he   understand  that 
self-reliance  is  the  best  help  of  all.     Distinction 
comes   inevitably  of  personal   resource,    and   no 
reputation  will  endure  which  is  not  based  upon 
real  artistic  merit.       Friends  and  influence,   of 
course,    are     most    valuable    in    securing  com- 
missions ;  but  it  by  no  means  follows  that  luck  of 
that  kind  alone  will  insure  a  reputation  that  will 
live.     Xo  buildings  capable  of  affording  lasting 
pleasure  and  delight  the  imaginations  of  genera- 
tions are  ever  likely  to  be  produced  by  men  who 
are  satisfied  to  remain  architects  only  in  name, 
content  to  relegate  all  the  difficult  problems  of 


their  building  work  to  the  quantity  surveyor  or 
to  the  contractor,  or  the  builder's  operatives, 
retaining  only  to  themselves  the  fancy  part 
of  their  business,  which  may  be  acquired  in  a 
casual  rough  and  ready  fashion,  and  leaving 
the  detailing  and  even  much  of  their  so- 
termed  designing  to  their  subordinates  and 
assistants.  Of  such  inefficiency  we  have  had 
ample  experience,  with  all  the  attendant  evils 
of  vicarious  practice  so  familiar  as  to  need  no 
further  amplification.  Ruskin  somewhere  says  : 
"  It  is  foolish  and  insolent  to  imagine  that  the  art 
we  practise  is  grea'er  than  any  other,  but  it  is 
wise  to  take  care  that  in  our  hands  it  is  as  noble 
as  we  can  make  it."  There  can  be  no  nobility 
in  taking  credit  for  work  done  by  others.  The 
architect  must  think  for  those  whose  duty  it  is  to 
execute  his  designs,  and  must  convey  the  inten- 
tions of  his  mind  to  them  in  such  a  way  as  the 
weakest  capacity  can  grasp  and  the  feeblest 
hand  can  execute.  Whatever  may  have  been 
the  position  of  the  architect  in  the  Middle 
Ages,  and  whatever  his  methods  then  were,  he 
can  no  longer  now  depend  upon  the  workmen  as 
if  they  had  been  brought  up  on  traditional  lines, 
for  the  last  remnant  of  the  vernacular  in  archi- 
tecture went  the  way  of  t^ueen  Anne  nearly  two 
hundred  years  ago. 

The   architect    can   nowadays    only   calculate 
on  the  co-operation   of  artisans  subordinated  by 
labour  emancipation,  and  if  satisfactory   build- 
ings  are    to    be    produced    the    architect   must 
rely  upon  himself.     Some  theoretical  reformers 
decry  such  a  position  for  the  modern  architect, 
to  whom  they   would   accord   a   much  less  im- 
portant post,  permitting  him  only  to  confine  his 
attention  to  the  shell   or   carcase  of  a  building, 
leaving   its   enrichment   and   elaboration    in   an 
architectural  sense  to  trained  specialists  from  arts 
and  crafts  schools    managed   by  professors,  the 
notion  being,  as  would  appear,  that  architecture 
can  be   produced   in    a    co-operative   system  of 
supply,  here  a  little  and  there  a  little,  as  it  it  were 
an  applied   art.     In   advocating   this  fallacy  its 
authors  overlook  the   risk   of   incongruity  which 
must  ensue,  no  matter  how  excellent  individually 
the  various  moieties  of  the  work  might  be.     The 
controlment  of  the  architect  as  the  master  builder 
is  essential  to  the  unity  and  harmonious  combina- 
tion  of   the  whole    undertaking.      Everyone   of 
practical  experience,  in  dealing  with  the  methods 
of  capital  and  labour,   knows  perfectlj^  well  how 
impossible  any  such  fantastic  scheme  of  working 
would  prove  to  be  under  the  existing  conditions  of 
protectionist  trade-unionism  on  the  one  hand,  and 
the  troublesome  capriciousness,  shall  I  say,  of  the 
egotistical  handicraftsman  on  the  other.      It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  no  student  will  be  carried  away  by 
any  such  illusive  propositions.     Every  architect 
worthy  of  the  name  would  certainly  only  be  too 
glad  to  give  a  cipable  craftsman  as  free  a  hand  as 
possible,  and  willingly  accord  him  every  credit 
for  his  valued  assistance  in  the  execution  of  the 
work.  But  in  no  sense  can  architecture  be  treated 
as  an   applied  art,  therefore  we  need  not   further 
discuss   this    subordination   of    the    architect   in 
the  way   propounded.     He  of   all  men   engaged 
in  building    operations  m\i9t  be    responsible  for 
the  design  and  the  supervision  of  its  execution. 
I  confess  but  little  sympathy  with  those   clever 
folks   who    advise    students     to   become    skilled 
artificers  in  some  one  or   more  of  the  deeorati\e 
crafts,  telling  them  that,  by  becoming  ornament- 
alists  in  plasterwork  or  adepts  in  smithery,  they 
will   become    better    master    builders.     (_)a    the 
other  hand  every  man  up  to  a  certain  point  can 
but  be  the  gainer  by  some  practical  experience  in 
carpentry  and  joinery.     I  speak  from  more  than 
theory,  having  been   myself  an  apprentice  to  a 
builder  at  the   bench.     It   is    impossible,    how- 
ever, for    any    individual   to    become    manually 
efficient  in  all  the  branches  of  the  building  trade, 
and  in   my  judgment  a   young  architect's  time 
and  energies  would  be  better  occupied  in  actpiiring 
a   general  knowledge   such   as    the  scheme   now 
promulgated    will   render    possible.      The  usual 
methods     of     practice    are     quite    onerous    and 
complicated   enough    without    inventing   eccen- 
tricities of  working  for  the   sake  of    a  passing 
craze. 

Wo  are  thus  brought  face  to  face  with 
the  initial  cunJitions,  which  allow  but  little 
choice  in  this  matter;  conscc|Uontly  in  the  making 
of  architects  one  of  the  essentials  peculiar  to  the 
calling  must  consist  in  a  thorough  initiation  of 
the  student  in  business  management  based 
upon  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the 
technical    details    of    contracts   and    their   legal 


By-laws.     It  is  no  longer   sufficient  to  relegate 
such  matters   to    building  surveyors,  as  if  such 
questions  were  of   no   concern   to   the  architect, 
lie  is  the  responsible  person  who  has  to  decide 
between  the  parties.     It  he  is  to  advise  hLs  clients, 
and  guard  their  interests,   it  will  not   do  to  seek 
shelter  behind   the  flimsy  assertion  that  he  is  an 
artist  first  ami  can  only  be  expected  to  deal  with 
business     affairs     as     an     after     consideration. 
Architects  in  large  practice  possibly  can  afford, 
and  must,  to  a  certain  extent,  leave  such  things 
to    subordinates  ;     but    when     considering     the 
question  as  to  the  grounding  of  students  in  the 
architect's  business,  we  need  to  remember  that 
they  will  have  to  commence  at   the  foot  of  the 
ladder,  and,  necessarily,  it  will  be  a  long  while, 
in  all  probability,  before  they  can  act  independ- 
ently as  masters  of  the  situation   in  so  complete 
a  way  as  those  who  enjoy  the  privileges  of  being 
at  the  top  of  the  tree.     When  the  public  realises 
that  all  the  business  associated  with  the  work  of 
an    architect    in    respect    to     his     buildings    is 
personally  his  own  the  world  will  cease  to  cavil 
at  our  profession  so  frequently,  and  those  archi- 
tects who   base   their    reputation  on  the   deter- 
mination  of    miking    their    designs    and  detail* 
absolutely    their    own    handiwork    do    more    td 
elevate   the   calling   of    the   architect   and  moro 
to  insure  good   building  than  is  otherwise  con- 
ceivable.    As  architects  we  have  more  and  more 
to  attend    to    a    considerable   amount  of   purely 
business     routine,    and     are     expected    to    deal 
with  highly  technical  problems  not  infrequently. 
We  cannot  afford  to  limit  our  vision  from  one 
point   only,  but   have   to   look   at   our  work  all 
round.      Builders    are    becoming    gradually  less 
and  less  trained  operatives  themselves,  and  they 
are  largely  assuming  the  position  of  financiers, 
conducting  their  business  with  a  staff  of  depart- 
mental managers,  who  in  any  event  are  expected 
to   show  a   profit   in    all   trades.     Do   not   mis- 
understand   me.      I    know    there    are    builders- 
who  are  builders  properly  so-called,  with  whom. 
it  is  a  pleasure  to  work,  and  all  honour  to  them. 
But  in  many  cases  an  architect  can  no  longer 
rely  on  the  impartial  advice  of  an  experienced 
tradesman,  and  young  architects  have  to  confront 
facts    as    presented   by  the   ordinary  rough  and 
tumble  of  the  contract  system,  whereby,  instead  of 
the  united  efforts  of  all  concerned  being  directed 
towards  the  best  available  result  with  the  materials 
and  funds  provided,  the  opposing  nature  of  the 
relative  interests  of  the  two  contracting  parties 
are  now  more  than  ever  recognised  and  treated 
in  an  understood  way  as  conflicting.     From  the 
commencement  to  termination  of  a  job  this  influ- 
ence is  more  or  less  evident,  and  naturally  such 
a  state  of   affairs  entails   much  thought  and  no 
little  anxiety  on  the  part  of  the  architect,  even  if 
nothing  more  serious  actually  happens,  a  condi- 
tion of  things  verj-  probably  insured  by  the  fac'" 
that  forethought  "has  prepared  for  contingencies. 
Considerations  of  this  nature  may  be  abstrusive, 
and  like!)'  to  be  accounted  tiresome  in  this  place, 
but  high  art  or  no  art ,  they  do  form  part  of  an 
architect's  husines«.     Practical  knowledge  of  this 
sort  cannot  be  acquired  in  school  classes,  for  office 
routine  alone  can  really  teach  it.     It  is  one  thing 
to  be  taught  carpentry  or  joinery  in  a  polytech- 
nic,   where   stuff   is    supplied    without    stint   tj 
practice  upon,  and  ijuite  another  thing  to  go  to 
work  at  a  bench  in  a  builder's  workshop,  as  I  did 
before  I  was  articled.  Vou  are  not  long  in  under- 
standing there,  I  may  tell  you,  that  material  has 
to  bo  handled  and  utilised  in  a  business-like  way. 
By  following  up  this  aspect  of  the  matter  so  that 
materials  shall  be  employed  with  a  common-sense 
regard   to    workmanship,   and    thus    leasonably 
adapting  them  as  a  means  to  a  definite  end,  we 
shall  invest  our  designs  with  truth  of  trejitment, 
and  so  go  far  to  gain  possibilities  of  distinction. 

Unless  oui  multifold  materials  are  employed 
expressively  in  an  enlightened  spirit  by  the 
workman  there  can  be  no  sense  of  fitnes-;  and 
beauty  in  our  buildings.  The  responsibility  of 
providing  for  this  expression  rests  now  with  tho 
architect,  consequently  it  is  of  tho  utmost  im- 
portance that  our  students  shall  be  trained  in  tho 
theoretical  and  artistic,  as  well  as  practical,  uso 
of  materials,  not  forgetting,  of  coui-se,  their 
structural  nature  and  value,  pirticulars  about 
which  every  learner  of  building  work  ought  to 
know. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  by  a  befitting 
app'ication  of  new  materials  a  new  stylo  of 
architecture  at  no  far  distant  date  might  result 
deserving  to  bo  associated  with  the  Twentieth 
Century  ;   but  assuredly  this  cannot  be  expected. 


consequences,   as    well    as    Building    Acts  and  |  because  it  is  clear  that  matcrisUs  can  never  alqne 


156 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan,  29,  1904. 


produce  either  style  or  design.  Brains  are  re- 
iiuired  to  bring  that  about.  Bricks  and  ttone 
remain  bricks  and  stone,  iron  and  terracotta 
remain  iron  and  terracotta  until  the  architect  can 
make  them  something  else,  till  he  imparts  into 
their  use  a  spirit  of  thought  and  vitality  which 
constitutes  all  the  difference  in  the  world 
between  the  four  square  elements  of  a  common 
piece  of  building  and  a  living  creation  of  art. 
We  are  told  that  artistic  fruition  exists  beyond 
the  scope  of  a  drawn  design,  which  at  most  is  a 
mere  pai>er  pattern  suitable  for  transmission 
through  the  penny  post,  and,  furiher,  that  the 
realisation  of  a  buUding  depends  upon  the  millions 
of  handstrokes  of  the  artificer's  work  which  con- 
suaimates  and  brings  the  creation  into  shape. 
This  sarcasm,  so  tersely  expressed,  might  be 
partially  true  if  we  chanced  to  be  employed  in 
constructing  Egyptian  pyramids,  but  unless  we 
■wish  to  emulite  the  chaos  generally  associated 
with  the  prehistoric  building  of  the  Tower  of 
Babel,  we  shall  scarcely  be  induced  to  rely  in  these 
days  solely  upon  the  handstrokes  cf  the  British 
working  man.  Whatever  theories  we  may  indulge 
in  as  (lights  of  fancy  during  holiday  hours,  for 
real  work  the  student  must  take  care  that  his  own 
handstrokes  shall  be  unmistakably  based  upon 
practical  knowledge,  particularlj-  in  making  his 
working  details,  insuring  their  accuracy,  and 
■workmanlike  thoroughness,  in  which  every 
part  of  his  proposed  building  is  clearly  worked 
out  after  the  design  as  a  whole  has  been  drawn 
and  thought  over  to  a  smaller  scale.  Such  dia- 
grams may  be  quite  unattractive  as  drawings,  and 
perhaps  fragmentary  looking  :  in  some  cases  they 
will  be  left  unfinished  in  pencil  or  chalk,  and 
generally  it  will  suffice  to  leave  them  uncoloured 
and   not  inked  in. 

{To  be  continneiL) 


Mr.  W.  Howard  SETn-Siirrn,  past-President, 
in  proposing  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Adams,  said 
the  paper  was  full  of  truths  very  well  expressed, 
and  had  been  put  before  them  in  a  masterly  way. 
The  lecturer  had  shown  them  that  they  must  in- 
spire the  public  with  the  conviction  that  as  a 
profession  architects  were  worthy  of  employment, 
that  they  understood  their  work  thoroughly,  and 
that  they  trained  their  young  men  thoroughly, 
both  from  a  practical  and  artistic  standpoint. 
He  did  not  go  into  the  question  of  what  form 
that  training  should  take :  the  Association  was 
highly  qualified  to  carry  out  that  education, 
in  which  teaching  in  craftsmanship  and  artistic 
matters  must  alike  have  a  place.  The 
first  principle  should  be  that  the  architectural 
profession  as  a  body  should  keep  the  training, 
and  especially  the  examination  of  architectural 
students,  in  its  own  hands.  The  curriculum  must 
be  kept  in  the  hands  of  the  profession.  The 
jVrchitectural  Association  would  form  an  ex- 
cellent examining  body,  and  the  only  one  capable 
of  carrying  it  out  efficiently.  The  rules  must  be 
laid  down  by  this  board  of  education,  and  not  by 
any  outside  body.  He  had  been  very  pleased  to 
hear  Mr.  Adams  lay  stress  on  the  necessity  of 
brains  for  architects.  They  needed  to  weed  out 
from  their  ranks  the  young  men  without  culture 
or  ability  before  they  had  served  their  articles, 
and  in  the  A. A.  Day  Schools  they  were  able  to 
decide  whether  a  young  man  had  or  had  not  a 
genius  for  the  practice  of  architecture. 

Mr.  W.  D.  Caroe,  past-president,  seconded 
the  vote  of  thanks,  remarking  that  he  agreed 
with  Mr.  Seth-Smith  as  to  the  extreme  fitness  of 
the  lecturer ;  indeed,  it  was  dilHcult  to  say  off- 
hand what  aspect  of  architectural  education  and 
fitness  had  not  been  touched  upon  by  Mr.  Adams. 
When  the  lecture  was  printed  in  the  architec- 
tural journals  there  was  reading  for  hours  in  the 
'paper,  and  it  would  provide  texts  for  innumerable 
sermons.  He  would  be  the  last  to  criticise  Mr. 
Adams ;  but  he  thought  that  not  only  in  the 
paper  itself,  but  in  the  illustrations  shown  on  the 
walls,  there  was  a  slight  absence  of  proportion  of 
plan.  The  beginnings  of  great  architecture  in 
its  modern  complications  existed  in  the  plan,  and 
he  for  one  would  have  liked  to  have  seen  a  few 
more  plans  on  the  walls,  and  to  have  heard  Mr. 
Adams  insist  a  little  more  emphatically  on  the 
advantage  of  planning  out  a  great  design.  The 
art  of  planning  was  one  of  the  things  which 
could  hardly  be  learned;  it  must  be  inborn 
in  the  student  if  he  would  become  a  skilful  archi- 
tect. One  point  on  which  Mr.  Adams  touched, 
undone  which  he  should  like  to  lay  emphasis  upon, 
was  the  extreme  importance  of  using  in  all  build- 
ings erected  in  the  country  the  locil  material  of 


the  particular  district.  Every  little  village  had 
its  own  building  material  close  at  hand,  and  in 
order  to  preserve  the  local  characteristics  the 
architect  should  employ  the  local  resources  and 
ignore  the  fact  that  railways  existed,  with  their 
facilities  for  transport.  If  that  were  done, 
dwellers  in  the  country  might  become  reconciled 
to  the  proximity  of  a  railway,  and  might  even 
welcome  the  creation  of  a  modern  garden  city. 
He  should  like  also  to  refer  to  the  excellent 
remarks  of  Mr.  Adams  on  the  general  question  of 
education,  and  especially  on  the  Registration  move- 
ment. He  did  not  intend  to  enter  into  a  discus- 
sion of  the  question  of  Architectural  Registration 
in  any  polemical  spirit.  He  was  sorry  to  have 
to  disagree  with  his  friend  Mr.  Seth-Smith: 
but  there  was  a  great  difference  between  examina- 
tions and  education.  There  was  a  general  feeling 
existing  against  the  establishment  of  examinations 
as  a  test  of  knowledge.  He  held  that  the  great  cause 
of  the  success  and  usefulness  of  the  Architectural 
Association  classes  in  the  past  had  been  because 
their  promoters  devoted  their  energies  to  teaching, 
and  eschewed  examinations.  In  his  opinion, 
examination  in  any  question  of  originality  and  of 
artistic  qualification  was  highly  detrimental  to 
thought  and  progress.  In  seconding  the  vote  of 
thanks,  he  should  like  to  say  that  he  was  exceed- 
ingly glad  to  have  been  present  that  evening  to 
he-jr  the  remarks  of  Mr.  Adams,  and  to  see  the 
delightful  collection  of  architectural  drawings  he 
had  been  able  to  bring  together. 

Mr.  Walter  Millard  thought  that  in  devising 
plans  for  the  better  making  of  architects  it  was 
not  wise  to  approach  the  subject  solely  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  well-qualified  professional  man, 
or  to  ignore  the  student's  own  point  of  view. 
The  average  articled  pupil  necessarily  did  not 
look  far  ahead.  He  did  not  care  for  the  general 
effect  on  the  profession  as  a  whole  of  any  im- 
provement in  architectural  education  or  training. 
There  was  nothing  he  wished  to  learn  for  the 
sake  of  acquiring  information  ;  but  he  simply 
desired  to  turn  his  knowledge  to  immediate  prac- 
tical account.  He  percei^  ed  it  might  help  him 
to  a  better  situation  if  he  was  able  to  turn  out 
good  work.  What  the  student  desired,  indeed, 
was  to  get  into  a  good  berth  in  a  well- 
known  office,  and  at  a  fair  weekly  salary 
— say,  233.  to  30s.  a  week  to  start  with. 
The  study  of  the  older  men  should  be  to  help  the 
student  in  this  aim,  and  so  lead  him  to  aspire  to 
something  higher.  There  were  not  nearly  enough 
prizes  in  the  architec-lural  profession  in  this 
country.  Young  men  preparing  for  the  Bar  could 
compete  for  studentships  which  provided  sums  of 
money  to  be  paid  to  any  leader  of  the  profession 
that  the  pupil  wished  to  read  with.  Thus  the 
studious  and  industrious  young  man  could  enter 
the  office  of  any.  leading  practitioner  whom  he 
chose  to  work  under.  It  would  be  a  great  benefit 
to  young  men  taking  the  architectural  profession, 
if  at  least  a  dozen  such  studentships  were  en- 
dowed, as  the  architectural  pupils  would  have 
something  to  aim  at.  The  Royal  Academy 
schools  provided,  it  was  true,  very  great  ad- 
vantages :  but  if  the  clever  student  could  get 
into  a  first  -  rate  architect's  office,  his  view- 
point of  life  would  be  altered  at  once.  He 
would  point  out  to  the  pupil  that  if  a  man  in- 
tended to  become  an  architect  it  was  of  no  use 
thinking  he  could  succeed  if  he  confined  his  work 
to  office  hours,  or  even  simply  read  books  after- 
wards. He  must  study  an  actual  building  as  a 
structure ;  must  measure,  plan,  and  draw  it  to 
scale,  and  so  dissect  and  analyse  it.  He  should 
then  proceed  to  a  systematic  study  of  some  special 
period  of  architecture,  and,  in  order  to  facilitate 
this  class  of  research,  the  A. A.  prize  winners 
might,  with  advantage,  be  set  to  an  arch;eological 
surveyor  of  old  work  throughout  the  country.  He 
cordially  endorsed  Mr.  Seth-Smith's  plan  that 
architects  should  keep  in  their  own  hands  the 
recruiting  of  the  ranks  of  the  profession. 

Professor  F.  il.  Simpson,  of  University  College, 
Gower-strett,  in  supporting  the  vote  of  thanks, 
remarked  that  any  scheme  of  architectural  educa- 
tion must  conform  to  the  scheme  of  everyday 
work.  Any  scheme  of  instruction  must  be  broad 
as  well  as  practical.  It  was  curious  to  notice  the 
changes  in  opinion  as  to  whit  should  be  the  main 
objects  of  architectural  education.  Not  so  many 
years  ago  it  used  to  be  urged  by  all  writers  and 
teachers  that  the  first  essential  was  drawing,  the 
second  drawing,  and  the  third  drawing  ;  now  a 
knowledge  of  building  construction  was  empha- 
sised as  the  principal  and  only  subject  of  import- 
ance. For  himself,  he  should  be  inclined  to  say 
that  the  primary  requirement  in  an  architectural 


student  should  be  invention,  the  second  building 
construction,  and  the  third  drawing,  this  qualifi- 
cation being  distinct  from  mere  draughtsmanship. 
Drawing,  and  not  draughtsmanship,  was  the  great 
training  for  students. 

The  Chairman,  in  putting  the  votes  of  thanks 
to  Sir.  Adams,  said  thej-  had  listened  to  a  most 
able,  comprehensive,  and  interesting  paper,  and 
he  felt  that  everyone  would  go  away  from  that 
meeting  with  more  ideas  on  the  architect's  train- 
ing to  think  about  than  they  came  with.  Mr. 
Adams  had  shown  them  exactly  what  to  do  and 
what  to  avoid,  and  the  points  that  had  not  been 
dwelt  upon,  or  had  been  omitted  from  view,  had 
been  brought  out  in  the  discussion  which  the 
paper  had  evoked,  particularly  in  the  remarks  of 
Mr.  Millard  and  Professor  Simpson.  He  could  not 
sit  down  without  mentioning  how  very  much  the 
Architectural  Association  was  indebted  to  Mr. 
Adams  for  the  great  work  he  had  done  and  the 
time  he  had  given  in  bringing  about  the  free 
gift  to  the  members  of  the  Royal  Architectural 
Museum  in  Great  Tutton-street,  Westminster. 
No  one  who  had  not  been  on  the  governing  body 
of  one  of  these  bodies,  the  Museum  or  the  Asso- 
ciation, could  realise  or  appreciate  what  Mr. 
Adams  had  done,  or  what  a  great  debt  of 
gratitude  they,  as  an  Association,  owed  to  him. 
He  then  put  to  the  meeting  the  vot*  of  thanks, 
which  was  carried  by  acclamation. 

Jlr.  Mavrice  B.  Adams,  in  reply,  said  if 
there  was  one  young  fellow  present  who  should 
go  away  impressed  with  the  conviction  that  he 
himself"  was  the  person  who  was  going  to  make 
his  life  a  success,  he  (the  speaker)  should  not  feel 
that  his  paper  had  been  written  in  vain.  It  was 
of  no  use  depending  on  influence  or  any  outside 
help.  There  could  only  be  in  the  nature  of  things 
a  very  tew  men  who  could  hope  to  get  into  first- 
rate  offices,  though  no  doubt  the^  average  young 
man  would  be  much  benefited  in  after-life  by 
being  with  a  leading  architect.  He  had  had  the 
management  of  the  Designing  Club  instituted 
by  the  Blildixg  News  from  the  beginning,  a 
period  now  of  considerably  over  twenty  years, 
and  his  experience  in  these  competitions  showed 
that  the  best  designs  very  often  came  from  young 
men  in  the  country  towns  who  possessed  not 
a  tithe  of  the  advantages  of  pupils  in  London 
offices.  In  writing  his  paper  he  had  in  view  the 
educational  work  of  the  Association  at  the  newly- 
acquired  premises  of  the  Royal  Architectural 
Museum,  and  ho  desired  to  see  the  work  there 
made  as  thorough  and  far-reaching  as  possible. 
He  thoroughly  appreciated  all  that  Mr.  CariJe 
had  said  about  the  importance  of  planning.  In 
conclusion,  he  should  like  to  propose  a  vote  of 
thanks  to  those  who  had  enabled  him  to  bring 
together  a  loan  collection  of  drawings  such  as 
had  not  been  seen  before,  many  of  them  being, 
as  they  would  notice,  working  drawings  of  con- 
tracts now  actually  in  progress,  and,  therefore,  of 
extreme  practical  interest  and  value  to  every 
student. 

*^^ 

THE    SURVEYORS'    INSTITUTION. 

IN  the  Students'  Preliminary  Examination, 
January  13  and  14,  1904,  of  the  candida'cs 
who  presented  themselves  at  the  Preliminary 
Examination  of  the  Institution,  held  concurrently 
in  London,  Manchester,  and  Glasgow,  on  January 
13  and  14,  1904,  the  following  satisfied  the 
examiners  : — 

Henry  Gerald  Angell.  14,  Portsmouth-roxd,  Guildford, 
Surrey;  John  Whiteley  Balden,  Bywell,  Leeda-rojd, 
Dewsbury.  Yorks ;  Resinald  Sidney  Bartram,  Bridge 
House,  Tonbridge,  Kent;  George  Coulson  Baxter,  1, 
Frederick-place,  Old  Jewry,  E.G. ;  Ernest  Guy  Bigwood. 
The  Berrow,  Barnt  Green,  near  Birmingham ;  Arthur 
George  Blackford,  12,  King's-avenue,  Ealing,  W. ;  Gordon 
Leslie  Broad,  200,  High-street,  Lewes,  Sussex;  Chis. 
George  Brown,  Park-place,  Haredeld,  lliddlesex  ;  Herbert 
Hambleton  Buckmaster,  47,  Sloane-street,  S.W. ;  'Walter 
Gordon  Bulteel,  Charlestown,  St.  Austell,  Cornwall; 
Frederick  Charles  Burbidge,  75,  ■\'ictoria-road  North, 
Southsea,  Hants;  Thomas  Lionel  Butler.  Broadlands, 
■Weybridge,  Surrey;  ■William  B.  L.  Butlin,  Eastwood 
Lodge.  Leamington,  "Warwickshire  ;  Percy  Shelley  Byshe, 
19,  St.  Anne'B-crescent,  Lewes.  Sussex ;  Cuthbert  Burn 
Callander,  The  Bed  House,  "Warwick ;  George  Stuart 
Calif,  104,  The  Avenue,  West  Ealing,  "W.  ;  John  Edward 
Carter,  05,  "\'assall-road,  Brixton,  S.W. ;  Albert  George 
Carver,  13,  St.  Nioholas-road,  Upper  Tooting,  S."W.  , 
Leslie  Edward  Clark,  Hackwood,  Bromley,  Kent; 
Ruymund  Montdgue  Clark.  73,  Maison  Dieu-road,  Dover ; 
Gilbert  Stanley  Conway,  63.  Ravensworth  View,  G.ate3- 
head-on-Tyne,  Durham ;  George  Cook,  Chapel-street, 
Lye,  ne.ar  Stourbridge,  "Worcester  ;  John  Rogers  Creasey, 
jun.,  Beltoft,  Hadlow-road.  Sidcup,  Kent;  Stanley  (i. 
Crockwell,  Court  Netherleigh,  Torquay,  Devon ; 
Frederick  Lewis  Crow,  jun.,  SheUwood  Manor,  Leigh, 
near  Reigate,  Surrey;  William  Rendall  IJ  xrby,  90.  Lad- 
broke-grove,  Netting  Hill,  W.  ;  Joseph  Reynolds  T")ay, 
Thorpe  Coombe,  Forest-road,  "Walthamstow,  E- ;  Mic- 
Donald  Dixon,  Cambridge  House,  Lynsted,  near  Sitting 


Jan, 


29,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


I-)7 


bourne,  Kent ;  John  Denvs  Drew.  Xoithbrook.  Starcross* 
Devon  ;  Walter  Durbridge,  LynJhm->>t,  ^;nuth  Hill  Park, 
Bromley.  Kent ;    Gordon  Palmer  Egau,  Clarence  School, 
Weston-super-Mare,      Somersetshire :      Frederick    Lan- 
aell    Elmes,      Soiithwood     House,     Canterbtiry,     Kent  : 
Charles    England,     Seymour    Lodee.     IMchmond    Hill. 
Bournemouth.   Hunts;   Raymond  Thomas  Farmer.  27(!. 
Hish-street.    Chatham,   Kent;    Hubert    Francis    Finn- 
Kelcey,   Smeeth,   Ashford,   Kent;  Guy  Sinsleton  Ford, 
Braeside,  Melton  Mowbray,  Leicester;  Kichard  Evelyn 
Ford,  2,   Fair-view,  Swindon,  Wilts ;    Frank  Archibald 
Fowler,   6,  Alderbrook-road,    Clapham,    S.W.  ;   Arthur 
Wingrave  Fox,  The  Mythe  Cottase,  Atherstone,  War- 
wickshire; Bernard  Francis.  '•  Bude,"  Southend-on-Sea, 
Essex;     Basil    Kendale    Garvice,    Eastridgo.    Bidel'ord, 
lievon;   Walter  Godfrey-Pa yton.    The    Bridge    House, 
Warwick;      Ernest    John    Goodacre,    Council    Offices, 
Hinckley,  Leicester  ;  Luke  Montapu  Grover,  Engineer's 
and  Surveyor's  Office,  Camberley.  Sun-ey;  Henry  Leister 
Gudgeon.   14,  Berkeley-road,    Tunbridgc  Wells.  Kent; 
Leonard  Barton  Gumbrell,  13-i,  London-road,  Kingston- 
on-Thames;   John  Wycliffe  Haynes,  24,  Park-crescent, 
Brighton,     Sussex  ;     Sidney    Howard     Heath,     Kings- 
bricge.      Westcombe     Park,    S.E.  ;    Charles     Murray 
Hennell,    42,    Elsham-road.    Kensington,    W. ;    Arthur 
Leslie    Hicks,    Egham    Hill,    Egham.    Surrey;    Cuth- 
bert  Francis   Houding.    The    Elms,    Salisbury,    Wilts; 
Cecil  Barnard  Holland,  Grimsthorpe.  Bourne.  Lincoln- 
shire ;  Harold  Arthur  Hosking,  Landrake.  St.  Germans, 
Cornwall ;  Juhn  Henry  Hughes,  Glengowau,  Shortlands, 
Kent ;  Edwin  Cecil  Ingram,  Sturminster  Xewton,  Dorset- 
shire :    Gerald    Mark  Jeans.  King  Hall,    Milton.  Marl- 
borough,   Wilts;    Arthur    Dew   Jones,    8.    Groby-road, 
Uiorlton-cum-Hardy.  Manchester ;    Eric  William  Kemp, 
Histon  Vicarage.  Cambridge  ;  Horace  Burdock  Kennard, 
St.  Margaret's,  Xew  Eltham.  Kent ;  John  Leonard  King, 
8,  St.  Mary'.s-street,  Stamford,   Lancashire ;  Siramonds 
King.  Deolale,  Maidstone-road,  Chatham ;   Stanley  Nor- 
man List,  S,  Chepstow-road,  Croydon ;   Albert  Edward 
Littler,  Knowsley,  Prescot,  Lrncs ;  David  Llewellyn,  15. 
Alfred-street,   Neath,    South    Wales;    ^'ittor   Franklin 
Locke.  48.  Queen-street.  Wolverhampton,  Staffordshire ; 
Harold  ^'incent  Love,  5,  Brandon-road,  Southsea,  Hants; 
Harry  Valentine  Lynam,    22,    West-street,    Newcastle, 
Staffordshire;    Frederick    Mark    Martin,    Romanholme. 
Pelham-road,  Gravesend.  Kent ;  Philip  Messenger,  Hill 
View,  Nightingale-road,  Guildford  ;  Leonard  Percy  Miles, 
Netherflelds,    Shortlands,    Kent;   Peicy    Clarke 'Miller, 
Buxton  House.  Alderley-road,  Hoy  lake.  Cheshire ;  Francis 
Joseph  Mills.  The  Public  Offices,  Cheriton.  Kent:  Charlton 
Milnea,  57.  Hamilton-square.  Birkenhead,  Lanes  ;  Ernest 
William  Morgan.    22,    Hilda-road,   East    Ham,   Essex; 
Henry  Rowland  Monis,  179,  Woodstock-road,  Oxford; 
Harold  Ernest  Noel,  Ockham,  Surrey ;  Hubert  Charles 
Nutter,  Rickwoods,  Cowden,  K?nt ;  Trevor  A.  R.  Owen, 
37,  Sandy-road;  Seaforth,  Liverpool;  George  Head  Patey, 
128,    Finchley-road,    N.W. ;    Cyril   Stanley    Patterson, 
Caimsmore.  Merrilooks-roads.  Blundellsands.  Lancashire ; 
Douglas  Davisson  Pearch,  West  Hill  House.  Hastings ; 
Basil    Charles    Pemberton,     Stockers.    Rickmansworth, 
Herts;  Robert  Alfred  Purnell.   St.  Hilda,  London-road, 
Cheltenham,  Gloucestershire;  Sidney  Herbert  Ramsay, 
The  Grange,  East  Cliff.  Heme  Bay,  Kent :  Walter  Leslie 
Raymond,   Hodford  Farm,  Child's  Hill.  N.W. ;  Garnet 
Norman  Reeve,  SO.  Lansdowne  Gardens,  Croydon,  Surrey  ■ 
Fiancis  Walter  Robinson,  30,  Halford-road,  Richmond, 
Surrey ;  Sydney  Walter  Ross,  Durham  House.  St.  Alban's, 
Herts;    Bertram    Ralph  Sandwith,    17,  Blagrave-street, 
Reading,   Berks;   William  Ivery  Shearburn,  Roseneath' 
Dorking,     Surrey ;      George     Gordon     Shone.    Market 
Chambers.  Market  Place,  Peterborough.  Northampton; 
Walter    Shovelton.     Grove    House.     Eccles    New-road. 
Manchester;    Thomas    Henry    G.    Stamper,  122,   North 
Side,    Clapham     Common,      S.W. ;      Harold     Smeeton 
Stevens,     Myland    Rectory,     near    Colchester,    Essex  ; 
•Sidney     Harold    Stohwaaser,    103,    Priory-road,   West 
Hampstead,    N.W. ;    John    Henley    Taylor,    Ingleside, 
Golden    Manor,    Hanwell,    Middlesex;    Harold    Ernest 
Turner.  The  Gables,  Stamford-street,  Ashton-under-Lyne, 
Lancashire;  Leslie  O.  8.    UUyett.    Devonia.     tiueen's- 
road,   Leytonstone,    N.E. ;    John    William  Vigars,    14, 
Alexandra-road,  Brecon,  N.   Wales ;     John    George  c' 
Wales,  23.  Baker-street,  Portman-square,  W. ;  wFlliam 
Walkden.  Davenport  House,  .ilderley  Edge,  Cheshire ;  Cyril 
G.  R.  Weller,  School  House,  Crewkerne,  Somersetshire ; 
Wm.  Alfred  Williams,  20,    Victoria-road,  Oldfleld  Park. 
Bath.  Somersetshire  ;   Arthur  Stanley  Willmott,  Lexden*, 
Sutherland-road,    Ealing.    W. ;    William  Charles  Wise,' 
4,    Eastmeam-road,    West     Dulwich.      S.E.   :      Harry 
Augustine  Wright,  2,  Mill-street,   Warwic,^;  ;   William 
Ncwcome  Wright,  The  Briars.  Chelmsford-road,  Wood- 
ford, Essex.     (•  Passed  at  head  of  the  list.) 

Gi.,\s.,ow  C.\xDiD,iTE.  — Harry  C.  H.   Barnes,  South 
Cottage,  Wemyas  Bay,  N.B. 


GARDEX    CITIES. 


ANOTIIKR  paper  dealincr  with  the  evils  of 
overcrowding  in  our  cities,  and  the  sug- 
gested remedies  for  them,  was  contributed  to  the 
Traiisiiillviis  of  the  .Surveyors'  Institution  l;y  llr. 
llalph  Xeville,  K.C,  and  read  at  the  meeting  of 
that  hody  on  Jlonday  last.  The  name  "  fiarden 
City"  might  seem,  the  author  saiil,  somewhat 
too  fanciful  for  a  serious  achomc  de;ding  with  a 
matter  of  grave  and  pressing  national  concern  ; 
but  it  has  been  generally  adopted,  and  although 
it  miglit,  at  the  outset,  produce  an  impression  of 
the  unreal  and  idealistic,  the  scheme  itself  was 
eminently  practical,  and  aimed  at  stimulating 
and  organising  the  movement  towards  decentra- 
lisation which  was  observable  in  various  quarters. 
His  attention  was  first  attracted  to  the  subject  by 
observing  the  wide  difference  between  the 
physique  of  the  pale  -  faced,  thin  -  limbed, 
and  unhealthy  worlcerg  in  the  cotton  -  mills 
,of  I.ancanshire  and  their  stalwart,  big-boneil, 
and  muscular  brethren  in  the  agricultural  districts 
of  the  s:imo  county.     It  seemed  incredible  that. 


in  a  few  generations,  unhealthy  conditions  of  life 
could  have  produced  such  a  change.  The  pro- 
gress of  physical  degeneration  was  admittedly 
identified  with  the  incriise  ot  population  in  the 
towns  and  the  decrease  in  the  country.  Educa- 
tion, or  over-education,  and  excessive  consump- 
tion of  "dangerously  cheap"  sugar  had  been 
suggested  as  causes  ;  but  these  influences  were 
equally  active  in  the  case  of  the  children  of  the 
well-to-do  aa  in  the  ease  of  the  toilers,  but  no 
such  result  followed  in  the  former  class.  The 
whole  secret  was  the  fresh  air  outside  their 
homes;  and  he  said  "outside"  advisedly,  for 
some  country  cottages  were,  in  themselves,  as 
unhealthy  as  any  London  tenements.  Fresh 
air  and  a  reasonable  amount  of  bodily  train- 
ing were  the  remedies  for  the  evils  he 
had  described,  and  he  looked  forward  to  the 
day  when  at  least  some  improvement  in  this 
direction  would  be  effected,  and  when  the  educa- 
tion of  the  young  would  consist  less  in  books  and 
more  in  the  teaching  of  the  use  of  hands  and 
heads.  But  all  these  things  must  rest  on  a  sound 
foundation,  whose  chief  material  was  fresh  air. 
The  chief  difticulties  in  the  way  of  converting 
our  great  towns  into  places  suitable  for  rearing  and 
maintaining  a  healthy  race  were,  first,  the  almost 
prohibitive  cost,  then  if  that  were  overcome,  the 
necessity  of  heaping  the  workers  into  crowded 
tenements,  or  scattering  them  far  from  their 
work.  -V  very  large  proportion  of  the  tenements 
must  be  deficient  in  light  and  air,  and  in  many 
of  them  artificial  light  was  constantly  used  ;  but 
their  chief  defect  was  the  tendency  to  keep  the 
children  within  four  walls  and  out  of  the  open 
air.  They  were  inaccessible  from  the  street,  or, 
rather,  the  street  was  inaccessible  from  the 
tenements.  "\Ve  spoke  of  "gutter  children" 
as  if  the  gutter  were  one  of  the  ills  they 
had  to  bear,  whereas,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
they  enjoyed,  in  the  gutter,  the  only  chance 
they  had  of  securing  healthy  development.  The 
real  grievance  of  their  lot  was  shared  with  other 
town  dwellers  much  better  off — namely,  the 
deprivation  of  the  opportunity  of  developing  into 
strong,  healthy,  and  happy  men  and  women.  A 
man  ought  to  be  close  to  his  work,  and  close  to 
his  opportunities  of  play  and  relaxation.  Large 
aggregations  of  inhabited  dwellings  were  un- 
doubtedly injurious  to  health  :  but  by  clearing  the 
centres  of  towns  and  driving  the  population 
further  into  the  country,  it  by  no  means  followed 
that  the  hygienic  conditions  of  the  town  as  a 
whole  were  improved.  The  Garden  City  move- 
ment was  the  outcome  of  a  book  by  Mr.  Ebenezer 
Howard,  and  for  the  purposes  of  reducing  that 
author's  ideas  to  practical  shape,  the  first  associa- 
ciation  was  formed,  with  a  capital  of  £20,000,  for 
the  purpose  of  selecting  a  site  and  promoting  a 
company  to  acquire  it,  the  result  being  the 
formation  of  the  First  Garden  City,  Ltd.,  and 
the  purchase  of  a  site  between  Hitchin  and 
Baldock.  To  Mr.  Howard  belonged  the  credit 
of  directing  public  attention  to  the  desirability 
and  possibility  of  making  provision  for  the  in- 
crease and  overflow  of  the  industrial  population 
by:  (1)  Acquiring  sites  for  industrial  settlements 
at  agricultural  prices :  (2)  scientific  planning  by 
e.'cperts  :  (.3)  concerted  migration  of  population  ; 
(i)  limiting  the  area  and  population  of  these 
settlements ;  (o)  maint;iining  a  belt  of  open 
agricultural  land  around  them  ;  (6)  applying  the 
increment  in  the  value  of  the  land  for  the  benefit 
of  the  population.  Some  of  this  might  prove 
capable  of  realisation  and  some  not ;  but  it  was 
the  business  of  the  company  to  develop  its  estati 

under    the    best  ' 

objects  in  view. 

were  better  conditions  of  life  for  individuals  and 
for  families  ;  cheapness,  eflieieney,  and  sightli- 
ness ;  scientific  laying  out,  resulting  in  facilities 
for  supplying  light,  water,  power,  and  heat, 
cheapening  transit  and  disposing  of  sewage  ; 
the  reduction  of  rates  and  the  creation  of 
a  market  for  produce — in  short,  a  combination  of 
the  advantages  of  both  town  and  country  life. 
It  was  usual  to  spe;dc  of  over-popidation  in 
I'ngland,  but  the  land  would  bear  a  far  larger 
population  than  it  held  to-day  if  they  were 
juoperly  distributed  :  but  no  ;ittempt  to  force 
the  people  back  to  the  country  could  succeed. 
It  seemed  to  him  that  we  had  come  once  more  to 
the  parting  of  the  ways,  and  ihat  it  was  incum- 
bent on  us  to  anticii>ate  future  progress  with 
energy  and  foresight,  leaving  nothing  to  chance. 
The  comp;iny  ho  presided  over  had  purchased  a 
site  (.f  ;i,.s()0  :icres  near  Hitchin,  and  on  this  site 
were  proceeding  to  rarry  out  in  a  practical  way 
the  ideas  set  forth  in  Jlr.  Howard's  book.     The 


preliminary  work  had  proved  to  le  very  heavy, 
and  many  questions  which  had  long  been  con- 
sidered in  the  abstract  now  pressed  for  substantial 
Eettlement.  The  exact  density  o!  population 
which  should  hit  the  happy  mean  between 
straggling  and  overcrowding,  the  questions  of 
sewage  and  lighting  and  water  supply,  demanded 
solution,  and  the  promoters  welcomed  any  criti- 
cism and  suggestive  discussion  on  their  scheme 
from  praotic:il  men.  With  regard  to  sewage,  he 
felt  reluctantly  compelled  to  agree  that  they  must 
dispose  of  it  cheaply  and  quickly,  although,  if  it 
hid  been  possible,  he  would  like  to  haye  advo- 
cated a  bolder  policy,  for  he  could  not  think  it 
economically  sound  that  miin  should  be  the  only 
creature  who  took  everything  from  the  land  and 
returned  nothing  to  it.  The  construction  of 
streets  and  sidewalks,  building  regulations,  the 
retention  of  trees,  the  method  of  land  tenure, 
were  all  matters  requiring  and  receiving  the 
careful  attention  due  to  their  importance,  and 
the  promoters  of  any  reasonable  schemes  of  social 
welfare,  on  whatever  lints,  might  be  sure  of  the 
hearty  sympathy  and  co  -  operation  of  the 
company. 

A  discussion  followed,  in  which  Jlr.  Howard 
JIartin,  Jlr.  Wheeler,  K.C.  (who  warned  his 
hearers  that  the  housing  of  the  working,  classes 
was  not  the  only  matter  affecting  the  physical 
degeneration  of  our  town-dwellers — the  terrible 
habits  of  the  people  were  principally  to  blame  for 
many  of  the  existing  evils),  and  Jlr.  Howard 
took  part,  the  latter  giving  a  sketch  of  the  pro- 
motion, progress,  and  prospects  of  the  Garden 
City  movement  as  now  being  put  to  a  practical 
test  on  the  company's  site  in  Hertfordshire. 

The  discussion  was  adjourned  to  the  next 
meeting. 


I^ 


THE  KOYAL  DOULTOX  rOTTEP.IES 
EXHIBITIOX  OF  WORKS  FOR  ST. 
LOriS  INTERKATIOXAL  EXHIBITION. 

N  their  Lambeth  showrooms  Jlessrs.  Doulton 
and  Co.,  Limited,  of  London  and  Burslem, 
have  a  very  beautiful  and   select  display  of  the 
principal  works  they  are  about  to  exhibit  at  the 
forthcoming    International     E-thibition     at    St. 
Louis.     It  is  impossible  in  such  a  brief  notice  as 
this   to   do    adequate    justice  to  the   numberless 
works  of  art  which  the  Royal  Doulton  PotterieB 
have  produced   for  this   exhibition,  including  as 
they  do  the  celebrated  "  Doulton  ware  '  or  salt- 
glazed  coloured  stoneware  introduced  forty  years 
ago,  and  comprising  several  new  methods  and  the 
resources  of    a   varied    palette  of    colours ;   the 
"Lambeth  Faience,"    in    which   the   pieces  are 
painted  in  the   "biscuit"   state  and  afterwards 
immersed  in  a  bath  of  liquid  glaze  and  fired,  and 
also  the    unique  Burslem    collection,    in  which 
many     secret     processes    of     porcelain    decsra- 
tion    are    observed.      Through    the   courtesy  of 
the     company     we     were     conducted    through 
the    spacious    showrooms   of    the    Royal   Doul- 
ton   Potteries    by    Mr.     W.    L.    Langley,    of 
Burslem.    whose    arrangement  and  grouping  of 
the    exhibits   evince    no    little  skill    and    t.aste. 
Beginning  with  the  Doulton  ware  and  faience, 
we  may  mention  a  fine  central  vase  of  salt-glazed 
coloured  ware  enriched  by  white  relief  foliage  on 
a  ground  of  greys  of  blended  tones,  and  of  elegant 
shape.    On  each   side  of  this  vase  are  a  pair  of 
smaller  ones  of  Greek  profile,  with  conventional- 
ised foliage  arranged  in  panels  round  the  ho<iy  of 
vase,  which  is  of  deliaite  shades  of  grey.     It  is 
expert    iidvice,    having    these  I  hy  Jliss  Simmance.     It  may  be  noticed  tha';  in 
The  advantages  to  be  looked  for    these  and  other  objects  in  this  case  several  methods 

of  decoration  are  to  be  seen.  Wo  have  rases 
modelled,  carved,  incised,  or  etched,  with  the 
patterns  of  .animals  and  foliage,  also  perforated, 
and  • '  slip-work  "or  painting,  all  being  done)beforo 
the  objects  are  fired— only  one  firing  being 
necessary  to  complete  the  piece,  and  this  is  of  a 
high  temperature.  The  etchings  of  animals  and 
rustic  scenes  by  Jliss  Hannah  1>.  Barlow,  tho 
clay-paintings  "of  birds  by  Jliss  Florence  E. 
Barlow,  tho  grotesques  of  Jlr.  JI.  V.  Jlarsh.iU, 
and  the  clever  decorations  of  Miss  V,.  Simmance, 
Jlr.  F.  C.  Pope,  and  others  may  be  seen  in  these 
arti.stic  productions.  The  la8t-n;uned  hidy  is  the 
designer  of  the  unique  surface  deccrntions  of 
many  v.asos.  Tho  case  of  "Lambeth  l''aioncc'" 
contiiins  many  unique  examples  of  tho  Doulton 
method  of  decorating  a  fine  cartlienwaro  body  hy 
means  of  iindorglazo  colours.  The  pieces  are 
painted  in  tho  biscuit  state,  immersed  in  a  hath  of 
liquid  glaz?,  and  finished  in  the  "hard  fire" 
glazo  kiln.      Miuy  beautiful  cxamplo3  of  tbia 


158 


THE    BUILDIXG    NEWS. 


Jan.  29,  1904. 


faience  decorated  with  floral  and  figure  designs, 
of  more  or  less  con\*entional  renderings  from 
nature,  are  to  be  seen,  and  in  this  group  we  may 
mention  the  work  of  Messrs.  M.  E.  Thompson, 
Miss  A.  E.  M.  Baigent,  Miss  E.  J.  Gillman,  Miss 
SraaUfield,  Miss  Elliot,  and  Mr.  J.  E.  McLennan. 
For  pictorial  tile  panels  and  decorative  work  this 
method  of  painting  in  underj>laze  for  halls, 
hospitals,  is  well  adapted,  and  has  been  largely 
introduced  by  Messrs.  Doulton  and  Co.  They 
are  permanent,  as  the  painting  is  protected  by 
the  transparent  hard  glaze.  The  colours  are 
very  brilliant,  as  we  notice  on  one  large  figure 
panel.  A  large  display  of  usable  ware— juga, 
tankards,  fli>werpots,  candlesticks— all  made  of 
Djulton's  ware  may  be  seen. 

The  Burslem  exhibits  are  contained  in  two 
handsomely  arranged  cases  containing  many 
unique  examples  of  design  and  decoration — vases 
and  plates  for  course  sets,  fish,  game,  and  dessert 
services.  Amongst  these  we  notice  a  large  centre 
vase  called  the  "  Kose  A'ase,"  painted  by  E. 
Raby,  a  full  bodied  vase  on  which  roses  of  pink 
and  other  delicate  shades  are  painted  on  a  ground 
of  rich  blendings  of  ruby  of  the  m'st  subtle  and 
delicate  tones.  It  must  be  seen  to  be  admired. 
Another  elegant  shaped  tall  vase  is  painted  with 
figures  very  delicately.  The  Dante  vase  by  ti. 
White,  and  a  pair  of  vases  with  red  rosea  are  to 
noticed  for  their  unique  shape  and  decoration. 
These  pieces  have  been  painted  by  Wilson,  Han- 
cock, liaby,  Brough,  Dewsbury,  Slater,  Hopkins, 
Curnock,  Piper,  Bettolly,  and  others.  There  is  a 
small  case  from  Burslem  of  unique  interest  con- 
taining a  small  vase  and  other  productions  of 
remarkable  beauty  of  colour,  a  ruby  red  known  as 
Sang  de  Biruf  worth  the  notice  of  all  lovers  of  por- 
celain. The  process  was  a  secret  one  of  the  Chinese; 


including  a  seat.  We  alao  notice  several  lava- 
toriea  of  statuary  marble  on  white  metal  legs, 
with  every  necessary  fitting,  now  being  used  in 
the  Savoy  Hotel.  One  lavatory  is  of  Queens - 
ware,  with  open  overflow  and  pottery  frieze. 
Several  closets  are  also  included,  of  the  most  im- 
proved pattern,  with  Paisley  waste  preventer. 
Many  other  fittings  of  a  u--eful  kind,  such  as  dry- 
ing-rails for  towels,  with  hot-water  circulation, 
will  be  found  exceedingly  interesting  as  exhibit- 
ing the  progress  made  in  sanitarj'  appliances  by 
the  company. 


O^ 


which  they  guarded  for  centuries,  and  was  sought 
after  by  European  manufacturers.     The  "  Sang 
deBti'uf"   is  a  wonderfully  rith  ruby  or  blood- 
red,   while  "Rouge    Flambc,"   "Peach  Blow," 
and  "Haricot  "  are  varieties  of  the  same  colour 
blended  with  yellow  or  mottled  with  blue,  purple, 
and  green.    Messrs.  Doulton  and  Co.,  of  Burslem, 
have,  after  long  study  and  experiment,  discovered 
the  secret  of  this  colour,  and  have  here  exhibited, 
by  the  building  of  special  ovens  for  the  purpose, 
specimens    of    vases     in     which   these    remark- 
able  red  glazes   are   reproduced  in  all  combina- 
tions of  colour  and  blendings.     The  museums  of 
Europe   are  rich   in    choice    sp;cimens   of  these 
productions,     also     the     private     collections     of 
the    Rothschilds  and    of    Walters  of   Baltimore. 
The   lost   art   of   the    Chinese   haa  been  revived 
to  some   extent  by    European    manufacturers  of 
late  years,   and     Messrs.  Doulton  and    Co.    are 
to  be  congratulated  upon  the  success  which  they 
hare  achieved  in  producing  colour  effects  which 
have     baffled     other      foreign      manufacturers. 
Their  vases  are  of  that  rich  blood-ruby  colour 
which  distinguishes  the  Chinese  work,  and  prob- 
ably it  is  to  the  nature  of  the  paste  procured  at 
Burslem  and  the  processes  of  manufacture  used  by 
this  firm  that  such  a  success  has  been  attained.  We 
understand  some  kind  of  oxide  of  copper  was  used 
in  these  superb  reds,  and  the  porcelain  had  to  be 
fired  in   a  reducing  atmosphere.     The   vases  in 
this  little  case  exhibit  a  beauty  of  mottled  colour 
and  form  and  a  perfection  of  glaze  that  cannot  be 
surpassed.     Collectors  will  be   interested  in  the 
recovery  of  so  beautiful  a  red  glaze,  equal,  if  not 
surpassing,  the  early  Chinese  glazes  ;  each  piece 
ia  an  individual  specimen,  and  cannot  be  repeated. 
A  panel  in  terracotta,  "  Christ's  Kingdom  ot 
Peace,"  by  George  Tinworth,  is  another  exhibit 
of  interest.     The  artist  has  based  his  conception 
on  Isaiah  xi.  (5 — 9),  in  which  Christ's  Kingdom 
in  the  Last  Days  is  described.     Mr.  Tinworth'a 
work  is  remarkable  as  a  textual  rendering  of  the 
Scriptural   passage,    and    is    full     of   individual 
expression    and     gesture.     In    the   composition, 
which  is  crowded  with  figures  and  animals,  we 
see  the  young  lion  and  little  child  leading,  the 
wolf  dwelling  with  the   lamb,   and   the  leopard 
lying  down  with  the  kid.     Other  figures  represent 
the  timbrel  and  dance,  while  the  central  figure  of 
our  Lord   is   represented  as   a   shepherd  holding 
a  crook,  with  a  lamb  in  His  arms. 

The  exhibit  includes  also  two  or  three  rooms 
erected  with  white  marble  partitions  and 
marble  floor,  fitted  with  sanitary  appliances  of 
the  latest  kind,  including  examples  of  Doulton's 
white  vitreous  enamelled  baths,  which  we  lately 
described.  The  enamel  is  applied  at  a  high 
temperature,  and  produces  a  perfectly  smooth  and 
glossy  surface.  These  baths  have  supply  valves 
of  improved  manufacture,  and  are  fitted  with 
every  appliance  for  the  comfort  of  the  bather. 


REPORT   OF   THE   SELECT   COMMITTEE 
ON  VE\TIL.iTION.— IV. 

NE  of  the  greatest  evils  of  mechanical  or 
Plenum  ventilation  is  the  overheating  of 
the  air  supply,  which  with  this  system  has  also 
to  heat  the  building,  as  the  air  gets  burnt  and 
loses  a  portion  of  its  oxygen,  owing  to  the  tem- 
perature of  the  warmed  air  requiring  to  be  raised 
for  heating  purposes  beyond  what  is  either  com- 
fortable or  healthy  for  breathing,  causing  a 
feeling  of  oppression  and  laaeitude,  owing  to  the 
insuHiciency  and  attenuation  of  the  oxygen  in  the 
overheated  and  highly-rarefied  air.  The  best 
authorities  are  no  w  agreed  that  the  heating  and 
the  ventilation  of  a  building  should  be  dealt 
with  separately. 

In  connection  with  this  the  committee  report : — 

"  The  committee  received  valuable  evidence  from 
Dr.  Shaw  aa  to  the  alleged  enervating  and 
other  undesirable  effects  of  air  artificially 
warmed.  .  .  .  It  is  evident  from  what  has 
been  said  above  that  the  lack  of  '  freshness  '  in 
the  air  ot  the  chamber,  which  seems  to  be  the 
cause  of  the  feelings  of  lassitude  produced  by  a 
lengthened  stay  in  the  chamber,  cannot  be 
attributed  to  those  chemical  changes  in  the  air 
which  are  easily  recognised  by  primary  methods 
or  to  any  excess  of  micro-organisms  ;  it  appears 
to  be  due  to  some  recondite  causes  not  as  yet 
accurately  determined,  which  seem  to  be  always 
met  with  when  air  is  supplied  to  a  room  by 
artificial  means,  and  especiall3'  when  it  ia 
heated." 

The  following  is  the  gist  ot  Professor  Shaw's 
evidence :  — 

"  One  may  suppose  possibly  the  lassitude  or  dis- 
comfort that  arises  in  many  cases  from  using 
artificially  warmed  air  may  be  due  to  one  or 
other,  or  to  a  combination  of  these  four  causes, 
namely ;  (1)  The  inadequacy  of  supply  :  (2)  the 
dryness  of  the  air  after  being  artificially 
warmed  ;  (3)  the  effect  of  the  heating  surface 
in  producing  actual  deterioration  of  the  air  ; 
and  (4)  the  deadly  uniformity  of  the  supply.  I 
have  used  a  strong  adjective  for  a  definite 
purpose.   ... 

"Of  course,  I  have  no  means  of  estimating 
the  discomfort  of  uniformity,  but  I  should 
expect  that  it  is  really  an  important  element  in 
the  case  of  warming  by  hot  air.  With  naturally 
ventilated  rooms  that  feel  fresh  the  supply  is 
what  I  may  call  '  streaky. ' 

"  .  .  .  .  Transient  variations  in  the  tem- 
perature of  the  supply  might  very  possibly 
induce  a  feeling  of  freshness  that  ia  not  to  be 
attained  under  perfect  uniformity. 

"  .  .  .  .  With  a  natural  system  of  ventila- 
tion the  variations  exist,  but  are  not  under 
control ;  in  other  ventilation  systems  they  do 
not  exist." 

-Vs  to  this  monotony  that  you  speak  of,"  said  a 
member  of  the  committee,  "the  effects  of  it 
may  perhaps  be  seen  in  the  Plenum.  You 
know  the  full  Plenum  system  where  the  supply 
is  exceedingly  uniform  ;  but  those  who  use  that 
system  a  great  deal — those  who,  for  instance, 
live  in  a  room  that  is  absolutely  ventilated  by 
that  system — only  complain  of  the  air  being 
oppressive  and  giving  rise  to  lassitude." 

Sir  Douglas  Galton  saya  :  — 

If  the  walla  are  to  be  warmed  by  the  air 
admitted  to  the  room,  the  temperature  of  the 
warmed  air  must  be  raised  beyond  what  is 
either  comfortable  or  healthy  lor  breathing, 
and  thus,  if  you  obtain  your  heat  by  warmed 
air  alone  adniitted  direct  to  the  room,  discom- 
fort in  one  form  or  the  other  can  with  diSiculty 
be  avoided." 

Professor  Corfield  says : — 

'  Heating  should  be  done  by  means  of  radiant 
heat,  and  not  by  means  of  air  previously 
warmed.     If   air    was    previousl}'    warmed  it 


would  lose  a  portion  of  its  oxygen,  and  if  we 
got  air  short  of  oxygen  we  had  to  breathe  a 
greater  number  of  times  to  supply  the  required 
amount,  and  that  meant  more  effort." 

M.    Emil    Trelat,    the    highest    authority   in 
France,  declares  that :  — 

"The  solution  of  the  problem  of  heating  dwel- 
lings had  absolutely  no  connection  with  that  of 
their  ventilation." 

Mr.  Aston  Webb,  R.A.,  President  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects,  has  said,  at  a 
meeting  of  the  Institute,  that  a  building  shou'd 
be  heated  independently  of  the  warmed  fresh-air 
supply,  with  which  alone,  according  to  not  only 
his  own  experience,  but  also  thit  of  one  of  the 
highest  authorities  on  the  subject,  Mr.  Phipaon, 
"  It  was  impossible  to  properly  warm  a  chamber." 
An  eminent  American  engineer  attributes  the 
premature  loss  by  Americans  ot  the  freshness  and 
bloom  of  their  youth  to  the  eneverating  effects  of 
the  hot-air  systems  of  heating  and  ventilating 
used  in  the  United  States,  and  which  he  says  are 
being  discarded  for  "  less  pernicious  methods." 

In  connection  with  this,  Professor  R.  H.  Smith 
says :  — 

"  A  most  instructive  historical  fact  is  the  present 
gradual  abandonment  in  the  States  and  Canada 
of  the  hot-air  system,  which  was  for  so  long 
popular,  in  favour  of  hot-water  pipe  and  other 
•  radiator  '  warming." 

To  return  to  Professor  Shaw's  remark  as  to 
want  of  control  with  natural  ventilation,  this 
may  be  correct  so  far  as  open  windows  are  con- 
cerned, and  with  which  many  people  ignorantly 
confound  a  natural  .syv^v/i  ;  they  are,  however, 
very  different.  What  Professor  Shaw  said  most 
certainly  cannot  apply  to  xcimtifc  natural  ventila- 
tion, which  is  under  complete  control  at  all  times ; 
so  much  so,  indeed,  that  with  it  the  temperature 
of  any  part  of  a  room  can  be  varied  as  desired  at 
any  time  of  the  year,  while  the  air  supply  is  not 
overheated  or  deteriorated,  as  with  mechanical 
systems,  but  is  always  fresh  and  pure,  being 
filteied  and  cleansed  and  temperately  warmed  in 
cold  weather,  and  cooled  in  summer  as  required. 
There  are  no  draughts  and  no  stagnation,  and  it 
is  in  continuous  operation  day  and  night — in  the 
closest  day  in  summer,  and  the  muggiest  day  in 
winter — and  this  is  efliciently  effected  even  when 
there  is  seemingly  no  "  wind"  upon  which 
natural  ventilation  is  erroneously  supposed  by 
those  who  do  not  understand  it  to  be  entirely 
dependent,  though  nothing  ia  further  from  the 
case.     Parkes  aava  : — 


"  Incessant  movement  of  the  air  is  a  law  of 
Nature  ;  we  have  only  to  allow  the  air  in  our 
citiea  and  dwellings  to  take  share  in  this  con- 
stant change,  and  ventilation  will  go  on  un- 
interruptedly without  our  care.  In  this  country, 
and,  indeed,  in  most  countries,  even  compara- 
tive quiescence  ot  the  air  for  more  than  a  few 
hours  is  scarcely  known.  Air  is  caUed  '  atill ' 
when  it  ia  really  moving  one  or  one  and  a  half 
miles  an  hour.  -Advantage,  therefore,  can  be 
taken  of  this  aspirating  power  of  the  wind  to 
cause  a  movement  of  the  air  up  a  tube." 
This  is  corroborated  by  another  high  authority. 
Dr.  John  Hayward,  whose  publications  on  venti- 
lation are  standard  works,  and  who  says  :  — 

"That  efficient  ventilation  can  ever  be  auto- 
matic and  costless  may,  perhaps,  appear  absurd  ; 
it  is,  however,  not  so  absurd  as  it  may  appear. 
This  will  be  evident  by  reference  to  the  natural 
laws  of  atmospheric  pressure,  and  of  its  ex- 
pansion by  heat. 

"  If,  therefore,  the  inlets  and  outlets  be 
properly  proportioned  and  open,  the  ordinary 
atmospheric  pressure  will  carry  on  the  ventila- 
tion quite  efficiently,  and  the  whole  hospital 
will  be  kept  fresh  and  comfortable  by  the 
natural  forces  alone.  There  is  no  tear  that  the 
speed  will  not  be  enough  to  keep  up  efficient 
ventilation — it  is  more  likely  to  be  too  great ; 
but  there  need  be  no  fear  of  its  being  too  great, 
because  it  is  completely  under  control,  and  can 
be  regulated  to  any  rate  desired  by  the  valves 
at  the  ward  inlets  and  outlets.  Natural  ventila- 
tion is  certainly  much  to  be  preferred  to  any 
and  every  artificial  system,  whether  on  the 
'Plenum'  or  vacuum  piinciple,  and  it  ia,  of 
course,  much  Itss  complicated.  It  is,  indeed, 
comparative  simplicity  itself.  It  also  involves 
very  little  original  outlay,  and  comparatively  no 
permanent  cost  for  maintenance.  Whereas  all  g 
artificial  systems  involve  costly  original  plant 
of    machinery,    as    well  as  heavy  permanent 


Jan.  29,  1904. 


THE   BUILDIXG    NEWS. 


159 


expense  for  maintenance  in  enginep,  engineers, 
fuel,  \e.,  and  mth  all  they  cannot  be  made  as 
efficient  or  nearly  so  pleieant  and  healthy  in 
operation."' 

Uoughtou  says  : — 

"  Science  proves  that  there  is  not  a  moment  of 
time  hut  when  there  is  a  movement  of  the  air, 
and  that  this  movement  properly  ntililised  is 
sufHcient  at  all  times  to  change  the  air  in  a 
building  and  secure  ventilation." 

Surgeon-General  Sir  Thomas  Crawford,  whose 
name  is  so  well  known  in  connection  with  all 
(luestions  of  hygiene,  says  : — ■ 

"  Jly  experience  of  the  process  of  forcing  air  into 
buildings  is  not  in  its  favour.  The  only  safe- 
and  sound  means  for  the  supply  of  air  is  the 
natural  one  of  obtaining  it  from  a  pure  source 
in  a  free  and  natural  flow." 

A  distinguished  Paris  surgeon,  Dr.  Le  Fort, 
published  a  report  on  Hospital  Hygiene.  He 
there  compares  the  mortality  in  London  hospitals 
with  that  of  the  Pari.s  hospitals,  very  much  to  the 
disadvantage  of  the  latter,  and  professes  himself 
decidedly  in  favour  of  the  natural  means  of  ven- 
tilation adopted  in  London  to  the  artificial  systems 
in  vogue  in  some  Paris  hospitals.  But  he  says, 
"One  need  not  go  to  England  to  search  fur  means 
of  comparison  between  the  two  systems  ;  for  the 
two  hospitals  in  Paris  where  the  mortality  is 
greatest  are  precisely  those  in  which  artificial 
ventilation  is  employed." 

With  scientific  natural  ventilation  are  utilised 
the  powerful  natural  forces  which  are  as  constant  as 
gravit}',  and  provide  a  never-failing  motive  power 
to  ventilate  a  building.  It  must  be  confessed,  how- 
ever, that  the  reputation  of  natural  ventilation 
has  suffered  a  good  deal  from  the  abortive 
attempts  of  ignorant  persons  having  little  or  no 
ac(iuaintance  with  either  the  science  or  the 
practice  of  ventilation,  and  by  the  employment  of 
BO-called  ventilating  apparatus  of  crude  and  un- 
scientific construction. 

De  Chaumont  says  : — ■ 
"  It  is  essential  to  the  success  of  a  natural  system 
of  ventilation  that  both  the  outlet  and  inlet 
ventilators  be  of  correct  construction  and  skil- 
fully applied.  Where  this  is  not  observed,  failure 
generallj-  ensues  with  this  form  of  ventilation." 

As  evidence  that  natural  ventilation  correctly 
applied  is  thoroughly  efficient,  it  need  only  be 
mentioned  that  one  system  (Boyle's)  has,  it  is 
stated,  been  successfuDy  employed  in  over  100,000 
buildings  in  this  country,  and  twice  as  many 
abroad. 

As  the  ventilation]of  the  Houses  of  Parliament 
is  under  review,  it  is  interesting  to  note  that 
Lord  Clifford,  member  of  the  House  of  Lords 
Committee  on  Hospitals,  says,  that  with  this 
system  (Boyle's),  "the  ventilation  seems  to  be 
perfect,"  and  as  representing  the  House  of 
Commons,  the  Right  Honourable  C.  Seale-Hayne, 
M.P.,  "I  believe  it  to  be  absolutely  the  best 
system  of  airing  a  building  that  is  known  to 
sanitary  science." 

The  inefficiency  of  the  extraction  and  pro- 
pulsion fans  employed  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
as  described  in  the  Committee's  report,  and  the 
draughts  complained  of.  seem  to  be  inherent  and 
ineradicable  features  of  these  appliances. 

The  following  extracts  from  the  notes  on  the 
evidence  are  instructive  :  — 

"  You  say  that  the  chairman  and  other  mem- 
bers of  the  committee  have  complained  of  the 
draught  caused  by  tho  fans!-— I  had  in  my 
mind  one  honourable  Member  in  particular  ; 
the  chairman  in  the  police  and  sanitary  com- 
mittee-room stops  the  fan  immediately  he  comes 
iuto  the  room." 

"  .  .  .  .  Numerous  observations  made  as 
regards  tho  percentage  of  carbonic  acid  in  the 
air  of  the  committee  rooms  under  different  con- 
ditions as  to  the  number  of  persons  present, 
and  whether  one  or  two  fans  were  in  opera- 
tion ;  results  not  satisfactory." 

".  .  .  .  Common  experience  of  many  mem- 
bers that  the  air  of  the  Chamber  lacks  freshness 
and  is  productive  of  a  lassitude  wliich  interferes 
with  the  due  performance  of  their  duties." 

"  .  .  .  .  Result  under  tho  present  system 
that  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  vitiated  air 
remains  in  circulation." 

"  .  .  .  .  Lassitude  and  exhaustion  duo  to 
the  bad  quality  of  tlie  air." 

".   .  ,   .  Improved  regulations  and  arrange- 


ments leciuired  so  as  to  obviate  the  great 
draughts  sometimes  experienced  where  the 
llembers  sit." 

".   .  .   .  (General  condemnation  of  tho  prin- 
ciple of  extracting  air  from  buildings  by  fans." 

Another  report  says  :^ 

"The  application  of  the  electric  fan  has  up  to 
now  done  little  more  than  substitute  a  thorough 
draught,  the  which  of  all  discomforts  an 
Englishmen  will  least  tolerate.  In  the  circulars 
of  ventilating  engineers  you  find  the  state- 
ment that  their  particular  fan  will  renew  the 
air  of  a  room  so  many  times — say  six  times — 
per  hour.  This  statement  is  not  true.  What 
is  true  is  that  sufficient  air  is  extracted  whose 
volume  would  till  the  room  six  times  per  hour, 
and  that,  of  course,  an  equal  quantity  of  air  is 
sucked  into  the  room  ;  but  to  infer  that  all  the 
vitiated  air,  or  half,  or  a  third,  of  it  had  been 
disturbed  and  drawn  off  is  to  come  to  a  false 
conclusion.  I  know  a  large  smoke-room  in 
town  where  a  fan  is  at  work  on  one  side  of  the 
room  where  it  is  so  draughty  no  one  will  sit. 
At  the  other  side  of  the  room  it  is  suffocatingly 
hot,  with  no  apparent  movement  of  air." 

It  would  appear  from  all  this  that  with  fan 
ventilation  it  is  merely  a  choice  of  two  evUs — 
between  being  blown  out  of  a  room  or  as- 
phyxiated. 

An  expert  witness,  giving  evidence  before  the 
committee  on  the  Plenum  system,  said  : — 

"The  great  disadvantage  of  the  system  is  that 
the  breath  which  has  ascended  must  be  brought 
down  and  rebreathed  by  those  who  are 
present." 

At  the  Congress  of  the  Institute  of  Public 
Health  it  was  stated  by  a  delegate  from  the 
tilasgow  School  Board  that — • 

"  The  artificial  system  (Plenum)  had  been  found 
there  to  be  so  unsatisfactory  that  it  was  not 
now  introduced  into  any  of  the  new  schools." 

It  is  also  stated  that  this  system  had  proved  so 
\msatisfactory  in  the  Aberdeen  schools  that 
further  measures  were  introduced.  The  failure 
of  mechanical  ventilation  at  the  Town  Hall, 
Birmingham,  would  likewise  seem  to  be  a  source 
of  considerable  dissatisfaction,  a  deputation  of 
citizens  having  been  appointed  to  protest  against 
it  as  a  danger  to  the  public  health,  the  draughts 
being  intolerable.  The  Central  Criminal  Courts 
at  the  Old  Bailey  may  also  be  mentioned  as 
examples  of  the  inefficiency  and  unhealthiness  of 
mechanical  ventilation  by  fans,  both  extraction 
and  propulsion  being  used. 

Tables  of  phenomenal  air  velocities  and 
analyses  by  mechanical  means  are  so  many 
meaningless  formulas  before  facts  like  these. 

As  has  been  stated,  the  Plenum  system  is  of 
American  origin ;  but  is  now  being  generally 
abandoned  in  thai;  country  in  favour  of  natural, 
less  costly,  and  more  effective  methods.  In  a 
recent  L'nited States  Government  report  its  graze 
danger  is  pointed  out,  and  its  enormous  cost 
declared  to  be  unwarrantable, 

Mr.  Addison  Hutton,  architect,  in  a  lecture  on 
"  The  Planning  of  Hospitals,"  recently  delivered 
before  the  Architectural  Department  of  tho 
X'niversity  of  Pennsylvania,  made  a  most  sig- 
nificant statement,  as  the  result  of  his  investiga- 
tions throughout  the  States,  that  with  respect  to 
ventilation  "  one  point  worth  noting  in  regard  to 
this  was.  doctors,  for  a  wonder,  do  not  differ  in 
their  recommendations  for  top  ventilation,  or 
what  is  termed  ridge  or  natural  ventilation." 

When  the  entire  medical  professicn  of  a  whole 
continent  are  in  agreement  as  to  the  superiority 
of  natural  over  artificial  ventilation,  there  can  be 
very  little  doubt  about  it. 

Plenum  ventilation  is  also  falling  into  disuse  on 
the  Continent,  and  many  leading  medical  men 
have  publicly  expressed  the'r  disipproval  of  it. 
Dr.  Walthors,  the  eminent  liead  of  the  famous 
consumption  sanatorium  at  Nordach,  Germany, 
denounces  it  as  being  dangerous  to  health,  and 
a  positive  hindrance  to  the  recovery  of  the  sick. 

A  well-known  London  architect,  Mr.  .Vlfred 
Frampton,  says  it  is  "a  menace  to  health,"  and 
"its  danger  cannot  be  exaggerated."  Whilst 
another  authority  says: — 

"  It  is  universally  condemned  by  scientific 
authorities  as  most  pernicious,  contrary  to  the 
laws  of  nature,  and — from  causes  which  are 
well  known — fatal  to  health,  insidiously  sow- 
ing the  seeds  of  disease." 
There  is  no  controverting  the  fact  that   the 


Plenum  system  is  fundamentally  wrong.  It  is 
unscientific  in  principle,  opposed  to  all  the  laws 
that  govern  ventilation,  is  contrary  to  common 
sense,  and  "  a  menace  to  health."  It  is,  indeed, 
as  the  Koyal  Commissioner  on  ventilation  has 
said,  "a  pernicious  and  an  abominable  system." 
No  care  nor  attention,  however  skilled  or 
assiduous,  nor  adjustment  of  machinery  or  detail, 
could  ever  make  it  ellicient  and  satisfactory ; 
indeed,  certain  of  its  advocates  seem  to  realise 
its  utter  hopelessness  as  applied,  and  now  require 
that  buildings  should  be  specially  designed  to 
suit  it,  and  that  they  should  bo  I'dhwit  nu, ihci. 

All  this  merely  goes  to  show  to  what  desperate 
straits  Plenum  ventilation  is  reduced,  and  the 
very  naive  proposition  that  architects  should 
make  their  designs  subservient  to  the  ventilation 
system  is  hardly  one  that  will  commend  itself  to 
the  architectural  profession  as  a  body. 

As  evidence  of  how  hopeless  the  members  of 
the  Select  Committee  would  seem  to  be  with 
regard  to  these  artificial  systems,  it  is  singularly 
pathetic  that  almost  the  last  question  put  to 
Professor  Shaw,  that  "an  open  window  is  the 
best  thing  you  can  get,  but  you  cannot  always 
have  it  r "  to  which  Professor  Shaw  replied  in 
the  aflSrmative,  adding  that  the  defects  of  open- 
window  ventilation  "  had  not  yet  been  avoided." 

The  value  of  natural  ventilation  has  been 
elo(iuently  testified  to  by  the.  distinguished  doyen 
of  scientists.  Lord  Kelvin,  in  a  report  to  Mr. 
Robert  Boyle,  who  is  probably  the  highe-t  living 
authority  on  the  subject,  and  whose  inventions 
have  solved  so  many  problems  in  sanitary  science, 
particularly  those  peifected  in  collaboration  with 
the  Right  Honourable  Acton  .Smee  Ayrton,  when 
First  Commissioner  of  Works,  Sir  Charles 
Siemens,  F.R.S.,  and  Sir  John  Marshall,  late 
President  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  these 
eminent  savants  being  earoest  workers  in  the  cause 
of  pure  air  and  natural  ventilation.  The  £100,000 
gift  recently  made  by  Mr.  Boyle  to  promote  the 
teaching  of  the  principles  of  natural  ventilation 
in  the  schools  and  colleges  of  the  Empire  should 
also  go  far  to  disseminate  a  more  practical  and 
wide-spread  knowledge  of  that  important  science. 

Dr.  Cortield,  Professor  of  Hygiene  and  Public 
Health,  University  College,  London,  and  founder 
of  the  International  Society  of  Hygiene  and 
Demography,  has  consistently  taught  the  ad- 
vantages of  natural  ventilation,  and  the  fallacy  of 
artificial  methods,  particularly  mechanical. 

Professor  Wade,  of  Oxford  University,  lecturer 
on  hygiene,  also  reports  as  the  results  of  his 
investigations  : — 

"  Ventilation  can  only  be  successfully  accom- 
plished at  all  times  when  it  is  effected  without 
assistance  from  mechanical  or  artificial  con- 
trivances. However  perfect  these  may  appear, 
they  can  never  achieve  results  superior  to  those 
insured  by  judicious  and  intelligent  adaptation 
of  natural  means  :  and  they  necessarily  suffer 
from  the  very  serious  disadvantage  that  they 
are  liable  to  iuterruption  without  warning,  and 
with  possibly  disastrous  consequences." 

It  seems  plain  from  all  this  that  Select  Com- 
mittees on  the  ventilation  of  the  Houses  of  Par- 
liament can  nevtr  hope  to  succeed  with  artificial 
methods,  and  the  use  of  fans,  the  employment  of 
which  has  so  far  resulted  in  such  "  disastrous 
consequences,"  the  members,  according  to  tho  fol- 
lowing extracts  from  tho  report,  being  litotally 
poisoned  : — 

"  Bad  air  shown  by  tho  examinations  in  the  case 
of  tho  Committee  Rooms ;  limited  effect  of 
the  fans.  .  .  . 

"  Strong  complaints  as  to  the  very  injurious 
effect  upon  the  health  of  witnesses  and  counsel 
through  the  bad  air  in  tho  Committee  rooms.  .  . 
"Strong  protests  by  Parliamentary  counsel 
and  by  engineers  and  other  witnesses  as  to  the 
insanitary  condititm  of  the  rooms,  a  meu\orial 
having  been  presented  on  the  subject,  several 
instances  of  serious  injury  to  health  from 
blood  poisoning," 

The  great  cost  incurred  in  these  endless  and 
abortive  experiments  with  mechanical  systems  is 
alfo  a  very  sirious  matter,  and  the  putdic  that  has 
to  pay  will  doubtless  heiirlily  ugreo  with  Sir 
Henry  lUirdott  when  he  says  ; — 

"  Tho  really  important  point  to  bo  kopt  in  view 
in  regard  to  ventilation  is  that  before  any 
system  tlopcnding  upon  mechanical contrivancca 
can  bo  pronounced  worthy  of  adoption,  it  must 
bo  demonstrated  beyond  dispute  that  it  is  not 
only  as  good  as  ordinary  methods,  but  appreci- 
ably  butter.     For   nothing   but    a  substantial 


160 


THE    BUILD^G    NEWS. 


Jan.  29,  1904. 


improvement  would  justify  the  largely  in- 
creased cost,  both  of  construction  and  main- 
tenance, necessarily  consequent  on  the  adoption 
of  mechanical  ventilation." 

In  this  connection  Mr. Alfred Frampton  says: — 
"  As  it  is  now  generally  admitted  that  mechanical 
ventilation  is  not  found  to  be  more  efficient 
than  ordinary  and  less  expensive  methods,  the 
unanswerable  objection  to  its  employment  is  its 
enormous  and  unnecessary  expense." 


JOINT    COJIMITTEE    ON   WATER 
EEUULATIONS. 

THE  joint  committee  appointed  by  the  con- 
ference, held  on  November  17  last,  of  repre- 
sentatives of  water  authorities  with  the  Eoyal 
Institute  of  British  Architects,  the  British  As- 
sociation of  Waterworks  Engineers,  and  the 
Plumbers'  Company  on  the  prevention  of  waste 
of  water  in  domestic  use,  held  a  meeting  on 
Saturday  at  the  Guildhall.  Sir  John  KniU, 
Master  of  the  Plumbers'  Company,  presided.  Dr. 
Crawfoid  (Plumbers'  Company)  was  appointed 
chairman  of  the  committee,  Mr.  li.  W.  E.  Coles 
(clerk  to  the  I'lumbers'  Company)  secretary,  and 
Mr.  Percy  Griffith  assistant  secretary.  The 
secretary  presented  a  report  in  which  he  slated 
that,  acting  on  the  instructions  of  the  Plumbers' 
Company,  he  had  collected  a  large  amount  of  in- 
formation bearing  on  the  subject  to  be  dealt  with 
by  the  committee.  Schedules  were  being  prepared 
collating  the  by-laws  and  regulations  ol  various 
authorities,  and  relative  data  were  being  arranged 
inconvenient  form.  The  information  furnished 
was  unique  in  its  fulness  and  in  its  authoritative 
character.  It  brought  together  a  body  of  evidence 
which  could  not  ha^e  been  eecured  but  for  the 
incentive  given  by  the  conference  and  the  desire 
of  the  authorities  to  take  advantage  of  the  first 
opportunity  to  co-operate  in  bringing  about 
greater  uniformity  in  water  regulations  and  im- 
provements in  points  of  practice  which  separate 
authorities  had  not  found  it  practicable  to  deal 
with  effectively  by  indepfndent  action.  Hefurther 
stated  that  a  schedu'e  was  being  prepared  com- 
paring the  Local  Govermer.t  Board's  model 
clauses  as  to  water  supply  with  the  corresponding 
regulations  of  45  of  the  principal  water  authorities 
supplying  populations  of  over  100,000.  The 
schedule  showed  a  considerable  number  of  points 
on  which  there  was  substantial  agreement. 
Therefore  it  would  appear  that  the  work  of  codifi- 
cation would  not  present  insuperable  difficulties. 
The  report  was  received  and  ordered  to  be  entered 
on  the  minutes,  and  sub-committees  were  ap- 
jiointed  to  deal  with  [a]  by-laws  and  regulations, 
(i)  fittings  and  materials,  ('■)  workmanship.  The 
terms  of  reference  to  the  sub-committees  ha\ing 
been  decided  upon,  a  resolution  was  passed  that 
authorities  supplying  100,000  people  or  upwards, 
who  were  not  yet  represented  on  the  committee, 
should  be  asked  to  send  representativea,  and  that  the 
chairman  and  secretary  should  be  empowered  to 
add  to  the  committee  the  names  of  any  gentleman 
whom  they  thought  it  advisable  to  have  there.  The 
secretary  further  stated  that  the  communications 
which  he  had  received  from  the  Board  of  Trade 
and  the  Local  Government  Board  justified  him  in 
saying  that  there  was  a  disposition  on  the  part  of 
both  departments  to  take  full  advantage  of  the 
work  of  the  committee  in  bringing  about  better 
regulations.  They  would  give  facilities  for  the 
committee  to  ascertain  their  practice,  and  would 
permit  a  reference  to  them  of  various  points  of 
detail.  After  discussion  it  was  decided  to  invite 
representatives  of  the  associations  of  master  and 
operative  plumbers  to  give  their  assistance  in  the 
discussions  that  would  arise  on  the  practical 
questions  of  materials  and  workmanship. 


BROAD  FLANGE    BE.\MS  AS  COLUMNS. 

THE  relative  value  of  different  designs  of  steel 
beams  for  use  as  girders  or  columns  is 
shown  by  comparing  their  carrying  power  in 
proportion  to  their  weight.  For  use  as  columns, 
rolled-steel  beams  with  broad  iianges  are  far  more 
economical  than  ordinary  rolled-steel  joists.  For 
example,  a  broad-flange  beam,  8§in.  by  Sgin.  by 
-tub.  per  foot,  used  as  a  column  15ft.  high  will 
weigh  6541b.,  and  carry  a  safe  load  of  42  tons. 
A  similar  column,  composed  of  British  standai-d 
joists  9in.  by  Tin.  by  581b.  per  foot,  would  weigh 
considerably  more— viz.,  8701b. — but  would  only 
carry  a  safe  load  of  136  tons.  Similarlv,  although 
a  broad-flange  beam   llin.  by  11  in.  by  Gii^lb.  per 


3fl.4KB?£AM  (HAIK 


f 


foot  weighs  slightly  less  than  a  lOin.  by  Sin.  joist 
(701b.  per  foot),  the  safe  loads  on  a  15ft.  column 
are  107  tons  and  56  tons  respectively.  The  safe 
loads  mentioned  are,  of  course,  all  calculated  by 
precisely  the  same  formula,  the  extraordinary 
advantages  shown  by  the  broad-flange  beams 
being  due  to  the  fact  that  the  metal  is  distributed 
in  the  most  economical  fashion — viz.,  in  the 
flanges. 


TWO   HISTORICAL  CHAIRS. 

THE  chair  continually  used  by  the  famous  Dr. 
Johnson  when  staying  at  1  ledman's-place  with 
his  old  friends  the  Thrabs,  is  now  on  view  at  the 
Walworth-road  Public  Library.  Messrs.  Barclay 
and  Perkins,  the  brewers,  have  lent  it  to  the 
Libraries  Committee.  The  chair  was  bought  by 
this  firm  over  100  years  ago  from  the  Thrale 
family,  and  there  is  no  doubt  as  to  its  use  by  Dr. 
Johnson.  The  other  chair  derived  its  name  as 
the  "Shakespeaie  Chair,"  from  the  fact  that  it 
was  made  from  the  mulberry  tree  planted  by 
Shakespeare  in  his  "New  Place"  garden  at 
Stratford-on-Avon.  It  was  sold  by  Messrs. 
Foster. 


NEW   YORK   NOTES. 

MR.  OLIVER  BURDETT,  formerly  an 
esteemed  member  of  Jlr.  Harry  Hems' 
staff  in  Exeter,  and  for  many  years  past  a  promi- 
nent craftsman  in  New  York  City  writes,  by  this 
week's  mail,  to  his  old  employer  as  follows :  — 

"  At  present  the  whole  country  is  engaged  in 
an  undercurrent  of  industrial  warfare.  It  is 
Capital  V.  Labour.  There  is,  unfortunately,  a 
bitter  cry  generally  against  labour  unions,  for 
during  the  past  decade  these  have  made  great  and 
powerful  strides.  Employers  would  like  to  anni- 
hilate them  altogether  ;  but  most  thoughtful  men 
are  bound  to  admit  that  labour  has  become  a 
social  as  well  as  an  economic  power  in  the  com- 
munity generally,  and  therefore,  as  such, 
has  come  to  stay.  Last  April  the  principal 
master  builders  of  New  York,  who  practically 
represent  the  financial  portion  of  the  trade, 
united  all  the  different  organisations  representing 
its  various  branches  into  one  corporate  body. 
Thus  the  boss  bricklayers,  stone-cutters,  car- 
penters, plumbers,  iSrc,  have  really  become  sub- 
contractors to  the  great  moving  centi-al  power. 
When,  therefore,  one  of  the  frequent  strikes 
occurred  on  a  building,  the  latter,  as  the  result 
of  a  weU-planned  scheme,  simply  pulled  the 
strings,  and  '  shut  down  '  every  job  in  hand  in  the 
city,  and  locked  out  every  trade.  Then  a 
plan  of  arbitration  was  presented  to  the 
various  unions,  it  being  stipulated  that  it  was  to 
be  accepted  before  work  could  be  resumed. 
The  BuUding  Trades  Council — that  body  being 
the  central  committee  representing  all  the  various 
trades — sleadUy  refused  to  agree  to  this  proposal. 
For  nearly  three  months  there  was  a  dead-lock  : 
not  a  stone  or  brick  was  set  in  the  city ;  but 
ultimately  the  position  was  modified,  concessions 
were  made  on  both  sides,  and  we  got  to  work 
again.  But  the  result  has  been  that  millions 
have  been  lost  by  both  bosses  and  men.  How- 
ever, if  things  now  work  well  there  are  to  be  no 
more  strikes,  for  in  future  all  disputes  are  to  be 


submitted   to   arbitration.       The   power   of   our 

walking  delegates,  who  really  used  to  practically 
organise  strikes,  is  altogether  taken  from 
them :  and  wagfs  will  remain  as  heretofore. 
The  Stone  Cutters'  is  the  only  union  that  has  not 
signed  the  general  agreement.  Trade,  for  this 
time  of  the  year,  is  fairly  good,  and  the  use  of 
the  pneumatic  tool  has  cheapened  the  cost  of 
working  marble  nearly  fifty  per  cent.,  more 
especially  in  regard  to  carving.  A  young 
Englishman  (a  recent  arrival)  who  was  working 
with  me  lately,  told  mo  this  wonderful  tool  is 
very  little  used  in  England.  If  this  be  a  fact, 
you  people  across  the  Atlantic  either  don't  know 
how  to  appreciate  itproperly,  or  else  it  is  you  are  all 
painfully  slow  in  adopting  modern  methods.  No 
wonder  the  Americans  play  Euch  havoc  with 
English  trade  '. 

•'  The  new  cathedral  progresses  very  slowly, 
mainly  through  lack  of  funds ;  but  also  on  account 
of  the  delay  in  getting  the  large  columns  for  the 
choir  from  the  quarries.  Tliese  have  been  ordered 
several  years  ;  but  many  difficulties  in  acquiring 
them  have  cropped  up.  They  are  to  be  54ft. 
long,  and  5ft.  6in.  diam.,  specified  all  in  one 
length  (granite).  The  stones  were  quarried  suc- 
cessfully, and  two  were  masoned ;  but  both  of' 
these  broke  on  the  lathe  in  the  polishing.  So  the 
lot  are  now  being  got  out  in  two  lengths — 38ft. 
and  16ft.  long  respectively.  The  larger  lengths 
weigh  90  tons  apiece.  They  are  raised  in  quarries 
in  Slaine,  and  five  out  of  the  eight  have  now 
been  delivered  at  the  cathedral,  and  lie  ready  for 
hoisting  into  site. 

"Just  now,  in  the  middle  of  January,  we  are 
having  fine  but  very  cold  weather.  It  is  20°  below 
zero  this  morning,  with  52"  of  frost. 

"The  following  is  a  list  of  comparatively 
recent  exceptionably  large  erections  in  New  York 
City,  together  with  the  materials  mainly  used  in 
their  construction :  —  The  Appellate  Court, 
Madison-avenue,  marble  ;  ■  Stock  Exchange, 
Broad-street,  marble ;  Clearing  House.  Cedar- 
street,  marble ;  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Liberty- 
street,  marble ;  Museum  of  ^I'atural  History, 
granite  :  Empire  (Offices,  granite  :  8th  Regiment 
Armory,  Park-avenue,  granite  :  Empire  Build- 
ing (20  stories),  granite ;  20-Btoried  building 
in  Battery  Park,  granite  and  terracotta ;  The 
Pillender  Building,  Wall-street,  granite  and 
terracotta  ;  Bowling  Green  Building,  granite  and 
terracotta  :  AVashington  L'fe  Insurance  Offices, 
limestone  :  St.  Paul's  Buildings,  limestone  ;  Hall 
of  Fame,  limestone  ;  Columbia  University,  lime- 
stone ;  Metropolitan  Museum  (Central  Park), 
limestone ;  Manhattan  Life  Offices,  limestone  ; 
Standard  Oil  Buildings,  limestone  :  Grand  Opera 
Broadway,  limestone  :  Cotton  Exchange,  lime- 
stone ;  Corn  Exchange  Bank,  William-street, 
limestone :  large  stores,  corner  of  Broadway 
and  Thirty-second-street,  limestone ;  Fuller 
Building,  limestone  and  terracotta ;  Park-row 
Building  (31  stoiies  high,  390ft.  above  the 
sidewalk,  and  from  sub-basement  550ft.),  lime- 
stone and  terracotta  ;  Waldorf-Astoria  Hotel, 
Dumfries  (Scotch)  stone  ;  Herald  Building, 
Herald -square,  terracotta  ;  Cooper  Institute, 
terracotta.  As  well  as  these.  aU  in  New  York 
proper,  may  be  mentioned  the  Temple  Bar 
Offices,  the  largest  building  in  Brooiclyn,  lime- 
stone and  terracotta." 


Jan.  29,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


161 


BuilMus  IntdliQCttce. 
— *♦* — 

Df.rhy.— TheDukoof  Devonshire  visitedDerby 
onThursdayinlastweekandunveileda  memorial  to 
Derbyshire  men  who  fell  in  tho  .Soutii  African  war. 
Later  in  the  day  the  Diiko  presided  over  a  meet- 
ing whose  object  was  to  inau;;;urate  a  fund  for  the 
restoration  of  the  tower  of  tlie  old  parish  church 
of  All  Saints,  and  promised  €')00  towards  the  sum 
needed,  £10,000.  The  finest  part  of  the  church, 
and  the  pride  of  Derby,  is  the  magniticent  tower, 
which  dates  from  the  reign  of  llonry  VIII.  This 
fine  example  of  Gothic  architecture  is  now  pro- 
nounced to  be  in  danger  of  decay.  It  was  restored 
in  1725,  when  Gibbs  built  the  present  church 
upon  the  site,  and  as  nearly  as  possible  upon  the 
plan,  of  the  one  in  which  very  many  generations 
of  I >erby  people  had  worshipped.  Now,  after  a 
lapse  of  nearly  two  hundred  years,  the  tower  again 
needs  attention.  .\Ir.  Temple  Jloore  advises  that 
several  of  the  pinnacles  should  be  taken  down  and 
rebuilt,  that  the  great  windows  of  the  belfry 
should  be  repaired,  that  the  tower  itself  should  be 
repoiuted  on  the  outside,  and  all  decayed  stone- 
work, particularly  that  round  the  clock  face, 
should  be  cut  out  and  replaced. 

Ii'swicn.— The  "Id  Tudor  House  in  the  Butter 
Market  at  Ipswich,  a  few  doors  east  of  the  well- 
Imown  pargetted  mansion  known  as  the  Aacient 
House,  has  just  been  carefully  restored.  The 
building  was  erected  before  HoO,  and  formed  for 
many  generations,  with  adjoining  properties  on 
either  side,  the  large  hostelry  known  as  The  Seven 
Stars.  Early  in  the  19th  century  the  license  was 
lost,  and  the  inn  was  broken  up"  into  three  tene- 
ments, the  picturesque  overhanging  half-timbered 
front  being  covered  with  canvas  and  plaster.  In 
1876  the  projecting  highest  story  was,  under  the 
superintendence  of  Jlr.  Brightwen  Binyon,  of 
Ipswich,  cleared  of  its  casing  so  as  to  reveal 
the  quartering  and  plaster.  A  few  months 
ago  ther>,  WIS  a  change  of  tenants,  an  uphol- 
sterer being  succeeded  by  a  music  dealer, 
and  the  owners  then  determined  to  complete  the 
work  of  restoration.  This  has  been  carried  out 
from  plans  by  Messrs.  Frank  Brown  and  Burgess, 
the  builder  being  Jlr.  C.  A.  Green,  of  Hattield- 
road,  Ipswich.  The  shop  front,  which  was  com- 
paratively modern  in  relation  to  the  age  of  the 
house,  and  very  unsightly,  has  been  taken  out 
and  replaced  by  an  oak  front,  of  a  design  in 
character  with  the  building.  The  work  done  here 
is  based  upon  some  remains  at  the  rear  of  the 
premises.  The  plaster  and  canvas  were  c' eared 
away  from  all  parts  of  the  interior,  anc  the  fine 
old  woodwork  was  found  to  be  in  splendid  con- 
dition, looking  as  though  it  had  only  just  left  the 
bench.  The  moulded  ribs  and  bearas  of  the 
ceiling  in  the  back  part  of  tlie  front  shop 
particularly,  and  in  the  upper  rooms,  form 
splendid  examples  of  this  style  of  joinery ; 
one  apartment  is  panelled  with  oak  carved 
in  the  linen  pattern — painted  over,  of  course 
as  in  other  houses ;  and  the  interior  is  full 
of  queer  nooks  and  out-of-the-way  rooms. 
The  open  fireplaces  are  of  great  antiquity  :  the 
staircase  at  the  back  forms  an  instance  of  clever 
design  in  this  respect,  which  has  been  copied  with 
advantage  in  constructing  a  new  aj,proach  from 
the  main  shop  to  the  lirst  i1o<t.  By  the  courtesy 
of  the  owner  and  tenants  of  the  adjoining  premises, 
Xo.  40,  a  small  portion  of  tho  front  on  the  first 
lloor,  which  overlapped  the  front  doorway  of  that 
building,  has  been  treated  to  correspond  with  the 
rest  of  the  fac.ade. 

MuTKoniMTAN  Asvi.i  MS  Bo.VHD. — At  amoetin"' 
of  this  authority,  held  on  Saturday,  a  letttr  wa's 
re.id  from  the  Local  Government  Board  autho- 
"•■rising  the  reconstruction  of  the  South-Eastern 
"Hospital  at  a  cost  not  exceeding  .£l:i5,200,  and 
the  borrowing  of  that  amount.  The  removal,  at 
an  early  date,  from  the  Thames  at  Long  Keach 
c.f  the  hospital  ships  ./'/.i«,  A';/  /v,«i..«,and  I'li^fti/iu 
having  necessitated  the  substitution  for  tho  pre- 
sent pontoon  landing-stage  opposite  the  ships  of 
a  new  one  of  sutlicient  strength  and  size  to  with- 
stand tho  action  of  the  waves  rai.sed  by  passing 
steamers,  the  Board  approved,  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  works  committee,  plans  prepared 
by  the  engineer  to  the  lioard  for  tho  provision 
and  construction  of  a  now  pontoon,  and  passed 
a  resolution  rciiuesting  tho  l^ocal  (iovernmcnt 
Board  to  sanction  the  acceptance  by  the  managers 
of  tho  tender  of  Messrs.  (.'hafen  and  N'owmai°  of 
Dopttord^  Jor  the  execution  of  tlie  works  at  the 
sum  of  C", 71'.'.  The  managers  accepted  a  tender 
by   Messrs.    Joseph     Richmond    and  Co.,    Ltd. 


Kirby-street,  liatton -garden,  of  £12,3t0,  for  a 
portion  of  the  general  engineering  works  at  the 
southern  hospital.  Other  tenders  have  yet  to  be 
dealt  with,  the  total  cost  of  the  engineering  works 
at  this  hospital  being  estimated  to  amount  to 
about  C35,000. 

Tiivuo  Catheuuai.. — The  benediction  of  the 
central  tower  and  spire  of  Truro  Cathedral  took 
place  on  Friday.  This,  the  crowning  dignity  of 
the  cathedral,  was  built,  at  a  cost  of  nearly 
CI.'), 000,  through  the  generosity  of  Mr..T.  Ilawke 
Dennis,  of  Grenehurst  I'ark,  Capel,  Surrey,  and 
forms  a  prominent  feature  of  Truro  as  seen  from 
almost  every  direction.  Above  the  roofs  of  the 
mam  portion  of  the  cathedral  the  tower  is  divided 
into  two  unequal  portions,  and  all  four  sides  are 
alike  except  for  a  slight  variation  in  width.  The 
lower,  or  lantern  stage,  is  the  smaller  of  the  two, 
and  has  two  three-light  lantern  windows  deeply 
recessed  in  tliree  orders.  These  windows,  which 
form  the  light  of  the  lantern,  are  visible  from  the 
interior  of  the  church.  Over  them,  rising  about 
3.5ft.  above  the  vaulted  roof  of  the  nave,  is  Jhe 
vavilted  ceiling.  The  upper,  or  belfry,  stage  of 
the  tower,  has  three  two-light  windows  also  ;  but 
these  are  much  taller,  more  deeply  recessed,  and 
filled  with  oak  louvres  covered  with  copper.  The 
heads  of  the  upper  windows  are  crowned  with 
sharply-pointed  gables  that  finish  under  the  over- 
hanging corbel  course,  above  which  is  the  richly- 
pierced  and  traceried  parapet,  divided  into  three 
sections,  with  miniature  buttresses  corresponding 
to  the  windows  below.  The  spire  rises  in  simple 
and  unbroken  outline  from  a  rich  cluster  of 
pinnacles  and  spire  lights  grouped  round  the  base. 
In  the  centre  of  each  of  the  four  cardinal  faces  of 
the  spire  is  an  elaborate  spire  light,  with  clustered 
shafts  supporting  tho  traceried  head.  The  spire, 
which  rises  to  a  height  of  '2.30ft.,  is  surmounted 
by  a  weather  vane.  The  works  have  been  carried 
out  under  the  direction  and  superintendence  of 
Mr.  Frank  L.  Pearson,  son  of  the  original  archi- 
tect of  the  cathedral,  which  is  now  quite  finished 
internally,  and  externally  only  lacks  the  twin 
western  towers  and  their  spires,  the  chapter- 
house, and  cloisters. 


CHIPS. 

The  building  lease  on  the  fire  brigade  station  in 
Watling-street,  which  has  an  area  of  about 
3,3008q.ft.,  is  held  by  the  County  Council  from 
the  Goldsmiths'  Co.  for  a  term  which  will  expire 
on  Lady  Day,  1904,  the  annual  rent  being 
£71  Os.  Sd.  The  Council  have  long  realised  the 
inadequacy  of  the  station,  and  have  now  acquired 
the  interests  in  a  site  consisting  of  Nos.  86  and  88, 
Queen  Victoria-street  and  Nos.  30  and  32,  Cannon- 
street,  and  on  this  new  site  a  new  fire  brigade 
station  will  be  buUt.  The  architect's  approximate 
estimates  show  a  total  cost  of  t63,i00. 

Oa  .Saturday  a  poll  was  taken  at  Barrow  on  the 
([ueationof  promoting  a  Bdl  in  Parliament  providing 
a  bridgetoWaluey  costing  £180,000.  Four  thousand 
and  thirteen  votei  in  favour,  and  2,178  against.  It 
will  be  a  toll  bridge,  and  Vickers,  Sons,  and  Maxim 
will  pay  all  loss  not  covered  by  a  2d.  rate. 

Steady  progress  is  being  made  with  the  Consump' 
tive  .Sanatorium  at  Winsley.  The  main  building, 
which  contains  twenty  bedrooms,  and  all  the  ad- 
ministrative department,  is  roofed  in,  and  the 
contractors,  Messrs.  Jacob  Long  and  Sons,  are 
proceeding  with  the  internal  fittings.  The  second 
block,  containing  twenty-two  beds,  has  been  com- 
menced— the  foundations  are  in,  and  the  walls  are 
just  rising  above  the  ground  level.  Messrs.  Silcock 
and  Keay,  of  Bath,  are  the  architects. 

The  Mayor  of  Salford  opened,  on  the  2l8t.  inst., 
the  Nurses'  Home  of  the  Siilford  I'nion  at  Hope. 
The  new  buiMiug  adjoins  the  Union  Infirmary  and 
faces  Kccles  Gld-roatl.  It  provides  accommodation 
for  70  nurses,  and  the  cost  has  been  about  1 10,000. 

New  Primitive  Methodist  Sunday-schools  in 
Station-road,  Wallseiid,  were  opened  on  Monday. 
The  entire  scheme  embraces  a  church,  but  only  the 
schools  have,  so  far,  been  completed.  Tho  promises 
have  been  erected  by  Messrs.  Davison  and  Bolam, 
of  Birtley,  from  plans  prepared  by  Mr.  T.  E. 
D.iviitsoii,  architect,  of  Newcastle.  The  style  is 
I'lirly  English,  and  the  schocd  is  built  of  local  rock- 
fuceu  atone,  with  red  stone  dressings,  the  cost  being 
L'2,.">00,  exclusive  of  the  grounil.  tin  the  lower  lloor 
there  are  an  assembly-hall,  seating  800  adults,  and 
classrooms,  while  on  the  upper  floor  there  are 
infant  classrooms  and  a  chur-^n  parlour. 

A  memorial  tablet  to  the  late  General  Sir  Samuel 
Browne,  which  has  been  placed  by  his  fiienda  and 
comrades  in  Lahore  Cathedral,  and  is  a  replica  of 
the  tablet  placed  in  the  crypt  of  SI.  Paul's  Cathedral 
a  few  months  ago,  was  uiivetled  by  .Sir  Charles  • 
Itivaz  on  January  2.  I 


PKOFESSIONAX  AND  TRADB 
SOCIETIES. 
EliIN'lllItGII  AuciriTntTiRAL  Ass<KHTIOX. — A 
meeting  of  this  body  was  held  on  the  20th  inst. 
in  the  Association  Rooms,  117,  George-street, 
Mr.  .\.  Hunter  Crawford,  F.R.I.B.A.,  the  I'resi- 
dent  of  the  Association,  in  the  chair.  The. 
chairman,  in  reporting  upon  a  recent  discussion 
at  the  R.I.B..V.  on  "  The  Statutorj-  Registration 
of  .\rchitects,"  said  he  was  sorry  to  observe  that 
there  was  an  inclination  to  take  it  for  granted 
that  they  were  all  in  favour  of  tho  movement. 
The  best  argument  put  forward  in  support  of  the 
proposal  was  that  if  there  was  a  set  of  examina- 
tions it  would  necessitate  everyone  passing  these 
examinations  before  being  registered,  whereas  at 
present  there  are  only  the  Institute  examinatioriB, 
which  are  of  a  more  or  less  voluntary  chaTacter. 
It  was  agreed  that  a  council  meeting  be  called 
for  the  purpose  of  considering  the  proposal. 
Referring  to  the  question  of  publio  otlifials 
carryiag  out  important  architectural  work,  the 
chairman  said  the  case  of  the  I'sher  Hall  had 
aroused  a  good  deal  of  feeling  among  tho 
members  of  the  Association,  and  the  general 
question  had  been  brought  up  at  the  last  council 
meeting,  when  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
inquire  into  the  matter  and  report.  It  was  a 
thing  they  ought  to  put  a  stop  to  if  possible. 
The  convener  of  the  special  committee  had 
sent  him  a  series  of  questions,  and  he  (the 
chairman)  would  be  glad  to  have  the  assistance 
of  one  or  two  of  the  members  in  drafting  replies. 
After  the  business  had  been  transacted,  llr.  W. 
Crum  Watson,  architect,  gave  a  lecture  entitled 
"An  Architect's  Holiday  in  Portugal."  Ue 
commenced  by  making  a  brief  survey  of  the 
history  of  architecture  in  Portugal.  The  earlier 
buildings  in  the  country,  he  explained,  were 
either  from  ideas  brought  from  Galicia  ;  or,  a3 
was  the  case  at  Alcoba(,'a,  designed  on  styles 
brought  by  the  monks  from  France.  In  the  early 
part  ot  the  1  Cth  century  the  Portuguese  prosperity, 
resulting  chiefly  from  the  Indian  contiuests, 
brought  about  many  notable  additions  to  the 
architecture  of  the  country,  and  the  King  added 
largely  to  Batalha,  Thomar,  and  other  places. 
At  Belem,  near  Lisbon,  Portuguese  architecture 
reached  the  stage  of  its  greatest  elaborateness  and 
richness,  but  after  the  Spanish  Conquest  in  1580 
very  little  of  any  consequence  was  built.  Mr. 
Watson  afterwards  described  many  of  the  prin- 
cipal buildings  in  the  country,  showing  that  much 
was  borrowed  from  other  countries,  including 
India,  and  that  in  originality  the  tendency  was 
towards  somewhat  extraordinary  combinations. 
The  lecture  was  illustrated  by  a  large  number  of 
lantern  slides,  the  majority  of  which  had  been 
m.ade  from  photographs  taken  by  Mr.  Watson. 

St.  Pail's  EccLEsioLociicAL  Society. — ^The 
twenty-fifth  annual  meeting  of  this  society  will 
be  held  to-morrow  (Saturday)  afternoon  at 
2.30  p.m.,  in  the  Chapter-house,  E.O.  The 
annual  report  for  1903-4  states  that  eight  meetings 
have  been  held  at  the  Chapter-house  during  the 
past  twelve  months,  at  which  papers  have  been 
read  by  the  Rev.  Stanford F.  II.  Robinson,  M.A., 
F.R.s!a.I.,  F,.  S.  Dewick,  M.A.,  M.S..\.,  and 
II.  Bedford  Pim,  and  by  Messrs.  JIill  Stephen- 
son, F.S..V.,  R.  Garraway  Rice,  F.S..\.,  F.  C. 
F.eles,  (_'uthbert  .\tchley,  F.  I'.ligh  Bond,  F.S.A.. 
and  Dr.  J.  Wickham  Ijegg,  F.S..\.  Visits  were 
made  to  the  following  churches  and  other  build- 
ings :  St.  Giles',  Cripplegate,  under  the  guidance 
ot  the  Rev.  I'rebendary  BarIT :  St.  Kartholoinow 
the  Great,  conducted"  by  F..  A.  Webb,  F.S.A. ; 
.Vldenhaiu,  conducted  by  tho  Hon.  and  Rev.  K. 
F.  Gibbs  ;  Kemsing.  conducted  by  the  Kev.  T. 
('.  Skarratt  and  Mr.  J.  N.  Compcr  :  St.  .\ndrcw 
Indershaft  and  St.  Katherino  Crce,  under  tho 
guidance  of  Mr.  Philip  Norman,  F.S..\.;  and 
Chigwell,  to  the  church,  under  the  guidance  of 
the  liov.  T.  Marsden,  where  also  a  paper  was 
read  by  .Mr.  Thoinas  Garratt ;  and  to  the  school, 
where  the  Kov.  R.  D.  Swallow  conducted.  The 
accounts  show  a  balance  in  hand  of  ^12  Ss.  lid. 

SociKTY  OF  BuiTisn  Scii.v rolls.— Steps  have 
recently  been  taken  for  the  formation  of  a  society 
whose  particular  province  should  l)0  to  advance 
and  protect  the  art  of  sculpture  and  the  interest 
of  sculptors  in  this  country.  In  December  last  a 
meeting  was  called  which  was  attended  by  upwards 
of  40  Loudon  sculptors,  tho  object  being  to 
ascertain  tho  feeling  of  a  large  number  of  the 
profession  on  the  subject,  and  to  discuss  the  pre- 
liminaries for  the  formation  of  a  Society  of  British 
Sculptors.  Jli.ticorge  Frampton,  K..\.,  presided, 
and  tho  meeting  was  unanimously  in  favour  of 


162 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  29,  1904. 


the  proposal,  and  appointed  a  provisional  com- 
mittee— consisting  of  the  chairman  and  Messrs. 
T.  Stirling  I.ee,  AV.  .S.  Frith,  W.  Reynolds- 
Stephens,  D.  McGill,  F.  Derwent  Wood,  and  F. 
Lynn  Jenkins,  to  confer  together  and  to  prepare 
a  scheme.  A  general  meeting  took  place  at  the 
Royal  Inatitu'e  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours, 
Piccadilly,  AV.,  on  Monday  evening,  January  11. 
Mr.  Thomas  Brock,  R.A.,  Sir  Charles  Lawes- 
AA'ittewronge,  Mr.  George  Simonds,  Mr.  George 
Frampton,  R.A.,  Mr.  Goscomhe  John,  A.R.A., 
Mr.  F.  AV.  Pomeroy,  Mr.  Alfred  Drury,  A.R.A., 
Mr.  Harry  Pegram,  A.R.A.,  Mr.  John  Tweed, 
Mr.  Bertram  JIackennal,  Mr.  A.  G.  AA'alker, 
Mr.  Montford,  Mr.  F.  Bowcher,  the  members 
of  the  provisional  committee,  and  others  were 
present.  Mr.  Thomas  Brock,  having  been  voted 
to  the  chair,  said  that  it  had  been  his 
wish  for  many  years  that  the  art  of  sculpture 
should  have  some  representative  society,  and 
went  on  to  explain  bow  such  a  society  could  be 
constituted.  He  insisted  that  sculptors  shou'd 
combine  without  clique  for  the  sole  object  of  the 
advancement  of  their  art,  which  had  hitherto 
suffered  by  being  inadequately  presented,  and 
that  the  society  should  in  no  sense  be  regarded  as 
antagonistic  to  any  existing  institution.  The 
meeting  unanimously  voted  its  confidence  in  the 
committee  and  Mr.  Brock,  forming  the  nucleus 
of  the  Society  of  British  Scu'ptors.  Sir  Charles 
Lawes-AVittewronge  was  nominated  as  honorary 
treasurer,  and  Mr.  F.  Lynn  Jenkins  as  honorarj- 
secretary.  The  chairman  pointed  out  that  it 
would  be  necessary  to  have  an  endowment  fund, 
and  invited  donations  from  the  artists  and  those 
interested  in  the  advancement  of  the  art  of  sculp- 
ture. The  meeting  concluded  with  a  vote  of 
thanks  to  the  chairman,  and  tho=e  present  signed 
thtir  names  as  signifying  their  willingU'SS  to 
become  members  of  the  society. 

TiMiiEn  Tk.\des'  Benevolen't  Society, — The 
seventh  annual  meeting  of  the  subscribers  of 
this  society  was  held  on  Monday  at  tlie  offices  of 
the  London  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Colonel  Bird, 
the  President,  occupying  the  chair.  The  report 
stated  that  the  donations  last  yeir  had  decreased 
fro?n  £978  to  £504,  owing  to  the  fact  that  no 
festival  dinner  was  held  in  that  year.  The 
subscriptions  had  steadily  increased  from  £1,474 
to  £1,587,  accounted  for  by  the  great  intirest 
taken  in  the  society  by  members  of  the  tr^de  in 
Bristol,  Hull,  and  Livrrpool.  During  the  year 
the  board  had  been  able  tj  add  £1,114  to  the  in- 
vested funds,  which  now  stood  at  £16,142;  £070 
was  paid  in  pensions  last  year,  and  f  i70  in  tem- 
porary assistance.  The  chairman,  in  proposing 
the  adoption  of  the  report,  said  the  society  had 
done  very  well  since  its  inception.  More  help 
■was  needed,  however,  because  on  the  present  occa- 
sion they  had  12  candidates  tor  eight  pensions. 
The  report  was  adopted . 

WoLVEUn.VMPTOX      AXD       DiSTUICT       AuCHITEC- 

TDiuL  AssociATio.v. — The  annual  meeting.of  this 
association  was  held  on  Tuesday  night,  tbe  21st 
inst.,  at  the  Law  Library-,  Lich-gates.  After  the 
business  of  the  meeting  the  following  officers  were 
elected  for  the  ensuing  year: — President,  Mr. 
F.  T.  Beck  ;  vice-president,  Mr.  AV.  Edwards; 
council,  Mr.  S.  H.  Eachus,  M.J.S.,  Mr.  J. 
Lavender,  F.R  LB. A.,  and  Mr.  G.  H.  Stanger, 
F.R.I.B.A.  ;  hon.  treasurer,  Mr.  J.  Harrison 
AV^eller;  hon.  secretary,  Mr.  AV.  J.  Oliver, 
M.S. A.,  ],  Darlington-street,  Wolverhampton; 
hon.  auditor,  Mr.  A.  Eatoa  Painter.  The  re- 
tiring president,  Mr.  G.  H.  iStanger,  gave  an 
interesting  address,  reviewing  the  work  of  the 
association  during  the  past  year.  After  the 
meeting,  on  the  invitation  of  the  retiring  presi- 
dent and  vice-president,  the  members  adjourned 
to  the  Star  and  Garter  Hotel  for  dinner. 


TO    COBKESPONDENTS. 

[We  do  not  hold  ourselvea  responsible  for  the  opinions  of 

our  correspondents.      All    conununicationa  should  be 

drawn  up  as  briefly  as  possible,  as   there  are  many 

claimants  upon  the  space  allotted  to  correspondents.] 

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communications  respecting  illustrations  or  lit«rary  matter 

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W.C.,  and  not  to  members  of  the  staff  by  name.    Delay 

is  not  unfrequently  otherwise  caused.    All  drawings  and 

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the  Editor  will  not  undertake  to  pay  for,  or  be  liable  for, 

onsought  contributions. 

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Mtrcommunicatioti, 


Q  VFSTIOyS. 

[1-2037, 1— 'West  Countiy  Rood  Screens.— Does 
any  book  upon  these  interesting  remains  exist .'  Are 
photographs  of  the  principal  ones  procurable  ?— Carveb. 


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LEaAL  INTELIIQENOB. 

AVestiiinstee  Impkotement.  —  In  the  AVest- 
minster  High  Bailiff's  Court  on  Friday,  before  Mr. 
John  Troutbeck  and  a  special  jury,  the  case  of 
"Dunstall  v.  The  London  County  Council "  came 
on  for  hearing.  It  was  a  claim  for  compensation 
for  the  compulsory  acquisition  of  the  leasehold 
interest  in  the  premises,  52,  MUlbank-street,  S.W., 
required  for  the  purposes  of  the  Millbank  improve- 
ment scheme.  Tae  claimant  was  a  coffee  house 
keeper,  and  the  business  had  been  established  some 
24  years.  He  held  the  premises  under  a  lease  of 
which  16  years  were  unexpired.  This  new  lease 
provided  for  a  rental  of  £100  per  annum  for  the 
first  10  years,  and  £110  per  annum  for  the 
remaining  11.  The  claimant's  net  profits  were 
agreed  by  the  respondents  to  be  £6r>0  per  annum, 
but  the  jury  would  have  to  decide  how  many  years' 
purchase  he  should  have  for  having  his  business 
entirely  swept  away.  He  cliimed  four  years' 
profits,  and  the  sum  of  £140  had  been  agreed 
upon  as  the  value  of  the  fixtures,  utensils,  &c. 
Evidence  to  the  effect  that  the  claimant  was  entitled 
to  iour  years"  purchase  of  his  net  profits  was  given 
by  several  witnesses.  Mr.  Boyle,  K.C.,  for  the 
Council,  contended  that  one  year's  purchase  of  his 
net  profits  and  a  sum  of  about  £300  would  amply 
compensate  the  claimant,  who  would  at  once  set  up 
in  business  elsewhere.  The  jury,  without*  leaving 
the  box,  awarded  the  claimant  £2,500,  to  include 
everything. 

PLYMOrni  Akbiteation  Awaed. — Mr.  J.  C.  H. 
Robinson,  of  Newport  Pagnell,  surveyor  and  valuer, 
the  umpire  appointed  by  the  Local  Government 
Board  to  inquire  into  and  detei'mine  a  claim  which 
had  been  made  by  Mrs.  Sarah  Cohen,  the  owner  of 
Xo.  5,  Rayleigh-street,  Plymouth,  against  the 
Plymouth  Corporation,  with  reference  to  damages 
alleged  to  have  teen  caused  to  her  said  property 
during  the  progress  of  the  construction  of  a  sewer 
in  AVembury  and  Raleigh  streets,  Plymouth,  has 
published  his  award.  The  umpire  has  awarded 
Mrs.  Cohen  the  sum  of  £274  as  the  amount  of  com- 
pensation to  which  she  is  entitled,  and  further 
directs  that  the  costs  of  the  arbitration  and  of  the 
claimant  are  to  be  paid  by  the  respondents.  It  was 
stated  at  the  inquiry  that  the  Corporation  were 
only  nominally  the  respondents,  the  contractor 
(Mr.  J.  C.  Ling)  having  to  discharge  any  sum  that 
might  be  awarded. 


The  urban  district  council  of  Maesteg  have 
appointed  Mr.  Rob.  Horrocks  resident  engineer  on 
the  storage  reservoir  which  they  are  constructing 
at  Blaen-cwm-Cerwyn.  Mr.  J.  Humphreys.  C.E., 
surveyor  to  the  council,  is  the  engineer,  and  Messrs. 
W.  Jones  and  Son,  Neath,  are  the  contractors.  The 
contract  price  is  over  £28,000. 

London  Bridge,  which  has  just  been  widened  at  a 
cost  of  £100,000,  will  be  reopened  about  the  first 
week  in  April,  under  the  direction  of  the  Bridge 
House  Estates  Committee.  The  cost  of  the  widening 
will  be  paid  for  out  of  the  funds  of  the  Bridge  House 
Trust.  The  width  of  the  carriage-way  of  London 
Bridge  has  been  increased  to  33ft.,  and  the  foot- 
ways to  15ft.  The  sides  of  the  bridge  will  be  open 
in  order  that  mud  and  dust  may  escape  iuto  the 
river  below,  while  there  will  also  be  a  very  complete 
system  of  drainage  to  the  widened  structure. 


Rates  for  Trade  Advertisements  on  front  page,  and 
special  and  other  positions,  can  be  obtained  on  application 
to  the  Publisher. 

Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must  reach  the 
office  not  later  than  3  p,m,  on  Thursday,  Front-page 
Advertisements  and  alterations  in  serial  advertisements 
must  reach  the  office  by  Tuesday  morning  to  secure 
insertion. 


Received.— G,  J, 
K.  U,-W,  E,- 


-L.  P,— F.  A. 
W,-F,  L. 


and  Cj,-G,  E,  H,- 


L.  T.— 1.  The  building  you  refer  to  is  Renaissance  adapted 
to  tuit  modern  requirements,  2.  Coke  breeze  can 
usually  be  obtained  at  the  lo  jal  gasworks.  Price  varies 
according  t3  demand ;  sometimes  it  is  to  be  had  for  the 
carting  of  it  away. 


Comsponticnce. 
— ♦ » ♦ — 

CDMPETITIUN    FOR    HOU.SES    FOR  THE 
AVORKING  CLASSES,   BANGOR. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 

Sir, — The  committee  disapproves  of  the  existing 
conditions  of  the  above,  but  is  endeavouring  to 
obtain  a  revision  of  the  same.  Reisons  :  No 
assess  r.  No  undertaking  that  the  successful 
competitor  will  he  employed  to  carry  out  the  w,  rk. 
Premiums  insufficient.  Architects  are  requested 
to  abstain  from  competing  unless  they  receive  a 
further  communication  to  the  eiiect  that  the  con- 
ditions have  been  satisfactorily  revsed. — I  am, 
ic,  Henry  A,  Sai'L,  Hon.  Sec. 

Competition  Reform  Society.  10,  Gray's  Inn- 
square,  London,  AV.C,  Jan.  25. 


CHIPS. 

A  memorial  brass  has  recently  been  erected  in 
Marham  Church,  Norfolk,  to  the  late  Vicountess 
Glentworth,  of  Maiham  House,  who  lived  to  the 
venerable  age  of  100  years  and  3  months.  It  is 
from  the  design,  and  was  executed  by  Cox,  Sons, 
Buckley,  and  Co.,  art  metal  craftsmen,  London. 

The  foundation-stones  of  a  Primitive  Methodist 
chapel  were  laid  in  Branch-road,  Armley,  Leeds,  on 
Saturday.  The  chapel,  which  has  been  designed  by 
Messrs.  T.  and  C.  B.  Howddl,  of  Leeds,  wUl provide 
seats  for  over  700  persons,  and  is  to  cost  about 
£ii,500.  It  will  constitute  a  departure  from  the 
usual  plan  of  such  building,  in  that  the  chapel  wUl 
be  on  the  ground  floor,  with  the  adult  and  infant 
schools  above.  The  block  is  over  100ft.  in  length 
and  60tt.  high. 

The  Bishop  of  Southwark  laid  the  foundation- 
stone  en  Saturday  evening  of  St.  Andrew's,  Catford, 
London.  The  church  is  being  built  on  the  St. 
German's  estate,  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  P.  Robson. 
The  nave,  which  will  accommodate  about  1,000 
worshippers,  will  cost  about  £S,600. 

The  Bishop  of  Manchester  at  Padiham  on  Satur- 
day laid  the  memonal-stone  of  new  church  day  and 
Suuday- schools.  The  old  schools  have  been  con- 
demneJ,  and  the  church  people  of  the  town  have 
determined  to  build  larger  schools  at  a  cost  of  about 
£6,000. 

The  borough  council  of  Lewisham  agreed  to  con- 
tribute £71,815,  being  one-third  of  the  cost  of  the 
necessary  local  street  widenings  in  connectioi  with 
the  proposed  London  County  Council  tramways 
from  New  Cross  to  Lee  Green,  from  Greenwich  to 
Catford,  from  Lordship-lane  to  Forest  Hill,  and 
from  Lewisham  High-road  to  Forest  Hill. 

A  memorial  brass  has  been  recently  placed  in  the 
chancel  of  Farnham  Church  to  the  Rev.  Augustus 
Montagu  Toplady,  author  of  the  hymn  "  Rock  of 
Ages, ""who  was  a  native  of  the  town.  Tne  inscrip- 
tion states  that  Mr.  Toplady  was  born  on  November 
4  1740,  died  in  London  on  August  11,  177S,  and  was 
buried  in  Tottenham  Court-road  Chapel,  London,  on 
August  17,  177^. 


Jan.  29,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIIs'G    NEWS. 


163 


CONTENTS. 
^-^-^ 

Prize  Designs 

PreservatioD  of  Materials 

The  Architectural  Association 

The  Surveyors'  Institution 

Garden  Cities 

The  Royal  Doulton  Potteries  Kxhibition  of  Works  for 

St.  Louis  Intel-national  Exhibition -.. 

Report  of  the  Select  Committee  on  Ventilation.— IV. 

Joint  Committee  on  Water  Regulations 

Broad  Flange  Beams  as  Columns    

Two  Historical  Chairs 

Is'ew  York  Notes    

Building  Intelligence    

Professional  and  Trade  Societies    

Correspondence      

Tntetcommunication     

Legal  Intelligence 

The  Building  Nkws  Directory 

Our  Dlustrationa    

Competitions   

Our  Office  Table     

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  Week      

Latest  Prices 

Li.st  of  Competitions  Open 

List  of  Tenders  Open    

Tenders     


151 
15'.! 
153 
156 
157 

157 
158 
KiO 
KM 

ii;j 

IBU 
llil 
161 
U>2 
163 
162 

IX. 

163 
163 
,  182 
183 
,  183 
,  184 
.  181 
,  1S8 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

■"victory*':  rov.^l  acadejiy  cartoon.— two  iiorsEs  i.v 

SOUTH  AUDLEV  STREET.  — LLOYO's  REGISTRY,  KKNCUURCH 
STREET,  E.C. — NATIONAL  RRONZE  MEDAL  DESIGN  FOR  A 
CLOCK. — THE  MANSION  HOUSE,  ROSEHAUGH,  N.u. — RID- 
DLESDEN    HALL,    NEAR   KEIGHLKY. 


general  working  drawings  of  "  Rosehaugh  "  were 
shown  on  Friday  last  at  the  exhibition  of  work- 
ing details  held  at  the  Architectural  Association 
in  connection  with  Mr.  Slauriec  15.  Adams's  paper, 
"  As  to  the  Making  of  Architects."  The  archi- 
tect of  the  work  is  Mr.  Wm.  Flockhart, 
F.U.I.I5.A.,  who  made  this  view. 

ItlDDI.KSDF.JJ    nAI.L,    NKAK    KriGHLKV,     YOllKS. 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  somewhat 
scanty  available  information  concerning  this  h.all. 
It  appears  frcm  a  date  and  inscription  on  the 
head  of  a  door  in  the  outbuildings  thit  the  oldest 
portion  of  the  Hall  was  built  in  the  year  liUn, 
by  Mr.  J.  M.  JIurgatroyd,  who  bought  the 
estates  of  John  Itiahworth  about  16H>.  The 
Jlurgatroyds,  wo  are  informed  by  the  "  History 
of  Keighley,"  were  great  builders,  and  probably 
ruined  themselves  by  the  stone  and  mortar 
mania.  Consequently  E.  and  H.  Starkey  had 
obtained  possession  prior  to  the  year  1692,  and 
added  the  north  wing,  of  which  only  the  front 
wall  now  remains.  The  above  date,  with  the 
initials  "  E  S  :  H  S  :  "  is  cut  upon  the  head  of 
doorway  in  the  garden-wall.  The  interior  is 
remarkable  for  its  fine  oak  wainscoting,  panelled 
ceilings,  and  several  very  fine  fireplaces.  The 
hall  has  recently  been  carefully  restored.  Alto- 
gether, what  remains  of  the  structure  beers  its 
age  remarkably  well.  The  drawings  are  by  5Ir. 
Fred  Wade,  of  Buxton. 


COMPETITIONS. 

Xe\vcasti.k-on--Tvni;. — A  forward  movement 
towards  the  erection  of  the  long- contemplated 
(irammar  School  for  Newcastle  has  now  been 
taken.  The  governors  are  advertising  for  designs 
in  competition  for  the  projected  buildings.  Pre- 
miums of  £100,  t.'iO.  and  £->r,  are  offered  to  the 
authors  of  the  first,  second,  and  third  premiated 
designs  respectively ;  and  Mr.  John  Bilson, 
F.U.I.B.A.,  F.S.A.,  has  been  appointed  assessor 
in  the  competition.  The  site  is  behind  Windsor- 
terrace,  Jesmond,  and  it  had  previously  been  the 
joint  propertv  of  the  Hospital  of  St.  Mary  Mag- 
dalene and  the  Hospital  of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin. 
The  ground  covers  an  area  of  about  nine  acres, 
and  the  purchase  money  has  amounted  to  £25,657. 
Xo  decision  has  yet  been  arrived  at  by  the 
trustees  of  tlio  Virgin  Mary  Hospital  as  to  what 
will  be  ultimately  done  with  the  present  Grammar 
School  in  Ttye  Hill. 

SuN'DEKi.AXD. — The  assessor  appointed  to  con- 
sider the  competitive  plans  invited  by  the  corpora- 
tion for  an  extension  to  the  town-hall  has  just 
made  his  awards,  but  the  names  will  not  bo 
known  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  council. 
Premiums  of  £100,  £50,  and  £25  were  offered, 
and  the  assessor  awards  the  first  to  Xo.  9,  Xo.  15 
being  second,  and  Xo.  1 1  third.  The  estimated 
cost  of  the  first  premiated  pUnis  £27,000. 


(But  Illustrations* 

"  VICTORY  "  :    R0V.U,     ACADEMY     CARTOON     TOR     A 
DRAPED    FIGURE. 

This  eminently  decorative  and  spirited  design, 
by  Miss  Evelyn  M.  Watherston,  was  submitted  in 
the  recent  competition  at  the  Riyal  .Academy  for 
the  subject  of  "  Victory."  We  published  the 
prize  work  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Gladstone  Solomon  in 
the  BiiLDixc;  X'eivs  for  Jan.  1.  It  remains  a 
matter  of  opinion  with  many  as  to  which  of  the 
two  cartoons  really  deserved  the  prize,  and  there 
is  little  doubt  that  Miss  Watherston  very  strongly 
contested  the  place  of  honour  with  the  author  of 
the  chosen  design,  though  it  must  be  admitted 
that  Mr.  Solomon  more  exactly  realised  the 
triumph  incidental  to  the  ideal  intended. 

TWO    HOUSES    l\    SOUTH    .AUDLEV    STREET. 

We  illustrate  this  week  two  town  houses,  by 
^lessrs.  Ernest  George  and  Veates,  Nos.  77  and 
78,  South  Audley-street.  The  Portland  stone 
front  has  a  shallow  projection  in  the  centre,  with 
balconies  on  either  side,  and  tall  casement 
windows  ;  the  architraves,  with  cornices  and 
aprons,  linking  the  several  stories  and  giving 
vertical  lines  to  the  composition.  With  this 
straightforward  frontage  the  ground  is  most 
irregular  in  shape  ;  but  skilful  planning  has  turned 
every  foot  to  good  account.  Messrs.  Trollope  and 
Sons  are  the  builders,  and  Jlr.  Sprague  is  the  clerk 
of  works  for  these  houses. 

Lloyd's  uegisthv,  fenx'iiurch  street,  e.c. 
This  detail  shows  the  main  front  of  Mr.  T.  E. 
CoUcutt'a  famous  building  in  I.loyd's-avenue, 
E.G.,  which  has  been  ercctol  for  Lloyd's  Regis- 
try, and  this  drawing  was  exhiluted  on  Friday 
last  at  the  Architectural  Association  among  the 
representative  display  of  working  plans  brought 
together  in  connection  with  jlr.  Maurice  I!. 
Adams's  paper  reported  on  page  153,  "  As  to  the 
Slaking  of  .\rchitect8."  A  general  elevation  of 
the  building  from  the  Royal  Academy  appeared 
in  our  pages  for  Jan.  18,  laoi. 

N.U-IOXAL    HROXZK     MI'.D.IL     DESIGN     FOR    A    CLOCK. 

This  clock  case  executed  in  hollywood  veneer, 
and  inlaid  witli  rosewood,  mahogany,  ebony, 
mother-of-pearl,  and  ivory,  was  shown  at  South 
Kensington  last  autumn,  whore  it  obtained  a 
National  Bronze  Jledal.  The  dial  is  made  with 
green  shell  and  pearl  and  silver.  The  figures 
are  in  black  stopping  in  clear  and  easily  read 
characters.  The  drawings  illustrattd  to-day 
were  also  exhibited  by  the  side  of  the  clock  it- 
self. The  author  is  Mr.  Xewljiiry  A,  Trent. 
The  side  elovational  drawing  shows  the  interior 
constructional  lines.  In  execution  his  work  was 
as  good  as  the  design  is  admirable  and  suitable. 

THE    MANSION     HOUSE,    ROSHHAUGll,    AVOCH,    X.ll. 

In  the  Building  News  for  Jan.  1  we  gavo  a 
double-page  view  of  this  house,  with  a  plan, 
showing  the  tower  and  otln-r  end  of  the  building 
from  that  which  is  illustrated  to-day.  A  descrip- 
tion has  already  appeared  in  our  pages.    The 


Christ  Church,  Barnet,  has  lately  been  improved 
by  the  removal  of  the  unsightly  old  choir  stalls  in 
the  chancel,  and  the  substitution  for  them  of  massive 
carved  oak  stalls,  with  black  wrought- iron  fronts 
to  the  desks  of  the  boys.  These  have  been  executed 
by  Messrs.  Jones  and  WiUis,  Ltd.,  of  London,  Bir- 
mingham, and  Liverpool.  Au  oak  pulpit  and 
reading  desk,  recently  placed  in  the  church  by  other 
donors,  were  the  work  of  the  same  firm. 

The  memorial  window  for  the  late  Right  Hon. 
Sir  William  T.  Marriotthas  just  been  completed  by 
Messrs.  Chater  and  Sons,  of  St.  Duustau's  Hill,  and 
is  about  to  be  transmitted  to  the  English  church  at 
Aachen,  where  it  will  be  shortly  unveiled.  The 
monument  over  the  grave,  erected  by  Lady 
Marriott,  was  completed  last  week.  The  window 
is  to  be  placed  over  the  pulpit  in  the  Memorial 
Church  to  the  Empress  Frederick  on  the  new 
Boulevard. 

The  tramways  committee  of  the  Manchester 
Corporation  have  come  to  an  agreement  with  the 
Gorton  Council  about  the  oonstrution  of  tramways 
in  Gorton-lane,  Wellington-street,  and  Reddish- 
lane.  The  committee  have  agreed  to  construct  the 
tramways,  and  take  a  lease.  The  Droylsden  Urban 
District  Council  have  asked  for  a  tram  liue  from  the 
Fairfield-road  end  of  Openshaw  across  Droylsden 
to  the  Droylsden  Station,  and  in  the  event  of  the 
amalgamation  of  that  township  with  Manchester, 
the  tramways  committee  reply  that  they  see  no 
difficulty  in  complying  with  the  council's  wish 
within  reasonable  time. 

The  city  architect  of  Manchester,  Mr.  T.  De  Courcy 
Meade,  is  preparing  a  report  on  the  condition  of  all 
local  theatres,  halls,  and  other  public  buildings,  in 
relation  to  the  danger  of  fire  or  panic. 

Messrs.  Jennings,  Ltd.,  of  London,  have  been  in- 
trusted by  the  Blackpool  X'^orlh  Pier  Co.  with  the 
contract  for  fitting  up  the  whole  of  the  lavatories, 
&o.,  to  be  provided  underneath  the  new  entrance  to 
the  Xorth  Pier. 

In  the  Lord  Mayor's  Court,  on  Friday,  Patrick 
Donovan,  a  newsvendor,  obtained  a  verdict  for 
£:!00  damages  against  the  New  River  Company  for 
injuries  he  sustained  through  being  thrown  from 
his  bicycle  in  Bishopsgate-street  in  consequence  of 
defects  in  one  of  the  defendant  company's  valve- 
boxes. 

A  stained-glass  window  is  about  to  be  placed  in 
Peterborough  Cathedral  to  the  memory  of  Canon 
Twells,  the  hymn-writer,  who  for  many  years  held 
au  honorary  stall  there. 

Lord  Bathurst,  the  lord  of  the  manor,  laid,  on 
Friday,  the  foundation -stone  of  a  public  library  at 
Cirencester,  which  is  the  gift,  together  with  an 
adequate  endowment  fund,  of  Mr.  Daniel  George 
Bingham  to  his  native  town,  the  total  cost  of  the 
institution  being  between  £25,1'00  and  €;!0,000.  Mr. 
V.  A.  Lawson,  of  Cirencester  and  Stroud,  is  the 
architect,  and  Mr.  G.  Drew,  of  Cirencester,  the 
builder. 

The  contract  for  the  erection  of  Campden  Hill 
Court  (blocks  D  and  K)  h  is  been  soeured  by  Mr. 
C.  (irny,  of  Hampstoad  and  Shepherd  Bush,  W., 
at  £5i'i,0U(l,  and  the  work  has  commenced.  Messrs. 
Palgrave  and  Co.  and  Messrs.  Rolfo  and  Matthews 
are  joint  architects.  Mr.  C.  Gray  has  recently 
completed  Kings-gardens,  Hampstead,  at  a  cost 
of  about  £50,000,  Messrs.  Palgrave  and  Co.  being 
the  architects. 


CHIPS. 

The  annual  general  meeting  of  the  Competition 
Reform  Society  will  be  held  on  Friday,  February  5, 
at  9,  Conduit-street,  W.,  at  6  p.m.,  when  members 
are  requested  to  attend.  The  assistant  hon.  secretary 
will  read  the  minutes  of  the  last  annual  general 
meeting.  The  chairman  will  move  the  adoption  of 
the  annual  report.  Mr.  C.  E.  Hutchinson  will 
move,  "  That  the  Annual  Subscription  be  raised  to 
lOs.  6d."    Election  of  officers  will  follow. 

M.  Chaumie,  the  French  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction,  has  just  signed  the  nomination  of  M. 
Homolle,  Member  of  the  Institute  and  director  of 
the  French  School  in  Athens,  as  director  of  the 
national  museums  and  of  the  school  of  the  Louvre, 
in  succession  to  M.  Kaempfen,  who  retires  on  a 
pension  with  the  title  of  honorary  director.  The 
appointment  will  take  effect  from  AprU  10.  It  will 
be  remembered  that  M.  Homolle  delivered  so  recently 
as  the  loth  November  last  an  address  on  his  dis- 
coveries on  the  site  of  the  Treasury  of  Cnidus  before 
the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects,  reported 
in  our  issue  of  Nov.  20,  1903,  p.  681,  Vol.  LXXXV. 

At  the  last  sitting  of  the  Norwich  Consistory 
Court,  a  faculty  was  decreed  empowering  the  rector 
and  the  churchwardens  to  place  in  the  chancel  of 
St.  Peter's  Church,  Lowestoft,  now  m  course  of 
erection,  a  reredos,  altar,  and  retable,  and  to  fill  the 
east  window  with  stained  glass. 

Mr.  F.  A.  Xewdigate  Xewdegate,  J. P.,  started  a 
large  chiming  clock  at  St.  Liwreuce's  Church, 
Foleshill,  on  the  19  th  iust.,  as  a  memorial  to  the 
late  Dr  Orton.  The  clock  has  four  5ft.  (iin.  dials, 
chimes  the  quxrters  and  strikes  the  hours,  and  is 
fitted  with  all  modern  improvements  so  as  to  lie  a 
perfect  timekeeper.  The  whole  of  the  woik  has 
been  carried  out  hy  Messrs.  John  Smith  and  bous, 
Midland  Clock  Works,  Derby,  who  are  also  making 
a  large  church  clock  for  Chaddesden,  Derbyshire. 

A  bank  is  in  the  course  of  erection  at  Market 
Harborough  at  a  cost  of  over  £6,0110.  The  contractor 
is  Mr.  J.  Cracknell,  of  Peterborough. 

The  Metropolitan  Water  Board,  at  their  mooting 
on  Friday,  agreed  to  a  further  estimate  of  i;  J3,o00 
for  the  expenses  of  the  arbitration.  In  reply  to  a 
(luestion,  the  chairman  stated  that  the  counsels 
lees  in  connection  with  the  arbitration  amounted  to 
145,000. 

The  Archbishop  of  York,  on  Thursday  in  last 
week,  consecrated  St.  Luke's  Church, 'I  liornaby-ou- 
Tees  which  hss  been  built  at  a  cost  of  £l>.h..il,  the 
whole  of  which,  within  about  Cl.OOO  has  been 
raised.     The  church  is  in  the  Xorman  stylo. 

Satisfactory  business  was  transacted  last  week  at 
the  Auction  Mart,  Tokeiihouse-yard.  \  freehold 
estate  of  2f<  houses  and  shops,  with  workshop-s  and 
land,  in  Dorset-road  and  Chip-street,  A:c.,  L  ''pham, 
iiroduciii"  CSOO  psr  annum,  fetched  It.f.O.  llie 
total  for  the  week  amounted  to  £79.2tfo.  as  com- 
pared with  £59,597  in  the  corresponding  week  lost 
year. 

The  Bishop  of  Exeter  dedicated,  on  Monday,  the 
chancel  and  tower  of  St.  Matthew's  Church,  Cook- 
ington,  Torquay,  which  have  recently  been  com- 
pleted at  a  cost  of  '-2,74'J. 

Au  inquiry  has  been  held  at  Beckonham,  Kent, 
on  behalf  of  the  Local  Government  Board,  into  an 
application  of  the  urban  district  council  for  sanction 
to  borrow  1:2,050  to  widen  Scotts-lane. 


1G4 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jan.  19,  1904. 


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Jan.  29,  19G4. 


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THE    BUILDINa    NEWS. 


Jan.  29,  1904. 


O^ttt  O^fRce  €Mt 


The  Royal  Academy,  at  their  general  assemtly 
of  Academicians  and  Associates,  held  on  Wednes- 
day night,  proceeded  to  elect  three  Associates 
and  two  Honorary  Foreign  Academicians. 
Contrary  to  expectation,  no  addition  to  the 
Associates  has  been  made  from  within  the 
ranks  of  the  architectural  profession ;  but  a 
'Hiirc  artist  of  the  Xewlyn  school,  a  portrait 
painter,  and  a  sculptor  were  chosen  to  fill  the 
three  vacancies,  in  the  persons  of  Messrs.  Frank 
Brangwyn,  Charles  Furse,  and  Henry  A. 
Pegram.  Jlr.  Brangwyn's  bold  effects  in  colour 
and  light-and-shade  have  not  been  seen  on 
the  walls  of  Builingtcn  House  during  the  last 
three  or  four  years ;  but  his  election  is  weU 
justified  b}'  the  originality  and  vigour  of  his  work. 
Mr.  Furse  has  executed  many  portraits  of 
fashionable  men  and  women,  the  characteristic 
painting  of  Lord  Charles  Beresford  in  vice- 
admiral's  uniform  being  the  most  notable 
of  his  recent  canvases.  Of  Mr.  Pegram's 
clever  and  restrained  works  in  sculpture,  one  of 
the  best  is  the  dignified  panel  to  Sir  John. Stainer, 
unveiled  three  weeks  since  in  the  north  transept 
of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral ;  in  the  bust  of  Cecil 
Rhodes  just  placed  in  the  Guildhall,  as  a  City 
Corporation  commission,  there  was  less  oppor- 
tunity for  the  display  of  the  sculptor's  originality. 
The  two  Hon.  Foreign  Academicians  elected  at 
the  same  gathering  are  both  Parisian  artists — the 
veteran  portrait  painter  and  sculptor,  ilM.  Loon 
Bonnat,  and  Emmanuel  Fremiet. 

CouxciLLOR  E.  R.  PuiLLirs,  the  chairman  of 
the  Public  Libraries  and  Museums  Committee  of 
the  Camberwell  Borough  Council,  presided,  on 
Monday  night,  at  the  opening  of  a  loan  exhibition 
at  the  Passmore  Edwards  South  London  Art 
Gallery,  Peckham-road.  The  e.xhibition,  which 
includes  .about  300  exhibits,  consists  of  artists' 
sketches  and  studies,  together  with  an  historical 
collection  of  water-colour  drawings  of  the  British 
school,  selected  from  the  National  Gallery  of 
British  Art  at  the  Victoria  and  Albert  JIuseum, 
South  Kensington,  illustrative  of  the  rise  and 
progress  of  the  art.  In  opening  the  proceedings, 
the  chairman  pointed  that  there  were  over  500 
students  at  the  art  and  science  school  connected 
with  it,  the  majority  of  whom  belonged  to  the 
■working  classes.  Mr.  .T.  Passmore  Edwards,  in 
declaring  the  exhibition  open,  remarked  there 
"was  in  them  all  a  latent  capacity  for  the  love  of 
the  beautiful  in  nature  or  in  art.  That  capacity 
■was  not  60  well  developed  as  it  should  be,  because 
there  had  been  so  few  opportunities  for  its  de- 
velopment. It  was  the  object  of  institutions  of 
that  sort  to  afford  the  opportunity.  Alderman 
C.  T.  Harris  described  the  collection  as  a  very 
comprehensive  one,  and  said  it  was,  in  fact,  a 
history  of  that  peculiarly  national  art — water- 
colour-painting.  The  exhibits  included  works  by 
Cox  and  Turner,  both  men  of  poor  parentage.  It 
might  happen  that  men  might  be  attracted  to 
that  gallery  who  were  equally  gifted,  and  who 
only  needed  the  opportunity  to  develop  into 
great  artists.  Votes  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Passmore 
Edwards  and  to  the  chairman  concluded  the 
proceedings. 

The  Carpenters'  Company  have  arranged  a 
series  of  lectures  at  their  hall  in  London-wall  on 
the  following  Thursdays  at  8  p.m. : — February  IS, 
on  "  Our  Atmosphere  and  its  relation  to  Health," 
by  Professor  A'ivian  D.  Lewes,  of  the  Uoyal 
Naval  College,  tireenwich ;  February  25,  on 
"  The  Forestry  Problem  in  the  United  Kingdom,'' 
by  Professor  NV.  Schlich,  C.I.E., ;  March  3,  on 
"  The  "Workman  of  the  Middle  Ages,''  by  Mr. 
C.  R.  Ashbee ;  March  10,  on  "Architectural 
Development  during  the  19th  Century,"  by 
Professor  F.  M.  Simpson  ;  March  17,  on  "  Canter- 
bury Cathedral."  by  Professor  R.  Elsey  Smith; 
and  March 'i-t.  on  "  Kevelopment  of  Methods  of 
Locomotion,"  by  Mr.  Basil  Slott.  The  lectures 
will  be  illustrated.  Admission  will  be  free  by 
ticket  to  be  obtained  at  Carpenters'  Hall. 

The  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade  has  ap- 
pointed a  committee,  with  Lord  Rayleigh  as 
chairman  and  Mr.  Herbert  C.  Honey  (of  the 
Board  of  Trade)  as  secretary,  to  inquire  and 
report  as  to  the  statutory  requirements  relating 
to  the  illuminating  power  and  purity  of  gas  sup- 
plied by  the  Jletropolitan  Gas  Companies,  and  as 
to  the  methods  now  adopted  for  testing  the  same, 
and  whether  any  alteration  is  desirable  in  such 
requirements   or   methods,   and,    if   so,    whether 


any  consequential  alteration  should  be  made  in 
the  standard  price  of  gas. 

The  new  Year  Book  and  Membership  List  of 
the  Society  of  Architects  has  just  been  issued. 
The  roll  shows  a  total  of  039  names  against  608 
at  the  corresponding  period  last  year.  There  are 
560  Members  against  541,  an  increase  of  19  ;  the 
Hon.  Members  remain  as  before,  20  ;  the  Asso- 
ciates have  further  decreased  from  6  to  4  ;  but  the 
students  show  an  augmentation  of  14.  from  41  to 
55.  The  book  also  contains  the  rules,  parti- 
culars as  to  the  Architects'  Registration  BiU,  the 
syllabus  of  examinations  and  questions  set  thereat, 
a  summary  of  proceedings,  and  other  points  of 
interest  to  the  profession. 

At  the  Thoresby  Society's  Rooms,  Park-street, 
Leeds,  an  interesting  exhibition  of  engravings 
and  books  relating  to  Kirkstall  Abbey  is  now 
open,  and  will  remain  on  view  until  Tuesday 
evening  next.  The  bulk  of  the  exhibits  are  lent 
by  the  Rev.  N.  Egerton  Leigh,  vicar  of  Kirk- 
stall, whilst  Mr.  S.  Denison  and  others  also  con- 
tribute. Many  valuable  old  prints  are  to  be  seen, 
one  of  the  oldest  being  an  engraving  of  the  south 
front  of  the  abbey,  issued  by  Samuel  Buck  and 
dated  17'23.  The  tower  was  then  intact,  and 
remained  so  until  1779,  when  two  sides  and  part 
of  a  third  fell  down.  .Some  prints  of  1774  show 
it  apparently  as  stout  and  strong  as  ever.  There 
are  some  beautiful  engravings  after  water-colour 
drawings  by  Turner  and  his  early  rival  Girtin  ; 
whilst  Westall's  views  are  worthy  of  inspection. 
There  is  a  handbook,  printed  at  Kirkstall  by  T. 
Hargreaves,  "Near  the  Toll  Bar,"  and  dated 
1845,  which  gives  a  sketch  of  the  Abbey  and  the 
"  Cistertain  (sic)  Order  of  Monks."  Of  greater 
value  are  the  engravings  issued  by  G.  Cuitt, 
Masham,  and  the  illustrations  ia  such  a  book  as 
Whitaker's  "  Craven,"  which  is  one  of  the  great 
authorities  on  the  subject.  Photographs  are  also 
shown  of  the  abbey  from  all  sides  and  under  all 
conditions,  as  well  as  more  or  less  recent  water- 
colour  drawings  and  oil  paintings. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  members  and 
associates  of  the  Royal  Cambrian  Academy  was 
held  on  .Saturday  afternoon  at  Plas  Mawr,  Con- 
way. Mr.  H.  Clarence  Whaite,  president,  occupied 
the  chair.  The  financial  statement,  submitted  by 
Mr.  John  Finnie,  R.E.,  the  hon.  treasurer,  was 
accepted  and  regarded  as  very  satisfactory.  Mr. 
Whaite  was  re-elected  president,  Mr.  C.  C. 
Grundy  vice-president,  Mr.  John  Finnie  hon. 
treasurer,  and  Mr.  W.  J.  Slater  hon.  secretary. 
The  following  academicians  were  re-elected  on 
the  council :  Messrs.  A.  W.  Ayling,  J.  Pain 
Davies,  G.  Cockram,  B.  Fisher,  B.  Fowler, 
Anderson  Hague,  R.I.,  G.  Harrison,  Harold 
Hughes,  A. R.I. B. A.,  J.  Clinton  Jones,  Joseph 
Knight,  R.I.,  F.  W.  Longshaw,  A.  F.  Penin, 
J.  C.  Salmon,  F.  T.  Sibley,  and  E.  Gay  .Somerset. 
The  roll  being  tilled,  no  new  members  were 
appointed,  but  the  following  were  elected 
associates:  Sir.  W.  FoUen  Bishop,  R.B.A.,  of 
Trefriw :  Mr.  Owen  Bowen,  of  Leeds ;  Mr. 
Herbert  Sydney,  of  London ;  and  Mr.  Cyril 
Ward,  of  Pickeridge,  near  Ware.  It  was  agreed 
that  the  receiving  day  for  the  exhibition  this  year 
should  be  April  23;  that  May  17  should  be 
varnishingday;  May  18,  Press  view  day;  and 
May  21  the  private  view  day.  The  exhibition 
will  open. on  May  23,  and  close  on  October  1. 
Slessrs.  J.  Clinton  Jones,  Joseph  Knight,  F.  W. 
Longshaw,  and  A.  F.  Perrin  were  appointed  the 
hanging  committee. 

Pkofe.nsok  Bovn  D.iwicixs  lectured  to  a  large 
audience  at  the  JIanchester  University  on  Satur- 
day afternoon  on  the  Bronze  Age.  He  described 
first  the  relics  of  the  Bronze  Age  which  have  been 
discovered  in  Great  Britain,  showing,  with  the 
help  of  lantern  slides,  the  structure  of  the 
dwelling-houses  and  burial-places,  and  the 
characteristic  forms  of  ornamentation.  He  next 
discussed  the  civilisation  of  the  Bronze  Age  as  it 
existed  in  the  South  of  Europe.  An  account  was 
given  of  the  discoveries  at  JIycen;e  and  of  the 
more  recent  explorations  at  Cnossus,  in  Crete, 
which  prove  the  existence  of  an  advanced  form  of 
civilisation  on  the  eastern!  shores  of  the  Blediter- 
ranean  at  a  very  early  period,  kng  befoi  e  the 
civilisation  of  historic  Greece  came  into  being. 
Professor  Boyd  Dawkins  spoke  enthusiastically 
of  the  art  of  these  peoples,  and  urged  the  proba- 
bility of  the  theory  that  Greek  art  took  its  rise 
from  the  art  of  this  Mycenann  civilisation.  This 
civilisation  undoubtedly  belonged  to  the  Bronze 
Age,  as  evidence,  mainly  from  ornamentation, 
was  produced  to  prove.  The  civilisation  and  art 
of  the  South  were  carried  into  Northern  Europe 


by  traders  who  travelled  in  search  of  amber  and 
other  commodities,  and  who  had  left  traces  of 
their  visits  or  occupancy  as  far  north  as  Denmark. 

The  late  Mrs.  Russell  Gurney  left  a  certain 
sum  of  money  for  the  building  and  adornment  of 
the  Chapel  of  the  Ascension  in  Bayswater-road, 
AV.  This  was  intended  to  be  a  place  of  rest  into 
which  wayfarers  might  enter  and  pass  some  quiet 
time  in  the  contemplation  of  the  sj'mbulism  of 
sacred  art.  The  painter  selected  for  the  task  of 
adorning  the  chapel  was  Mr,  Frederic  Shields, 
whose  genius  for  the  pictorial  exposition  of  the 
religious  sentiment  marked  him  out  as  specially 
suitable  for  such  a  labour  of  love.  3Irs.  Russell 
Gurney  died  before  the  comiiletion  of  the  ■work. 
A  sum  of  £3,000,  extending  over  eight  years,  is 
needed  to  enable  the  artist  to  finish  his  labour. 
This  fund  would  be  vested  in  trustees.  Messrs. 
G.  F.  AVatts,  AValter  Crane,  Holman  Hunt,  Dr. 
Bynes  iloir.  Archdeacon  Sinclair,  George  Har- 
wosd,  M.P.,  Hall  Ctine,  Theodore  AVatts- 
Dunton,  Richard  AVhiteing,  Mackenzie  Bell,  and 
Colonel  Fitzgeorge  are  issuing  an  appeal  in  which 
the)'  earnestly  ask  those  ' '  who  believe  in  the 
services  of  art  as  the  handmaid  of  religion  prac- 
tically to  recognise  the  devotion  and  ability  of 
the  artist,  who  has  brought  to  bear  on  his  work 
unstinted  sacrifice  and  diligence. 

The  AVesleyan  General  Chapel  Committee,  in 
issuing  their  49th  annual  report,  gives  particulars 
showing  the  material  progresj  made  by  the 
Methodist  Church  in  the  way  of  chapel  and 
school  extension  during  the  past  year.  New 
enterprises  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  number- 
ing in  all  1,194,  and  involving  an  estimated  out- 
lay of  fully  £1,292,232,  have  been  sanctioned. 
This  is  an  outlay  never  before  approached  in  the 
history  of  Wesleyan  Methodism,  andis  £1,000,000 
above  the  expenditure  of  an  average  year.  The 
number  of  new  AVesleyan  churches  to  be  erected 
forthwith  is  24 1  ;  of  these  68  are  to  be  built  in 
places  -where  previously  IMethodism  was  unrepre- 
sented. The  increa'^ed  accommodation  thus  pro- 
vided is  57,053,  being  more  than  30,000  in  excess 
of  that  provided  last  year.  Mvich  progress  is 
being  made  in  the  erection  of  Sunday-schools.  In 
nearly  every  case  of  a  new  AVesleyan  Church  the 
erection  comprises  a  Sunday  and  in  some  instances 
a  day  school.  The  outlay  under  this  head  which 
has  come  within  the  purview  of  the  committee 
during  the  year  is  close  upon  £3,000,000.  The 
average  in  past  years  has'been  £250,000,  so  that 
for  administrative  purposes  twelve  years  have 
been  crowded  into  one. 

The  chief  engineer  of  the  Public  AVorks 
Department  of  Slairas  has  issued  a  report, 
approving  of  the  substitution  of  armoured  con- 
crete platform  for  planking  in  the  roadway  for 
new  bridges.  In  the  case  of  bridges  where 
planking  is  to  be  renewed,  when  the  girders  are 
not  strong  enough  to  carry  a  concrete  platform, 
Erool  wood,  where  procurable,  should  be  used  in 
preference  to  any  other  description  of  jungle 
wood  for  bridge  floors.  Armoured  concrete  carried 
on  steel  beams  has  been  also  adopted  for  bridge 
floors  on  the  Manupatti-Chinnar  Ghaut  road  at 
the  northern  frontier  of  Tranvancore. 

The  operation  of  extending  a  chimney-stack 
while  in  use  was  successfully  accomplished 
recently  in  Indianapolis.  The  stack  is  of  the 
steel-plate  type,  6ft.  in  diameter,  and  serves  the 
mechanical  plant  of  the  Century  Building.  Owing 
to  the  erection  of  an  adjoining  lofcy  building,  it 
was  decided  to  add  some  60ft.  to  the  chimney  to 
conserve  the  draft  that  was  affected  by  the  proxi- 
mity and  height  of  the  new  structure,  but  also  to 
avoid  the  trouble  that  would  be  caused  by  smoke 
being  blown  upon  the  new  building  under  certain 
directions  of  the  wind.  Holes  for  the  discharge 
of  the  smoke  during  the  extension  were  made  in 
the  top  course  of  the  stack,  the  regular  discharge 
top  was  closed,  a  working  platform  was  hung  a 
few  feet  below  the  openings  and  the  sheets 
riveted  successively  in  place,  the  platform  used  as 
the  lower  stage  of  scaffolding  to  which  the  plates 
were  hoisted  from  the  roof  ani  from  which  they 
were  hoisted  into  position.  The  shests,  -I'ljin. 
thiek,  were  assembled  in  eight  days. 


A  receiving  order  has  been  made  in  the  case  o{ 
Silvester  Stevenson  AVherly,  AVark-on-Tyne,  North- 
umberland, and  Newcastle- on-Tyne,  architect  and 
surveyor. 

An  adjudication  has  been  made  in  the  case  of 
Herbert  Williams  Mellor,  Baokingham  -  street. 
Strand,  W.C.,  and  Platts-lane,  Himpstead,  N.W., 
surveyor. 


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THE    BUILDINCt    news. 


183 


MEETINGS  FOB.  THE  ENSTJINCJ  WEEK. 

FiiiDAY    (To-i)Av).  —  Institution     of     Civil    En-jiueers. 

"Metallurgy    as   .\pplied  in    Engioeer- 

ing."     by     Mr.    Archibald    P.     Head, 

M.Inst.C.E.    8  p.m. 
Glasgow     Architectural     Craft^^men's 

Society.      "  Compirison      of      Building 

Practices  Id  Scotland,"  by  W.  G.  Feddie. 

8  p.m. 
Satubdat    (To-MORiiOw).  — St.     Paul's  Ecdesiological 

Society.    Annual  Meeting  at  the  Chapter 

House,  E.G.    2.30  p.m. 

JIosDAv.— Royal  Institute  of  British  An'hitects.  Address 
to  Students  and  Presentation  of  Prizes, 
by  the  President,  Aston  Webb,  R.A. 
a  p.m. 

Society  of  Arts.  "  Oils  and  Fata  :  their 
Uses  and  Applications."  Cantor  Lecture 
No.  2,  by  Dr.  Lewkowitsch.    8  p.m. 

Bristol  Society  of  Arohitects.  Address 
by  Professor  Beresford  Pite,  Royal 
College  of  Arts.     8  p.m. 

Liverpool  Architectural  Society.  "  In- 
terior Woodwork  in  England,"  by  Henry 
Tanner,  jun.,  A.R.I. B.A. 
TcEBDAY.— Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  Discussion  on 
"  The  Sanding-up  of  Tidal  Harbours  "  ; 
Paper  on  "  Tonnage  Laws,  and  the 
Assessment  of  Harbour  Dues  and 
Charges,"  by  Henry  H.  West,  M.Inst.C.  E. 
8  p.m. 
Wedsesday.— Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  Students' 
Visit  to  the  Plumstead  Electricity  and 
Destructor  Station.  2. .SO  p  m.  Train 
from  Charing  Cross  Station  to  Plumstead, 
1.32  p  ra. 

Society  of  Arts.  "  Steam  Cars  for  Public 
Service,''  by  Thomas  Clarkson.    S  p.m. 

Friday.— Architectural  Association.    "Cottage  Homes," 
by  W.  A.  Haivey.    7.30  p.m. 


LATEST    PRICES. 


Per  ton. 

es  15    0 

«  12    6 

7  5    0 

8  10    0 


20    0 
6  17 


8  15 

9  10 


IBON,    &0. 

Per  ton. 

EoUed-Iron  Joists,  Belgian £5  10    0    to 

RoUed-Steel  Joists,  English    6  10 

Wrought-Iron  Girder  Plates  7    0 

Bar  Iron,  good  Staffs 8    B 

Do.,  Lowmoor,  Flat,  Round,  or 

Square    M  ,« 

Do.,  Welsh  0" 

Boiler  Plates,  Iron- 
South  Staffs 8  15 

Best  Snedahill »  1° 

Angles  lOs.,  Tees  208.  per  ton  extra. 

Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  for  bonding.  Sec,  £7  7s.  6d. 

Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  galvanised,  £12  to  £13  per  ton. 

Galvanised  Corrugated  Sheet  Iron-  ^^^^^   ^0.22  to  24, 

eft.     to     8ft.    long,   inclusive  ^ Per  ton.  ^f' <^°- 

gauge £1115    0    ...  £12    0    0 

Best  ditto 'J    ?    "    '" 

Per  ton. 

Cast-iron  Columns «6  10  0    to 

Cast-iron  Stanchions !;  „    " 

EtoUed-Iron  Fencing  Wire  8    0  0,, 

Rolled-Steel  Fencing  Wire 6    5  0,, 

„                     Galvanised.  7  15  0    „ 

Cast-iron  Sash  Weights  4  12  6    „ 

Cut  Clasp  Nails,  Sin.  to  Sin 9    5  0,, 

Cut  Floor  Brads 9    0  0,, 


STONE.* 

Darley  Dale,  in  blocks per  foot  cube  £0 

Red  Mansfield  ditto „     ...    0 

Hard  York  ditto    „     ...     0 

Ditto  ditto  6in.  sawa  both  aides,  landings^ 

random  sizes per  foot  sup.    0 

Ditto  ditto  Sin.  slabs  sawn  two  sides, 

randomsizes  „    ••.    0 

•  All  F.O.R.  London. 
Bath  Stone,  delivered  on  rail  at  quarry  stations 

per  foot  cube  £0 
Delivered  on  road  waggons,  Paddington 

Depot •••    J 

Ditto       ditto       Nine  Elms  Depot  ,     ■.    0 

Portland  Stone,  in  random  blocks  of  20ft.  average  j— 

Brown  \Vhite 

Whit  Bed.  Base  Bed. 
Delivered  to  railway  depot  at  the  ,„    ,  ,. 

ouarry per  foot  cube  £0    1    5}  ...  £0    1  't 

Delivered  on  road  waggons  \ 

at  Paddington  Depot    ...  (  0    2     1        .     0    2  21 

Ditto    Nine  Elms  Depot...  I    " 
Ditto    Pimlico  Wharf / 


2  3 
2  4i 
2  10 

2     8 

1     S 

1  0 
16i 


12  10 

0 

Per  ton. 

£8  10 

0 

8  10 

0 

8    5 

0 

6  10 

0 

8    0 

0 

4  12 

6 

9    5 

0 

9    0 

0 

B.W.G 
per  cwt. 


THE  .\EQHITECTUE  AL  ASSOCIATION. 
FEBRUARY  5th  ()RD1N\UV  GENERAL  MEETING,  at 
Nil.  9.  Condui'-strett.  W,.  at  1:0  pin  Paper  by  Mr  w,  A. 
HARVEY"  on  •'  ColUge  HotneK."  illustrated  with  lantern  views. 

FEBRUARY    6lh ;    SEC('M>  SPRING    VISIT-ta   Nn     11.    Hill. 

-.Ireet.  Beikrlev-fquare,  and   No.  9.  Hvde  Park- terrace,  W  ,  bv  Vind 

l..rmis5ion  of  Mr.  J.  L   Williams.     Meiiiber,  to  meet  at  No.  l\  HiU- 

-ue..!.  at   -  ^4i>  p.ni  ,  and    to  produce  their  membership  pass  for  the 

urrent  session. 

LOUIS    AMBLER 
II.   TANNER,  .lur 


to 


£«    0 

5  17 

6  10 


Hon. 


The  London  County  Council  resolved  on  Tuesday, 
after  considerable  debate,  not  to  exercise  at  present 
its  right  uuder  the  Tramways  Act,  1870,  to  require 
the  London  Southern  Tramways  Company  to  sell 
to  the  Council  the  whole  of  its  undertaking.  The 
lines  extend  from  the  entrance  of  Norwood  Cemetery 
to  Loughborough  Juuction,  with  branches  thence 
to  Vauxhall,  Brixton,  and  Camberwell  UJreen. 

The  Darlington  Board  of  Guardians  appointed  on 
Monday  Messrs.  Clark  and  Moscrop,  of  that  town, 
as  architects  for  proposed  extensions  and  alterations 
to  the  workhouse. 

It  has  been  definitely  decided  to  use  the  new  pro- 
cessiou  route  from  Buckingham  Palace  gates  down 
the  Mall  to  Trafalgar-square  on  the  occasion  of  the 
Slate  opening  of  Parliament  on  Tuesday  next. 

The  Lord  Mayor  presided  on  Tuesday,  at  the 
Mansion  House,  over  the  meeting  called  lu  further- 
ance of  hisajipealon  behalf  of  the  reconstruction  fund 
of  .St.  Bartholomew's  H'»pital.  Resolutions  were 
pissed  cordially  approving  the  decision  of  the 
Governors  to  reconstruct  the  Hospital  on  its  ancient 
City  site,  and  pledging  those  present  to  support  the 
Institution  in  its  appeal  for  the  necessary  funds. 
About  £40,000  has  already  been  subscribed. 

A  meeting  of  the  Ordained  Survey  trs'  Students' 
.Society  was  held  on  Monday  night  in  the  Rooms, 
117,  George-street,  Edinburgh.  The  president,  Mr. 
W.  Y.  Carrick,  presided.  A  discussion  took  place 
Oil  "  The  F.iiuburgh  and  Glasgow  Modes  of 
Measurement."  Mr.  James  Knox,  ordained  sur- 
veyor, described  the  main  features  of  the  Kdiuburgh 
method,  aud  Mr.  Kerr  explained  iu  detail  that  of 
Glasgow.    A  discussion  followed. 

A  receiving  order  has  been  made  in  the  case  of 
Silas  Parmenter,  Braintree,  Essex,  now  of  Brent- 
wood, Essex,  builder  and  contractor. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Architectural  Section  of 
Glasgow  Philosophical  .Society,  held  on  Monday 
evening  at  '207,  Batli-street,  Glasgow,  Mr.  Peter 
I*"yfe,  chief  sauitary  officer  of  the  city,  read  a  paper 
on  "  City  Pollutions." 

The  new  hospital,  Poasley  Cross,  St.  Helens,  is 
lieing  warmed  and  ventilated  by  moans  of  Shor- 
iand's  double-fronted  patent  Manchester  stoves  with 
descending  smoke-tlues,  the  same  being  supphed  by 
Messrs.  E.  H.  Shorlaud  and  Brother,  of  Manchester. 

The  new  Lawrence-street  section  of  the  Sunder- 
land Corporation  tramway  system  was  inspected  by 
t'oloncl  Von  lioiiop  on  Saturday,  on  behalf  of  the 
Board  of  Trade.  After  the  inspection,  the  route 
was  opened  for  traffic. 

Tlie  Liverpool  Corporation  Water  Committee  have 
passed  a  resolution  that  (U  acres,  forming  part  of 
the  Rivington  Watershed,  be  purcli  ised  for  ,i;i,000 
tcota  Mr.  Richard  Eiiushaw,  Jtothwell. 


Wire  Noils  (Points  de  Paris)— 
6  to  7      8       9        10       11       12       13       14 
8/-      8,6     9/-    9/8      9/9    10/6    11/3    12,'- 
Casti-Iron  Socket  Pipes- 

Sin.  diameter    *5  15    0 

4in.  to6in ?    ,     « 

7in.  to  24in.  (all  sizes)  6    7    ti 

[Coated  with  composition,  5s.  Od.  per  ton  extra;  turned 
Mid  bored  joints,  58.  ed.  per  ton  extra.] 

Pie  Iron—  ^*'  '°°- 

Sold  Blast,  LiUeshaU    105a.  Od.  to  1112s.  8d. 

Hot  Bhist,  ditto  658.0d.  to   70s.0d. 

Wrought-Iron  Tubes  and  Fittings— Discount  off  Standard 
Liste  f.o.b.  (plus  5  per  cent.)  :— 

Gas-Tubes *U^'°" 

Watei-Tubes  o^*  •• 

Steam-Tubes   571   „ 

Galvanised  Gas-Tubes  "^     •• 

Galvanised  Water-Tubes 50     „ 

GalvaniBed  Steam-Tubes «     „ 

lOcwt.  casks.  5«wt.  casks. 
Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Zinc,  English  (London  mill)  £24    0    0    to  £25  10    0 

Do.,  Vieille  Montague 27     5    0    „      2c    la    0 

Sheet  Lead,  .31b.  and  upwards  ...     14    2 

Lead  Water  Pipe  (F.O.R.  Lond.)    14  12 

Lead  Barrel  Pipe    15    2 

Lead  Pipe,  Tinned  inside  ..     16    2 

„  ,,        „  and  outside    17  12 

Composition  Gas-Pipe 16    2 

Soil-Pipe  (5in.  and  6in.  extra)  ...    16    2 

Pig  lyead,  in  Icwt.  pigs 10  16 

Lead  Shot,  in  281b.  bags 15    0 

Copper  Sheets,  sheathing  and  rods    73    0 

Copper,  British  Cake  and  Ingot...     61    0 

Tin,  Straits  126  17 

Do.,  English  Ingots  13i    0 

Spelter,  Silesian 21  10 


OILS. 

Linseed   per  tun  £18    5 

Rapeseed,  English  pale  ...    „    ... 

Do.,  brown 

Cottonseed,  refined „    ... 

Olive,  Spanish  „     ... 

Seal,  pale  ._ „    ■•• 

Cocoanut,  Cochin „    ... 

Do.,  Ceylon  ,    ... 

Palm,  Lagos ,    ... 

Oleine „    "■ 

Lubricating  U.S per  gal. 

Petroleum,  refined 

Tar,  Stockholm per  barrel 

Do.,  Ajchangel ,    ...' 

Turpentine,  American  ...per  tun 


23  10 
22    5 
19    5 
31  10 
28    0 
30 
26 
28 
17 

0 

0 

1 


e  19 

87     0 


to  £17 
24 


0 
0 

22  10 
21  5 
31  IS 
3)  0 
31  0 
26  10 
28  10 
19  5 
0    8 

0  0 

1  « 
1    0 

87     6 


0 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
3 
0 
0 
0 
6 
0 
0 


15 
14    2 

14  12 

15  2 

16  2 

17  12 
16  2 
16  2 
10  17 
15  5 
73    5 

ei  0 

127     7 

132  10 

21  15 


TIBEBER. 

Teak,  Burmah per  load   £9  15  0 

.     Rana-kok 9     0  0 

3  7  6 

4  15  0 

5  10  0 
4  5  0 
4  15  0 

2  10  0 

3  0  0 
2    7  6 

4  0  0 
4  0  0 
7  15  0 
7  0  0 
0    3  6 


„    Bangkok. 

Quebec  Pme,  yellow „    ... 

„    Oak „    ... 

„    Birch  „     ■•• 

„    Elm ,    ... 

„    Ash ,    ... 

Oantsic  and  Memel  Oak      „    ... 

Fir „    ... 

Wainscot,  Riga  p.  log  ...      „    ... 

Lath,  Dantsic,  p.f ,     ... 

St.  Petersburg „    ... 

Qreenheart  /      „    ... 

Box 

Sequoia,  U.S.  A per  cube  foot 

Mahogany,  Cuba,  per  super  foot 
lin.  thick  0 


to  £18 
„     16 


0 
0 

6  5 

7  10 
10  10 

9  10 

8  5 
6  10 
5    5 


4     , 

Si, 

8 

3i, 
0  10  , 
0  8  , 
8     1     1 


Honduras  ...      „    ...  0 

„  Mexican „    ...  0 

„  African  „    ...  0 

Cedar,  Cuba    ,    ...  0 

„  Honduras    „    ...  0 

Satinwood    „    ...  0 

Walnut,  Italian „    ...  0 

„      American  (logs)      „    ...  0 
Deals,  per  St.  Petersburg  Standard,  120— 12ft. 
by  llin.  :— 

Quebec,  Pine,  1st  £22    0 

2nd 18    5 

Srd  11  15 

Canada  Spruce,  1st It  15 

•2ud  and  Srd   8  10 

New  Brunswick 8    0 

Riga    7  10 

St.  Petersburg »    " 

Swedish 11     0 

Finland »    ? 

White  Sea H  IJ 

Battens,  all  sorts   6  10 

Flooring  Boards,  per  square  of  1^. ; — 

Ist  prepared *0  12 

2nd  ditto  Oil 

Other  qualities    O    •> 

Staves,  per  standard  M :—  

U.S.,  pipe *87  10 

Memel,  cr.  pipe  i|20  0 

Memel,  brack 190  " 


5 
6 
6 
8 
15 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


0  8 
0  7J 
0    5 

0  Si 

0  3} 

0  si 

1  9 
0  7i 
3     1 

bf   liin. 


to  £29    5 

„  23  10 

„  14    0 

„  15  1" 

„  10    0 

t,  9  15 

„  8  10 

„  16  10 

„  19  10 

„  10    0 

„  19  10 

„  14  10 


£0  IS 
0  I.'i 
0  13 


£45 
2.10 

aoo 


CHIPS. 

Mr  F  H.  TuUoch,  M.Inst.C.E.,  one  of  ths 
inspectors  of  the  Local  Government  Board,  held  an 
inquiry  at  Brixham  on  Friday  respecting  an  apph- 
catiou  of  the  urban  district  council  for  a  provisional 
order  under  the  Laud  Clauses  Act  enabling  them 
to  acquire  compulsorilv  lands  and  premises  for  the 
widening  of  Pore  and  King-streets. 

A  series  of  experiments  were  conducted  on  Siinday 
with  the  new  electric  trains  on  the  Liverpool  and 
Southport  Railway  system,  the  whole  course  from 
Liverpool  to  Crossens  being  traversed.  A  numbet 
of  the  officials  of  the  Lancashire  aud  \orkslhire 
Railway  Company  and  Messrs.  D.ck,  Kerr,  and  Lo., 
the  contractors,  travelled  with  the  trains. 

Mr  A  A.  Day,  the  Bolton  borough  electrical 
engineer,'  has  been  appointed  general  manager  of 
the  corporation  tramways,  and  will  have  a  sub- 
stantial addition  to  his  present  salary  of  £6o0  per 
annum. 

After  an  acrimonious  discussion,  the  Dundee 
Town  Council  have  rejected  a  recommendation  by 
the  Free  Library  Committee  to  purchase  a  site  in 
Meadowside  for  £9,000  on  which  to  erect  a  new 
Carnegie  central  reading-room  and  library  at  a 
cost  of  £11,000. 

At  Foleshill,  on  Tuesday,  Mr.  W.  O.  E.  Meade 
King,  Local  Government  Board  inspector,  beUl  all 
inquiry  into  an  application  of  the  Foleshill  Rural 
District  Council  to  borrow  £27,000  for  the  purpose 
of  sewerage  and  sewage  disposal  Mr.  Isicholson 
Lailey,  engineer,  who  had  prepared  the  scheme,  ex- 
plained the  plans. 

The  Bishop  of  Manchester  performed  on  Tuesday 
his  first  consecration,  opening  the  new  church  of 
St  Mary  Magdalen,  Accnngton.  The  new  church, 
the  foundation-stoue  of  which  was  la"l  ">  Fr?',™*''^' 
ISIH,  is  a  stone  edifice,  erected  at  a  cost  of  £ii,OUU. 

The  new  South-Eistern  Weights  and  Measures 
Office  and  Greenwich  Coroner's-court,  erected  in 
Lamb-lane,  Greenwich,  will  be  foj'"a»y  ,°P«°*^ 
to-day  (Friday)  at  11.30  a.m.  by  Mr.  C  Goddard 
Clarki,  chairiau  of  the  public  control  committee 
of  the  London  County  Council. 

(In  Mondays,  at  five  o'clock,  in  Februiry  and 
March,  Miss  "Jessie  Macgregor  will  give  a  course  of 
nine  illustrated  lectures  at  the  late  Lord  ^ef  """;^ 
resi.lence  in  Kensington  on  "The  Italian  Paiutersand 
the  National  Gallery."  Miss  Macgregor  gained  the 
gold  meiial  of  the  Royal  Academy  when  only  .u  the 
second  year  of  her  studentship,  aud  her  subse.iuent 
exhibitions  have  met  with  interest  and  arP™"*'- 
Those  attending  the  lectures  will  have  ""oppor- 
tunity of  inspecting  tlie  current  Loan  l-^';>l''t''™ 
of  Lord  Loightou's  sketches  in  colour,  and  other 
pictures  not  exhibited  in  lOUl. 

Lord  LUngattock  and  his  son,  the  Hon.  J.  M. 
Rolls  have  presented  to  the  borough  council  of 
Soutbwark  a  valuable  piece  of  ground  at  the 
junction  of  the  Old  and  New  Kent  raids  as  a  site 
for  a  branch  public  library  for  that  district. 

Sir  Frederick  .loseph  Bramwell,  Bart.,  a  partner 
ill  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Bramwell  aud  llarrn,  t.reat 
Gsorge-street,  consulting  engineers,  who  disl  on 
Nov.  oil  last,  aged  S.".  yoav«,  has  left  estate  of  the 
gross  value  of  £10i>.79S,  including  personalty  of  the 
net  value  of  C91,yj5. 


184  THE    BUILDING    NEWS. Jan.  29,  1904. 

LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


Borstal,  Rochester— Chance],  &c St.  Matthew's  Vicarage,  Borstal,  Rochester  Jan.  31 

Erdington— Council  House  and  Free  Library  (Wm  Henman, 

F.R.I.B.A.,  Assessor)    £50,  £30,  £20   Herbert  H.  Humphries,  En»..  Public  Hall,  Erdin^on,  Birmingham  Feb.    1 

Hkley— Free  Library.  Public  Offices,  and  Assembly  Hall £100.  £50,  £'iO Frank  Hall,  Clerk,  Council  Offices.  Hkley „       1 

Hitchin— Isolation  Hospital  (Keith  D.  Young,  Assessor! 5  per  cent,  inclusive  fee  A.  E.  Passinpham,  Clerk.  Tnion  Offices,  Hitchin,  Herts ,,       1 

Greenock— Combination  Hospital C.  llacCuUoch,  Town  Clerk,  Municipal  Buildings,  Greenock    „       2 

Banfror-Houses  for  Working  Classes 20g8.,  lOgs John  Gill,  City  Surveyor,  Bangor    n     20 

Stockton-on-Tees— Enlarging  Chancel  of  Holy  Trinity  Church  Holv  Trinity  Vicarage,  Stockton-on-Tees    Mar.    1 

Sutton,  .St.  Helens-rublic  Libary  (£2,500  limit)    £20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall.  St.  Helens  31 

Vienna— Machinery  to  Lift  Boats 100,000,  75,000,  and  50,000  kronen   ...  The  Austro-Hunaarian  Con.-Gen,22.Laurence-Pounteney-lane,E.C.    ,,     31 

Eccleston,  St.  Helens-Public  Library  (£2,500  limit) £20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  St.  Helens  ,,     31 

Newcastle-on-Tyne— Grammar  School  (J.  Bilson,  F.R.I.B.A.,  „        .      .,   » 

F.S.A.,  Assessor £100,  £50,  £25 Horace  J.  Criddle,  Solicitor,  2.  CoUingwood-st..  Newcistle-on-Tyne  April 30 

Sale— Wesley  Sunday  School  J.  Tavlor,  Secretary.  Stanley  Mount.  Brooklands — 

Haycrfordwest -Meat  Market  (£2,000  limit) 20gs R.  T.' P.  Williams,  Town  Clerk,  Haverfordwest. — 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 

BTJILDINQS. 

North  Shields-Additions  to  Board-Room  and  Offices  Tynemouth  Union  Guardians  H.  Gibson,  Architect,  Wellington  Chambers,  North  Shields Jan.  30 

Hayle—Wesleyan  Church,  Connor  Downs Oliver  Caldwell,  F.R.I.B.A..  Peozance ..  30 

Great  Yarmouth— Two  Houses,  Norfolk-square Frederick  Allen Chas.  G.  Baker,  Architect,  Town  Hall  Chambers,  Great  Yarmouth  ..    „  33 

Newport,  Pern.— House W.  Davies,  The  Cross  House,  Newport,  Pem „  ■'W) 

Carrickferpus- Altering  Sheds  in  Market Urban  District  Council    James  Boyd,  Clerk,  Town  Hall.  Carrickt'ergus  ,.  33 

Padstow— Hall  and  Additions  to  Wesley.in  Church    Rev.  W.  H.  Lawson John  Ennor  and  Son.  Architects,  Newi|uay ,■  30 

Halifax— Additions  to  West  Mount  Ironworks C.  F.  L.  Horsfall  &  Sons,  Architects,  Lord-st.  Chambers,  Halifax  ..    „  33 

Eedcar-Bandstand  on  Promenade  Urban  District  Council    James  Howcroft,  Surveyor,  Redcar 30 

Mansbridge— Tool  Shed South  Stoneham  R.D.C W.  F.  Watts,  Building  Surveyor,  Bitterne,  Southampton Feb.  1 

Cliffe,  Kent— File  Station Parish  Council    F.  E.  Rogers.  Clerk.  Clitte 1 

Bishnp'sStortford— Alterations  to  Workhouse  Chnpel Guardians Alfred  G.  Gwynne,  Clerk,  Bishop's  Stortford „  1 

Marsh,  Huddersfield— Residence,  Luck-lane J.  Berrv,  Architect,  5.  Market-place,  Huddersfleld 1 

Sunderland— Additions  to  Victoria  Hall    Corporation John  Eltringham,  Architect,  62,  John-street,  Sunderland „  1 

Buxton— Alterations  to  Old  Theatre Gardens  and  Improvements  Co W.  R.  Bryden,  A.R.I.B.A.,  1,  George-street,  Buxton,  Derby ,  I 

Upper  Rhymney— Additions  to  Scliool Bedwellty  School  Board  Jamei  and  Morgan.  Architects,  Charles-street  Chambers.  CirdiBF  ...     „  1 

Harrogate— Free  Library,  Victotia-avenue    Corporation Henry  T.  Hare,  F.R.I.B..\.,  Hart-street,  Bloomsbury-.'=.iuire,  W.C.    „  1 

Plymouth— Wharf,  Cattewater  Harbour Town  Council Sir  John  Wolfe  Barry  i:  Partners.  Engs.,  21,  Dslahay-stceet,  B.W...    „  1 

Cork— Additions  co  House  at  Shanakiel W.  H.  Hill  and  Son,  Architects.  2S.  South  Mall,  Cork „  1 

Paddington,  W.— Power  House  at  Teclmical  Institute London  County  Council  The  Architect's  Department.  15.  Pull  Mall  East,  S.W „  1 

Mansfield- Coal  Store    Corporation A.  Graham.  Water  Manager,  Gasworks.  Mansfield „  1 

Bristol— Warehouse,  35,  Mary-le-Port-street Lindrea  and  Co..  Ltd Herbert  J.  Jones  and  Son,  Architects,  12,  Bridge-street,  Bristol ...  ..    „  1 

Tredegar— School Bedwellty  School  Board  James  and  Morgan,  Architects,  Charles-street  Chambers,  Carditt  ...    „  1 

Whitchurch, Cardiff- Library R.  andS.  Williams,  Architect.  Wbarton-street.  Cardiff ,  1 

Pontypool— Seven  Covered  Playgrounds Trevethin  SchoolBoord  Lansdowue  and  Griggs,  Architects,  Newport,  Mon ^. „  1 

Glasgow— Warehouses.  Xelson-street            Corporation  Thomson  and  Sanderlands,  Archts.,  •211,  West  George-st.,  Glasgow    „  1 

Mallow-Sixteen  Artisans' Dwellings Urban  District  Council    E.  F.  Shechy,  Architect,  67,  George-street,  Limerick „  1 

CranweU-Church  Restoration   C.  Hodgson  Fowler,  F.S.A.,  Architect,  The  College,  Durham  2 

Bridlington— Business  Premises  in  Clough  Bridge H.Taylor Brodrick,  Lowther,  and  Walker,  Central  Chambers,  Bridlington    2 

Ganterbury-Salesman's  Office   Markets  Committee  A.  C.  Turley.  A.M.I. C.E.,  City  Surveyor,  Ouildliall-st.,  Canterbury    „  2 

Stockton-on-Tees— High  School  for  Girls,  Yarm-road  Felix  (lay,  19,  Buckingham-street.  Strand,  W.C „  | 

Chiswick— Public  Baihs.  Fisher's-lane    Urban  District  Council    John  Barclay,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Chiswick „  3 

Newport— Renewing  Snowboards  on  Market  Roof Corporation The  Borough  Engineer's  Office.  Town  Hall.  Newport,  Mon. ............    „ 

Bradford-Eight  Houses,  Clayton-road W.  Rycroft,  Architect,  Bank  Buildings,  Manchester-road,  Bradford    „ 

Barnstaple— Add'tions  to  Workhouse     Guardians W.  C.  OHver,  Architect,  Barnstaple   i> 

Durham-Six  Houses  rnAUergate  Building  Estate  Co-operative  Society George  Ord,  Architect,  10,  The  Avenue,  Durham 

Blairgowrie— Auction  Mart M'Kinnon  and  Doeg W.  J.  Brewster  Grant.  Architect.  Bengarth.  Blairgowrie  „ 

Lockwood,  Huddersfleld- Four  Houses  Burbeary-road  J.  B.  Abbey  and  Son.  New-street.  Huddersfleld..^^  ....^.    „ 

Bethnal  Green,  E.- Stabling,  &c.,  Digby-street  Borough  Council    R.  S.  Ayling,  F.R.I. B.A.,  23,  Old  Queen-street,  Westminster,  S.W.    „ 

Hastings— Alterations  to  Workhouse  Infirmary Guardians A.  W.  Jeffery  and  Bon,  Architects,  5,  Havelock-road,  Hastings „ 

Camelsdale,  Haslemere- School  (120  places) West  Sussex  Education  Committee...  John  H.  Howard,  Architect,  Lower-street,  Haslemere    4 

Slaithwaite— Residence Lunn  and  Kave.  Architects,  MUnsbridge ,  » 

Halifax— Wesleyan  Sunday  fchool  (1,C00  places)    Trustees    A.  G.  Dalzell,  Architect.  15,  Commercial-street,  Halifax   .„ „  5 

Lanchester- Additions  to  Wcrkhouse.., Board  of  Guardians  Newcombe  and  Newcombe,  Archts.,  Pilgnm-st.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    „  V 

Knowle,  Fareham— Drying-Room  at  Lunatic  Asvlum  Visiting  Committee  W.  J.  Taylor,  County  Surveyor,  The  Castle,  Winchester   „  6 

Belfast— Extension  of  Shed .' Harbour  Commissioners G.  F.  L.  Giles,  Harbour  Engineer,  Belfast ^... t.  » 

Dartford— Additions  to  Hospital   Joint  Hospital  Committee  Robert  Marchant,  A.R.I.B. A..  28.  Theobalds-road,  W.C. „  H 

Kingston-upon-Thames— Internal  Alterations  to Engine-Room  Guardians... William  H.  Hope,  Architect,  Seymour-road,  Hampton  Wick  „  H 

Hellingly— Additions  to  Workhouse Hailsham  Union  Guardians  Mitchell  and  Ford,  Architects,  7,  Gildredge-road,  Eastbourne 9 

Southampton— Additions  to  Offices  at  Corporation  Wharf  Coi-poration The  Borough  Engineer,  Market  Chambers,  Southampton  .  ,  » 

Holywell-Alterations,  &c.,  to  Rehoboth  Welsh  CM.  Chapel.. : T.  G.  WiUiams.  M.S. A..  52,  South  Castle-street,  Liverpool » 

Saintfield— Residence  .and  Business  Premises  Minnis  Bros Hobart  and  Heron,  Arcbitei:ts,  Dromore,  Co.  Down i.  10 

Harrinston- Additions  to  Co  operative  Stores Co-operative  Society C.  W.  Eaglesfleld,  Architect,  Gordon-street,  Workington „  10 

Glasgow- E.xtendingGenfrating Station Corporation W.  A.  Chaman,  Engineer,  75,  Waterloo-street,  Glasgow    „  11 

Belfast— Baptist  Church,  Tcnnenl-street    Committee    James  A.  Hanna,  Architect,  102,  Donegall-street,  Belfast  .....^.^ 11 

St.  Leonards,  Susiex -Coastguard  Station Admiralty The  Director  of  Works  Dept.,  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C.  ..    „  1^ 

Netley— Houses  at  Coastguard  Station Admiralty The  Director  of  Works  IJept.,  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C 12 

Leeds— Wooden  Shelter  .at  Hunelet  Lake  Side The  City  Engineer's  Office,  Leeds  .._. 17 

Manchester— Chief  Fire  and  Police  Station  Watch  Committee W.  Windsor.  Quantity  Surveyor,  37,  Brown-street,  Manchester „  17 

Runcorn- Isolation  Hospital  Rural  District  Council Geo.  E.  Bolsbaw,  Architect,  189,  Lord-street,  Southport 22 

Tonypandy—Fiftv-eight  Houses,  Ely-street  Building  Club Lewis  and  Morgan.  Architects.  55,  Dunraven-street,  Tonypiody  ....    „  2'2 

Manchester— Vi<foria  Station  E.xtensions  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office.  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester ..-    »  23 

Stiadbroke-Police  Station  .  ..                    East  Sufl'olkCountv  Council H.  Miller,  M.I.C.E.,  County  Surveryor,  16,  Museum-street,  Ipswich    „  2» 

Hanwell,  W.-Boiler-House  and  Chimney  Shaft  at  Asylum  ...  L.C.C.  Asylums  Committee  K.  W.  Partridge,  Clerk,  6,  Waterloo-place,  S.W.. i.  27 

Narhorough,  Leicester— Asylum  (700  patients)    Committee  of  Visitors Everard  and  Pick,  Architects,  Millstone-lane,  Leicester .,  ^7 

Tottenham— Municipal  Buildings Urban  District  Council    W.  H.  Prescott,  A.M.I.C.E..  7!2,  High-road,  Tottenham  ^.^.  Mar.   1 

Langho,  Blackbmn- Epileptic  Homes    Chorlton  &  Manchester  Asylum  Com.  Giles,  Gough,  &TroUope,Archts.,28,Craven-3t.,CharingCro33,W.C.    „  * 

Folkestone- Alterations  to  Town  Hall  , Corporation Reginald  Pope,  F.R.I. B. A.,  17,  Cheriton-place,  Folkestone — 

Whitewell  Bottom— Cottage Chris.  Guy,  Rosedale.  Whitewell  Bottom,  Lanes  — 

Derby— Reatlinsr  and  Smoking  Room  and  Water  Tower  Ley's  Malleable  Castings  Co E.  R.  Ridgway.  Architect.  Long  Eaton 

Whitewell  Bottom-Six  Houses R.  Whittaker  and  Son.  School-street,  Whitewell  Bottom,  Lanes — 

Preston— Weaving  Shed    Eldon  Street  Mill  Co P.  Pickup,  Architect,  Mercantile  Chambers,  Burnley — 

ELECTRICAL    PLAINT 

Kirkcaldy— Seven  Motor-Cars Corporation O.'f.  Francis,  Burgh  Electrical  Engineer,  Victoria-road,  Kirkcaldy  Feb.  1 

Leyton-Electrical  Wiringand  Fittings,  Norlington-rd.  Schools  District  Council William  Jacques,  A.R.I.B. A.,  2,  Fen-court,  Fenchurch-street,  t.c.    „  ^ 

Westminster,  S.W.— Electric-Light  Extension  at  Baths City  Council John  Hunt.  Town  Clcik,  City  Hall,  Channg  Cross-road,  W.L.    .^.    „  o 

Hornsey— Plant                                                   .   .       Urban  District  Council    Robert  Hammond.  M.I.C.E..  64.  Victoria-street.  We,stminster,b.W.    „  » 

Brighton— Four-motor  Crane  (M-tonj Town  Council Arthur  Wright.  C.E.,  Star  Chambers,  13,  Moorgate-strcet,  1..C „  » 

Hanley-Electric-Lighting  Plant Corporation C.  A.  Cowell.  Electrical  Engineer,  Park-road,  Hanley.......^ .i  " 

Edinburgh— Engine  and  Dynamo Magistrates  and  Council Kennedy  and  Jeckin.  17.  Victoria-street.  Westminster.  S.W. " 

Islington,  N.— Conduits  and  Mains  Borough  Council The  Borough  Electrical  Engineer,  50,  Eden-grove,  Uolioway,  w.    ...,,  ^* 

Manchester— Electric  Hoists  and  Cranes Dock  and  Warehouse  Co W.  H.  Hunter,  M.I.C.E.,  41,  Spring-gardens,  Manchester    Mar.    l 

ENQINEERINa.                                                                             ,  ^    .    .    .                   t.„  <ai 

Devonport- Gasworks     Corporation Stevenson  and  Burstal,  SS,  Parliament-street,  Westminster Jan.  3tf 

Bodmin-Bridges,  i-c Cornwall  County  Council    Silvanus  W.  Jenkin.  M.I.C.E.,  County  Surveyor,  Liskeard  ,  30 

Muthyr  Tydfil— Cooking  Appliances  at  Workhouse  Guardians Thomas  Roderick.  Architect,  Aberdare ..^-.- ■.;■..■ .■  *( 

Palermo— Steam  Flour  Mill  .  The  Honourable  Sen,itor  Tasca-Lanza,  Sindic  of  Palermo,  bicily ao 

Eedcar— Promenade  Extension Urban  District  Council    James  Howcroft.  Surveyor,  Redcar f^ 

Cestona,  Spain— Waterworks The  Casa  Consistoiial.  Oestona ..^...... ,.  a 

Plymouth-Wharf  in  Cattewater  Harbour    Town  Council  .: Sir  John  Wolfe  Barry  and  Partners,  21,  Delahay-st.,  Westminster^,  ^e^- 

Cairo-Three  Road  Bridges  over  the  Nile  Ministry  of  Public  Works  The  Com.  Intel.  Branch,  Board  of  Trade,  50,  ParUament-street,b.  W.    „ 

Brymbo-Trench  Cutting..-. Water  Co. Henry  Dennis,  Engineer.  Ruabon  ^ ;;;v;i"^' ;'  aw'    " 

Loughborough  .Junction,  S.E.— Boilers,  &c South  London  Elec.  Supply  Cor.,  Ltd.  Kincaid,  Waller,  Manville,  &  Dawson,  Engs.,  29,  Ut.  George-st.,  B.W.    „ 

Keighley— Regenerative  Furnaces Gas  Committee   John  Laycock,  Engineer,  Keighlcy :./■■■: 

Portuockie- Waterworks Banff  District  Committee    James  Barron,  M.I.C.E.,  Union-street,  Aberdeen 

Brixton,  S.W.— Reconstruction  for  Electrical  Traction  of  Cable                                                                                                                   .   „       ^    tt  n   o     ■      n    j„.  q -w  9 

Tramways  from  Handford-road  to  Streatham  London  County  Council  The  Engineer's  Department.  County  Hall.  Spring  Gaidens,  S.W. ...    „  ^ 

Ring's  Lynn- Lancashire  Boiler  at  Waterworks Corporation H.  J.  Weaver.  Borough  Engineer, 'Town  Hall,  King  s  Lynn  .......  ..    „  ^ 

Earlsheaton-Purification  Works Syke  IngMiU  Co Abbeyand  Hanson,  Engineers,  20,  Ramsden-street  Huddersfleld  ...     „  z 

Tooting- Electrical  Tramways,  High-st.,  Merton  &  Defoe-rds.  London  County  Council  The  Engineer's  Department,  County  HaU,  Spring  uaraens,  ».V¥. ...    „ 


Jan.  29,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


185 


Whitehaven — Waterworks  

Ashton-under-Lyne — Heating  System  at  Workhouse    

Warrington— Steam  Crane 

Madrid— Bridge  across  Abronigal  Creek    

Hensinpham- Screening  Tanks 

Abergavenny — Regenerative  Retorts    

East  Stonehouse— Concrete  Landing  Stage  at  Firestone  Bay  ... 

Salford— Retort-Stoking  Machinery 

Trim — Bridge  over  River  Boyne 

Blackburn — Steam  Bakery  Equipment   

Hornsey,  N. — Sraokc-Consuming  Apparatus  

Alnwick— Rebuilding  Stone  Bridge  at  Embleton  South  Farm 

<'anterbury — Four  Jfotor-Driven  Centrifugal  Pumps 

Hoi-nsey,  N. — Two  Water-Tube  Boilers 

Greenwich,  S.E.  — Eight  Railway  Turntables  ". 

Avonmoiith,  Bristol  — Opening  Bridge  for  Royal  Edward  Dock 

Manchester— Hydraulic  Goods  I^ifts .'. 

Blue  Anchor— Extension  of  Sea  Defences 

ShetEeld— Heating  Apparatus  at  Hammerton-street  School  .... 
Dunfermline  and  Kincardine— Single-line  Railway  1 10  miles)... 

Avonmouth,  Bristol — Caisson  for  Royal  Edward  Dock 

Manchester— Natural  Mineral  Rock  Asphalt  Work 

Londonderry— Sinking  Well  at  Gransha 

Newburgh— Cast-iron  Pressure  Filters  and  Pipes    

Chelm-^iford- Engine  and  Borehole  Pump  

Hanley— Condensing  Plant 

Hornsey  and  Wood  Green — Light  Railways 

Tottenham  and  Edgware— Light  Railways 


ENGINEEBINO— ^ond-BKerf. 

Rural  District  Council George  Boyd,  Civil  Engineer,  .33,  Queen-street,  Whitehaven 

Guardians John  Evton,  Sons,  and  Cantrell,  Architects,  Ashton-under-Lyne 

Gas  Committee  W.  S.  Haddock,  Engineer,  Warrington    

The  First  Casa  Consistorial,  Plaza  de  la  Villa,  5,  Ma.drid  

Whitehaven  Rural  District  Council ..  George  Boyd,  Civil  lOngineer,  3:i,  (iueen-.street,  Whitehaven 

Gas  Committee  Hubert  Russell,  M.E..  Gasworks.  Abergavenny    

Urban  District  Council    F.  A.  Wiblin,  Town  Hall,  East  Stonehouie,  Devon 

Gas  Committee   W.  W.Woodward,  Engineer.  Gas  OfiBcea,  Bloom-street,  Sllford  ... 

Meath  County  Council Hugh  .J.  CuUen,  Secretary,  Navan 

Guardians F.  C.  Ruddle,  Architect,  1,  King-street.  Blackburn 

Urban  District  Council    Robert  Hammond,  M.I.C.E..  6*,  Victoria-street, Westmmster,  8.W. 

Rural  District  Council H.  W.  Walton,  Clerk,  Alnwick    

Drainage  Committee 0.  A.  Blaschek,  A.M.I.E.E..  City  Electricil  Engineer,  Canterbury.. 

Urban  District  Council    Robert  Hammond,  M.I.C.E.,  64,  Victoria-street, Westminster,  S.W. 

London  County  Council  The  Clerk,  Spring  (rardens,  S.W 

Docks  Committee  W.  W.  Squire,  Engineer,  Engineer's  Office.  Cumberland-road,  Bristol 

Markets  Committee  The  City  Surveyor's  Ollice.  Town  Hall,  Manchester ,. .. 

Somerset  County  Council    The  County  Surveyor's  Oitice.  1.  Belmont,  Bath    

Education  Committee  W.  J.  Hale.  1.3.  St.  Jame^'s-row,  Shelfleld   

North  British  Railway  Co Blyth  and  Westland,  Civil  Engineers,  135,  George-street,  Edinburgh 

Docks  Committee  W.W.  Squire,  Engineer,  Engineer's  Office, Cumberland-road,  Bristol 

Dock  and  Warehouse  Extension  Co..  W.  H.  Hunter,  M.I.C.E..  Chief  Eng.,  41,  Spring-gardens, Manchester 

Lunatic  Asylum  Committee  M.  A.  Robinson,  C.E.,  Richmond-street,  Londonderry  

Town  Council W.  D.  Sang  and  Lockhart,  C.E.,  Kirkcaldy 

P.  Griffith.  M.I.C.E.,  54,  Parliament-street,  Westminstjr,  S.W 

Corporation 0.  A.  Cowell,  Electrical  Engineer,  Park-road,  Hanley 

Middlesex  County  Council H.  T.  Wakelam,  M.I.C.E.,  Middlesex  Guldhall.  Westminster.  S.W. 

Middlesex  County  Council H.  T.  Wakelam,  M.I.C.E.,  Middlesex  Guildhall,  Westmin8ter,8,W. 


Feb.  3 
3 
•.  3 
..  3 
..  3 
,.  * 
.<  * 
..  * 
„  8 
„  7 
..  8 
..  8 
..  8 
..  8 
9 
„  15 
„  15 
..  15 
..  IS 
15 
15 
18 
„  19 
„  20 
„  20 
..  ii 
Mar.  14 
,.      li 


FENOINO    AND    -WALLS. 

Kingussie— Timber  Safety  Fencing  Alex.  Mackenzie,  C.E.,  Surveyor,  Kingussie  Jan.  30 

Swindon— Retaining  Boundary  Wall,  Radnor-street C.  H.  Baker.  26,  Victoria-road,  Swimlon Feb.     1 

Winston — Rubble  Wall  to  Churchyard    E.  Hardy,  Winston,  Darlington  n       1 

I>ondon,  E.G.- Galvanised  Steel  Strand  Wire  for  Fencing. East  Indian  Railway  Co C.  W.  Young,  Secretary,  Nicholas-lane,  E.C ,>       3 

Ashton-under-Lyne— Boundary  Wall  at  Union  Infirmary  Guardians John  Eaton,  Sons,  and  Cantrell,  Architects,  Ashton-under-Lyne  ...    ,.       3 

Hastings— W.I.  Fencing  (l.lSOft.)  at  Railway  Station Corporation P.  H.  Palmer,  M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Hastings...    „       5 

Wicklow,  Ireland— Wall  &  Fence  at  Cemetery,  Merrymeeting  Joint  Burial  Board    J.  Pausing,  A. M.I.C.E. ,  Town  Hall,  Wicklow  ,t       6 

Runton— Rebuilding  Stone  Wall  to  Churchyard Parish  Council James  Kemp.  Runton  Mill,  Cromer   .-. n       8 

Leeds— Unclimbable  Fencing  at  Potternewton  Park The  City  Engineer's  Office,  Leeds  ..     1'^ 

PURNITUKE    AND    FITTINGS. 

Bristol— Bedsteads  and  Mattresses  to  Ham  Green  Hospital Health  Committee The  General  Medical  Superintendent,  40.  Prince-street,  Bristol  Jan.  30 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne — Forty-Four  School  Cupboards Education  Committee  Alfred  Qoddard,  Secretary,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne    ,     SO 

Grimsby— Fixtures  &  Furniture,  Police  Dept.,  Town  Hall  H.  Gilbert  Whyatt.  A. M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Grimsby 31 

Kilmallock- Bedsteads.  4:c.,  at  Workhouse  Guardians P.  J.  Coll.  Clerk,  Kilmallock Feb.    5 

Plymouth— Desks  v7o7),  Tables,  and  Cupboards  Education  Authority   E.  C.  Cook,  Education  Secretary,  13,  Princess-square,  Plymouth    ...    „       6 

PAINTING. 

Glasgow— Warehouses,  Nelson-street  Corporation Thomson  and  Sanderlands.  Archts.,  241,  West  George-st.,  Glasgow.  Feb.  1 

Bisliop's  Stortford— Workhouse  Chapel „ Guardians Alfred  G.  Gwynne,  Clerk,  Bi.«liop's  Stortford „  1 

Southend-on-Sea-Exterior  Pier  Pavilion Corporation E.J.  Elford,  M.I. M.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Southend  ,  3 

Slaithwaite— Residence Lunn  and  Kay.-,  Architects,  Milnsbridge 5 

Southport  Central  to  Preston— Station  Buildings    Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office.  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester „  8 

Wigan  to  Southport— Station  Buildings Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester ,  8 

HOMAN^S  ^^^^^^^^  FLOORS. 


Used    In 

nearly 

2000  BUILDiNBS 


Roofs,  Piers, 

Bridges,    Joists, 

and  Girders. 


CONSTRUCTIONAL      STEEL      AND      IRONWORK. 

GRANITIO    STEPS    AND    PAVING,    ASPHALTE,    &o. 

OFFICES :    17,    Graoechurch    Street,    E.G.  WORKS :    Nine    Elms    Lane,    S.W. 

Telegraphio  Addxesa,  "Hohah    Bodoebs,  London."  Telephone  No.   1028  Avenue. 

FIRECLAY       BRICK       WORKS,       PARKSTONE,       DORSET. 


^,      tu(,'9  Llting  into 
CT.~  =  -=^    Gfoovet  in    ,._%___ 

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TURNER'S  (PATENT)  LOCKING  GULLY  GRID 


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TO  ALL  UNAUTHORISED  INTERFERENCE^ 
WITH  GULLIES. 


An  Iron  Grid  can  be  'LOCKED'  on  to  an  Earthpnware  Gul^y.         ^T        ™ 


JOHN  KNOWLES  &  CO., 


Telephone  :  587  King's  Cross. 


38,     IHCING'S     ROAD, 

ST.    PANCRAS,    N.IAT 

DEPOTS  IN  ALL  PARTS  OF  LONDON. 


Telcgr.ams  '    JOHN   KNOWLES, 
LONDON. 


8 


183 THE    BUILDING    NEWS. Jak.  29,  1904. 

F  AINTIN  a— cmtin  ued. 

Blaciburn— Goods  Station  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester Feb.  8 

Burnley  foTodmorden-Station  Buildings     Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester ,,  S 

Newtin  Heath— Carriage  Works  &  Monsall-lane  Carriage  Shed  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester „  S 

Newton  Heath  to  Rochdale  and  Middleton  Br  inch -Stations  ..  Lancashire  i-  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester 8 

Hochdale  to  Sowerby  Bridge— Station  Buildings Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester 8 

Sowerby  Bridge  to  Miifield  and  Dewsbury  Junction-Stations  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester ,,  8 

Bradford— Rassenger  and  Goods  Stations  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester „  8 

Hull-Stables  and  House.  Edwards-place  Lancashire  &  Yoitshire  Railw.ay  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt^s  Bank,  Manchester 8 

Glasgow— Generating  Station  E.xtensions  Corporation 'W.  A.  Charaen,  Engineer,  7o,  "Waterloo-street,  Glasgow    ,,  11 

Mickleover— Four  New  Wards  A'isitiag  Committee  McWilliams,  Resident  Engineer,  Mickleover 2d 

PliTTMBINQ    AND    GLAZING. 

Halifax— Additions  to  West  Mount  Ironworks    C.  F.  L.  Horsfall  .and  Sons,  Archts.,  Lord-street  Chambers,  Halifar  Jan.  30 

Manchester— Glazing  (S-l.OOO  super,  feet)  at  Car  Works    Tramways  Committee  J.  Gibbons,  Architect,  23.  Cross-street.  Manchester Feb.  1 

Glasgow— Warehouses,  Nelson-street  Corporation Thomson  and  Sanderlands,  Archts..  241.  West  George-st.,  Glasgow.    ,,  1 

Bradford— Eight  Houses  W.  Ryoroft.  Architect,  Manchester-road,  Bradford ,>  ■* 

Blairgowrie -Auction  Mart M'Kinnon  and  Doeg W.  J.' Brewster  Grant,  Architect,  Bengarth,  Blairgowrie  „  4 

Letter  kenny— Plumbing  Work  to  Female  Wing  at  Asylum Committee  of  Management    J.  P.  M'Grath.  Archt.,  Commercial  Bldngs.  Foyle-st.,  Londonderry    „  9 

Glasgow— Generating  Station  Extensions  Corporation W.  A.  Chamen,  Engineer,  "5,  Waterloo-street,  Glasgow „  11 

BOASS    AND    STBEETS. 

Dorking— Making-up  Roads Rural  District  Council W.  Rapley.  jun..  Surveyor,  Tower  Hill,  Dorking Jan.  39 

Bicester.  O.-^on— Highway  Repairs  (One  Year) Rural  District  Council Gordon  Walsh,  Clerk.  Bicester,  O.'con    ,,  30 

Radcliffc— Paving.  &c.,  part  of  Wilton-street  Urban  District  Council    The  Surveyor.  Council  Offices.  Radclifife    ,  30 

Snuthwick— Private  Street  Works Urban  District  Council    G.  W.  Warr,  Surveyor.  Council  Offices,  Southwick  Feb.    1 

Port  Glasgow— Causewaying  Town  Council Andrew  Paton,  Town  Clerk.  Port  Glasgow  ,  1 

Prestwich— Private  Street  Works Urban  District  Council    The  Surveyor's  Office,  Chester  Bank,  Prestwich 1 

Acton.  W.— Paving  Bollo-lane  and  Seymour-road District  Council D.  J.  Ebbetts.  .'57.  Hish-street,  Acton    ,  2 

Haslingden— Road  Guardians J.  Kerr  Hay,  Clerk,  Pike  Law,  near  Rawtenstall „  2 

Chingford— Making-up.  &c Urban  District  Council    W.  Stair.  Surveyor.  H.  The  Parade,  Chingtord „  2 

Acton,  W.— Making-up  Goldsmith-av.  and  Baldwin-gardens...  District  Council D.  J.  Ebbctts,  57.  High-street.  Acton    ,  2 

Mountain  Ash-Stfeet  Works    Urban  District  Council    George  Thomas,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Mountain  Ash    „  2 

Teddington—Makiog-up  part  of  Kingston-lane  Urban  District  Council    M.  Hainsworth,  Survevor,  Teddington 2 

East  Dereham,  Norfolk— Road  Works -. The  Urban  Council  offices.  Theatre-street.  East  Dereham,  Norfolk.    ,,  3 

New  Frodingham— Street  Works  Urban  District  Council    J.  Green.  .Surveyor,  Council  Offices.  New  Frodingham    ,,  3 

Greenwich— Paving  Charlton-road  and  River-terrace Boardof  Guardians  The  Boro' Engineer  and  Surveyor'sOffice,TownHall,  Greenwich,  S.E.    ,,  3 

Leeds— Pa'ving  and  Flagging  Streets    Corporation The  City  Engineer's  Office,  Municipal  Buildings,  Leeds „  3 

Hanley,  Staffs— Tar  Paving  (8.000  square  yards) J.  Lobley,  Borough  Engineer  and  ."Purveyor,  Town  Hall,  Hanley ,  3 

Southend-on-Sea— Wood  Paving  Corporation  E.  J.  Elford,  M.I.M.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Southend- „  -I 

Ormskirk- Paving.  &c.  (One  Year)  West  L-aneashire  E.D.C C.  Law-Green.  C.E  .  Surveyor.  Wigan-road,  Ormskirk  „  4 

Lewisham,  S.E.— Making-up  Benson-road    Borough  Council    The  Surveyor's  Department,  Town  Hall,  Catford.  S.E „  8 

Haslemere -Making-up  Longdene-road Hambledon  Rural  District  Council ...  Ferdinand  Smallpeice.  Clerk,  las,  High-street,  Guildford „  8 

Lewisham.  S.E. —Making-up  Amberley-road  Borough  Council    The  Surveyor's  Department,  Tnwn  Hall,  Catford,  S.E „  8 

Buckhurst  Hill— Making-up  Roads Urban  District  Council   H.  Tooley,  Surveyor,  Buckhurst  Hill ,,  8 

Lewisham,  S.E. —Making-up  Brockley  Rise Borough  Council    The  Surveyor's  Department,  Town  Hall,  Catford,  S.E 8 

Hinckley- Concrete  FLagging Urban  Di.strict  Council    E.  H.  Crump.  Surveyor,  Hinckley .i  8 

Lewisham,  S.E  —Making-up  Brookbank-road Borough  Council    The  Surveyor's  Department,  Town  Hall,  Catford,  S.E. „  8 

8hoeburyness-Making-up  Linton-road    Urban  District  Council    Harold  Harris.  Surveyor  Clarence  Chambers,  Southend-on-Sea ,  !) 

Shoreditch,  E.C.— Wood  Paving  Carriageways Borough  Council J.  Rush  Dixon.  A.M.I.C.E  ,  Boro'  EDg.,Town  Hall,  OM-st.,  E.C ,  16 

Tottenham,  N.— Roads  and  Sewers,  White  Hart-lane  Estate  ...  London  County  Council  The  Architects'  Depattment,  19,  Charing  Cross-road,  W.C „  16 

SANITARY. 

Melksham-Sewering  and  Sewage-Disposal  Works    Urban  District  Council    A.  O.Smith,  Clerk,  Melksham ...^^. Jan.  3» 

Wokingham— .Sewers Town  Council C.  W.  Marks,  Borough  EogiKCer,  Town  Hall,  Wokmgham „  .» 

Kingston-on-Thames- Drainage  Works  at  Tolworth  Hospital  Carterand  Ashworth.  Architects,  86,  Eden-st.,  Kingston-on-Thames    „  SO 

Redcar— Lavatories  on  Promenade  Urban  District  Council    James  Howcroft,  Surveyor.  Redcar    ..  30 

Camberlev- Sewers Frimley  Urban  District  Council  F.  C.  Uren.  Surveyor,  High-street,  Camberlty   Feb.    1 

Banif-'Water  and  Drainage  Works District  Committee   J.Barron,  M.I.C.E.,  216,  Union-street,  Aberdeen .„ „  1 

Dinnington  Colliery -Sewers  Seaton  Burn  Coal  Co H.  W.  Taylor,  A.M  I.C.E.,  St.  Nicholas  Chmbs.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    „  2 

Heme  Bay— Ijivatories Urban  District  Council    F.  W.  J.  Palmer,  C.E..  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Heme  Bay „  2 

Acton.  W.- Underground  Public  Conveniences  District  Council  D.  J.  Ebbetts,  57,  High-street,  Acton „  2 

Durham- Sewerage  Works  Rural  District  Council Geo.  Oregson,  Surveyor.  3.S.  Saddler-street.  Durham  „  S 

Dorking— Sewerage  Works Rural  District  Council W.  Rapley.  jun..  Clovelly,  Tower-hill,  Dorking „  S 

Ramsbottom-Sewer    Urban  District  Council    James  niggle.  Civil  Engineer.  Hind  HQl-street,  Heywood   „  * 

Abersvchan- Sewer    Urban  District  Council    W.  H.  V.  By thway.  Clerk,  Pontypool    „  | 

Manchester— House  Drainage  Work  (One  Tear) Corporation H.  Prescott,  Jtanager,  House  Drainage  Department,  Manchester  ...    „  s 

Horsham-Sewerage  Works    Urban  District  Council    8.  Mitchell,  Clerk,  Market-s.iuare,  Horsham ,  10 

Whitley  Bay- Underground  Conveniences  at  Promenade Urban  District  Council    J.  P.  Spencer,  Architect,  30,  Howard-street.  North  Shields ,  15 

Basford-Sewerage  and  Sewage  Disposal  Works Rural  District  Council Sands,  Walker,  and  Maylan.  Engineers,  Milton-street.  Nottingham    „  Id 

Wellington- Sewers,  &o Urban  District  Council    C.  J.  Lomax,  A.M.I  .C.E.,  37,  Cross-street,  Manchester lt> 

STEEIi    AND    IRON. 

Whitehaven-  Cast-iron  Pipes  (150  tons) Rural  District  Council G.  Boyd,  C.E.,  33,  Queen-street.  Whitehaven    Feb.    3 

East  Dereham-Cast-Iron  Pipes Urb.an  District  Council    The  Suiveyor,  Theatre-street,  East  Dereham ,  » 

Holyhead-Steel  and  Ironwork  at  Skerries  Lighthouse Trinity  House  Corporation E.  Price  Edwards,  Secretary.  Trinity  House.  E.C * 

Wordsley-Cast-Iron  Pipes   1.175  tons)        Kingswinford  E.D.C W.  Fiddian,  F.S.I. ,  Old  Bank  Offices,  Stourbridge „  8 

Wordsley-Cast-Iron  Manholes  and  Lamphole  Covers  (660)    ...  Kingswinford  R.D.C ."....  W.  Fiddian,  F.S.I.,  Old  Bank  Offices,  Stourbridge  „  8 

STORES. 

Norwich-Broken  Granite  (One  Year) Norfolk  County  Council  T.  H.  B.  Heslop,  M.I.C.E.,  County  Surveyor,  Nor'wich Jan.  30 

Bicester.  0-xon-Stones  and  Chippings    Rural  District  Council J.  W.  Tubb.  Highway  Surveyor,  Fewcott,  Bicester,  Oxon ,  dV 

London.  E.C— Various  .Stores   Great  Indian  Peninsula  Railway  Co..  J.  I.  Berry.  Secretary.  48.  Copthall-avenue,  E.C. „  30 

Norwich-Materials  (One  Y'ear; County  Council  T.  H.  B.  Heslop,  M.I.C.E.,  County  Surveyor,  Norwich  ...... ^. -,.......    ,. 

Grimsbv-Road  Materials  (One  Year) Corporation H.  G.  Whyatt,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  TownHall,  Gnmsby  Feb. 

Ripley,  Derby— Drainpipes  Urban  District  Council    C.  W.  Thompson.  Surveyor.  Town  Hall,  Ripley,  Derby „ 

Southampton— Stores,  ko.  (One  Yearl     Corporation J.  A.  Crowther,  Borough  Engineer.  Southampton .   ..........^...    „ 

Orimsby-Timber.  Paints.  Oils,  &c.  (One  Year)  Corporation H.  G.  Whyatt,  A.M.I.C.E..  Borough  Engineer,  Town  HaU,  Grimsby    „ 

Sleaford,  Lines-Granite  1 1,000  tons)  Urban  District  Council    ..  Edmund  Clements,  Clerk,  Urban  CouncU  Office,  Sleatord „ 

London,  S.E.— Guernsey  Granite  (200  tons)  Lambeth  Guardians W.  Thurnall,  Clerk,  Brook-street,  Ivennington,  S.E.  ^ 

Ley  ton- Road  Materials  Urban  District  Council    Wm.  Dawson,  M.I.C.E.,  Surveyor,  Tovm  Hall,  Leyton............^.^.    „  ^ 

London  E  C  -Various  Stores                               Bombay,  Baroda,  &  C.I.  Railway  Co.  T.  W.  Wood,  Sec,  Gloucester  House,  Bishopsgate-st.  Without,  E.C.    „  2 

HoUingbourn-Road  Materials  (Six  Months)   Rural  District  CouncU H.  J.  Bracher,  Clerk,  33  Earl-street^ Maidstone „  3 

Southwark,  S.E.-Materials  and  Works  (One  Year) J-  A.  Johnson,  Town  Clerk,  -rown  Hall^ahvorth-road,  S.H „  3 

London,  S.W.— Road  Materials  H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey  s  Gate.  S.W. ..  » 

Ormskirk-Materials  (One  Year)  West  Lancashire  R.D.C C.  Law-Green,  C.E..  Surveyor,  Wigan-road,  Ormskirk  4 

Kettering-Granite  (One  Year)  Rural  District  Council Charles  W.  Lane,  Clerk,  Kettenng...           _j^...... ■•-.■■■■-;; ■  * 

Isle  of  Ely-Materials  for  Repair  of  Main  Roads  (One  Year)...  County  Council  H.  Farr  Simpson,  County  Surveyor,  Northern  Division,  Wlsbecn * 

Egremont- Materials  (One  Year)  Wallasey  Urban  District  Council W.  H.  Travers,  Surveyor,  Egremont ..........^ a 

Chelmstord-Material  (One  Year) Essex  County  Council  Percy  J.  Sheldon,  A.  M.I.C.E..  Chief  Surveyor,  Chelmsford  ..   „  b 

Manchester- Ventilating  Grids,  &c.  (One  Year)  7 Corporation H.  Prescott.  Manager,  House  Drainage  Department,  Mincnester » 

Hinckley— Materials  (One  Year)    Urban  District  Council    E.  H.  Crump.  Surveyor.  Hinckley  ...^ ..  » 

Kensington,  W.- Works  and  Materials  (One  Y'ear)  Borough  Council Wm.  Chambers  Leete,  Town  Clerk.  Kensington    ..  » 

Lutterworih- Granite  (One  Year) Rural  District  CouncU J.  B.  Holroyd,  District  Surveyor,  Lutterworth  -■•■■■■-;,■■■•■;■■•■;' ,^ 

Birkenhead-Stores  and  Materials  (One  Year) Corporation C.  Brownndge,  A.M.I.C.E..  Boro' Eng.,  Town  Hall,  Birkenhead          „  10 

Cairo-Stores                                                                   Egyptian  Ministry  of  Interior  Lt.-Col.  Western.  R.E.,  C.M.G.,  Broadway  Chambers,  Westminster    „  10 

Smallburgh-Road  Materials Rural  District  Council W.L,  Lewis.  District  Surveyor,  Stalham  _.  ^.^ i  ".■"■V  »„„»    "  \n 

Bury,  LaScs- Stores  (One  Year)    Sewering  Committee A.  W.  Bradley,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Boro'  Eng.,  Mun.  Offices,  Bury,  Lanes  „  10 

West  Ham-Various  Stores  (One  Y'ear)  Corporation F.  E.  Hilleary.  Town  Clerk.  West  Ham   .■■-■■■■ ■ •.  " 

Lewisham,  S.E.-Works  and  Materials  (One  Year)    Borough  Council The  Surveyor  s  Department.  Town  Hall.  Catford ii 

Worksop-Slag  (4,000  tons)  Urban  District  Council    Geo.  H.  Featherston,  Clerk.  Town  Hall,  Worksop    •■■■•■••••• •  " 

Belfast-Various  Stores  (One  Year) Belfast  County  Down  RailwayCo.  ...  T.  J.  Brittain,  Secretary,  Queen's  Quay  Terminus,  Belfast  1£ 

Wisbfih- Materials.  &c Rural  District  Council Geo.  Carrick,  Clerk,  13,  South-Brink,  Wisbech  ...^ ,.  ij 

Richmond,  Surrey-Various  Stores  (One  Year)    Town  Council J.  H.Brierley,  A.M.I.C.E,,  Borough  Surveyor,  Richmond    IS 

Bedford-Materials County  Council   The  County  Purveyor.  Shirehall  Bedford x^^^-^^^i ,| 

Chelmsford-Broken  Granite  (One  Year)    Essex  County  Council  Percy  J.  Sheldon,  A.M  I.C.E.   Chief  Surveyor,  Chelmsford I| 

Nelson,  Lancs.-Various  Stores  and  Materials  (One  Year)  Gas  Committee   A.  J.  Hope,  Engineer,  Gaswjirks,  kelson    ...^.^^...^j....^^..^-^^._...^    .,  J^ 

Plymouth-Goods  and  Materials  (One  Year) Corporation  Waterworks F.  Howarth,  A..M.I.C.E.,  Water  Eng.,  Municipal  Offices,  Plymouth    ,.  16 

Long  Sutton— Granite  ,700  tons,  and  Slag  (200  tons) Urban  District  Council    S.  S.  Mossop,  Clerk,  Long  Sutton,  1;'"™'°'?"'=  :;3;--'''p;ji;„'':'-„'' ,'f 

-r...ii._..i Tr : i. r ^ :„ i_    : .  ._  .  x'^„  _.                       '                             rr ti —                                                                    i      T?.    >J  .-hnU    BorniiP-h  Kne-ineer.  CorDOratlOU  OffiCCS,  FolKeStOne...      ,,  1^ 


S 


30 


3 


4 


6 


Folkestone 


— uranite    i CO  tons'  ana  mag  iuuu  xonaj i..iuau  uiatiicL  vuuuuii ..j.  ..^.^.^...ji^,  ^..-.-,  — .--o  ~- '7;  .-       ,-^tc„.^„  ir^iiraofnTic 

Various  Materials  (One  Yea?) Corporation A.  E.  Nichols,  Borough  Engmeer,  Corporation  offices,  Folkestone... 


Chiswick,  W.— Works  and  Materials  (One  Year) , Uibau  District  Council    J.  Barclay,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  ChiswicK 

East  Retford- Granite  Corporation J.  D.  Kennedy.  Borough  Surveyor,  Retforf  ^ -n'^iil.v.^v,'.,'^ '  m 

Birkenhead- Various  Materials  (One  Year) Corporation C  Brownridge,  A.M.LC\E  ,  Boro   Eng  ,  Town  HaU,  Birkenhead   18 

Plymouth -Goods  and  Materials  (One  Year) Corporation James  Paton.  Borough  Engineer,  Municipal  Offices,  Plymouth  „  20 

Culham-Roadstone  Granite  i2,000  tons)...... Rural  District  CouncU B.  Challenor,  Clerk.  Council  Offices,  o9.  Stert-street,  Abingdon  ...        „  2» 

Hornsey,  N.-Woiks  and  Materials  (Three  Years) Urban  District  CouncU    E.  J.  Lovegrove,  Borough  Engineer,  Southwood-lane,  Uighgate,  JN.    „  i>t 


Feb.  5.  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


187 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERING  JOURNAL. 

VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  2561. 
•-»* 

FRIDAY,  FEBRUARY  5,  1901. 


PROFESSIONAL    HARRIERS. 

THOSE  who  jjraotise  a  profession  are  very 
apt  to  fall  iuto  grooves  or  classe.s,  and 
impose  between  themselves  and  others  certain 
barriers.     It  is  natural  enough  for  a  lawyer 
to  practise  in  one  department  of  the  law  for 
which  he  feels  himself  the  most  fitted,  and  for 
a  medical  practitioner  in  like  manner  to  take 
np  a  certain  class  of  treatment ;  so  also  it  is 
reasonable   that   an   architect  should  follow 
one  of  those  collateral  branches  of  his  pro- 
fession  for  which  he  is  best  suited  ;  it  is, 
indeed,    expedient    for    him    to   devote  his 
attention   to   a  certain  class  of  work  if  he 
desires  to   obtain   a   livelihood   by  his  pro- 
fession.    So  it  is  we  find  one  man  taking  to 
the  surveying  side  of  his  profession,  preparing 
plans  for  estates  for  building,  valuing  pro- 
perties, estimating  compensation  for  various 
purposes,   giving    assistance   or  evidence  in 
ancient-light  cases,  &c.  ;  while  another  de- 
votes himself  exclusively  to  the  architectural 
design  of  buildings  and  the  preparation  of 
plans   and    specifications — one    will   confine 
himself  to  domestic  buildings,  and  another 
to  churches  and  public  offices.     Then  there 
are   divisions   of  work  according  to  special 
kinds    of   oonsti'uction  ;  one  takes   sanitary 
work,    another  iron   and  steel  construction, 
and   a   like   division    may   be    seen    in  the 
artistic  branches.     The   public,   as   well   as 
the  profession,  benefit  b}'  this  sub-division  or 
specialism,  though  it  has  rather  an  adverse 
influence    on    the   vocation,    if   we    regard 
it    from    an   art    standpoint.     In    some    of 
these  branches  of  professional  practice  there  is 
a  tendency  to  exclude  art  by  setting  up  a 
ban-ier  between  the  utilitarian  and  ;r'sthetic 
aspects,    and    this    is    noticeable    in    those 
classes  of  practice  which  chiefly  depend  on 
surveying  and  involve  principles  of  iron  and 
steel  construction  or  sanitation.  Practitioners 
in  these  branches  try  to  exclude  all  questions 
of  art,  so  as  to  give  prominence  to  the  special 
parts  of  their  own  vocation.     Thus  we  see  in 
many  engineering  structures  very  little  feel- 
ing for  architecture    displayed.      Similarly, 
the  art-architect   erects    a  barrier  between 
himself  and  the  engineer  or  surveyor,  and  it 
is  this  tendency  to  accentuate  the  differences 
between  sections  of  the  profession  that  is  so 
harmful. 

We  may  mention  particularly  one  instance 
of  this  separation  between  those  who  practise 
architecture  as  a  profession  anu  the  public. 
It  is  a  tendency  with  all  professional  men  to 
have  what  Spencer  calls  a  "  professional 
bias  ■'  to  set  themselves  apart  from  the  lay 
public  and  the  amateur.  In  law  and  medicine 
it  is  more  strongly  marked  than  in  architec- 
ture. The  lay  opinion  on  any  point  of  law 
or  medicine  is  generally  tabooed  or  hold  in 
little  regard  by  the  profession.  Professional 
jealousy  is  keen ;  professional  membership  is 
hedged  round  by  all  sorts  of  barriers,  and 
there  is  a  desire  to  make  the  acquisition  of 
knowledge  as  complex  and  intricate  and 
technical  as  possible.  The  entrance  to  the 
professions  is  becoming  more  difficult  year  by 
year,  and  in  proportion  to  the  difficulty  of 
entering,  the  mtncacy  and  technicality,  the 
public  are  moro  eager  to  avail  themselves  of 
professional  services.  The  closer  the  barrier  or 
wall  of  exclusion,  tho  greater  is  the  curiosity 
aroused  to  discover  the  secret  of  exclusion, 
and  this  has  always  been  a  human  instinct! 
The  professional  man  sots  up  a  little  citadel 
of  his  own ;  he  may  bo  an  expert  in  a 
particular  branch  of  his  profession.  Tho 
public  flock  to  him.  Whether  he  is  a  medical 
specialist,  or  a  legal  expert,  or  an  architect, 


those  who  can  afford  to  go  to  him  and  pay 
his  fees  do  so.     Ilis  authority  in  his  vocation 
is  not  disputed,  though  sometimes  his  opinion 
or    his    work    may    be    faulty.      His    very 
exclusivenoss   becomes  tho   cause   of  weak- 
ness.    Between  professional  and  the  amateur 
etemeuts   there   is   conflict.     In  architecture 
we  have  had   many  examples — amateurs  in 
men   like  Horace  Walpole,  in  Bolingbroke, 
and    in    more     rtcent '  yeirs    authors    like 
Fergusson  and  Ruskin.     Yet  their  influence 
has   been   felt,    and   their   writings   have  to 
some  extent  moulded  the  taste  of  the  age  in 
which  they  lived.     On  the  whole,  the  pro- 
fession   have   been  all    tho   richer  for  their 
influence;  many  of  the  narrower  prejudices 
of   architects   have  been   held  up  to   public 
reprobation    or    ridicule,    the    partisans    of 
certain  schools  and   styles  have   been  taken 
to  task,  and  a  healthy  public  discussion  has 
been  invoked  on  many  questions  of  general 
interest.     Both  Ruskin  and  Fergusson,  from 
opposite  points  of  view,  have  written  much 
to  arouse  a  sense  of  reason  and  true  sentiment 
in  architectural  design.     Their  works,  despite 
many  passages  that  are  questionable  from  a 
practical    view,    have     called     attention    to 
fundamental  principles  based  on  nature  and 
common   sense.     Architecture     has    been    a 
gainer,  and  many  of  the   peccadilloes  which 
have  divided  the   profession  have   been  re- 
moved.    Had   it   not   been   for  Ruskin,  the 
profession  would  probably  have  never  turned 
their    attention    to    brick  so   soon   as  they 
did,   and   to    the    teachings    of    Fergusson, 
as    an    arohitectural    historian,    we    owe    a 
clearer    knowledge    of    the    evolution    and 
ethnic  divisions  of  style.     The  barrier  raised 
between   one   school   and  another  has  been 
undoubtedly   injurious    to    art,    for   it    has 
fostered  the  idea  that   each  style  or  method 
of  design  is  distinct  from  others,  and  has  an 
exclusive  claim  to  our  admiration.     Thus  the 
Classic    and    Renaissance  follower  can   see 
nothing  good  in  Gothic,  and   the  Gothicist 
nothing  in  Classicism.     The  Queen  Anneists 
find  fault  with  both,  and  so  on — the  conse- 
quence   of    which    is    that    architecture    is 
studied  in  a  partial  and  fragmentary  manner, 
without  reference  to  fundamental  principles, 
and  to  the  loss  of  those  qualities  of  propor- 
tion and  purity  of  detail  or  common  sense 
which  ought  to  be  found  in  everj'  building. 
The    appeal     has     been     from     elementary 
qualities   common    to  all  good   architecture 
to  some  one  period  or  peculiarity,  the  result 
being  buildings  of  doubtful  art.     Nor  is  it 
necessary  to  give  instances  of  eccentricity  in 
design.     The  barrier  set  up  between  archi- 
tecture as   a  profession  and  the  crafts   has 
been    exceedingly  prejudicial    also    to   tho 
progress  of  art,  as  we  have  pointed  out  in 
these  pages.     It  has    divorced  design  from 
construction  and  the  technical   crafts,   thus 
separating  the  architect  or  designer  from  the 
constructor  and  craftsman.      In    proportion 
to    this    separating    influence    the    arts    of 
sculpture,  modelling,  painting,  as  well  as  the 
technical    arts    of    tho    mason,    bricklayer, 
wood  and  metal  worker,  &c.,  have  fallen  into 
the  hands  of  men  who  havo  little  sympathy 
for  architecture,    or   who  in   a  few  instances 
have  formed  a  school  of  artists  of  their  own 
more  or  less   in   opposition  to  the  architect. 
This  is  a  pity  as   well  as  a  disaster,  as  it 
jiromotes    an    undesirable    rivalry    between 
the  two  classes.     ( 'ommercialism  in  art  has 
been  encouraged,   for  the  capitalist  is  ever 
ready  to  take  advantage  of  skilled  men  and 
to  turn    them    to    his    advantage ;  whereas 
it  the  two  classes  wore  allied  and  worked 
in  harmony,    tho   art-craftsman   would  be- 
come more  independent  in  his  action.    Now 
the  profession  stand  aloof  from  tiie  trades  ; 
tho  designing  and  superin*^onding  of  buildings 
has  como    to    bo    lookeil    at  as  a   vocation 
carried  on  in  an  office  quite  independent  of, 
and  at  a  distance  from,  tho  actual  building, 
conducted  by  men   who   prepare  designs  on 
paper,  and  carry  on  tho  business  of  agent, 
but  who  practically  have  nothing  to  do  with 


the  execution  of  the  work.  Such  is  the  idea 
which  has  been  allowed  to  supersede  the 
original  conception  of  the  architect,  and  it  has 
been  detrimental  to  all  attempts  at  a  union 
with  craftsmanship.  The  worktnan  on  his 
part  simply  performs  the  work  he  has  been  en- 
gaged to  do  in  a  mechanical  way  ;  he  follows, 
in  a  perfunctory  manner,  the  drawing  or  detail 
given  him  ;  ho  has  no  personal  interest  in  a 
work  ho  is  not  allowed  to  think  about,  and 
for  which  he  is  paid  at  the  lowest  rate,  or  by 
tho  piece.  The  contractor,  no  doul)t,  looks 
upon  the  building  as  a  commercial  under- 
taking over  which  the  architect  has  a  general 
control,  so  that  between  design  and  cou- 
traotorship  a  very  real  separation  has  arisen. 
Even  the  architect  who  makes  tho  ideal 
design,  and  the  architect  who  superintends 
tho  building  or  looks  after  the  contractor, 
are  almost  distinct  individuals.  That  is  to 
say,  the  designer  on  paper  of  the  original 
design  is  seldom  the  right  or  best  man  to 
hold  a  contractor  in  hand,  and  to  supervise  a 
number  of  workmen.  The  two  things  havo 
become  under  modern  conditions  quite  un- 
sympathetic. The  genius  and  invention  of  a 
planner  and  designer  is  a  qualification  very 
different  to  that  required  to  detect  defects  of 
materials  or  workmanship,  and  to  play  the 
part  of  a  detective  in  the  supervision  of  a 
building  under  a  contract,  and  the  result 
has  been  obvious.  There  is  a  sort  of  dis- 
tinction raised  between  the  designer  pure  and 
simple  and  the  practical  architect.  AVe  hear 
of  " art "  architects  and  "business"  archi- 
tects. Each  is  practised  more  or  less  sepa- 
rately. But,  as  we  have  said,  the  distinction 
is  not  desirable,  for  it  tends  to  widen  the 
breach  between  these  functions  of  the  archi- 
tect. In  this  connection  the  modern  promi- 
nence given  to  draughtsmanship  may  be 
noticed.  It  is  now  regarded  as  an  important 
quaUfication  amongst  many  which  has  brought 
about  an  undesirabl  e  distinction  between  those 
who  can  draw  and  those  who  cannot,  for,  as 
Mr.  Maurice  B.  Adams  said  in  his  paper  we 
printed  last  week,  ' '  drawings  only  furnish 
the  architect  with  his  chief  instruments  of 
service,"  the  very  lines  indeed,  it  is  truly 
said,  deceive  the  client  and  even  the  archi- 
tect. It  is  not,  however,  the  effect  of  draw- 
ing so  much  as  its  accomplishment  as  a 
branch  of  artistic  work  that  we  refer  to.  By 
its  all- engrossing  study  it  has  created  a  sort 
of  fictitious  architecture  more  or  less  estranged 
from  practical  work,  and  widened  the  gulf 
between  the  artist  and  the  builder.  It  has 
by  certain  means — tricks  of  the  pen  and 
brush — made  it  less  able  for  the  working 
man  to  realise  or  carry  out  the  design. 

Between  architect  and  surveyor  also  a 
gulf  has  been  fixed  ;  a  feeling  of  jealousy 
has  grown  between  the  two  classes  ;  the  sur- 
veyor complains  of  the  architect  undertaking 
services  like  valuations  and  quantities,  which 
belong  to  his  vocation,  and  the  architect  on 
his  side  protests  against  the  surveyor  pre- 
paring designs  and  carrying  out  buildings. 
Each  profession  is  becoming  more  anxious  to 
define  its  own  position  and  status,  and  the 
examinations  of  the  Institute  of  Architects 
and  tho  Institution  of  Surveyors  havo  con- 
siderably helped  to  define  tlie  duties  and 
([ualifications  of  each  .and  to  make  them  dis- 
tinct. Yearsagothotwo  professions  woregene- 
rally  practised  by  the  same  person,  and  except 
the  profession  of  land  surveying,  wliich  came 
first  iuto  notice  at  tho  time  of  railway  develop- 
ment, there  were  no  individuals  who  prac- 
tised simply  as  surveyors  in  connection  with 
property,  as  agents,  or  as  building  surveyors, 
as  tnoy  do  now.  How  far  this  subdivision 
has  boon  helpful  wo  nood  not  inquire  iuto  ; 
but  architecture  is  bettor  practised  by  men 
who  can  give  up  their  whole  study  and  time 
to  it,  and  tho  same  may  be  said  of  the  sur- 
veyor. The  two  professions  meet  together 
and  co-operato  in  various  ways  in  (luestions  of 
in-oporty.  compensations  for  various  objects, 
ancient  lights,  in  estate  agency,  and  in  tho 
preparation  of   (luautities.     It  is  necessary 


188 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  5,  1904, 


that  the  architect  should  be  acquainted  with 
the  elements  of  land  surveying,  estate  plan- 
ning, and  valuation  ;  that  he  should  be  able  to 
value  property  and  assess  damages  ;  also  that 
he  should  know  how  quantities  are  taken  off ; 
be  ought  to  know  these  things  as  a  matter  of 
business.  But  we  think  it  is  more  advisable 
that  in  all  that  concerns  these  matters,  the 
qualified  surveyor  is  the  proper  person  to 
employ.  The  surveyor  should  also  know 
the  elements  of  building,  and  be  able  to  get 
out  quantities,  though  we  certainly  think  his 
training  and  education  do  not  entitle  him  to 
take  the  work  of  the  architect  in  designing 
buildings,  and  the  line  between  the  two 
professions  is  becoming  more  defined.  Each 
ought  to  know  something  in  common — it  is 
necessary  and  helpful  in  business ;  but  an 
expert  knowledge  is  a  very  different  thing. 
The  development  of  specialism  illustrates  the 
subject.  liines  of  demarcation  have  been 
•Irawn  to  divide  certain  sections  of  the  pro- 
fession. There  are  those  who  are  experts  in 
church  and  domestic  design,  hospitals  and 
intinnaries,  schools,  workhouses,  prisons, 
courts  of  law,  baths  and  washhousos  ; 
branches  of  construction  are  represented  also, 
as  in  those  who  make  a  speciality  of  sanitary 
work,  steel  construction,  and  so  on.  On  the 
whole,  the  public  at  large  have  benefited  by 
this  subdivision  of  talent  and  capacity,  for 
the  ancient  idea  of  "  architect,"  which 
included  every  science  and  art,  according 
to  Vitruvius,  has  long  since  become  im- 
practicable, owing  to  the  progress  made  in 
science  and  the  arts  of  civilisation  and 
industries  connected  with  building.  Still, 
architecture  and  art  generally  have  lost  by 
the  process  of  disintegration  ;  there  is  a  loss 
of  unity  of  method  and  co-operation.  Busi- 
nesses and  trades  that  should  have  been  con- 
tributory to  the  cause  have  become  more  or 
less  hostile  or  unfriendly  :  the  c.syi/vV  de  corps 
is  lost.  The  lines  of  demarcation  are  too 
often  artificial,  not  natural ;  barriers  are 
raised  by  professional  jealous}-  or  commercial 
interests  or  pique,  as  in  the  case  of  engineer- 
ing, surveying,  and  the  building  crafts. 
Education  is  the  great  leveller  of  these 
barriers,  and  to  it  we  must  look  for  a  more 
reasonable  solution  of  the  difficulties  that 
exist.  Technical  and  manual  training  have 
immenseh'  helped  in  one  department,  and 
we  look  forward  to  a  higher  professional 
education,  in  which  both  theory  and  practice 
find  their  due  proportion,  for  the  breaking- 
down  or  removal  of  those  arbitrary  barriers 
which  professional  bias  and  mere  commer- 
cialism have  erected. 


DECAY  OF  STONEWORK. 

THE  two  reports  drawn  up  Professor 
A.  H.  Church,  E.R.S.,  that  have  been 
issued  are  of  value  and  interest  to  all  archi- 
tects, as  they  deal  with  the  nature  and 
causes  of  decay,  and  the  treatment  advised 
in  respect  of  the  decayed  stonework,  of  the 
Chapter  House  at  Westmiuster.  We  must 
refer  our  readers  to  the  reports  themselves 
for  detailed  particulars.  The  advice  con- 
tained in  the  reports  applies  to  many  struc- 
tures built  of  stone  of  the  same  or  less  age 
than  the  Chapter  House,  which  is  of  13th- 
century  date.  The  stone  affected  "  is  known 
as  Firestone  and  Reigate  stone,"  an  inferior 
sandstone  from  one  of  the  lower  beds 
of  the  Upper  Greensand.  The  silicious 
sand,  glauconite  grains,  and  particles 
of  mica  which  compose  it  are  cemented 
together  by  carbonate  of  lioie,  which  is  said 
to  vary  from  7  to  1 .5  per  cent.  The  stone, 
when  freshly  quarried,  is  of  greenish-grey 
tint,  porous,  and  weathers  badly  ;  it  rapidly 
disintegrates  by  any  acid  water,  and  weak 
sulphui-ic  or  hydrochloric  acid  causes  a  quick 
effervescence  and  the  escape  of  carbonic-acid 
gas  from  the  carbonate  of  lime,  which  is  the 
cementing  material.  The  grains,  by  the 
action  of  acid,  fall  apart,  and  the  continuitv 


of  the  material  is   lost — a  process  of  disin- 
tegration which  explains  the  decay  of  nearly 
all  our  building  stones.     When  we  examine 
any  decayed  stonework  we  find  nearly  always 
the  same   effect:    a    thin,    fragile    crust   or 
skin    of    stone,    which    crumbles    away    at 
the  slightest  touch.     Professor  Church  says  : 
"  In    many     portions    of    the    carved     and 
ashlar     work,     a     light     touch     with     the 
finger    or    with    a   sable    brush    brings   off 
the  face,  often  as  a  crust  of  some  thickness. 
And  the  decay  is  not  confined  to  the  surface, 
but  has  in   many  places  penetrated   to  the 
depth  of  two  or  more  inches."    The  Professor 
also  refers  to  the  permanently  acid  character 
of  the  watery  extract  from  the  decayed  stone 
and  in  the  "  large  quantity  of  soluble  salts 
which  this  extract  contains — sulphates  and 
chlorides  of  calcium,  magnesium,  potassium, 
and  ammonium."     He  gives  an  analysis  of 
the  powdery  stone  collected  from    the    de- 
cayed face  of   the    mouldings    and   walling 
of  the  north  side.     This  and  other  analyses 
show   "  that  the  sulphuric  acid  of  the  West- 
minster atmosphere  has  been  the  main  cause 
of    the    decay.     It  has    attacked    the    cal- 
careous cement  of  the  stone,  and  has  turned 
it  into  gypsum — in  so  doing  disrupting  the 
material."      The    chlorine    found,    also  the 
Professor  says,  is  another  destructive  agent 
— hydrochloric  acid,  in  part  derived  from  the 
operation  of  glazing  stoneware  with  salt  in 
the  Ijambeth  potteries.     As  to  the  treatment 
advocated,   the  report  says:  "The  mischief 
having     beea     done     by    acid,     let   us   try 
to  repair  it  by  a  base  which   at  the   same 
time  shall  convert  the  gypsum  now  present 
into  something  less  soluble,   which  may  act 
as  a  binding  material.     There  is  but  one  base 
available — namely,  the  earth  baryta — and,  so 
far  as  I  know,  but  two  compounds  of  it,  the 
aluminate  and  the  hydrate.''     After  full  con- 
sideration and   many   experiments  with  the 
decayed  stone,  the  Professor  thinks  that  pure 
baryta  water — i.e.,   a    solution   in   water  of 
barium  hydrate,  saturated  at  a  summer  tem- 
perature, when  it  contains  about  3  per  cent, 
of  baryta  (BaO) — would  achieve  the  end  in 
view.     This  liquid  was  proved  to  penetrate 
the  decayed    stone    to    a   depth   of   several 
inches,  and  did  not  possess  any  tendency  to 
form  an  impervious  crust  on  the  surface.     A 
few    applications    of    this    liquid    produced 
no    appreciable    hardening ;    but    after    the 
"sixth,    or    it    might    be     only    after    the 
twelfth,  treatment,  the  stone  was   not  only 
completely   recoLstituted,    but    had   become 
harder  and   more    solid    than    wh?n    in  its 
original  condition."     The  report  describes  the 
method  of  application,  the  necessity  of    re- 
moving the  dust  from  the  surface  by  means 
of  an  air-jet,  the  barj-ta  water  being  applied 
by  means  of  a  White   patent  pneumatic   dif- 
fuse'- to  the  decayed  surface,  and  the  import- 
ance of  the  workmen  washing  their  hands 
before  eating,  as   baryta  is  toxic,  &c.     The 
action   of    baryta  -water    upon   the   decayed 
stone  is  to  convert   the  sulphate  of  lime  into 
sulphate  of  baryta,  which  is  insoluble  and 
cannol  be  affected  by  the  acids  in  the  aii-,  and 
the  hydrate  of  lime  also  formed  will  become 
a  carbonate. 

From  the  second  report  dated  Xov.  IS, 
1903,  by  Professor  Church,  the  results  of  the 
above  treatment  are  made  clear.  Four  bays 
of  the  Chapter  House,  treated  in  1901.  and 
the  remaining  four  bays  last  year,  are  said 
to  be  successfully  done.  The  outer  face  of 
the  western  entrance,  which  had  been  sprayed 
four  times  in  1991,  and  several  times  on 
July  9  last  year,  M'as  treated  ;  also  a  decayed 
Pui-beck  marble  column  and  lower  part  of 
jamb  of  doorway  in  firestone.  Success 
attended  the  treatment  of  the  Purbeck 
marble  shaft  as  well  as  the  other  portions. 
The  report  speaks  of  the  amount  of  baryta- 
water  used  on  the  decayed  parts  and  interior 
of  Chapter  House — namely,  220  gallons,  the 
area  covered  being  500  super,  yards.  In  the 
first  spraying  one  gallon  sufficed  for  21  super, 
yards,  and  for  subsequent  sprayings  20  yards 


were  covered  per  gallon.  On  the  average 
the  surface  was  treated  nine  times.  It  is 
stated  that  the  actual  weight  of  baryta  which 
the  decayed  stonework  absorbed,  after  losses, 
&c.,  was  nearly  JOlb.  The  report  points  out 
one  advantage  of  baryta-water  over  other 
preservative  solutions — namrly,  the  depth  to 
which  it  peneti-ates  the  decayed  stone.  From 
some  laboratory  tests  this  was  found  to  be  over 
3in.  The  value  of  this  penetrating  action 
in  stone  of  porous  quality  is  obvious.  A 
great  many  of  our  decayed  buildings  of  stone 
could  be  similarly  treated  by  sprays  or  injec- 
tions of  such  a  solution.  It  is  stated  that  by 
repeated  applications  the  stone  is  hardened 
from  the  back,  not  merely  at  the  surface. 
That  is  to  say,  the  preservative  solution  of 
baryta-water  solidifies  and  hardens  the  inner 
portions  of  the  stone  first  before  the  surface 
is  reached,  whereas  in  many  solutions  an 
artificial  crust  is  formed  outside  which  ex- 
cludes moisture  for  a  time  till  it  peels  off  to 
render  a  fresh  attack  of  moisture  and  acid 
more  easy.  Professor  Church  says'there  were 
"two  reasons  which  prevented  the  employ- 
ment of  baryta-water  alone  as  a  stone 
restorer  and  preservative  untU  my  West- 
minster experiments.  One  of  these  was  the 
failure  to  realise  the  fact  of  its  efficiency 
when  applied  an  adequate  number  of  times  ; 
the  other  was  the  cost,  not  of  material,  but  of 
labour." 

The  subject  is  one  of  the  greatest  in- 
terest to  all  restorers  of  ancient  and  decayed 
buildings.  There  have  been  so  many  un- 
successful attempts  to  aii'est  the  decay  of 
stone — some  of  them  only  partially  effective, 
others  exceedingly  costly  processes,  that  any 
announcement  of  more  promising  results  is 
of  interest.  But  we  must  wait  yet  longer 
before  we  can  say  anything  about  the  new 
treatment.  Only  the  test  of  time  and  atmo- 
spheric agencies  combined  will  enable  us  to 
pronounce  a  definite  opinion  on  any  treatment. 
And  it  is  a  sort  of  application  that  calls 
for  skilful  supervision — for  instance,  to  see 
that  the  stone  has  been  dusted  and  the  filmy 
coatings  of  the  surface  brushed  away  before 
any  solution  can  be  applied  to  the  surface 
with  any  effect.  We  have  known  of  owners 
of  buildings  subject  to  dampness  try  some 
advertised  remedy — a  paint  or  a  solution. 
The  material  is  purchased,  and  perhaps  a 
local  builder  or  tradesman  is  employed  to 
put  it  on  the  walls.  Probably  only  one  coat 
is  put  on,  which  is  thought  sufficient,  instead 
of  tw.o  or  three  or  more,  and  the  owner  is 
.astonished  if  the  application  is  not  successful. 
Who  can  wonder  !'  The  local  man  tnows 
little  or  nothing  of  the  solution,  and  applies 
it  in  the  wrong  way.  He  is  no  chemist,  and 
cannot  be  expected  to  understand  the  action 
of  the  solution.  The  patentee  or  manufac- 
turer is  the  right  person  to  undertake  the 
application  of  his  own  solution :  he  takes 
moie  pains  with  it  to  make  it  a  success. 

The  condition  of  the  stone  buildings  of 
London  is  a  question  of  importance.  Very 
few  of  those  constructed  or  faced  with  masonry 
other  than  Portland  stone  have  not  suffered 
more  or  less.  In  many  instances  rapid  dis- 
integration is  going  on  in  parts  exposed  to 
the  rain  and  wind,  while  in  other  less  exposed 
surfaces  the  decay  is  less  perceptible.  A 
great  deal  of  this  decay  has  arisen  froin  an 
inferior  selection  of  stones.  The  architect 
specifies  a  certain  variety,  and  it  is  employed 
everywhere  in  the  building  .alike,  instead  of 
selecting  those  qualities  particularly  adapted 
for  their  different  purposes  and  positions  in 
the  building.  Can  we  wonder  at  rapid  decay 
in  particular  parts  ?  For  instance,  Bath  stone, 
admirable  where  the  proper  kinds  are  selected 
for  weather  stones,  quickly  decays  in  exposed 
situations,  such  as  Corngrit,  a  hard  but 
bad  weathering  stone  :  while  Corsham  Hown, 
I  'ombe  Down,  and  Monk's  Park  are  suitable 
for  outside  purposes.  But  not  only  selection 
is  answerable  for  failure,  but  want  of  skill  in 
setting  the  stone.  In  many  of  the  instances 
of  decayed   stone    buildings,   the   "  natural 


Feb. 


1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


189 


bed  "  has  not  been  observed.  Sometimes  we 
lind  the  laminio  placed  parallel  instead  of  at 
right  angles  to  the  face  of  wall,  and  every 
frost  affects  the  outer  surface.  The  outer 
lamiu;i'  peel  off,  and  expose  a  fresh  surface 
to  attack.  But  the  lamiu;r  should  bo  placed 
according  to  the  position  or  sha])o  of  the 
stone ;  in  cornices  and  .strings  they  ought 
to  bo  vertical!}-  disposed ;  it  placed  hori- 
zontally they  would  soon  scale  oil',  leaving  the 
mouldings  rough  and  uneven.  Common 
sense  will  dictate  the  true  po.sition  to  resist 
the  action  of  the  weather,  and  in  the  case  of 
mouldings  some  judgment  is  necessary  ;  the 
under  side  of  members,  such  as  hollows 
which  seldom  get  the  sun,  is  generally  damp 
and  exposed  to  decay.  For  resisting  pressure, 
of  course,  the  laminn'  of  a  stone  are  best 
placed  horizontallj-  so  as  to  be  at  right  angles 
to  the  line  of  pressure.  Then  how  often 
stones  are  used  that  are  in  an  unseasoned 
state  when  they  come  from  the  quarry,  and 
the  first  frost  works  serious  havoc.  These 
are  matters  too  often  neglected,  and  the  con- 
sequence is  seen  in  the  rapid  disintegration  of 
the  stonework. 


ROYAL      INSTITTJTE      OF      BRITISH 
ARCHITECTS. 

THE  annual  prize  distribution  and  delivery  of 
the  President's  address  to  students  drew  to 
the  Institute  rooms,  in  Conduit-street,  on  Monday 
evening,  as  iisual,  an  overflowing  attendance  of 
the  younger  members  of  the  profession  and  their 
friends,  and  also  a  number  of  the  senior  architects. 
The  President,  Mr.  Astox  "Wedii,  K.A.,  F.S.A., 
occupied  the  chair.  The  Secretary,  Mr.  W.  J. 
Locke,  read  a  letter  from  Mr.  Alfred  Saxon 
Snell,  F.R.I.B.A.,  thanking  the  members  for  the 
vote  of  condolence  passed  with  reference  to  tha 
recent  death  of  his  father,  Mr.  Henry  Saxon 
Snell,  and  adding  that  under  his  father's  will  a 
sum  of  £750  had  been  bequeathed  for  the  found- 
ing of  a  scholarship  to  be  awarded  triennially. 
Further  particulars  of  the  scheme  would  be  fur- 
nished later  on.  The  President  proposed  a  vote 
of  thanks  to  Mr.  Saxon  Snell  for  his  communica- 
tion, and  expressed  his  gratification  that  so  useful 
a  bequest  had  been  made  by  this  old  <oUeague. 

THE  ROYAL    GOLD   MED.1L. 

The  President  added  that  the  Council  proposed 
to  recommend  to  his  Majesty  the  King,  as  a  fitting 
recipient  of  the  Royal  Gold  Medal,  annually  con- 
ferred on  some  distinguished  architect  or  man  of 
science  and  letters,  the  name  of  JI.  Auguste 
Choisy,  of  Paris,  chief  engineer  of  bridges  and 
roads  to  the  Government  of  France.  ^Ir.  Wehh 
then  proceeded  to  deliver  his  second  annual 

ADDRESS     TO     STUDENTS  :      THE     PLEASURES     OE     AN 
ARCniTECT's   LIFE. 

Last  year,  thePiiEsioEXT  reminded  his  hearers, 
his  subject  was  the  importance  of  work  for  the 
student ;  that  evening  he  proposed  to  say  some- 
thing on  the  pleasures  in  connection  with  archi- 
tecture, for  there  was  no  work  m  the  world  which 
had  more  pleasant  by-paths  and  quiet  resting- 
places  than  the  art  of  architecture. 

Gf  course,  the  greatest  pleasure  of  all,  the 
President  continued,  is  the  pleasure  of  your  work. 
If  you  do  not  feel  this  I  advise  you,  a's  I  did  last 
year,  to  throw  up  architecture,  and  take  to  some- 
thing else  before  it  is  too  late.  Yet  what  pleasure 
can  be  greater  than  seeing  the  realisation  of  your 
ideas  in  brick  and  stone,  even  though  your  steps 
may  bo  faltering  and  the  result  disappointing  r 
If  you  can  say  with  Tennyson,  "  ( ince  in  a 
golden  hour  I  cast  to  earth  a  seed,  up  there  came 
a  flower,"  then  those  golden  hours  will  be  your 
pleasure  in  life  ;  few  and  far  between  they  may 
be,  but  never  to  be  forgotten  when  they  come, 
and  their  memory  wUI  not  fade.  Gne  of  the 
pleasures  an  architect  should  cultivate  is 

REAIlIXd 

poetry  of  all  sorts  and  kinds,  romances,  plays, 
and  imaginative  works  generally.  If  you  arc  to 
be  creative  ycu  must  also  be  receptive.  You 
cannot  always  be  giving  out  unless  you  are  also 
taking  in,  and  if  you  cultivate  the  habit  of  read- 
ing you  will  be  able  to  get  rest  and  refreshment 
froni  it,  even  at  times  of  the  greatest  perplexity, 
anxiety,  and  even  embarrassiiiont.  I'.ut  you  must 
acquire  the  habit  while  you  are  young,  and  it  will 
enable  you  in  the  future  to  tran.spjant  yourself 


for  an  hour  or  two,  at  will,  into  an  enchanted 
land,  where  builders  cease  from  troubling,  and 
even  your  clients  (or  your  desire  for  them)  will  be 
at  rest.  Another  of  your  pleasures  will  be  the 
study  of  painting  and  sculpture  (modern  and 
antique).  Alfred  Stevens,  sculptor,  painter,  and 
architect,  used  to  say,  "  I  kno*  but  one  art,"  and 
if  you  are  wise  you  will  know  but  one,  and  train 
yourself  accordingly.  And  now,  what  are  the 
other  pleasures  of  an  architect's  life  that  may  be 
indulged  in,  with  advantage  to  himself  and  his 
art'r 

TRAVEL 

is  another  of  the  pleasures  that  naturally  appeal 
to  the  architect.  Y'ou  may  go  round  the  world  or 
over  Europe,  or  through  England,  though  this 
costs  money,  and  perhaps  that  is  not  a  plentiful 
article  with  you.  Well,  then,  you  have  plenty  of 
scope  in  London  alone,  which  need  not  cost  any- 
thing to  those  who  live  here.  Sir  Laurence 
Alma-Tadema  gave  a  needed  hint  last  year  to 
those  about  to  travel,  not  to  go  abroad  till  tliey 
knew  something  of  their  own  country  .and  their 
own  city.  Here  in  London  we  have  two  of  the 
finest  Gothic  and  Renaissance  churches  in  the 
world,  a  series  of  Renaissance  parish  churches 
unequalled  anywhere,  and  a  wealth  of  domestic 
and  commercial  buildings,  ancient  and  modern, 
that  would  take  a  man's  life  to  know.  A  friend 
of  mine,  an  architect,  has  hardly  been  out  of 
England  all  his  life,  and  I  verily  believe  his  art 
is  the  better  for  it ;  yet  how  few  study  what  is  at 
their  dooi's,  *'  For  thus  'twas  ever,  things  within 
our  ken  owl-Uke  we  blink  at,  and  direct  our 
search  to  farthest  Inde,  in  quest  of  noveltits." 

SKETCHING. 

To  enjoy  travel  properly  you  must,  of  course, 
sketch  and  draw  a  little.  In  my  day  we  used  to 
make  water-colour  sketches,  which  had  no  value 
as  pictures  and  still  less  as  architectural  records  ; 
but  the  making  of  them  was  and  still  is  to  some 
of  us  a  distinct  and  harmless  pleasure,  not  to  be 
overlooked  but  enjoyed  in  moderation.  The  same 
pleasure  can  be  got  from  pencil  sketching,  with  a 
tew  of  the  leading  dimensions  added,  and,  though 
such  sketches  cannot  be  framed,  they  will  bo  use- 
ful, which  is  far  more  important.  The  true  value 
of  all  sketching  is  to  enable  the  student  to  arrive 
first  at  the  end  the  artist  aimed  at,  and  then  to 
discover  the  means  he  employed  :  apart  from  this 
all  the  pretty  draughtsmanship  we  see  is  quite 
thrown  away.  Still,  sketching  will  always 
remain,  however  pursued,  one  of  the  recreations 
of  an  architect's  life.  Piinting  is  not  for  him, 
except  of  course  a  general  knowledge  of  painting 
and  sculpture — enough  to  enable  him  to  form  an 
opinion  of  good  and  bad,  and  to  distinguish  the 
works  of  diSlerent  masters  by  their  various 
methods ;  and  no  man  should  think  of  going  to 
Italy  without  first  mastering  to  some  extent  our 
great  collection  in  Trafalgar  -  square.  Then 
there  is 

ARCH.KOLOGY 

— a  good  servant,  but  a  bad  master.  We  have 
allowed  it  to  be  our  master  for  close  on  a  century, 
and  in  return  it  has  well-nigh  strangled  all  the 
life  out  of  us,  so  that  we  dare  not  call  our  style 
our  own.  The  other  day  I  was  asked  to  write  my 
opinions  on  what  is  called  "  I'Art  Nouveau."  I 
was  obliged  to  decline ;  but  had  I  done  so,  1 
should  have  said  that,  though  no  admirer  of  that 
parti'^ular  phase  of  art  expression,  1  welcome 
almost  any  effort  to  break  through  the  paraljsing 
trammels  in  which  archtoology  has  bound  so  much 
of  our  work.  Still,  what  greater  pleasure  can 
there  be  than  to  stay  in  a  country  village  and  trace 
the  growth  and  history  of  its  parish  church : — 
to  study  the  Norman  beginning,  the  various  ex- 
tensions from  time  to  time  for  increased  accom- 
modation or  displaj',  the  founder's  tomb  with  his 
genealogy  and  heraldry,  perhaps  the  matrix  of  a 
brass  and  the  disfigured  font,  the  occasional  floor 
tile  and  the  oft-deciphereil  fresco,  all  making  an 
ideal  holiday  and  an  unadulterated  pleasure ;  only 
you  had  better  leave  it  at  that,  and  not  attempt 
to  reproduce  what  is  not  reproducible.  Then 
there  are  the  somewhat  sterner  pleasures,  such  as 
the  study  of  geology  and  clieniistry.  Unless  you 
have  had  your  thoughts  directed  to  these  at 
school  you  are  hardly  likely  to  take  them  u]i 
afterwards ;  but  if  you  have,  you  will  do  well  to 
keep  in  touch  with  them.  The  cliffs  and  the  hills 
will  be  of  moru  interest  to  you  for  the  one,  and 
all  life  for  the  other,  and  the  materials  with 
which  you  liuild  tor  both.  JIusie,  if  yini  are 
gifted  that  way,  will  give  you  endless  pleasure, 
if  not  apparently  in  very  direct  connection  with 
your  work  ;  yet  there  may  bo  more  relation  be- 


tween the  harmonies  of  sound  and  the  harmonies 
of  proportion  than  are  at  present  dreamt  of  in 
our  philosophy.  Another  pleasure  of  a  very 
different  kind  is  that  of 

CRITICISIXO 

— not  the  pleasure  of  being  criticised  ;  that  is  a 
chastening  ordeal  good  no  doubt  for  all  of  us  'and 
one  which  is  never  lacking) ;  not  the  friendly 
criticism,  however  severe,  among  ourselves  of 
each  other's  work,  which  is  natural,  improving, 
and  proper;  not  the  friendly  and  informing 
criticism,  but  the  pleasure  it  gives  to  some  to  find 
fault — to  set  up  for  themselves  some  almost  im- 
possible preconceived  ideal  of  i)erfection,  and 
then  to  hold  up  a  building  to  scorn  and  reproach 
because  it  has  not  reached  th's  ideal.  Be  as 
severe  a  critic  as  you  like  of  your  o»n  work,  and 
never  allow  yourself  to  be  fully  contented  with 
it ;  but  I  should  leave  criticism  of  this  soit  as 
much  as  possible  alone.  It  is  no  doubt  a  duty 
which  some  feel  bound  for  the  good  of  their 
fellow-countrymen  to  undertake,  and  useful  it  no 
doubt  is  :  but  remember  what  the  old  Don  said 
to  his  students  :  "  Everyone  may  be  mistaken 
sometimes,  even  the  youngest  of  us."  You  will 
find  more  real  pleasure  in  the  admiration  of  noble 
things  and  fine  design  than  in  the  criticism  of 
even  mean  and  inferior  work.  Perhaps  one  of 
the  greatest  pleasures  our  work  offers  to  us  is  the 
opportunity  and  pleasiire  of 

FttiENDSiirr. 

Our  branch  of  art  is  essentially  associative.  It  is 
conceivable  a  man  may  paint  a  picture  or  car»  e 
a  statue  in  the  loneliness  of  his  studio,  unassisted 
by  his  fellow-man,  and,  as  a  fact,  many  painters 
take  pride  that  they  do  this,  and  that  their  work 
is  that  of  their  own  unaided  hands.  With  us  it 
can  never  be  so,  and  we  must  cultivate  sociability, 
and  be  able  to  rub  shoulders  and  associate  with  all 
members  of  our  craft.  A  policy  of  splendid 
isolation  is  leabt  of  all  suited  to  an  architect 
amongst  artists.  Y'cu  will,  if  you  are  wise,  be 
friends  with  all  whom  you  employ.  Y'ou  will  get 
better  work  from  an  intelligent  mason  by  a  little 
friendly  chat  with  him  than  with  all  your 
stringent  clauses  in  specification  and  conditions 
of  contract.  Some  people  seem  to  think  an  archi- 
tect is  a  sort  of  detective  set  over  the  men  to 
watch  them,  and  would  be  horrified  to  see  their 
architect  on  friendly  terms  with  those  they 
employ ;  but  such  people  are  not  those  that  are 
best  served,  or  get  the  best  work  done  in  the  end. 
The  architect  should  rather  be  in  the  position  of 
the  general  selecting  his  lieutenanti  to  assist  him 
in  the  work,  and  enjoying  the  full  confidence  of 
his  men  ;  they  should  be  proud  and  pleased  to  see 
him  on  the  work,  anxious  he  should  see  what  they 
are  doing,  knowing  he  will  praise  where  praise  is 
due,  and  blame  only  where  blame  is  necessary. 
This  may  sound  to  you  a  little  I'topian,  but  it 
should  not  do  so.  "  If  it  is  there  is  something 
wrong  somewhere,  and  it  is  for  you  young  men 
to  help  to  set  it  right.  Then  the  pleasure  of 
friendship  with  your  brother  architects  is  one 
that  may  last  all  your  life  or  theirs.  Our  meet- 
ings here,  and  at  the  Architectural  Association, 
offer  the  opportunitj'  of  sowing  the  seed,  which 
can  be  strengthened  in  numberless  ways.  For 
myself,  I  have  always  been  a  member  of  one  or 
mora  small  coteries  tbat  meet  periodically  at  each 
others'  houses,  and  they  have  always  been  red- 
letter  days  to  me.  In  I.ondon,  personal  compe- 
tition is  rarely  so  keen  that  the  most  strenuous 
life  need  not  be  the  cause  of  losing  friends. 

COMrETITIOX    VKOIILEMS. 

I  have  heard  that  the  late  William  Burges  used 
lo  say  the  happiest  moment  in  an  architect's  life 
was  when  he  received  notice  that  he  had  won  a 
competition,  and  before  the  troubles  and  anxieties 
of  carrying  it  out  h,ad  fallen  upon  him.  But  I 
would  not  myself  lay  too  much  stress  on  this,  for 
there  is  also  from  time  to  time,  to  the  man  who 
competes,  the  counterbalancing  depression  caused 
by  the  receipt  of  a  communication  of  a  different 
kind.  At  the  same  time,  1  may  be  allowed  to 
say  that  some  of  my  happiest  times  have  been 
passed  in  working  out  largo  competition  problems 
with  my  friend  Mr.  Ingress  Bell,  and  I  h»ve 
found  there  is  real  pleasure  attending  on  such 
woi'k.     And  now  I  have  left 

THE    OREATEST    TLEASfRE   OF    ALL 

to  the  last,  the  pleasure  we  may  legitimately  feel 
in  going  over  our  completed  building,  in  which 
wo  have  done  our  level  best,  with  all  the  skill 
which  we  have  been  able  to  bring  to  bear  upon  it 
— no  detail  ill-considered,  no  requirement  over- 


190 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  5,  1904. 


looked  ;  perfect  it  will  not  and  cannot  be,  but  if 
it  is  as  perfect  as  we  can  make  it,  we  may  legiti- 
mately be  proud  of  it  and  honestly  pleased  at  its 
completion.  What  more  touching  picture  than 
the  aged  Christopher  spending  each  birthday, 
after  the  completion  of  St.  Paul's,  under  its 
mighty  dome !'  You  may  be  sure  that  was  one 
of  his  greatest  pleasures  in  later  life,  and  one  he 
could  not  have  enjoyed  had  he  not  known  he  had 
done  his  best.  It  is  for  us  older  men  to  see 
visions — risiona  of  what  might  have  been.  It  is 
for  you  younger  men  to  dream  dreams — dreams  of 
what  may  be  and  will  be.  And  now  I  have  verj- 
imperfectly  jotted  down,  amid  a  variety  of  occu- 
pations and  distractions,  some  of  the  pleasures 
that  may  come  into  our  lives  if  we  will ;  it  is 
pleasant  for  a  moment  to  dwell  upon  them,  and 
to  leave  dull  care  behind.  Such  are  the  things 
that  will  help  to  make  us  sing  at  our  work  and 
enjoy  it,  and  so  make  others  enjoy  it  also.  You 
and  I  will  not  stand  here  face  to  face  again,  as 
we  do  to-night,  and  so  I  am  glad  my  last  words 
are  not  of  faction,  of  disputes  and  controversy, 
but  of  the  pleasant  side  of  our  art.  I  am  well 
aware  I  have  said  nothing  of  that  all-important 
matter  Design.  I  have  refrained  from  doing  so, 
because.]  believe,  with  William  Burges,  that  this  is 
a  direct  gift  given  to  each  of  us,  in  a  more  or  less 
degree,  and  there  is,  therefore,  no  good  in  talking 
any  more  about  it ;  but,  in  wishing  you  all  fare- 
well, I  also  wish  you  every  {>09sible  success  in  the 
future.  Some  of  you  wOl,  I  doubt  not,  occupy 
this  chair  in  due  course,  and  be  as  surprised  to 
find  yourself  here  as  I  have  been  ;  but  whatever 
may  be  in  store  for  you ,  determine  you  will  hold 
nigh  the  standard  of  our  art,  and  keep  your 
shield  bright  so  that  you  may  stand  before  the 
world  and  be  not  ashamed. 

REVIEW    OF    THE    WORKS    Sl'BMITrED    FOR   THE 
PRIZES    AND    STUDENTSHIPS. 

Mr.  James  S.  Gibson  had  written  the  following 
review  of  the  competitive  designs  and  drawings 
prepared  in  the  various  competitions,  and  in  his 
unavoidable  absence  from  town  it  was  read  by 
the  Secretary. 

The  value  of  any  real  criticism  lies  in  the 
impartial  and  judicious  attitude  of  the  critic 
towards  the  work,  and  it  shall  be  my  endeavour 
to  waive  any  personal  preferences  or  prejudices, 
and  treat  the  subjects  in  a  broad  and  liberal 
manner.  The  usefulness  of  the  criticism  lies  in 
the  openness  of  mind  of  those  criticised  to  allow 
the  resulting  reasons  and  decisions  of  the  critic 
to  influence  their  work  and  methods,  so  that 
improveuient  may  come. 

THE   ESSAY. 

Before  dealing  with  the  drawings  and  designs 
let  me  say  a  few  words  on  the  Essay,  for  which, 
unfortunately,  no  work  has  been  submitted  this 
year  of    sufficient   merit   to   obtain   the   award. 
Repeated    attempts    have    been  made  of   recent 
years  to  get  a  good  response  for  the  Essay  medal, 
and  this  year  eight  competitors  entered  the  lists ; 
and  it  is  disappointing  to  think  that  not  one  of 
those    had    sufficient    grasp    of    the   subject   or 
literary  style  to  obtain   the  prize,  which  would 
not  be  withheld    by   the    Council  without   just 
cause.    Now,   the    value  of    expressing   oneself 
clearly  in  good,  terse  language  is  of  great  moment 
to  you  as  architects,  and  the  habit  of  putting  in 
writing  your   ideas,  desires,    and   conclusions  is 
certainly  one  you  should  cultivate.     You  need  not 
think  that  you  have  to  be  a  Ruskin  in  your  com- 
mand  and   mastery  of  language   to   obtain   this 
prize :    literary    style    and    finish   are   no  doubt 
essential,  but  the  cultivation  of  style  wiU  in  itself 
be    a  pleasure  and   bring  its  own   reward.     To 
those  who    are   ambitious — and  surely  ambition 
courses  through  the  veins  of  youth — there  is  an 
incentive  in  knowing  that  the  name  of  one  of  the 
foremost  novelists  of  our  time,  Thomas  Hardy, 
■will  be  found  on  our  scroll  as  Prize  Essayist  for 
the  year  1S62.     The  committee  find  the  greatest 
difficulty  in  obtaining  subjects  for  the  Essay  and 
also   for    the   designs — subjects  which    shall  be 
broad,  likely  to  appeal  to  a  great  number,  and  of 
value   to  the  whole  profession.     The  committee 
would  gladly  welcome  suggestions  of  subjects  for 
future   prizes,   and   if   you  have  any  ideas  send 
them  in  at  once  for  our  consideration.     Remember 
that  anything  in  the  nature  of  specialisation  is  to 
be  avoided. 

THE   MEASURED   URAWINOS. 

The  Pleasured  Drawings  have  attracted  twelve 
competitors,  and  the  medal  goes  to  Mr.  L.  M. 
Gotch  for  a  creditable  set  of  drawings  of  the 
Church  of   St.  Oswald,  Ashbourne,  Derbyshire. 


The  one-eighth  scale  drawings  are  all  good : 
clear  records  of  an  interi  sting  work,  care- 
fully rendered — just  what  we  have  a  right  to 
expect  in  measured  work.  The  Mn.  scale  is  very 
weak  in  freehand  drawing,  of  which  there  is  very 
little  in  this  set ;  and  in  this  respect  it  falls 
below  both  the  sets  distinguished  by  honourable 
mention .  The  full-size  sections  are  unsympathetic  - 
ally  drawn  ;  there  is  too  much  compass  work 
about  them.  Remember  that  "f -square  and 
compass  drawing  is  the  most  elementary  kind 
of  drawing  and  easily  acquired.  AU  students 
would  do  well  in  their  full  sizes  to  make  it  quite 
clear  which  is  the  section  side  of  their  mouldings, 
as  several  of  those  submitted  would  read  equally 
well  either  side,  and  I  would  suggest  a  flick  of 
the  brush  occasionally  on  the  inside  of  the 
moulding,  or  a  thick-and-thin  section.  You  may 
find  it  very  annoying  in  after  life  to  have,  for 
example,  your  plaster  cornices  run  the  reverse 
way  of  the  moulding  because  you  have  not  made 
it  absolutely  clear  which  side  of  your  drawing  you 
wanted  the  mould  cut  to  fit.  The  ^in.  details  of 
tracery  windows  submitted  by  Mr.  G.  S.  Salomons 
are  beautifully  drawn  and  deserving  of  com- 
mendation. 

THE    rUGIN    STUDENTSHIP. 

We  now  pass  to  the  Pugin  Studentship,  which 
has  OQly  attracted  three  competitors,  of  whom 
one  is  not  impor'ait  enough  to  justify  serious 
criticism.  The  medal  is  awarded  to  Mr.  F.  C. 
Mears  for  a  comprehensive  set  of  drawings  of 
rather  unequal  merit.  The  coloured  sketches  are 
sadly  lacking  in  clearness  and  vigour,  and  do  not 
express  the  character  of  the  work.  The  measured 
drawings  are  very  good,  and  those  of  Pershore 
Abbey  are  particularly  fine.  The  pencil  and 
wash  drawings  are  much  better  than  the  coloured 
work,  and  show  sympathy  with  the  Medi;ival 
architecture — work  which  this  Studentship  was 
founded  to  foster — and  I  have  no  doubt  that  the 
student  will  greatly  benefit  by  his  further  studies 
of  it.  A  Medal  of  Merit  has  been  awarded  to  Mr. 
W.  S.  A.  Gordon  for  his  well-chosen  subjects  and 
sympathetically-drawn  work.  The  pencil  draw- 
ings are  among  the  finest  ever  submitted  in  this 
competition. 

THE    OWEN    JONES    STUDENTSHIP. 

The  Owen  Jones  Studentship  is  awarded  to 
Mr.  W.  Davidson  as  the  best  of  the  five  com- 
petitors.    The  drawings  show  a  certain  facility 
in  handling  water-colours  and  an  ability  to  draw 
the   figure,  more  than  an  appreciation  of  archi- 
tecture decoratively  treated  with  colo'ur,  of  which 
there  is  no  good  example  among  his  exhibits.     I 
would  especially  direct  the  attention  of  students 
to   the   unwise    practice   of   late   years  showing 
examples  of  marble  and  mosaic  floors  and  wall- 
linings  of  elaborate  geometrical  patterns,  which 
apparently  entail  an  enormous  amount  of  purely 
mechanical  drawing  to  portray,  the  artistic  results 
of  which  are  so  limited  in  scope  and  value.     This 
is  especiaDy  seen   in  the  prize  winner's  sheet  of 
floors  and  friezes,  and  il.  L.  Rome  Guthrie's  sheet 
of  marble  floors.     The  endeavour  of  the  student 
should  be  concentrated  on  getting  a  grasp  of  the 
motive  that  underlies  the   decorative  scheme  of 
any  building,  the  basis  upon  which  the  scheme  is 
founded.     A   note   of  the  detail  of  a  floor  or  a 
frieze  which  is  almost  entirely  geometrical  and 
mechanical  in  the  repetition  of  its  parts  is  quite 
enough  if  the  note  be  a  true  one  as  to  colour  and 
form.     To  illustrate  my  meaning  clearly,  I  think 
the  drawings    of    the  Mihrab  in  the  Mosque  at 
Cordova,  and  the  Capello  Palatina,  Palermo,  are 
splendid  specimens  of  the  type  of  drawing  which 
this  studentship  was  founded  to  encourage.  They 
show   the  application    cf    colour    decoration    to 
architecture   in   the  sense  understood  by  Owen 
Jones.     Those  drawings  have  no  tone  or  atmo- 
sphere,  although  these  are  the  qualities   which 
play   the   most   important    part    in    the    colour 
scheme  of  any  decorated  building  ;  but  they  show 
the  form  and  colour  of  the  ornament,  which  used 
on  the  building  produce  the  results  we  all  admire. 
They  are  really  an  analysis  of  the  colour  scheme, 
and  are  valuable  on  that  account.    A  Turner  or  a 
Roberts  could  give  us  the  tone  and  atmosphere  of 
these  buildings,  but   we  could  not  deduce  from 
their  paintings  the  means  by  which  the  effect  is 
obtained.     The  water-colour  sketches   submitted 
by  Mr.   H.  Morley  are  an  attempt  to  depict  the 
tone  and  effect  of  buildings  and  landscapes  ;  but 
they    are    not    very     successful    as    such,    and 
certainly  do   not  bear  any  relation  to  the  pur- 
poses for  which  the  Studentship  was  instituted. 
His  drawings  of  purely  architectural  detail,  such 
as  the  "  fuU  sizes  of  a  painted  altar-piece,"  are 


feeble  in  the  extreme.  I  would  strongly  urge 
students  to  concentrate  their  energies  on  archi- 
tecture decorated  with  colour,  to  portray  ex- 
amples of  church  roofs,  arcades,  walls,  and  domes  ; 
they  will  find  the  work  just  as  interesting  as 
doing  a  few  scraps  of  glass  or  mosaic  or  tiles,  and 
they  will  be  better  equipped  to  deal  with  the 
decoration  of  their  own  buildings.  They  will 
thus  be  able  to  dispense  with  about  one-half  of 
the  drawings  now  sent  in,  and  the  Council  will 
be  much  better  able  to  judge  it  the  winner  is 
likely  to  benefit  from  the  further  study  which  tha 
Studentship  affords. 

THE    GRISSELL    MEDAL. 

The  timber  spire  or  lantern  has  attractect 
fourteen  competitors,  and  Mr.  W.  Hepburn  comes 
easily  first.  The  design  is  an  excellent  one,  clever 
in  inception,  splendidly  drawn,  and  carefuOy 
worked  out  in  all  its  details.  The  problem  is  one 
in  carpentry,  and  one  which  has  been  solved  by 
the  old  carpenters  who  worked  on  our  Jlediteval 
cathedrals  in  many  beautiful  and  interesting  ways, 
and  I  think  as  an  exercise  it  should  be  worked 
out  logically  in  the  same  fashion,  and  not  have 
rolled  steel  joists  and  concrete  fioors  introduced 
into  its  solution,  as  is  done  by  some  other  com- 
petitors. I  do  not  mean  for  a  moment  that  we 
should  discard  the  modern  steel  joists  and  other 
inventions,  but  rather  that  an  exercise  in 
carpentry  bhould  be  worked  out  in  carpentry,  and 
one  in  stone  worked  out  in  that  material.  'JThere 
are  few  things  more  inspiring  than  the  grand  old 
roofs  and  lanterns  of  the  carpenters  who  knew  the 
capabilities  and  value  of  their  splendid  material. 
With  the  exception  of  the  first  design,  the 
draughtsmanship  of  the  others  is  hardly  up  to  the- 
standard  one  would  expect. 

THE    TITE    PRIZE. 

The  Tite  Prize  begins  our  list  of  designs  pure 
and  simple,  although  one  cannot  say  they  are- 
either  simple  or  pure  designs.  The  subject  of 
"  A  Crescent  in  a  Large  City  "  is  an  exceedingly 
attractive  one,  and  I  am  glad  to  see  eleven 
entrants,  all  of  them  being  creditable  efforts,  and 
some  of  considerable  merit.  The  prize  is  awarded 
to  Mr.  Heaton  C'omyn  for  a  nicely  proportioned 
scheme,  thoroughly  well  thought  out  and 
capitally  drawn.  We  expect  to  find  in  this  and 
the  Soane  competition  grouping  of  masses,  archi- 
tectural arrangement,  good  proportion  of  the 
various  parts,  balance  of  solids  and  voids,  and 
refined  detail,  and  I  am  sure  the  author  of  the 
winning  design  has  an  appreciation  of  these 
qualities.  The  arches  spanning  the  two  streets 
are  open  to  criticism  in  that  the  haunches  appear 
to  be  too  weak,  and  this  same  defect  is  to  be 
found  in  other  designs.  Th^  competitors  should 
study  Waterloo  and  London  Bridges  and  see 
what  value  is  to  be  obtained  by  having  deep 
voussoirs  at  the  haunches  of  the  arch.  The  jin. 
detail  is  nicely  drawn,  although  I  am  inclined  to- 
think  the  work  is  too  delicate  for  a  street  facade 
on  a  big  scale.  The  Medal  of  Merit  awarded  to 
Mr.  A.  D.  Xicholson  was  probably  given  for  his 
capital  water-colour.  The  proportions  of  his 
design  are  good,  but  the  detail  is  coarse  and  not 
well  drawn.  "Red  Shield"  has  a  fine  set  of 
drawings,  the  iin.  detail  being  especially  good, 
but  the  proportions  of  the  upper  and  lower  parts 
of  his  design  are  too  equal. 

-J^E    SOANE    MEDALLION. 

The  Soane  Medallion  has  brought  forth  fourteen 
competitors  of  varied  capacities.  Some  of  the 
drawings  are  of  considerable  merit.  The 
Medallion  has  been  awarded  to  Mr.  F.  J.  Horth, 
whose  scheme  is  on  the  whole  the  most  coherent 
and  satisfactory.  The  plain  is  laid  out  on 
sound  architectural  lines,  well  proportioned  and 
balanced.  The  interior  is  also  simple  in  its 
parts,  nicely  built  up,  the  exterior,  perhaps,  being 
the  least  satisfactory  part  of  the  design.  The 
interior  eye  to  the  dome  is  very  badly  managed, 
and  wants  some  supporting  ribs  or  other  means 
of  bringing  it  into  relation  with  the  rest  of  the 
work.  The  detail  wants  refinement,  and  the 
drawing  is  hardly  up  to  the  standard  one  has 
reason  to  expect  in  our  premier  competition.  Mr. 
David  Smith  secures  honourable  mention  for  a 
really  nicely  conceived  exterior  the  component 
parts  of  which  are  good,  and  the  general  eft'ect  is 
perhaps  the  best  of  all  the  designs.  The  plan  and 
interior  are,  however,  not  up  to  the  same  level. 
It  is  a  great  pity  that  the  inspiration  of  the 
exterior  failed  when  the  plan  and  interior  were 
fashioned.  The  drawings  are  rather  slight  and 
lacking  in  decision  and  clearness,  but  they  are 
worthy  of  the  distinction.      "  Rotunda  "  sends  a 


Feb.  5,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


191 


restless  design,  lacking  the  dignity  iind  reserve 
which  the  subject  demands.  The  drawiDgs  are 
probably  the  best  of  their  kind  submitted  this 
year,  the  interior  view  being  especially  good  ;  but 
even  here  the  author  has  succumbed  to  his  weak- 
ness for  Flamboyant  detail.  **  Sanctus  Boscus  " 
sends  a  fine  dignified  interior  wedded  to  an  almost 
impossible  plan. 

My  duties  as  critic  are  now  ended.  Let  me 
conclude  by  saying  to  you,  as  a  fellow-student, 
the  chief  reward  of  labour  may  not  always  be  a 
prize.  Who  knows  but  that  the  efforts  made  in 
striving  to  obtain  the  prize  may  have  awakened 
feelings  and  aspirations  which  will  bear  fruit  far 
greater  thin  the  victor's  laurels ':  While  to  those 
who  have  succeeded  in  this  friendly  tournament 
of  tkill  let  me  say,  use  your  successes  as  stepping- 
stones  to  hisiher  achievemetts. 

Mr.  W.  Ctoscomiie  Joiix,  A.R.A.,  proposed  a 
vote  of  thanks  to  the  President  for  his  delightful 
address,  remarking  that  the  pleasures  of  the  study 
of  architecture  were  more  widespread  than  those 
of  the  sister  arts  of  painting  or  sculpture,  for  ex- 
amples of  the  first  art  were  far  more  numerous. 

Jlr.  W.  D.  Carok,  F.S.A.,  in  seconding  the 
motion,  expressed  the  sadness  with  which  all  had 
heard  that  this  was  the  last  address  Mr.  Webb 
proposed  to  deliver  from  that  presidential  chair, 
although  the  Council  and  Members  would  be  glad 
if  he  would  serve  the  full  term  of  three  years.  No 
better  or  more  inspiring  words  could  h»ve  been 
spoken  to  architects — for  they  were  all  students  to 
the  end  of  their  career,  and  it  was  undoubtedly  a 
delight  to  do  work  well.  There  was  no  side  of 
architecture  of  which  the  public  knew  less  than 
the  joy  of  seeing  a  building  grow  day  by  day 
from  one's  designs,  a  pleasure  which  certainly  ex- 
ceeded that  of  seeing  the  conception  develop  itself 
oa  paper.  He  often  felt  it  would  be  well  if 
architects  would  exercise  a  self-denying  policy 
and  concentrate  their  efforts  on  the  designing  and 
superintendance  of  only  one  building  at  a  time. 

The  President  briefly  replied  to  the  vote  of 
thanks,  remarking  that  Mr.  tiibson's  name  should 
have  been  included,  for  he  had  given  them  a 
kindly  and  honest  criticism  of  the  designs,  which 
should  be  helpful  to  all.  He  called  attention  to 
the  exhibition  of  drawings  on  the  walls  executed 
by  the  winners  of  the  travelling  studentships — ■ 
Mr.  James  B.  Fulton,  the  Science  iledallist  for 
1902 ;  Mr.  John  Harold  Gibbons,  the  Pugin 
Student  for  1903  ;  and  Mr.  Charles  Gascoigne, 
the  Tite  Prizeman  for  1902.  The  prizes  and 
medals  were  then  distributed  by  the  President  to 
the  successful  students  in  accordance  with  the  list 
published  by  us  in  our  issue  of  the  22nd  ult., 
p.   118. 


THE    SOCIETY  OF  ARCHITECTS. 

THE  third  ordinary  meeting  of  the  present 
session  of  the  Society  of  Architects  was  held 
on  Thursday  evening  in  last  week  at  the  new 
premises  in  Staple  Inn-buildings,  South,  Holborn. 
The  President,  Mr.  Walter  W.  Thomas,  of 
Liverpool,  occupied  the  chair.  The  following 
new  members  were  elected  by  ballot : — Alfred 
John  Cornelius,  81,  Lerion- street,  Truro  ;  Percy 
Emerson  Culverhouse,  Ih,  Sandringham-gardena, 
Ealing  ;  Vincent  Davison,  Xew  Maiden.  Surrey; 
and  Hubert  George  Oetavius  Thomas,  Equitable 
Chambers,  Edward-street,  Brisbane. 

UOIIF.RT    ADAM,    ARCIUTEC'T    AND    ARTIST. 

An  interesting  address  on  this  subject,  delivered 
without  notes,  and  illustrated  by  a  large  number 
of  lantern  slides,  was  given  by  Jlr.  Perc  v  Fitz- 

GER.ALD,  M.A.,    F.S.A. 

THE   ADAM    STYLE. 

Robert  Adam  was  one  of  the  most  brilliant 
characters  that  ever  appeared  in  this  country — a 
sort  of  English  Benvcnuto  Cellini.  For  he  was 
architect,  decorator,  sculptor,  moulder,  iron 
worker,  furniture  designer,  designer  of  stuff 
patterns,  wall  papers,  *:c.,  a  good  landscapist, 
and  the  inventor  or  adapter  of  a  style  that  is 
recognised  more  than  a  hundred  years  after  his 
death,  lie  was  also  a  business  man,  contractor 
and  speculator.  But  a  greater  prodigy  still  was 
his  almost  Briarean  capability  of  work,  lie  re- 
built a  whole  section  of  London— the  Adelphi, 
a  regular  quarter,  and  a  truly  gigantic  task  ;  laid 
out  many  squares — Bedford,  I'ortman  (in  part), 
Russell,  St.  James'  (in  part),  Fitzroy,  Stratford 
I'lace,  Finsbury  Circus,  parts  of  Wimpole  and 
Harley-ttreets,  with  success.  This  might  engross 
half   a   life.      The   Adelphi    might   have   taken 


the  whole  kingdom  with  his  buildings.    England, 
Scotland,  Ireland,  Edinburgh,   Dublin,  Glasgow, 
Liverpool,  Hull  (where  there  is  a  striking  brick 
Custom  House),  have  an  abundance  of  his  hou.se8. 
Vou    find    them     everywhere.       A    nobleman's 
mansion  is  usually  a  lengthy  and  heavy  business, 
often    taking   many   years   to   complete,  witness 
Eaton  Hall  and  Arundel  Castle.     Yet  Adam  must 
have  built  a  score  of  these.      L-indsdown  House, 
03terley,Kenwool,Hopetown,  tiosford, and  more. 
In  the  year  of  his  death  he  had  eeven  in  hand. 
The  Adam  system  was  a  revolt  against  the  old 
heavy  Classical  style.      He  went   for  inspiration 
to   lialmatia,   seeking   for    molels   for   domestic 
architecture   which   should  be    "handy,"   prac- 
tical,  and   cheap,    and   he  found  at  Diocletian's 
famous   Palace   at   Spalato,    on    the   Adriatic,  a 
storehouse  of  rather  barbaiic  or  debased  archi- 
tecture,   which    he    worked   up   into    a   system. 
Apart   from    any    system,    however,    his   grand 
principle  was  his  display  of  movement :  the  ex- 
pression in  a  fa<,'ade — "recession  and  advance," 
he  called  it.     A   building   should  be  capable  of 
being    "read    ofl."      To    produce    this    air    of 
"movement,"   he   selected   a  number  of  telling 
and   ornamental   architectural   elements,    mainly 
curvilinear  ;  these  were  (1)   the  column,   (2)  the 
oval,   (3)  the   arch,    and    (i)    the   window — the 
window,  which  was  the  note  of  the  whole — and 
Adam's  recognisable  trade-mark  was  evolved  out 
of  these.     Adam's  notion  was  that  not  half  enough 
was  made  of  these  components — that  by  reSned 
and  delicate  handling,   and  treating  them  with 
tenderness  and  grace,  a  sort  of  life  could  be  im- 
parted with  an  emphasis  which  would  attract  the 
eye.     Adam  had  a  sort  of  rapturous  admiration 
for  the  column,  and  in  one  of  his  letters  expa- 
tiates on  its  beauties.     He  thought  it  the  most 
loveh'  thing  in  architecture  :  but   he   refined  it 
and  reshaped  it.     He  found  the  capitals  too  bur- 
densome, and  cut  them  down  to  half.     He  used 
the   entasis   with  wonderful  subtleties.     (2)  The 
oval  he  used  in  preference  to  the  circle,  as  having 
more  "  movement,"  with  two  centres  instead  of 
one,  and  a  lateral  tendency.     Oval  ceilings,  oval 
patterns,    oval    ornaments — as  on    the    gate    at 
Landsdowne  House — oval  balconies,  and  a  superb 
oval  staircase — in  St.  James's-square — attest  this 
preference.      (3)    The    oval    bisected    gave    him 
another  graceful  form — the  lunette  arch — which, 
again,   has   more   movement    than   the  ordinary 
arch.     In  the  latter  its  line  runs  into  the  sup- 
porting vertical  lines  ;  in  the  Adam  it  intersects 
them.     This  favourite  arch  is  his  outline  for  his 
graceful  fanlights.  He  also  used  it  very  plentifully 
outlined   on   blank   walls.     (4)  The   window,  as 
was   said,    is    the    Adam -note.      He   seemed   to 
build  his   house  round  it,  instead  of   making  it 
subsidiary.     He  built   it   structurally  and   posi- 
tively, whereas  the  window  is  usually  a  negative 
quantity  —  an     aperture    or     absence    of    wall. 
Bjodle's    Club,   the    old    Scotland  Yard    offices 
in    Whitehall,    and    the    Society    of     Arts    are 
good  specimens  of  this  window  treatment.     This 
architect  laid  out  streets   and    squares,  but  hid 
not    the    mastery  of  this  art    that    "  Wood,    of 
Bath,"  had.     There  were  three  English  archi- 
tects who  seem  to  have  been  given  a  caytt'  hhim-hf 
in  this  way,  Adam,  Wood,  and  Xash.     Modern 
architects    may     wonder     at     the    unbounded, 
unchecked    liberty    they    enjoyed.      Wood   was 
really   the   architect     of    the    Street,    Adam    of 
the    Mansion.      In    the    old    days    streets   and 
squares   grew    house    by  house,    which  lent   an 
individuality  and  character  to  each  building,  as 
we  can  see.  on  one  side  of  Portman- square,  where 
Adam's  work  is  very  striking ;  also  in  St.  James- 
square,  where  there  are  many  of  his  hou-es.     It 
is  the  modern  builder  and  contractor  that  intro- 
duced the  long  street  where  every  houee  is  built 
like  its  fellows.     Wood   introduced  the  system  of 
blocks,  which  was  followed  by  Adam,  who  built 
his  rows  of  houses,  and  whole  sides   of  a  square, 
such    as    Bedford-square,  to    simulate    a   single 
building.     In  carrying  this  idea  out  his  build- 
ing scms   overgrown — witness  Charlotte-square 
at  Edinburgh,  which  contrasted  innffectively  with 
the  noble  and  impressive  effect  of  Wood's  (iuoen- 
square  and  the  magnificont  circus  with   i's  600 
columns.  ,it  Bath.     The  lecturer  then  minutely 
described    the  Ado'phi    as    a   very   monumental 
work  built  on  cyclopuan  foundation,  huge  arches, 
and    which    it    would    take    hours    to    explore. 
Having  explained  the  principles,  tlio  lectiirer  next 
exhibited  an  instructive  series  of  Adam's  works. 
It  is  curious  to  find  that  so  graceful  and  con- 
scientious  an    artist  was    content  to  work  with 
comparatively  poor  materials — an  artificial  stone. 


however,  was  clearly  to  bind  all  into  a  compact 
mass,  the  soft  imitation  stone  and  the  bricks 
combining  bettor  than  natural  stone  and  finished 
bricks.  Bath  House,  in  Piccadilly,  is  a  fine 
specimen  of  stock  brick,  where  it  will  be  seen 
he  used  only  a  thin  wash  of  mortar. 
This  material  was  a  marvellous  composition, 
made  of  oil,  powdered  Hints,  and  some  bituminous 
elements.  Its  peculiarity  was  that  it  hardened 
and  sharpened  with  years.  Adam  used  it  like 
stone,  building  with  it,  placing  solid  blocks  upon 
one,  and  moulding  columns  out  of  it.  Adam  has 
suffered  cruelly  from  "  uglificatiou  " — witness  his 
screen  beftTe  the  Admiralty,  originally  intended  to 
hide  the  hideousn^ss  of  the  building.  Gates  have 
been  broken  in  it,  so  that  it  is  no  longer  a  screen. 
Register  House,  and  his  University  at  Edinburgh, 
Luton,  and  Osterley  Park,  with  its  lovely  portico, 
the  delicacy  of  whose  columns,  it  was  suggested, 
might  be  owing  to  their  being  moulded.  He 
next  exiibited  interiors  showing  the  lavish  fancy 
displayed  by  the  artist  in  an  ordinary  drawing- 
room,  vaulting  ceilings,  making  arches  in  the 
walls,  and  breaking  up  his  surfaces,  and 
covering  all  with  rich  and  unchangeable  decora- 
tion in  high  relief.  Theatres,  ceilings,  chimney- 
pieces,  iron  railings,  lamps,  specimens  of  furni- 
ture were  next  exhibited,  down  to  a  monument 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  which  appropriately 
closed  the  series,  the  lecturer,  as  he  said,  exhibit- 
ing an  almost  complete  architectural  panorama. 

The  President,  in  inviting  discussion  upon  the 
lecture,  remarked  upon  the  beauty  of  the  illustra- 
tions thrown  upon  the  screen,  and  observed  that 
Robert  Adam  was  an  extraordinary  man.  It  was, 
indeed,  marvellous,  taking  into  consideration  the 
state  of  Great  Britain  compared  with  the  present 
day,  that  he  could  have  carried  out  such  a  large 
amount  and  variety  of  work.  The  designs  of 
Adam  were  most  graceful,  and  were  wt  11  worthy 
of  preservation  for  the  delight  of  future  genera- 
tions. 

Mr.  S.  W.  Kershaw,  JI.A.,  in  proposing  a 
vote  of  thanks  to  the  lecturer,  said  that  these  fine 
specimens  of  the  works  of  Adam  ought  to  be 
treasured.  He  had  often  wished  that  London 
might  become  a  city  like  Paris,  which  was  very 
fine  in  its  uniformity.  The  lecture  would  prove 
a  great  incentive  to  those  architects,  English  and 
foriign,  who  admired  the  refinement  of  the  style 
adopted  by  Robert  Adam. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Mead,  who  seconded  the  vote  of 
thanks,  said  that,  unlike  Mr.  Kershaw,  he  had 
never  been  a  great  admirer  of  the  style  of  Adam. 
He  did  not  believe  that  the  experience  and 
example  of  such  eminent  architects  as  Sir 
Christopher  Wren  were  thrown  away  by  Adam. 
His  style  was  certainly  not  purely  original. 
Adam's  reiUy  great  gift  was  in  his  decorative 
art ;  the  ceilings  executed  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother  were  delicate  and  refined. 

Lieut. -Col.  Lenox  Prendergast,  in  supporting 
the  motion,  said  Mr.  Fitzgerald  had  given  them 
some  little  insight  on  a  subject  of  which  the 
general  public  were  to-day  profoundly  ignorant. 
The  present  generation  had  deliberately  thrown 
the  work  of  Adam  to  the  winds  ;  but  he  ventured 
to  say  that  a  couple  of  hundred  years  hence  his 
work  would  be  regarded  as  some  of  the  finest  wort 
ever  executed  in  this  country.  Robert  Adam  was 
not  only  a  genius,  but  also  a  man  of  brains  :  the 
work  he  did  was  of  the  very  highest  character. 
He  advised  everyone  present  to  lose  no  oppor- 
tunit)-  of  seeing  and  studying  the  interior  of  any 
house  designed  by  Robert  Adam. 

The  vote  of  thanks  was  carried  by  acclamation, 
and    was    briefly    acknowledged   by   Mr.   Frrz- 


twcnty  years;   but  besides   th^s  he  was  covering    and  the  common   yellow  stock  brick.     His  aim. 


OX  THE  MAKING  OF  AX  .ARCHITECT.* 

{CijHvhiilcii  ffoin  pnijt'  156.) 
'■pHE  leading  consideration,  above  all  thingi, 
X  is  the  design  itself,  and  to  insure  its  proper 
execution  everything  from  the  outset  depends 
upon  showing  what  is  intended  with  a  well- 
defined  precision,  leaving  nothing  vaguo  or 
undetermined,  so  that  these  details  shall  furnish 
an  unmistakable  guide  to  the  quantity  surveyor, 
the  prime-cost  clerk,  the  foreman  in  setting-out, 
the  clerk  of  works,  and  all  the  trades  engaged  ia 
the  handstrokes  of  its  execution.  When  the 
job  is  done  these  drawings  form  the  basis  of  the 
settlements  of  accounts,  and  at  times  have  to  be 
used  as  evidence  in  arbitrations.  This  calcu- 
lating consideration  concerning  contracting  jobs 


•  .\  paper  read  before  tlie  Architectural  Assodation  by 
Mr.  Macbm;  B.  .\»ams.  F.R  I.B..\. 


192 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  5,  1904. 


is  contrary  to  our  artistic  proclivities,  and,  if  none 
of  us  would  by  choice  select  such  common- 
places, there  are  architects  who,  by  bitter  ex- 
perience, have  found  out  to  their  cost  the 
importance  of  giving  these  things  more  study. 
Whatever  may  have  been  the  practice  before 
vernacular  modes  of  building  died  out,  there  is 
only  one  way  now  of  insuring  good  building  and 
artistic  work,  whether  it  is  carried  out  under  a 
schedule  or  contract,  and  that  is  by  making 
working  drawings  such  as  I  have  described. 

The  collection  of  office  drawings  now  on  these 
walls  is  the  best  illustration  which  can  be 
given  of  what  I  am  advocating,  and  if  this 
exhibition  brings  home  the  lesson  thus  insisted  on, 
the  object  of  our  meeting  will  have  been  secured. 
I  am  not  sure  that  some  apology  on  my  part  is 
not  due  to  my  brother  architects  for  recapitulating 
so  many  elementary  and  self-evident  observa- 
tions on  matters  which  are  familiar  enough  and 
ordinary,  though  in  the  making  of  architects  1 
fancy  it  must  be  admitted  they  do  not  always 
receive  the  attention  they  deserve.  The  cynic 
has  said  that  there  are  now  no  masters  in  our 
Israel,  but  whether  this  reflection  is  strictly 
accui'ate  or  not,  these  drawings,  so  kindly  lent  by 
some  of  the  most  accomplished  architects  of  the 
day,  demonstrate  what  studentship  has  done 
in  their  case  towards  a  thoroughness  of  detail 
in  producing  buildings  unrestrained  by  mere 
precedent  or  the  concomitant  mannerisms  of  past 
styles.  AVe  recognise  in  their  work  much  to 
delight  us,  and  the  advantage  of  their  example 
cannot  faU  to  inspire  us.  It  would  be  invidious 
to  allude  to  any  individual  drawing  or  describa 
any  work  in  particular ;  but  I  will  venture  this 
statement,  that  five-and-twenty  or  thirty  years 
ago  it  would  have  been  difficult  to  bring  such  a 
thoroughly  good  and  representative  assemblage 
together  as  that  which  is  gathered  here  to-day. 
My  difficulty  has  been  not  so  much  in  obtaining 
such  drawings,  as  in  deciding  when  to  stop  in  in- 
viting contributions  for  the  exhibition,  which  had 
to  be  governed  by  the  restriction  of  space.  Never 
before  has  skill  in  draughtsmanship  of  the  right 
sort  been  more  capable  than  it  is  at  the  present 
moment,  and  if  drawing  alone  could  insure  good 
building,  the  architecture  of  the  20th  century 
should  be  of  surpassing  merit.  Drawings 
necessarily  only  furnish  the  architect  with  his 
chief  and  indispensable  "instruments  of 
service,"  and  unless  he  has  intuitive  taste 
and  inventive  capacity,  the  pen  or  pencil,  how- 
ever facile  the  hand  may  be.  will  not  alone 
furnish  him  with  ideas,  or  give  him  what 
is  called  "  the  power  of  design."  The  best 
architects  take  good  care  to  have  their  designs 
well  drawn,  but  I  suppose  no  one  realises  more 
entirely  the  shortcomings  of  drawing  than  a  good 
architect.  After  all,  it  is  the  building  itself  by 
which  he  must  be  judged.  Few  things  are  more 
deceptive  than  shadow-projected  and  worked-up 
elevations,  unless  it  be  show  perspective  drawing, 
and  particularly  the  accommodating  pictures  of 
the  perspective  expert.  Sketches  and  exhibition 
draughtsmanship  are  most  interesting  and  useful, 
but  that  is  a  branch  of  the  subject  with  which  we 
are  not  concerned  to-night,  and  so  for  once  the 
pictorial  must  give  way  to  the  practical. 

In  considering  working  details  the  student  must 
remember  their  eminently  conventional  character, 
and  as  such  they  fail  to  give  the  elfect  of  the 
materials  intended  to  be  employed,  while  the 
arbitrary  tintings,  used  to  show  the  workpeople 
and  measurers  how  the  several  materials  come  to- 
gether, convey  no  guide  to  the  determination  of 
more  than  the  most  elementary  and  incomplete 
ideas  of  the  architectural  result  as  a  work  of 
beauty.  The  very  lines  wliich  go  to  make  up 
the  drawing  tend  to  mislead  any  but  an  experi- 
enced judgment.  Thin  lines  make  a  design 
appear  weak,  and  heavy  lines  give  an  undue  im- 
portance to  minor  points,  and  by  over- accentua- 
ting the  jointing  a  fictitious  effect  is  imparted. 
B  urges  once  said  in  this  room  "We  cover  our 
drawings  with  such  quantities  of  lines  that  we 
finish  by  deceiving  ourselves  as  well  as  our 
clients."  It  is  dingerous  and  unwise  to  depend 
upon  our  drawings  unless  we  possess  an  intimate 
acquaintance  witli  materials,  and  because  so  many 
have  not  cultivated  this  knowledge  as  they  might 
well  have  done,  the  failure  of  much  of  our  modern 
work  may  readily  be  accounted  for.  The  im- 
portance of  texture  is  thus  overlooked  quite  as 
much  as  a  proper  appreciation  of  scale  and  colour. 
Ihe  value  of  surface-finish,  too,  befitting  various 
materials,  does  not  receive  the  study  which  ulti- 
mate good  effect  demands.  It  is  desirable  to 
thmk  in    the    round  and    design  in  perspective 


with  what  has  been  called  a  modelling  mind. 
Drawing  in  some  degree  may  help  us  in  this  ;  but 
it  cannot  enable  us  to  judge  as  to  the  weathering 
properties  of  materials  or  their  liability  to 
accumulate  dirt,  and  no  artistic  architect  will 
reckon  such  considerations  as  of  small  concern. 
They  are  indeed  of  the  greatest  consequence, 
sadly  neglected  as  they  often  are,  and  that  by 
some  whose  negligence  would  be  least  expected. 

Then,  again,  if  we  are  too  much  monopolised 
in  the  elaboration  of  drawings,  we  are  apt  to 
forget  other  more  important  matters,  such  as,  for 
example,  the  necessity  of  employing,  as  far  as 
possible,  the  natural  local  materials  of  the  district 
in  which  we  are  called  upon  to  build,  so  that  our 
work  shall  successfully  constitute  an  indigenous 
pare  of  the  crust  and  surface  of  the  earth  on  which 
the  users  of  our  buildings  live,  and  not  remain  a 
fabricated  excrescence  imported  from  e'sewhere, 
or  a  toy  upon  the  ground  which,  save  for  the  need 
of  someone's  roof-tree,  might,  as  Morris  said, 
have  remained  a  neatly-drawn  dengn  on  the 
walls  of  some  architect's  office.  Not  only  should 
we  use  the  countryside  materials  to  hand,  but  the 
type  of  design  employed  must  befit  the  nature  of 
the  materials  available,  insuring  in  this  way  the 
charm  of  local  colour.  Howfrequently  thereverseof 
all  this  is  seen.  For  instance,  mansion  houses  in  the 
style  known  as  "Late  Classic"  with  porticoes 
to  match,  are  imported  to  moorside  sites  and 
worked  out  in  coarse  millstone  grit,  which  before 
long  inevitably  resumes  its  rocklike  character, 
or,  to  mention  another  analogous  absurdity,  you 
will  come  upon  neat,  smug-looking,  whitened 
roughcast  houses  rooted  with  green  Westmorland 
slates  in  the  heart  of  Sussex  where  flints  and  red 
bricks  and  sandfaced  tiles  or  Horsham  slabs 
abound.  I'recisely  the  same  patterned  houses, 
green  woodwork,  red  curtains,  and  "  Fallboys," 
can  be  seen  away  down  in  Dorsetshire  or  up  in 
the  Wolds  of  Yorkshire,  suggestive  of  the  equally 
arty  picture  postcard,  produced  and  inexpensively 
distributed  with  like  facility,  on  the  principle  of 
the  "  Penny  plain  and  twopence  coloured."  It 
is  this  sort  of  thing  which  furnishes  an  excuse 
for  the  taunt  that  we  are  only  "paper  archi- 
tects." 

There  were,  of  course,  no  splendid  draughts- 
men in  the  13th  century,  when  draughts- 
manship was  very  fragmentary  and  indifi^erent : 
and,  for  that  matter,  we  also  must  admit  that, 
in  all  probability,  a  vast  number  of  beautiful 
buildings  all  over  the  land  were  put  up  without 
any  architects  at  all  in  the  now  understood 
annotation  of  the  term  "  when  the  roughest 
draughts  possible  were  made  out  for  these  build- 
ings, and  they  grew  up  simply  without  any 
intermediary  between  the  mind  and  the  hands 
of  the  people  who  actually  built  them."  There 
were  no  polytechnic  professors  or  art  lecturers 
either  in  those  days,  and  no  plethora  of  books 
or  log-rolling  critics  to  surfeit  with  commentaries 
the  fringe  of  art.  Professional  journals  then 
did  not  exist,  neither  did  assessors  nor  com- 
petitions '.  Things  have  changed  and  the 
causes  are  various,  but  it  is  pm-e  affectation  to 
run  down  good  drawing,  which  does  not  con- 
stitute paper  architecture ;  neither  is  it  at  all 
probable  that  a  man  who  is  workmanlike  enough 
to  draw  well  will  be  content  to  build  badlj-. 

Work  has  now  to  be  carried  out  under  a  totally 
different  set  of  circumstances.  The  arbitrary 
and  so-called  economic  divisions  of  trades,  the 
principle  of  contracting  and  sub-contracting, 
the  consequent  prevailing  deterioration  of 
interest  in  the  work  itself  for  its  own  sake,  and 
the  degenerated  minimum  yield  of  labour  in 
return  for  the  maximum  amount  of  pay  pro- 
curable, present  the  mercenary  and  rotten  ideal 
which  unfortunately  dominates  the  current  labour 
market  of  what  is  called  skilled  handicraft.  The 
consciousness  of  self-independence  and  the  habit 
of  individual  judgment  possessed  by  vigour  of 
character  under  kich  environment  must  be  well- 
nigh  impossible.  ■  When  craftsmanship  flourished 
"  dumping  "  was  unheard  of,  and  labour  questions 
had  not  been  exploited  by  big  capitalists  on  the 
one  hand  and  by  paid  agitators  on  the  other. 
Workmanship,  in  consequence  of  big  factories 
and  huge  combines,  has  become  divided  and  sub- 
divided in  rigorous  subordination  so  completely 
that  the  worker,  instead  of  knowing  his  work  from 
start  to  finish,  now  takes  his  place  only  as  part  of  a 
gigantic  machine,  plodding  on  with  brainless  in- 
dilf erence  at  a  set  of  unvarying  details  turned  out 
by  the  hour  or  by  the  piece.  Prices  are  settled  at 
a  fixed  and  uniform  consideration  in  cash  accord- 
ing to  amalgamation  rules  formulated,  irrespec- 
tive of  good  workmanship,  as  such,  by  vicarious 


directorates,  who  assume  a  convenient  ignorance 
when  employes  are  underpaid  or  the  employers 
cheated,  finding  an  excuse  by  reference  to  the 
sum  of  dividends  obtainable.  Trade  unionism 
became  a  necessity  ;  but  by  doing  nothing  or  next 
to  nothing  to  insure  a  tradesman  being  a  skilled 
workman  at  his  trade,  barren  badness  now  passes 
muster  where  honest  impartiality  ought  to  ex- 
clude such  rank  incapacity.  The  building  trades 
are  hampered  in  every  direction  by  labour 
questions,  which  thus  tend  to  make  individuality 
and  personal  excellence  an  exception  rather  than 
possible.  For  these  and  other  reasons  the  archi- 
tect's position  is  assuming  an  increasingly  essen- 
tial factor — at  least  in  the  character  of  overseer — 
in  all  building  enterprise  where  efficiency  and 
economy  are  provided  f 3r.  In  further  ways,  too, 
the  scope  of  the  architect  is  growing  in  import- 
ance. Though  our  relation  to  craftsmanship  is 
entirely  changed,  many  advantages  no  doubt  are 
available  to  the  profession  never  dreamt  of  by  our 
predecessors,  even  if  they  cannot  have  known 
the  pressure  of  competition  as  we  do.  Slipshod 
architectural  pretensions  no  longer  will  serve ; 
let  us  hope  they  have  had  their  day,  and,  so  far 
as  in  us  lies,  we  must  endeavour  to  make  it  as 
difficult  as  we  can  for  the  charlatan  to  exist 
any  longer  on  unqualified  ineptitude  or  on 
borrowed  plumes,  till  he  has  become  as  extinct 
as  the  Dodo.  By  insisting  on  efficiency,  our 
scheme  may,  in  a  sense,  be  termed  aggressive  on 
the  principle  characteristic  of  Nehemiah,  who 
built  with  the  sword  in  one  hand  and  a  trowel  in 
the  other.  Our  indubitable  source  of  strength 
must  be  looked  for  in  equipping  ourselves  for  the 
occasion  and  by  graduating  for  the  work  which 
the  public  has  in  store  for  us  to  execute,  remem- 
bering that  success  will  be  attained  "  much  less 
by  extraordinary  intellectual  gifts  than  by  an 
extraordinary  strength  and  tenacity  of  will,  by 
the  abnormal  courage,  perseverance,  and  work 
power  that  spring  from  it,  or  by  the  tact  and 
judgment  which  make  men  skilful  in  seizing 
opportunities,  and  which,  of  all  intellectual 
qualities,  are  most  closely  allied  with  character." 
I'rating  plausible  platitudes  about  high  art  or  the 
commonplace  of  the  need  of  industry  will  furnish 
no  excuse  for  not  providing  adequate  training  for 
our  pupils,  or  for  failing,  any  one  of  us,  to  do  our 
very  best : — 

Thy  purpose  firm  is  equal  to  the  deed ; 
"WTio  does  his  beat  his  circumstance  allows. 
Does  well,  acts  nobly ;  angels  could  no  more. 

^Miserable  failures  may  be  met  in  every  walk  of 
life  protesting  that  they  have  done  their  best.  If 
so,  they  display  a  sorry  lack  of  method  in  the 
doing  of  it,  and  anyhow,  while  loitering  in  the 
encumbered  lane  of  mediocrity,  have  missed  the 
only  high  road  to  the  market-square  of  success. 
This  road  is  called  "  efficiency,"  thence  alone 
leads  the  narrow  path  for  the  few  destined  to 
tread  the  pleasaunce  of  Fame,  peopled  only  by 
those  who  really  did  their  best.  Towards  the 
close  of  last  year  all  Italy  was  celebrating  the 
centenary  of  the  great  Italian  poet  Alfieri,  who 
rejuvenated  the  literature  of  that  country  throagh 
his  tremendous  influence  on  the  life  of  his  people. 
His  abilities  were  seconded  by  a  determination  to 
be  satisfied  with  nothing  short  of  his  very  best, 
and  thus  it  was  he  rose  to  fame.  His  first  play 
gave  him  so  little  satisfaction  that  he  ivici-ote  it 
three  tune's  t)iioiiffliiiiif  before  it  was  ready  for  the 
stage.  When  Jlr.  Edwin  Austin  Abbey  painted 
his  famous  picture  of  the  Trial  of  Queen 
Katharine,  it  took  him  many  months  of  hard  work, 
and  when  the  painting  was  finished  people  praised 
it  as  a  masterpiece.  The  painter  himself  was  not 
so  satisfied,  because  to  his  critical  eye  the  red 
of  the  Cardinal's  robes  looked  a  shade  wrong. 
No  one  else  suggested  this  lack  of  harmony  in  the 
colouring,  but  although  the  picture  was  completed 
iMr.  Abbey  thought  it  could  be  improved,  so  he 
set  to  work  with  his  wife  and  servants  to  scrape 
away  all  the  offending  red  from  the  canvas,  a 
process  which  occupied  six  hours.  The  artist 
then  repainted  tne  costume  of  the  Cardinal  and  so 
finished  his  picture,  furnishing  us  with  another 
notable  instance  of  unqualified  resolve  to  secure 
the  very  best.  Literature,  science,  and  art  afford 
other  like  examples,  while  commerce,  politics,  and 
the  arts  of  war  furnish  the  page  of  history  with 
pictures  of  men  who  did  nothing  short  of  their 
utmost  and  their  best. 

This  stern  resolve  to  do  one's  best  is  not 
compatible  with  the  natural  distaste  for  the 
competitions  and  contentions  of  life  which  so 
many  really  artistic  men  feel.  The  impulse  of 
ambition  holds  with  such  a  secondary  place,  and 
it   is  not   always  the  strongest  man  that  is  the 


Fek.  5,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    I^TEWS. 


193 


most  ardent  climber.  To  not  a  few  the  tranquil 
valleys  possess  a  greater  charm  than  the  lofty 
pinnacles  of  affairs.  We  can  never  grasp  the 
sources  of  another's  inspiration  and,  whether  we 
are  most  influenced  by  the  past  masters  of  our 
art  or  rely  more  on  our  contemporaries,  their  in- 
fluence can  only  fructify  by  our  own  unaided 
effort.  Pugin  influenced  a  generation,  and 
thanked  God  he  had  been  permiited  to  see  and 
study  the  eastern  transepts  of  Beverley  Jlinster. 
Who  does  not  remember  the  inspiring  force  of 
George  Edmund  Street,  and  who  of  all  of  us  ac- 
quainted with  the  charm  of  John  Dando  bedding's 
personality  can  ever  cease  to  be  thankful  for  his 
Heaven-sent  enthusiastic  lire ':  Xo  ghost  was 
secreted  in  his  office  :  he  did  his  work  himself 
and  rejoiced  in  the  doing  of  it,  consequently  his 
buildings  are  full  of  interest  and  always  repay  a 
visit.  Few  architects  can  draw  the  figure  as 
William  Burges  could.  Go  to  Studley  Royal, 
and  you  wUl  not  fail  to  be  impressed  by  his 
ornate,  Frenchy  -  Gothic  church,  built  there 
for  the  Marquis  of  Ripon,  standing  at  the 
top  of  the  noble  avenue  and  terminating  its 
vista.  Notwithstanding  its  suggestion  of  exotic 
origin,  always  evident  in  Burges's  work, 
all  sense  of  incongruity  is  dispelled  by  the 
individual  personality  which  distinguishes  the 
design  in  all  its  parts  down  to  the  smallest 
detail.  Refined  taste,  exquisite  figure  work,  and 
a  free  play  of  fancy  within  and  without,  are  the 
result  of  loving  study  ungrudgingly  bestowed, 
leaving  no  doubt  whatever  as  to  Burges  having 
done  his  very  best.  Compared  with  Fountains 
Abbey  hard  by  in  the  same  park,  this  florid  little 
church  necessarily  takes  a  minor  place,  and  in 
this  comparative  respect  he  had  unquestionably 
an  extremely  difficult  task.  Xone  the  less,  be- 
cause of  its  force  of  individuality,  the  .building 
holds  its  own,  leaving  a  lasting  memory  of 
undeniable  excellence  and  recondite  iconography. 
John  Loughborough  Pearson's  work  delights  us 
just  the  same.  He  told  me  he  would  rather 
carry  out  one  building  in  this  thorough  manner 
than  be  employed  on  half  a  dozen  whiih  he  could 
not  personally  work  out  in  detail  himself.  Vcu 
have  only  to  look  at  his  buildings  from  St. 
Peter's,  Vauxhall,  onwards,  in  point  of  date,  for 
the  best  evidence  of  his  skill,  unsparing  industry, 
and  artistic  sincerity.  Street,  his  personal  friend, 
trusted  to  no  other  hand  than  his  own  the  draw- 
ing out  of  every  feature  of  his  designs,  and  it  is 
well  known  that  he  modelled  some  of  the  orna- 
ment in  clay  for  the  carvers  to  work  to  at  the 
Law  Courts.  As  a  draughtsman  he  was  a  master 
among  the  few  of  his  time. 

His  armour  was  his  truest  thought 
And  simple  truth  his  utmost  skill. 

The  Gothic  Revival  may  be  dead  so  far  as  the 
style  of  contemporary  work  is  concerned  ;  but  it 
undeniably  infiuences  the  present  generation  of 
rising  architects  in  ways  not  exactly  apparent  on 
the  surface  of  things,  and  so  long  as  tlie  build- 
ings of  such  men  as  I  have  named  exist  their 
work  will  live.  The  same  is  true  of  Xesfield  and 
Bentley,  and,  in  the  making  of  architects,  do  you 
not  think  that  the  skill  of  Teulon,  Butterfield, 
and  James  Brooks,  as  well  as  George  Gilbert 
Scott,  jun.,  will  furnish  fine  object-lessons  in 
the  future  ?  Their  work  contrasts  with  that  of 
the  famous  Sir  Gilbert  Scott,  wnose  establish- 
ment at  Spring  Gardens  furnished  the  most 
notable  example  of  the  possibilities  of  work 
carried  out  under  wholesale  conditions.  With 
such  a  number  of  commissions  it  was  impossible 
for  the  principal  to  draw  out  or  even  know 
about  some  of  the  designs  issued  from  his  office  : 
consequently  the  work  bearing  his  name  is 
uneciual,  distinctive  in  one  instance,  and  failing 
in  interest  in  another.  The  pick  of  the  succeed- 
ing generation  of  architects  furnished  his  staff, 
though  it  cannot  be  said  that  their  master  founded 
a  school.  His  R.A.  lectures  on  the  development 
of  the  Dome  and  (Jothic  architecture  rank  among 
the  best  scholarly  attempts  to  further  the  making 
of  cultured  architects,  and  lie  was  the  real  founder 
of  the  Royal  Architectural  JIuseum. 

The  purjiort  of  this  retrosnectivo  glance  in  con- 
nection with  the  show  of  working  drawings  hang- 
ing on  these  walls  is  to  direct  the  attention  of  some 
of  our  younger  members  to  the  necessity  of  their 
doing  what  the  up-to-diite  student  of  tliirty  years 
ago  did  in  measuring  up  old  work  of  jiure  archi- 
tectural merit.  The  Battle  of  the  Styles  has 
censed  to  interest  pcoiile,  and  very  few  at  tlio 
present  time  show  any  real  interest  in  .Mediicval 
architecture  at  all.  Xo  one  hardly  takes  the 
trouble  to  draw  or  study  it.  This  is  a  great 
mistake,    for    it    is    no    use    depending  on   the 


photographic  camera,  which  in  some  ways  is  so 
helpful  and  in  others  so  harmful  in  the  making 
of  architects.  One  drawing  thoroughly  made 
for  study  is  worth  any  number  of  snapshot 
prints.  Students  will  never  graduate  as  archi- 
tects on  photography.  The  authors  of  the  detail 
drawings  collected  here  to-day  learned  their 
business  by  personal  familiarity  with  the  build- 
ings they  studied,  and  the  knowledge  they 
acquired  was  the  result  of  drawing  old  work  on 
the  spot.  Tabulating  dates,  contrasting  periods, 
and  accumulating  photographs,  or  filing  illustra- 
tions of  buildings  may  be  a  useful  amusement 
enough  in  its  way,  though,  as  contrasted  with  the 
actuality  of  «n  architect's  business  in  real  design, 
leading  strings  of  this  kind  seem  more  in  keeping 
with  the  fumbling  stage,  which,  if  persisted  in, 
slackens  all  energy,  satiating  the  mind  by  analysis, 
that  kill-joy  so  destructive  of  all  possible  dreams 
of  beauty. 

By  all  your  powers  seek  to  gain  a  more 
intimate  grasp  of  the  spirit  with  which  old 
work  was  insjiired.  By  a  loYing  and  intelligent 
study  of  its  structural  design  and  aim  a  reflex  of  its 
vitality  and  charm  may  assuredly  be  caught ;  but 
before  you  attempt  any  process  of  dissection  stop, 
for  remember  murder  takes  the  priority  of  all  dis- 
section, leaving  only  the  remains  of  death.  Bleach 
the  dry  bones  never  so  white,  the  spirit,  which 
alone  will  make  them  live,  will,  by  such  in- 
quisitiveness,  be  killed  and  lost  to  you  for  ever. 
If  you  would  become  familiar  with  the  inherent 
beauty  and  motive  of  historic  buildings,  learn  the 
why  and  wherefore  of  their  local  traditional 
differences,  and  note  how  available  materials 
influenced  the  work  in  different  buildings  erected 
under  the  altered  circumstances  of  various  times, 
exercising  also  an  appreciative  discrimination  by 
which  to  avoid  that  which  is  only  curious  and 
strange.  Leave  for  secondary  importance  that 
which  has  become  interesting  merely  as  arch;eo- 
logical  treasure,  and  by  thus  recognising  the 
true  essentials  embodied  in  the  plan  and  con- 
structive design  of  old  buildings,  you  will  find  in 
them  an  unerring  guide  for  the  advancement  of 
your  art  and  subsequent  designs.  We  need  never 
hesitate  to  adopt  as  the  basis  of  our  own  work 
that  which  has  been  done  before,  incorporating 
it  as  our  own.  Those  who  speak  slightingly  of  the 
so-called  "  Gothic  Revival,"  do  so  with  more  as- 
surance than  knowledge,  and  are  apt  to  forget  what 
we  owe  to  the  writings  of  Pugin,  Ruskin,  and 
Jlorris — names  which  are  severally  associated 
with  the  succeeding  phases  of  that  movement. 
Doubtless,  the  rising  generation  enjoys  many 
advantages  unknown  to  those  who  preceded  it, 
but  I  sometimes  think  it  might  be  useful  to 
remember  with  what  intense  love  of  their  work 
and  with  what  enthusiasm  these  Victorian 
Medi;cvalists  carried  out  their  undertakings.  It 
is  also  wise  to  recall,  too,  occasionally  the  day 
of  small  things.  For  instance,  it  was  in  an  old 
shambling  cockloft  located  in  an  obscure  slum 
almost  on  the  mudbanks  of  the  Thames  that 
Ruskin,  C'ockerell,  and  Beresford  Hope  helil 
crowded  audiences  in  rapt  attention  while  they 
lectured  on  the  charms  of  Gothic  architecture 
midst  the  self-same  collection  of  examples  and 
casts  which  now  have  been  inherited  by  the 
Architectural  Association.  Many  years  since,  in 
Oxford,  at  a  meeting  held  in  that  university  for 
furthering  the  erection  of  perhaps  too  ambitious 
a  group  of  educational  buildings,  Max  Muller 
recalled  the  fact  that  "  great  things  had  often 
bsen  done  in  hovels."  William  Burges,  thirty 
years  ago,  when  the  Architectural  Association 
was  by  no  means  so  important  a  body  as  it  is  to- 
day, called  it  "  the  life-blood  of  the  profession." 
<  lur  society  is  going  stronger  thad  ever,  and  you 
will  need  perhaps  little  imagination  to  picture  to 
your  minds  with  what  generous  zeal  Burges, 
Street,  and  their  contemporaries  of  the  Medi:i'val 
school  would  have  gathered  round  in  active  sup- 
port of  what  we  are  endeavouring  to  accomplish 
at  the  present  time.  I  am  well  assured  that 
lirydon  and  Sodding,  had  they  been  with  us  too, 
would  have  shown  no  slackness  in  helping  our 
project  on.  Such  names  aa  these  froui  the  imme- 
diate past  are  names  to  conjure  with,  for  the  mere 
retrospective  thought  of  tlieir  enterprise  at  once 
invigorates  our  enthusiasm  and  animates  our  de- 
termination. 

To  what  extent  this  educational  scheme 
may  bo  developed  it  is  impossible  to  fore- 
tell, but  friends  have  not  been  wanting  in  am- 
bitiously advocating  the  founding  of  a  "  National 
School  of  Architecture."  It  will  be  hardly  worth 
while  to  battle  over  this  nompnchiture  question. 
Provided  better  architecture  is  the  resultant,  it 


is  of  no  consequence  whatever  whether  the 
school  which  insures  such  improvement  be 
"National"  or  not.  Personally,  I  doubt  the 
principle  of  attempting  to  produce  either  good 
painters,  sculptors,  or  architects  in  any  strictly 
Govercmental  School  of  Art.  I. need  not  dilate 
further  upon  that  matter,  but  it  appears  to  me 
that  the  wiser  plan  must  be  to  retain  the  control 
of  art  occupation  teaching  as  far  as  possible  in 
the  hands  of  those  who  practise  the  particular 
arts  in  question,  working,  as  far  as  circumstance* 
will  allow,  on  the  lines  of  the  historic  art  workers' 
guilds.  Academic  architecture  appears  to  manj- 
as  synonymous  with  a  aiput  m'/rtmtiii  of  pedantry 
and  formalism,  so  fatal  to  living  art  and  out 
of  accord  with  the  ends  we  have  in  view.  To 
justify  this  effort  the  work  in  itself  must  be 
worth  the  doing.  Academic  architecture  cannot 
serve,  examinations  in  artistic  qualifications  are 
out  of  the  question,  and  Registration,  after  all 
that  its  advocates  may  urge  in  its  favour,  would 
inevitably  fail  as  a  guarantee  of  artistic  ability. 
Education,  even  when  based  upon  a  unified 
system  of  technical  training  such  as  we  are 
advocating  in  accord  with  university  teaching, 
can  but  do  little  in  the  absence  of  a  nascent 
fitness  on  the  part  of  the  pupils  in  so  far  as 
architectural  design  is  concerned.  To  sum  up, 
therefore,  the  whole  matter  may  be  said  to  be 
embodied  within  the  scope  of  the  quotation  with 
which  I  propose  to  conclude.  The  paragraph 
itself,  however,  must  be  read  in  the  light  of  the 
educational  advance  which  has  been  inaugurated 
since  it  was  originally  written:  "The  aim  and 
object  of  an  architect  is  to  build  beautifully — 
this  is,  of  course,  including  conveniently — for  a 
building  that  is  beautiful  but  inconvenient  and 
unsuited  for  its  purpose  can  be  of  no  permanent 
interest  or  value  ...  If  he  sits  in  his  office 
making  picturesque  drawings  he  may  be  an 
accomplished  draughtsman,  but  he  is  not  an 
architect.  If  he  spends  his  time  chiefly  in  calcu- 
lating the  smallest  amount  of  material  that  may 
be  used  in  walls  and  girders  to  give  a  required 
amount  of  stability,  caring  liltle  or  nothing 
about  its  design — i.c,  '  architectural  construction  ' 
— he  may  be  an  engineer  or  builder,  but  he  is  not 
an  architect.  .  .  .  Architeiture  is  on  precisely 
the  same  footing  as  painting  and  sculpture.  A 
man  must,  beyond  all  doubt,  be  endowed 
by  Nature  with  the  special  gift  :  that  he  can- 
not acquire  any  more  than  people  unendowed 
with  the  necessary  gifts  can  exp;ct  to  become 
painters  or  sculptors  :  but,  supposing  him 
to  have  by  nature  the  art  faculty,  by  the 
exercise  of  very  ordinary  industry  and  study 
he  can  with  certainty  attain  fo  excellence  in 
what  we  maintain  to  be  an  equally  necessary  part 
of  his  work — namely,  skill  in  purely  practical 
details  of  constr\iction  and  arrangement.  .  .  We 
maintain  that,  in  a  complex  art  like  architecture, 
a  full  knowledge  of  materials  used  in  carrying 
out  work  and  of  all  modes  of  construction  is  abso- 
lutely necessary ;  it  is  a  mere  waste  of  time  to 
dwell  incessantly  and  almost  exclusively  on  one 
part  of  our  work  only,  for  without  this  knowledge 
an  architect  cannot  claim  to  be  an  architect  at 
all — he  vould  "be  the  merest  amateur.  Nay, 
more,  we  hold  that  no  good  architecture  ever  did 
exist,  or  ever  can  exist,  apart  from  sound  con- 
struction ;  good  construction  always  has,  and 
always  must,  go  more  to  influence  design  than 
anything  else  :  in  short,  it  is  the  root  and  founda- 
tion of  the  whole  art,  from  which  all  styles  and  all 
modes  of  good  building  have  always  sprung." 


BRICKWORK   AND    3IAS0XRY.* 

THE  useful  volume  under  the  above  title  has 
been  prepared  from  the  notes  of  lectures  by 
the  authors.  Mr.  Charles  F.  Mitchell,  Lecturer  on 
llulding  Construction  to  the  Regent  -  street 
Polytechnic,  and  author  of  "  Building  Con- 
struction, \c.,"  assisted  by  Mr.  Geprgo  A. 
Jlitchell,  honours  medallist  Building  Construc- 
tion, &c.  The  work  treats  of  two  of  the  most 
important  branches  of  construction,  and  is  a 
practical  textbook  for  students  and  those  engaged 
in  the  design  and  execution  of  brick  and  stone 
structures.  In  the  previous  volumes  of  "  Building 
Construction"  the  subjects  are  dealt  with  in  H 
general  and  elementary  manner,  and  much  of 
the  matter  has  been  con-elated  and  revised, 
and    presented    in    this    new    volume    for   the 

'  Brickwork  anil  Masonry  :  A  Practical  Textbook  for 
studcnta,  Jtc.  By  Ciiaui.k^  F.  Mitchki.i.,  Lecturer  i  n 
Ituililin^  to  Kegent-strcet  Polytechnic,  London,  M.S..V., 
assisted  by  Okoikir  A.  MireiiKr.i.,  London :  B.  T. 
Batdford,  High  Holborn. 


194 


THE    BUILDING  NEWS. 


Feb.  5,  1904 


ST.    PATRICK'S   CATHEDRAL,    DUBLIN,    FROM    SOITTH    EAST. 


Tequirements  of  students  who  are  making 
'brickwork  and  masonry  a  special  study.  We 
"find  such  diverse  subjects  dealt  with  as  founda- 
tions, planning  of  drains,  bond  of  brickwork, 
dry  areas,  building  of  revetments,  construction  of 
vaults  and  domes,  bridges,  tall  chimneys,  and 
other  structures  in  both  materials.  In  these 
problems  the  authors  consider  the  principles  of 
construction  involved,  and  their  mathematical 
solution.  In  foundation  work  sheet  piling  for 
soft  soils,  and  plank  foundations  are  describeii  and 
illusirated  by  well-drawn  plans  and  isometric 
diagrams  and  sections,  and  the  method  of  calcu- 
lating the  width  of  planking  required  for  a  certain 
load  and  safe  resistance  of  soil.  Or  the  width  equals 

— -. The  formula  of  Maior  Saunders, 

sate   resistance 

U.S.,  is  used  to  give  the  safe  loads  supported  by 
piles,  and  many  calculations  are  given  as  ex- 
amples. Rankine  is  also  quoted.  The  method 
of  finding  safe  area  of  piers  is  also  worked  out 
practically'  from  the  formula — 

Area  of  pier  at  top  course       rr  i  ,  i     j 

'^  '^      _  Total  load  on  pier 


Safe  resistance  of  brickwork 

Subsoil  drainage  and  the  construction  of  asphalte- 
lined  basement  walls  are  treated.  Rules  for  finding 
the  bearing  resistance  of  soil,  with  examples,  and 
the  dimensions  of  brick  footings  will  be  found 
useful  in  some  cases.  The  maximum  load  in 
Loudon  is  given  at  H  to  2  tons  per  super,  foot ; 
but,  of  course,  this  is  only  approximate.  Several 
numerical  examples  are  worked  out,  and  the 
author's  observations  on  economy  in  pier-building 
are  useful.  Brick  bond  is  fully  "treated  and  illus- 
trated by  alternate  courses.  The  bond  of  jambs, 
reveals,  squint  quoins,  as  in  bay  windows,  tooth- 
ing and  racking,  joints,  damp-courses,  hollow 
walls,  dry  areas,  and  drain-laying  and  testing, 
planning  house-drains,  &c.,  brick  and  stoneware 
drains  are  severally  discussed,  and  their  principles 
pointed  out.  The  section  on  masonry,  besides 
giving  the  technical  terms  used,  illustrates  and 
describes  the  construction  of  oriel  windows,  stone 
cornices  over  shopfront  carried  by  steel  girders, 
lintels  of  stone  carried  by  a  steel  beam  ;  the 
diiferent_  modes  of  stone  walling,  rubble, 
block  -  in  course,  and  ashlar.  These  are 
each  illustrated.  The  jointing  of  masonry  is 
fully  treated.  The  section  on  "  Stone  Stairs  "  is 
dealt  with  in  some  detail,  showing  the  modes- in 
use  of  fixing  the  steps,  with  both  or  only  one  end 
fixed  in  a  wall,  the  latter  known  as  "hanging 
steps,"  and  those  circular  on  plan  "open"  or 
"  neweUed."  The  plates  show  the  various  details. 
In  the  section  on  "Stability  of  Walls"  the 
author  discusses  the  theory  of  "  overturning  "  of 
"sliding  ';  of  the  blocks  on  their  bed-ioints,  and 
./'""'^"'S-"  The  theory  of  the  first  force- 
as  that  by  wind-pressure— is  simply  explained, 


and  the  rule  for  determining  the  moment  of  the 
wind-pressure  is  :  "Multiply  the  superficial  area 
of  wall  by  the  wind-pressure  and  by  its  leverage, 
which  is  equal  to  half  the  height  of  wall ;  the 
product  is  the  value  of  the  moment."  This  rule 
is  worked  out.  The  other  modts  of  failure  are 
also  considered,  and  rules  and  data  given  for 
calculation.  Retaining  and  revetment  walls  and 
their  conditions  of  stability  are  also  fully 
treated  by  the  aid  of  several  diagrams 
Chapter  VII.  deals  with  arches,  in  which 
their  conditions  of  stability  are  considered  ; 
also  their  construction  in  brick  and  stone,  the 
methods  of  striking  the  curves,  rere  and  other 
Gothic  arches  in  masonry,  &c.  Several  good 
illustrations  of  these  and  Classic  arches  and 
window  openings  with  straight  joggled  lintels, 
and  invioible  joggles  with  pediments  and  dres- 
sings are  furnished,  drawn  to  a  good  scale  and 
figured.  Traceried  windows  and  their  jointing, 
church  doorways  are  illustrated.  The  student  will 
findaconcise  summaryof  theprinciplesof  thetheory 
of  the  arch  illustrated  by  diagrams,  showing  the 
"  line  of  least  resistance  "  in  different  positions, 
and  the  force  polygons  necessary  for  stable  arch 
curves.  These  polygons  enable  the  architect  to 
adjust  the  proper  loads  to  the  arch.  The 
construction  of  a  bridge  is  also  shown  by 
working  drawings.  The  next  chapter  treats 
on  vaulting  and  barrel -vaults,  rib-frame  vaults 
and  domes,  and  the  author  describes  their  con- 
struction and  the  types  of  dome  most  used,  as  when 
the  spheroid  is  intersected  by  four  square  walls,  a 
superposed  dome  resting  on  four  arches,  and  a 
dome  raised  on  a  drum  or  circular  wall,  as  at  St. 
Paul's.  Excellent  working  drawings  arc  given 
of  the  construction  of  a  domical  vault  and  of  a 
Heme  rib  vault,  with  the  several  types  of  vauUiog 
and  ribbing.  The  skew-arch  is  thoroughly  ex- 
plained in  the  next  chapter ;  the  chapter  on  flues, 
fireplaces,  tall  chimneys,  and  lightning  con- 
ductors is  suggestive.  The  latter  chapters  treat 
of  materials,  limes  and  cements,  concrete,  brick, 
stones,  «.^:c.,  and  the  last  on  preparing  quantities, 
memoranda  for  bricklayers  and  masons.  The 
examination  papers  will  be  found  of  service. 
We  can  recommend  Mr.  Mitchell's  treatise  to  all 
students  of  construction. 


SAINT  PATRICK'S  CATHEDRAL,  DUBLIN. 

DUBLIN  presents  a  unique  problem  to  the 
visitor  in  its  two  cathedrals  of  approxi- 
mately equal  sizes,  both  of  ancient  foundation, 
both  claiming  to  be  metropolitan,  and  situate  in 
close  proximity  to  each  other  on  the  same  side  of 
the  river.  The  origin  of  both  minsters,  that  of 
St.  Patrick  and  that  of  Christ  Church,  or  Holy 
Trinity,  is  lost  in  obscurity,  although  in  either 
case   tradition    carries   the   record   much  farther 


back  than  any  architectural,  or,  indeed,  historical 
evidence  warrants.  Holy  Trinity,  or  Christ 
Church,  was  founded  for  ISIack  Canons  in  103S 
with  a  Dean  and  Chapter,  and  in  1163  was  con- 
verted by  Archbishop  Lawrence  O'Toole  into  a 
Priory  of  the  regular  order  of  Arrosian  Canons  ; 
in  1549,  Henry  Vlll.  recognised  it  as  the  archi- 
episcopal  seat,  and  two  years  later  lie  restored  it  to 
its  ancient  state  of  a  Dein  and  Chapter  of  Secular 
Canons.  The  case  of  St.  Patrick's  is  very 
different.  It  is  first  mentioned  in  11 7S,  when  one 
Eden,  its  presbyter,  was  a  subscribing  witness  to 
Archbishop  Lawrence  O'Toole's  charter  to  Christ 
Church  Cathedral.  In  1190  it  was  created  a 
prebendal  or  collegiate  church,  and  in  1219  was 
constituted  a  cathedral  with  a  Dean  and  other 
officials.  In  1547  the  cathedral  establishment 
wjs  suppressed  by  Henry  A'lll.,  but  it  was 
restored  to  that  rank  by  Philip  and  Jlarj'  in 
1554.  Many  scattered  notices  of  the  well  by  the 
church,  said  to  have  been  visited  by  St.  Patrick, 
occur  in  old  chronicles  ;  in  1890  Sir  Thomas 
Drew,  the  cathedral  architect,  mapped  on  the 
precincts  map  the  spot  where  it  might  be  looked 
for,  and  on  this  site  1901  a  granite  stone  marked 
with  a  double  Celtic  cross  of  9th- century  character 
was  found  ;  the  relic  is  now  preserved  at  the 
north-west  angle  of  the  nave.  As  might  be  ex- 
pected, keen  ecclesiastical  rivalry  existed  betwetn 
thetwo  churches  from  the  earliest  time,  and  in  1300 
it  was  decided  that  both  edifices  should  be  styled 
cathedral  and  metropolitan  :  that  the  Archbishops 
of  Dublin  should  be  consecrated  in  Holy  Trinity, 
which  should  have  precedence.  Messrs.  Bell  and 
Sons  have  just  published,  as  the  twenty-ninth 
volume  of  that  handy  and  reliable  green  cloth- 
covered  guides,  a  little  book*  of  SG  pages  dealing 
with  the  junior  of  these  fabrics,  that  of  St.  Patrick, 
written  by  its  Dean,  the  Very  Rev.  J.  H. 
Bernard,  D.D.  In  his  prefatory  remarks  the 
author  acknowledges  his  indebtedness  to  Sir  T. 
Drew  for  much  information  as  to  the  architec- 
tural hi>tory  of  the  edifice.  The  existing  build- 
ing seems  to  have  been  built  afresh  between  1220 
and  1200  ;  it  consists  of  a  Latin  cross,  having 
aisles  to  both  transepts  as  well  as  nave  and 
choir,  and  terminating  eastwards  in  a  Lady- 
chapel.  The  external  length  is  300ft.,  and  the 
width  across  transepts  156ft.  ;  the  nave  is  inter- 
nally 136ft.  Bin.  by  30ft.  clear  of  aisles,  and  the 
total  ground  area  of  the  building  is  21,300sq.ft., 
a  floor  space  a  little  greater  than  that  of  South- 
well Jlinster,  but  less  than  nearly  all  the  English 
cathedrals  or  such  parish  churches  as  St.  Michael, 
Coventry,  and  St.  Nicholas,  Yarmouth  ;  unpre- 
tentious as  its  dimensions  are,  however,  this  is  the 
largest  church  in  Ireland.  St.  Patrick's  suffered 
severely  from  fires  in  131G  and  1362,  and  soon  after 

•  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  Dublin,  with  Plan  and 
Illustrations.  Bell's  Cathedral  Series.  London  :  George 
Bell  and  Sons. 


Feb.  5,  1904, 


THE    BUILDINGI^NEWS. 


195 


ST.  PATRICK'S,  DUBLIN:  IX  li. 

the  latter  date  the  Archliishop  Thomas  IMinot 
rebuilt  the  tower  at  the  north-west  angle  of  nave, 
and  also  the  four  western  bays  of  the  north  aisle  of 
nave.  In  1511  the  western  portion  of  the  stone 
vault  of  the  nave  fell,  and  destroyed  many  monu- 
ments ;  and  in  16S8  the  whole  nave  roof  was 
removed  owing  to  itj  insecurity,  and  a  new 
timber  one  erected,  the  choir  being  reroofed  a  little 
later.  In  the  17th  century  the  building  was  greatly 
ill-treated.  Partitions  and  hideous  galleries  were 
erected  ;  the  north  transept  was  walled  off  for  use 
as  St.  Nicholas'  Parish  Church,  and  *he  south 
transept  was  transformed  into  a  chapter-house. 
Some  works  of  restoration  were  carried  out  by 
Dean  I'attenham,  with  Mr.  Carpenter  as  archi- 
tect, between  1815  and  lS.'i2,  including  the 
lowering  of  the  lloor  to  its  original  level,  and  of 
the  ground  outside,  and  the  repair  of  the  Lady 
chapel.  The  real  work  of  restoration  was  carried 
out  at  the  cost  of  .Sir  I'.enjamin  Lee  Giuinness, 
who,  after  1SG4,  rebuilt  teveral  bays  of  the  nave 
aisles  with  the  arcades,  triforia,  and  clerestories, 
and  the  north  transept,  and  repaired  the  south 
transept,  and  added  two  porches.  Within  the 
last  few  years  the  son  of  Sir  B.  L.  Ciuinncss,  Lord 
Iveagh,  has  borne  the  outlay  of  restoring  the 
choir,  whore  a  stone  vault  has  replaced  a  lath-and- 
plastor  ceiling,  and  an  organ  chamber  has  been 
added  at  the  triforium  level  on  the  north  side. 
The  latter  works  h»ve  been  carried  out  by  Messrs. 
Thonipjon,  of  Peterborough,  under  the  direction 
of  Sir  Thomas  Drew.  The  outstanding  feature 
of  the  cKtorior  is  the  tower  added  by  Arclibishup 
Winot  at  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century.  It  is 
391't.  square  at  the  base,  and  MTft.  high,  and  is 
cipped  by  an  incongruous  and  perfectly  plain 
octagonal  spire  of  Irish  granite  loift.  bigli,  added 
from  Cieorgo  Sharpie's  dcsig'n  in  1719.  (  hir  per- 
spective from  the  south-east  shows  the  spiie  over 
tho  restored  south  transept,  and  also  the  choir 
and  Lady-chapel.  The  church,  as  will  be 
seen  from  the  internal  view,  lent,  with  a  per- 
spective of  the  exterior,  by  Messrs  (ioorgeBoll 


'iF  NAVE,  LOOKING  EAST. 

and  Sons,  the  publishers,  is  open  from  west 
to  east,  there  beirg  no  screen  or  rail  at  the 
crossing,  and  interest  is  given  to  the  choir  by  the 
banners  of  former  Knights  of  St.  Patrick,  which 
still  hang  above  the  stalls.  Dr.  Bernard,  as  might 
bo  expected,  gives  prominent  notice  to  his  most 
illustrious  predecessor,  Jonathan  Swift  (1713-45). 
'■  There  never  has  been,"  says  the  author, 
"  a  Dean  of  St.  Patrick's  who  devoted  more  time 
and  thought  to  the  preservation  of  the  monuments 
of  his  cathedral,  or  was  more  desirous  to  keep 
alive  the  memory  of  its  connection  with  the 
historic  past.  But  no  work  of  repair  of  any 
magnitude  was  undertaken  in  his  time."  The 
grtat  Dean  is  buried  in  the  nave,  the  site  being 
marked  by  a  plain  brass,  and  on  the  wall  of  the 
south  aisle,  near  the  Robing  Room  door,  is  its 
famous  Latin  epitaph  written  by  the  satirist  him- 
self, and  close  by  an  admirable  bust  executed  in 
Carrara  marble  by  Cunningham,  a  contemporary 
sculptor.  Dr.  Bernard's  handbook  is  illustrated 
by  three  plans — two  of  the  cathedral  ;now  and  in 
1754),  and  one  of  the  precincts  by  Sir  T.  Drew, 
and  by  thirty  reproductions  of  photographs  and 
old  engravings. 


THE    STRENUTH    OF    AMERICAN 
TIMBERS. 

rillMBER  tests  which  shall  determine  the 
X.  strength  of  tho  principal  American  timbers 
used  for  conatrucliun  purposes  are  now  in  pro- 
gress at  Washington,  D.C.,  at  Vale  University, 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  at  Puruue  University, 
Lafayette,  Ind.,  and  at  th'i  Univtraity  of  Cali- 
fornia, Berkeley,  Ciil.  These  testa  are  made 
under  tho  direction  of  the  U.S.  Bureau  of 
Forestry,  and  are  for  the  benefit  of  luuibermeii, 
construction  engineers,  and  scientific  men  who 
are  interested  in  the  strength  of  dilterent  wood 
fibres.  The  Bureau  of  I''ore8try  proposes  from  the 
results  of  its  tests  to  make  tables  of  the  strength 


of  different  American  woods  to  which  the  engineer 
may  refer  when  he  wishes  to  know  what  timbers 
to  use  for  certain  j.urpoecs.  The  tetts  will  be  in 
cross-bending  aid  breaking,  compression  with  and 
against  the  gra'n,  and  thearing.  No  complete 
aid  satif- factory  EC rics  of  tests  on  large  sticks  of 
timber  has  ever  htm  made  in  the  United  States. 
Lumber  manufacturers  in  the  South  and  the 
Pacific  Coast  States  are  especially  interested  in 
this  work,  tince  they  with  to  know  more  about 
tteir  proeiuct.  They  have  contributed  gratis 
much  of  the  mateiial  UFf:^d  in  the  tests. 

'I he  chief  timbers  now  being  tested  are  the 
Southern  pince  and  the  red  fir  of  the  Pacific  toast. 
In  the  laboratories  at  Washington  tests  are  now 
in  progress  on  loblolly  pine  sticks  17ft.  long  and 
8  by  14,  8  by  8,  and  8  by  4in.  Special  attention 
is  given  to  the  effects  of  moisture  on  the  strength 
of  wood.  In  the  case  of  loblolly  pine  which  baa 
grown  rapidly,  the  strength  was  found  to  decrease 
50  to  60  per  cent,  after  the  dry  wood  had  been 
soaked  several  days  in  water.  The  fact,  however, 
is  not  yet  established  and  will  have  to  be  proveei 
by  further  expeiiraents.  The  timbers  tested  are 
of  the  usual  grades  purchased  in  the  market  and 
are  not  selected  pieces.  At  the  laboratory  of  the 
Yale  Forest  School  in  New  Haven  small  selected 
pieces  of  longleaf  pine,  without  knots  or  other 
defects,  are  being  tested  so  as  to  learn  what  is  the 
ultimate  strength  of  the  fibres.  At  Berkeley, 
Cal.,  tests  are  being  made  on  red  fir  from  timbers 
contributed  by  red  fir  manufacturers.  Dr.  W.  K. 
Hatt,  who  is  stationed  at  Purdue  L'niversity,  is 
carrying  on  a  series  of  tests  there  with  hard- wood 
timbers  and  is  preparing  for  publication  the  results 
of  all  the  tests  of  the  bureau. 


THE  DECAYED  STIJNEWOEK  OF  THE 
CHAPTER  HOUSE,  WESTMINSTER 
ABBEY. 

A  PARLIAMENTARY  paper  has  just  been 
issued,  containing  a  copy  of  memo- 
r.anda  by  Professor  Church,  F.R.S.,  furnished  to 
Lord  Windsor,  the  First  Commissioner  of  his 
Majesty's  Wcrks,  concerning  the  treatment  of 
decayed  stonework  in  the  Chapter  House,  West- 
minster Abbey.  Lord  Windsor  states  that  his 
predecessor,  llr.  Akers-Douglas,  having  noted 
the  progress  of  decay  in  the  stonework  of  the 
Chapter  House  portion  of  the  Abbey  buildings 
which  is  in  the  charge  of  the  l.iffice  of  Works,  the 
First  Commissioner  requested  advice  on  the  matter 
from  Professor  A.  H.  Church.  Mr.  Akers- 
Douglas  afterwards  intrusted  to  I'rofessor  Church 
the  carrying  out  of  the  measures  which  he  recom- 
mended for  arresting  the  mischief.  The  first 
memorandum,  dated  May  '28,  1901,  points  out 
that  the  13th- century  work  in  the  Chapter  House 
was  mainly  executed  in  an  inferior  kind  of  sand- 
stone from  one  of  the  lower  beds  of  the  Upper 
Cxreensand,  known  as  firestone  and  Reigate  stone, 
which  is  rapidly  disintegrated  by  water  contain- 
ing almost  any  kind  of  acid.  The  decay  of  tho 
stone  was  not  confined  to  the  surface,  but  had  in 
many  places  penetrated  to  the  depth  of  two  or 
more  inches.  Professor  Church  says  he  was  led 
to  think  of  the  special  treatment  of  the  decayed 
stone  now  recommended  by  more  than  one  con- 
sideration. "The  mischief,"  he  adds,  "  having 
been  done  by  acid,  let  us  try  to  repair  it  by  a 
base  which,  at  the  same  time,  shall  convert  the 
gypsum  now  present  into  something  less  soluble, 
which  may  act  as  a  binding  material.  There  is 
but  ore  base  available— namely,  tho  earth  baryta 
— and,  so  far  as  I  know,  but  two  compounds  of  it, 
the  aluminate  and  the  hydrate.  The  former  is 
dilli-ult  to  prepare  and  to  preserve,  and  does  not 
penetrate  the  decayed  stones  so  readily  and  so 
far  as  the  hydrate,  although  a  much  stronger 
sobuion  of  it  may  bo  made.  On  full  e-onsidera- 
tien  of  the  subject  and  after  many  experiments 
with  the  decayed  stones,  I  came  to  the  conclusion 
that  pure  baryta-water— that  is,  a  solution  of 
barium  hydrate  (or  hydroxide,  Ball/'),)  saturated 
at  the  summer  temperature,  when  it  contains 
about  3  per  cent,  of  baryta  jBaO),  would  probably 
achieve  the  end  in  view.  I  proved  by  direct 
trials  that  this  liquid  penetrated  the  decayed  stone 
to  a  depth  of  several  inches,  and  that  it  did  not 
possess  any  tendency  to  form  an  imper\  ions  crust 
on  the  surface.  I  further  found  that  a  few  appli- 
cations of  the  liquid  produced  no  appreciable 
hardening  and  consolidating  effect  on  tho  decayed 
stone  :  but  that  a  point  was  at  last  reached  when 
after  the  sixth,  or  it  might  bo  only  after  the 
twelfth,  treatment,  tho  stone  was  not  only  com- 
pletely reconstituted,  but  had  become  harder  and 


196 


THE    BUILDII^G    Jv^EWS. 


Feb.  5.  1904. 


more  solid  than  when  in  its  original  condition." 
I'rofessor  Church  added  that  all  the  trials  of  the 
baryta  method,  whether  carried  out  in  the 
Chapter  House  itself  or  in  his  laboratory,  led  him 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  good  effects  of  the 
treatment  were  not  only  permanent,  but  were  not 
in  the  least  likely  to  ba  followed  by  any  bad 
consequences  in  the  future,  although  it  might  be 
necessary  to  repeat  the  treatment  on  some  subse- 
quent occasion. 

The  second  memorandum,  dated  November  IS, 
1903,  states  that,  as  the  preliminary  trials  in  1900 
of  the  treatment  with  baryta-water  appeared 
wholly  successful  after  the  lapse  of  a  year,  four 
bays  of  the  Chapter  House  were  operated  upon  in 
the  summer  of  1901,  and  the  remaining  four  bays 
in  1903.  A  decayed  Purbeck  marble  column  and 
the  lower  part  of  the  adjacent  jamb  of  a  door- 
way in  firestone  were  treated  by  the  baryta  pro- 
cess in  the  summer  of  1901.  The  interest  of  this 
test  lay  in  the  success  which  attended  the  Ireit- 
ment  of  a  second  kind  of  stone— namely,  I'urbeck 
marble.  The  memorandum  also  deals  with  the 
condition  and  treatment  of  the  fragmentary  wall- 
paintings  still  to  be  seen  in  the  Chapter  House. 
The  earlier  and  better  of  these,  upon  the  flat  sur- 
faces of  the  arcading  on  the  east  side  of  the 
octagon,  belong  to  the  middle  of  the  14th  century. 
As  the  stonework  on  which  they  had  been  painted 
was  in  a  sadly  decayed  condition,  it  was  treated 
with  baryta  water  in  the  way  already  described. 
It  was  hoped  that  the  solution  would  pene- 
trate behind  the  paintings  and  consolidate  the 
ground.  This  hope  was  realised  in  part,  but 
some  portions  of  the  surface-layer  of  paint 
and  gesso  are  still  almost  detached  from  the 
stone  behind  them.  The  remains  of  wall- 
paintings  on  the  south-eastern,  south,  and  south- 
western bays  were  similarly  treated,  but  to  the 
later  and  poorer  work  of  the  north-western  bay, 
painted  about  the  end  of  the  14th  century,  no 
baryta  water  was  applied,  for  it  was  firmly 
attached  to  the  wall.  The  surface  was,  however, 
first  cleansed  with  distilled  water,  then  allowed  to 
become  dry,  and  finally  treated  with  oil  of  spike- 
lavender  containing  a  very  small  quantity  of  Mr. 
Gambier  Parry's  spirit-fresco  medium.  This  was 
done  because  the  varnish  applied  to  these  paint- 
ings by  Sir  6.  Gilbert  Scott  could  not  be  safely 
removed,  although  it  had  become  dull  and  dark. 
So  it  was  necessary  to  apply  a  liquid  which  would 
partially  restore  the  translucency  of  the  obscuring 
layer  of  varnish.  It  ia  proposed  to  treat  in  the 
same  way  the  remaining  fragments  of  painting 
in  the  southern  bays. 

Lord  Windsor  expressed  his  sense  of  the  great 
obligations  of  the  .State  to  Professor  Church  for 
the  valuable  services  which  he  had  gratuitously 
given  in  this  and  other  public  matters. 


CAST  LE.ID  RAINWATER  HEADS,  CASE- 
MENTS, AND  VENTILATORS. 

MESSRS.  GEORGE  WRAGGE,  LTD.,  of 
Wardry  Metal  Works  and  The  Crafts 
(stained  and  leaded  glass),  Salford,  Manchester, 
and  211,  Shaftesbury-avenue,  W.C.,  London, 
have  issued  a  very  useful  card  illustrating  several 
rainwater  heads  which  they  are  making  in  cast 
lead  and  in  iron.  The  designs  are  very  artistic, 
some  based  on  old  types,  which  will  be  valued  by 
the  profession.  The  prices  are  given  at  the  back 
of  card.  The  down-pipes  and  gutters  are  simple  and 
effective  in  design,  and  show  a  proper  treatment 
of  cast  lead.  The  work  ia  done  by  a  process 
giving  a  fine  surface  texture,  and  retaining  the 
freedom  of  the  modeller  and  craftsman.  We 
may  mention  that  the  cast  lead  is  made  without 
the  usual  wood  patterns,  using  plaster  models, 
and  casting  the  lead  in  sand,  which  gives  it  a 
texture.  The  card  deserves  a  place  on  the  walls 
of  an  architect's  office. 

The  list  of  illustrations  of  this  firm's  "  in-and- 
out  casements  ' '  shows  also  some  very  adaptable 
and  artistic  treatments  which  merit  the  architect's 
notice.  The  illustration  on  front  page  shows  a 
casement  partially  open  for  ventilation,  and  also 
wide  open  for  safety  cleaning.  The  casement  is 
hung  4iD.  from  the  jamb,  which  enables  the  glass 
to  be  cleaned  easily  from  inside,  there  being  no 
interference  with  bUnds  or  curtains,  and  no  loose 
bolts  or  parts  to  get  out  of  order.  No  special 
rebates  are  necessary  for  these  casements.  We 
also  see  an  illustration  of  a  ventilator,  the  copy- 
right of  which  this  firm  has  purchased  from  Mr. 
•  ■.  F  A.  Voysey,  architect.  The  ventilator  can 
be  glazed  into  leaded  lights,  and  can  be  fixed  into 
atone,  wood,  or  other  material.     It  is  weather- 


tight,  non-corrosive,  and  dispenses  with  case- 
ments of  the  full  size  of  opening.  It  can  be  hung 
at  top  to  open  outwards,  or  to  the  muntin  or  middle 
bar  of  casement  to  open  sideways.  The  prices  are 
moderate.  Full  information,  and  prices  and 
section  of  heads  and  sills  of  casements  are  given 
in  this  list. 


A  NEW  TYPE  OF  FORMS  FOR  CON- 
STRUCTING CONCRETE  SEWERS  AND 
CONDUITS. 

THE  arches  of  the  concrete  sewers  built  in 
Jledford,  Mass.,  and  described  in  the 
Eiiij'nieeyinfj  Keeurd,  are  of  brick  ;  but  this  change 
of  material  in  the  upper  part  of  the  sewer  causes 
considerable  delay  in  the  progress  of  the  work, 
especially  on  account  of  the  waiting  for  the  con- 
crete to  harden.  By  the  use  of  the  forms  to  be 
described,  it  is  possible  to  build  up  the  whole 
sewer  ia  concrete  directly  in  the  trench,  thus 
reducing  the  cost  about  30  per  cent,  as  com- 
pared with  brick  construction,  and  10  per  cent, 
as  compared  with  vitrified  pipe.  Any  form  of 
sewer  can  be  built  by  the  proposed  method, 
which  maj'  also  be  adapted  to  conduits  for  carry- 
ing water  or  ducts  for  electric  wires.  If  required, 
a  vitrified  pipe  invert  may  beijlaced  in  connection 
with  the  use  of  these  forms. 

For  building  a  concrete  sewer,  after  excavating 
the  trench  to  the  proper  dimensions  for  the  out- 
side of  the  sewer,  if  the  materials  will  permit,  or 
setting  outside  forms,  if  these  are  necessary,  the 
inner  form  or  centre  will  be  set  up  on  a  layer  of 


Novel  Forms  for  Sewer  Construction. 


concrete,  and  the  concrete  to  form  a  complete 
section  of  sewer  then  placed.  These  centres  are 
made,  as  indicated  in  the  cut,  of  pieces  of  thin 
steel  plate  bent  to  the  required  forms  and  held 
together  by  clips  of  the  shape  indicated.  The 
clips  are  held  in  place  by  filling  the  spaces  inside 
of  them  with  paraffin  or  clay.  To  insure  a  very 
smooth  interior  surface  for  the  sewer  or  conduit, 
a  sheet  of  heavy  paper  is  to  be  wrapped  around 
the  outside  of  the  form.  It  is  proposed  to  make 
the  forms  in  sections  about  3ft.  long,  so 
that  the  pieces  will  be  light  enough  to  be 
readily  handled.  The  pieces  of  each  section 
will  be  put  together,  and  the  clip  spaces 
filled  before  lowering  into  the  trench.  After  the 
concrete  has  been  allowed  to  harden  a  suitable 
length  of  time,  a  steam-nozzle  or  other  suitable 
heater  may  be  introduced  inside  the  forms  lo 
melt  the  paraffin,  which  requires  a  temperature 
of  only  112°  Fahr.,  or  a  jet  of  water  maybe  used 
to  wash  out  the  clay  if  the  clips  have  been  filled 
with  this  material.  If  clay  is  to  be  used,  it  is 
proposed  to  perforate  the  clips  so  that  the  clay 
may  be  more  readily  washed  out.  (.)f  course,  the 
paraflincanberecovered  and  used  over  indefinitely. 
After  the  paraffin  or  clay  has  been  removed  from 
the  clips,  the  centres  can  be  collapsed  and  with- 
drawn through  the  finished  portion  of  the  sewer 
and  taken  out  through  the  nearest  manhole  or 
other  opening.  Pail  S.  Kn'ittel. 

Brooklyn,  December  22,  1903. 


It  is  reported  that  Messrs.  Lysaght,  Ltd.,  have 
decided  to  close  their  works  at  Wolverhampton, 
and  remove  the  whole  of  the  operations  there 
carried  on  to  the  new  works  in  South  Wales. 


BOOKS    RECEIVED. 

LockivoOfFs  Biiildar's,  Architect's,  Contraelor's, 
and  Eiigiiirer's  Price  Boole  for  1904.  Edited  by 
Francis  T.  W.  Miller,  A.R.I.B.A.,  &c. 
(London:  Crosby  Lockwood  and  Son).  —  This 
volume  yearly  becomes  more  perfect  and  compre- 
hensive. The  prices  have  been  revised  where 
required  and  brought  up  to  date,  important 
branches  of  building,  such  as  sanitary  appliances, 
modes  of  ventilation,  lighting,  new  materials, 
have  been  also  enlarged  and  amended  where 
necessary,  and  the  supplemental  additions  such  as 
the  by-laws  and  regulations  of  the  L.C.C.  and 
the  Public  Health  Department  of  the  Corporation, 
and  the  various  other  Acts  and  Regulations  of 
interest  to  the  building  community,  make  the 
work  an  essential  handbook  to  the  profession. 
The  section  on  electric  lighting,  revised  by  Mr. 
A.  P.  Haslam,  A.I.E.E.,  is  now  a  concise  treatise 
on  the  subject  from  a  practical  point  of  view,  and 
the  preliminary  remarks  on  installations,  terms 
used,  dynamos,  direct-current  motors,  accumu- 
lators, and  other  machinery,  conduit  wiring,  cost 
of  wiring  houses  are  of  much  value.  The  general 
conditions  to  be  complied  with  in  fitting  premises 
ior  the  electric  light  issued  by  the  City  of  London 
Electric  Light  Co.,  Ltd.,  will  be  found  of  general 
use.  The  Building  Act  is  printed  in  crleiiso  as  a 
supplement,  and  the  text  of  the  Amending  Act 
of  1898  is  given,  with  annotations  of  their  pro- 
visions, by  Mr.  A.  J.  David,  LL.M.,  of  the  Inner 
Temple.  The  notes  of  important  decisions  will 
be  found  of  great  service,  and  the  appendices,  as 
usual,  are  packed  with  useful  tables  and  data  on 
a  variety  of  matters  of  practical  value,  Marks  of 
Wood,  Institute  Conditions,  &c.  The  volume  is 
well  printed,  and  a  good  index  is  prefixed.  The 
architect  and  builder   should  at   once  procure  a 

copy. I,(t.rton's  Hiiildcrs'  Price  BooU  fur  Arc/ii- 

lect.1,  Builders,  Engineers,  and  Contractors  for  1904. 
(London  :  Kelly's  Directories,  Ltd.,  182,  &c., 
High  Ilolborn.) — The  new  edition  of  this  well- 
known  price  book,  its  87th  edition,  comprises  all 
the  features  and  information  of  a  general  kind 
which  has  made  it  a  standard  book  of  reference 
for  the  building  profession.  The  prices  are  well 
up  to  date,  and  special  attention  is  given  to  all 
matters  connected  with  construction.  Valuable 
information  will  be  found  under  the  heading  nf 
"Constructional  Engineer,"  whom  the  de- 
velopment of  steel  construction  has  brought  into 
notice.  In  this  chapter  the  British  standard 
beams  of  rolled  mild  steel  are  given  in  tabular 
form  from  the  published  list  of  the  Engineering 
Standards  Committee.  The  list  of  beams  for  safe 
distributing  loads  in  tons  of  varying  spans  will  be 
found  of  value,  also  the  list  given  of"  first-ela-ss" 
and  "  second-class  "  sections  ;  then  we  have  refer- 
ence to  the  rolled  steel  beams  with  broad  flanges 
and  "  Differdange  "  beams.  The  memoranda  and 
methods  of  measurements  prefixed  to  each  trade 
are  complete,  and  form  a  valuable  guide.  The 
table  given  by  which  an  approximate  estimate 
may  be  obtained  of  the  proportion  of  labour  to 
material  in  each  trade  is  useful,  as  it  enables  the 
price-book  to  be  used  to  meet  varying  rates  of 
wages.  To  take  the  trade  of  a  plasterer,  the 
proportion  of  labour  to  material  is  just  one-half, 
or  50  per  cent.,  so  that  a  "plasterer's  bill 
amounting  to  £90,  the  proportion  attributed  to 
labour  would  be  £45,  to  which  we  add  one-nine- 
teenth, or  £27s.  4d., raising  the  toUil  to  £92  7s.  4d., 
as  the  corrected  amount  to  meet  altered  rate 
of  wages."  Sections  are  given  on  electric  light- 
ing, including  the  rules  for  installations  issued 
by  the  Sun  Insurance  Office,  the  form  of  agree- 
ment and  schedule  of  conditions  for  building 
contracts  issued  by  the  R.I.B.A.,  rules  of  pro- 
cedure of  cases  before  the  Tribunal  of  Appeal 
under  the  London  Building  Act,  1894,  the  text 
of  that  Act,  and  the  by-laws  of  the  L.C.C.  under 
various  Acts  are  given  in  e.rtenso,  in  addition  to 
Metropolis  %\^ater  Act,  1871,  and  Regulations 
applying  to  Theatres,  &c.,  of  the  L.C.C.  There 
is  a  good  index,  and  a  list  of  brands  on  deals  and 
battens. 


Within  two  months  another  great  change  in  the 
centre  of  Rochdale  will  be  completed  by  the  cover- 
ing of  the  river  between  the  bottom  of  Yorkshire- 
street  and  the  Wellington  Bridge.  The  work  is 
being  carried  out  for  the  corporation  on  the  Henne- 
bique  ferro-concrete  system,  under  the  direction  of 
the  borough  surveyor,  Mr.  S.  S.  Piatt,  M.Iiist.C.E. 
The  Hennebique  Company  is  represented  by  M. 
L.  P.  Mouchel,  and  the  same  contractors  and 
engineers  are  also  carrying  out  two  ferro-concrete 
bridges  in  Mellor-street,  and  a  carahed  and  depot 
at  Bridgefold. 


Feb.  5,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


197 


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I 


I  L 

f  EACH    5LA&    U    A  MOfjOUTH  ■ 
4ilH3  THK^  4  2«9  FEBT  JUP« 
t.  WILL  JUfpORT  A  CiAD  LOAD- 
OF  141  TOkS  OR  2  CWT  TO  THE  • 
FOOT    iUHSH. 


—4— 

iCRJNOLITHIC     6E»m| IH  VHQ  ^ifr  JPMOj 


CHANOLITHIC     FLAT     Ai  I.Ni    FHICK    IN  iU^^5   I/fT.)! 

W  -r 


Section  at  A  B 

6CKL.E   or    Fket 


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NOTE    mo   cOMiTILUtTIPN  5«»U  WHAT   (AN  it  DONE     WITH    CHANOLITHIC- 

LAUCE    5PAN5  l7F'xl7F'    WITHOUT    INTERMEDlATt    BEAMJ  .      .      ■      • 

;      5TEEL*0|i,K  WDUCEO  TO  A    MINIMUM     (JUANTITV. 


.,--.;>..;,.  ,<^JCvti.;JJWijT^ji<j!i>;^MOA>.:  ,!■ 


?. 


F»I,AN   OF     FUAT 
Scale  «  Fect 


Part   Clevation 


3CK  PaC-  ft  Stoc«  '-ncfi*' 


•  St  Lovoan  Otic  ^  :  C 


A     GEANOLITHIC     FLAT     EOOFED     TIMBER     STORE     AND     WORKSHOP. 
Built  by  Stuart's  Gkanolithic  Stoxe  Co.,  Ltii.,  London,  E. 


A   WORKSHOP  WITH  A   GRANOLITHIC 
FLAT   ROOF. 

ON  November  13, 1903,  we  gave  an  illustration 
of  a  chimney-shaft  built  by  Stuart's  Grano- 
lithic .Stone  Co.  at  their  works,  GlengaU-road, 
Millwall,  London,  E.,  in  their  patent  stone.  Our 
present  illustration  shows  a  building,  also  erected 
by  them  at  their  London  premises,  which  well 
illustrates  the  fireproof  constructive  principles 
and  great  area  of  their  slabs,  which  carry  ware- 
house-floor loads  without  the  usual  support  of 
rolled  steel  girders  and  joists. 

The  building  referred  to  is  one  of  their  work- 
shops, with  a  Hat  fireproof  roof  in  bays  17ft. 
square,  supported  by  (iranolithic  beams,  which 
take  the  storage  of  timber  reciuired  for  the 
company's  purposes.  This  roof,  which  i.s  4iin. 
thick,  and  of  necessity  perfectly  watertight, 
has  no  asphalte  as  covering,  and  supports  with  due 
safety  a  dead  load  of  2cwt.  to  the  surface  foot, 
or  lU  tons  in  all.  The  effective  and  judicious 
combination  of  concrete  and  steel  wires  for  beams 
as  well  as  Uoors  opens  up  tremendous  possibilities 
in  the  constructive  features  of  the  future,  and 
Stuart's  people  can  justly  lay  claim  tobeaitong 
those  few  pioneers  of  this  very  important  branch 
of  construction. 

The  architects  for  this  work  were  Messrs. 
Stock,  Page,  and  Stock,  of  9,  Denman-Etreet, 
London  Bridge,  who  were  also,  our  readers  may 
remember,  responsible  for  the  architectural  detail 
of  the  shaft  above  noted. 


nlilTUAKV. 
J[.  EuoLAuu  Jixiss  CoURovi;u,  the  well-known 
architect  and  member  of  the  Acadcmie  dcs  lieaux 
Arts,  died  in  Paris  on  Sunday  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
nine.  Jl.  Corroycr,  who  was  a  pupil  of  Viollet- 
le-Uuc,  after  being  diocesan  architect  at  Soissons, 
became  prominent  during  the  fifteen  years  that  ho 
was  architect  to  the  Mont  Saint  Michael,  which 
ho  did  so  much  to  restore.  His  mellmds,  how- 
ever, attracted  criticism,  and  aftir  a  liostilo  vote 
in  the  Chamber  in  188.S,  ho  was  removed  from  his 
post,  lie  published  several  works  on  architecture, 
and  at  the  ordinary  Salons  exhibited  his  studies 
for  the  restoration  or  construction  of  the  monu- 
ments confided  to  his  care. 


Mr.  J.  Barnes,    of  Kendal,  has  been  appointed 
surveyor  and  inspector  of  nuisances  at  Blandford. 


OOUFETITIONS. 

Ayi.esford  Bridge. — The  Maidstone  Town 
Council  have  applied  to  the  President  of  the 
Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  Sir  "William  White, 
to  name  an  assessor  to  adjudicate  upon  the  com- 
petitive plans  sent  in  for  the  proposed  new  Ayles- 
ford  Bridge.  Mr.  A.  C.  Hurtzig,  M.I.C.E.,  has 
been  appointed,  and  he  is  expected  to  visit  Jlaid- 
stone  shortly. 

Halifax  War  Memorial. — The  form  of  the 
memorial  to  be  erected  in  West  A'iew  Park, 
Halifax,  to  the  soldiers  from  that  district  who 
fell  in  the  South  African  War  has  still  to  be 
decided.  It  was  only  after  much  squabbling  that 
West  View  Park  was  determined  upon  as  the  site. 
Designs  were  then  invited  from  residents  in  the 
parish  of  Halifax,  and  a  number  were  received  ; 
but  none  of  them  were  considered  as  satisfactory. 
Now  the  committee  have  decided  to  throw  the- 
competition  open  to  the  world,  with  a  recom- 
mendation that  the  memorial  shall  not  be  more 
than  30ft.  high,  and  the  promise  to  call  in  an 
assessor  to  assist  in  judging  the  designs.  The 
Committee  have  fixed  April  9  as  the  last  day  fur 
receiving  designs. 

In\ernes3  Town-  Hall.  —  Inverness  Town 
Council,  at  a  meeting  on  Monday  night,  received 
the  adjudication  of  Mr.  A.  Hunter  Crawford, 
president  of  the  Edinburgh  Architectural  Asso- 
ciation, on  the  competitive  designs  sent  in  for  the 
extension  of  the  town-hall  buildings.  It  was 
found  that  the  first  prize  design  belonged  to  Mr. 
■faiiifs  );.  Khind,  architect.  Inverness,  who  will, 
therefore,  carry  out  the  work,  which  will  cost 
about  .£l,aOO.  The  second  and  third  prize  com- 
petitors were  respectively  Mr.  William  Mackin- 
tosh, Inverness,  and  Messrs.  Cameron  and  Burnett, 
Inverness. 

St.  Anxk's  Free  Lihrarv. — Two  months  .igo 
the  St.  .\nnc'8-on-Sea  Urban  District  Council 
olftred  three  premiums  of  120,  £10,  and  ,€5  for 
the  best  design.s  prepared  by  loc:il  architects.  On 
I'riday  evening  lust  the  committee  had  before 
them  twelve  sets  of  plans,  and  the  following 
awards  wore  made  ; — First,  "  Steel"  (Mr.  i.  1>. 
Harker,  .\.Ii.[.H..\.,  Kinp-street,  Manchester); 
second,  "Suitability"  (Messrs.  II.  and  W. 
Wade);  third,  "Radium"  (Messrs.  England, 
Winstanley,  and  England).  The  cost  was  not  to 
exceed,  with  all  charges,  the  amount  of  Mr. 
Carnegie's  gift  —namely,  .£3,.)00.  The  first  and 
second  ran  a  very  close  race,  and  the  voting  of 


the  committee  was  at  one  time  a  tie.  ilr.  Harker's 
design  provides  for  a  one-story  building  on  the 
site  secured  at  the  corner  of  South  Drive  and 
King's-road.  The  building  is  planned  to  stand 
at  the  corner  of  the  site,  the  main  entrance  being 
at  the  angle  of  the  two  roads.  The  entrance 
leads  through  a  vestibule  to  a  large  octa- 
gonal hall,  lighted  by  clerestory  windows, 
and  covered  with  a  domed  roof.  Opening 
into  the  octagon  hall  is  the  borrowers'  counter. 
From_the  octagon  hall,  doors  open  to  the  reading- 
rooms,  cloakrooms,  and  administrative  depart- 
ment. The  general  reading-room  is  lighted  from 
the  clerestory,  and  has  bays  on  the  north  side 
for  ladies  (with  lavatorj'  adjoining),  magazines, 
and  newspapers,  whilst  on  the  south  side  are 
recesses  for  bookcases.  The  style  adopted  for  the 
exterior  is  an  adaptation  of  Victorian  Renaissance. 
The  wall-facing  will  be  of  narrow  red  pressed 
bricks,  and  the  strings,  cornices,  and  dressings 
of  biscuit-coloured  terracotta.  The  design  sub- 
mitted by  Messrs.  H.  and  W.  Wade  provides  for 
a  two-story  erection  with  the  main  entrance  in 
the  centre  of  the  frontage  to  the  Drive.  The 
newsroom  is  placed  on  the  right  of  the  hall.  On 
the  first  floor  is  the  reference  room,  magazine 
room,  and  book  store.  A  boys'  room  is  shown  on 
the  ground  floor.  A  novel  feature  is  a  revolving 
door  in  place  of  the  usual  swing  vestibule  doors, 
in  order  to  exclude  draughts. 


The  chancellor  of  the  London  Consistory  Court 
has  granted  a  faculty  for  carrying  out  the  contem- 
plated improvements  in  the  church  and  churchyard  of 
St.  <liles's,  Cripplcgate,  E.G.,  under  au  agreement 
with  the  City  Corporation. 

The  Killiney  Urban  Distiict  Council  have  applied 
to  the  Local  (iovernment  Board  for  sanction  to  a 
loan  of  £3,oOO  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  sixteen 
dwellings  under  the  Housiug  of  the  Working  Classes 

Act. 

The  Canadian  Census  Bureau  has  just  issued  a 
bulletin  giving  statistics  of  the  mauufacturiug  iu- 
(iuatriea  in  Canada  as  ascertaiued  by  the  census  of 
1901.  It  shows  that  the  value  of  timtier  products 
increased  from  4(;,749,99(;doI.  to  .iO,SOj,OStdol.,  and 
wood  pulp  from  l,o:)3,8f2dol.  to  I,24G,7Sldol. 

The  Bishop  oT  Mmichei'ltr  laid,  on  Saturday,  the 
foundation-stone  of  new  schools  in  connection  with 
the  parish  church,  Padiham,  near  Burnley.  The 
schools  will  have  accommodation  for  540  cuildieu, 
and  are  estimated  to  cost  about  £5,400. 


198 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feu.  5,  1904 


iSuilbttts  gtttglligmct 

Aderdeex.  —  A  deputation  from  the  towu 
council  of  Leith  accompanied  by  Mr.  Simpson, 
burgh  architect,  have  visited  Aberdeen  for  infor- 
mation on  the  subject  of  workmen's  dwellings, 
the  corporation  of  Aberdeen  having  entered 
on  a  scheme  some  seven  j'ears  ago.  The 
visitors  were  met  at  the  station  by  Lord  Provost 
Walker,  the  treasurer,  the  city  chamberlain,  and 
Jlr.  Rust,  cit}-  architect.  The  houses  whidi  the 
municipality  have  erected  under  the  Act  are 
twelve  in  number,  and  are  situated  in  Urquhart- 
road.  Park-road,  and  Itoslin-street,  in  the  7<]ast 
End.  They  have  cost,  including  ground, 
£17,500  :  and  in  consequence  of  the  provision  of 
a  sinking  fund  to  repay  the  capital  outlay  in  fifty 
years,  the  account  has  as  yet  shown  no  favourable 
balance.  Alter  inspecting  the  houses,  the  depu- 
tation were  taken  to  see  the  electricity  station  and 
the  corporation  lodging-house. 

BooTLE. — Amongst  the  improvements  made  in 
Bootle  during  the  past  year  or  two,  Linacre-lane 
has  been  considerably  widened,  and  a  gradual 
fall  given  from  the  old  canal  bridge  to  Stanley- 
road  :  in  consequence  of  which  several  buildings 
of  an  important  character  have  been  erected  in 
the  vicinity,  and  other  changes  effected.  The  oid 
roadside  tavern,  known  in  former  years  by 
the  name  of  the  Horse  and  Jockey,  was 
rebuilt  fome  few  years  ago  with  the  present 
title  of  the  Linacre  Uotel.  To  meet  the  growing 
■wants  of  the  locality  the  hostelry  has  just  been 
reconstructed,  and  the  area  of  an  adjoining 
cottage  added,  which  now  gives  the  facide  an 
imposing  and  pictiH-eeque  .ippearance  with  its 
grey  shoddy  stone  front,  carved  capped  pilasters, 
arched  main  doorway,  surmounted  with  a  pedi  - 
ment,  square  headed  mullioned  windows,  hilf- 
timbered  gable,  corner  octagonal  tower,  and  a 
high-pitched  slated  roof  and  dormer  windows. 
The  whole  of  the  wtrk  has  been  successfully 
carried  out  under  the  superintendence  and  from 
the  designs  and  plans  of  Mr.  J.  H.  McGovtrn, 
architect,  26,  North  John-street,  Liverpool. 
Messis.  Broadbridge  and  Keid  were  the  general 
■contractors. 

BuisTOL.  —  University  College,  in  Tyndall's 
Park,  which  was  begun  in  1880  and  added  to  in 
1883  and  1S92,  is  about  to  be  completed  by  the 
addition  of  a  new  north  wing  and  an  octagonal 
Lewis  Fry  memorial  tower  from  designs  by  Mr. 
F.  Bligh  Bond.  The  new  main  block  is  nearly 
40ft.  in  depth  and  43ft.  in  breadth.  It  has  a 
-central  entrance  with  lobby,  giving  access  to  an 
entrance-hall  25ft.  by  14ft.  To  the  left  of  this 
hall  on  entering  wiU  be  found  cloakrooms  for 
gentlemen  and  ladies,  and  on  the  right  a  porter's 
room  (by  the  side  of  the  lobby),  waiting-room, 
and  pro'essors'  room.  The  two  upper  floors 
each  provide  apartments  25ft.  by  20ft.,  and  21ft. 
by  1 7ft.,  which  will  be  allotted  to  members  of  the 
-college  teaching  staff.  The  octagonal  memorial 
tower  is  attached  at  one  of  its  sides  with  the  new 
block  with  which  it  will  communicate,  and  each 
ot  its  floors  gives  a  room  12ft.  by  10ft.  A  stair- 
-case  leads  from  the  interior  to  the  flat  roof  of  the 
tower,  which  will  be  useful  for  astronomical  ob- 
servations. The  gable  of  the  new  block  facing 
the  road  will  be  furnished  with  an  oriel  window 
similar  to  the  one  put  in  the  lecture-hall  wing 
last  built.  This  window  wiU  be  supported  by 
groined  corbels  with  fan  tracery  panels,  and  will 
be  a  noticeable  feature  in  the  elevation.  The  new 
section  also  provides  additional  staircate  and  other 
needed  accommodation, 

Catfokd,  S.E. — The  foundation-stone  of  the 
new  church  of  St.  Andrew  was  recently  laid  by 
the  Bishop  of  Southwark.  This  forms  the 
beginning  of  the  second  portion  of  the  scheme, 
which  was  won  in  limited  competition  four  years 
ago  by  Mr.  Philip  A.  Robson,  A.R.LB.A.,  West- 
minster. The  church  will  seat  nearly  1,000,  and 
is  costing  £8,600,  a  tower  and  spire  forming  no 
part  of  the  scheme,  as  funds  do  not,  and  will  not, 
permit.  The  style  is  Decorattd  treated  in  a 
modern  spirit,  and  the  design  rather  severe.  The 
plan  is  slightly  novel,  as  the  chancel  and  nave 
are  the  same  width,  and  the  choir  is  inclosed  by 
an  ambulatory.  The  nave  ais'es  are  only  passages, 
80  that  all  can  see  the  proceedings.  There  is  no 
clerestory  nor  galleries.  Mr.  F.  G.  Minter,  of 
i'erry  Works,  Putney,  and  Westminster,  are  the 
builder,  and  Mr.  Comport  the  clerk  of  the  works. 

Dnri-oHD.— The  tower  of  the  church  of  St. 
James,   Defford,  has   just    been    restored.     The 


restoration  work  of  some  seventy  years  ago  to  the 
belfry  s'age  has  been  cleared  away,  and  in  its 
place  a  timber  framing  of  oak  put  up  and  covered 
in  with  a  tile  roof,  sharpened  in  the  centre  to  a 
pyramidal  form,  and  finished  with  a  vane  and 
weathercock.  I'he  bells,  which  fur  several  years 
had  not  been  rung  on  account  of  the  decayed  con- 
dition of  their  carriages,  iSrc,  have  bten  rehung, 
and  to  th  m  added  a  new  tenor.  A  clock  also 
has  been  installed,  and  an  open  front  oak  pulpit 
added.  Mr.  Frincis  B.  Andrews,  ot  Birming- 
ham, designed  and  directef  the  work. 

Ei)i.Nm;iGn. — .\t  the  last  meeting  ot  the  E  lin- 
burgh  Dean  of  Guild  Court,  Lord  Dean  of  Guild 
Bruce  presiding,  warrant  was  given  to  the  Pro- 
fessional and  Civil  Service  Supply  Association, 
Ltd.,  for  the  erection  of  their  new  premises  at 
Nos.  78,  80,  and  80a,  George-strett.  The  build- 
ing will  be  five  stories  in  height,  and  architec- 
turally will  be  treated  in  a  Free  Georgian  style. 
The  ground  floor,  the  entresol,  and  th-j  first  flof.r 
will  make  a  plain  basement,  which  will  be  enriched 
with  mirble  facings  round  the  shops,  and  the 
large  centre  doorway  will  extend  into  the  entresol 
floor,  and  will  be  supported  on  marble  columns. 
The  second  and  third  floors  will  be  treated  with 
Ionic  columns,  supporting  figures  on  the  attic 
story,  which  will  be  flanked  by  two  side  towers 
with  domes.  Each  floor  will  be  occupied  by 
practic-ally  one  immense  room  stretching  right 
through  the  building.  The  back  of  the  building, 
which  will  be  constructed  of  white  glazed  brick, 
will  be  to  Rose-street-lane.  There  will  be  two 
oak  staircases,  and  two  hoists  to  the  top  of  the 
building.  The  architects  are  Jlessrs.  John  Burnet 
and  Son,  of  Glasgow. 

LuxDox  CocXTV  CorxeiL.  —  At  Tuesday's 
meeting  of  this  authority  the  works  committee 
presented  their  half-yearly  report,  in  which  they 
stated  that  the  approximate  expenditure  on  works 
executed  by  the  department  during  the  half-year 
was  £187,000.  The  net  result  of  execution  of 
the  works  was  a  balance  of  cost  be!ow  final 
certificate  of  £25,853  9s.  5d.,  or  about  11-114  per 
cent,  on  the  total  of  the  final  certificates,  and 
19  out  of  the  20  works  had  been  carried  out 
at  a  cost  below  final  certificate.  The  Technical 
Educa'ion  Board  reported  tbat  ske'.ch  plans  and 
elevations  for  the  two  buildings  —  viz.,  the 
Central  School  of  Arts  and  Crafts  and  the 
London  Day  Training  College — had  been  pre- 
pared by  Mr.  W.  E.  Riley,  the  superintending 
architect,  and  were  submitted  as  sketches  for 
the  Council's  approval.  The  architect's  approxi- 
mate estimate  of  the  cost  of  the  buildings, 
including  the  expenditure  upon  the  plans,  quan- 
tities, clerk  of  the  works,  and  all  other  inci- 
dentals, was  under  £120,000.  A  long  discussion 
took  place  with  regard  to  precautions  against 
fires  in  theatres.  The  chairman  of  the  Theatres 
Committee  explained  the  reasons  why  such  a 
catastrophe  as  the  Chicago  fire  was  almost  im- 
possible in  a  London  theatre,  and  stated  that  the 
theatre  managers  had  agreed  to  submit  their 
stenery  and  other  stage  fittings  to  a  process  which 
made  them  practically  fireproof.  I'he  report  of 
the  committee  was  adopted,  recommending  that 
a  notice  be  served  on  the  directors  of  Drury  Lane 
Theatre  to  carry  out  certain  improvements.  Sir 
A.  West  said  the  directors  had  come  to  the  con- 
clusion either  to  agree  to  the  requirements  of 
the  Council  or  to  submit  them  to  arbitration. 
Nothing  would  satisfy  him  so  well  as  an  arbitrator 
to  be  nominated  by  H.M.  Ofiice  of  Works.  Two 
or  three  members  disagreed  with  the  idea  of 
arbitration. 

Macclesfield. — The  largest  work  of  church 
restoration  undertaken  in  the  Chester  diocese 
during  the  last  half -century  or  more  was  formally 
completed  on  Monday  by  the  final  meeting  of  the 
committee  which  has  carried  out  the  rebuilding 
of  Macclesfield  parish  church  of  St.  Michael's. 
The  church  was  founded  in  1278,  and  was  rebuilt 
in  1740  in  the  hideous  style  of  the  period.  The 
present  restoration,  planned  by  the  late  Sir 
Arthur  Blomfirld,  was  commenced  in  1896,  and 
has  been  carried  out  at  a  cost  of  upwards  of 
£25,000.  The  foundation-stone  was  laid  in 
Octobtr,  1898,  by  the  late  Duke  of  Westminster, 
and  the  church  was  reopened  free  from  debt  in 
1901  by  the  Bishop  of  Chester.  Since  then  the 
restoration  c  jmmittee  have  carried  out  a  number 
of  fur'iher  improvements.  Mr.  JameS  Kershaw 
undertook  the  entire  cost  of  restoring  the  hand- 
some tower,  besides  contributing  £1,500  to  the 
general  fund,  and  Mr.  F.  D.  Brocklehurst  gave 
an  east  window  as  well  as  donations  ot  over 
£1,000.     The    general     committee    on    Monday 


passed  the  statement  ot  accounts  before  formally 
dissolving,  which  showed  a  small  balance  in 
haiid. 

Newcastle-ox-Tyxe. — A  large  number  of 
members  of  the  city  council  proceeded  on 
Monday  by  special  tram  to  Albion-road  and 
Walker-road,  where  they  inspected  the  work- 
men's dwellings,  in  course  of  being  finished.  The 
object  ot  the  visit  was  to  ascertain  whether  the 
houses  would  me  t  the  requirements  of  the  class 
of  people  for  whom  they  are  erected — people  who 
had  been  obliged  to  leave  their  dwellings,  which 
were  required  for  city  improvemen's.  The  con- 
tractors fur  the  new  dwellings  are  Messrs. 
Franklin,  of  Newcastle.  In  Albion-road  the 
rent  is  from  2s.  3J.  to  2s.  9d.  for  single  rooms, 
and  4s.  Cd.  for  two  rooms  ;  in  Walker-road  the 
houses  are  made  into  flats,  the  rents  ranging 
from  5s.  6d.  to  6s.  6d.  per  week. 

PETEKHOuoroH. — Extensive  engineering  works 
are  being  constructed  at  Westwood  Bridge, 
Peterborough,  for  Messrs.  Werner,  Pl'eiderer, 
and  Perkins,  now  ot  Regent-square,  W.C.  They 
will  consist  of  a  range  of  seven  steel-span  loofed 
buildings,  with  a  frontage  of  3S0ft.  to  the  Great 
Northern  Railway,  with  which  there  will  be 
sidings.  Mr.  J.  Cracknell.  of  Peterborough,  has 
taken  the  contract  for  the  brickwork  of  the  main 
building ;  Stuart's  Granolithic  Stone  Company 
have  the  contract  for  the  floors. 

ruEsTwicii.  —  At  the  last  meeting  of  the 
Board  of  Guardians  the  General  Purposes  Com- 
mittee recommended  that  Jlessrs.  T.  Worthington 
and  Sons,  Manchester,  be  appointed  as  architects 
for  the  new  infirmary  to  be  erected  by  the  board 
on  the  Booth  Hall  Estate  at  Blackley.  Mr.  Lee 
moved  an  amendment  that  the  proceedings  be 
referred  back  for  further  coiisideration.  He 
thought  that  designs  ought  to  be  obtained  by 
public  competition.  The  Rev.  W  Sassen  seconded 
the  amendmen"^.  When  the  board  was  going  to 
spend  £-50,000  or  £60,000,  he  said,  it  was  only 
right  that  something  like  a  competition  should 
take  place.  Sloreover,  it  would  be  fair  to  the 
architectural  profession.  Mr.  Hulton  said  that 
Mr.  Jen-.er  Fust,  the  Local  Government  Board 
inspector,  advised  them  that  it  would  be  better  to 
draw  lots  as  to  who  should  be  the  architect.  It 
was  entirely  a  question  of  saving  time.  Mr. 
Birchenali  supported  the  amendment.  In  a  large 
undertaking  like  this  he  contended  that  they 
ought  to  have  competitive  designs.  Mr.  Raddifl'e 
said  that  in  his  opinion  the  building  committee 
were  sufliciently  competent  to  deal  with  the 
question.  Mr.  Malcolm  said  that  an  open  com- 
petition would  be  very  expensive,  and  in  the  end 
they  would  have  also  to  pay  the  same  charges 
that  were  now  recommended.  He  did  not  believe 
they  would  get  better  results  by  competition.  It 
was  the  intention  of  the  committee  to  examine 
various  buildings  already  erected,  and  also  to 
receive  suggestions  from  various  quarters  as  to 
the  best  mode  of  construction  of  this  new  hospital. 
Alderman  Briggs  said  the  architects  recommended 
were  the  architects  for  the  workhouse  in  the  first 
instance,  and  also  for  the  enlargement  some  years 
ago,  with  very  satisfactory  experiences  to  the 
board.  For  the  amendment  there  were  three 
votes,  and  all  the  other  members  of  the  board 
voted  against  it.  The  recommendations  of  the 
committee  were  adopted. 

SiiADWELL  JIarket. — The  Billingsgate  and 
Leadenhall  Markets  Committee  of  the  Corpora- 
tion have  made  an  important  report  as  to  the 
utilisation  of  the  Shadwell  Market  property. 
They  state  that  they  have  prepared  a  plan  for 
widening  High-street  from  about  25ft.  to  50ft., 
and  the  erection  of  shops  and  dwellings  for  the 
labouring  classes.  In  consideration  of  the  pro- 
posed widening,  the  Stepney  Borough  Council 
will  be  asked  to  consent  to  the  closing,  or  partial 
closing,  of  several  small  streets  intersecting  the 
site  proposed  to  be  built  over,  and  undertake  all 
paving  works  in  connection  with  the  widened 
roadway,  the  corporation  making  a  cootribution 
towards  the  cost.  The  committee  are  in  accord 
with  the  utilisation  of  the  site  for  dwellings  for 
the  working  classes  with  shops  on  the  ground- 
floor  level,  but  consider  that  this  might  with 
greater  advantage  be  left  to  private  enterprise. 
In  regard  to  the  market  itself,  they  recommend 
their  being  authorised  to  take  steps  to  develop 
the  existing  market  primarily  for  the  sale  of 
fish    as   an   adjunct    and    not    in   opposition   to 


Mr.    Fred  C.   Uien,  formerly  ot  Penzauje,  has 
been  elected  surveyor  of  Aldershot. 


Feb.  o,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWd. 


199 


CONTENTS. 
•-♦-• 

Professional  Barricra    187 

Decay  of  Stonework       188 

Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects     

The  Society  of  Architects 

On  the  Making- of  iin  Architect 

Brickwork  and  Masonry     

^aint  Patrick's  Cathedral,  Dublin 

The  Strength  of  American  Timbers 

The  Decayed  Stonework  of  the  Chapter  House,  West- 
minster Abbey    

■Cast  Lead  Rainwater  Heads, Casements.and^'entilators  196 

A  Xew  Type  of  Forms  for  Constructing  Concrete 
Sewers  and  Conduits 

Books  Received      

Workshop  with  a  Granolithic  Flat  Roof 

Obituary 

Competitions   n 

Building:  Intellig«nce    

The  BuiLDis'o  News  Directory 

Our  Illustrations   

Professional  and  Trade  Societies    

Engiaeering  Notes 

Tnteicommunication     

JLegal  Intelligence 

6tained  Glass 

Water  Supply  and  Sanitary  Matters      

Our  Office  Table     

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  Week 

List  of  Competitions  Open 

List  of  Tenders  Open    

Tenders     

Latest  Prices 


189 
li)I 
191 
193 
191 
195 

...  195 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

SEW  OFFICE:*,  SCOTTISB  AMICABLE  LIFE  ASSUBANCE 
SOCIETY,  MANCHESTER. —  ST.  JAMEri  CHURCH,  PICCADILLY. 
^HOSPFTAL  FOE  SKIS  DISEASES,  MANCHESTER. — SALFORD 
HALL,  KEAR  EAESUAM.  —  A  SHEET  OF  DECORATED 
«:AriTALS. — itorsE  at    IOHANXESBURG. 


<©ur  Illustratiotts. 


>-E'n'    PREMISES    FOU   THE    SCOTTISH    AMIt'AIlLE    LIFE 
ASSVRAXXE    SOCIETY,    MANCHESTER. 

This  insurance  company  is  now  erecting  this 
tuilding  at  the  Cross-street  corner  of  Albert- 
•square,  Manchester.  The  premises  also  comprise 
some  shops  and  offices  for  letting  purposes.  The 
building  is  of  fireproof  construction,  and  is  fitted 
with  an  electric  lift,  &c.  The  exterior  is  of  red 
■Corsehill  stone,  with  grey  granite  in  the  ground- 
floor  story.  The  tower  is  of  stone,  and  the  roof 
is  to  be  covered  with  green  slates.  The  con- 
tractors are  Messrs.  K.  Xeill  and  Sons;  and  the 
architects  are  Messrs.  Chas.  Heathcote  and  Sons, 
of  Manchester. 

ST.  JAMES's  CHl'llCH,  PICCAIIILLY  :    ROVAL  .UAUEMY 
SILVER    MEDAL    UKAWIXOS. 

This  church  was  consecrated  on  July  13,  1684, 
and  detigned  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren.  The 
exterior  is  of  brick,  with  stone  dressings  :  a  brick 
tower  at  the  west  end  is  surmounted  by  a  timber 
spire  not  designed  by  the  architect.  This  exterior 
plainness  was  probably  due  to  lack  of  funds,  the 
cost  being  only  £7,000,  defrayed chietiy  by  Henry 
Jermyn,  Earl  of  St.  Albans.  Nothing  can  be 
said  against  the  elegance  of  the  interior,  which 
consists  of  nave  with  aisles  and  choir.  A  gallery 
runs  rr>und  the  north,  south,  and  west  sides, 
supported  by  Ecjuare  Dcric  piers  panelled  (rather 
spoiled  by  the  number  of  memorial  tablets 
attached  to  them),  the  entablature  of  which 
as  surmounted  by  a  continuous  pedestal  forming 
the  gallery  front ;  above  the  piers  six  Corinthian 
columns  on  each  side  carry  the  enriched  entabla- 
ture set  at  right  angles  to  the  nave  and  carried 
back  to  the  side  walla,  where  it  is  supported  on 
corbels.  From  this  entablature  springs  the  main 
barrel  vault  oi'er  the  nave  and  the  smaller  trans- 
verse.vaults  which  ceil  the  aisles.  The  whole  of 
the  ceiling  is  panelled  with  a  boldly-enriched 
mouMing  and  divided  by  large  ribs  containing 
a  double  guilloche  ornament  springing  from  above 
the  columns.  The  present  ceilings  and  enrich- 
ments wore  put  up  in  18:i7,  when  a  new  roof  was 
necessary  owing  to  the  decayed  statu  of  the 
timbers  ;  but  the  work  was  strictly  a  re.stnrution. 
The  splendid  organ,  originally  Iniilt  by  lionatus 
Harris  in  167S  tor  James  XL's  ( Iratury  ul  Whito- 
hall,  was  presented  to  the  pariah  by  (iuccn  Mary 
in  Killl  ;  it  was  entirely  rebuilt  in  IS.VJ,  when 
the  front  choir  organ  was  added.  The  beautiful 
white  marble  font  and  the  caning  of  the  reredos 
in  limewood  are  fine  examples,  the  work  of 
Grinling    Gibbons.     In   1857    the  church   was 


restored  both  internally  and  externally,  and  the 
arched  gateway,  vestry  hall,  &c.,  were  added. 
The  drawings  given  are  by  Mr.  Leslie  Wilkin- 
son, and  were  awarded  the  Royal  Academy  Silver 
Medal. 

MANCHESTER     AND     EALFOBD     HOSPITAL    FOR    SKIN 
DISEASES  :     SECOND    PKFMIATED    DESIGN. 

The  leading  instructions  issued  by  the  hospital 
committee  to  competing  architects  were  as  follows : 
The  new  building  must  contain  four  separate  and 
distinct     sections  —  i.e.,     adniiuistration,     out- 
patients', in-patients',  and   light   treatment  de- 
partment (the  latter  to  contain  rooms  and  apparatus 
for   KOntgen   ray    and  Finsen  light  treatment), 
which  must  be  so  arranged  that  the  work  df  the 
old  hospital  occupying  part  of  the  site  would  not 
be  interfered  with    during    building  operations, 
and,  if  possible,  the  new  hospital  only  to  stand  on 
part  of  the  site.     The  cost  not  to  exceed  £U,000. 
In  the  planning  of  this  design,  great  attention 
was    paid   to    the    convenience   of   the   working 
arrangements   of   the   building,    from   a  medical 
point   of   view,   as   well   as   the   division   of_  the 
various  departments  into  self-contained  sections, 
the  chief  considerations  which  led  us  to  adopt  the 
scheme  we  submitted  bein» :    (1)  The  grouping 
of  the  out-patients',  in-patients',  and  the  light- 
treatment    departments,    which     are    each   self- 
contained,  yet  so  arranged  that  those  in  charge 
of     them     could     obtain    direct     access     to    all 
parts     of    the    building    on     every     floor.     (2) 
The   complete   separation   of    the   administration 
block  from  the  hospital  proper,    communication 
being  established  between  the  two  buildingsby 
means  of  an  open  bridge.     (3)  The  aspect  of  in- 
patients' wards  and  the  rooms  for  patients  under- 
going the  light  treatment,  which  have  their  long 
axes   nearly   north    and    south,    and     are    thus 
afforded    the     maximum     amount    of    sunshine. 
(4)  The  placing  of  the  in-patients'  wards  on  the 
quietest  part  of  the  site.     (5)  The  attainment  of  a 
north  aspect  in  the  operating-room,  dispensary, 
drug  store,   kitchen,    scullery,  kc,  and   also  to 
the  mortuary  and   post-mortem   rooip.     (li)  The 
directness  of  service  thoughout  the  hospital  by 
means  of  hydraulic  lifts,  which  run  from  a  stores 
receiving   office    at   the    basement    level    to  the 
kitchens,  &c.,  on  the  top  floor.  Also  the  proximity 
of  the  service-lifts  to  the  dining-rooms.     (7)  The 
convenience   of    transit   for    medicine    from  the 
dispensary  to  the  wards  on  the  upper  floors  by 
the  provision  of  a  small  '•  medicine  "  lift.  (8)  The 
great  amount  of  light  and  ventilation  afforded  to 
every  part  of  the  hospital,  all  corridors  having 
end  light.    (9)  The  position  of  the  operating  room 
in  relation  to  the  wards. 

C.  K.  AND  T.  C.  Mayor. 


A    SHEET    or    DECORATED    CAPITALS:    NATIONAL 
PRIZE    DESIfiNS. 

This  page  of  initial  letters,  by  Miss  Gertrude 
Apel,  won  a  prize  at  the  Xational  College  of  .\rt 
last  year.  The  variety  displayed  by  the  back- 
grounds is  sufficiently  diverse  to  insure  a 
sustained  interest,  and  yet  the  uniformity  main- 
tained throughout  avoids  undue  importance  being 
accorded  to  any  particular  letter.  This  is  a 
distinct  advantage,  and  so  is  the  clearness  with 
which  the  capitals  themselves  ara  drawn.  Many 
of  the  compositions  aie  really  bright  and  pretty. 

IIOISE,    JOHANNESllLRC,  S.  AFRICA. 

This  drawing  shows  a  new  house  built  in  Johan- 
nesburg for  Jlr.  A.  CiorJcn  Russell.  It  is  of  best 
burnt  bricks.  All  the  woodwork  of  the  interior 
is  of  poplar-wood  stained,  and  the  root  is  covered 
with  shinsles.  The  cost  of  the  house  was 
£1,629.  Messrs.  S.  Jackmann  and  Kussel  are 
the  architects. 


SALFORD    n.\LL,    EVESHAM. 

Thesb  drawings  obtained  the  prize  of  the  Bir- 
mingham Architectural  Association.  Salford 
Hall,  situate  about  one  mile  from  Salford  Priors 
Station  and  on  the  main  road  to  Evesham,  as  first 
seen  on  the  left,  forms  a  very  interesting  skyline. 
Lying  well  back  from  the  road,  the  spacious 
courtyard,  seen  through  the  archway  of  stable 
buildings,  forms  a  very  good  perspective. 
Those  low  existing  buildings  on  the  right,  and 
forming  the  southern  wing,  were  built  by  Abbot 
Richard  Hawkesbury,  or  by  his  successor.  Abbot 
William  ITpton,  in  latter  half  of  the  IJth 
century.  The  later  portion,  containing  all  the 
principal  rooms,  but  facing  the  north,  and  almost 
too  cheerless  for  habitation,  were  first  commenced 
by  John  Alderford  (married  to  the  daughter 
of  Anthonv  Littleton,  then  landowner)  in  1602. 
Themo'.toof  the  Alderford  family,  "  Moderata 
Durant,"  will  be  seen  over  entrance  door  and  in 
some  interesting  old  leaded  lights.  'These  build- 
ings were  finished  and  inhabited  in  1610  by 
Charles  Stanford,  related  by  marriage  to  the 
Alderford  family.  The  last  of  the  Stanfords,  a 
childless  widow," lent  the  hall  to  a  community  of 
r.enedictinenun8(expelledfromFrance  at  the  time 
of  the  Revolution,  and  inhabited  by  them  from 
1S07  to  IsiiS (:-■)— soobtaining the  local  title  of  Nun- 
nery. At  the  present  time  it  is  in  the  possession  of 
Mr.  (ieorge  Basil  liyston,  b\it  in  the  charge  of  care- 
takers, the  principal  room  on  ground  floor  being 
formed  into  a  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  where  service 
is  held  on  Sundays  and  about  three  or  four  days 
in  the  week,  the  congregation  at  litter  times 
numbering  seldom  more  than  half  a  dozen. 
Internally  one  will  find  some  interesting  panel- 
ling, good  overmantels  (photo,  inclosed),  and 
characteristic  wrought-iron  work  to  doors  and 
windows,  &c.,  some  sketchts  of  which  ap- 
peared in  the  Blildino  News  for  Dec.  2.'>,  1903. 

HeRHERT    IIlLME. 


CHIPS. 

The  present  net  profit  derived  by  the  Indian 
Government  from  forest  conservation  in  Madras^  is 
7J  lakhs,  which  is  very  little  below  the  limit  of  9 
lakhs  estimated  by  Sir  Dietrich  Brandis.  There  is  a 
strong  plea  being  now  put  in  to  use  this  profit  to 
maintain  and  extend  forest  preservation. 

Mr.  T.  Brock's  dignified  bust  of  the  late  Queen 
Victoria,  recently  purchased  by  the  Corporation  of 
Liverpool,  has  been  placed  in  the  centre  of  the 
entrance  hall  in  the  Walker  Art  Gallery.  In  an 
upper  room  has  been  hung  the  latest  pictorial 
acquisition,  a  landscape,  "  The  Silver  Coud,"'  by 
R.  P.  Richards,  a  bygone  Liverpool  painter,  which 
was  bequeathed  to  the  corporation  by  the  late  Miss 
Agnes  S.  Steel. 

Mr.  r.  W.  Fletcher,  of  Cowling,  for  the  past  two 
years  assistant  surveyor  to  the  Belper  Rural  District 
Council,  has  been  appointed  by  the  Colonial  autho- 
rities to  a  similar  position  at  Accra,  on  the  Gold 
Coast,  West  Africa,  at  a  salary  of  £250  per  annum, 
rising  to  £300,  with  free  quarters  and  travelling 
expenses. 

The  Trallord  Park  Dock  and  Railway  Bill  pro- 
poses to  incorporate  a  new  company  with  a  share 
and  loan  capital  of  £500,000  for  constructing  a  dock 
with  an  entrance  from  the  Manchester  Ship  Canal, 
and  two  wharves  abutting  upon  the  south  side  of  the 
Canal.  The  time  sought  within  which  to  complete 
the  dock  works  is  ten  years  from  the  passmg  of  the 
Act. 

The  Swansea  Rural  District  Council  have  adopted 
a  recommendation  of  the  committee  on  Gorslinon 
drainage  that  plans  by  Mr.  Morgan  W.  Davies  for 
the  complete  drainage  of  the  district,  at  a  cost  of 
£5,000,  be  accepted. 

The  Lancaster  Town  Council  have  authorised  the 
tramways  committee  to  construct  another  route 
from  the  Castle  Station  by  Market-street,  King- 
street,  Common  Garden-street,  and  Brook-street, 
to  Dalton-square,  the  present  terminus,  at  a  cost  of 
£8,041. 

The  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Peterborough  Cathe- 
dral are  about  to  issue  an  appeal  for  the  completion 
of  the  work  of  restoration  entered  upon  in  1SS3, 
when  the  lantern  tower  of  the  edifice  was  threatened 
with  destruction,  and  which  has  already  cost  over 
£100,000.  The  works  still  required  to  complete  the 
safety  of  the  fabric  are  repairs  to  the  north  and 
south  transepts,  for  which  the  sum  of  £l,oOO  is 
needed.  Mr.  G.  F.  Bodley,  R.A.,  is  the  architect. 
The  county  councU  of  Breconshire  have  received 
from  the  Local  Governmeut  Board  sanction  to  a 
loan  of  £8,397  for  the  Joint  Counties'  Lunatic 
Asylum  at  Talgarth. 

Leith  Harbour  Board,  along  with  the  dock 
authorities  of  Glasgow,  Aherdeen,  and  Dundee,  are 
at  present  opposing,  with  the  view  of  securmg 
amendments  on  them,  the  proposed  new  harbour 
regulations  for  the  prevention  of  accidents  at 
Scottish  docks,  but  which  the  boards  in  question 
feel  would  increase  their  responsibihties  and 
liabilities. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Bromsgrove  District 
Council  on  Tuesday,  a  letter  was  read  from  Mr.  G. 
HoUoway,  contractor,  of  Wolverhamptoii,  protest- 
ine  a-rainst  the  acceptance  of  the  tenders  of  Messrs. 
A  I!  and  W.  J.  Tilt  for  the  drainage  of  Hagley 
and  Blakedown.  while  their  father  was  a  member 
of  the  council.  He  maintained  that  even  it  the  two 
sons  traded  as  a  separate  firm,  the  father  had  an 
indirect  interest  in  the  tender,  and  ought  to  have 
resigned  before  the  tenders  were  sent  in. 

In  the  parish  church  of  Stokesay,  on  Tuesday,  the 
dedication  took  place  of  a  stained-glass  memorial 
and  brass  to  I'.rnest  D.ivey  Tredenuiek,  son  of  Ur. 
Tredeuuick,  of  I'onlu  House,  Craven  Arms,  who  fell 
in  the  South  African  war  on  the  day  after  lieace  had 
been  proclaimed. 


200 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  5,  1904. 


The  Building  I>ews,  Feb. 5. 1904. 


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U\  Lifl:.  'A^^ORMCI:  SOCIETY 


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THE   BUILDING    NEWS. 


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218 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  5,  1904. 


PROFESSIONAL   AND   TRADB 
SOCIETIES. 

Arch-T-ology  in-  Yorkshire.— The  39tli  annual 
meetitg  of  the  Yorkshire  Archaeological  Society 
■was  held  at  Leeds  on  Friday  evening,  Sir  Thomas 
Urooke  in  the  chair,  and  Sir  George  Armytage 
also  taking  part  in  the  proceedings.  The  chairman 
stated  that  a  useful  work  had  heen  done  in  the 
past  year,  visits  having  been  made  to  York  and 
Boroughbridge.  The  Yorkshire  Society  had  now 
about  400  members.  The  report  set  forth  that 
among  the  prospective  publications  of  the  society 
are: — "Church  Notes  in  Yorkshire,"  taken  by 
Roger  Dodsworth,  cirea  1620,  copied  from 
vol.  clx.  "Dodsworth  MSS."  Bodleian  Library, 
Oxford,  edited  by  J.  "\V.  Clay,  F.S.A.  :  "Court 
Rolls  of  the  Manor  of  Wakefield,"  vol.  ii.,  edited 
ty  W.  Baley  Baildon,  F.S.A. ;  "  Index  to  Wills 
in  the  York  Registry,"  1627-.36,  edited  by  Dr. 
Collins — this  volume  will  complete  the  index  of 
all  the  wills  in  the  Probate  Registry  at  York, 
from  the  ewliest  there  to  1660,  including  those 
at  Somerset  House  1650-60;  the  report  states  it 
is  the  best  index  to  wills  that  has  been  printed  by 
any  society,  as  not  only  are  the  Christian  and 
surname  of  the  testator  given,  with  his  profession 
and  dwelling-place,  but  the  exact  date  of  the  will 
and  proof  and  reference  in  the  volumes  at  the 
registry. 

EniN'iirRGH  Architectural  Association.— At 
the  last  meetiiig  of  this  .association,  Mr.  J.  A. 
Amott  presiding,  a  paper  was  read  by  Mr. 
J.  Slaurice  Arthur,  delegate  from  Glasgow 
Architectural  Association,  on  "  Some  Interesting 
and  Necessary  Legal  Points  in  Building."  In 
the  course  of  his  paper  he  referred  to  the  duties 
and  responsibilities  of  an  architect  as  arbiter  and 
agent,  and  as  dealing  with  certificates,  plans, 
fees,  and  contracts.  He  also  dealt  with  the  laws 
relating  to  buildings,  including  mutual  g.ables, 
flats,  tenements,  servitudes,  and  ground  restric- 
tions. 

Leeds A.N-1)  Yorkshire  Auchitectlral  Society. 
—.it  a  meeting  of  this  society  held  on  Jan.  28, 
the  president  (ilr.  Butler  Wilson)  in  the  chair, 
an  interesting  paper  entitled  "  The  Homes  of 
Queen  Elizabeth  "  was  read  by  Mr.  J.  Alfred 
Ootch,  F.S.A.  Mr.  Gotch  referred  to  the  fact 
that  for  some  years  prior  to  Elizabeth's  reign  it 
had  been  growing  less  incumbent  that  houses 
ehould  be  rendered  secure  against  attack.  This, 
together  with  a  widespread  desire  for  greater  com- 
fort, led  to  many  new  houses  being  erected  and 
old  ones  remodelled.  The  ramifications  of  the 
Renaissance  of  Classic  art  reached  this  country, 
and  although  English  tradition  was  predisposed 
to  Gothic  forms,  the  Classic  fashion  resulted  in  a 
piquant  mingling  of  the  two  styles  which  dis- 
tinguishes most  Elizabethan  mansions.  Numerous 
lantern  views,  illustrative  of  the  plana,  exteri  >r 
and  interior  decorative  treatment  of  famous  ex- 
amples were  exhibited.  A  vote  of  thanks  was 
extended  to  the  lecturer  on  the  motion  of  Mr 
Robert  P.  Oglesby,  seconded  by  Mr.  G.  B. 
Bulmer. 

Northern-  Architeotiual  Association-.— At 
the  last  meeting  of  the  members  of  the  Northern 
Architectural  Association  in  their  offices,  North- 
umberland-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne,  a  lecture 
was  delivered  by  Mr.  R.  P.  S.  TwizeU,  A.R  I  B  A 
of  the  Durham  College  of  Science.  Mr.  TwizeU 
took  for  his  subject  "The  Origins  of  Gothic 
Architecture.  '  The  lecturer  gave  a  lucid  descrip- 
tion of  the  gradual  evolution  of  the  earlier  styles 
of  architecture  to  the  Gothic,  and  a  number  of 
hmelight  views  illustrated  his  remarks. 

Society  of  En-gixeers.- The  first  ordinary 
meeting  of  the  Society  of  Engineers  for  the  pre- 
eent  year  was  held  on  Monday  night  at  the  Royal 
United  Service  Institution,  Whitehall.  Mr.  .T. 
Patten  Barber,  the  president  for  1903,  first 
occupied  the  chair,  and  presented  the  premiums 
awarded  for  papers  read  during  that  year— 
namely,  the  president's  gold  medal  to  Mr. 
Douglas  Mackenzie  for  his  paper  on  "Motor 
Transport  for  Goods";  the  Bessemer  premium 
of  books  to  Sir.  Robert  J.  Thomas  for  his  paper 
on  "Road  Maintenance  and  Administr.ation  "  ; 
and  a  society's  premium  of  books  to  Sir.  .Albert 
Oray  for  his  paper  on  "Mechanical  Stokers  for 
Jilectncity  Generating  Stations."  The  thanks 
of  the  society  were  accorded  to  Mr.  W.  Worbv 
Beaumont,  past  president,  for  opening  a  topical 
discussion  on  "Road  Traffic  in  and  near  Large 
?^^^fn  \«y^<ito  il'--  D.  B.  Butler  for  his  paper 
on  Certain  A  exatious  and  Fallacious  Cement 
iests   now   in  Vogue."     These   two  gentlemen 


being  members  of  council,  were  by  the  rules  of 
the  society  disqualified  from  receiving  premiums 
for  papers.  The  thanks  of  the  society  were  also 
accorded  to  Mr.  E.  R.  Matthews  for  his  paper 
on  "Electric  Light  Stations:  their  Design  and 
Arrangement "  ;  and  to  Mr.  G.  Thudichum  for 
his  paper  on  "  The  Bacterial  Treatment  of 
Sew.age."  Mr.  Barber  then  introduced  the  pre - 
s'dent  for  the  present  year,  Mr.  David  B.  Butler, 
and  retired  from  the  chair.  The  president  then 
delivered  his  inaugural  address,  in  which  he  said 
that  the  membership  for  the  past  year  was  the 
highest  on  record.  He  referred  to  the  fact  that 
the  present  year  marked  the  jubilee,  or  fiftieth 
anniversary  of  the  foundation  of  the  society, 
which  was  established  in  185-t,  and  expressed  a 
hope  that  it  would  prove  a  memorable  one  in  the 
annals  of  the  society.  The  address  dealt  chiefly 
with  Portland  cement  and  the  various  phases  in 
which  it  affected  the  engineering  profession.  The 
President  showed  that  the  manufacture  of  cement 
was  not  the  mere  navvying  or  lumping  together 
of  so  many  tons  of  chalk  and  clay,  as  many  sup- 
posed, but  was  a  delicate  chemical  operation 
involving  great  nicety  in  the  proportioning  of 
the  calcareous  and  argillaceous  ingredients  and 
their  conversion  from  carbonate  of  lime  and 
silicate  of  alumina  iuto  definite  silicates  and 
aluminates  of  lime.  He  next  described  the  new 
rotary  or  kiln  system  of  calcination,  and  said  that 
in  America  about  90  per  cent,  of  the  cement  out- 
put was  now  produced  by  that  process.  It  effected 
considerable  economy  in  labour,  and  enabled  the 
whole  process  of  manufacture  to  be  performed  by 
mechanic  il  means  throughout.  There  were  but 
very  few  installations  of  the  rotary  kilo  in  this 
country  as  yet.  With  regard  to  the  testing  of 
cement,  he  said  the  great  need  was  uniformity  of 
the  methods  of  carrj-ing  out  tests,  and  the  hope 
was  expressed  that  the  .Standards  Committee  of 
the  Engineering  Institutions  would  be  able  to 
arrive  at  a  workable  uniform  method  of  testing 
cement.  The  uses  and  applications  of  cement 
were  increasing  day  by  day.  He  urged,  in  con- 
clusion, that  if  cement  were  used  with  a  fair 
admixture  of  common  sense,  many  of  the  causes 
of  complaint  frequently  occurring  would  cease  to 
exist. 


CHIPS. 

The  town  council  of  Torquay  decided  on  Tuesday, 
on  the  recommendation  of  the  electric  lighting  com- 
mittee, that  application  be  made  to  the  Local 
Government  Board  for  sanction  to  borrow  a  sum  of 
£42,500,  being  the  estimated  cost  of  the  proposed 
new  electric  light  and  power  station,  boilers, 
machinery,  and  equipment. 

The  Cornwall  County  Council  have  this  week 
appointed  Mr.  Kirkland  as  architect  for  the  county 
lunatic  asylum  extensions  at  Bodmin,  in  succession 
to  the  late  Mr.  Silvauus  Trevail,  of  Truro. 

An  inquiry  has  been  held  at  Wimbledon  by  an 
inspector  under  the  Local  Government  Board  into 
the  application  of  the  urban  district  council  for 
sanction  to  borrow  £11,000  for  the  purposes  of  the 
extension  of  the  council's  electric  light  system  to 
Merton. 

The  Preston  Rural  District  Council  have  resolved 
to  make  application  to  the  Local  Government 
Board  for  sanction  to  borrow  £3,000  for  works  of 
sewage  disposal  for  the  township  of  Grimsargh- 
with-Brockholes. 

Mr.  C.  Owen  Baines,  engineer  and  surveyor  to 
the  highways  and  sewers  committee  of  Goole  Urban 
District  Council,  has  been  appointed  town  surveyor 
and  engineer  at  Paignton,  South  Devon. 

The  bronze  statue  of  James  II.,  the  work  of 
Grinling  Gibbons,  which  was  formerly  in  the 
gardens  at  the  back  of  Whitehall,  and  then  for  a 
lew  years  occupied  a  space  within  the  railings 
facing  the  Treasury,  has  now  been  erected  on  a 
grass  plot  opposite  the  western  end  of  the 
Admiralty. 

A  memorial  stained-glass  window  to  the  late  Rev. 
William  Granger  (1859-98),  subscribed  for  by  the 
parishioners,  and  placed  in  one  of  the  windows  of 
St.  Leonard's  Parish  Church,  Ayr,  was  dedicated  on 
Sunday.  The  subject  of  the  stained  glass  is  Christ's 
charge  to  St.  Peter  (John  xxi.  15-17). 

A  new  Baptist  chapel  is  about  to  be  built  at  Heme 
Hill  from  plans  by  Mr.  J.  William  Stevens,  of  New 
Bridge-street,  E.G. 

At  the  meeting  on  Tuesday  of  the  Warwickshire 
County  Council  the  Committee  of  Visitors  of  the 
County  Lunatic  Asylum  submitted  detailed  plans 
and  estimates  of  proposed  alterations  and  additions. 
Taking  into  account  architect's  commission,  the 
total  cost  would  amount  to  £S,000.  A  further  ex- 
penditure of  I'.iOO  in  furniture  would  also  be  neces- 
sary.   The  plans  and  estimates  were  adopted. 


d^nginen'hts  i&otts. 


MiiiL.\N-u  Railway  CosirAXY's  Bridges. — The 
engineering  department  of  the  Midland  Railway 
Company's  service  have  just  completed  the  neces- 
sary measurements  of  the  whole  of  the  iron  girder 
bridges  on  the  section  of  the  main  line  between 
.Settle  and  Carlisle,  a  distance  of  Tlj  miles,  which 
it  is  intended  to  shortly  replace  by  much  stronger 
structures.  This  decision  has  been  made  neces- 
sary owing  to  the  increasing  weight  during  recent 
years  of  the  new  rolling  stock  and  locomotives  of 
the  Midland  Railway,  whose  latest  four-cylinder 
compound  express  engines,  which  have  a  length 
over  buffers  of  60ft.  lOin.,  weigh  no  less  than 
112A  tons,  or  nearly  twice  as  much  as  the  loco- 
motive of  20  years  ago,  to  carry  which  the  great 
majority  of  the  existing  girder-bridges  were  built. 

Paisley. — The  committee  of  Paisley  Town 
Council  appointed  to  deal  with  the  completion  of 
the  Causeyside-street  improvement  scheme  have 
submitted  a  report  to  the  parent  body,  together 
with  a  recommendation.  Up  to  the  present  the 
new  thoroughfare,  70ft.  vride,  with  its  long  ranges 
of  new  buildings,  has  supplanted  the  narrow  and 
dirty  old  street  to  the  extent  of  nearly  three- 
fourths  of  its  length,  and  the  total  cost  of  the 
work  so  far  has  been  £58,000.  The  entire  scheme 
of  operations  was  estimated  at  £97.000,  but  the 
committee  propose  a  deviation  from  the  original 
plan,  by  which,  instead  of  continuing  the  widened 
thoroughfare  to  St.  Mirren-street,  the  approach 
to  the  Cross,  a  new  street  should  be  cut  from  the 
High-street  near  the  Cross  circling  into  Causey- 
side  at  the  foot  of  New-street.  This  would  also 
be  70tt.  wide,  and  have  a  lower  gradient  than 
.St.  Jlirren-street,  but,  contrasted  with  the  original 
scheme,  would  cost  £10,000  more. 

Somerleytox. — The  swing  bridges  carrying 
the  G.E.R.  system  between  Lowestoft  and 
Norwich  over  "the  rivers  Waveney  and  Yare  at 
Somerleyton  and  Reedham  are  being  recon- 
structed so  as  to  carry  two  sets  of  metals  instead 
of  one.  The  new  bridge  at  Somerleyton  is  now 
complete  ;  but  considerable  difficulty  has  been 
experienced  by  the  engineers  in  getting  a  founda- 
tion for  the  cylinder — the  pivot  of  the  swing 
portion — and  for  the  piers  of  the  viaduct  on  each 
side  of  the  river.  The  cylinder,  of  brick,  stone, 
and  iron,  is  27Jft.  wide,  and  the  foundations  for 
this  and  the  viaduct  had  to  be  carried  down  about 
40ft.  below  the  surface  of  the  marsh  and  road  at 
the  spot.  On  Sunday  the  operation  of  placing  in 
position  the  last  span  of  the  swing  bridge  occupied 
a  gang  of  men  many  hours,  and  the  new  structure 
was  opened  on  Tuesday.  The  new  bridge  is 
570ft.  long,  including  swing  bridge  and  >iaduct, 
is  built  of  steel,  and  weighs  about  250  tons.  It 
has  been  erected  by  Messrs.  Hemingway,  Ltd., 
bridge  engineers,  Middlesbrough.  The  span  put 
into  position  on  Sunday  was  the  navigable 
portion  of  the  swing  bridge,  and  weighs  about 
90  tons.  A  new  brick-built  signal-box  has  been 
constructed  on  the  south  side  of  the  new  bridge, 
and  within  it  has  been  installed  by  Messrs. 
Laurence  and  Scott,  of  Norwich,  a  gas-engine,  a 
dynamo,  and  a  motor,  for  the  swing  bridge  is  to 
be  operated  by  electric  power.  The  line  is  now 
double  as  far  as  Jlarsh  Junction  Box,  near 
Herringfleet  Station  ;  between  Haddiscoe  Station 
and  Reedham  Bridge  the  doubling  of  the  line  has 
been  commenced,  in  anticipation  of  the  completion 
of  lieedham  Bridge,  when  the  line  will  be  double 
aU  through  from  Lowestoft  to  Norwich. 


The  Leeds  Corporation  propose  to  borrow 
£100,000  for  sewerage  and  £14,000  for  cognate 
purposes,  and  at  a  Local  Government  inquiry  on 
Wednesday  there  was  no  opposition.  The  result  of 
the  city  poll  on  the  Parliamentary  Consolidation 
Bill  of  the  city  corporation,  providing  for  the 
erection  of  an  agricultural  hall  at  a  cost  of  about 
£30,000  and  other  purposes,  was  also  made  known 
on  Wednesday.  Tue  corporation  gained  an  over- 
whelming majority,  so  that  the  Bill  will  go  for- 
ward. 

The  Earl  of  Kimberley  has  offered  to  restore  the 
parish  church  of  Kimberley,  in  Norfolk,  and  the 
offer  has  l)een  gratefully  accepted  by  the  parish- 
ioners. 

The  reopening  service  at  the  Church  of  St.  Giles- 
in-the-Fields,  after  restoration,  wilt  be  held  on 
Monday  next  at  8.30  p.m.,  when  the  Bishop  of 
London  will  preach.  Originally  a  chapel  to  the 
leper  hospital  founded  by  Queen  Matilda  in  1117, 
and  rebuilt  about  1545  as  a  parish  church,  it  was 
entirely  reconstructed  in  1623,  and  again  in  1731. 


Feb.  5,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


219 


TO    OOKBESPONDENTS. 

(We  do  not  hold  ourselves  responsible  for  the  opinions  ol 
our  oorrespondenta.  All  communiaitiona  Hhould  be 
drawn  up  as  briefly  as  possible,  as  there  are  many 
daimanta  upon  the  space  allotted  to  correspondents.] 

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oommumcations  respecting  illustrations  or  literary  matter 
Bhouldbe  addressed  to  the  EDITOR  of  the  Building 
Nkws,  Clement's  House,  Clement's  Inn  Passage,  Strand, 
W.C.,  and  not  to  members  of  the  staff  by  name.  Delay 
is  not  unfrequently  otherwise  caused.  All  drawings  and 
other  communications  are  sent  at  contributors'  risks,  and 
the  Editor  will  not  undertake  to  pay  for,  or  be  Liable  for, 
unsought  contributions. 

Cheques  and  Post-offlce  Orders  to  be  made  payable  to 
Tbs  Stband  Newspapkb  Cumpanc,  Liuitkd. 

Telegraphic  Address : — *'  Timeserver,  London." 
Telephone  No.  1633  Holbom. 


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Keceived.— T  C.  K.— H.  J.  D.— A.  H.  S.-B  "W  L - 
S.  M.  and  Co.— F.  L.— B.  M.  W. 


"BUILDING  NEWS"  DESIGNING  CLUB. 

FIFTH    LIST  OF    BUBIECTB. 

A  email  Boating  Club  House  on  a  river.  The  site  is  on  the 
level  ground,  about  50ft.  from  the  banks  of  the  stream. 
where  there  is  a  landing  place.  The  club  is  not  resi- 
dential. It  corapriwes  a  billiard  and  reading-rofun  3uft. 
by  20ft.,  a  card-room  l'2ft.  by  loft.,  or  thereabouts,  a 
dining-room  somewhat  of  a  corresponding  size  to 
■reading-room,  and  a  kitchen  with  oflices  handy  for 
servioe.  There  is  to  be  a  ladies'  room,  about  15ft. 
equare  or  of  that  area,  with  a  lavatory,  one  bath-room, 
•and  W.C.  close  by.  There  are  to  be  five  dressing  cubicles] 
•6ft.  by  4ft.,  for  men,  a  lavatory,  and  twj  baih-roomB 
*n  suiff  with  men's  convenience  and  w.c.'s.  There  must 
be  a  secretary's  otlice,  quite  small,  and  a  nice  club  hall 
with  bar ;  alsu  a  cycle  place,  but  that  will  be  to  the  rear. 
A  houaekeepor's  bedroom  and  one  for  a  servant  will  be 
-rtruiired  on  the  first  Uoor.  Verandiih  to  chib  suggested. 
It  19  to  face  nver,  which  is  on  the  south  of  the  site. 
Sufficient  drawings  to  show  the  building,  which  is 
mainly  to  be  on  one  floor.  Scale,  Hft.  to  inch.  If 
epace  is  hmited,  the  plans  may  be  shown  to  ',  i.-.th  scale. 
Style  suitable  for  brick  and  tiles  with  woodwork 
pamted  wliite.  Designs  to  be  sent  in  not  later  than 
March  5  next. 

Drawings  Rkckivbd.— "  Novoca^tria." 


Mr.  Hamo  Thornycroft,  U.A.,  has  received  the 
commisaion  for  a  statue  of  the  late  Mr.  Cecil  Khodes 
which  i3  to  be  erected  in  the  town  of  Kimberley. 


Jttt^tC0mmuiticati0n. 

— f-»- — 

Q  UE.'^TIOyS. 

[12038.]— Pump.— L  have  a  row  of  four  hoiwes  which 
are  supplied  with  water  from  one  pump  at  present,  the 
well  being  about  27ft.  deep.  I  wish  to  give  each  house  a 
separate  pump.  Will  these  separate  pump^  work  efficiently 
if  connected  with  one  tail  or  auction  pipe  .'  If  90,  is  there 
any  particular  way  of  connecting  the  branch  suctions  with 
the  main  suction-pipe,  so  as  to  avoid  one  puiup  interfering 
with  another  should  one  or  more  pumps  be  working  at  the 
same  time  .'  A  practical  reply  from  a  man  of  experience 
will  greatly  oblige.  I  may  say  that  the  most  distant 
pump  would  be  about  3dft.  away  from  well. — Exo-vi-iftEU. 


CHIPS. 

The  remains  of  the  late  Mr.  Woi.  Kduiundson, 
who  died  at  Richmond,  were  interred  at  the  Mere 
Knolls  Cemetery  on  Friday  afternoon.  Deceased 
was  a  builder  in  Moukwearmouth  until  eighteen 
years  ago. 

The  transactions  at  the  Mart,  in  Tokenhouae- 
yard,  last  week,  were  not  marked  by  any  volume  of 
business,  the  supply  being  confined  within  very 
narrow  limits.  The  returns  were  property  .£.37,261 , 
shares  £5,018,  total  realisations  £62,279. 

A  South  African  War  memorial  placed  in  the 
Grammar  School,  Bristol,  was  unveiled  last 
(Thursday)  evening  by  Sir  W.  F.  Butler.  The 
tablet  is  of  brass,  and  is  mounted  in  a  traceried 
canopied  frame  of  oak.  Late  Perpendicular  in  style, 
and  made  from  the  beams  of  the  Old  Grammar 
School,  which  stood  in  Unity-street.  The  work  has 
been  carried  out  by  Messrs.  Davey  and  Bushell, 
carvers  and  sculptors,  of  St.  Michaers-hill,  Bristol. 

The  Leeds  Patent  Brick  Co.,  whose  premises  are 
in  Djlly-lane,  Leeds,  were  fined  by  the  stipendiary 
migistrate  on  Friday  £10  and  costs  for  neglecting 
to  fence  a  brick-pressing  machine. 

At  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight,  on  Saturday  after- 
noon, Lord  Alverstoue  opened  the  new  County 
Institute  and  S.ely  Free  Library.  The  building  has 
cost  £12,000. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  into  the  ex- 
tension of  area  scheme,  promoted  by  the  corporation 
of  Leeds,  was  held  on  Thursday  and  Friday  last,  by 
Major  Norton,  R.E.  The  chief  witnesses  were  Mr. 
Derry,  the  city  auditor,  and  Mr.  Thomas  Hewson, 
the  city  engineer. 

At  a  meeting  on  Friday  of  the  district  committee 
of  the  Clackmannan  County  Council,  it  was  inti- 
mated that  the  council's  claim  of  £1,800  against  the 
trustee  of  the  estate  of  Alexander  Gill,  the  first 
contractor  for  the  new  waterworks,  has  just  been 
settled  by  the  payment  of  a  composition  of  Is.  per 
£1— £90  in  all. 

Mr.  P.  C.  Cowan,  M.Inst.C.E.,  chief  engineering 
inspector,  held  a  Local  Government  Board  inquiry 
OD  the  26th  ult.,  in  the  town-hall,  Belfast,  in 
reference  to  an  application  by  the  corporation  for 
sanction  to  a  loan  of  £1,3.50  for  the  purpose  of 
extending  electric  mains  to  the  Knock  district. 

An  adjudication  in  bankruptcy  has  been  made  in 
the  case  of  Antonio  John  Dale,  of  Bristol,  architect 
and  surveyor. 

It  has  been  agreed  to  erect  25  additional  Baptist 
places  of  worship  in  Lancashire.  At  the  recent 
meeting  of  the  Baptist  Union  the  sum  of  £60,550 
was  voted  for  cases  of  church  extension. 

A  tablet  erected  in  memory  of  Lieut.-Col.  A.  L. 
Salmond,  late  commanding  officer  of  the  1st  Cadet 
Bitt.  the  Queen's  Royal  West  Suney  Regt.,  and  of 
the  former  cadets  who  fell  in  South  Africa,  was  un- 
veiled on  Sunday  in  St.  Saviour's  Collegiate  Church, 
Southwark.  The  tablet,  which  is  of  copper,  is 
placed  in  the  north  aisle. 

The  Hereditary  Grand  Duke  of  Luxemburg  gave 
a  dinner  at  his  castle  on  Sunday  night,  on  the 
occasion  of  the  meeting  of  the  International  Fire 
Service  Council.  Mr.  Edwin  O.  Sachs,  chairman  of 
the  British  Fire  Protection  Committee,  who  is  vice 
president  of  the  council,  was  among  the  guests 
invited. 

On  Saturday  the  memorial  which  has  been  placed 
in  the  chapel  of  Sherborne  School  to  commemorate 
the  devotion  of  Old  Shirburnians  who  fell  in  South 
Africa  was  unveiled  by  Lord  Methuen.  The 
memorial  takes  the  form  of  an  addition  to  the 
reredos  of  the  figures  of  ten  saints,  and  the  names  of 
the  Old  Shirburnians  who  fell  are  cirved  on  an 
alabaster  tablet  on  the  south  wall  of  the  chapel  by 
the  side  of  the  reredos. 

The  new  circular  route  of  the  Shefliald  tramway 
system,  from  the  Moorhead,  serving  both  the 
Midland  and  Great  Central  Stations,  was  opened 
last  week.  The  lines  run  from  the  Moor,  ami  pro- 
ceed down  Furnival -street,  towards  the  Midland 
Station,  along  New  Sheaf-street,  to  tte  Great 
Central  .Station  approach,  atid  then  by  way  of 
Blonk-street,  Waiugate,  Ilaymarket,  High-street, 
and  Fairgate  to  the  Moorhead. 


LBQAL   INTBLLIQENOB. 

A  Sonrn  SniiiLDS  .iEiiiTUATiON. — Another  award 
in  connection  with  the  compulsory  purchase  by  the 
South  Shields  Corporation  of  property  in  Fowler- 
street,  for  the  purposes  of  street  improvement,  has 
been  made,  the  premises  in  question  being  Nos.  54 
to  56,  Fowler-street,  the  total  rental  of  which  is 
£80.  Mr.  Thomas  Gow,  of  Newcastle,  the  umpire, 
has  fixed  the  price  at  £2,722,  which  amount  the 
corporation  is  directed  to  pay  to  the  claimants. 

In  re  W.  Antiix  akd  Co.— In  the  London  Bank- 
ruptcy Court  on  Wednesday,  before  Mr.  Registrar 
Giffard,  an  application  was  made  for  an  order  of 
discharge.  The  applicant,  Anton  Wilhelm  Peter- 
son, formerly  carried  on  business  in  partnership 
with  William  Antill,  William  Henry,  and  Krnest 
Augustus  Young,  as  builders,  at  Mornington- 
crescent,  Camden  Town,  under  the  style  of  W. 
Antill  and  Co.  The  receiving  order  was  made  on 
August  15,  1901,  the  joint  liabilities  of  the  firm 
being  returned  at  £10,211  Us.  2d.  The  trustee  now 
reported  that  sums  amounting  to  £4,821  had  been 
realised  in  respect  to  the  joint  assets.  The  separate 
liabilities  of  the  applicant  were  returned  at  .£192, 
and  he  had  no  separate  assets.  It  appeared  that  the 
bankruptcy  was  due  to  loss  in  trading,  bad  debts, 
depreciation  in  the  value  of  the  firm's  leaseholds, 
plant,  machinery,  and  buildings,  the  partners' 
drawings,  and  the  inadequacy  of  the  capital  of  the 
firm.  The  Official  Receiver  reported  that  the  assets 
were  not  eqal  to  lOs.  in  the  pound  on  the  amount  of 
unsecured  liabilities.  Mr.  Registrar  Giffard  granted 
the  discharge,  subject  to  the  applicant's  consenting 
to  judgment  for  .£20. 

Ix  RE  A.  S.  NEIL3T0N,  GLAsaow. — Tile  adjourned 
examination  has  taken  place  of  Arthur  Stewart 
Neilston,  timber  merchant,  Glasgow,  who  submitted 
a  statement  putting  the  claims  of  stockbrokers  at 
£28,526.  In  addition  to  this  he  had  paid,  since 
June,  1902,  one  stockbroker  £50,997,  and  other 
brokers,  for  losses  in  speculation  on  copper,  iron, 
and  cotton,  £5,776,  making  a  loss  in  sixteen  months 
of  nearly  £57,000.  Between  June  1  and  Sept.  22, 
1003,  he  drew  out  of  the  business  £60,254  by  cheques 
payable  to  bearer.  These  drawings  were  not  entered 
in  the  ordinary  cash-book,  but  in  a  little  pass-book, 
which,  however,  contained  entries  in  gross,  but  no 
details.  The  debtor  stated  that  he  had  as  much  as 
£206,419  of  stock  open  in  one  account.  The  whole 
of  his  Stock  Exchange  transactions  were  made,  not 
for  investments,  but  for  speculation.  He  would  be 
surprised  to  hear  that  his  purchases  in  the  aggre- 
gate exceeded  £4,000,000.  He  admitted  that  the 
money  of  creditors,  to  the  extent  of  about  £80,000, 
had  been  handed  over  to  the  Stock  Exchange.  He 
simply  lost  a  lot  of  money,  and  then  plunged  in  the 
hope  of  making  good  his  losses.  The  examination 
was  adjourned. 


Colonel  W.  R.  Slacke,  R.E.,  held  a  Local  Govern- 
ment Board  inquiry  at  Penistone  on  Tuesday  into 
the  application  of  the  urban  district  council  for 
powers  to  borrow  £4,000  for  purposes  of  completing 
a  scheme  of  sewerage  and  sewage  disposal  works  in 
the  township. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  Plymouth  laid  at 
Swanage  on  Wednesday  the  foundation-stone  of 
the  Church  of  the  Holy  Ghost  and  St.  Edward 
which  is  to  be  built  there. 

On  Wednesday  week  the  Bishop  of  St.  Davids 
dedicated  the  new  church  of  St.  David,  at  Bendy, 
Carmarthenshire.  The  building,  which  is  in  the 
Early  Decorated  style,  has  been  erected  on  a  site 
given  by  Sir  W.  R.  Clayton.  The  cost  has  been 
£2,000,  and  there  are  300  sittings.  The  architect 
was  Mr.  W.  Grifiiths,  Llanelly. 

The  annual  dinner  provided  for  the  employees  of 
the  well-known  firm  of  Thomas  Butlin  and  Co., 
Ltd.,  of  Wellingborough,  took  place  at  the  Welling- 
borough Working  Men's  Club  on  Friday  evening. 
Mr.  W.  H.  Butlin,  managing  director  of  the  firm, 
presided,  and  was  supported  by  Mr.  E.  J.  Butlin, 
another  director. 

The  Housing  Committee  of  the  corj'oration  of 
Southampton  have  directed  Mr.  C.  J.  Hair,  archi- 
tect, to  proceed  with  all  possible  speed  with  the 
preparation  of  the  necessary  specifications,  bills  of 
quantities,  Sec,  to  enable  tenders  to  be  obtained  for 
carrying  out  the  housing  scheme  in  Simuel-street. 

Mr.  Hirvey  Ellis,  of  Rochester  and  New  York, 
the  most  brilliant  architectural  draughtsman  iu  the 
lliiited  States,  died  a  fortnight  since  in  a  hospital 
at  Syracuse,  N.Y. 

The  Epping  Forest  Committee,  in  an  annual 
report  on  works,  improvements,  and  general 
management  of  the  domain,  record  the  fact  that 
much  useful  work  has  been  done  in  thinning  some 
portions  by  the  removal  of  poor  and  decayed 
pollards.  Reference  is  made  iu  the  report  to  the 
passing  during  last  se.ssiciii  of  the  Hainault  Forest 
Bill,  and  congratulations  are  offered  to  Mr.  E. 
North  Buxton  on  the  successful  termination  of  his 
exertions. 


220 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  5,  1904. 


STAINED    GLASS. 

NOBWiOH. — Work  in  connection  with  the  "  Black 
Horse  "  South  African  Memorial  in  Norwich  Cathe- 
dral is  now  being  pushed  forward,  the  final  approval 
of  the  designs  submitted  having  been  received.  The 
stained  glass  will  fill  the  second  window,  east  side, 
in  the  north  transept,  and  will  have  three  lights. 
In  the  first,  on  the  left,  will  be  a  representation  of 
St.  George  victorious  over  the  Dragon ;  in  the 
centre,  a  female  figure  typical  of  \'ictory,  clothed 
in  a  long  white  robe,  and  bearing  in  one  hand  an 
uplifted  palm  branch,  and  in  the  other  the  wreath 
of  Victory ;  the  third  light,  on  the  right,  will  con- 
tain the  tigure  of  St.  Michael,  armed,  and  holding 
the  scales  of  Justice.  Into  the  interstices  between 
the  three  lights  will  be  introduced  the  regimental 
monogram,  P.R.D.G.,  with  the  Princess  Kcyal's 
coronet,  also  the  regimental  badge  (the  arms  and 
crest  of  Earl  Ligonier),  with  the  motto  "  Quo  fata 
Vocant."  Beneath  it  will  be  two.dedicatory  plates, 
now  being  engraved  by  Mr.  Harold  East,  of  Nor- 
wich. In  design  these  plates  are  surrounded  with 
a  border  of  oak  and  bay  leaves,  terminating  in  a 
Gothic  fioial. 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

BEiDFOED. — Mr.  Blackburn,  electrical  engineer, 
has  issued  a  report  to  the  members  of  the  Electricit 
Committee  of  the  Bradford  Corporation  regarding  a 
reservoir  required  for  cooling  purposes  at  the 
Valley-road  works  in  that  city.  He  aays  that  a 
depth  of  2ft.  would  be  sufficient,  but  it  was  necessary 
to  have  a  storage  sufficient  to  hold  one  week's 
corporation  losses  in  summer.  With  20,O00H.P. 
this  would  mean  about  1|  million  gallons,  and  Mr. 
Blackburn  states  that  the  storage  necessary  could 
be  obtained  by  making  the  new  reservoir  the  same 
depth  as  the  old  one,  6ft.  Gin.  The  cost  is  put  in  at 
£1.5,950.  Of  this  sum  £1,.500  is  for  pipe  work  and 
valve?,  £2,000  for  pipe  work  over  reservoir  and 
spraying  nozzles,  whilst  £450  is  set  aside  as  the  cost 
of  the  timber  fence  round  reservoir. 


CHIPS. 

At  Jarrow,  on  Saturday,  the  statue  of  Sir  Charles 
Mark  Palmer,  Bart.,  M.P.,  which  has  been  erected 
at  the  cost  of  the  workmen  of  Palmers,  Limited,  as  a 
tribute  to  the  founder  of  this  mid-Tyne  town,  was 
unveiled  by  Lady  Palmer.  The  statue  is  of  bronze, 
and  is  Oft.  lOin.  in  height,  and  weighs  2^  tons.  It 
represents  Sir  Charles  as  first  mayor  of  the  borough, 
wearing  the  mayoral  robe  and  chain  of  office.  The 
left  hand  holds  a  scroll,  and  the  right  hand  is 
raised.  The  pedestal,  of  Hopton  Wood  stone,  is  1.5ft. 
in  height.  The  total  cost  of  the  memorial  exceeds 
£2,000.     Mr.  Albert  T.  Toft  was  the  sculptor. 

At  St.  Michael's  Church,  Honiton,  on  Sunday, 
the  Suffragan  Bishop  of  Crediton  formally  unveiled 
two  stained-glass  windows  and  a  reredos,  gifts  to 
the  church  by  two  lady  parishioners. 

The  monument  erected  in  the  Eston  Cemetery  by 
the  people  of  South  Bank,  Eston,  and  Grangetown 
to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  those  local  soldiers 
who  lost  their  lives  in  the  late  Boer  war  was  un- 
veiled on  Friday  by  Col.  S.  A.  Sadler,  M.P.  The 
memorial  is  of  grey  Aberdeen  granite,  and  is  20ft. 
in  height. 

A  meeting  of  the  Edinburgh  Building  Trades 
Exchange  was  held  on  Friday  night  in  the  Exchange 
Eooms,  26,  George-street,  Edinburgh.  Councillor 
Neil  M'Leod  occupied  the  chair.  The  question  was 
discussed  as  to  whether  the  City  Superintendent  of 
Works  should  be  architect  for  the  I'sher  Hall. 
After  a  full  discussion  on  the  altered  circumstances 
and  the  proposed  changes  on  the  original  scheme,  it 
was  moved  that  the  plans  for  the  works  ought  even 
yet  to  be  open  to  public  competition,  and  this  was 
carried  unanimously. 

A  meeting,  convened  by  the  miyor  of  Worcester, 
was  held  at  tho  Guildhall  in  that  city  on  Friday 
night  to  further  the  movement  already  started  by 
a  county  committee  for  the  erection  of  a  memorial 
in  Worcester  in  memory  of  the  Worcestershire 
soldiers  who  fell  in  the  South  African  war.  Lord 
Coventry  explained  that  the  dean  and  chapter  had 
consented  to  the  proposed  memorial  being  erected 
in  front  of  the  cathedral.  Mr.  W.  Robert  Colton, 
A.K.A.,  had  submitted  a  design  which  had  met 
with  the  committee's  approval.  The  fund  now 
amounted  to  £1,400,  and  they  had  given  the  artist 
a  commission  for  £1,200. 

A  receiving  order  has  been  made  in  the  case  of 
William  Henry  Arber,  Sickville-street,  Piccadilly, 
W.,  and  Brondesbury-road,  Kilburn,  N.W.,  archi- 
tect and  surveyor. 

The  Camberwell  Borough  Council  have  approved 
a  list  of  roads  which  it  is  proposed  shall  be  paved 
by  direct  employment  of  labour  at  an  estimated  cost 
of  £60,400. 

The  urban  district  council  of  Twickenham  have 
applied  to  the  Local  Government  Board  for  sanction 
to  borrow  £U,O0U  forwood  paving.  The  Middlesex 
County  Council  have  voted  £8/57^  of  this  amount. 

At  a  meeting  held  at  Southport  on  Tuesday 
night  in  aid  of  the  Liverpool  Cathedral  Fund,  Sir 
William  Forwood  presiding,  the  Bi  Aop  of  Liverpool 
announced  that  £182,000  had  been  contributed  to 
the  fund,  Southporfs  present  amount  being  £3,500. 

The  King  will  visit  Cambridge  on  Tuesday, 
March  1,  when  his  Majesty  will  open  the  Law 
School,  the  Law  Library,  the  Medical  School,  the 
Sedgwick  Memorial  Museum,  and  the  Botanical 
Laboratory. 

In  the  case  of  the  application  on  behalf  of  Mr. 
John  Nelson,  Clifton,  York,  Drioghouses,  near 
York,  and  York,  contractor  aul  brickmaker,  an 
order  of  discharge  has  been  granted,  but  is  to  be 
suspended  for  two  years,  ending  Nov.  10,  1905. 

The  Poplar  Borough  Council  have  decided  to 
increase  the  borough  surveyor's  salary  to  £600,  in 
two  increments  of  £50  each. 


The  yard  of  Messrs.  Taylor  and  Sons,  builders 
and  contractors,  Northwich,  was  the  scene  of  a 
subsidence  on  Saturday,  consequent  on  brine- 
pumping.  The  cavity  measures  8  yards  square, 
and  is  some  5ft.  deep.  Upon  the  spot  were  a  limber 
carriage,  barrows,  and  timber.  These  went  down, 
but  have  all  been  recovered.  The  site  is  adjacent 
to  London-road,  one  of  the  main  thoroughfares  of 
the  town,  where  several  of  the  most  serious  sinkings 
in  the  district  have  occurred. 

Mr.  T.  W.  A.  Hayward,  A.M.LC.E.,  M.LM.E., 
F.S.I.,  borough  surveyor  and  engineer,  Stamford, 
Lines,  and  previously  borough  surveyor  of  Sudbury, 
Suffolk,  has  been,  out  of  92  appUcants,  unanimously 
elected  surveyor  to  the  Battersea  Borough  Council 
in  succession  to  the  late  Mr.  Pilditch. 

A  new  clock  is  about  to  be  erected  in  the  tower 
of  the  parish  church,  Uickmansworth,  which  will 
strike  the  hours  and  Cambridge  chime  quarters. 
The  order  has  been  placed  with  Messrs.  J.  B.  Joyce 
and  Co.,  Whitchurch,  Shropshire. 

The  Victoria  Memorial  Institute,  a  building 
erected  in  connection  with  St.  Martin's  Church, 
Potternewton,  was  dedicated  on  Sunday  by  the 
Bishop  of  Richmond.  This  is  the  first  building  in 
Leeds  intended  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  the 
late  Queen.  It  consists  of  a  stone  building,  in  a 
style  of  architecture  in  keeping  with  that  of  the 
church,  the  south  side  of  which  it  faces.  On  the 
ground  floor  are  rooms  for  parochial  purposes  and  a 
Sunday-school,  and  above  these  is  an  assembly- 
room,  providing  accommodation  for  600  persons. 
Irrespective  of  the  land,  the  institute  has  cost  about 
£4,000.  Mr.  Percy  Robinson,  of  Leeds,  was  the 
architect. 

The  Belfast  Builders'  Association  held  their 
annual  meeting  and  dinner  on  the  26th  ult.  The 
latter  took  place  in  the  Grand  Central  Hotel, 
Belfast,  the  chair  being  occupied  by  Mr.  R.  B. 
Henry,  J. P.     There  was  a  large  attendance. 

The  Bishop  of  Oxford  opened  last  week  a  new 
school,  capable  of  accommodating  300  boys,  in  St. 
Clement's,  Oxford. 

The  twenty-first  annual  dinner  of  the  Incor- 
porated Clerks  of  Works'  Association  will  be  held 
on  Monday,  the  22nd  inst.,  at  the  King's  Hall, 
Holbom  Restaurant.  The  chair  will  be  occupied 
by  Mr.  Edwin  T.  Hall,  F.R.I.B.A. 

Sir  Colin  Scott  Moncrief,  R.E.,  has  adjudged  the 
value  of  the  undertaking  of  the  Exeter  horse  tram- 
way at  €6, 749.  The  borough  surveyor  is  instructed 
to  take  over  the  present  tramways  on  completion  of 
the  purchase,  and  the  committee  are  authorised  to 
make  such  arrangements  to  continue  the  working  of 
the  horse  tramways  as  may  be  necessary. 

The  Bishop  of  Rochester  visited  New  Maiden  on 
Jan.  2y,  and  dedicated  a  new  church,  which  is  to  be 
used  as  a  chapel- of-ease  to  the  parish  fabric  of 
Christ  Church,  and  which  has  been  erected  at  a  cost 
of  over  £1,000. 

Mr.  Hogarth,  the  Director  of  the  British 
Arch^ological  Institute  at  Athens,  wdl  shortly 
begin  excavations  among  the  ruins  of  Ephesus, 
where  several  discoveries  have  already  been  made 
by  the  Austrian  archieologists,  the  chief  of  whom, 
Professor  Heberday,  has  just  been  appointed 
Director  of  the  Austrian  Institute. 

The  Burnley  Improvement  Committee  are  bringing 
forward  a  scheme  for  widening  St.  James's-street  at 
a  net  cost  of  £30,000. 

Mr.  Walter  George  Macmillan,  the  secretary  of 
the  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  died  sud- 
denly on  Saturday  at  his  residence  in  Drewstead- 
road,  Streatham,  from  heart  failure,  after  a  fort- 
night's illness. 

At  its  meeting  on  the  17th  inst.  the  County 
Council  of  Kent  will  proceed  to  the  appointment 
of  a  special  road  surveyor,  in  accordance  with  the 
decision  arrived  at  in  November.  The  three  selected 
candidates  from  whom  the  choice  of  the  council  will 
be  made  are  Messrs.  Maybury,  Schlater,  and  Horton. 
The  applicants  numlered  over  one  hundred. 


Out  (Office  ^ablt 


The  day  fixed  for  the  receipt  of  architects' 
drawings  at  the  Royal  Academy  this  year  is 
Friday,  March  25.  No  exhibitor  (who  is  not  a 
member  of  the  Academy)  can  submit  more  than 
t/iiii  -woiks.  This  a  new  rule  this  year.  We  shall 
be  tappy  to  receive  and  deliver  drawings  for  our 
readers  as  in  former  years,  but  their  works  must 
reach  us  carriage  paid,  and  be  accompanied  by 
the  required  labels  and  letter  to  the  secretary 
giving  a  list  of  drawings  sent.  We  shall  be  glad  to 
reproduce  suitable  drawings  before  they  are  sent 
to  Burlington  House,  so  that  our  illustrations  of 
them  may  be  given  after  the  opening  of  the 
exhibition  in  May. 

Few  listened  to  Mr.  Aston  Webb's  valediction 
on  Monday  night  at  the  Institute  without  being 
impressed  by  its  suggestiveness.  Preachers  have 
often  been  likened  to  signposts  showing  the  way 
along  which  they  fail  to  advance  themselves. 
Mr.  Webb  leads  the  way  to  success,  having 
traversed  the  road  himself,  which  makes  all  the 
difference  to  those  who  follow.  As  will  be  seen 
by  our  report  of  the  address,  the  pleasures  of  an 
architect's  career  were  happily  noted,  and  we 
need  not  recapitulate  them  here.  Mr.  Garoe 
alluded  to  one  other — viz.,  the  delight  which  the 
designer  experiences  as  he  sees  the  gradual  up- 
rising of  the  building  he  has  planned.  Another 
certainly  experienced  by  the  architect  as  he 
advances  in  years  is  that  derived  from  the  affec- 
tion and  gratitude  of  old  pupils,  if  he  has  really 
done  his  duty  by  them. 

A  NoTADLE  instance  is  furnished  by  a  happy 
reunion  at  Boston  on  the  occasion  of  a  dinner 
given  to  Professor  William  R.  Ware  by  his  many 
former  pupils,  including  some  of  the  best  con- 
temporary architects  in  Ihe  United  States.  His 
connection  with  the  Harvard  College  and  his  large 
private  practice,  individually  and  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Van  Brunt,  brought  Professor  Ware 
many  pupils,  "  les  bona  petits  camaraux  "  num- 
bering nearly  700  students.  Many  reminiscences 
of  youthful  exploits  in  his  offices  were  given. 
Mr.  Tilden,  when  a  "  proud  lexicon  of  youth," 
applied  to  be  admitted  as  a  pupil,  saying, 
"  Introduce  me,  Mr.  Ware,  please,  to  Palladio 
and  Jlichael  Angelo  and  (^ueen  Anne  and  Charlie 
McKim,  and  I'U  be  much  obliged."  Other  diver- 
sions, however,  occasionally  seem  to  have  been 
indulged  in.  as,  for  example,  when  Tilden,  John 
.Stearns,  and  John  Allen  were  caught  in  a 
rampant  bedlam  by  Mr.  Ware  returning  un- 
expectedly. Allen  at  the  moment  was  rolling  on 
the  floor  in  a  tangled  heap  uttering  a  derisive 
htiwl.  The  others,  having  heard  the  step  of  the 
master,  had  dropped  their  hold,  let  Allen  go,  and 
resumed  work  without  delay.  Mr.  Ware,  "  tran- 
quil as  a  June  morning,"  passed  through  the 
office  without  a  word. 

Mu.  Wake,  on  one  occasion  seeing  a  com- 
petition advertised  offering  a  prize  for  the  best 
design  for  a  big  agricultural  building  of  unusual 
size,  set  one  of  his  pupils  to  look  the  matter  up, 
and  prepare  to  compete.  Some  200  horses,  300 
cows,  and  1.200  sheep  were  to  be  accommodated. 
The  said  pupil  was  directed  to  go  to  the  I'ublie 
Library  and  read  up  such  books  as  would  throw 
light  upon  the  problem.  The  competitor  knew 
something  of  the  proper  care  of  horses  and  the 
stalling  of  cows,  but  had  had  no  knowledge  of  the 
care  of  sheep,  lie  hit  upon  "  Ruskin  on  Sheep- 
folds."  It  was  on  a  Saturday  afternoon,  and  the 
next  day  the  volume  proved  more  excellent 
Sunday  reading  than  he  had  reckoned  on,  though 
he  found  it  had  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  farm 
buildings.  Mr.  Ware  smiled  when  he  heard  the 
story,  but  the  pupil  did  not,  because  the  com- 
petition was  not  won. 

The  work  of  clearing  out  the  interior  of  the 
historic  Pyx  Chapel  off  the  east  walk  of  the 
cloisters  of  AVestminster  Abbey,  which  is  now 
being  proceeded  with  as  a  preliminary  to  the 
throwiog  open  of  this  Norman  vaulted  chamber 
to  public  inspection,  has  resulted  in  some  inter- 
estiog  finds  amongst  the  dirt  and  ili'bri.'  which 
have  accumulattd.  These  include  a  few  human 
bones,  some  keys,  and  a  quantity  of  exchequer 
tallies,  the  curious  little  notched  sticks  by  which 
the  national  accounts  were  actually  kept  down 
to  the  close  of  the  Georgian  era.  The  old  oak 
presses  and  an  extremely  ancient  treasure  chest, 
in  which  the  standards  and  assays  of  gold  and 
silver  were  formerly  deposited,  are  also  being 
overhauled. 
Ax  exhibition  is  to  be  held  at  the  Manchester 


Feb.  5,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIXCI    XEWS. 


221 


City  Art  Gallery,  opening  on  March  23  next,  and 
closing  on  May  H,  (i£  pictures  and  other  works  of 
art  illustrating  the  life  and  work  of  Kuskin,  in- 
cluding the  early  Italian  painters,  Turn'sr,  the 
pre-Uaphaelite  Brotherhood,  and  also  Kuskiniana 
such  as  letters  and  manuscripts.  The  committee 
will  be  glad  to  hear  from  anyone  possessing  such 
works,  and  willing  to  lend  them  lor  the  exhibi- 
tion. The  exhibition  is  being  organised  for  the 
committee  by  Mr.  W.  G.  CoUingwood. 

A  iiNF.-ART  exhibition  was  opened  at  the  Smith 
Art  Institute,  Stirling,  on  Saturday,  by  the 
JIarquis  of  Graham.  It  includes  3'JJ  pictures  in 
oil  in  the  larger  of  the  two  galleries,  and  300 
water-colours,  architectural  drawings,  and  other 
works  placed  in  the  smaller  room.  loteresting 
loan  pictures,  to  the  number  of  20  or  thereabouta, 
including  two  portraits  of  the  great  Marquis  of 
Montrose,  by  Vandyck  and  by  Jameson,  and 
works  by  ^'elasquez,  Wouvermans,  Millet,  and 
fiaeburn  are  shown.  The  works  by  contemporary 
Scottish  artists  comprise  examples  of  the  art  of 
Sir  James  Guthrie,  the  late  Alexander  i'raser, 
W.  D.  Mackay,  .■\..  K.  Brown,  It.  Macgregor, 
Duncan  McKellar,  Marshall  Brown,  and  Tom 
MacEwan. 

The  Land  Nationalisation  Society  have  pre- 
pared a  Land  BUI,  which  will  be  introduced  into 
Parliament  in  the  coming  Session.  It  not  only 
provides  for  the  taxation  of  land  values,  but  also 
for  the  compulsory  purchase  of  land  by  local 
authorities.  It  requires  landholders  to  declare 
the  capital  value  of  their  holdings,  and  empowers 
the  levying  of  a  rate  of  one  penny  in  the  pound 
on  that  value.  Beyond  this,  it  enables  public 
bodies  to  compulsorily  purchase  land  at  the 
assessed  value.  The  tenant  is  safeguarded  by 
conditions  which  will  give  him  the  full  right  to 
his  improvements  and  exempt  him  from  the  risk 
of  contiscation.  The  Bill  is  backed  by  Mr.  R.  A. 
Bell,  Mr.  Uenry  Broadhurst,  Sir.  Maurice  Levy, 
Mr.  J.  W.  Logan,  Dr.  J.  T.  Macnamara,  Mr. 
D.  J.  Shackleton,  and  Mr.  George  Toulmin. 

"  The  Story  of  a  Piece  or  Whixstoxe,"  was 
the  subject  of  a  lecture  given  by  Bir.  Peter 
Macnairat  the  Kelvingrove  Art  Gallery,  Glasgow, 
on  Friday  evening.  Mr.  Macnair  began  by 
describing  three  well-known  exposures  of  whin- 
Stona  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Glasgow — namely, 
one  at  the  Fossil  Grove,  AVhiteinch,  another  at 
the  quarries  at  Bishopsbriggs,  and  a  third  at  the 
quarry  behind  the  Cathkin  Park.  These  three 
exposures,  he  pointed  out,  represented  three  dif- 
ferent modes  of  occurrence  of  whinstone  or  basalt. 
In  the  first  case  we  had  what  is  known  as  an 
intrusive  sill,  which  had  been  injected  along  the 
bedding  planesofthesedimentary  rocks,  sending  off 
veins  and  strings  into  the  surrounding  shales  and 
sandstones.  In  the  Bishopbriggs  exposure  the 
surrounding  rocks  had  been  rent  asunder  into  a 
fissure,  and  had  become  filled  with  molten  lava. 
In  the  Cathkin  quarry  the  lava  gave  evidence 
of  having  been  poured  out  at  the  surface,  and 
was  seen  to  be  interstratified  with  beds  of  volcanic 
dust.  Proceeding  to  deal  with  the  constituents 
and  structure  of  whinstone,  it  was  pointed  out 
that  the  essential  minerals  occurring  in  whin- 
stone or  basalt  were  felspar  and  augit  j.  Horn- 
blende, mica,  apatite,  and  magnetite  also 
occurred  as  accessory  minerals.  The  relationship 
of  these  whinstones  to  recent  volcanic  phenomena 
was  then  discussed,  and  it  was  shown  that 
they  represented  two  widely  different  periods 
in  geological  time— the  Tathkin  whinstone  being 
of  Carboniferous  ago,  while  the  Bishopbriggs  dyke 
was  probably  Tertiary.  Mr.  Macnair  directed 
attention  to  six  cases  which  had  been  set  aside  in 
the  geological  gallery  as  an  introduction  to  the 
study  of  mineralogy  and  geology,  and  pointed 
out  the  manner  in  which  the  student  might  begin 
the  study  of  such  a  rock  as  whinstone  by  the  aid 
of  the  spicimens  exhibited  therein.  The  demon- 
stration was  illustrated  by  lantern  slides  and 
diagrams,  and  by  a  large  number  of  specimens 
and  models  of  crystals  from  the  museum  collections. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  County  Council  for 
Cornwall  a  rejiort  was  received  from  a  sub- 
committee recommending:  (1)  The  appointment  of 
n  county  architect  for  educational  purposes,  and 
that  his  duties  should  be  :  The  preparation  of 
plans  and  estimates  for  new  schools,  and  for  all 
work  which  requires  the  sanction  of  the  county 
education  authority  ;  to  make  inspections  and 
surveys  when  <'alled  upon  to  do  so,  and  to  ropori 
to  the  county  education  authority.  (2)  That  the 
remunera'ion  of  the  architect  be  (for  the  lirst 
j-ear)  £3  38.  for  one  day's  survey,  and  £2  2s.  for 
every   succeeding  day,   including  travelling  ex- 


penses. In  the  case  of  new  schools,  the  remu- 
neration of  the  architect  should  be  according  to  a 
schedule  of  fees,  which  should  vary  in  propor- 
tion to  the  accommodation  to  be  provided  for  and 
not  in  proportion  to  the  expenditure,  such  fees  to 
include  all  necessary  'prt-liminary  surveys  and 
expenses.  As  the  question  has  to  be  discussed  in 
conjunction  with  the  county  standing  joint  com- 
mittee as  to  the  advisability  of  a  county  architect 
being  appointed  to  give  his  whole  time,  it  was 
decided  to  adopt  the  lirst  clause  of  the  report,  the 
latter  to  be  deferred  until  the  sub-committee  had 
conferred  with  the  standing  joint  committee. 

The  Leeds  Corporation  tias  Committee  have 
decided  to  advertise  for  tenders  for  plant  for  the 
making  of  bricks  from  spent  gas  lime  and 
"clinkers."  The  pUnt  is  to  be  capable  of 
making  ."i.OOO  bricks  per  day.  The  chairman  of 
the  committee  (Aid.  Lowden)  presented  a  report 
giving  detailed  analyses  of  bricks  made  from  these 
materials,  and  also  reports  as  to  their  adaptability 
for  building  and  other  purposes  by  Jlr.  J..  Butler 
Wilson,  architect ;  Mr.  Thos.  Winn,  architect ; 
Aid.  Hannan,  builder  ;  Mr.  Chas.  Myers,  builder  ; 
Mr.  W.  Irwin,  builder ;  Mr.  C.  Healey,  clerk  of 
works ;  the  manager  of  the  Yorkshire  C!old 
Storage  Co.  ;  Mr.  J.  Bond,  manager  of  the  New 
Wortley  Gasworks ;  and  Professor  Goodman,  of 
the  Yorkshire  College.  Professor  Goodman  said 
the  bricks  gave  excellent  results,  both  in  tension 
and  compression  ;  while  Mr.  Darby,  of  the  Cold 
Storage  Company,  reported  that  the  bricks  ap- 
peared unaffected  by  severe  temperature  teats. 
The  other  reports  all  testified  to  the  excellence  of 
the  bricks  for  all  purposes  where  strength  and 
durability  were  of  more  importance  than  appear- 
ance. 

A  LECTURE  on  the  "  Architectural  Books  in 
Liverpool  Library ' '  has  been  delivered  by  Mr. 
James  Hutt,  M.A.,  in  that  institute.  Mr.  Ben- 
jamin Iloworth  occupied  the  chair.  Mr.  Hutt 
said,  in  regard  to  books  of  reference,  the  diction- 
aries of  Britton,  Parker,  and  Gwilt,  and  the 
recent  work  by  Sturgis,  as  well  as  the  "  Diction- 
naire  raisonne  "  of  VioUet-le-Duc,  merited  special 
attention.  General  reference  books  and  histories 
were  represented  by  d'Agincourt,  Fergusson,  and 
Kuskin.  On  ancient  architecture  and  art  gene- 
rally the  principal  works  were  those  of  Perrot  and 
Chipiez ;  Fergusson  dealt  with  India,  Layard 
with  Nineveh,  Stuart  and  Revett,  Chandler  and 
Cockerell,  with  Greece  ;  Wood,  Berkenhout,  and 
Parker  with  Rome.  Pompeii  formed  an  inter- 
esting source  of  knowledge  on  all  departments  of 
ancient  art,  and  the  works  by  Gell,  Boissier, 
Marriott,  and  Gusman  were  particularly  men- 
tioned. Moorish  architecture  was  represented  in 
ilurphy  and  Lewis's  works  on  the  Alhambra, 
whilst  works  on  English  architecture  were 
numerous,  attention  being  called  to  the  works  of 
Carter,  Britton,  and  Pugin.  Brandon  and  Sir 
G.  Gilbert  Scott  were  the  authorities  on  English 
ecclesiastical.  Continental  architecture  of  later 
times  was  the  section  in  which  the  library  was 
rather  weak,  but  the  works  of  Pugin  and  Le  Veux 
and  VioUet-le-Duo  were  some  of  the  best  on 
French  buildings. 

Messrs.  Aoams  .vxd  Charles  Black  issue 
"  Who's  Who  i  "  and  the  "Englishwoman's  Year 
Book,"  as  usual.  Both  are  as  accurate  and  up- 
to-date  as  ever,  and  equally  indispensable.  A 
most  useful  supplementary  shillingsworth  is  pub- 
lished this  year  for  the  first  time,  the  "Who's 
Who  Year  Book,"  containing  a  number  of  tables 
and  statistics,  together  with  a  list  of  pseudonyms, 
peculiarly  pronounced  proper  names,  professors, 
societies,  academic  degrees,  officials,  &c. 

By  direction  of  the  French  Government,  Messrs. 
Robert  Boyle  and  Son,  ventilating  engineers, 
London  and  Glasgow,  have  prepared  plans  for  the 
ventilation  of  the  Musce  du  Louvre,  Paris,  with 
the  Boyle  system  (natural).  It  is  also  proposed 
to  apply  the  Boyle  system  to  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies,  the  mechanical  systems  tried  in  that 
building,  including  the  Plenum,  having  proved 
failures.  The  Boyle  system  has  been  successfully 
applied  to  the  Spanish  (Jortes,  Madrid,  ft  was 
this  natural  system  which  gained  the  highest 
award  for  ventilation  at  the  last  Paris  Exhibition. 


The  additions  to  the  Calverley  Hospital,  Brad- 
ford, are  being  warmed  and  ventilated  by  means  of 
Shorlaud's  iwtout  double- fronted  Miiuchoster  atovos 
with  di'srending  smoko-llues,  Mauchestor  grates, 
patent  exhaust  roof  and  inlet  ventilators,  the  same 
being  supplied  by  Messrs.  E.  11.  Shorland  and 
Brother,  of  Manchester. 


MEETINQS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Friday  (To-dav).— Architectural  Association.  "Cottage 
Homes,"  by  W.  A.  Haivey.    7.30  p.m. 

Saturday  (To-morrow). — Architectural  AHSociatioD. 
Vi.**it8  to  No.  n,  Hill-Mtreet,  Berkeley- 
square  ;  and  ^J  No.  i»,  Hyde  Park- 
terrace,  W.  Meet  at  11,  Hill-street,  at 
2.30  p.m. 

Mo.sDAY.— Society  of  .Vrts.  "Oils  and  Fats:  their  L' sea 
and.'AppIications."  Cantor  Lecture  No.  .3, 
by  Dr.  J.  Lewkowitsch.    8  p.m. 

Glasgow  Koyal  Philosophical  Society. 
"  Legal  Points  Relative  to  Buildings," 
by  J.  M.  Arthur,  architect.    8  p.m. 

Surveyors'  Institution.  Discussion  on 
*'The  Garden  City  Scheme."    8  p.m. 

TcESDAY. — Society  of  Arts.  "The  Biology  of  Federa- 
tion," by  Sir  J.  A.  Cockbum,  K.C.M.O. 
4-30  p.m. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  "Ton- 
nage Laws,"  by  H.  W.  West,  M.Inst.C.E. 
8  p.m. 

Wedxesday,— Society  of  Arts.  "Thermit:  its  Applica- 
tion to  Practical  Engineering,"  by  C^ 
Vernon  Boys,  F.R.S.    8  p.m. 

Sanitaiy  Institute.  Discussion  on 
"  Road  Sanitation,"  to  be  opened  by  J. 
Patten  Barber,  M.Inst.^'.iC.    8  p.m. 

Edinburgh  Architectural  Association. 
"Common  Sense  in  Art,"  by  Charles 
Mackie,  F.3.A.,  A.R.S.A.    8  pm. 

Thursday. — Society  of  Arts.  "Our  Commercial  Rela- 
tions with  Afghanistan,"  by  Col.  Sir 
Thos.  H.  Holdich,  K.C.M.G.,  K.C.I.E. 
4  30  p  m. 

Camera  Club.  Charing  Cross-road.W.C. 
"  Pei"spective  from  an  Architect's  Stand- 
point," by  (i.  A.  T.  Middleton, A.R.I.B. a. 

Sheffield  Society  of  Architects  and  Sur- 
veyors. "  Craftsmanship,"  by  W.  Gilbert, 
of  West  Bromwich. 

Friday. — Surveyors'  Institution.  Annual  Dinner  at  the 
Grand  Hall,  Prince's  Restaurant,  Picca- 
dilly.   7  p.m. 

Glasgow  Architectural  Craftsmen's 
Society.  "  City  Architecture,"  by  J. 
Jeffrey  Waddell.    8  p.m. 


CHIPS. 

Messrs.  George  Jennings,  Ltd.,  have  been  suc- 
cessful in  obtaining  the  contract  for  the  sanitary 
appliances  for  the  New  City  Hall,  Belfast. 

The  Bishop  of  Salisbury  reopened  on  Wednesday 
St.  John's  Church,  Wimbome,  after  extension  and 
alterations.  The  church  was  originally  built  in  1875 
on  a  site  given  by  the  late  Sir  John  A.  Hanham, 
the  cost,  £2,500,  being  borne  by  the  late  Rev.  Carr 
John  Glyn.  The  enlargement  has  cost  £l,:iOO. 
Among  many  gifts  is  a  carved  oak  reredos  to  the 
memory  of  the  late Major-General  Chichester,  C.B., 
late  Slat  regiment,  erected  by  his  widow. 

The  Local  Government  Board  has  sanctioned  the 
borrowing  of  £7,819  by  the  Eccles  Corporation  for 
street  improvements  in  the  borough. 

Mr.  William  Marshall,  senior  partner  in  the 
Grimsby  timber  importing  firm  of  Marshall,  Knott, 
and  Barker,  died  on  Saturday  at  his  home  at 
Scartho,  near  Grimsby,  at  the  advanced  age  of 
nearly  80  years. 

A  paper  on  "  The  Homes  of  Queen  Elizabeth " 
was  read  before  members  of  the  Leeds  and  York- 
shire Architectural  Society  on  Friday  night  by  Mr. 
J.  Alfred  Gotch,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A.,  of  Kettering. 

An  addition  to  the  free  Ubraries  of  Leeds  was 
opened  on  Friday  at  Chapel-AUerton  by  the  lord 
mayor.  Mr.  W.  H.  Thorp,  F.K.I.B.A.,  of  Leeds, 
is  the  architect,  and  the  building  includes,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  library  and  reading-rooms,  a  police- 
station  and  residence  for  four  police  otHoera,  with 
cells.  The  general  reading-room  is  40ft.  by  30tt., 
and  is  Hghted  from  the  roof.  There  is  also  a  ladies' 
reading-room,  30ft.  by  18ft.,  and  the  lending  library 
is  surrounded  by  galleries,  and  provides  storage 
accommodation  for  10,000  volumes. 

The  corporation  of  Liverpool  having  applied  to 
the  Local  Government  Board  for  sanction  to  borrow 
£43,000  for  the  purchase  of  the  Calderstoues  Kstate, 
for  the  purposes  of  a  public  park,  Mr.  1!.  H.  Bick- 
nell,  one  of  the  inspectors  of  the  Board,  held  an 
mquiry  into  the  subject  at  the  municipal  offices 
yesterday  (Thursday). 

The  council  of  the  Home  Arts  and  Industries 
Association  have  appointed  Miss  Dymes  director 
and  secretary  until  July,  when  she  will  become 
director.  The  annual  exhibition  will  open  on  May 
12,  in  the  Gallery  of  the  Koyal  .\lbort  Hall. 

Lord  Southampton,  on  Thursday  in  last  week, 
laid  the  fouudation-stono  of  the  uow^  St.  Pancras 
Female  Orphanage  and  Charity  School  in  Himp- 
stead-road.  The  old  building,  which  was  erected 
in  17''i>,  had  provided  accommodation  for  t>5 
children,  but  owing  to  lack  of  funds  in  late  years 
there  have  seldom  been  more  than  40  inmates.  The 
new  building,  which  will  be  finished  in  July,  will 
cost  about  £5,990,  and  an  additional  I'oOO  would 
also  be  reijuired  for  furnishing  and  other  purposes. 
The  new  budding  will  hold  about  iiO  orphans. 


_2j2 ■_ THE    BUILDING    jS"EWS. Feb.  5,  1904. 

LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


Bangor— Houses  for  Working  Classes 2Cgs.,  lOgs Ji.hn  Gill,  City  Surveyor,  Bangor Feb.  20 

Stockton-on-Teea— Enlarging  Chancel  of  Holy  Trinity  Church  Holv  Trioity  Vicarage,  Stockbrn-on-TetM     Mar.    1 

Sutton,  St.  HeleDs-Public  Liba'y  (£2,500  liaiit)    £20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew.  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  St.  Helens  ,     31 

Vienna— Machinery  to  Lift  Boats 100,000,  75,000,  and  50,000  kronen   ...  The  Austro-HungarianCon.-Gt!n,22.  Laurence-Pounteney-lane,E.C.    „     31 

Eccleslon,  St.  Helens -Public  Library  (£2.500  lioait) £20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  St.  Helens  „     31 

Perth— Isolation  Hospital  (36  beds)  (£11,000  limit)    SOgs,  20gs,  and  lOgs  John  Begg,  Town  Clerk,  Perth April  6 

Newcastle-on-Tyne— Grammar  School  [J.  Bilson,  F.R.I.B.A.,  « 

F.S.A.,  Assessor  £  100,  £50,  £25 Horace  J.  Criddle,  Solicitor,  2.  CoUingwood-st.,  Newcistle-on-Tyne    „     S» 

Sale— Wesley  Sunday  School  J.  Taylor,  Secretary,  Stanley  llouut.  Brooklands —J  i 

Haverfordwest-Meat  Market  (£2,000  limit) 20gf R.  T.  P.  Williams,  Town  Clerli,  Haverfordwest —   ^ 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 


BTTILSICfQS. 

Knowle,  Fartham— Drying-Room  at  Lunatic  Af  ylum  Visiting  Committee  W.  J.  Taylor,  County  Survevor,  The  Castle,  Winchester  Feb.  6 

CuUen- Blacksmith's  Shop John  Fowlie,  Cullen  House,  CuUen „  6 

I.anche.ster— Additions  to  Workhouse Board  of  Guardians  Newcombe  and  Newcombe,  Archta.,  Pilgrim-st.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    „  6 

South  Hiendley- Wesleyan  Church  and  Sunday  Schools G.  Moxon,  Architect,  Central  Chambers,  26,  Church-st.,  Barnaley 6 

Clayton-le-Moors— Weaving  Shed J.  W.  Cooper,  1.  Jubilee-street.  Clayton-le-Moors    ,,  6 

Wadfley  Bridge- Pchoo'B    Ecdesfleld  School  Board G.  A.  Wilson.  Architect.  Hartshead  Chambers,  Sheffield  „  S 

Tarland— Altering  United  Free  Church G.  Bennett  Mitchell.  Architect,  148,  Union-street,  Aberdeen  „  6 

Coniston- House  and  .'^hop Wm.  Eyer Jonathan  Bell,  Architect.  Coniston,  R.S.O ,,  6 

Pogmoor— Three  Houses  and  Shop.  Cresswell-street George  Moxon,  Architect.  Barnsley    „  6 

Kirigate,  Leeds— Reconstnicting  Brougham  Arms  Hotel    8.  Jackson  and  Son,  Architects,  Tanfield  Chambers,  Bradford „  6 

East  Stonehouse— Alterations  to  Workhouse Guardians The  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Stonehouse „  8 

Tewkesbury— Additions  at  Isolation  Hospital The  Borough  Surveyor,  Station-street,  Tewkesbury „  S 

Belfast- Extension  of  Shtd Harbour  Commissioners G.  F.  L.  Giles,  Harbour  Engineer,  Belfast „  8 

Leeds— Shop.  New  Albion-place T.Winn  and  Sons,  Architects,  P2.  Albion-street,  Leeds „  8 

Daitford-AdditioDs  to  Hospital Joint  Hospital  Committee Robert  Marchant.  A.R.I.B.A.,  28,  Theobalds-road,  W.C ,  8 

Archiestown— Addition  to  Teacher's  House John  WJttet.  Architect,  Elgin ,  8 

Kingston-upon-Thames- Internal  Alterations  to  Engine-Room  Guardians William  H.  Hope.  Architect,  Seymour-road,  Hampton  Wick  „  8 

Cork— Reconstructing  Roof  of  Queen-street  National  School Robert  Walker  and  Sons.  Architects,  17,  South  Mall,  Cork  „  8 

Hellingly— Additions  to  Workhouse    Hailsham  tinion  Guardians  Mitchell  and  Ford,  Architects,  7,  Gildredge-road,  Eastbourne „  9 

Bridgwater— Reconstructing  Properties,  Clare-street Town  Council W.  T.  Eaket,  Town  Cleik,  King-square,  Bridgwater  „  » 

Southampton— Additions  to  Offices  at  Corporation  Wharf  Corporation The  Borough  Engineer,  Market  Chambers,  Southampton ,,  9 

Holywell-  Alterations.  &c.,  to  Rehobnth  Welth  CM.  Chapel T.  G.  WiUfams,  M.S.A.,  52,  South  Castle-street.  Liverpool „  9 

Bridlington- House  ard  Shop,  South  Side C.  Ca.st  J.  Earnshaw,  Architect,  Carlton  House,  Bridlington  ,,  9 

Leeds-Repairs  to  Schools   Education  Committee  W.  Packer,  Secretary,  Education  Offices.  Leeds ,,  9 

Tooting- Cottage,  Grove  Hospital Metropolitan  Asylums  Board  W.  T.  Hatch.  M.I.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.,  Engineer,  Embankment,  E.C....    „  10 

Saintfield— Residence  and  Business  Premises  Minnis  Bros : Hobart  and  Heron,  Architects,  Dromore,  Co.  Down „  10 

Harrington- Additions  to  Cooperative  Stores Co-operative  Society C.  W.  Eaglesfield,  Architect,  Gordon-street,  Workington „  10 

Kingask— Additions  to  Farm  Steading    David  Storrar,  Architect,  Cupar-Fife „  10 

Woolwich- Cottage,  Brook  Hospital Metropolitan  Asylums  Board W.  T.  Hatch.  M.I. C.E.,  M.I. M  E.,  Engineer,  Embankment,  E.G....    „  10 

Glasgow— E-xtending  Generating  Station    Corporation W.  A.  Chaman,  Engineer,  75,  Waterloo-street,  Glasgow     „  11 

Horton,  Bradford-  Eleven  Houses,  Arncliffe-tenace : W.  Rycroft,  Architect,  Bank  Buildings,  Manchester-road,  Bradford    „  11 

Bridlington- Fi  ur  Ornamental  Kiosks  Property  Committee E.  R.  Matthews.  C.E.,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Bridhngton.    „  11 

Drighlirgtcn— Branch  Store   Co-operative  Society The  Society's  Office,  Drighlington  ,  11 

Woithing— Store,  Chatsworth-road The  Boroiish  Surveyor,  Municipal  Offices.  Worthing „  11 

Belfast- Baptist  Church,  Tennent-street    , Committee James  A.  Hanna.  Architect,  102,  Donegall-strcet,  Belfast „  11 

Bridlington— House  and  Shop.  Clough  Bridge, Spencer  and  Son Alfred  T.  Martindale,  Architect,  66,  Wellington-road,  Bridlington..    „  11 

Farnley  Tyas,  Hudder^ field- Church  Restoration  J.  Kirk  and  Sons.  Architects,  Huddersfield  ,,  H 

Bridlirgton-Ee-erectirg  Colonnade  Properly  Committee E.  R.  Matthews,  C.E,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Bridlington.    ,,  11 

St.  Leonards,  Suseex-  Coastguard  Station Admiralty The  Director  of  Works  Dept.,  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C.  ..    „  12 

Mertbyr— Two  Shops,  Bigh-etreet C.  M.  Davies,  Architect,  Merthyr 1* 

Tirphil-Thirty-Thiee  Houses    Graig  Rhymney  Building  Club T.  Roderick,  Architect,  Olebeland.  Merthyr  Tydfll  ,  12 

Netley—Hcufes  at  Coastguard  Station Admiralty The  Director  of  Works  Dept.,  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C.  ..    „  18 

Tipferaiy— Altering  Old  Bridewell  Buildings W.  H.  Hill  and  Son,  Architects.  28.  South  Mall,  Cjrk „  1* 

Brighton-Eieht  Shops  and  Houses,  Spa-street   Francis  J.  Tillstone,  Town  Clerk,  Town  n.ill,  Brighton ,  15- 

Canterbury— Extension  to  Engine-House  at  Sewage  Farm Drainage  Committee    A.  C.  Turley,  A-M.I.C.E.,  City  Survevor,  Guildhall-st,,  Canterbury    „  1> 

Great  Yaimouth- Extensions  to  FreeLibraiy FreeLibraiy  Committee J.  W.  Cockrill,  M.I.C.E.,  A.R.I. B./V.!  T.>wb  Hall,  Great  Yarmouth    „  15- 

Brighton— Ten  Double-Tenement  Dwellings,  Spa-street Francis  J.  Tillstone.  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Brighton „  15 

Loughlmstown— Thirty-Eight  Labourers' Cottages  Rathdown  No.  1  R.D.C R.  M.  Butler,  MR. I. A.,  Architect,  IJawsun-street.  Dublin  ,,  IS- 

Middlesbiougb- Twelve  Houses.  Haverton  Hill Dr.  F.  Munro Moore  and  Archibald,  Architects,  27,  Albert-road,  Middlesbrough  ..    ,,  17 

Fulham.  8.W.— I- belters.  South  Park Borough  Council    F.Wnod,  A.M. I.C.E..  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Fulham,  S.W.    „  IT 

Leeds— Wcoden  Shelter  at  Hunslet  Lake  Side The  City  Engineer's  Office,  Leeds   „  IT 

Manchester— Chief  File  and  Police  Station  Watch  Committee W.  Windsor,  Quantity  Surveyor,  37,  Brown-street,  Manchester IT 

I,ancaster— Extensions  at  Sanatorium Sanitary  Committee The  Borough  Surveyor,  Market-square,  Lincaster  „  18 

Killarney—Bciler-House  at  District  Lunatic  Asylum   J.  F.  Fuller,  F.S.A.',  Arcliitect,  179,  Great  Brunswick-street.  Dublin    „  18 

Keighley- Long  Lee  Board  School  School  Board  A.  P.  Harrison,  Architect,  18.  Cooke-lane.  Keiahley   20 

Reading— Infectious  Diseases  Hospital  Town  Council Charles  Smith  and  Son.  Architects,  161,  Friar-street,  Reading ,,  20 

Runcorn— Isolation  Hospital  ; Ruial  District  Council Geo.  E.  Bolshaw.  Architect,  189,  Lord-street,  Southport    „  28 

Tonypandy- Fifty,  eight  Houses,  Ely-street  Building  Club Lewis  and  Morgan,  Architects,  .^5,  Dunraven-street,  Tonypindy  ....    „  2it 

Arnside—Refionliogof  and  Alterations  to  Bank  of  Liverpool R.  Bradley  Barker.  Architect,  Arnside ,  22 

Walthairstow-Tramway  Car-Sheds    Urban  Disti ict  Council    G.  W.  Holmes,  A. M.I.C.E.,Eogineir.  Town  Hall,  Walthamstow  ...    „  23' 

Manchester— Victoria  Station  Extensions  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office,  Hunt's  Bank.  Manchester „  2S 

Epscm— Additions  to  Workhouse Guardians H.  D.  Searles  Wood,  F.R.I.B.A.,Wool  Exchange,  Coleman-.st.,  E.C.    „  2» 

Knutsford— Free  Librai y Urban  District  Council    Darbyshire  and  Smith.  Architects,  17,  Brazennose-st.,  Manchester...    „  24 

Rainhill-Additional  Wards  at  County  Asylum Ijincasbiie  Asylums  Board  Jas.  Gornall.  Clerk  and  Steward,  Rainhill  , ,  25 

Stradbroke  -  Police  Station East  Suffolk  County  Council H.Miller  MICE    County  Surveryor,  16,  Museum-street,  Ipswich    ,,  25 

Talgarth-Farm  Buildings  Asylum  Committee Giles.  Gough.  4:  Trollope,  Archts.,  2S,Craven-st.,Charing Cross, W.C.    „  26 

Talgarth— Two  Cottages Asylum  Ccmmittee  J.  H.  Evans,  Clerk.  Brecon  and  Radnor  Asylum,  Talgarth,  K.S.0 26. 

Hanwell,  W.— Boiler-House  and  Chimney  Shaft  at  Asylum  ...  L.C.C.  Asylums  Crmmittee  R.  W.  Partridge,  Clerk,  6,  Waterloo-place,  S.W ,  27 

Naiborouph,  Leicester- Asylum  (7C0  patients) Committee  of  Visitors  Everard  and  Pick,  Architects,  Millstone-lane,  Leicester ,  2T 

Mile-end,  E.— Additional  Building  at  South-grove  Wolkhouse  Whitechapel  Union  Guardians Alfred  Cocder.  F.R.I.B.A.,  9,  Bridge-street,  Westminster,  S.W 29 

Tottenham— Municipal  Buildings... Uiban  District  Council W.  H.  Preecot't,  A.M.I.C.E.,  712,  High-road,  Tottenham Mar.  1 

Langho,  Blackbuin- Epileptic  Homes    Chorlton  \-  Manchester  Asylum  Com.  Giles,  Gough,  ct  Trollope,Archts.,2.S.Craven-st.,Charing  Cross,  W.C.    „  1 

Huttcn,  Essex- Childrens'  Homes    Poplar  Guardians Holman  A:  Goodiham,  Archts.,  6,  King's  Bench-walk,  Temple,  E.C.    „  4 

Folkestore- Alterations  to  Town  Hall  Corporation Reginald  Pope  F.R.I.B.A.,  17,  Cheriton-place,  Folkestone — 

Whitewell  Bottom-Cottage  Chris.  Guy,  Rosedale.  Whitewell  Bottom,  Lanes  — 

Derby- EeadiDg  and  Smoking  Rocm  and  Water  Tower  Ley's  Malleable  Castings  Co E.  R.  Ridgway,  Architect,  Long  Eaton — 

Whitewell  Bottom-Six  Houses R.  Whittaker  and  Son,  School-street,  Whitewell  Bottom,  Lanes — 

Preston— Weaving  Shed    Eldon  Street  Mill  Co P.  Pickup.  Architect  Mercantile  Chambers,  Burnley — 

Belfast— Thirteen  Houses  at  Stranmillis    Robt.  A.  Boyd,  Architect,  22,  Limbard-street,  Belfast  — 

_  Springwell,  Gateshead- Schools Usworth  School  Board S.  Wilkinson,  Architect,  30,  Mosley-street,  Newoastle-on-Tyne  — 

ELECTRICAL    PLANT. 

Hornsey— Plant Urban  District  Council    Robert  Hammond,  M.I.C.E.,  64,  Victoria-street,  Westminster,  S.W.  Feb.  8 

Brighton— Four-motor  Crane  (2C-ton) Town  Council Arthur  Wright,  c!e..  Star  Chambers,  13,  Moorgate-strcet.  E.C „  8 

Bedford— Switchboard Electrical  Committee  R.  W.  L.  Phillips,  Boro' Electrical  Engineer,  Cauldwell-st.,  Bedford    „  9 

Bootle— Electric  Light  Installation  Education  Ccmmittee  The  Borough  Electrical  Engineer,  Pine-grove,  Bootle ,  11 

Battersea,  S.W. —  Electric  Pumps  and  Pipework Borough  Council    H.  R.  Forbes  Mackay,  Lombard-street,  Battersea,  S.W „  15 

Kirkcaldy— Wiring  Pathhead  Halls    Corporation O.  F.  Francis,  Borough  Electrical  Engineer,  Victoria-rd.,  Kirkcaldy    „  15 

Battersea,  S.W. -  Steam  Dynamo  (750kw.)    Borough  Council    H,  R.  Forbes  Mackay.  Lombard-road,  Battersea,  S.W 15 

Swindon— Elect! ic  Wiring  Corporation J.  G.  Griffin,  Electrical  Engineer,  Swindon >■  15 

Hanley-  Electric-Lighting  Plant ■ Corporation C.  A.  Cowell,  Electrical  Engineer,  Park-road,  Hanley „  22 

Edinburgh— Engine  and  Dynamo Magistrates  and  Council Kennedy  and  Jerkin.  17.  Victoria-street.  Westminster.  S.W 22 

Islington,  N.— Conduits  and  Mains  Borough  Council The  Borough  Electrical  Engineer,  50,  Eden-grove,  tlolloway,  N.   ...    „  24 

Sundeiland— Travelling  Crane  ard  Storage  Battery  Corporation Jolin  F.  C.  Snell,  M.I.C.E.,  Town  Hall,  Sunderland    ,  215 

Manchester— Electric  Hoists  and  Cranes Dock  and  Warehouse  Co , W.  H.  Hunter,  M.I.C.E.,  41,  Spring-gardens,  Manchester    Mar.  1 

ENGINEERINa. 

Rugeley— Sewage  Lifts Urban  District  Council    Robert  Landor,  Clerk,  Eugcley,  Staffs  Feb.  6 

irim— Bridge  over  River  Boyne Meath  County  Council Hugh  J.  Cullen,  Secretary,  Na van ..  6 

Bioc»poit-Fuel  Economiser  Gas  and  Electricity  Department  A.  J.  H.  Carter,  Electricity  Works,  Millgate  Stockport  „  6 

.Blackburn- Steam  Bakery  Equipment   Guardians F.  C.  Ruddle,  Architect,  4,  King-street,  Blackburn „  S 


Feb.  12,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


223 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEEMNO  JOURNAL. 
VOL.  LXXXVi.— No.  2562. 


FRIDAY,   FEBRVARY  12,   1904. 


THE   aENI.VI.    SIDE   OF   ARCHI- 
TECTUEAL  STUDY. 

SEVERAL  topics  of  interest  to  the  pro- 
fession were  touched  upon  b.y  the 
rresident,  Mr.  Aston  Webb,  R.A.,  F.S.A., 
in  his  annual  address  at  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects,  reported  in  our  last 
issue.  On  this  occasion  the  theme  of  the 
President's  remarks  was  "The  Pleasures  of 
an  Architect's  Life."  Of  course,  we  must 
regard  these  pleasures  in  a  relative  sense. 
There  are  many  in  the  profession  who  have 
little  or  no  opportunity  for  many  of  those 
things  mentioned— such  as  reading,  travel, 
sketching,  archaeology,  and  the  realisation  of 
their  ideals.  To  manj-  reading  can  only  be 
indulged  in  by  snatches  from  more  everyday 
humdrum  work — perhaps  a  monotonous  round 
of  superintending  building  and  measuring  up 
work,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  travel, 
which  very  few  can  take  except  as  a  relief 
from  the  pressure  of  daily  toil.  To  the 
student,  of  course,  and  to  him  jMr.  Webb's 
remarks  chiefly  applied,  there  is  pleasure  to 
be  got  out  of  both— that  is  to  say,  if  the 
student's  mind  is  eager  to  learn  and  receptive 
of  facts — if  he  has  a  real  bent  for  his  vocation. 
There  are  a  few  architectural  students  who 
do  not  take  kindly  to  reading  of  any  kind,  but 
look  upon  it  as  irksome  unless  it  be  perhaps 
the  reading  of  novels,  and  they  regard 
more  serious  study  as  boredom,  and  we  know 
many  young  men  of  this  kind  who  are  yet 
clever  draughtsmen  and  sketchers.  We  can- 
not fathom  human  nature  in  these  dis- 
similarities of  taste.  Light  reading  and 
sketching  may  be  compared  in  more  than  one 
aspect,  but  the  two  capabilities  do  not  often  go 
together.  The  faculties  required  for  each 
are  not  the  same.  Then  the  pleasures  of  the 
profession  are  not  evenly  distributed.  Plain 
commercial  building  or  the  design,  say,  of 
shops  and  alterations,  are  not  invariably 
accompanied  by  any  pleasurable  emotions, 
particularly  to  those  whose  tastes  belong  to 
a  more  congenial  class  of  work.  Th-re  are 
probably  very  few  whose  good  fortune  has 
placed  them  on  the  highest  rung  of  the 
ladder,  or  whose  practice  as  an  architect  has 
been  rewarded  like  the  President's  with  such 
well-deserved  success.  The  ' '  golden  hours  ' 
for  a  busy  architect  trudging  along  a 
common  road  are  few.  Yet,  all  the  same,  the 
man  who  takes  a  pleasure  in  his  work,  how- 
ever humble  it  may  be,  is  sure  to  bo  re- 
warcled  by  the  consciousness  of  well  doing,  of 
solving,  it  may  be,  a  new  problem  of  con- 
struction, of  being  able  to  satisfy  his  client, 
and  seeing  the  realisation  of  his  design  in 
plain  brick.  Tlie  satisfaction  in  doing  one's 
best  is  a  reward  in  itself  to  a  rightly  con- 
stituted mind.  Mr.  Webb  justly  says  the 
architect  should  read  poetry,  all  sorts  of 
romances,  jilays,  and  imaginative  works.  In 
many  of  the  vocations  of  the  architect, 
o.specially  in  decorative  design,  the  value  of 
this  class  of  reading  cannot  bo  overestimated. 
In  pictorial  and  decorative  design,  subjects 
based  on  poetic  allusions,  romances,  ami  plays 
ha,vo  to  bo  introduced,  and  the  man  whoso 
mind  is  stored  with  myths,  stories,  and  plays 
can  always  command  a  more  versatile  and 
cultured  pencil,  though  there  are  higher  and 
obvious  reasons  for  cultivating  the  imagina- 
tion. The  President  truly  remarked  that 
unless  one  is  receptive  ho  cannot  bo  always 
creating.  "  You  cannot  always  bo  giving 
out  unless  you  are  always  taking  in."  Tins 
is  one  of  the  advantages  of  reading,  ospoci- 
ally  when  aci|uired  in  youth,  as  it  will 
enable    the     student     in     after-life,     when 


pi-actice   makes   too   large   demands   on    his 
time,  to  "transplant  himself  for  an  hour  or 
two  into  an  enchanted  land  where  builders 
cease  from  troubling  and  his  clients  are  at 
rest."     The   well-read  man    can    always  do 
this  ;  he  can  conjure  up  in  bis  mind  images 
or  scenes  or  passages,  which  would  bo  im- 
possible  for  him  otherwise.     A   useful   re- 
minder  was  given  by  the  President  to  the 
student   in  speaking  of  travel  as  one  of  the 
architect's  pleasures — namely,  that  our  own 
land,   and  London  especially,  will  give  the 
student  plenty  of  scope,  and  not  to  go  abroad 
till  he  knows  something  of  his  own  country 
and  city.     It  is  a  very  natural  and  praise- 
worthy idea  or  ambition  for  the  student  to 
"  go  abroad  "  or  travel  on  the  Continent ;  it 
enlarges  the  scope  of  his  ideas,  opens  out  to 
his    vision    new    aspects    of    things    social, 
religious    as    well    as    architectural,    and  it 
takes  him  out  of   the  narrow   limits  of  his 
insular    life ;    but   for    the   student   who  is 
limited  in  means,  he  can  do  better  and  more 
economically  by  first  studying  the  riches  of 
architecture    in     his     own    land    and    city. 
London  contains,  as  Mr.  Webb  says,  a  series 
of   Renaissance  parish   churches  unequalled 
an3'where,    and    domestic     and    commercial 
buildings,  ancient  and  modern,   that  are  in 
themselves   the  study  of  a  lifetime.     There 
are  plenty  of  students  who  are  beginning  to 
recognise  this  wealth  of  art  in  our  midst,  and 
prizes  at  the  Royal  Academy,  the  Institute, 
and  competitions  in  our  Schools  of  Art,  are 
given   for  measured  and  other  drawings  of 
churches    and    famed    domestic    and    other 
buildings  to  be  found  in  London,   its  out- 
skirts, and  in  other  towns  in  the  kingdom. 
Only  last  week  we  illustrated  some  interest- 
ing drawings  of  two  bays  of  the  interior  of 
an  interesting  brick  old  church  of  AVren's — 
St.  James's,    Piccadilly — one    of    the    R.A. 
silver  medal  drawings.    Westminster  Abbey, 
Hampton  Court,  Eltham  Palace,  Greenwich 
Hospital,  Somerset  House,  The  Horse  Guards, 
and  numerous  of  Wren's  City  churches,  have 
been  drawn  and  measured  again  and  again, 
but  for  each  generation  they  possess  an  ever- 
recurring  interest  and  value,  bringing  us  back 
in  line  with  our  earlier  national  Renaissance. 
The  remarks  on  sketching  are  to  the  point. 
Mr.  Webb  refers  to  the  old  practice  of  water- 
colour  sketching,  which  had  no  value  except 
as  affording  an    agreeable  pastime,   but   of 
little  value    for    architectural    use.     Pencil 
sketching  has  taken  its  place,  and  is  far  more 
serviceable,  if    the    dimensions    are    given. 
Sketching  primarily,  as  the  President  said, 
should  be  to  record  work,  to  discover  the  old 
artist's    intentions,    and     the     methods    he 
pursued.     As  a  mere  pastime  it   is  of  little 
value  except  to   keep    up  one's  practice  in 
sketching.  The  study  of  arohroology  also  has 
its     attraction     to    many    minds,    and    the 
sketcher  of  old  buildings  must  find  pleasure 
in  the  history  of  ancient  work,  whether  it  be 
in  visiting  and  examining  old  parish  churches 
and  tracing  their  evolution  in  structure  and 
style,  or    in    deciphering    old    brasses    and 
tombs,  tiled  floors,  or  frescoed  walls.  Archaeo- 
logical research,  we  know,  has  an  infatua- 
tion for  some  minds ;  but  it  is  wearisome  and 
profitless  as  a  study  to  those  who  are  engsiged 
witli  the   practical    problems    of    life.     Mr. 
.Vston  Webb   well   says,  "  Areh;pology  is  a 
good  servant,  but  a  bad  master.     We  have 
allowed  it  to  be  our  master  for  close  on  a 
century,  and   in    return    it    has   well   nigh 
strangled  all  the  life  out   of  us,  so  that  wo 
dare  not  call  our  style  our  own."     -Vll  that 
we  have   done   and   still   do,    whetlier   it   is 
based  on  old  models  or  quite  now,  is  still  put 
down  under  the  category  of  stylo.     A  new 
national  style  is  almost  considered  unreason- 
able, so  thoroughly  have  the  traditions  of  the 
pa.st  inlluoncod    our    work.     The  President 
referred    to    the    pleasures    derivable    from 
studies  like  geologj'and  chemistry,  which  are 
always  resourceful  to  the  tourist   wlio  fiiuls 
any  interest  on  noting  the  soil  and  strata  of 
the  rocks  and  cliffs  or  hills  he  climbs  in  his 


rambles.  These  studies  at  least  afford  ])loasuro 
to  the  thoughtful  and  observant  mind,  and 
they  are  closely  connected  with  materials. 
Criticising  is  pronounced  to  be  a  ]ileasure  to 
some,  the  love  of  finding  fault  with  a  design 
or  a  building  because  it  has  not  reached  the 
ideal  set  up  by  the  critic.  No  doubt  there 
are  men  of  this  temperament;  but  it  can 
hardly  be  considered  a  pleasure  to  detect 
mistakes  or  find  out  defects  for  the  majoritj- 
of  professional  men.  We  believe  more  truly 
that  an  architect  will  get  better  work  from 
an  intelligent  workman  by  a  little  friendly 
chat  with  him  than  by  a  stringent  specifica- 
tion clause.  The  idea  of  many  clients  is  that 
the  architect  should  be  regarded  as  a  paid 
detective  to  look  after  the  men  and  watch 
them  ;  but,  as  the  President  remarked,  such 
are  not  best  served.  E.xperienco  shows  that 
workmen  like  notice  to  bo  taken  of  their 
personal  work,  to  be  consulted  occasionally 
about  little  matters ;  and  it  is  this  kind  of 
spirit  and  co-operation  that  is  so  much 
needed,  and  gives  real  pleasure.  The  .architect 
should,  as  Mr.  Webb  says,  enjoy  the  full  con- 
fidence of  the  men.  A  great  deal  may  be  said 
under  this  head.  There  is  pleasure  also  to  be 
derived  from  friendship  with  members  of 
one's  own  profession.  In  provincial  towns 
this  is  less  possible  than  in  London,  where 
the  esprit  de  corps  is  stronger,  and  the  demon 
of  jealousy  so  often  lurking  between  rivals 
in  a  small  town  is  seldom  present  or  allowed 
to  assume  a  personal  attitude. 


Tllli    MODERN    SPECIFICATION. 

THE  exigencies  of  modern  building  have 
assumed  an  importance   which    places 
the  duties  of  the  profession  in  a  much  more 
embarrassing  position  than  they  were  half  a 
century  ago.  The  few  materials  and  processes 
which  the  architect  then  had  at  his  command 
were  well  understood ;  their  qualities  were,  to  a 
large  degree,  assured  by  an    experience  of 
many  years ;  the  traditional  methods  of  build- 
ing had  not  undergone    any  change    of  a 
revolutionary  kind,  and  he  could  use  them 
with  confidence  in    that  particular  class  of 
work  and  style  with  which  he  was  familiar. 
These  assurances  he  has  not  now.  Even  such 
simple  materials  as  brick  and  stone  and  timber 
are  not  only  more  numerous,  but  varied  in 
quality.     The  industries  connected  with  them 
have  multiplied   greatly  with    competition. 
Those  manufactures   like   brick,  terracotta, 
tile,  and  other  clay  goods   are  produced  in 
many  qualities,  and  for  various  purposes  un- 
known  to  our  ancestors ;    the  processes   of 
manufactiu'e     have     been      improved      by 
machinery  and  chemical  knowledge,   whicU 
have  to  be  taken  into  account  b}-  the  archi- 
tect and  builder.     A  technical  knowledge  of 
brick    and    tile  making,   and  the    chemical 
properties     of      the     I'aw     materials,     the 
modes  of  burning,  and  the  construction  of 
kilns  are  now  considered  indispensable  as  a 
means  of  ascertaining  the  (juality  and  suit- 
ability  of  the  material   for  particular  pur- 
poses.    But  we  may  assort  that  very  few  in 
tho  profession    have    tho  means    or  oppor- 
tunities of  making    themselves    acquainted 
with  technical  processes  :  they  havo  to  accept 
the  products  on  tho  strength  of  tho  roput.a- 
tion  of  tho  manufacturer,  or  on  the  experi- 
ence of  practical  men.     A  superficial  know- 
ledge of  theso  matters  goes  a  long  way,  and 
it  an  architect  is  satisfied  witli  tho  hardness, 
burning,  colour,  and  make  of  a  brick,  ho  asks 
no  more  questions.  And  yet  an  ac<iuaintanco 
with  tho  clay  or  mode  of  mixing  and  burning 
is  of  iiuito  as  much  valuo  in  estimating  tho 
([uality.     In   tho   earlier   years   of   the   last 
century,  when  contracting  w.as  not  conimon, 
tlicre   wore   a   fow   well-known   varieties  of 
timber  in  the  market,  and  there  was  littlo 
doubt  about  their  real  quality  ;  but  since  the 
importation   of   many    new  foreign  kinds  of 
timber— Swedish    goods,    for    instance     tho 
woods    which    onco    were    obtainable   -such 


224 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  12,  19C4. 


as  Memel  in  logs  or  Norway  deals,  as  the 
deals  from  Christiania — can  now  be  seldom 
purchased  ;  and  yet  it  is  still  specified  as  if 
such  timber  can  be  procured.  . 

An  authority  on  building  timber  has  stated 
lately  that  the  greater  number  of  cargoes  of 
imported  timber  may  be   searched  through 
■without  finding  any  wood  that  will  answer 
to  the  architect's  usual   specification,  or  as 
"  free  from    knots,    sapwood,    and   shakes." 
The  great  bulk  of  these  imported  timbers  are 
used  hj  speculative  and   "jeiTy"  builders, 
and,  of  course,   a  large  proportion   are  used 
in  buildings  erected  by  architects  who  do  not 
trouble  about  the  ti"nber  suppUed.    Sapwood, 
in  fact,    constitutes   the   largest  part  of  the 
scantlings  imported,  the  heartwood  being  too 
small  to  be  of  any  value.     It  is  also  well 
known  by  those  of  experience  in  the  trade  that 
the  timbers  once  obtainable  m  logs  for  con- 
version  are   now  not  imported.     Architects 
specified  that  the  timber  was  to  be  cut  from 
the  logs  by  the  builder — indeed,  such  was  the 
inference  made — and  the  clauses  of  our  specifi- 
tions  bear  witness  to  this  practice.     But  now 
builders   know   that    log    timbers   for   con- 
version   into   scantlings    no    longer    obtain. 
Baltic  deals  and  battens  of  only  a  few  good 
qualities  were   known   to  our  predecessors, 
whereas  the  architect  has  now  to  select  from 
inferior   "fourth"    and    "fifth'    qualities, 
which  are   imported   as    deals   and  battens. 
The  imported  sawn  Swedish  deals  cost  less, 
and  have  supplanted  the  Memel  of  thirty  or 
forty    years    ago.     In   fact,  the  old  timber 
trade  has  died  out,   and  in  its  place  timber 
from  Swedish   and  other  ports  is  imported. 
In  such  circumstances  the  architect  is  called 
upon  to   use    knowledge   and   discretion   in 
specifying    his    timber.     Unlike    his    pre- 
decessors of  thirty  or  fourty  years  ago,  he 
cannot  rely  upon  getting  the  timber  formerly 
imported,  very  little  of  what  he  gets  comes 
up  to  his  standard,  partly  due  to  the  intro- 
duction  of    contracting,    whieh    has    taken 
away     the     personal     interest     which     was 
formerly  exercised  when  the  master  work- 
man  or   carpenter   employed    obtained    the 
timber  he   wanted  and  converted  it  to  his 
purpose  ;  he  would  insist  on  having  straight- 
grained   wood,   free   from  sap,    shakes,    and 
knots.     Now  the  carpenter  knows  nothing 
about  the  material  which  he  uses,  and  has  no 
interest  in  seeing  that  it  is  of  the  right  quality. 
The  general  contractor  (formerly,  perhaps,  a 
bricklayer)  purchases  the  timber  wholesale, 
and  has  no  further  interest  except  in  sawing  it 
up  for  use  at  the  least  cost.     The  real  worker 
in  wood  has  no  choice  in  the  matter,  hence 
the  architect  who  desires  good  material  must 
exercise  his  own  judgment.     Is  it,  therefore, 
strange  that  the  deals  of  best  quality  are  so 
seldom  imported  ■     The   specification  phrase 
which  states  the  timbers  or  deals  are  to  be 
"free  from  sapwood"   is  impossible   to    be 
fulfilled  unless  the  log  is  cut  to  avoid  the 
sappy  parts.  AVe  have  dwelt  on  timber  because 
it  explains  in  a  remarkable  way  how  much 
more  difficult  it  is  for  the  architect  to  obtain 
now  the  right  kind  of  material.     In  regard  to 
timber    selection,    indeed,   only   a  technical 
knowledge  of  brands  or  marks  "on  deals,  &c., 
can  be  relied  on  in  specifying,  just  as  in  the 
selection  of  bricks  and  stone  for  building,  the 
particular    manufactured    name    or   quarry 
must  be  given.     Nor  can  it  be  expected  that 
an    architect    nowadays   can   know   all   the 
building  stones   and    quarries.     They,    too, 
have  multiplied  exceedingly.    Many  varieties 
of    Bath    stone,    for    instance,    are   in   the 
market,  whereas  the  architect  of  a  preceding 
generation  had  only  two   or  three  to  select 
from.      If    we    take    up    such    a    book    as 
Laxton's  Prices,  no  fewer  than  ten  varieties 
of  the  Bath  oolite  alone  are  named,  to  say 
nothing  of   the   numerous  other  limestones 
and  sandstones   classified  under  the  heads  of 
counties  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Wales. 
with  the  names  of  the  quarries.     These  lists 
can  only  be  consulted  ;  but  the  professional 
practitioner   at   least   ought  to   be   familiar 


with  a  few  of  the  leading  groups  of  stones, 
their  mineral  names,  weathering  qualities, 
their  texture  and  working,  absorption, 
colour,  and  weight  and  price,  and  any  other 
information  about  their  use,  and  cost  of 
labour.  As  with  the  cases  of  brick  and 
timber,  the  introduction  of  the  contract 
system  has  made  it  more  difiicult  to  obtain 
the  best  qualities.  The  stone-worker  is  only 
concerned  with  his  labour ;  the  selection  and 
quality  of  the  stone  for  its  special  position  ho 
leaves  to  the  contractor,  who  may  have  been 
a  bricklayer,  or  even  navvy,  and  knows 
nothing  of  stone  except  its  facOity  for 
sawing  and  working.  The  architect,  again, 
has  little  knowledge  of  the  mineral  or 
chemical  constituents  of  the  stone,  and  relies 
a  great  deal  on  the  quarry  owner  and  con- 
tractor. Here,  then,  we  have  another  illus- 
tration of  the  way  modern  industry  in  stone 
quarrying  and  competition  have  quite  out- 
distanced earlier  practice,  and  increased  the 
responsibilities  of  the  architect.  Ho  must 
bring  to  his  task  a  general  knowledge  of 
the  properties  of  stone  suitable  for  building, 
and  the  processes  used  in  conversion.  Of 
recent  years  labour-saving  machines  have 
been  introduced,  though  their  use  is  not  con- 
sidered desirable,  nor  are  the  results  artistic. 
Thus  mouldings  are  now  worked  by  ma- 
chinery as  well  as  by  h.and,  the  stone  to  be 
worked  being  fixed  to  a  table,  to  which  is 
given  a  reciprocal  straight  motion,  and  is 
worked  backwards  and  forwai-ds  against  a 
fixed  tool  01  cutter  of  the  shape  of  the  pro- 
file, the  cutter  being  moved  by  degrees 
nearer  the  stone.  Mouldings  cut  in  this 
manner  may  be  mechanically  true,  but  lack 
the  individual  feeling  of  the  worker  who 
handles  a  chisel.  With  the  requirements  of 
masonry  of  the  present  day  these  appliances 
have  become  necessary,  and  the  processes  of 
raising  and  converting  stone  for  sundry 
purposes  like  columns,  balusters,  mullions, 
and  cornices  must  be  understood  before  a 
spec'fication  can  be  written.  Modern  de- 
velopments in  this  trade,  brought  about  by 
competition  between  quarry  owners,  masons, 
and  contractors,  have  not  been  in  the  direc- 
tion of  encouraging  the  mason  to  follow  the 
older  traditions  of  this  ancient  craft.  The 
present  tendency  has  been  to  encourage 
repetition,  multiplication  of  features  and 
sections,  that  will  aid  in  rapid  production. 
The  architect  now  must  be  full  of  resources. 
He  must  not  merely  be  able  to  choose  the 
right  stone  for  his  work,  but  to  know  what 
■■  labours  "  are  required  to  be  done,  and  the 
least  costly  as  well  as  the  most  rapid  means 
of  execution,  matters  which  call  for  quite  a 
different  training  and  experience  to  that 
which  satisfied  the  old  mason  or  architect. 
We  do  not  say  our  stonework  is  less  skilful 
than  it  used  to  be  in  a  technical  sense,  but  it 
has  lost  much  in  the  subordination  of  the 
personal  factor  of  the  worker  —  artistic 
feeling. 

The  demands  made  upon  the  architect  in 
construction  are  even  more  exacting.  The 
old  practioner  had  no  conception  of  such 
things  as  iron  and  steel  construction  as  we 
employ  it  in  floox'S,  roofs,  and  other  parts  of 
buildings.  The  necessities  of  iron  had  not 
arisen — indeed,  its  manufacture  on  a  large 
scale  was  unknown.  Large  floors  and  roofs 
with  few  points  of  support  have  forced  its 
employment  upon  the  modern  builder.  What 
a  large  field  of  study  and  investigation  the 
subject  has  opened  for  the  architect  I  The 
old  trades  of  "  smith  and  founder,"  which 
formed  a  place  in  every  specification ,  have 
now  been  developed  or  absorbed  by  the  con- 
structional engineer.  The  business  occupies 
a  great  part  of  modern  contract  works — 
cast-iron  has  been  largely  superseded,  and 
with  it  the  founder,  involving  a  considerable 
addition  to  the  architect's  acquirements.  He 
must  add  to  his  ordinary  knowledge  a  tech- 
nical study  of  steel  construction,  a  knowledge 
of  t'ae  manufacture  of  steel  and  its  varieties 
in  the  market,  of  the  stresses  in  iron  girders 


and  steel  joists,  the  rules  for  finding  their 
strength  to  bear  the  loads  imposed.  So  long 
as  he  designs  and  specifies  he  must  be  inde- 
pendent of  the  engineer  in  all  main  questions ; 
he  cannot  entirely  hand  over  his  duties  and 
responsibilities  to  the  engineer,  who  is 
generally  the  contractor.  Imagine  what  such 
a  knowledge  impHes  in  the  case  of  an  ordinary 
warehouse.  The  architect  has  to  ascertaic 
the  safe  size  or  section  of  his  columns  and 
stanchions  before  he  can  specify.  The  selec- 
tion of  a  section  is  necessary  before  the  cast- 
iron  founder  can  provide  the  patterns-, 
which  are  included  in  the  cost  of  the 
castings.  Specifications  are  not  always 
clear  on  these  matters.  If  hoUow  columns 
are  used,  the  greatest  care  is  necessary 
to  see  that  the  thickness  is  equal  all 
round,  to  avoid  an  inequality  of  pressure 
— a  matter,  of  course,  depending  on  the 
accurate  fixing  of  the  core.  The  bearing- 
surfaces  and  cap  and  base  plates  must  be 
truly  made  and  even,  and  as  large  as  possible 
to  distribute  the  weight  equally  on  aU  sides. 
These  details  must  be  specified  and  seen  to. 
The  old  practitioner  had  no  such  things  to 
trouble  him  as  iron  girders  of  rolled  iron  or 
steel,  and  of  joists,  and  the  computations 
for  given  loads  or  fireproof  flooring  of 
various  systems  to  divide  his  attention. 
Such  things  as  cantilevers  of  steel  for  the 
support  of  galleries  in  theatres,  i-einforced' 
concrete  in  floors,  and  roofs,  and  staircases 
did  not  enter  his  mind,  for  there  were  no 
structures  which  required  them.  Construc- 
tional engineering  has,  indeed,  absorbed  a 
large  amount  of  ordinary  building  of  late 
years.  In  America  the  framework  or 
skeleton  structures  are  entirely  of  iron  and 
steel ;  and  in  the  course  of  time  in  our 
crowded  cities  the  same  system  wiU  largely 
supplant  solid  masonry  or  brick  walls  as 
being  more  economical  of  space.  Men  who 
have  been  trained  as  engineers,  and  who 
know  the  varieties  of  steel  and  the  mode  of 
manufacture,  who  have  a  technical  acquaint- 
ance with  workshop  methods,  details,  and 
fitting,  are,  of  course,  necessary  in  giving 
advice  and  preparing  details  of  specification  ; 
it  would  be  impossible  for  the  architect  to 
master  the  qualities  of  steel  or  the  processes 
of  manufacture.  Then  the  material  itself  is 
constantly  changing.  As  cast  iron  displaced 
steel  in  construction,  so  has  rolled  wrought 
iron  given  place  to  mild  steel,  which  is  more 
reliable  and  better  for  carrying  loads.  Mild 
steel  has  superseded  Belgian  iron,  and  rolled 
steel  joists  can  be  made  at  lower  price  than 
rolled  iron.  Specifications  now  provide  a 
maximum  of  27  to  31  tons  tensile  breaking 
strain  per  square  inch  for  this  material,  thoughi 
a  lower  test  is  generally  used.  Other  changes 
may  in  time  be  expected.  The  standardisa- 
tion of  rolled  sections  is  a  development  upon 
which  a  great  deal  will  depend,  and  a  list  of 
rolled  sections  of  iron  and  steel  is  now 
available  for  the  architect  and  engineer. 
There  is  an  inclination  among  manufacturers 
to  economise  material  and  labour  by  adopting 
certain  sizes  and  patterns — an  advantage  in 
many  ways,  though  not  favourable  to  artistic 
freedom.  It,  however,  tends  to  simplify 
specification  writing  by  adopting  certaia 
standard  sizes. 

On  wall  structures  also,  the  modern  archi- 
tect is  called  upon  to  exercise  more  considera- 
tion and  skill  than  formerly,  when  thick 
walls  of  stone  and  brick  were  the  universal 
rule. '  In  our  great  cities  the  exigencies  of 
area  for  shops  and  offices  have  made  it  com- 
pulsory to  diminish  the  thickness  of  walls  in 
buildings  of  any  height.  The  architect  must 
be  a  master  of  the  schedules  for  thicknesses 
of  walls  under  the  Building  Act  in  London 
and  other  places ;  he  has  also  to  form  a 
judgment  on  many  wall  structures  in  the 
market  in  which  concrete  and  plaster  in  some 
form  is  used  in  combination  with  expanded 
metal  and  other  means  of  giving  rigidity  and 
coherence  to  the  material.  Numerous  kinds 
of   wall  structure  are  in  use,  more  or  less 


Feb.  12,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


225 


useful  for  saving  apace  an<l  resisting  fire, 
also  for  deadening  sound.  Some  are  compli- 
catfd,  others  unarchitectural.  Fire-resisting 
hygienic  conditions — matters  which  never 
troubled  our  predecessors — have  to  be  con- 
sidered and  met  in  various  methods  of 
construction.  The  modern  theatre  is  a  very 
complex  structure,  in  which  reinforced  con- 
crete and  many  mechanical  arrangements 
have  to  be  applied ;  the  large  hotel  involves  a 
number  of  mechanical  and  other  appliances 
for  lifts,  warming  and  ventilation,  cooking, 
electric  lighting,  which  have  to  be  specified  ; 
the  big  otiice  building  entails  steel  and  con- 
crete for  walls  and  iloors,  elevators  worked  by 
electric  or  hydraulic  power,  and  a  variety  of 
fittings  and  apparatus  to  mention  only  a  few 
of  the  works  which  the  architect  of  the 
120th  century  is  called  upon  to  design.  These 
have  added  immensely  to  his  professional 
duties  and  responsibilities.  How  is  the 
architect  to  deal  with  all  these  ?  It  is  un- 
reasonable to  imagme  that  he  can  know 
everything  about  the  complex  arrangements 
of  the  stage  construction  and  machinery  of 
a  theatre,  or  become  an  expert  in  steel 
construction  or  in  laboratory  fittings.  If  he 
did  he  would  probably  care  little  for  his  art. 
lie  could  not  combine  the  scientific  and  trade 
expert  with  the  work  of  an  architect ;  but 
he  can  try  to  co-operate  with  the  tradesman 
in  showing  him  a  better  or  more  artistic 
arrangement  for  fittings  and  machinery,  a 
more  agreeable  form  for  a  hinge  or  a  lock 
plate  or  casement-opener.  He  must  try 
to  classify  and  simplif5'  the  hundreds  of  good; 
and  appliances  submitted  to  him  ;  find  out 
where  they  differ  from  each  other,  their 
root-idea  or  chief  object,  discover  what  is 
common  to  many  of  them,  and  so  reduce 
them  to  a  few  types  from  which  a  selection 
can  be  made.  But  the  architect  usually 
finds  the  task  overwhelming.  He  scrambles 
through  a  host  of  catalogues  and  advertise- 
ments, trying  to  find  out  which  will  best 
suit  his  purpose,  and  their  number  and  com- 
plexity becomes  too  bewildering  for  him  to 
make  a  right  choice ;  he  goes  to  work  with- 
out a  preconceived  idea  of  what  is  best  for 
the  purpose,  the  most  adapted  for  his  build- 
ing. Various  conflicting  opinions  are  given 
him,  and  in  the  end  he  misses  the  real  point 
of  his  search.  There  may  be  a  better  material, 
a  more  skilfully  adapted  appliance.  The 
window-fastening  or  the  ventilator,  which- 
ever it  is,  is  not  the  one  for  his  particular 
building ;  but  there  is  no  choice— perhaps  the 
client  has  decided.  The  modern  specification, 
in  short,  is  the  result  of  a  concomitance  of 
circumstances — it  may  be  of  influences  over 
which  the  architect  has  Little  control-  instead 
of  being  directed  by  a  proper  sense  of  pro- 
portion, and  a  qualified  knowledge  of  the 
real  objects  to  be  attained,  and  the  best 
means  to  attain  them. 


TUE  ARCHITECTURAL  ASSOCIATION. 

THE  fortnightly  meeting  of  the  Architectural 
Assoei'ition  wa.s  held  on  Frid.-jy  evening  at 
9,  Conduit-btreet,  \V.,  Mr.  Arnold  Mitchell, 
F.R.I.IJ.A.,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair.  Messrs. 
L.  F.  Jonea,  W.  S.  (iorringe,  W.  Acworth, 
W.  W.  .Scolt-llonirieff,  H.  ,1.  Merriman,  J.  ,S. 
Courtauld,  and  Ij.  J.  Fouracre  were  elected  as 
Members.  The  chairman  announced  the  follow- 
ing additional  donations  to  the  New  Premises 
Fund:  Jlessrs.  Mark  Fawcett  and  Co.,  £21  ;  Mr. 
J.  II.  Hunter,  £2  29.  :  Mr.  Arthur  .J.  James, 
£i  28.  ;  Mr.  R.  DouRlas  Wells,  £2  28. ;  Mr.  A.  E. 
Anscombe,  £1  Is. ;  Mr.  A.  Campbell,  £1  la. ;  Mr. 
J.O.Christmas,  £1  Is.;  Mr.  Bernard  Dicksee, 
£1  Is.;  Mr.  A.  Ebbs,  £1  Is.;  and  Mr.  Horace 
Parry,  XI.  He  further  announced  that  the  sum 
of£7.iOhad  been  bei|uuathtd  to  the  Association 
by  the  late  Mr.  Henry  Sa.\on  Snell,  for  the 
foundation  and  maintenance  of  a  triennial 
s.ho'arship.  Mr.  Louis  .Vmbler,  Hun.  .See,  pro- 
posed a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  John  Belcher, 
A  R.A.,  for  allowing  a  p,irty  of  members  to  visit 
the  Royal  London  Friendly  .Society's  OHices,  and 
a!.soto  Mr.  A.  11.  Belcher  for  kindly  atlcnding 
the  visit  on  Saturday  the  23rd  ult.     Jtio  also  pro- 


posed a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  following  donors  of 
lantern  slidet*  which  had  been  added  to  the 
.Vssociation's  collection  :  Mr.  O.  B.  Fleetwood, 
for  sixty  slides  of  Gothic  work  ;  Mr.  F.  R.  Taylor, 
for  thirty  tlides  of  Gothic  work ;  Mr.  Alan 
Potter  for  si.\ty  slides,  illustrating  Westminster 
Abbey  and  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 

COTTAGE    HOMliS. 

Jlr.  W.  A.  Hauvey  read  a  paper  on  this  sub- 
ject, illustrated  by  numerous  lantern  slides,  show- 
ing plans,  fections,  elevations,  and  perspectives. 
The  lecturer  e.xplained  that  he  should  take  as  the 
reference  basis  of  his  remarks  a  project  in  which 
he  was  directly  interested,  the  scheme  of  the 
Bournville  Village  Trust,  whose  architect  he  had 
been  since  its  inception.  The  village  of  Bourn- 
ville, which  lies  in  the  north-east  of  Worcester- 
shire, four  miles  south-west  of  Birmingham,  is, 
Mr.  Harvey  continued,  ot  quite  recent  develop- 
ment, nearly  the  whole  of  it  having  been  built 
since  1S95.  The  estate,  which  is  now  admin- 
istered by  a  trust,  owes  its  e.xistence  to  Mr. 
George  Cadbury,  of  Northfield,  the  senior  member 
ot  the  firm  of  Cadbury  Brothers,  Ltd.  When 
the  village  was  handed  over  to  the  trustees  in 
December,  1900,  something  like  3.50  cottages  had 
been  erec'ed.  Since  then  building  has  been 
steadily  proceeded  with,  the  total  now  being  over 
.500.  Most  of  those  built  before  1901  have  two 
sitting-rooms,  a  scullery,  three  bedrooms,  and  the 
usual  conveniences.  Larger  ones  of  later  date 
have  four,  five,  and  six  bedrooms,  and  a  bath- 
room supplied  with  hot  and  cold  water.  During 
the  last  two  years  several  cottages  have  been 
built  with  one  large  living-room  instead  of  two 
smaller  ones,  a  scullery  with  bath  sunk  in  floor, 
or  disposed  of  in  other  ways,  to  economise  space, 
three  bedrooms,  and  in  some  cases  an  attic. 
Others  are  now  built  with  two  bedrooms  for  small 
families.  There  is  an  average  garden  space 
allowed  each  house  of  600sq.yds.,  which  is  found 
to  be  as  much  as  one  man  can  attend  to.  The 
rents  range  from  58.  6d.  a  week,  rates  included, 
to  12s.,  rates  not  included,  and  there  are  a  few 
houses  of  a  larger  claps  at  higher  rentals.  The 
village  is  served  by  Birmingham  with  gas,  water, 
and  sewers,  the  rates  being  about  6s.  6d.  in  the 
pound,  exclusive  of  water  rate.  .\Ithough  much 
has  been  said  of  higher  percentages,  4  per  cent, 
on  the  outlay  is  the  most  that  should  be  expected 
in  buUding  housts  ot  this  class,  the  ssme  meeting 
the  demands  both  of  satisfactory  accommodation 
and  artistic  appearance.  The  profit  on  the  outlay 
is  often  exaggerated,  and  it  might  be  well  to  point 
out  that  0  per  cent,  gross  will  rarely  pay  i  per 
cent,  net,  as  is  often  stated.  It  is  true  that  a 
greater  profit  may  be  made  by  erecting  houses  in 
endless  rows  to  an  unsightly  stock  pattern  ;  but 
the  only  legitimate  way  of  diminishing  cobt  is  by 
the  avoidance  of  unnecessary  ornament  and  the 
advancing  of  a  pleasing  simplicity.  The  jerry- 
builder  introduces  considerable  ornament  in 
detail,  which,  though  neither  necessary  nor 
beiautiful,  must  jet  cost  him  something,  and  it 
is  in  attention  to  such  matters  as  this  that  the 
difficulty  may  be  largely  overcome.  In  building 
a  street  of  houses  the  expense  would,  of  course, 
be  very  great  if,  to  get  variet}',  we  employed  a 
different  plan  and  different  details  for  each  house. 
We  have  to  recourse  to  other  methods.  In  the 
case  of  fifty  houses,  I  might  sugge-.t  getting  as 
many  details,  such  as  windows,  doors,  and  door- 
frames, the  same — or,  at  any  rate,  half  of  one 
kind  and  half  of  another — and  should  avoid  the 
monotony  by  a  variation  of  the  disposition  of 
these  features.  An  extensive  elevation  may  also 
be  made  interesting  by  treatment  of  a  porch  hero, 
the  addition  of  a  bay  window  there,  and  the  use 
of  rough-cast  somewhere  else.  Go  in  for  the  most 
irregular  building  line  you  possibly  can.  In  a 
block  ot  three  cottages  a  pleasing  effect  is  gained  by 
projecting  or  recessing  the  middle  one,  or  putting 
long  way  on,  and  80  forming  a  forecourt  in  front. 
If  it  be  resolved  that  a  row  of  houses  shall 
have  ornament  to  make  it  attractive,  1  would 
suggest  th'it  something  not  too  small  and  crowded 
bo  distributed  here  and  there — say,  on  Ihu  first 
and  third  houses — the  unadorned  ones  affording 
relief  to  the  others.  If  an  architectural  village 
had  been  the  main  object  at  Bournville,  more 
money  had  been  spent  on  detailed  enrichment. 
After  all,  let  money  be  sown  lavishly,  and  in  this 
spring-tide  revival  of  architectural  art,  Utopia 
itself  may  spring  up  !  The  idea  of  a  cottage  home 
that  I  have  always  endeavoured  to  keep  in  view 
is  one  in  which 

llEAl'TY    IS    riASKl)    ON    ITIMTV 

— a   principle  which   shoiild  guide  all  art,  it  is 


true — but  which,  in  order  that  a  plebeian  and 
vulgar  taste  for  shoddy  display  may  be  gratified, 
has  been  too  often  violated — and  though  with  the 
artisan  class  it  is  perfiaps  most  dilficult  to  gain 
thia  end,  an  adherence  to  it  must  sooner  or  later 
tell.  On  the  whole,  my  experience  at  Bournville 
has  been  that  the  residents  in  the  cottages  have 
.shown  a  remarkable  readiness  to  catch  the  idea 
and  spirit  of  a  homely  simplicity,  and  it  is  evinced 
in  such  detaib,  for  iustance,  as  their  man'ier  of 
furnishing  the  rooms,  in  their  adopting  suitable 
and  artistic  curlains  to  the  casement  windows,  ..tc. 
Another  point  I  have  endeavoured  t'>  keep  in 
view  is  the  ad\isability  of  building  more  perma- 
nent dwellings  than  those  we  so  commonly  see 
erected  in  these  rows.  .Many  of  those  are  the 
work  of  a  speculative  builder,  who  sel's  as  soon 
as  the  slates  are  on  to  one  who  will  probably  sell 
again,  someone  in  the  end  suffering  conaiderable 
loss.  To  say  that  care  should  be  taken  to  well 
ventilate  floors  is  almost  a  platitude ;  neverthe- 
less this  is  sometimes  overlooked  in  the  effort  to 
save  a  trifling  expense,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
in  the  long  run,  when  dry  rot  sets  in,  a  con- 
eiderable  expense  is  inevitable.  There  should  be 
a  bed  of  concrete  over  the  whole  site,  and  plenty 
of  air  bricks  should  be  employed  to  thoroughly 
ventilate  ground-floor  joists,  and  the  same  (or 
whatever  ground  work  is  used  under  joists) 
should  be,  if  possible,  above  the  level  of  the 
ground  round  the  house.  This  prevents  any 
chance  of  water  collecting  under  flooors.  There 
is  an  increasing  demand  for  a  substantial  home, 
and  in  time — let  us  hope  soon — it  will  be  such 
that  must  be  supplied.  My  object  being  to  deal 
with  cottages  the  cost  of  which  is  from  £175  to 
£750,  I  take  first  the  accommodation  of  one  of 
the  smallest  types,  erected  in  blocks  of  four. 
Ground  floor:— Living  room,  13ft.  6in.  by 
12ft.  Gin.  ;  acuUery,  with  cabinet  bath,  10ft.  fiin. 
by  7ft.  ;  larder  under  stairs,  coals  and  water- 
closet,  small  paved  yard,  lobby,  size  of  garden, 
600  square  yards.  First  floor: — Front  bedroom, 
I3ft.  6in.  by  12ft.  6in. ;  back  bedroom,  16ft.  6in. 
by  7ft.  ;  small  linen  closet.  Total  cost,  including 
laying  out  of  garden  and  all  extras,  £175  per 
house.  Estimated  net  return,  £7  per  house  ;  a 
return  is  therefore  obtained  of  4  per  cent.  Cubical 
contents,  8,023ft.  cubic  per  house  at  5|d.  per  foot 
(in  1903)  =  £173.  At  Bournville,  8  per  cent. 
gross  yields  about  4  per  cent.  net.  Thia  type  is 
of  the  smallest  possible  dimensions  and  simplest 
construction  ;  the  roof  runs  uninterruptedly  from 
end  to  end,  and  the  building  throughout  is  of  a 
very  inexpensive  character.  In  this  class  of  design 
every  simplicity  should  be  studied  ;  unnecessary 
roof  complications  should  be  avoided,  and  the 
chimneys,  in  order  to  diminish  trimming,  flash- 
ing, &c.,  grouped  together  and  brought  to  the 
highest  point  of  the  roof  to  avoid  down-draughts 
and  cold,  smoky  flues.  It  is  not  essential  that 
each  bedroom  should  have  a  fireplace  if  efficient 
ventilation  is  provided.  Xooks  and  recesses 
doubtless  make  a  room  interesting ;  but  in  small 
cottages  of  this  kind  they  are  too  expensive  to 
introduce,  .and,  instead,  the  best  must  be  made  of 
materials,  colour,  and  proportion,  if  we  are  to 
make  4  per  cent,  on  outlay.  A  very  import.tnt 
point  to  emphasise  reg.arding  cottages  of  all 
sizes  is 

COMI'ACTNESS    OF    PLAN, 

and  there  should  be  an  aim  at  getting  wall  lines 
as  long  and  as  unbroken  as  possible.  A\Tjere 
possible  all  outbuildings  should  be  arranged  under 
the  main  roof,  otherwise  when  cott.ages  are  semi- 
detached one  of  them  unist  suffer  through  tho 
projecting  roof  of  the  other.  This  precaution 
also  admits  of  a  bettor  view  of  the  garden  from 
the  living-rooms,  and  the  glimpse  of  green  is  no 
small  consideration  in  tho  building  of  cottage 
homes.  Care  should  be  exercised  in  the  plan- 
ning of  corner  cottages  to  avoid  the  yard  being 
exposed  to  the  road,  and  where  necessary  il  should 
bo  inclosed.  The  flaunting  pigeantry  of  the 
week's  wash  may  be  meet  perhaps  for  the  eyes 
of  the  matron  ot  tho  tub,  but  for  tho  public  it  is 
generally  considered  an  eyesore. 

Asi-i:cT  Axu  riiosrECT 

in  small  and  largo  houses  alike  should  have  careful 
attention,  and  it  should  be  remembered  that  the 
jiosition  of  the  larder,  which,  when  possible, 
tliould  be  north  or  north-cast,  is  ot  no  small 
domestic  importance.  Another  type  is  :is  follows  : 
— Ground  floor:  living-room,  17ft.  by  lGft.,with 
inglenook  and  bay:  scullery,  13  t.  by  lOft.  liin., 
having  bath  sunk  in  the  floor ;  larder,  5ft.  by  lift.  ; 
coils,  water  -  closet  and  small  paved  . yard  : 
virmdidi  in  frjnt.     First  floor  :  bedrooms,  I7ft. 


226 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  12,  1904. 


hy  13ft.  6in.,  8ft.  Gin.  ty  9ft.  6m.,  and  I3ft.  by 
8ft.  6in. ;  small  box  cupboard  ;  attic,  16ft.  by  17ft. 
Total  cost,  about  £oOU.  In  view  of  the  advantage 
of  one  spacious  and  healthy  living-room  over  the 
parlour  plan,  this  class  of  cottage  has  been  largely 
introduced  at  TJournville.  The  dweller  in  this 
home  must  get  far  better  value  for  his  rent  than 
that  artisan  of  the  suburb  of  mushooom  growth 
in  his  cramped  villa.  Is  it  not  piteous  to  think 
that  the  front  parlour,  silent  and  musty  during 
the  week,  should  know  the  amiable  chatter  and 
cheerful  blsize  of  the  (ire  but  for  si.^  hours  on  the 
the  Sunday  f  A  pleasing  writer  (Mr.  G.  K. 
Chesterton),  writing  not  long  since  upon  a  debate 
in  the  London  County  Council  upon  the  Housing 
Committee's  report,  urged  that  this  drawing- 
room,  with  its  wax  fruit  and  other  gimcracks, 
represents  the  art  instincts — or,  as  he  called  it, 
the  religion — of  the  artisan,  and  he  became 
eloquent  in  denouncing  its  abolishment.  Surely 
he  was  in  jest.  For  could  not  a  corner  in  his 
more  spacious  room  be  yet  preserved  for  such 
treasures,  and  the  tinkle  of  the  hymn  tune  be 
heard  to  greater  advantage  withal':'  I  consider 
that  the  heights  of  Sft.  6in.  for  ground  floor  and 
8ft.  for  bedrooms  are  quite  adequate  for  the 
average  cottage,  so  long  as  sufficient  ventilation 
is  provided.  Floor  apace  is  the  most  important 
consideration  in  the  economic  building  of  cottage 
homes. 

THK  COTTAGK  WITH    THE   LONG    .SLOPING    KOOF, 

of  which  I  have  many  examples  at  Bournville, 
lias  one  great  advantage,  for  if  the  front  walls 
were  carried  up  level  with  the  ceiling  line  of  bed- 
room, besides  the  buUding  suffering  in  lack  of 
proportion  the  expense  of  e.xtra  brickwork  is  con- 
siderable. Generally  speaking,  the  height  of 
bedrooms  to  the  point  of  intersection  of  the  roof 
and  wall  need  be  no  more  than  5ft.  Gin.  Ample 
ventilation  may  be  got  by  the  simple  insertion  of 
a  9in.  by  Tin.  air  brick  on  the  outside  wall,  and  a 
Tobin  tube  within,  about  Sft.  6in.  from  floor,  the 
cost  of  the  latter  being  only  about  throe  shillings. 
The  bath,  now  justly  regarded  as  an  essential  in 
every  house,  is,  where  the  cottage  is  not  of  a  size 
to  admit  of  a  bathroom,  either  sunk  into  the  floor 
of  the  kitchen  near  the  hearth,  which  is  covered 
by  what  may  be  u-ed  as  a  standing  or  draining 
board,  or,  if  sullicient  room,  not  sunk,  but  covered 
by  what  may  be  used  as  a  settle  or  table.  In  some 
cases  the  patent  adjustable  bath  has  been  used, 
the  same  being  hinged  at  the  bottom  of  one  end 
in  order  that  it  may  be  raised  and  lowered  from  a 
cabinet,  the  upper  portion  having  shelves  and 
forming  a  cupboard,  where  it  is  kept  in  a 
vertical  position,  much  room  being  saved 
thereby,  the  cost  being  about  £3  .5s.  In 
other  cases  the  admirable  arrangement  of 
Corne's  Combined  Scullery  -  Bath  -  Ivange  and 
Boiler  has  been  introduced,  which  I  can  well 
recommend.  The  patent,  one  well  thought 
out,  utilises  to  its  fullest  extent  the  heat  of  the 
kitchen,  and,  while  a  great  economy  of  space  is 
eftected,  there  is  considerable  saving  of  fuel  to 
the  householder.  The  heating  and  cooking  range 
forms  a  great  part  of  the  division  between  the 
kitchen  and  scullery-bathroom,  the  flue  being 
coursed  over  the  head  of  the  bath.  In  the  centre 
of  the  range  is  the  grate,  with  an  oven  on  one  side 
and  a  12-gallon  boiler,  in  which  water  is  kept 
hot  for  domestic  purposes,  on  the  other.  Boiling 
water  can  be  obtained  by  raking  down  li\e  fuel 
into  a  small  secondary  grate  under  the  boiler 
through  a  small  hole  made  for  the  purpose. 
Clothes  can  be  boiled  in  the  boiler,  with  which, 
owing  to  its  open  construction,  there  is  no  risk  of 
explosion.  Access  to  the  boiler  from  the  scullery 
is  gained  by  opening  a  curved  door,  and  further 
developments  have  been  made  in  the  way  of  pro- 
viding a  folding  door  in  front  of  the  range,  which 
will  shut  off  the  boiler  from  the  kitchen  when 
necessary.  The  scullery-bathroom,  which  con- 
tains about  30ft.  super.,  is  fitted  with  a  full-sized 
iron  enamelled  bath,  supplied  with  hot  water 
by  a  pipe  from  the  range  boiler  and  with 
cold  water  from  the  cistern,  or  through  a 
shower-bath  sprinkler  fixed  overhead,  so  that 
this  latter  luxury  can  be  enjoyed  by  simply 
turning  the  tap.  I  have  found  the  introduction 
of  White's  patent  steam  exhaust  advantageous 
and  eflicient  in  preventing  steam  permeating 
other  rooms.  The  following  is  an  example  of  a 
cottage  where  a  clear  4  per  cent,  is  made  on  the 
outlay.  A  large  number  have  been  built  to  this 
plan  at  Bournville.  The  accommodation  is:  — 
Ground  floor:  P:irlour,  13ft.  Gin.  by  lift.  3in., 
.-ind  bay;  living-room,  Hft.  Gin.  by  lift.  9in. 
ID  rench  window) :  kitchen,  I2ft.  Sin.  by  10ft.  Gin. : 
larder,   Gft.  by   Gft.   3in.  ;    porch  and  hall,  and 


cloak  space  under  stairs  ;  tools,  water-closet,  and 
coals,  inclosed  yard,  and  600  square  yards  garden. 
First  floor:  First  bedroom,  13ft.  Gin.  "by  lift.  Sin. : 
second  bedroom,  14ft.  Gin.  by  lift.  3in.  ;  third 
bedroom,  10ft.  6in.  by  Sft.  3in. ;  bathroom  (hot 
and  cold  water).  Total  cost,  including  laying 
out  of  garden  and  all  extras,  £395  per  house; 
estimated  net  return,  £16  per  house.  A  return 
theretore  is  gained  of  four  per  cent.  Cubical 
contents,  26,SS5ft.  cubic,  at  5|d.  =  £401.  The 
hearth,  which  should  be  the  holy  of  holies  in  the 
home,  is  worthy  of  the  architect's  most  careful 
attention,  even  in  the  smallest  cottage.  It  should 
in  itself  convey  the  suggestion  of  comfort,  and  it 
might  be  remembered  that  the  most  inviting 
hearth  is  not  that  which  is  surrounded  by  artistic 
extravagance.  Fireplaces  I  consider  suitable  for 
the  six-roomed  cottage  are  as  follows  : — For  front 
room,  interior,  slabbed  surrounds,  tiled  hearth, 
and  white  wood  chimneypiece ;  dining-room, 
iron  tiled  mantel-sham ;  kitchen,  Sft.  range, 
with  white  tiled  coves  and  York  stone  shelf  and 
trusses ;  front  bedroom,  30in.  mantel-sham  and 
tiled  hearth  ;  back  bedrooms,  24in.  mantel-sham 
and  tiled  hearth ;  the  total  cost  of  the  whole 
amounting  to  £12.  I  should  like  to  say  a  word 
in  favour  of 

THE    CASEMEXT    WINDOW. 

It  is  not  only  cheaper  than  the  sash  window, 
but  if  in  the  building  of  a  small  cottage  beauty 
of  effect  is  demanded  it  is  expressly  cheap. 
Whatever  the  iL'sthetic  principle  be,  there  is 
something  (perhaps  it  is  its  simplicity)  so  home- 
like in  itj  appearance,  which  makes  it  infinitely 
more  fitting  Ih:in  the  sash  species.  Behold  Juliet 
bending  to  Roiueo  from  a  sash  window  !  The  old 
difliculty  of  cleaning  may  now  be  obviated  by  the 
very  simple  device  of  causing  the  window  to  open 
upon  a  pivot  in  the  centre,  inwardlj-  as  well  as 
outwardly,  which  permits  the  whole  of  the  outside 
of  the  fixed  pane  to  be  reached  easily  by  the  hand. 
A  good  window-sill  is  formed  of  calf-nosed  bricks 
set  on  edge  in  cement,  with  two  courses  of  tiles 
beneath,  which  forms  a  drip  under  sill,  and  a 
backing  of  slate,  also  in  cement.  By  bringing 
the  window-frame  forward  to  reduce  the  size  of 
top  of  sill,  damp  and  the  driving  in  of  rain  at  this 
point — thecurscsof  small  property — are  prevented . 
This  makes  an  inexpensive  sill,  and,  adding  as  it 
does  to  the  appearance,  is  very  suitable  for  cottages. 
The  following  is  the  accommodation  of  a 

SINGLE   COTTAGE. 

Ground  floor: — Drawing-room,  13ft.  Gin.  by 
12ft.  9in.,  and  bay  ;  dining-room,  13ft.  by  13ft., 
and  bay  ;  kitchen,  10ft.  9in.  by  10ft.  ;  scullery, 
7ft.  Gin.  by  10ft. ;  larder ;  porch  and  hall,  cloak 
space  under  stairs  :  coals  and  water-closet.  First 
floor  : — First  bedroom,  13i't.  Gin.  by  17ft.  ;  second 
bedroom,  13ft.  by  lift. ;  third  bedroom,  12ft.  Sin. 
by  10ft.  ;  dressing-room,  7ft.  Gin.  by  7ft.  Gin. ; 
cupboards ;  bathrooms,  with  water  closet  and 
lavatory  (hot  and  cold  water)  ;  total  cost  (ItSOO) 
about  £600.  The  accommodation  now  given  is  of 
a  larger  class  of  cottage.  Ground  floor  : — Draw- 
ing-room, lift.  9in.  by  13ft.  Gin.,  with  4ft.  9in. 
by  10ft.  ingle  and  bay  window  ;  dining-room, 
161t.  by  13ft.  6in  ,  and  bay;  kitchen,  12ft.  by 
10ft.  :  scullery,  9ft.  Gin.  by  9ft.  Gin.  ;  larder  ; 
water-closet  and  coals,  and  tool-house;  porch, 
hall,  and  small  cloak  space ;  frontage,  15  yards. 
First  floor  : — First  bedroom,  lOft.  Gin.  by  12ft.  ; 
second  bedroom,  12ft.  Bin.  by  ISft.  Gin. ;  third 
bedroom,  ISft.  Gin.  by  9ft.;  fourth  bedroom, 
10ft.  by  10ft.  Gin.  ;  boxroom,9ft.Gin.by  Sft.Sin.; 
bathroom.  Total  cost  (1899),  about  £650.  My 
object  in  giving  these  different  accommodations  is 
to  show  what  can  be  given  in  the  way  of  sub- 
stantial dwellings  for  the  amounts  given.  In 
this  case  the  outlook  at  the  back  of  the  house  is  to 
be  preferred  to  the  front,  and,  as  should  always 
be  done  providing  the  aspect  is  favourable,  the 
principal  rooms  are  placed  at  the  back. 

INTEUNAL    TREATMENT. 

As  to  wall  decoration  in  interiors,  for  small 
cottages  I  have  found  it  advisable  to  use  papers 
instead  of  colour-wash,  for  the  latter  is  very  soon 
soiled  where  there  are  children.  In  the  better 
houses  a  colour-wash  may  be  at  first  used  and  a 
paper  added  later,  with  a  frieze.  A  good  effect  is 
also  obtained  by  bringing  down  the  white  from  the 
ceiling  as  far  as  the  picture  rail,  which  gives  light 
to  and  improves  the  proportions  of  the  room. 
Picture  rails  should  be  be  placed  in  the  smallest 
houses,  if  only  to  save  the  plaster.  I  generally 
place  them  level  with  top  of  architrave  of  door. 

EXTEUNAL    TUE.VTMEXT. 

AVith  regard  to  bricks,  as  far  as  possible  I  make 


a  point  of  avoiding  those  which  are  mechanically 
made  (the  pressed  stock  brick)  and  use  the  brindled 
Staffordshire  ones.  They  are  more  suitable  for 
cottage  building,  for  a  pleasing  variety  of  colour 
is  introduced  at  a  low  cost,  the  tints  being  a  bright 
cherry-red,  blended  with  purple  and  blue — the  last 
of  which  is  quite  different  from  the  indescribable 
vitreous  blue.  I  prefer  to  use  the  hand-made 
roofing  tiles  and  thick  Welsh  green  Precelly 
slates,  and  occasionally  the  rustic  peggies.  Roof- 
ridging,  though  seemingly  a  small  matter,  should 
have  careful  attention,  and  in  my  opinion  it  is 
wiser  to  suppress  the  same  rather  than  to  sharpen 
it,  for  by  so  doing  a  much- desired  homely  ap- 
pearance is  lent  to  the  cottage.  Many  fantastic 
riiges,  with  vulgar  finials,  are  employed  in  the 
building  of  small  surburban  villas,  of  a  more  or 
less  sharp  pointed  character  and  of  a  depth  out  of 
proportion  with  the  root,  which  gives  an  un- 
pleasant harshness  to  the  general  appearance. 
With  the  principle  in  view  that  the  sky-line 
should  be  softened  as  much  as  possible,  I  in- 
variably use  the  brindled  hand-made  half-rounds. 
With  green  slates  I  use  blue  ridges,  as  being  the 
most  suitable  colour,  and  one  which  defines  with- 
out undue  severity.  There  is  a  strong  temptation 
to  introduce  a  v;iriety  of  colours  upon  e.xteriors, 
but  with  cottages  of  the  class  I  deal  with  it  is  ad- 
visable to  refrain  from  so  doing.  My  experience 
has  been  that  it  is  best  to  get  the  colour  in  masses, 
treated  broadly,  not  in  bits — say,  each  house  of 
one  colour ;  for  where  the  cottages  stand  close 
together,  or  even  where  they  are  semi-detached, 
the  contrast  or  relief  is  borrowed  from  the  neigh- 
bouring one,  and  in  the  case  of  a  village  a  much 
better  general  effect  is  thus  gained.  With  white- 
washed houses  a  tarred  plinth  of  about  2ft.  is 
pleasing,  and  prevents  the  rain  and  mud  splashes 
from  being  seen.  With  regard  to  the  thickness 
of  walls,  my  opinion  is  that  a  9in.  wall  outside  is 
quite  sufficient,  and  is  to  be  preferred  to  the 
cavity  wall.  South-west  fronts  should  be  pro- 
tected by  overhanging  eaves,  but  where  this  is 
impossible  the  face  should  be  whitewashed,  by 
which  not  only  is  damp  largely  prevented,  but  an 
effective  appearance  gained.  As  to  general 
timber,  I  might  say  that  I  have  used  common 
building  red  deal,  the  joinery  being  of  seconds 
and  thirds  Archangel,  and,  where  large  timber  is 
required,  the  ordinary  pitch-pine.  Oak  is  ad- 
visable for  weather-boarding  and  sills.  Half- 
timber  for  exteriors  I  do  not  recommend. 
District  councils  insist  on  a  9in.  wall  being  at  the 
back  ;  thus  not  only  is  its  use  false  art,  but  an 
unwarranted  present  and  future  expense ;  an  effect 
equally  as  good,  moreover,  is  obtained  with  rough- 
cast orwhitewash.  Half-timber  one  lives  to  regret, 
for  the  weather  tells  sadly,  and  it  demands  con- 
stant repair.     A 

GARDEN    AKRANGEMENT 

largely  adopted  is  as  follows :  — At  the  bottom  are 
eight  "apple  and  pear  trees  and  fruit  trees,  which, 
besides  being  reasonably  expected  to  bear  fruit, 
form  a  screen  between  houses  which  are  back  to 
back.  The  paths  are  made  of  6in.  of  ashes  and 
Sin.  of  gravel.  The  position  of  the  grass  plot 
and  ornamental  bed  at  the  top  permit  a  little 
soothing  green  and  flash  of  colour  to  be  seen  from 
within  the  house.  Tool-sheds  should  be  erected 
beyond  the  outhouses,  not  only  because  of  their 
usefulness,  but  as  a  means  of  preserving  the 
appearance  of  the  back.  The  tenant,  if  these  are 
not  supplied,  invariably  knocks  up  a  disorderly 
apology  from  Sunlight  Soap  cases,  and  it  is  best 
to  forestall  him.  Given  a  plot  of  land  upon  which 
four  houses  are  to  be  erected,  it  is  advisable,  in 
order  to  more  equally  distribute  the  garden  space, 
say,  of  about  500  or  600  square  yards  per  house, 
to  spread  them  laterally  by  arranging  the  stair- 
case, not  between  the  rooms,  but  between  the 
houses,  thus  widening  (not  lengthening)  the 
building.  This,  bringing  the  remote  houses 
nearer  the  extremity  of  the  land,  not  only  gives 
the  garden  plot  the  preferable  straighfness,  but 
a  breadth  of  \iew  upon  same  is  obtained  from 
within  and  the  yard  space  materially  widened. 

A  discussion  followed,  in  which  Jlessrs.  E.  - 
Gi-Y  D.vwiiER,  H.  D.  Seakles-Wood,  Arthur 
Keen,  Francis  Hooper,  T.  C.  Y.ites,  W.  H. 
White,  Maurice  B.  Adams,  and  the  Chairman 
took  part,  and  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  was  accorded 
to  the  lecturer. 

— ^ 

The  Wigan  Corporation's  proposal  for  an  exten- 
sion of  the  borough  boundaries  by  the  inclusion  of 
Pemberton  will,  if  successful,  add  an  estimated 
population  of  22,400,  and  a  rateable  value  of 
£72,407.  Wigan  at  present  has  a  population  of 
G2,S21,  and  a  rateable  value  of  £224,664. 


Feb.  12,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


227 


THE     LONDON     B  U  I L  D  I N  CJ     ACTS 
AMENDMENT   BILL,    1904. 

hecommexdatiox.s  or  the  koyal  institi'tI':  of 

lUUTI&H    ARCHITECTS. 

THE  K.I.B.A.  Council  were  recently  requested 
by  the  London  County  Council  to  eubrait 
suggestions  as  to  the  amending  of  the  London 
Building  Act,  1894,  in  view  of  the  Amendment 
Bill  they  propose  to  introduce  into  l*arliament 
this  year.  This  important  subject  has  been 
separately  considered  by  three  standing  com- 
mittees— those  on  Practice,  Art,  and  Science. 
The  three  committees  sent  in  to  the  Council  their 
respective  reports,  aud  the  onerous  task  of  col- 
lating and  co-ordinating  these  was  referred  to  a 
special  committee,  consisting  of  the  chairmen  of 
the  Art,  rractice,  and  Science  Committees  and 
two  members  of  Council.  The  following  recom- 
mendations and  amendments,  the  result  of  their 
labours,  have  now  been  submitted  to  the  London 
County  Council : — 

GENEKAL    rUINCIPLES. 

1.  The  Act  should  be  re-edited  in  order  that 
better  classitication  of  the  various  stictions  may 
be  obtained,  and  so  as  to  render  it  more  intel- 
ligible to  those  using  it,  who,  it  must  be  re- 
membered, are  often  inexperienced  in  legal 
phraseology. 

2.  In  the  administration  of  the  Act  more 
discretionary  power  should  be  given  to  the 
London  County  Council,  the  superintending 
architect,  and  the  district  surveyors  to  meet 
special  cases  arising. 

3.  The  district  surveyors  should  be  practising 
architects.  It  is  recommended  that  no  one 
should  be  appointed  who  has  not  been  in  practice 
as  an  architect  for  at  least  seven  years,  or  as  an 
assistant  to  a  practising  architect  for  at  least  ten 
j'ears. 

4.  In  all  cases  where  discretionary  power  is 
given  to  the  L.C.C.,  the  superintending  archi- 
tect, and  district  surveyors,  there  should  be 
power  to  appeal  to  the  Tribunal  of  Appeal,  and 
parties  should  be  able  to  appear  either  personally 
or  by  counsel.  Powers  should  be  taken  to  enlarge 
the  Tribunal,  if  necessary,  so  as  to  enable  decisions 
to  be  given  with  as  little  delay  as  possible.  Dif- 
ferences arising  under  Parts  IX.  and  X.,  and 
also  appeals  from  awards  under  Part  VIII.,  and 
any  other  technical  points  arising,  should  also  be 
referred  to  the  Tribunal. 

5.  C4reater  publicity  should  be  given  to  pro- 
posed new  by-laws,  and  objections  to  them  should 
be  heard  before  the  Tribunal  of  Appeal,  who 
should  report  to  the  Secretary  of  State  before  the 
by-laws  are  confirmed. 

G.  The  recommendations  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects  relating  to  fire  protection 
and  means  of  escape,  already  before  the  L.C.C. 
in  connection  with  the  Bill  withdrawn  in  the 
earlier  part  of  last  year*,  should  be  considered  in 
conjunction  with  the  following  recommendations 
except  aa  herein  amended. 

7 .  The  schedule  of  fire-  resisting  materials  wants 
reconsideration  when  the  main  body  of  the  Act 
has  assumed  more  definite  shape. 

H,  Suggested  sections  relating  to  pier  con- 
struction are  submitted  as  Appendix  A  to  these 
recommendations. 

9.  Suggested  sections  relating  to  skeleton 
frame  buildings  are  submitted  as  Appendix  B. 
It  is  suggested  that  these  sections  should  be 
treated  as  by-laws  rather  than  be  inserted  in  the 
Act,  or  if  embodied  in  the  Act  power  should  be 
taken  to  vary  them  as  experience  proves  to  be 
necessary:  see  fifth  item,  Section  1G4  (1)  of 
existing  Act. 

10.  Suggestions  relating  to  supports  under 
superstructures  are  submitted  as  Appendix  C. 

BECOMMIC.S-DATIONS    ITON    THE    riiSSE.VT    ACT,  IN"    l>ETAIL. 
PAKTS   I.— XI. 

Section-  5.— (I)  and  (2)  The  deaaitiona  of 


,  ,.  ,,       .  .  .-/    ,.„„^  „.     'street" 

and  way  are  too  comprehensive.  A  court,  alley,  or 
pasHage  not  dydictitcd  to  the  public,  and  not  a  thorough- 
tare,  should  be  exempt ;   (•20)   Add  at   end  of  wection  ■ 

and  shall  also  apply  to  the  structure  or  wall  or  portion 
of  same  upon  whuh  a  party-wall  re^ts  in  the  case^  where 
such  party-wall  dot-n  nut  extend  to  the  ground  or  fuuada- 
tion  level  ai  a  pirty-wall ;  "  (25)  Substitute  for  the  pre- 
sent wordiiif^'  after  tlie  word«  "  to  be  used  "  an  follows  ■  — 
*'  to  a  gruatuf  extent  than  half  the  cubical  contents  for 
human  habitation."  Additional  deflnitiou  :  The  term 
"  working  duHses  "  should  be  dcHned. 

Sk.tion  7.— Add  at  the  end  of  seclion  :  "  Provided  that 
It  the  said  atreot  be  in  conformity  with  thi.i  Act  no  con- 
ditions limitiDf?  the  time  in  which  such  street  sliall  bo 
made  laid  out  or  formed  shall  be  attached  to  such 
axnctioa.  ' 

Section  8.-Line  4  :  After  word  "street"  insert  "  and 
throwa  the  sane  open  for  public   uae";   liue  7  ;  delete 


*  See  the  Buildino  Ncwa  of  Jan.  9, 1903,  p.  49. 


from  "  abutting  on"  to  "formed,"  and  substitute  "  or 
fronting  on  such  street  made  or  intended  to  be  niide  laid 
out  or  formed  thereafter." 

Section  9.— (4  j  last  line:  After  "street"  add  "already." 
Add  at  end  of  section  ;  "or  to  be  formed  and  laid  out  for 
carriage  traffic  at  the  same  time  aa  the  tuid  street.  Direct 
communication  shall  be  deemed  to  be  afforded  between 
two  streets  by  a  street  joining  them  either  at  their  ends 
or  at  any  point  of  their  length  forming  x  junction  at  any 
angle." 

Section  13.— (r  It  is  considered  that  private  property 
should  not  be  taken  under  this  Section  unless  compensa- 
tion be  given  :  5)  The  proviso  as  to  workmen's  dwellings 
should  be  omitted,  as  it  prevents  the  beat  sites  for  this 
class  being  used. 

Section  19.— Substitute  for  this  section  the  following  : 
"Whenever  any  ditterence  arises  under  Part  II.  of  Ibis 
Act  the  interested  parties  miy  appeal  to  the  Tribunal  of 
Appeal." 
Section  21.— Omit  as  being  obsolete. 
Section  22.— (1)  Add  at  end  of  section:  "  In  defining 
the  said  general  Une  in  the  case  of  a  new  building  at  the 
corner  of  two  streets  he  shall  have  regard  to  the  general 
line  of  frontage  of  the  principal  street  only." 

Section  39.— Omit  all  words  after  "  to  be  used,"  and 
substitute  "  to  a  greater  extent  than  half  the  cubical 
contents  as  olhces  counting  houses  or  business  premise3 
other  than  buildings  of  the  warehouse  class." 

Section  41.— (1)  ;i.)  Instead  of  words  "open  space" 
read  "  space  open  to  the  sky";  (ii.)  substitute  for  this 
clause  the  following:  "No  building  shall  in  any  part 
thereof  be  nearer  to  the  rear  boundary  of  the  curtilage 
thereof  than  ten  feet  provided  that  in  the  case  of  any 
building  upon  a  comer  site  the  said  area  may  be  arranged 
in  a  convenient  position  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Super- 
intending Architect  and  not  necessarily  extend  the  entire 
width  of  the  rear  of  such  building." 

Section  47. — Insert  before  the  list  paragraph  of  this 
section  the  following  :  "  Where  any  building  is  erected  or 
intended  to  be  erected  on  a  corner  plot  so  as  to  abut  upon 
more  than  one  street  the  height  of  the  building  shall 
(unless  the  Council  otherwise  consent)  be  regulated  by 
the  wider  of  such  streets  so  far  as  it  abuts  or  will  abut 
upon  such  wider  street  and  also  so  far  aa  it  abuts  or  will 
abut  upon  the  narrower  of  such  streets  to  a  distance  of 
40  feet  from  the  building  frontage  in  such  wider  street. 
The  height  of  the  remaining  portion  of  the  frontage  to 
the  narrower  street  shall  be  limited  by  the  section 
regulating  the  height  of  buildings  in  such  street  except 
that  it  shall  be  lawful  in  such  case  where  the  buildings 
previously  existing  on  such  remaining  portion  were  of  a 
greater  height  to  rebuild  them  to  the  same  height  or 
heights." 

Section  49.— In  order  to  conform  with  Section  47  (as 
amended)     delete    the    second    paragraph    commencing 
'•  wliere  "  anc*.  ending  "  existing  height." 
Section  61.— Delete. 

Section  53.— Add  at  end  of  section :  "  Except  as 
hereinafter  provided  under  the  section  relating  to  steel 
construction." 

Section  54.— Omit  the  words  in  last  paragraph  :  "  With 
respect  to  the  area  of  recesses  and  openings." 

Section  56.— (1)  Line  1:  Omit  words  "whether  of 
wood  or  metal."  Add  at  end  of  section  :  "  Provided  that 
any  bressummer  of  metal  may  be  supported  solely  on  a 
sufficient  metal  stanchion  embedded  in  the  party  or 
external  wall  so  that  such  stanchion  shall  not  be  nearer  to 
the  centre  of  a  party  wall  than  four  inches  and  in  any 
such  case  no  pier  in  addition  to  the  party  wall  shall  be 
required";  (2)  delete;  (4^  delete  and  substitute  the 
following  :  "  Every  bressummer  bearing  upon  a  party  wall 
shall  be  borne  by  a  templet  of  stone  or  iron  or  vitrified 
stoneware  or  a  corbel  of  atone  or  iron  tailed  through  at 
least  half  the  thickness  of  the  wall  and  of  the  full  broidth 
of  the  bressummer." 

Section  53.— At  end  •  Insert  after  the  word  "length" 
the  words  "and  height." 

Section  59.— tl)  Line  1:  After  "party  wall"  insert 
"except  as  hereinafter  provided";  line  4:  Delete  the 
words  "  of  the  highest  building  adjoining  thereto."  Add 
at  end  of  sub-section  ;  "  In  a  building  other  than  of  the 
warehouse  class  the  roof  whereof  is  wholly  constructed  of 
fire-resisting  materials  the  party  wall  shall  be  can-ied  up 
of  a  thickness  of  at  least  eight  and  a  half  inches  to  the 
underside  of  such  roof  surface";  (2)  lines  4  and  7  ;  For 
"four"  read  "three." 

Section  61.— (1)  Line  1  :  For  "  and  every  turret,  &c.." 
read  "  and  of  every  turret,  &c."  ;  (3)  line  3  :  After  the 
word  " horizon "  add  the  words  "unless  such  roof  be 
constructed  of  fire-resisting  materials**;  add  at  end  of 
section  thi  words  "  or  structures  giving  access  to  roofs  "  ; 
(i)  amendments  similar  to  those  in  sub-section  3  ;  line  3  : 
for  "  seventy-five  degrees  "  read  "  eighty-five  degrees." 

Section  63.— Dealt  with  in  fire  protection  recommenda- 
tions. 

Section  64.— fl)  Line  2  :  After  "  erected  "  inaert 
"above  lowest  fioor"  ;  iQl  Add  at  end  of  sub-section  : 
"  Provided  always  that  where  a  ventilating  fiue  is  carried 
up  with  a  smoke  flue  they  may  be  separated  by  a  properly 
constructed  iron  wythe";  (10)  For  "party  wall "  read 
"party  and  internal  walls."  For  "  mantel "  read  "lintel 
or  arch."  Add  at  end  of  sub-section  :  "  except  where  fire- 
places ir  such  internal  walls  are  back  to  back  "  ;  (13)  Add 
at  end  of  sub-section  :  "  Xo  chimney  flue  shall  be  nearer 
than  two  inches  to  the  centre  line  of  any  party  wall.  No 
iron  ur  steel  joist  shall  be  built  into  any  flue  "  ;  (15)  line 
■1  :  For  '■eighteen"  read  "twelve";  (18}  line  2  :  Omit 
word  "  new." 

Section  66.— (Ij  ;  Insert  after  the  words  "  heated  air  " 
the  words  "  other  than  air  heated  by  hot  water  at  low 
pressure." 

Section  G7.— Insert  after  the  word  "floor"  the  words 
"or  roof." 

Section  70.— (1)  [n)  :  For  "  ei^ht  feet  six  inches"  read 
"eight  feet";  (-/)  line  1:  Omit  the  word  "basement" 
and  add  after  the  word  "room"  tlie  words  "next  the 
KTound";  {<)  In  second  paragraph  for  "nine"  read 
"four  and  a  half." 

Section  73.— (1)  Line  11  :  For  "  dreproof  "  read  "  fire - 
resif-ting";  (2)  Add  to  end  of  sub-section:  "except  in 
streeUn  sixty  feet  wide  and  over  where  cornices  m-iy  be 
projected  not  more  than  three  feet  si.x  inches  over  the 
public  way";  (j)  (.')  Omit  entirely  ;  alter  the  end  para- 
graph of  Hub-section  commencing  "  Bay  windows  "  a>t 
follow;* :  Add  after  the  word  "  erected  '*  the  words 
"beyond  the  gcnenil  line  of  frontage  "  ;  {t\)  In  flr.^t  ptini- 
gniph  after  the  word  "windows"  insert  "balconies'" 
t") 


shall  not  extend  more  than  three  feet  from  the  face  of  the 
front  wall  of  the  building  or  more  than  twelve  inches 
over  the  public  way  exclusive  of  the  cornices  mouldings 
or  other  architectural  features  of  auoh  projections"  ;  (d) 
after  the  word  "together"  add  "eso»;pt  in  the  Cise  of 
balconies";  (0  delete  all  words  after  "District  Sur- 
veyor." 

Skctios  73.— (6)  :  Last  paragraph  of  sub-section  com- 
mencing "oriel  windows"  to  be  alt-red  as  followd : 
"  Oriel  windows  turrets  or  balconies  to  which  the  fore- 
going rule^  do  not  apply,"  Arc.  Add  d-fiaition  :  "An 
oriel  window  is  any  projecting  wind  iw  c')r*jelled  out  from 
an  external  waller  the  masonry  of  which  does  not  extend 
downwanls  to  the  level  of  the  ground." 

Section    74.— Substitute    for   the    whtle  section  the 
following :  (1)  Every  building  shall  b^  s-parited  either 
by  an  external  wall  or  by  a  party  w.ill  or  other  party 
structure  from  the  adjoining  building  (ifaay   and  from 
each  of  the  adjoining  buildings  (if  m'lre  thin  one)  and 
every  such  party  structure  shall  be  coastructei  of  incom- 
bustible materials  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  district  sur^ 
veyor;   (2)  Separate  sets  of  chambers  or  olfi  res  or  rooms 
tenanted  or  constructed  or  adapted  to  be  tenanted  by 
different  persons  shall  if  contained  in  a  building  exceed- 
ing forty  feet  in  height  and  ten  squares  in  area  taken  at 
the  level  of  the  first  floor  be  separated  so  far  a'^  they 
adjoin  horizontally  by    floors   or  arches  constructed  of 
fire-resisting  materials  and  if  such  f^eU  of  chambers  offices 
or  rooms  are  contained  in  a  building  exce-^ding  twenty- 
five  squares  in  area  taken  at  the  level  of  the  first  floor  all 
the  floors  throughout  and  the  principtl  staircases  and 
enclosures  of  same  shall  be  constructed  of  fire-resisting 
materials ;  (3)  a  District  Surveyor  shall  not  be  entitled 
to  charge  for  the  inspection  of  each  sa«;h  set  of  chambers 
or  oflices  or  rooms  as  a  separate  building ;  (4)  no  building 
containing  separate  sets  of  chambers  or  offiies  or  rooms 
tenanted  or  constructed  or  adapted  to  be  tenanted  by 
different  persons  shall  without  the  consent  in  writing  of 
the  Council  extend  to  more  than  fifty  squires  in  area 
unless  the  floors  be  constructed  thrm^hoit  of  incom- 
bustible materials  not  less  thau  six  inches  thick  and  the 
principal  stairs  and  the  supportioir  in^^lo-tures  thereof  be 
of  incombustible  miterials.      (5)  In  every  building  ex- 
ceeding ten  squares  in  area  used  in  part  for  the  purposes 
of  trade  or  manufacture  and  in  part  as  a  dwelling  house 
the  part  used    for    the  purposes    of   trade    or   manu- 
facture   shall  be    separated    from    the    part    used   as 
a    dwelling-house    vertically    by    walls    or    p.irtitions 
and  horizontally  by  floors  such  partitions  and  floors  to 
be  constructed  of  fire-resisting  material-*  other  than  wood 
and  all  passages  staircases  and  other  miins  of  approach 
from  the  front  door  provided  that  such  front  door  be  set 
back  not  more  than  five  feet  from  the  front  of  the  build- 
ing to  the  part  used  as  a  dwelling-house  shall  be  inclosed 
with  and  constructed  throughout  of  fire-resistio.?  ma- 
terials other  than  wood  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  district 
surveyor.    The  part  used  for  purposes  of  trade  or  manu- 
facture shall  (if  extending  to  more  than  25  ).00l)  cubic 
feet)  be  subject  to  the  provisions  of   the  Act  of  1S9I 
relating  to  the  cubical  extent  of  buUdiugs  of  the  ware- 
house class.     (6)  All  pa'jsages  and  staircases  and  other 
means  of  approach  referred  to  in  the  last  preceiing  sub- 
section of  this  section  shall  be  not  less  than  three  feet 
wide.     (7)  A  staircase  inclosed  and  constru'tei  as  afore- 
said shall  be    provided   in   every  such   building  as  is 
referred  to  in  the  two  last  preceding  e-ub-section^jof  this 
section  which  has  any  story  above  the  ground  story  aud 
where  any  space  intervenes  between  the  termination  on 
the  ground  floor  of  such  staircase  and  the  street  thsre 
shall  be  provided  from  the  termination  of  such  staircase 
to  the  street  a  passage  inclosed  and  constructed  as  afore- 
siid  unless  means  of  escape  to  the  sati'^faction  of  the 
Council  are  provided  from  the  side  reir  or  roof  of  the 
building.     (8)  If  the  area  of  such  buildmg  exceeds  fifty 
squares  an  additional  staircase  and  ;if  the  circumstances 
so  require}  a  passage  inclosed  and  cju^tructed  as  afore- 
said shall  (unless  the  Council  otherwise  permit;  be  pro- 
vided in  respect  of  every  fifty  squares  or  part  of  fifty 
squares  beyond  the  first  fifty  squares.     ;,9)    It  ah  all  be 
lawful  to  construct  in  the  walls  of  such  staircases  and 
passages  such  doorways  as  are  necessary  for  comnuni- 
cating  between  the  different  parts  of  the  building  and  all 
internal  doorways  leading  from  the  portion  of  the  build- 
ing use!  for  trade  or  manufacture  1 1  stich  staircases  and 
passages  shall  be  fitted  with  self-closin.?  djors  of  fire- 
resisting  material  hung  in  frames  of  tire-re-isting  ma- 
terial.     (10)    Nothing   in   this   section  c  )ntainel   shall 
(except  for  the  purpose  of  a  party  structure  sepiratine 
buildings!  prevent  the  use  of  solid  wo)dea  joists  placed 
close  together  or  wooden  joists  in  conjunction  with  pur- 
ging of  a  fire-resisting  material  of  a  thickness  of  uot  less 
than  five  inches  for  the  construction   of  fire -resisting 
floors,     (ll)  Any  building  structurj  or  work  which  has 
been  commenced  before  and  is  in  progress  at  the  date  of 
the  commencement  of  this  Act  or  waich  i^*  to  be  carried 
out  under  any  contract  entered  into  before  the  pas^in;y  of 
this  .Vet  shall  not  be  subject  to  the  preceding  provisions 
of  this  Section  but  may  and  shiU  be  cmipletrtd  subject 
to  and  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  Acts 
relating  thereto  as  in  force  immediately  previous  to  th? 
passing  of  this  Aot." 
Section  76. —  (i.)  :  Delete. 

Section  77.— Delete  and  substitute  :  "  Building  shall 
not  be  united  except  under  the  ftilliwing  conditions  :  — 
"(1)  If  when  so  united  and  considered  as  one  building 
only  they  would  not  be  in  conformity  with  this  Act. 
(2)  An  opening  shall  not  be  made  in  any  p  irty  wall  or  in 
two  external  w-ills  dividing  buildings  which  if  tiken 
together  would  extend  to  more  than  2^>,  Oicubio  feet 
except  under  the  followin;^  conditions  ;  -(ii)  Sui-h  opening 
shall  not  exceed  in  width  seven  feet,  or  in  height  eight 
feet,  except  with  the  consent  of  the  Council,  and  such 
opening  or  openings  taken  together  shall  not  exceed  one- 
half  the  loHgth  of  such  party  witU  on  each  flo>rof  the 
building  in  which  they  occur.  ^A)  Such  op>;uiug  shill 
have  the  fl)or  j:iiub*  and  head  formed  of  brick  stone  or 
iron  and  bj  closet!  by  two  wrought-iron  d  >or,"*  eioha 
tjuarter  of  an  inch  thick  in  tho  pinel  at  a  distiuee  from 
each  other  of  the  full  thickness  of  ih.»  w  ill  fitted  to  re- 
bited    f rani's   without   woodwork   of  any  kind  or  by 


iight-in>n  aluling  doors  or  shutters  properly  con- 
structed and  prtivided  with  bolts  or  other  fanteaings  fitted 
into  grooved  or  rebated  iron  frames  or  su'h  other  fire- 
re^i^ting  door.-*  as  may  be  appnivod  from  tiiu  >  to  tiiQO  by 
th-' Council,  t'l  If  the  thickne-*sof  the  will  b?  not  leas 
tliaii  twenty-four  inches  or  the  door;*  be  placed  at  a 
list;»nce  from  each  tither  of  not  less  than  twenty-four 


For  whole  proviso  read  ;  "The  face  of  such  projections    '"^hea  such  jpenmg  may  be  nme  feet  svx  mches  in  height 


228 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  12,  1904. 


or  such  other  greater  height  as  may  be  approved  by  the 
Council,  (rf)  For  purposes  of  this  section  buildings 
which  adjoin  may  be  united  in  whole  or  in  pirt  if  those 
portions  in  separate  occupations  are  separated  by  a  floor 
or  floors  or  other  horizontal  divisions  of  fire-resisting 
materials  not  less  than  eight  inches  thick." 

Section  78.— Line  6  :  For  "  tribunal  of  appeal  and  save 
so  far,  &c.,"_  read  "  tribunal  of  appeal.  For  the  purposes 
of  this  section  the  diatiict  surveyor  or  in  the  event  of 
disagreement  the  tribunal  of  appeal  may  in  his  or  their 
discretion  vary  or  depart  from  any  of  the  enactments  in 
this  Act  as  to  the  construction  of  buildings  that  may 
appear  to  him  or  them  necessary  or  desirable  to  suit  the 
special  circumstances  of  the  case  of  any  public  building  or 
any  one  or  more  of  a  series  of  public  buildings  or  their 
accessories  or  connections  within  one  curtilage  and  save 
o  far,"  &c..  &c. 

Section  80.— The  width  of  passage  to  apply  to  door- 
way, the  clear  optning  between  the  doors  when  open  to  be 
the  full  width  of  the  passage  less  double  the  thickness  of 
the  door. 

Section-  84.— The  Royal  Institute  recommends  that  it 
should  be  defined  what  portion,  if  anv,  is  now  adminis- 
tered by  the  Council. 

Section  88.- (6'  Lines!  and  3:  After  "  parly  structure  " 
add  "  or  e.'ctemal  wall." 

Section  90.  — (1)  Line7:  Add  after  the  word  "anv  "'the 
words  '■  external  or."  Add  at  end  of  sub-section  :  '•'  Such 
notice  shall  not  be  deemed  to  be  invalid  if  on  further  in- 
ve.stigation  variations  in  the  work  proposed  to  be  done  are 
found  to  be  necessary  by  the  surveyors  to  be  appointed  as 
hereinafter  provided";  (4)  For  "  sLs  months"  read 
"twelve  months." 

Section  91. -HO)  For  "a  Secretary  of  State"  read 
'  the  President  for  the  time  being  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects." 

Section  92.— Add  at  end  of  section:  "The  duly 
appointed  surveyors  shall  have  power  at  all  reasonable 
times  to  enter  the  premises  of  the  building  owners  and 
adjoining  owners  for  the  purpose  of  examining  the  same 
or  inspecting  the  works  authorised  by  this  part  of  the 
Act." 

Section  93.— (1)  Line  1 :  For  "  two  months  "  read  "  one 
month  "  ;  line  4  :  For  "shall  "  read  "  may  "  ;  (3)  line  2  : 
Oniit  word  "inconvenience."  Add  new  sub-section: 
"  (5)  Such  notice  need  not  be  served  in  respect  of  any  wall 
as  to  which  a  Party  Structure  Notice  is  necessary  to  be 
served  under  this  Act." 

Section  95.— (2)  (.()  Line  1 :  For  "  floor  "  read  "  flue  "  ; 
(/J  in  third  line  of  second  paragraph  of  sub-section  strike 
out  "as  aforesaid."  As  it  stands  only  buildinffs  erected 
after  1894  are  affected. 

Section  96.— Line  1 :  For  "  one  month  "  read  "  six 
months." 

part    XII. 

It  is  believed  that  this  part  of  the  Act  requires  revision 
to  brmg  it  up  to  date. 

PART    XIV. 

Section  164.— (4)  The  LUt  should  include  the  Tim.x 
and  at  least  four  other  London  daily  or  weekly  pipers.      ' 

PART  .\v. 

Section  175.— See  under  "  General  Principles." 

Section  190.— In  accordance  with  previous  suggestions 
this  Clause  to  be  subject  to  the  Tribunal  of  Appeal. 

Section  193.- This  clause  should  be  more  explicit. 

Section  216.— It  is  recommended  that  matter  included 
in  By-laws  made  since  the  Act  was  passed  should  be  as 
far  as  possible  incorporated  in  the  bo3y  of  the  new  Act. 


frame  buildmgs,  the  district  surveyor's  fee  for  such 
special  calculation  should  be  upon  a  sufficient  scale  to 
insuie  the  work  being  properly  done. 


second  schedule. 


part  II. 

Before  word  "granite"  insert  "cement 


Section  (2) 
concrete." 

Note.— A  number  of  new  fire-resisting  materials  are 
now  available  and  more  are  likely  to  be  introduced  •  the 
materials  specified  in  the  Schedule  should  therefore  be 
enlarged  and  greater  facilities  given  for  their  use. 

Section  (7).— Delete  and  substitute:  "Floors  'below 
the  floor  boards)  formed  of  wood  joists  filled  in  with  con- 
crete not  less  than  five  inches  thick  composed  of  broken 
bnck  stone  chippings  ballast  puaiice  or  coke-breeze  mixed 
with  lime  cement  or  calcined  gypsum  provided  a  fillet  is 
secured  to  the  side  of  the  joists  in  the  middle  of  the  con- 
crete or  otherwise  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  district 
surveyor." 

appendix  a. 

suc.(:ested  sections  relating  to  pier  construction  of 
buildings. 
Notwithstanding  anything  contained  in  the  principal 
Act  requiring  buildings  to  be  inclosed  with  walls  of  th» 
thickness  therein  defined,  it  shall  be  lawful  to  erect 
buUdings  of  pier  construction  subject  to  the  followin? 
provisions:—  ° 

1.  The  load  of  all  floors  and  roofs  shall  be  concentrated 
at  points  vertically  over  each  other  on  the  bearing  walls 
at  which  points  piers  carried  up  to  the  roof  and  continuous 
throughout  their  height  shall  be  erected  ;  and  there  shall 
be  extending  from  pier  to  pier  and  properly  bonded  there- 
with a  curtain  wall  enclosing  the  building. 

2.  No  curtain  wall  shall  be  of  less  thickness  than 
8  J  inches  for  the  topmost  20  feet  of  its  height,  nor  less 
than  13  inches  in  thickness  for  the  remamder  of  its 
height  below  such  topmost  20  feet,  provided  that  window 
backs  may  in  all  cases  be  8J  inches  in  thickness. 

3.  The  collective  width  of  the  piers  on  any  wall  shall 
amount  to  at  least  one-fourth  of  the  total  length  of  the 
wall  and  piers  taken  together  ;  and  no  pier  shall  be  less 
than  17^  inches  in  width. 

4.  The  thickness  of  the  pier  shall  be  in  addition  to  the 
thickness  of  the  curtain  wall  and  shall  be  as  follows  :  - 
(n)  The  thickness  at  the  top  and  for  20  feet  below  the  top 
shall  be  8}  inches,  and  the  intermediate  parts  of  the  pier 
between  the  base  and  16  feet  from  the  tup  shall  be  of  not 
less  thickness  than  would  be  the  case  if  the  pier  were 
built  solid  throughout  the  space  between  straight  Unes 
drawn  joining  the  thickness  of  the  base  to  the  thickness 
at  20  feet  from  the  top.  (/.;  The  thickness  at  the  base 
shall  be  :— 

If  the  pier  does  not  exceed  30ft.  in  height,  not  less  than  Slin. 
W       „  ,.  „        13  „ 

50        17},, 

6)        ..  „  .,         21t„ 

70 ,         26   „ 

80        „  „  „         31 


FIRST     schedule. 
PRELIMINABY. 

Section  5.— Omit  whole  and  substitute:  "Hollow 
walls  may  be  constructed  provided  the  aggregate  thick- 
ness of  the  material  shall  equal  the  thickness  provided 
under  this  schedule  and  that  the  two  sections  of  the  wall 
shall  be  properly  bonded  together  vrith  approved  ties  not 
less  than  one  tie  to  every  three  superficial  feet,  and  that 
the  inner  section  of  the  wall  be  in  no  case  less  than  eight 
and  a  half  inches  in  thickness  unless  the  two  sections  of 
the  wall  be  built  in  cement  mortar.  Walls  may  also  be 
built  in  two  thicknesses  provided  that  they  be  built  in 
cement  and  the  space  between  them  be  not  less  than 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  wide  and  be  filled  with  an 
approved  bituminous  composition." 

Section  7.— Line  2  :  After  "  full  height  or  not  "  omit 
the  rest  of  the  section. 

Section  8.— Add  at  end  of  section  the  word  :  "  Where 
a  wall  without  return  walls  is  divided  into  portions  of 
different  heights  the  thickness  of  each  of  such  portions 
shall  be  governed  by  the  height  of  such  portion  and  by 
the  length  of  the  entire  wall." 

proposed  new  sections. 

"  Section  12.— If  any  external  or  party  wall  measured 
trom  centre  to  centre  is  not  more  than  twenty-five  feet 
distant  from  any  other  external  or  party  wall  to  which  it 
IS  tied  by  the  beams  of  any  floor  or  floors  other  than  the 
ground  floor  or  the  floor  of  any  story  formed  in  the  roof 
the  length  of  such  wall  is  not  to  be  taken  into  considera- 
tion in  deciding  the  thickness." 

"  8ectio.v13.— Where  buttresses  or  piers  are  built  with 
external  walls  of  thicknesses  in  excess  of  those  required 
by  the  Act  the  walls  between  such  piers  or  buttresses  may 
be  01  less  thickness  than  required  for  walls  without  such 
piers  or  buttresses  at  the  discretion  of  the  district  sur- 
veyor but  provided  that  no  such  wall  shall  be  of  less 
thickness  than  fourteen  inches."  (N.B.  vide  Appendix  A.) 

PART    I. 

Section  I.— In  second  paragraph  omit  words  "and  does 
not  comprise  more  than  two  stories." 

„  PART   11. 

Section  1.— Delete. 

Section  2.-0mit  words  "  exceeds  twenty-five  feet  but." 


Section 
thirds." 


miscellaneous. 
1.— Line    7  :    For    "  one-half  ' 


read    "  two- 


STEEL  construction. 

modelild  o"n  thPZi^*  '°'  ?^  ^'  By-laws  which  should  be 
(Appendix  Srare  offered  ^  ^''^ff'P^;* !  but  suggestions 
i.ouncUthink'firt=orn"tL^nt^h^"s",!^gl\lo^rsrs£S 


With  an  additional  4}  inches  for  every  additional  10  feet 
or  part  of  10  feet  in  height  beyond  83  feet. 

5.  tipenings  may  be  made  in  the  curtain  wall  in  accord- 
ance with  section  o4  of  the  principal  Act. 

6.  Any  of  the  piers  may,  with  the  sanction  of  the  dis- 
trict surveyor,  be  discontinued  for  any  portion  of  its 
height,  provided  that  the  remaining  piers  be  proportion- 
ately increased  on  plan  by  additional  brickwork  or  stone- 
work, or  be  supplemented  by  iron  or  steel  stanchions  or 
columns  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  district  'surveyor,  and 
that  any  bressummer  employed  shall  be  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  district  surveyor. 

7.  Where  the  piers  project  on  both  sides  of  the  wall  the 
total  thickness  of  both  projections  shall  be  not  less  than 
the  thickness  hereinbefore  specified  for  the  piers  project- 
ing on  one  side  only. 

8.  Any  non-bearing  wall  shall  be  of  sufficient  thickness 
if  constructed  with  piers  and  curtain  walls  as  hereinbefore 
provided  tor  bearing  walls,  or  if  of  4  inches  less  in  thick- 
ness than  provided  in  the  first  schedule  of  the  principal 
Act ;  provided  that  no  wall  shall  be  less  than  SJ  inches  in 
thickness  at  any  part,  and  that  not  more  than  two  stories 
shall  be  comprised  within  a  wall  of  8J  inches  in  thickness. 

APPENDIX   D. 
SUGGESTIONS  POK  THE  REGULATION  OF  SKELETON  BUILDINGS. 

Notwithstanding  anything  contained  in  the  principal 
Act  requiring  building  to  be  inclosed  with  walls  of  the 
thickness  therein  defined,  it  shall  be  lawful  to  erect  build- 
ings of  iron  or  steel  skeleton  construction  subject  to  the 
following  provisions :  — 

1.  The  skeleton  framing  in  any  wall  shall  be  capable  of 
safely  sustaining,  independently  of  any  brickwork,  the 
whole  weight  bearing  upon  such  wall,  including  the 
weight  of  such  wall  and  the  due  proportion  of  any  floors 
and  roofs  bearing  thereon,  together  with  the  live  load  on 
such  floors  and  roofs. 

2.  The  pillars  supporting  all  iron  or  steel  girders  that 
carry  walls  or  fire-resisting  floors  or  roofs  shall  be  of  iron 
or  steel,  and  shall  be  completely  enclosed  and  protected 
from  the  action  of  fire  by  a  casing  of  brickwork  or  con- 
ciete  or  other  material  approved  by  the  district  surveyor. 
Such  casing  shall,  on  the  surfaces  towards  the  exterior  of 
the  building,  be  at  least  8-5  inches  thick,  and  on  all  other 
surfaces  at  least  4  inches  thick,  the  whole  being  properly 
bonded  with  the  inclosing  walls  of  the  building.  The 
term  pillar  shall  include  all  columns  and  stanchions  or  an 
assemblage  of  such  columns  or  stanchions  properly  riveted 
or  bolted  together. 

3.  The  iron  and  steel  girders  (excepting  in  floors  and 
stairca8e.s)  shall  be  similarly  cased  with  not  less  than 
4  inches  thick  properly  tied  and  bonded  to  the  remainin" 
work  ;  but  the  flanges  of  the  girders  and  the  plates  and 
angles  connected  therewith  may  approach  within  2  inches 
of  the  surface  of  the  casing. 

4.  Girders  to  support  the  enclosing  walls  shall  be  fixed 
at  or  within  4  feet  of  the  floor  line  of  each  story. 

5.  No  enclosing  wall  of  the  building  shall  be  of  less 
thickness  than  8i  inches  for  the  topmost  '20ft.  of  its  height, 
nor  less  than  13  inches  in  thickness  for  the  remainder  of 
its  height  below  such  topmost  20  feet,  provided  thit 
window  b,acks  may,  in  all  cases,  be  SJ  inches  in  thickness. 

C.  All  brickwork  and  concrete  shall  be  executed  in 
cement  and  shall  be  bedded  close  up  to  the  iron  or  steel 
without  cavity  between,  and  all  joints  shall  be  made  full 
and  solid.    Nothing  in  this  section  shall  prevent  the  use 


of  stone  as  an  external  facing  for  buildings,  provided  that 
all  work  faced  with  stone  shall  be  4  inches  thicker  than 
hereinbefore  provided. 

7.  1-0  No  steel  or  wrought  iron  pillar  shall  in  any  part 
be  less  than  }  inch  thicn,  nor  shall  any  such  pillar  have 
an  unsupported  length  of  more  than  40  times  its  least 
lateral  dimensions,  nor  more  than  100  times  its  least 
raiUus  of  gyration,  {h)  The  ends  of  aU  such  piUars  shall 
be  faced  to  a  true  surface  at  right  angles  to  the  axis,  (c) 
All  joints  in  such  p  liars  shall  be  close  butted  with  over- 
plates  properly  riveted,  and,  except  where  unavoidable, 
no  joint  shall  be  made  except  at  or  near  the  level  of  a 
gu-der.  {,!)  The  foot  of  all  such  pillars  shall  have  a 
proper  base-plate  liveted  thereto  with  sufficient  gusset 
pieces  to  properly  distribute  the  load  on  the  foundations. 
(f)  Where  any  such  piUars  are  built  up  hollow,  the  cavi- 
ties shall  either  be  fliled  up  with  cement  concrete  or  be 
covered  in  at  both  ends  to  exclude  the  air. 

8.  {n)  In  any  cast-iron  pillar  the  metal  shall  not  be  in 
any  part  of  less  thickness  thin  J  inch  nor  less  than  one- 
twelfth  of  the  least  lateral  dimension.  Nor  shall  such 
pillar  have  an  unsupported  length  of  more  than  23  times 
its  least  lateral  dimension  nor  more  than  8)  times  its  least 
radius  of  gyration.  (/.)  The  caps  and  bases  of  such  pillars 
shall  be  in  one  piece  with  the  columns,  or  be  connected 
thereto  with  a  properly  turned  and  bored  joint  sufficiently 
fixed.  (■■)  All  such  pillars  shall  be  turned  or  planed  top 
and  bottom  to  a  true  face  at  right  angles  to  the  axis. 
f'/)  All  joints  in  such  pillars  sha'l  be  at  or  near  the  level 
of  a  fioor,  and  shall  be  fixed  and  made  with  not  less  than 
four  bolts  at  least  |  inch  in  diameter.  ' . ;  The  foot  of  all 
such  pillars  shall  have  such  area  as  may  be  necessary  to 
properly  distribute  the  load  on  the  foundations. 

9.  .All  girders  that  carry  walls  or  floors  or  roofs  shall  be 
of  wrought  iron  or  mild  steel. 

10.  (<i)  All  floors  and  all  staircases  (together  with  their 
inclosing  waUs)  shall  be  constructed  throughout  of  fire- 
resisting  materials  and  be  carried  upon  supports  of  fire- 
resisting  materials.  (/.  i  All  iron  and  steel  carrying  loads 
used  in  the  construction  of  any  floor  or  staircase  shall  be 
protected  from  the  action  of  fire  by  being  encased  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  district  surveyor  in  concrete,  brick- 
work, terracotta,  or  metal,  lathing  and  plaster  or  cement 
without  any  wood  tirrings. 

11.  AU  structural  metal  work  shall  be  cleaned  of  all 
scale  dnst  and  rust  and  be  thoroughly  coated  with  one 
coat  of  boiled  oil  or  paint  or  other  approved  material 
before  erection,  and  after  erection  shaU  receive  at  least 
one  additional  coat. 

12.  (rt)  The  dead  loads  of  all  buildings  shall  consist  of 
the  actual  weight  of  walls,  floors,  roof,  partitions,  and  all 
permanent  construction,  [b)  The  live  load  shall  consist 
of  all  loads  other  than  dead  loads.  ( r)  For  the  purpose 
of  calculating  the  loads  on  pillars  in  buildings,  the  live 
load  on  floors  shall  be  estimated  as  equivalent  to  the 
following  dead  load :  For  dwelling  houses,  hotels,  hos- 
pitals, lodging  houses,  and  similar  buildings,  !jcwt.  per 
superficial  foot.  For  office  buildings.  Jcwt.  per  super- 
ficial foot.    For  places  of  public  assembly,    workshops, 

I  and  retail  shops,  and  similar  buildings,  Icwt.  per  super- 
ficial foot.  For  buildings  of  the  warehouse  class,  not  less 
than  2cwt.  per  superficial  foot.  /O  The  live  load  on  the 
roof  shall  be  estimated  at  Jcwt.  per  superficial  foot 
measured  on  the  surface  of  such  roof. 

13.  For  the  purpose  of  detei  mining  the  extreme  load  to 
be  carried  on  pillars  in  buildings  of  more  than  two  stories 
in  height,  a  reduction  of  the  Uve  loads  shall  be  allowed  as 
follows  :— For  the  roof  and  top  story  the  live  load  shall  be 
calculated  in  full.  For  the  next  succeeding  lower  story  a 
reduction  of  5  per  cent,  from  the  hve  load  fixed  by  this 
section.  For  the  next  succeeding  lower  story  a  reduction 
of  10  per  cent.  For  each  succeeding  lower  story  the 
amount  of  the  reduction  shall  be  5  per  cent,  more  than  for 
the  story  immediately  above  untU  the  eleventh  story  from 
the  top  the  reduction  shall  be  50  percent.  For  each  re- 
maining story,  if  any,  below  such  eleventh  story  from  the 
top  the  reduction  shall  be  50  per  cent. 

14.  In  pfllars  the  actual  working  stress  per  square  inch 
shall  not  exceed  that  given  in  the  following  table  and  in 
like  proportion  for  intermediate  ratios  :  — 

Where  the  length  divided  Working  stress  in  tons 
by  least  radius  of  gyra-     per  sq.in.  of  section. 


tions  equals 
160 


140 

120 
100 
80 
60 
40 


1-875 
2442 


3026      5100 


Steel.  Wrought  iron. 

2512     2142 

2  957     2  477 

3-460    2-825 

4017     3170 

4-452     3-470 

4832    3-727 


8-895 


20      3-464      5-290    4000 

"Where  a  pillar  is  built  into  a  wall  the  radius  of  gyration 
of  that  pillar  in  the  direction  of  the  thickness  of  the  wall 
shall  be  taken  for  the  purpose  of  the  above  table. 

15.  The  actual  working  stress  of  iron  and  steel  (except 
in  the  case  of  pillars  as  hereinbefore  set  out),  in  tons  per 
square  inch  of  sectional  area,  shall  not  exceed  those  given 
in  the  following  table  :  — 

Tension,  Compression.  Shearing.  Bearing. 

Cast  iron  IJ     7     2J    8 

Wroughtiron5      4    4      4 

Mild  steel   ...  7J    6    5      10 

Caststeel 5      10    7J    15 

16.  In  addition  to  the  foregoing  provisions  and  the 
general  rules  of  construction  for  buildings  of  the  class  to 
which  they  belong,  as  required  by  the  principal  Act  and 
any  amendment,  all  skeleton  frame  buildings  shall,  as 
regards  their  metal  framing,  bracing,  walls,  partitions, 
floors,  roofs,  staircases,  and  foundations,  be  constructed 
in  such  manner  as  miiy  be  approved  by  the  district  sur- 
veyor, 

17.  The  person  proposing  to  erect  a  skeleton  frame 
building  shall,  one  month  before  commencement  of  the 
building,  deposit  with  the  district  suiveyor  a  complete 
set  of  the  drawings  of  such  building  showing  the  details 
of  construction  of  all  its  parts,  together  with  a  detailed 
copy  of  all  the  calculations  of  the  stresses  and  material, 
such  Gxlculations  to  be  in  such  form  as  the  Tribunal  of 
Appeal  shall  from  time  to  time  detei-mine.  Should  such 
drawings  or  calculations  be  in  the  opinion  of  the  district 
surveyor  not  in  suthcient  detail,  he  may  require  such 
further  particulars  as  may  be  necessary. 

IS.  The  district  surveyor  may,  for  the  purpose  of  due 
supervision  of  the  building  and  at  the  expense  of  the 
owner  of  the  building,  cause  any  pillar  to  be  drilled  at 


Feb.  12,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


229 


any  point  to  ascertain  its  thickness,  and  may  cause  to  be 
made  any  other  tests  he  may  consider  desirable. 

19.  Any  person  dissatisfied  with  any  requirement  of  the 
district  surveyor  under  this  section  may  appeal  to  the 
Tribunal  of  Appeal. 

20.  There  bhall  be  paid  to  the  district  surveyor  by  the 
builder  or  the  owner  in  respect  of  every  skeleton  frame 
building,  at  sucti  time  as  the  drawings  are  deposited  with 
the  district  surveyor,  a  calculation  fee  :  such  fee  shall  be 
in  addition  to  the  fee  payable  under  section  154  of  the 
principal  Act,  and  shall  be  according  to  the  following 
schedule;— (See  recommendation  supra,  p.  188,  on  Bteel 
Conbtruction.) 

Al-rENDI.X  c. 
SUPPORTS    LENDER    SUPERSTRl'CTrBES. 

In  all  buildings  there  shall  be  on  all  street  frontages, 
piers,  or  other  supports  of  stone,  granite,  brick,  metal,  or 
other  approved  materials,  from  the  level  of  the  ground  to 
the  level  of  the  main  wall  of  the  superstructure  above  the 
ground,  mezzanini,  or  first  floors,  of  a  total  breadth  on 
each  street  frontage  equal  to  the  following  :  On  frontages 
up  to  20  feet  wide,  one  tenth  part ;  on  frontages  20  to 
30  feet  wide,  one  ninth  part :  on  frontages  30  ifeet  wide 
and  over,  one  eighth  part  of  the  respective  widths  of  such 
frontages. 

No  i)iers  or  other  supports  shall  be  placed  further  apart 
than  30  feet  measured  from  centre  to  centre  of  such  piers 
or  other  supports,  and  no  single  pier  shall  in  any  case  be 
leas  than  15  inches  on  the  face  other  than  those  at  party- 
walls,  which  may  be  not  less  than  9  inches  on  the  face  and 
placed  opposite  the  centre  of  such  party-walls.  Such  piers 
shall  not  be  covered  with  mirrors  or  otherwise  concealed. 


THE  DURBAN  TOWN   HALL 
COMPETITION. 

DURBAN,  the  capital  of  Natal,  is  desirous  of 
enriching  its  architectural  landmarks,  and 
of  increasing  the  facilities  for  carrying  on  its 
municipal  and  public  life,  by  the  erection  of  a 
pile  of  buildings  worthy  of  so  beautiful  a  city, 
and  serving  to  illustrate  the  steady  progress  of 
one  of  Britain's  choicest  colonial  possessions.  To 
this  end  (writes  a  correspondent  of  the  liirmui;/- 
luiin  Diiilij  Fust)  an  ideal  site  was  selected,  giving 
exceptional  scope  for  the  skill  and  genius  of  the 
architect  in  forming  a  noble  conception  of  the 
city's  requirements,  both  in  the  present  and  the 
future.  Home  and  colonial  architects  were 
accordingly  invited  to  compete  for  the  work,  and 
substantial  premiums  were  offered  for  the  best 
plans  and  designs  sent  in. 

A  professional  asfessor  was  appointed  by  the 
town  council  to  adjudicate  upon  the  merits  of  the 
competitive  designs  and  to  award  the  premiums. 
Before,  however,  a  final  judgment  could  be  passed 
upon  the  six  selected  plans  in  the  second  compe- 
tion,  the  assessor  died,  and,  instead  of  electing  a 
successor,  a  committee  of  the  town  council  under- 
took the  task  of  adjudication  without  relying  upon 
or  calling  in  professional  aid.  This  action  on  the 
part  of  the  municipal  authorities  has  given  rise  to 
a  good  deal  of  dissatisfaction  in  Durban,  and  no 
little  criticism  of  the  order  in  which  the  premiated 
designs  have  been  placed.  The  Natal  papers 
which  have  recmtly  come  to  hand  contain  articles 
and  letters  on  the  fiasco,  as  it  is  called,  one  great 
cause  of  complaint  being  Iho  non-observance  of 
the  condition  that  no  drawings,  photographs,  or 
descriptions  of  the  competitive  designs  should  be 
made  public. 

One  of  the  competitors,  it  is  asserted,  had 
violated  this  condition,  which  involved  the 
penalty  of  being  fnrthwith  excluded  from  the 
competition  ;  but  it  was  not  carr'^d  out.  An 
"Old  Durbanitf,"  protesting  against  the  decision 
of  the  council  with  regard  to  the  premiated 
designs,  urges  the  ratepayers  not  to  allow  it  to 
remain  unchallenged,  but  to  insist  on  the  question 
being  submitted  to  experts  for  final  judgment. 

Bijt  perhaps  the  most  damaging  criticism  of 
the  council's  selection  is  furnished  by  an  .archi- 
tect who  was  not  one  of  the  competitors.  Writino- 
to  a  prominent  Natal  paper,  he  says  a  glance  at 
the  premiated  designs  shows  at  once  that  there 
hag  been  misjudgment  somewhere,  and  that  the 
best  design  has  not  received  the  first  premium. 
Ho  suggests  that  hsd  the  corporation  accepted 
the  a8se^8or  nominated  by  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  .\rchitocts  to  adjudicate  on  the  plans,  the 
present  fiascu  would  not  have  occurred.  Even  at 
this  Into  hour,  be  urges,  that  the  plans  should  be 
sent  homo  to  bo  adjudicated  upon  by  the  Council 
of  tho  Royal  Institute  of  Architects,  or  by 
whomsoever  they  might  appoint,  as  being  tho 
mo.st  satisfactory  way  out;  of  tho  dilliculty,  thus 
giving  to  the  designer  of  tho  best  .irchitectural  con - 
ception  tho  honour  due  to  hiiri,  and  to  the  public 
tho  building  they  are  looking  for—"  a  building  of 
which  the  colony,  in  years  to  come,  will  not  be 
ashamed  when  architecture  as  an  art  holds  the 
position  it  ought  to  do  among  the  people."  "  An 
Architect"  then  adversely  criticises  tho  pl.ans  to 
which  tho  first  prize  has  been  awardeil,  and  of 
the  second  premiated  design  he  says  it  is  much 


better  in  detail  than  the  first.  With  regard  to 
the  th-rd  premiated  design  (and  this  was  furnished 
by  Messrs.  Ewen  Harper  and  Brother,  of 
Birmingham),  the  critic  saj'S  the  whole  scheme, 
both  in  plan  and  elevation,  is  a  very  fine  concep- 
tion. There  is  a  freshness  about  the  design  which 
is  very  pleading  and  satisfactory,  and  it  is  the 
only  one  of  the  three  worthy  of  the  port  of  Natal. 
In  order  of  merit  ' '  An  jVrchitect ' '  places  the 
third  design  and  that  of  another  firm,  which 
failed  to  secure  one  of  the  premiums  at  the  hands 
of  the  lay  adjudicators,  in  the  first  position,  and 
the  two  others  second  and  third  respectively.  As 
a  warning  against  the  method  of  adjudication 
adopted  by  the  Durban  Town  Council,  "An 
Architect,"  in  concluding  his  criticism  of  the 
result,  adds  : — ' '  It  is  very  evident  the  council  are 
not  sure  of  their  decision,  nor  can  such  a  body  of 
inexperienced  men  be  expected  to  be.  No  doubt 
they  mean  well,  and  wish  to  have  the  best  possible 
design  for  the  money  ;  but,  owing  to  their  incom- 
petency, they  should  not  have  taken  upon  them- 
selves the  right  to  decide  in  such  an  important 
scheme.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  necessary 
steps  will  be  taken  to  repair  their  mistake." 


FREEZING  AN  AID  TO  EXCAVATION. 

AN  instructive  paper  by  Mr.  H.  Brace, 
Assoc  M.Am. SocC.E.,  on  "  Freezing  as 
an  Aid  to  Excavation  in  Unstable  Material," 
appears  in  the  last  number  of  the  Proceedings  of 
the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  The 
author  gives  a  synopsis  of  the  result  of  a  research 
of  the  literature  on  the  subject,  and  many  sources 
are  laid  under  contribution.  Several  processes 
are  de.scribed,  such  as  the  "  Poetsch  Process," 
d'  scribed  as  follows  :  "  Water-tight  tubes  paral- 
Itltoeach  other  are  distributed  throughout  the 
mass  to  be  frozen,  known  as  freezing  tubes.  They 
have  varied  from  about  4in.  to  lOin.  in  diameter. 
Inside  each  freezing  tube  smaller  pipes,  known  as 
the  circul.ating  tubes,  are  placed.  Each  of  the 
latttr  has  an  opening  uear  the  bottom  into  the 
outer  pipe.  The  circulating  tubes  are  all  joined 
together,  usually  by  a  large  circular  or  rectan- 
gular pipe  known  as  the  circulating  ring.  The 
freezing  pipes  are  capped  at  the  top,  and  joined 
to  a  similar  ring,  called  the  '  collector '  ring. 
A  circuit  is  formed  by  connecting  the  circulating 
and  collecting  rings  to  the  cold-brine  tank  of 
some  form  of  freezing  machine.  A  pump  is 
placed  between  the  refrigerator  and  the  circula- 
ting ring.  Cold  brine  is  drawn  from  the  bottom 
of  tank,  fore  d  by  the  pump  through  the  circula- 
ting rings  down  the  (irculating  pipes,  thence  up 
the  freezing  tubes,  where  it  absorbs  a  certain 
amount  of  heat,  and  back  through  the  collector 
lings  to  the  top  of  refrigerator.  The  circulation 
is  maintained  in  this  manner  until  an  ice-  wall  is 
formed,  completely  surrounding  the  area  to  be 
excavated."  The  paper  describee  the  operation 
of  boring  for  the  freezing  tubes  by  this  process, 
and  the  difficulties  met  with,  and  is  illustrated  by 
diagrams.  The  author  next  describes  the 
"  Gobert  Process,"  invented  by  A.  Gobert.  The 
medium  for  cooling  the  ground  is  liquefied 
ammonia.  One  advantage  of  this  system  is  that 
there  is  no  tendency  for  the  freezing  medium 
to  escape  into  the  ground  to  be  ■  frozen. 
In  the  Gobert  plan  the  refrigerator  and 
cooling  brine  are  dispensed  with.  The  liquid 
ammonia  is  allowed  to  expand  in  the  freezing- 
tubes  themselves.  Spiral  tubes  perforated  at 
frequent  intervals  are  proposed,  to  .allow  the  oscajie 
of  the  liquid  for  the  full  height  of  the  material  to 
be  frozen.  "  In  the  Poetsch  system  the  pressure 
at  any  point  in  the  freezing  pipes  must  be  equal 
to  the  weight  of  the  column  of  brine  above  thtit 
point.  This  is  always  greater  than  the  pressure 
on  the  outside  of  the  tubes.  In  the  Gobert  system 
there  is  only  the  pressure  of  the  expanded  gas, 
which  is  always  less  than  the  outside  pressure. 
Ac<'ordingly,  if  breaks  occur  in  the  freezing- 
pipes,  the  leak  will  bo  inward  instead  of  outward." 
The  "Koch  Process"  involves  the  direct  use  of 
the  liquefied  gas  in  the  freezing  tubes— it  maybe 
either  carbonic  acid,  ammonia,  or  a  mixture  of 
dioxide  of  sulphur.  The  author  describes  other 
plans,  ;md  his  paper  is  mainly  devoted  to  the 
a]iplicat'nn  of  freezing  piocesses.  Tho  first 
application  of  the  Poetsch  process  w.as  tho  .\rchi- 
bald  shaft  belonging  to  tho  Douglas  Comptiny  at 
SchnciiUingen,  Saxony.  A  shaft  1.')'4  by  10'3ft. 
was  sunk  to  a  depth  of  Ul-.'ift.  through  solid 
compict  measures  by  pumping.  This  is  illus- 
trated. Sinkings  by  freezing  process  are  prj- 
foscd  in  Belgium  in  connection  with  the  railway 


line  between  the  Nord  and  Midi  Railway  Station, 
Brussels.  The  paper  is  a  long  one,  and  is  wall 
illustrated. 


lEISH  BUILDING  STONES.— VI. 

lEBMANAGH. 

THE  geology  of  this  county,  and  the  adjoining 
parts  of  Tyrone  and  Monaghan  ia  appar- 
ently in  a  mixed  condition  ;  not  that  there  is  any- 
thing irregular  in  the  arrangement  of  the  actual 
strata — the  diflSculty  lies  wholly  in  the  method 
pursued  by  some  geologists,  which  consists  in  a 
correlation  of  Irish  rocks  with  English  ones  of 
the  same  period,  though  the  groupings  in  each 
may  be  wholly  different,  as  shown  by  their 
lithological  structure  and  fossil  contents.  The 
geological  record  in  England  being  much  more 
complete  than  that  in  Ireland,  there  ia  a  tendency 
to  identify  Irish  rocks  with  others  in  England  of 
the  same  age,  though  in  many  cases  a  certain 
grouping  of  strata  may  be  found  in  Ireland  which 
has  no  parallel  across  the  Channel,  and  which 
would,  therefore,  entitle  the  Irish  rocks  to  a 
strictly  distinct  classification  of  their  own.  The 
introduction  of  English  local  names  into  Irish 
geology  is  misleading,  fur  they  are  very  often 
inapplicable  ;  the  practice  too  suggests  startling 
changes  of  locality.  For  instance,  when  one  sees 
on  standard  geological  maps  some  Fermanagh 
rocks  labelled  "  Yoredale  "  beds,  it  is  evident  that 
Yorkshire  and  this  county  has  in  some  way 
been  mixed,  on  paper  at  least.  The  trouble 
here  is  with  the  Carboniferous  rocks,  certain 
sandstones  and  shales,  the  highest  of  the  series 
found  in  this  county  having  been  classified 
as  "  Calp "  by  Griffith,  Yoredale  beds,  by 
Phillips  (who  worked  out  the  geology  of 
Yorkshire),  and  Millstone  Grit,  by  Kelly.  As 
the  Fermanagh  Carboniferous  rocks  show  rather 
a  different  section  to  any  others  in  Ireland,  it  may 
be  well  to  describe  them,  as  there  are  valuable 
building  stones  in  the  series.  In  descending 
order  Middle  Coal  Measures  come  first ;  they  are 
represented  by  sandstones.  Next  shales  and 
sandstones  of  the  Lower  Coal  Pleasures,  which 
may  be  called  the  "  Fermanagh  Series,"  for  they 
are  best  developed  here.  Underlying  these  are 
cherty  and  amorphous  limestones,  shales, 
sandstones,  shales  and  limestones,  Fenestella 
Limestones,  dark  blue  thin  bedded  limestones, 
shales,  and  Lower  Carboniferous  Sandstones.  The 
older  rocks  are  Old  Red  Sandstone  (256,  312), 
Dingle  tirits,  and  Upper  Llandovery  sandstones 
and  conglomerates  of  Silurian  age.  The  strati- 
fied rocks  in  the  county  are  equivalents  of  the 
Llandeilo  Slates  or  I'pper  Cambrians.  They  come 
in  from  Donegal,  and  are  all  metamorphosed. 
Speaking  generally,  all  the  rocks  in  this 
county  are  Carboniferous,  SOurian,  and  Upper 
Cambrian,  the  latter  occupying  a  very  email 
tract  in  the  north-west.  The  Silurians  are 
found  east  of  Lough  Erne,  and  Carboniferous 
rocks  cover  the  remainder  of  the  area.  The 
"  Fermanagh  Sandstone  "  (Lower  Carboni(erous) 
rocks  are  found  on  the  summits  of  Sleave- 
be.agh  and  Carnmore,  both  over  1,000ft.  above 
the  sea-level,  and  in  these  are  some  exten- 
sive quarries ;  but  as  none  of  the  smdstones  have 
found  a  market  in  Dublin  or  more  distant  places, 
they  have  been  used  locally  only,  and  in  parts  of 
the  neighbouring  counties.  In  tho  Lisnaskea 
district,  which  includes  places  within  six  miles  of 
that  town,  the  following  (Quarries  were  atone  time 
worked  for  building  stones  :  —  Crocknagowan 
finished  dressings  for  Nonconformist  churches  in 
ISellurbet  and  Aughnamullan.  This  stone  was 
also  much  used  for  tombstones ;  Mount,  or  Kil- 
turk,  produces  stones  lu  long  lengths  specially 
suitable  for  gate-posts.  This  quarry  was  worked 
for  tho  Great  Northern  Railway  (of  Ireland),  and 
furnished  stones  for  the  station  buildings  west  of 
Dundalk.  Eshbralby  was  worked  fort'iubstones, 
dressings  for  Crom  Castle,  and  tho  new  work  in 
Enniskilkn  Church  ;  .Vltiiabrock,  a  fine-graintxl 
sandstone  used  in  the  Ulster  Hanks  at  Clones, 
Enniskillcn,  and  Lisnasken  ;  Slush  Hill  stone  was 
that  principally  used  in  Clones,  Knniskillon,  and 
liowlhcivtown  (>0  years  ago ;  but  tho  great  amount 
of  "  unbaring  "  necessary  led  to  the  closing  of  tho 
works  lu  re  ;  Tannyby  was  another  ([uarry  which 
furnished  stones  for  tho  houses  in  Clones  and 
Lisnaskea,  but  it  was  closed  over  twenty  year.s 
ago.  .\1I  tho  sandstone  quarries  described 
furnished  gre^yish  -  white  silicious  sandstones, 
generally  fine-grained,  with  a  matrix  of  felspathic 
cement.  Both  spots  and  iron  stains  are  common 
in  these  rocks,  but  on  tho  whole  they  lurnirhed 
good  building  stones.    The  following  list  includes 


230 


THE    BUILDING    KEWS. 


Feb.  12,  1904. 


the  other  quarries  of  any  note  in  the  Coal  Measure 
sandstones  of  this  county  :— Carnmore,  stone  used 
in  Clones  church  and  market ;  Stonepark,  Derry- 
glin  church  ;  Leighan,  bridges  over  Lillias  River, 
kerbs    in    Enniskillen,     &c.   ;     Eossanuremore, 
bridge  and  church.  Garrison  ;  Kilroskagh,  bridges 
at   Bclcoo    and    Holywell  ;    and    Aughnaglack, 
Dorrygore  House,   Euniskillen.     Inthe"Calp" 
of  the  Kesh  district,  to  the   north-east  of  Lough 
Erin,    good   sdicious    stones  maj'    be    obtained, 
suitable   for    dressed    work    and    which    would 
weather  -n-ell.     Near  a  place  called  Monea  there 
are  block  stone  beds  with  subordinate  ones  that 
have  been  used  for  paving,  kerbstones,  and  setts. 
Kinahan  has  pointed  out  that  the  quarries  north 
and  north-east  of   Kesh  are  in  the  "  Calp  Sand- 
stone," and  those  south-west  of   Kesh  are  in  an 
outlier  of  "  Fermanagh  Sandstone."      Some   of 
the   Coal   Measure   and   Calp   shales   hive  been 
use    locally    for    walling    only,    but     they     do 
not   weather  well.       The     quarries     now    open 
in    this    county    and    under    Government    in- 
spection  are   in    the    Carboniferous    Limestone. 
They  do  not  appear  to  be  very  extensively  worked 
at  present,  for  twenty-six  out  of  twenty-nine  give 
employment   to   not   more    than   two  men  each, 
whilst  the  other  three  employ  from  22  to  60  men 
only  occasionally.     At  Carrickreagh,   about  five 
miles  from  Euniskillen,  a  stone  is  obtained  which 
may  be  polished.     It  was  at  one  time  considered 
to  be  a  fairly  good  black  marble,  but  there  are  no 
really  good  marbles  of  any  kind   in  this  county. 
The  stone  referred  to  was   a   favourite  one  for 
tombstones.     There  is  an  ornamental  stone  found 
in  a  hill  near  Belleek.     It  is  marked  with  red  spots 
and  circles,  these  being  due  to  iron  stained  crinoid 
stems.     The  stone  itself  is  a  pale  grey  crinoidal 
limestone.    The  Carboniferous  Limestone  found 
in  the  centre  of  the  county  forming  the  valley  of 
the  river  and  lakes  has  a  bad  reputation  amongst 
builders,   as    it  furnishes   neither  good  building 
nor  lime-burning  stone.      Sandstone  is  therefore 
the  building  tt.ne  here,   at  least  for  quoins  and 
dressings ;     for  tome    of    the    public    buildings 
have     wallings     of     limestone.       >7ear     Ennis- 
killen   there    are    some    fairly    good    limestone 
quarries,    it   being     understood     that     "good" 
here  refers  to  walling  stone  only.     Kinarla,  now 
worked  by  Mr.  A.  Johnston  :  this  stone  was  used 
in  building  the  I'rotestant  church,   and  part  of 
the  Catholic  church  in  Euniskillen ;   Derrygoon 
(on  the  lake  shore),  used  in  the  gaol  and  bridge 
built  by  the  Drainage  Board;   Carrickreagh,  re- 
tcrred  to  above  as  a  marble,  has  been  used  for 
quoins  and   dressings    in    the   Roman    Catholic 
Church,  Enniskillen :   it  weathers  well,  is  a  stone 
of  excellent   quility,    and  is   in   this   respect  an 
exception  to  the  other  limestones  in  the  county  ; 
Lisnaskea,  a  cherty,  dark  grey  limestone  difficult 
to  work,  used  in  the  Market  House  and  railway 
station  ;    Kewtownbutler,   a    blui,-h   grey,  semi- 
crystalline  compact  limestone,  used  in  the  Market 
House  ;  and  Belhek,  a  dark  grey  crystalline  lime- 
stone, used  ia  the  celebrated  Belleek  china  works. 
A  limestone   quarried    at   Castle   Caldwell  gives 
a  hydraulic  lime  when  burned  ;  the  production  of 
such  limes  is  an  industry  almost  wholly  neglected 
in  Ireland,  though  there  are  limestones  in  every 
county,  varying  in  composition  from  pure  calcium 
carbonates  to  those  which  are  too  earthy  to  burn 
into    lime,    and   they    include    such     as    would 
produce    hydraulic    lime    of    some    kind.     The 
Silurian    Rocks   are   brownish   sandstones,  some 
varieties  being  yellowish  grey  and  veined,  shale 
spots    are    common     in     them  ;    they    may    be 
used  for  rough  walling,  but  are  wholly  unfit  for 
dressing   of   .any   kind.      Silurian  walling-stone 
with   Calp   sandstone   dressing   may  be  seen  in 
Necarn  Castle  near  Lowtherstown,  the  reverse  of 
this,  Calp  walling,  with  Silurian  sandstone  dres- 
sing IS  to  be  seen  in  Castle  Archdall  in  the  same 
district.     Ardlogher,   MuUaghfarm,   and  Kerlish 
quarries  all  furnish  Silurian  standstones,  some  of 
which    are    c mglomeristic  ;    the  lower    beds  at 
Ardlogher  are  mahogany  red,  the  stone  ia  lamin- 
ated   and    micaceous  ;   these  beds   are  probably 
what  is  known  in  England  as  the  Lower  Old  Red 
Sandstone,   for  the  description  answers    exactly 
to  that  of  the  Capler  "  Old  Red  "  used  by  Wyatt 
m   restoring    the     Lady     Chapel    at    Hereford 
Cathedral,  and  which  was  obtained  from  a  quarry 
belonging  to  the   Dean  and  Chapter.     All  these 
sandstones  consist  of  quartz  grains  imbedded  in  a 
telspathic  cement,  the   colour  being  due  to  iron 
oxide  which  completely  envelops  the  grains  :  to 
obtain  a  Iml  sandstone   for  building   it   is  only 
necessary   to   specify    one   that    is    fine-grained, 

m.l    =     ,;.™"''l'"''    •™'    iron -stained,  as   no 
such    sandstone  has  ever  been   known   to  stand 


the  weather  for  any  length  of  time  in  this 
climate.  The  Cambrian  grits  are  used  sparingly, 
and  only  where  they  are  found,  for  common 
walling  only.  The  town  of  Enniskillen  is  built 
on  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  and  shale. 
There  are  280  quarries  shown  on  the  Ordnance 
Slaps  of  this  county,  but  about  25  is  now  the 
average  number  in  work,  and  these  only 
sparingly,  though  there  are  several  quarries  in 
the  Lower  Limestones  along  the  road  from 
Enniskillen  to  Derrygonelly  which  would  furnish 
grey  and  blue  massive  and  highly  fossiliferous 
blocks  in  beds  3ft.  and  4ft.  thick.  The  Upper 
Limestones  are  usually  coarse,  crystalline,  and 
crinoidal  or  coralline,  with  bands  of  chert  which 
replace  the  greater  portion  of  the  limestone  rock. 


BOOKS   RECEIVED. 


THE  REPORT  OF  THE  SELECT  COM- 
MITTEE OK  VEXTILATION. 
THE  summary  of  the  recent  Report  of  the 
Select  Committee  on  Ventilation  appointed 
by  the  House  of  Commons,  with  our  comments 
thereon,  which  appeared  in  our  issues  of  Jan.  S. 
15,  22,  and  29  last,  have  been  republished  in  a 
handy  shilling  booklet  by  Messrs.  Hickson, 
Ward,  and  Co.,   15,  Chiswell-street,  E.C. 

Readers  will  find  the  principal  points  usefully 
indicated  by  marginal  notes,  and  will  be  glad 
to  have  in  a  convenient  form  for  reference  the 
information  we  have  already  given. 


CHIPS. 

The  Mersey  Docks  and  Harbour  Board  have  con- 
firmed the  recommendation  of  its  works  committee 
to  carry  out  the  enormous  reconstruction  works  in 
connection  with  the  Sandon  Dock,  the  (iueen's 
Dock,  and  the  Wapping  Dock,  with  a  view  of 
enlarging  their  facilities,  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
£587,100. 

In  consequence  of  the  attention  which  has  been 
drawn  by  Lord  Rosebery  to  the  dilapidated  condi- 
tion into  which  Jjinlithgow  Palace  had  fallen, 
operations  have  been  begun  for  the  preservation  of 
the  building.  Some  minor  repairs  have  already 
been  executed,  and  attention  is  now  being  directed 
to  the  eastern  portion  of  the  structure,  where  the 
main  entrance  and  drawbridge  were  situated.  The 
original  round  towers  and  buttresses  are  being 
strengthened,  and  excavations  are  also  beiue  carried 
out. 

The  University  of  Pennsylvania  announces  the 
opening  of  an  <iteliei-  for  advanced  work  in  archi- 
tectural design,  under  the  charge  of  Professor  P. 
Cret,  of  the  School  of  Architecture,  formerly  a 
brilliant  pupil  of  the  School  of  Fine  Arts  in  Paris. 
A  charge  of  three  dollars  a  month  is  made  to  cover 
expenses  of  lighting,  heating,  and  care,  but  instruc- 
tion is  otherwise  entirely  gratuitous. 

General  Booth  opened  at  Clapton,  N.,  on  Friday, 
the  enlarged  training  homes  for  officers  of  the 
balvation  Army  in  evangelistic  work.  The  altera- 
tions have  involved  an  expenditure  of  £12,000.  The 
homes  were  opened  twenty  years  ago,  and  the 
alterations  have  doubled  the  accommociation,  the 
present  number  of  cidets  being  over  500  of  both 
sexes.     The  new  building  is  lighted  by  electricity. 

The  Civil  Service  Memorial  to  the  late  Sir  John 
Woodburn  will  take  the  form  of  a  mural  tablet  and 
bronze  medallion  in  the  cathedral  at  Calcutta. 

The  members  of  AVrexham  Town  Council  have 
agreed  that  the  Carnegie  library  should  be  built  on 
the  Guildhall  property,  so  as  to  form  part  of  a 
complete  suite  of  municipal  buddings. 

The  Stoke-on-Trent  Council  have  received  the 
sanction  of  the  Local  Government  Board  for  a  loan 
of  £5,550  for  street  improvements,  and  £1,887  for 
a  recreation  ground. 

The  Education  Committee  of  the  Northumberland 
Council  have  recommended  the  councd  to  provide 
and  build  new  schools  for  Whitley  at  an  estimated 
cost  of  £U, 300;  for  Choppington  and  Shireraoor  at 
a  cost  of  £3,000  each ;  and  Westerhope  at  a  cost  of 
£3,600. 

Sir  Augustus  Webster,  Worshipful  Master  of  the 
Hants  and  Isle  of  Wight  District,  will  lay  the 
foundation-stone  ot  theeularged  Church  of  England 
Soldiers'  Institute  at  Aldershot  on  the  25th  inst! 

A  monument  of  white  marble,  to  cost  £7,000,  is 
to  be  erected  over  the  final  resting-place  of  the 
remains  of  Pope  Leo  XIII.  in  the  Basilica  ot  St. 
John  Lateran,  Rome.  The  Pope  will  be  represented 
seated  with  hands  outstretched  blessing,  and  flanked 
by  statues  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  and  St.  Francis  of 
Assisi. 

The  corporation  of  Newport,  Mon.,  have  made  an 
application  to  the  Local  Government  Board  for  a 
loan  of  £60,500  for  electric  lighting  and  power 
supply. 


Qiiantilij  Siiri'eyiiig,  f/e.,  by  J.  Leaning  (London : 
E.  and  F.  N.  Spon,  Ltd.)  has  reached  a  fifth 
edition,  carefully  revised,  and  many  new  items 
inserted.  The  section  on  prices,  part  of  which, 
as  the  writer  states,  "  was  published  a  few  years 
ago  in  a  weekly  journal,"  has  been  rewritten  and 
extended.  It  goes,  of  course,  without  saying, 
that  the  constant  variations  in  such  prices  mili- 
tates against  the  continued  usefulness  of  any 
record  thereof.  A  schedule  for  pulling  down  is 
included,  with  short  sections  on  Arbitration, 
Charges,  and  Deficient  (Quantities  are  added, 
together  with  some  new  examples  of  Taking  Off, 
of  use  to  students.  The  bulk  of  the  book— one 
of  the  most  useful  of  its  class— has  been  consider- 
ably extended. Mvdmi  Hiiiiae  Bniiiinge. — The 

Sanitary   Publishing  Co.,    Ltd.,   5,  Fetter-lane, 
E.C,   have    forwarded    us  a  copy   of   "Modern 
House  Drainage,  Plans  and  Diagrams,"  by  Mr. 
Gerard  Jensen,    consulting    engineer,  two  con- 
venient sheets  of  plans  and  details  drawn  to   a 
working  scale  on  cloth,  which  will  be  found  to 
comply  with  the  by-laws  and  regulations  of  sani- 
tary authorities,  and  are  convenient  for  reference. 
The  sheets  are  made  to  fold,  and  are  inclosed  in  a 
cloth  case    for    the  pocket.      The  architect  and 
builder  are  often  in  want  of  a  compact  plan  illus- 
trating the  principles  of  house  drainage,  showing 
the  several  modes  of  connection   between  closets 
and  fittings,  and  the  waste-pipes,  anti-siphonage 
pipes,  bath  and  lavatory  connection  ;  also  a  plan 
of  a  house  showing  the  linos  of  stoneware  and  iron 
drainpipes,  the  best  position  for  manholes,  discon- 
necting traps,  trapped  R.W.  pipes,  outlet  ventila- 
tor and  air-inlet,  gully  traps,  &o.     Sir.  Jensen's 
twosheets  will  enable  the  draughtsman  to  introduce 
these  details.      The   plan,  sheet   II.,  represents 
a  detached  country  residence  of  large  accommoda- 
tion, with  a  back  yard,  with  lines  of  lin.  stone- 
ware drains  carried  round  three  sides  of   house, 
with   the  various  gully  traps,  trapped  rainwater 
pipes,  and  bath  wastes  entering  the  manhole  at  the 
back.     Six  other  manholes  are  indicated  at  the 
chief  corners  of  house  taking  the  discharges   of 
gullies,  also  the  inspection    and    cleaning  eves, 
and  the  disconnecting  trap  at  the  lower  corner  of 
site,  i-c.     Large  scale  sections  through  manholes 
and  disconnecting  traps,  with  airtight  iron  covers, 
sections   of  cellar   drainage,    and   window  area 
and  a  section  of  main  drain  drawn  above  a  datum 
line,   and   indicating  the   gradients,   enable   the 
practical  man  to  see  at  a  glance  the  whole  scheme. 
The  details  are  given  on  Sheet  I.,  and  furnish  all 
necessary  information   relating  to  soil  and  waste 
pipes,  anti-siphonage  pipes,  and    the  ventilated 
discharging  over  gully  traps,  bath  and  lavatory 
arrangements,  ventilated  soil-pipes,  cistern,  and 
Hushing  tank  details.     The  pipe  joints  and  junc- 
tions  of   siphonage,  with   waste   pipes,   are   also 
shown.     The  plan  and  derails  are  clearly  drawn, 
with  ample  references. 


Lord  Methuen  will  unveil  the  memorial  to  be 
erected  at  Clifton  College  to  oM  Clittonians  who 
fell  in  the  South  African  war.  The  memorial  will 
take  the  form  of  a  Media-val  figure  of  St.  George, 
designed  by  Mr.  Drury,  A.R.A.,  mounted  on  a 
pedestal,  which  Messrs.  Walter  S.  Paul  and  R.  C. 
James  have  designed  to  harmonise  with  the  figure 
and  the  surroundings.  The  unveiling  ceremony 
will  take  place  in  June. 

The  pictures  bequeathed  to  the  Dewsbury  Cor- 
poration by  the  late  Mr.  Harry  Austin  h.av6  been 
hung  in  the  Mayor's  reception  room.  They  are 
twelve  in  number.  Several  are  by  Mr.  A.  R.  Austin, 
the  brother  of  the  donor.  The  most  notable  picture 
is  one  entitled  "  Ladies  Fishing,"  by  William  Oliver. 

The  Board  of  Trade  have  recently  confirmed  the 
Watford  and  District  L'ght  Railways  Order,  1903, 
authorising  the  construction  of  light  railways  in  the 
county  of  Hertford,  in  the  parish  of  Watford  Urban, 
and  the  urban  district  of  Watford. 

The  restoration  of  the  chancel  of  Keystone  pariah 
church  is  approaching  completion.  The  contractor 
is  Mr.  C  R.  Pettit,  ot  Thrapston.  The  work  consists 
of  new  chancel  roof,  which  has  been  raised  3ft., 
rebuilding  the  wall  in  parts,  and  repointing  the 
whole  of  the  stonework  inside,  new  altar  and  altar 
rails,  and  new  benches,  made  of  parts  of  the  old 
roof.  The  architect  is  Mr.  H.  M.  Townsend,  of 
Peterborough ;  and  the  carving  of  the  altar  and 
altar  rails,  tC'C,  has  been  executed  to  his  designs  by 
Mr.  Geo.  Twelftree,  ot  Keystone. 

The  corporation  of  Chelmsford  have,  on  the 
recommendation  of  Mr.  P.  Griffith,  their  engineer, 
agreed  to  the  construction  of  a  covered  concrete 
reservoir  at  Long  Stomps,  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
£4,800,  and  a  lOiu.  water-main  from  Mildmay-road 
works  to  Long  Stomps  at  an  estimate  of  £1,900. 


Feb.  12,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


231 


HAMILTON  TOWN  HALL  COMPETITION. 

[wiTn  ILLVSTUATIOX  OF  SELECTED  IlICSIGN.] 

THE  following  is  the  assessor's  award  : — From 
amongst  the  designs   submitted   I  had  not 
much  difficulty  in  selecting  those  marked  Nos.  1, 
i,  and   5,   as  possessing  considerable  merit,  and 
calling  for  the  most  careful  examination  and  com- 
parison.    After  mature  study  of  the  points  and 
qualities  of  each  I  place  them  unhesitatingly  in  the 
following   order   of   merit ; — First   place,   design 
marked  No.  1  ;  second  place,  design  marked  Xo.  o  ; 
third  place,  design  marked  No.  4.    In  placing  them 
in  this  order,   I  should  like  to  add   that  while 
design  No.   5  displays  great  ability  and  refine- 
ment,  design  No.   1   ia  characterised  by  greater 
distinction,    alike     in     the    disposition    of    the 
interior  of  the  building  and   in  the  architectural 
expression  of    the    exterior.     It  provides  on   an 
ample  scale  all  the  accommodation  asked  for  in 
the   schedule,   and   the   intercommunication   be- 
tween  the   various   sections   of    the   building   is 
admirably   contrived.     It   is    in    my    opinion   a 
design  of  outstanding  ability,  and  if  carried  into 
execution,  will  result  in  a  building  which  will 
reflect  the  greatest  credit   upon    its  author  and 
upon  the  burgh  of  Hamilton.     As  I  recognised 
that  the  question  of  cost  was  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance, I  asked  that  the  estimates  of  the  authors 
should  be  checked  by  a  measurer  of  standing,  and 
was  authorised  to  engage   Mr.    George   Smellie, 
measurer  and  valuer,  Glasgow,  for  the  purpose. 
In  each  case   the   authors   stated   their  probable 
cost  at  or  under  the  sums  stipulated  in  the  con- 
ditions, thus : — Design  No.  1 . — Author's  estimate  : 
Town  hall  and    municipal    buildings,   £26,946 ; 
Ubrary,  £12,840;   total,  £39,786,  exclusive  of  the 
stair  and  terrace  next  the  bleaching  green,  which 
are  not  essential  to  the  building.  Design  No.  5. — 
Author's  estimate:  Townhalland  municipalbuild- 
ings,  £26,790;   library,  £12,858;  total,  £39,648. 
Design  No.  4. — Author's  estimate  :  Town  hall  and 
municipal  buildings,   £28,000  :  library,  £13,000  ; 
total,  £41,000.     The  measurer's  estimate  in  each 
case  exceeds  that  of  the  author,  and  is  as  follows  : — 
Design  No  1. — Town  hall  and   municipal  build- 
ings, £28,9.52  ;  hbrary,  £13,762;  total,  £42,714, 
exclusive  of    stair    and    terrace   next    bleaching 
green.  Design  No.  5. — Town  Hall  and  municipal 
buildings,     £28,883;     library,      £13,098;     total 
£41,981.     Design     No.     4.  —  Town     hall     and 
municipal  buildings,   £28,535;  library,  £13,062  ; 
total  £41,597.     In  the  description  of  his  design 
the  author  of  No.  1  says  : — "  It  may  be  pointed 
out  that   the   appearance  of  the  building  would 
not  be  much  detracted  from  if   the  dome  shown 
over  the  main  stair  be  not  added  to  the  design. 
By  so  doing  the  estimate  here   stated  would  be 
reduced   by  £1,345."     In   that  opinion  I  quite 
concur,  and  the  measurer  confirms  the  estimated 
reduction  in  cost  by  the  omission   of  the  dome, 
placing    it    at    £1,350.     This  would  reduce  the 
measurer's  estimate  of  the  cost  of  design  No.   1 
with  the  dome  omitted  to  £41,364,  a  mere  frac- 
tion over  the  cost   stipulated  in  the  conditions. 
In  these  circumstances  I  think  the  clear  issue  of 
the  competition  is  that  the  design  marked  No.  1 
should  be  adopted,  and  its  author   employed  as 
architect  in    terms   of   the   conditions   of    com- 
petition ;    that  the   premium    of    75    guineas  be 
awarded  to  the  author  of  the  design  marked  No.  5, 
and  the  premium  of  25  guineas  to  the  author  of 
the  design  marked  No.  4. 

(Sgd.)  G.  WAsnrxGTox  Bkowne. 
The  successful  competitors  were  1  (Design 
No.  1),  Alex.  C'uUen,  ll.'iniilton  ;  2  (Design  No.  5), 
Messrs.  M'Arthur  and  AVatsun,  Frederick-street, 
Edinburgh  ;  3  (Design  Xo.  4),  .Messrs.  Sinclair 
and  lialluntyne,  95,  Bath-street,  Glasgow.  Mr. 
Alexander  Cullen's  design,  which  wo  illustrate, 
was  adopted  for  the  erection  of  the  town-hall  and 
librarv. 


OBITUARY. 

TiiEUE  died,  on  Saturday  afternoon  at  his 
houee,  Broomhill  Gardens,  Partick,  Mr.  John 
KoHEUTSoN,  of  the  firm  of  Kinnear,  Moodie,  and 
Co.,  contractors,  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow.  Mr. 
liobertson  was  a  well-known  figure  in  build- 
ing circles.  During  his  connection  with  it  as 
one  of  the  principals  of  the  firms,  Perth,  Dundee 
West,  and  Edinburgh  Princes-street  stations 
were  built,  and  in  recent  years  the  Edinburgh 
Fire  Station,  while  the  firm  had  also  a  large 
contract  for  the  new  Fever  Hospital  at  Colinton 
JIains.  Mr.  Robertson,  who  was  one  of  the 
originators  of  the  Edinburgh  Building  Trades 
Exchange,  was  sixty-three  years  of  age. 


The  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Kailway  Company 
has  placed  contracts  for  the  equipment  of  two  im- 
portant sections  of  its  main  line  between  Manchester 
and  Rochdale  with  an  "all  electric"  system  of 
operating  the  signals  and  points. 

The  town  council  of  Edinburgh  discussed  at  great 
length  on  Tuesday  the  revised  plans  prepared  by 
Mr.  Morham,  the  city  architect,  for  the  new  city 
hall,  to  be  erected  in  Caatio- terrace,  from  the 
bequest  by  the  Into  Mr.  r.sher,  at  the  cost  of 
£145,000.  It  was  eventually  agreed  to  hold  a 
special  meeting  of  tlie  council  next  week  to  further 
consider  the  matter. 

The  Leeds  Corporation  propose  to  spend  between 
£25,000  anrl  t:iO,000  on  the  improvement  of  some 
thoroughfares  that  require  widening. 


CHIPS. 

Important  extensions  to  the  Brocklebank  Dock, 
Liverpool,  involving  an  expenditure  of  £295,000, 
are  being  considered  by  the  Mersey  Docks  Board. 
They  include  the  deepening  of  the  dock,  and  of  the 
passage  between  it  and  the  Canada  Dock,  and  the 
construction  of  a  new  passage  between  the  Brockle- 
bank and  Langton  Docks. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  town  council  of 
Huddersfield,  the  waterworks  committee  reported 
that  the  trial  pits  and  trenches  ordered  by  Messrs. 
Hill,  the  engineers,  in  preparation  for  wing  trenches 
to  stop  the  Butterley  reservoir  from  leaking, 
had  been  completed.  Up  to  December  31  last 
£298,217  193.  Od.  had  been  expended  on  the 
Butterley  reservoir,  and  the  Blakeley  reservoir  had 
cost  £100,672. 

The  Portadown  and  Banbridge  Joint  Water 
Board  are  about  to  borrow  the  sum  of  £48,477. 
The  catchment  area  in  connection  with  the  proposed 
supply  embraces  about  940  acres  in  the  Mourne 
Mountains,  where  a  storage  .  reservoir  to  hold 
75,000,000gal.  will  be  constructed.  The  scheme 
further  includes  the  laying  of  about  24  miles  of  9in, 
and  lOin.  cast-iron  pipes  from  the  storage  reservoir 
to  Portadown  and  Banbridge,  the  construction  of 
ten  service  reservoirs,  as  well  as  a  system  of  service 
pipes  in  each  town.  The  engineers  for  the  scheme 
are  Messrs.  R.  H.  Dorman,  Armagh,  and  J.  H. 
Ssviney,  Belfast. 

An  interesting  discovery  to  antiquarians  has  been 
made  by  Mr.  Nicholas  Pigg,  of  Dilston  Park  Farm, 
Corbridge.  Whdst  ploughing  a  field  on  his  father's 
farm  he  found  an  early  British  burial  place,  a 
roughly -shaped  oblong  cavity  (about  4ft.  in  length), 
lined  with  slabs  of  freestone,  and  containing  three 
urns  made  of  the  clay.  Mr.  J.  P.  Gibson,  of  Hexham, 
examined  the  cist  and  its  contents,  but  found  only 
remains  of  charcoal,  burnt  bones,  and  bits  of  human 
teeth.  "The  urns  are  of  the  "drinking  cup"  type, 
and  are  all  ornamented  with  markings  made  on  the 
clay  whilst  moist. 

This  week  the  work  of  laying  the  Lorain  electric 
tramways,  for  the  corporation  of  Wolverhampton, 
through  Horsley  Fields  to  the  Willenhall  boundary, 
ha9  been  commenced.  The  horse  tramcars  are 
withdrawn.    The  work  will  occupy  three  months. 

Nothing  definite  has  yet  been  decided  upon  re- 
specting the  suggested  restoration  and  renovation  of 
the  turret  and  steeple  and  other  stonework  of  the 
Temple  Chureh ;  but  it  is  understood  that  com- 
mittees of  the  Inner  and  Middle  Temples  have 
recently  been  appointed  to  meet  and  confer  together 
on  the  subject. 

The  Chancellor  of  the  Manchester  Diocese,  Mr. 
P.  Vernon  Smith,  has  granted  faculties  to  the 
rector  and  wardens  of  St.  Bride's  Church,  Old 
Trafford,  for  the  erection  of  stained-glass  windows 
in  the  chancel ;  to  St.  Paul's,  Manchester,  for  placing 
staiued  glass  in  the  east  window :  St.  James's, 
Burnley,  to  erect  a  carved  oak  reredos,  with  figures 
representing  the  Four  Evangelists ;  St.  Philip's, 
Hulme,  to  enlarge  the  choir  vestry  and  make  other 
improvements  ;  St.  Andrews,  Ramsbottom,  to  erect 
a  stained-glass  window;  St.  James's,  Haslingden, 
to  erect  a  marble  South  African  war  memorial ; 
Christ  Church,  Blackpool,  to  enlarge  the  organ 
chamber  and  provide  a  choir  vestry. 

There  are  125,1 1414  miles  of  main  and  feeder 
wires  reported  by  the  Census  Bureau  for  both 
private  and  municipal  stations  in  the  United  States. 
Of  this  total  109,805-23  miles,  or  S7-7  per  cent.,  are 
reported  by  private  stations,  and  15,33S',I1  miles,  or 
12-3  per  cent.,  by  municipal  stations.  Tlie  mains 
and  feeders  for  underground  circuits  measure 
8,124-26  miles,  or  6-5  per  cent,  of  the  total,  and  the 
overhead  circuits  116,976-35  miles,  or  91-5  per  cent. 
There  are  199-75  miles  of  m^insand  feeders  for  elec- 
tric railway  service  owned  by  the  central  stations. 

Mr.  R.  S.  Rounthwaite,  city  engineer  to  the  town 
ot  Wellington,  New  Zealand,  has,  according  to  a 
New  Zealand  paper,  d:ited  Dec.  22,  1903,  resigned 
his  position.  IMr.  Rounthwaite  was  borough 
engineer  and  surveyor  for  Sunderland  prior  to  his 
appointment  at  Wellington  in  1898. 


COMPETITIONS. 

,Vtrox."The  Town  Hall  and  Municipal  Build- 
ings Competition,  lately  referred  to  in  our  pages 
(Jan.  1  and  8,  1904),  when  we  illustrated  the  design 
chosen  by  Mr.  JIacvicar  Anderson,  as  advisory 
architect  nominated  by  the  Institute,  has  now 
passed  into  another  stage.  .\t  the  last  meeting 
of  the  Acton  Council,  Mr.  Hunt,  the  author  of 
that  plan,  was  requested  to  submit  a  fresh  scheme. 
The  council,  as  always  intended,  require  that  the 
town-hall  shall  be  situate  in  Winchester-street  at 
the  back  of  the  site,  and  that  the  public  offices 
shall  be  placed  along  the  High-street.  In  Mr. 
Hunt's  plan  this  order  was  reversed  ;  but,  as  one  of 
the  council  said  at  a  recent  meeting,  the  object  in 
view  originally  was  to  bring  the  offices  forward 
so  as  to  screen  the  ugly  back  premises  of  the 
public  baths  from  being  seen.  As  it  is  not  in- 
tended to  erect  the  town-hall  for  some  time,  the 
offices  must  necessarily  be  planned  so  that  they 
may  be  built  independently.  Such  an  arrange- 
ment was  impossible  by  Mr.  Hunt's  design.  Mr. 
Hunt  has,  therefore,  now  to  submit  an  entirely 
fresh  plan.  In  the  mean  time  he  has  had  the 
advantage  of  seeing  how  his  competitors  did 
furnish  what  was  required,  and  how  they  realised 
the  intentions  of  the  conditions,  which  were 
ignored  in  the  award.  This  is  certainly  not 
fair  to  the  other  competitors,  all  of  whom  placed 
the  buildings  as  above  indicated. 

Manchester  Rotal  Infirmary. — The  annual 
report  ot  the  board  of  management  of  the  Man- 
chester Royiil  Infirmary  states  that  arrangements 
for  the  sale  of  the  present  Infirmary  site  have 
been  made  with  the  Manchester  Corporation  for 
the  sum  of  £400,000,  of  which  the  first  instal- 
ment of  £100,000  has  been  received.  The  formal 
conveyance  of  the  Stanley  Grove  site  from  the 
Owens  College  to  the  Infirmary  is  in  a  forward 
state,  and  will  shortly  be  completed.  The  board 
have  deemed  it  desirable  to  enlarge  the  new  site 
by  the  acquisition  of  three  houses  adjoining  the 
Royal  Eye  Hospital  in  Nelson-street,  the  cost 
of  which  (irrespective  of  chief  rents)  was 
£8,000.  They  have  also  arranged  with  the  Man- 
chester Southern  Hospital  to  relinquish,  upon  the 
payment  of  the  sum  of  £18,500,  the  land  adjoin- 
ing Union  Chapel,  which  had  been  conveyed  to 
that  hospital  by  the  Owens  College  as  a  site  for 
their  new  hospital ;  and  have  agreed  to  pay 
the  sum  of  £6,000  to  the  Owens  College  in  com- 
pensation for  the  expense  involved  in  the  removal 
of  the  Bacteriological  Laboratory  from  Stanley- 
grove  and  towards  the  acquisition  of  a  suitable 
site.  Arrangements  have  been  made  with  the 
committee  of  the  Christie  (Cancer)  Hospital  to 
provide  suitable  access  to  their  buildings.  The 
requirements  for  a  new  infirmary,  containing  500 
beds,  with  provision  for  600  beds  if  and  when 
rei|uired,  have  been  prepared  in  concert  with  the 
medical  staff.  Applications  from  fifty-six  archi- 
tects desiring  to  compete  for  the  erection  of  the 
new  buildings  were  received.  From  these  a 
selection  of  twelve  was  made,  upon  the  advice 
of  Mr.  J.  J.  Burnet,  F.R.I.B..A.,  of  Glasgow, 
who  was  chosen  assessor  upon  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  President  of  the  Royal  Institute  ot 
British  .\rchitects.  The  designs  of  the  selected 
architects  have  been  sent  in,  and  are  now  re- 
ceiving the  careful  attention  of  Jlr.  Burnet, 
whose  report  is  shortly  expected. 

Tavxtox. — At  Tuesday's  meeting  of  the  town 
council,  the  Town  Hall  and  Markets  Committee 
reported  that  they  had  had  a  mooting  with  the 
committee  of  the  Market  Trustees,  and  an 
arrangement  had  been  come  to  under  which  the 
architects  in  connection  with  the  proposed  town 
hall  scheme  (Messrs.  Sampson  and  Cotham)  had 
agreed  to  accept  the  sum  of  £200  in  discharge 
of  their  fees  amounting  to  £263,  and  they  had 
agreed  to  give  credit  for  £100  out  ot  that  sum 
should  they  be  employed  in  the  building  of  the 
town  hall  in  the  future.  The  committee  recom- 
mended the  council  to  pay  ono  half  of  the  archi- 
tects' fee  of  £200,  and  a  sum  of  £1  12s.  6d  ,  being 
tlio  expense  incurred  in  lithographing  plans.  The 
committee  of  the  Jfiu-ket  Trus'ces  had  resolved  to 
recommend  the  trustees  to  pay  the  other  half  of 
those  sums.     The  report  wiis  adopted. 


A  contract  tor  6,000  tons  of  steel  rails  has  b«en 
awarded  to  Charles  CammoU  and  Co.  (L'tiited), 
Shcllield,  by  the  Temiskamiug  and  No  thern 
Ontario  Railway  Commission.  A  tender  wii  put 
in  by  the  United  States  Steel  Pro  Un-ts  Company  at 
a  lower  rate,  but  the  Commission  which  is  huildmg 
the  road  for  the  Ontario  Government  decided  to 
give  the  order  to  the  English  concern. 


23j 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


EtB.  12,  1904. 


PKOFESSIONAL   AND    TRADE 
SOOIETIBS. 

CuMi'ETiTiox    Refoum    Societv.  —  The    CDm- 
mittee's  seeond  annual  report,  for  the  year  ending 
December  31,   1903,  states  that  one  of  the   most 
satisfactory  features  of  the  past  year  his  been  the 
very  decided  evidence  that  the  society  has  become 
a  recognised  ins'itution  throughout  Britain  and 
even  the  Colonies.     This  is  especially  gratifying 
in  view  of  the  smallness  of  the  list  of  members. 
Advice  and  help  have  been  solicited  from  those 
•without  as  well  as  from  witliin  the  ranks  of  the 
society,  and  a  correspondent  in  I'ietermaritzburg 
has   requested   information    upon    the    society's 
method  of  working,  in  order  that  he  may  endeavour 
to  found  a  similar  institution  for  the  protectioc  of 
omprtitors   in  the  South  of  Africa.     The  com- 
mittee h  is  met   regularly   every  week  with  the 
exception  of  a   small  break  duriog  the  summer 
vacation.      Sixty-seven   competitions  have   been 
dealt  with ;    the   conditions   in   seventeea   cases 
(about  25  per  cent,  of  the  whole)  were  disapproved 
of,  and  members  were  notified  accordingly.     In 
all  cases  where  conditions   were  disapproved  of, 
efforts   were  made   to   get    them   revised.      The 
committee  was  able  in  very  many  instances  to 
furnish  particulars  of    proposed  competitions  in 
their   earliest    stages    to    the    secretary    of    the 
E.I.B.A.,   thereby    enabling   him   to  send  sug- 
gestions to  the  public  or  other  promoting  body, 
and  to  offer  further  information  for  their  guidance. 
Conditions  have  been  obtained  in  every  instance 
where  no  deposit  has  had  to  be  made  ;  but  lack  of 
funds    has   prevented    the    committee   obtiining 
those    except    by    borrowing    frjm    competitors 
where  a  deposit  has  been   required.     Th-s  com- 
mittee  has   consequently   been    un  ible   to    take 
actioa   iu  some    inst;4nces    as   promptly   as   was 
desirable.     In  JIarch  a  letter  was  receivad  from 
the   clerk   to   the   Leyland   Council,   asking   for 
suggestions   to   assist  him   in   drawing  up  con- 
ditions  ot   a  competition  ■  for    proposed   council 
offices  and  fire  station.    These  were  sent,  together 
■with    a  recommendation  that,  as    the   value   of 
the  proposed  buildings  was  t)o  sma'l  to   render 
an  open  competition  advisable,  it  would  be  better 
to    confine    it    to    architects    practiiing    in   the 
vicinity.     The   committee  has  been  engaged  on 
various  occasions,  when  time  permitted,  in  draw- 
ing up  a  model  set  of  suggestions  for  the  conduct 
of  architectural  competitions.     It  was  hoped  to 
have  these  ready  in  time  for  consideration  at  the 
ancual  general  meeting,  but  this  has  not  been 
possible.     It  is  intended  to  call  a  general  meeting 
to  discuss  this  subject  at  an  early  date.     In  con- 
nection with  the  last  election  of  members  to  the 
Council  of  the  R.I.B.A.,  tha  society  recommended 
twenty-two  gentlemen   as  the  most  suitable  for 
election  out  of  the  list  ot  candidates,  and  of  these 
eighteen  were  elected.     The  publication  of  a  list 
of  suitable  c  indidates  was  much  appreciated  in  the 
provinces,  for  the  reason  thit  provinciil  architects 
have  little  opportunity  ot  ascertaining  the  quUifi- 
cationa  of  those  who  offer  themselves  for  election. 
Excellent  service  has  been  rendered  to  the  society 
by  the  hon.  solicitor,  Mr.  C.  H.  P.  Betensou,  in 
a  case  where  a  member  had  had  drawings,  which 
had   been    submitted    iu    competition,   returned 
badly  damaged.     A  representation  was  made  to 
the  promoters  bj'  the  competitor,  that  the  draw- 
ings had  been  damaged  whilst  in  their  pos-ession. 
The  promoters  disclaimed   liability,   and  finally 
offered    an    inadequate    sum    as    compensation. 
Through  the  action  of  the  hon.  solicitor  this  sum 
was  considerably  increased.     The  R.I.B.A.  has 
been  communicated  with  on  several  occasions  as 
to  unsatisfactory  awards,  made  in  some  instances 
by  assessors  who   had    been    nominated    by  the 
president.      These     communications    have    been 
made  in  view  of  the  strong  feeling  otthe  majority 
of  the  members  of  this  society,  that  designs  ought 
not  to  be  premiated  or  selected  which  do  not  con- 
form with  the  conditions  and   instructions  issued 
by   promoters    of    competitions.     In   accordance 
with  the  precedent   es'abli-hed   last  year,  com- 
munications with  promoters  of  competitions  as  to 
the  revision  ot  unsatisfactory  clauses  in  condi- 
tions, iVc,  have  bean  made  through  llr.  Locke, 
the   secretary   oE   the    R.I.B.A.     Nearly  all  th-i 
matters  relating  to  the  competitions  given  in  the 
list  at  the  beginning  of  this  report  have  passed 
through  his  hands.  His  actions  have  been  prompt 
andwdlingly  rendered,  and  the  comnittee  desires 
again  to  record  its  appreciation  of  thi  service  he 
hasrenderel  th3  society.     Forty-nme  architects 
have  joined  the  society  during  the  season,  and 
ten  have  resigned    m>,-nbershii).     The    balance- 
Bheet  for  the  year  shiws  thit  the  society  is  iu 
debt,  in  spite  of  the  strenuous  endeavours  used  to 


avoid  unnecessary  outlays,  and  a  proposal  will  be 
made  at  the  annual  meeting,  with  the  object  of 
placing  the  society  upon  a  sounder  financial  basis, 
that  the  annual  subscription  be  raised  to  10s.  Gd. 
NoTTiNfiii.ot  Architectural  Society. — The 
members  of  this  body  held  their  annual  dinner 
at  the  Victorii  Station  Hotel,  Nottingham,  on 
Friday  night.  Mr.  A.  W.  Brewill,  president, 
occupied  the  ch  iir,  and  among  those  present  wera 
Mr.  W.  D.  Pratt,  vice-president ;  the  Mayor  ot 
Nottingham,  Councillor  Alfred  Page ;  Dr.  P. 
Boobbyer,  medical  officer  of  health  ;  Mr.  Fred 
Acton,  J. P. ;  Mr.  Butler  Wilson,  president  of 
the  Leeds  Architectural  Society  ;  Mr.  H.  Vickers, 
president  Nottingham  Master  Bailders'  Associa- 
tion ;  Mr.  Fish,  tice-president :  Mr.  A.  Marsh'sU, 
Mr.  A.  N.  Bromley,  Mr.  G.  A.  Walbs,  F.8.A.  ; 
Mr.  U.  Muncaster  Howard,  Mr.  R.  E.  Heming- 
wiy,  hon.  sec,  &c.  Mr.  A.  N.  Bromley  sub- 
mitted "The  Mayor  and  Corporation  of  the  City 
of  Nottingham."  The  Mayor,  in  his  response, 
alluded  to  a  remark  which  had  fallen  from  Mr. 
Bromley,  relative  to  the  excellent  character  of  the 
supervision  exercised  over  the  drainage  of  the 
city  by  the  corporation.  He  pointed  out  that 
matters  had  iu  this  respect  changed  very  much 
for  the  better,  and  said  that  at  present  £'30,000 
was  having  to  be  spent  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
work  had  been  indifferently  performed  thirty  or 
forty  years  ago.  Mr.  Fred  Acton  gave  "The 
Nottingham  Architectural  Society,"  and  observed 
that  while  the  socie'y  was  formed  thirty  years  ago 
he  remembered  a  time  when  there  was  no  such 
organisation,  or  when,  even  if  it  existed,  vitality 
was  lacking.  The  first  of  the  threefold  objects 
of  the  society  was  the  achievement  of  that 
combination  and  union  which,  conducted  upon 
proper  lines,  made  for  the  strengthening  of 
the  best  interests  ot  the  architectural  pro- 
fession. He  was  glad  to  know  that  a 
better  understanding  had  been  arrived  at  among 
the  profession— a  circumstance  which  would 
prove  an  advantage  not  only  to  the  architects 
themselves,  but  to  the  public.  Furthermore,  a 
better  understanding  had  been  secured  between 
the  members  ot  the  profession  and  the  builders 
and  contractors.  Speaking  oE  the  third  object  of 
the  soc'ety — namely,  the  improvement  ot  the  style 
of  architecture— he  said  thit,  while  not  wishing 
to  be  uncomplimentary  to  his  hosts,  he  did  not 
think  he  could  congratulate  them  upon  haying 
many  noble  examples  of  architecture  in  Notting- 
ham at  present ;  but  signs  were  not  wanting  to 
show  that  the  society  was  doing  good,  and  a 
better  class  of  work  wis  to  be  observed  than  in 
former  days.  The  president  replied,  saying  that 
he  could  assure  Mr.  Acton  that  the  society  hid 
accomplished  much  excellent  work,  more  espe- 
cially during  the  last  three  or  four  years.  He 
was  able  to  give  an  instance  in  which  a  protest 
made  by  the  society  against  a  competition  which 
was  not  considered  fair  and  equitable  hid  been 
supported  by  the  Hoyal  Institute,  and  said  that 
they  had  the  satisfaction  of  knowing  that  not  a 
reputable  architect  had  entered  for  the  competi- 
tion. Proceeding.  Mr.  Brewill  referred  to  the 
question  ot  registration,  which,  he  said,  was 
engaging  the  attention  ot  the  C  luncil  ot  the 
Royal  Institute.  It  would,  it  carried  out,  prove 
of  great  advantage  to  provincial  architects,  and 
to  the  public  generally.  Mr.  A.  Marshall  pro- 
posed "The  Master  Builders'  Association, "_  to 
which  Mr.  H.  Vickers  responded,  and  the  vice- 
president  gave  "  The  Visitors,"  Mr.  Batler 
WUsou  replying. 


Ittilbitts  JttttlUsettct 
— *♦■# — 

LoxDON  CorxTv  CovxciL.  —  At  Tuesday's 
meeting  ot  the  County  Council  it  was  agreed 
to  lend  the  borough  council  of  Chelsea  £57,000 
for  the  erection  of  lodging-houses  in  Beaufort- 
street.  On  the  recommendation  ot  the  bridge 
committee,  the  tender  of  Messrs.  Price  and 
Reeves,  of  London,  of  £1, OSS, 484,  was  accepted 
for  the  construction  of  Rotherhithe  to  Ratcliffe 
Tunnel.  The  main  drainage  committee  recom- 
mended that  expenditure  not  exceeding  £181,400 
be  sanctioned  in  respect  of  the  construction  of  the 
fourth  section  ot  the  enlargement  ot  the  northern 
outfall  sewer  between  the  Abbey  Mills  pumping- 
station  and  Old  Ford ;  that  the  work  be  carried 
out  without  the  intervention  of  a  contractor,  and 
that  the  drawings,  specification,  and  estimate  be 
referred  to  the  works  committee  for  that  purpose. 
The  recommendation  was  adopted.    " 

SvxDERLAN-i). — The  new  Wesleyan  church  and 
schools  erected  in  Chester-road  were  opened  on 
February  3.  The  new  church,  schools,  and 
lecture-rooms  occupy  a  position  at  th'»  corner  of 
Ewesley-road  and  Chester-road.  The  church 
will  accommodate  GOO  worshippers.  It  is  cruci- 
form in  plan.  To  tha  left  of  the  main  entrance 
rises  a  tower  having  a  spire.  The  seats,  choir 
stalls,  rostrum,  ic.,  are  of  pitch-pine,  and  the 
windows  are  glazed  throughout  with  cathedral 
leaded  lights.  At  the  rear  of  the  church  there 
are  a  school,  minister's  vestry,  and  infants' 
schoolroom,  while  on  the  site  to  the  left  ot  the 
school  is  a  two-story  building  containing  lecture- 
hall,  ladies'  parlour,  vestries,  kitchen,  lavatories, 
and  cloakroom.  The  buildings  are  faced  with 
E  [wards'  Ruabon  bricks,  and  the  front  of  the 
church  has  Denwick  stone  dressings  and  tracery 
windows.  The  whole  of  the  premises  are  lighted 
by  electricity  from  the  corporation  mains.  The 
architect  was  Mr.  J.  .Jameson  Gieen,  Liverpool ; 
the  contractor  Mr.  J.  W.  White,  Sunderland  ; 
and  the  clerk  of  works  Jlr.  W.  A.  Lowry, 
Liverpool. 

Wesi,  Salop. — Lord  Barnard  laid,  on  Tuesday, 
the  foundition-stone  of  a  new  market  haU  and 
public  offices,  which  are  being  erected  at  an  esti- 
mated cost  of  £ 3,000,  at  Wem.  The  old  market 
hall  dates  back  to  about  1693,  and  Lord  Bxrnard 
transferred  his  right  in  it  to  the  urban  district 
council  ot  Wem  upon  their  undertaking  to  erect  a 
more  suitable  building.  English  Renaissance  in 
style,  the  new  market  hall  will  be  faced  with 
Kuabon  brick,  with  Grinshill  stone  dressings.  It 
will  be  two  stories  in  height.  The  ground  floor 
will  be  taken  up  with  the  council-room,  clerk's 
offices,  corn  market,  and  the  general  market.  A 
mezzmine  floor  is  to  be  utilised  for  retiring- 
rooms,  and  on  the  top  story  will  afford  an 
assembly-room  capable  ot  seating  oOO  people. 
Mr.  J.  Brown,  of  Shrewsbury,  is  the  architect, 
and  the  contract  for  the  building  is  let  to  Mr.  (i. 
Phillips,  of  Wem. 


The  new  county  technical  institute  and  free 
library  at  Newport,  Isle  of  Wisht,  opane  J  last  week 
by  Lord  Alverstone,  has  cost  £12,000.  The  technical 
institute  includes  on  the  ground  floor  a  corridor 
leading  to  two  classrooms,  each  50ft.  by  30tt.,  and 
above,  on  the  first  fl  mr,  is  a  lecture-hall  seating 
400  persons.  Tne  offices  of  tha  clerk  of  the  educa- 
tion committee  are  also  provided  iu  the  budding. 
In  the  southern  wing  are  the  free  library  and 
readin<»-room,  which  are  approichei  by  a  separate 
entrance.  Mr.  W.  Venn  Gou»h,  of  Bristol,  was  the 
architect,  and  M'lssrs.  Jenkins,  of  Newport,  I.W., 
were  the  contractors. 

The  Light  Riilway  Commissioners  conducted  an 
inquiry  at  Battws-y-Coed,  on  Friday,  with  respect 
to  a  proposed  electric  light  railway  from  Like 
Gwynant  to  Bsttws-y-Coed,  through  Capel  Curig. 
If  th3  schemes  are  carried  out  in  their  entirety, 
electric  trains  will  traverse  Snowdonii  fro-n  Car- 
narvon to  Beddgelert,  and  from  Portmadoc  via 
Beddgelert  and  Capal  Carig  to  Bettws-y-Coed. 
The  hues  are  to  be  worked  by  electricity  generated 
by  water  power  from  Llyn  Llydiw  aud  other  Welsh 
Ukes. 


Nelson-square,  Blackfriars  -  road,  which  was 
opened  on  Siturday  as  a  public  garden,  adds  three- 
quarters  of  an  acre  to  the  total  of  not  more  than 
ten  acres  of  opsn  spaces  dotted  here  and  there  in  the 
crowded  Borough  of  Southwark,  which  has  a 
population  ot  upwards  of  200,000,  and  is  hemmed  m 
by  other  boroughs  almost  as  populous. 

The  Birry  Port  Urbm  D'striot  Gounod  have  re- 
tained Messrs.  Beesley,  Son,  and  Nichols,  of  West- 
minster, to  prepare  a  scheme  of  water  supply  for 
the  district  from  the  Poatantwn  source,  situate 
some  twelve  miles  from  the  town. 

The  Coatbridge  Dean  of  Guild  Court  have  pissed 
plaus  for  a  new  Roman  Catholic  school  to  be 
erected  in  Kddonan-street,  in  connection  with  St. 
Patrick's  Roman  Catholic  Church.  The  estimited 
cost  is  £5,000. 

Mr.  Andrew  G.  Brandram,  A.M.I.C.E.,  who  has 
the  drainage  work  iu  hand  at  Lyndhurst,  is  leaving 
that  town,  he  having  been  appomted  engineer  to 
the  corporation  of  Portsmouth. 

Mr.  R.  P.  Cooper,  ot  Shenstone  Court,  has 
presented  the  citizens  of  Lichfield  with  the  oil 
painting,  by  Mr.  Robert  Spence,  depicting  George 
Fox,  the  founder  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  visiting 
Lichfield  in  1631,  after  his  release  from  Darby  gaol. 
The  picture  was  hung  at  the  Royal  Academy  last 
year. 

The  funeral  of  Mr.  Ellis  Jones,  builder,  Liver- 
pool, who  died  at  his  residence,  Holyrood  House, 
E  Ige-lane,  in  his  seventy-third  year,  took  place  on 
Saturday,  at  South lown-roid  Cemetery,  in  that 
city. 


Fek.  12,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


233 


CONTENTS. 
»■♦♦ 

Tlie  Genial  Side  of  Architectural  Study 

The  Modem  Specification 

The  Architectural  Association 

The  London  Building  Acts  Amendment  Bill,  1904    . 

The  Durban  'l\)wn  Hall  Competition      

.Freezing  an  Aid  to  Excavation 

Irish  Building  Stones. — VI 

The  Report  of  the  Select  Committee  on  Ventilation 

Books  Keceived       

Hamilton  Town  Hall  Competition 

Obituary    

Competitions    

I'rofessional  and  Trade  Societies      

Building  Intelligence    

Our  niustrationa    

The  Building  News  Directory 

Engiaeering  Notea 

Correspondence       

Intercommunication     

ParUamentary  Notes    

Statues.  Memorials,  &c.       ...     

Water  Suppiv  and  Saoitaiy  Matters      

Our  Office  Table     

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  Week      

Latest  Prices    

Tenders      

list  of  Competitions  Open 

List  of  Tenders  Open    


..  223 
,.  223 
..  225 
,.  227 

.  229 
..  229 
..  229 
..  230 
..  230 
..  231 
..  231 
..  231 
..  232 
..  232 
..  233 

..  Kl. 

..  2.=J2 

..  252 

..  252 

,..  253 

..  253 

..  253 

..  254 

..  255 

..  255 

..  255 

,..  256 

,..  256 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

•nAMILTOS  TOWN'  HALL  AND  rUDLIi.  LIHRARY.— MEASURED 
DBAWIN'OS  OF  AN  OLD  HOUSE  AT  READING.— SKETCHES 
FROM  ROTHENBUHG. — DESIGN  FOB  ACTON  COUNTY  SCHOOL. 
— COMMERCIAL  PREMISES,  NORWICH.— DINING  ROOM  OF 
HOUSE  IS  KANSAS  CITY.— "  THE  UOAB'S  HEAD  "  HOTEL, 
LEIGH. 

(©ut  5llttsttatt0tts. 

♦♦♦ 

HAMILTON-   TOWN'    HALL  :    SELECTED    DESIf.N'. 

(See  Aeseasor'a  award  on  page  231.) 

■N-ATIOXAL    SILTER    MEDAL    DKA WINGS  :     DETAILS   OF 
AX    OLD    nOVSE    AT    llEADIXG. 

This  sheet  of  measured  elevations,  sections,  and 
details  to  a  larger  scale  of  No.  22,  The  Forbury, 
Heading,  formed  part  of  a  set  of  drawings  for 
which  a  National  Silver  Medal  was  awarded  last 
year  to  Mr.  Briant  A.  Poulter.  The  premises 
have  been  adapted  for  occupation  as  offices,  and 
are  used  as  such  by  Mr.  Wm.  Ravenscroft,  F.S..\., 
the  well-known  architect  of  Reading.  The  build- 
ing is  an  interesting  one  as  a  sample  of  old  red 
brick  vernacular  architecture,  and  the  mouldings, 
as  well  as  other  details  with  which  Mr.  Poulter's 
drawing  is  enriched,  cannot  fail  to  be  of  interest, 
particularly  to  those  who  endeavour  to  assimilate 
their  own  designs  with  this  ([uiet  and  homely 
type  of  historical  building,  which  is  well  suited 
to  modern  uses,  and  always  seems  comfortable  and 
generally  convenient. 

SKI'.TCUlis    rUOM    KOTHKNltlRG. 

Mtt.  Elias  IJanckoft's  sheet  of  sketches  from  the 
Franconian  city  of  Kothenburg.  which  overhangs 
the  valley  of  the  Tnuber,  serves  to  illustrate  how 
the  primitive  character  of  the  place  has  been 
maintained.  The  town  lies  too  much  out  of  the 
way  of  the  usual  routes  to  be  much  visited  by 
foreign  tourists,  and  the  flat  surrounding  country 
presents  but  few  attractions  beyond  'he  outsTiirta 
of  this  genuine  and  unapoikd  relic  of  the  Middle 
Ages.  An  exceedingly  primitive  railway  brfuicbed 
oti  from  Steinach,  but  the  unsophisticated  arrange- 
ments governing  the  traffic  may  lead  to  even  tlie 
uncommon  experience  of  having  a  pig  for  a  fellow 
passenger.  There  is  no  gas  or  electric  light  in 
the  town,  and  the  Itothenburgers  take  a  just 
prido  in  the  antiquity  of  their  city.  ( til 
lamps  are  suspendeil  over  the  thoroughfares 
at  long  intervals,  and  ninepins  furnish  relaxation 
for  the  townsfolk  in  the  "Kegel"  alley  outside 
the  Wurzburgerthor.  The  castle  foundation  dates 
from  Die  times  of  the  Franks,  when  tradition 
says  riiaramond  began  the  mas-ive  tower  in  120. 
Jiittlo  is  known  about  the  commencement  of  the 
city ;  but  the  present  defences,  consisting  of 
towers,  walla,  bastions,  and  moat,  were  completed 
in  the  l:Jth  century.  At  the  end  of  the  following 
century  the  lloapilal  of  the  Holy  ((host  was 
finished  by  the  great  liurgomaaler,  Ilcinrich 
■J'opler.  Thi;  Kiuperor  Albert,  in  ]i;is,  alluding 
to  the  general  contour  of  the  town,  called  it  Ihu 
_"  Tassel  of  the  Nightcap."  There  are  six  exist- 
ing gates.  The  market-place  contains  many 
interesting  old  houses  full  of  hiatorical  associa- 
tions and  architectural  beauties.  The  Kjuperor 
Maximilian  stopped  twice  in  the  li.iuse,  which 
is  distinguished  by  a  corner  turret  and  old 
statue  of  the  Virgin  and  Child  with  a 
•Quaintly-wrought    canopy    over    tliem.       King 


Christian  IV.,  of  Denmark,  spent  a  week  in  the 
lofty  mansion  hard  by,  with  its  big  pointed  gable. 
The  house  in  the  centre  of  the  square,  with  the 
bell  turrets,  possessed  the  great  clock  of  1530,  by 
.lohann  Kunigschliiger,of  Nuremberg,  by  which  all 
other  clocks  were  set.  The  Commune  purchased 
this  building  in  HOC,  and  the  Town  (Council 
used  the  central  chamber  as  a  drinking-saloon. 
The  fountain  of  St.  t4eorge  and  the  Dragon, 
brought  here  by  the  town  architect,  Hans  Viltes, 
in  1446,  is  the  principal  ornament  of  the  market- 
place. We  illustrated  this  Uerterichabrunnen, 
as  it  is  called,  in  the  Ijiildixg  News  (drawn  by 
Mr.  Maurice  li.  Adams)  for  Jan.  1,  1897.  Ithad 
a  wooden  basin  originally,  but  in  14'.)1  this  was 
replaced  by  a  stone  one,  and  the  water  waa  laid 
on  in  IfiOS,  when  Michael  Steinberger,  a  cele- 
brated local  mason,  completed  the  carved  orna- 
namentations.  The  Town  Hall  is  a  remarkable 
building,  and  would  need  pages  of  description  to 
give  a  proper  account  of  it.  Mr.  Bancroft's 
sketchbook  views  show  the  Rodelsea  Thora,  a 
view  in  the  Burg  garden,  another  old  gate-houae, 
and  an  historic  well  of  much  interest. 

ACTOX    COVNTY    SCHOOLS. 

This  design  waa  based  upon  a  serious  endeavour 
to  realise  the  atringent  conditiona  issued  for  the 
conduct  of  the  recent  competition  held,  on  the 
invitation  of  the  Middlesex  County  School 
governors,  among  a  few  selected  architects.  The 
price  of  £8,000,  fixed  by  the  inatructions,  waa  no 
doubt  an  inadequate  sum,  and  as  the  schedule  of 
accommodation  given  in  the  conditions  had  to  be 
substantially  adhered  to,  the  obviously  proper 
course  to  follow  was  to  scheme  as  compact  an 
arrangement  aa  possible  in  order  to  produce  "a 
thoroughly  workable  school  without  extrava- 
gance." The  estimate  accompanying  this  dcs'gn 
frankly  recognised  the  tact  that  the  accommoda- 
tion required  could  not  properly  be  given  for  the 
£8,000  ;  but  by  rigid  economy,  both  in  planning 
and  elevational  treatment,  the  nearest  approach 
posible  to  the  specified  limit  was  secured.  Seven 
out  of  the  eight  class-rooms  in  this  plan  face 
west ;  the  rem  lining  one  faces  south.  There  are 
two  staircases  as  required  by  the  conditiona, 
and  t/ie  front  of  the  building  faceri  emt  as 
spi-c'ified.  The  art  rooms  asked  for  are  pro- 
vided, and  the  laboratories  have  the  needful 
balance  and  preparation  rooms  en  suite.  By 
providing  a  through-way  corridor  outside  the 
stipulated  dimensions  of  the  central  ball,  this  hall 
is  free  from  the  traffic  continually  go'ng  on  to  and 
from  the  classrooms,  while  the  approach  to  the 
masters'  rooms  is  also  clear  of  the  hall.  The 
before-mentioned  corridor  is  level  with  the 
platform  of  the  hall.  The  control  of  the  hall  is 
under  the  direct  supervision  of  the  masters' 
rooms,  and  all  the  classrooms  have  supervision 
windows.  The  dining-room  is  on  the  ground 
floor,  and  the  kitchen  is  on  the  first  floor,  to 
obviate  smells  of  cooking.  Separitelifta  for  coal  and 
service  are  provided,  and  a  private  entrance  and 
staircase  for  the  servants.  The  cloakroom,  which 
has  through-way  ventilation,  is  of  the  exact  size 
stipulated  for  2.)0  boys.  The  covered  play-shed 
faces  west,  and  is  well  screened  fi-om  cold  winds. 
The  latrines,  &c.,  are  available,  both  from  the 
playing-field  aa  well  as  the  school,  and  the  masters' 
rooms  are  situate  away  from  the  noise  of  the 
acholara  leaving  achool.  The  masters'  cloakroom 
and  lavatory  are  near  their  rooms.  The  cross 
road  through  the  aite  ia  in  front  of  the  school,  and 
the  masters'  windows  command  the  approach  in 
botli  directions.  The  whole  of  the  building  is 
amply  lighted.  The  architectural  treatment  ia 
intentionally  plain  and  inexpensive.  The  author 
of  this  design  ia  Mr.  Maurice  B.  Adams, 
F.li.I.B.A.  The  design  chosen  by  Mr.  Leonard 
Stokes  aa  assessor  was  illustrated  in  the  BtiLDixti 
News  for  December  25th  last. 

COMMERCIAL    CnAMIiEUS,    NORWICH. 

Tun  drawing  which  we  illustrate  this  week  waa 
exhibited  in  the  Uoyal  Academy  of  last  year,  and 
represents  a  building  erected  astbo  offices  of  Mr. 
Charles  liarking,  an  accountant  of  that  city.  The 
offices  occupy  the  whole  of  the  upper  floors, 
whilst  the  grnund  lloor  and  basement  contain  a 
spacious  and  wiU-lighted  shop.  The  building 
has  been  designed  by  tho  architects,  Messrs. 
tieorge  J.  Skipper,  l-'.lM.Ii.A.,  and  F.  \V. 
Skipper,  so  as  to  group  with  the  ailjoining  build- 
ing, tho  Norfolk  and  Norwich  Savings  Bank, 
also  designed  by  them.  Tlio  doorway  to  Iho  bank 
is  shown  in  tho  right  of  our  illustration.  The 
front  of  Commercial  Chambers  has  been  carried 
out  by  Messrs.  Doulton  in  Doullon  terracotta,  in 
two  colours — cream  and  a  deep  grey  brown,  so  as 


to  give  relief,  and  the  cream  terracotta  at  the 
present  time  harmonises  with  the  colour  of  the 
adjoining  stone  building,  and  in  the  future,  when 
the  stone  has  weathered  down,  the  brown  in  tho 
terracotta  will  be  very  similar  to  that  of  the  stone. 
The  entrance  to  the  offices  is  by  the  doorway 
under  the  turret,  where  an  oak-panelled  lobby, 
with  a  marble  floor,  is  formed.  From  this  a 
broad  staircase  leads  to  the  first  floor.  Mr. 
I.arking's  private  office  is  in  the  front,  on  tho 
first  floor,  lighted  by  the  segmental  recessed  oriel 
window.  It  is  a  comfortable  and  rather  hand- 
somely-finished room,  since  tho  doors,  over- 
doors,  panelling,  panelled  dado,  and  the  chimney 
piece,  and  bookcases  on  either  side,  which  occupy 
one  end  of  the  room  to  a  height  of  about  9ft., 
have  all  been  executed  in  selected  and  polished 
mahogany.  There  ia  an  ornamental  plaster- 
ceiling  and  decorated  and  painted  frieze,  and 
wall-filling,  and  some  coloured  glass  is  sparingly 
introduced  in  the  upper  parts  of  the  windows. 
There  is  a  brass  electrolier.  The  clerka'  office 
adjoining  this  is  mostly  treated  in  mahogany  ; 
and  on  the  second  floor  there  ia  a  board  lOom  and 
committee-room  :  and  on  the  third  floor  a  clients' 
room,  storerooms,  &c.  Good  lavatory  accommoda- 
tion is  provided.  The  roof  is  flat,  and  a  very 
good  view  ia  obtained  of  the  city  generally 
from  the  little  belvedere  in  the  turret.  The 
figures  under  the  balcony  were  burnt  in  one 
piece,  and  have  turned  out  very  satisfai  tory.  The 
seated  figure  over  the  keystone  represents  a  man 
writing  on  a  parchment.  These  figures  have 
been  executed  by  Jlesars.  Doulton.  Mr.  J.  S. 
Smith,  of  Norwich,  waa  the  general  contractor. 

DIXIXG    ROOM,    HOUSE    AT    KANSAS    CITY. 

Messes  Van  Buixt  and  Howe  are  the  architects 
of  this  house,  built  at  Kansas  City,  and  we  give 
an  interior  of  the  dining-room  aa  a  sample  of 
Transatlantic  design  adapted  to  modern  uses. 
We  are  indebted  to  our  contemporary,  the 
.linrrienn  Architect,  for  the  view. 

THE    UO.iR's    HEAD    HOTEL,    LEIGH. 

Tins  hotel  has  been  recently  rebuilt  upon  a  silo 
fronting  to  Leigh  Market-place.  The  whole  of 
the  elevations  are  faced  with  Ruabon  brick,  having 
dressings  of  red  terracotta,  the  roofs  being  covered 
with  Cumberland  green  slatis.  The  buildings 
have  been  erected  by  the  building  department  of 
Leigh  Brewery,  from  the  designa  of  Mr.  Chris. 
Simpson,  architect,  Leigh. 


ROTAL  Academy  Exhibition. — The  day  fixed  for 
the  receipt  of  architects'  drawings  at  the  Royal 
Academy  this  year  is  Friday,  March  2o.  No 
exhibitor  (who  is  not  a  member  of  the  Academy) 
can  submit  more  than  th,'ic  works.  This  a  new 
rule  this  year.  We  shall  be  happy  to  receive  aud 
deliver  drawings  for  our  readers  as  in  former  yeai-s ; 
but  their  works  must  reach  us  carriage  paid,  aud  be 
accompanied  by  the  required  labels  and  letter  to  the 
secretary  giving  a  list  of  drawings  aeiit.  We  shall 
be  glad  to  reproduce  suitable  drawings  before  they 
are  sent  to  Burlington  House,  so  that  our  illustra- 
tions of  them  may  be  given  after  the  opening  of  the 
exhibition  in  May. 

The  town  council  of  Crewe  have  raised  the  salary 
of  Mr.  G.  Eaton  Shore,  their  borough  surveyor, 
from  £350  to  £400  per  annum. 

A  gymnasium  has  been  added  to  the  building  of 
St.  John's  College,  Battersea,  from  designs  by  the 
architectto  the  governors,  Mr.  A.  H.  Rjan-Tenison, 
of  Westminster. 

Major  Druitt,  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  inspected 
on  Friday  two  branch  tramways  constructed  by  the 
Burnley  Corporation.  One  runs  along  Todinorden- 
road  to  the  most  convenient  entrance  to  Towneley 
Paik,  and  the  other  to  the  extent  of  the  borough 
boundary  up  Mancliester-road. 

Stirling  Putilic  Library,  for  the  erection  of  which 
Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie  seven  years  ago  gave  a  sum 
of  £11,000,  and  aubseiiuoutly  iucreased  it  to  £7,000, 
was  formally  opened  on  Saturday  afternoon.  The 
library  has  been  built  from  designs  liy  Mr.  Ramsay 
Taylor,  whose  plan  was  selecteii  in  comjiotitiou  by 
the  assessor,  Mr.  G.  Washington  Brown,  H.S..\.,of 
Edinburgh. 

A  special  service,  at  which  the  Bishop  of  London 
preached  tho  sermon,  was  held  on  Monday  night  in 
tlie  Church  of  St.  Giles-in-tho-Fielda,  to  celebrate 
tho  restoration  of  the  building.  It  was  dociiled  lu 
the  suiumerof  last  year  that  repairs  luii.st  lie  under- 
taken, and  now  the  work  has  lieeii  completed  at  a 
cost  of  about  £5011.  Electric  light  has  been 
iustalled. 

The  town  council  of  Darlington  have  decided,  on 
the  recommendation  of  the  waterworks  committee, 
to  provide  a  new  storage  reservoir  aud  water  mains 
at  a  cost  of  £23,000,  including  £2,580  for  extending 
the  waterworks  site. 


234 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  12,  1904. 


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THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


2-32 


THE    BriLDING   l^EWS. 


Feb.  12,  1904 


CHIPS. 

Dr.  R.  J.  Reece,  on  behalf  of  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board,  held  an  inquiry  at  "Wolverhampton  on 
Priday  into  an  application  made  by  the  South 
Staffordshire  Joint  Smallpox  Hospital  Board  for 
permission  to  borrow  £15,000  for  tbe  provision  of  a 
smallpox  hospital.  It  has  been  decided,  first  of  all 
to  erect  two  temporary  ward  blocks  for  sixteen  beds 
eich,  and  an  administrative  block  to  be  used  as  an 
observation  block.  After  the  completion  of  these 
works  it  is  proposed  to  erect  a  permanent  adminis- 
trative block,  a  discharge  block,  a  lodge,  a  laundry, 
a  mortuary,  and  stabling.  Mr.  George  Green  (the 
architect)  stated  that  the  site  of  the  proposed  hospital 
was  the  old  ilooicroft  Colliery  at  Bilston. 

There  is  a  hope  of  se:^uring  to  the  public  the  col- 
lection of  armour,  weapons,  and  other  objects  of 
artistic  value  formed  by  the  late  Sir  Noel  Paton. 
SirXoel's  executors  value  the  collection  at  £12, .500. 
It  is  understood  that  the  Treasury  will  provide  a 
sum  of  £4,500  towards  the  purchase,  and  steps  are 
being  taken  to  raise  the  balance  from  private 
sources.  The  collection,  which  is  now  being  ex- 
hibited in  the  Museum  of  Science  and  Art,  Edin- 
burgh, consists  of  between  eight  and  nine  hundred 
articles. 

The  Agent-General  for  Queensland  has  been 
advised  by  his  Government  that,  in  the  opinion  of 
experts,  the  pottery  clay  near  Brisbane  is  equal  to 
that  of  Poole,  in  Dorsetshire. 

The  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board,  at  their  meeting 
on  Saturday,  adopted  the  report  of  a  committee 
approving  the  plans  for  a  proposed  new  training 
vessel  to  replace  the  old  Exmviitli,  and  that,  subject 
to  the  sanction  of  the  Local  Government  Board,  the 
committee  be  authorised  to  advertise  for  tenders. 
The  cost  of  the  ship  is  estimated  by  Professor  Biles 
at  £47,000,  and  the  approximate  estimate  of  the 
total  cost  amounts  to  £51,250. 

The  London  Traffic  Commission  heard  on  Friday 
evidence  from  Mr.  C.  S.  Meik,  engineer,  who  sub- 
mitted a  scheme  for  the  rehef  of  traffic  by  the 
construction  of  new  thoroughfares  running  right 
through  London,  with  subways  for  slow  traffic.  He 
estimated  the  net  cost  of  the  scheme  at  £21,311,000. 

Mr.  Hugh  SUnnus,  F.E.I.B.A.,  A.B.C.A.,  de- 
livered before  the  members  of  St.  Paul's  Eccle- 
siological  Society,  on  Wednesday  evening,  at  St. 
Paul's  Chapter  House,  E.C.,  an  address  on  "  The 
Precursors  of  the  Romanesque,"  illustrated  by 
numerous  lantern  views. 

At  the  meeting  on  Friday  of  the  Upper  House 
of  Convocation,  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 
announced  that  he  had  appointed  the  following 
members  of  that  House  to  serve  on  the  joint  com- 
mittee to  consider  the  question  of  the  collection  and 
custody  of  ecclesiastical  records: — The  Bishops  of 
St.  Asaph,  Peterborough,  Bristol,  and  Exeter ;  the 
Bishop  of  Peterborough  to  act  as  convener. 

In  the  parish  church  of  Stokesay,  Salop,  last  week 
there  was  dedicated  and  unveiled  a  stained -glass 
window  and  a  brass  tablet  erected  in  memory  of  the 
late  Lieutenant  Ernest  Davey  Tredinnick,  who  fell 
in  South  Africa  on  May  30  and  died  on  June  I,  ly02, 
after  the  war  had  actually  ceased.  The  window  is 
of  two  lights,  and  represents  the  Angel  proclaiming 
to  the  shepherds  "  Peace  on  earth,  good  will  toward 
men."  It  was  designed  and  executed  by  Mr.  Payne, 
master  of  the  Art  School,  Birmingham. 

Major  Druitt,  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  made,  on 
Friday,  an  official  inspection  of  the  new  electric 
tramways  at  Birrow-in-Furness,  which  have  been 
constructed  by  the  British  Electric  Traction  Co. 
The  ordinary  service  to  Roose  and  Furness  Abbey 
will  commence  to-day,  the  service  to  the  Ramsden 
Dock  will  be  completed  shortly,  and  there  will  be  a 
new  route  to  Walney  Ferry  and  ultimately  to 
Walney  Island.  The  cars  are  both  single  and 
double  decked. 

Mr.  Thomas  Wilkinson,  M.R.I  A.,  of  Ennis- 
worthy,  County  Wexford,  died  on  the  5th  inst.,  at 
the  advanced  age  of  91  years. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  was  held  at 
Pudsey  on  Friday  into  the  proposal  of  the  Pudsey 
Town  Council  to  borrow  £25,000  for  street  improve- 
ments at  Stanningley,  Lowtown,  and  Chapeltown. 
The  town  clerk  explained  that  the  proposals  were  to 
widen  a  part  of  Richardshaw-lane  to  36ft.,  at  a 
cost  of  £900,  to  make  Lowtown- street  42tt.  wide,  at 
a  cost  of  £15,000,  and  to  widen  a  road  at  Chapel- 
town  from  r2ft.  to  3Gft.,  at  a  cost  of  £7,622.  In- 
cidental expenses  would  increase  the  total  to  £25,000. 

The  conversion  of  the  Worcester  city  tramways 
to  electric  traction  has  been  so  far  completed  after 
eight  months'  work  that  a  public  service  was 
inaugurated  on  Saturday  over  the  St.  John's, 
Barbourne,  Shrubb  Hill,  and  Rainbow  Hdl  sections. 
Colonel  Donop,  RE.,  with  the  assistance  of  Mr. 
A.  P.  Trotter,  electrical  adviser  to  the  Local 
«overnment  Board,  inspected  the  system  on  Satur- 
day, and  expressed  his  entire  approval. 

tb?{?«„*!f  T?'  ^^  ^'"■'  ''^'  ™'<^^'^'  '^^  "gistered  at 
the  instate  Exchange,  amounted  to  £26,022,  and  for 
the  corresponding  week  of  last  year  to  £35,725 


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"BUILDINtt  NEWS"  DESIGNING  CLUB. 

Dbawisgs  Received.— •'Tyne."  "Regent,"  "Chinese 
White,"  "  Gayville,"  "Knight."  "  Arabitang,'' 
"  Wear,*'  "Leo,"  "  Pen,"  "Cast,"  "Ionic,""  Bacctius," 
"  O.  B.,"  "The  Newboy,"  "  D'Artignan,"  "(ibelisk," 
"Quit,"  "Plumb-bob,"  "  Quatre  Vols,"  '"Lux," 
"Woodbury,".  "  Novocastria,"  "Tom,"  "Bull  Dui^," 
"Cleddadyn,"  "The  Kid,"  "  Frena."  •■  Douge."  •■  'ftte 
Imp,"  "Marcus."  "  stoep,"  "Chingachgooli,"  "Cor- 
poral," "Pip,"  "Aurum,''  "Lotus,"  "Hermit,"  "Mr. 
Dooley,"  "Zigzag."  "Ace  of  Spades,"  "Pan," 
"  Ghost,"  "  B-gya-R,"  "Crab,"  "Alpha,"  "Alpha" 
[Bournemouth  West,  adopt  another  motto^ ,  "  Skuz," 
"King's  Pawn,''  "  Old  Mercer,"  "  Vectis." 


STUDENTS'  DR.iWIN'G.S  .\T  THE 
INSTITUTE, 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 

Siu, — I  should  like  to  advance  a  suggestion 
with  regard  to  the  conducting  of  the  annual  com- 
petitions under  the  Royal  Institute.  These 
competitions  being  held  as  encouragements  to 
students  of  architecture,  I  fail  to  perceive  that 


the  present  scanty  criticisms  tendered  by  the 
assessors  are  conducive  to  anything  but  dis- 
couragement. For  instance,  upon  perusal  of  the 
building  papers,  I  notice  that  many  of  the  unsuc- 
cessful students  were  not  mentioned  at  all.  It 
must  be  most  disheartening  to  a  student  who  has 
spent  many  months  of  hard  work  and  excessive 
brain  strain  in  order  to  develop  a  worthy  scheme, 
to  find  that  his  efforts  have  been  entirely  ignored 
or  treated  with  comparative  contempt.  How  is 
such  an  enthusiast  to  find  out  where  he  has  failed, 
and  the  particulars  of  his  weak  points  and  in- 
abilities ':  Why  does  not  the  examining  council  of 
the  R. I. B.  A.  find  time  to  atleast  point  out  the  cause 
of  failure  of  each  and  every  unsuccessful  student's 
efforts ':  If  the  competitions  were  as  thought- 
fully analysed,  and  the  results  as  satisfactory  as 
those  conducted  by  the  "  B.N."  Designing  Club, 
the  present-day  student  would  have  no  cause  for 
complaint.  There  being  a  somewhat  limited  set 
of  designs  submitted  for  each  of  the  several  Insti- 
tute competitions,  I  contend  that  the  assessors 
ought  to  find  time  to  criticise  every  design  and  set 
of  drawings  exhibited.  A  student  could  then 
improve  himself  by  taking  such  kindly  advice 
and  criticism  from  age  and  experience.  I  know 
of  several  competitors  who  have  failed  in  such 
competitions,  and  they  are  now  left  to  surmise 
their  weak  points  and  misconceptions  ;  before  I 
desist  I  should  like  fc  ask  whether  the  present 
system  is  one  of  the  much-talked-about  rules  of 
"Up-to-date  Architectural  Education  " 'r  For 
instance,  only  14  designs  were  submitted  for  the 
Soane  Medallion,  and  how  many  were  commented 
upon  'r  How  are  the  unsuccessful  students  to 
improve  their  efforts  1'  If  by  comparison  alone, 
such  tiiitinn  tendered  to  the  enthusiasts  of  the 
profession  will  make  the  future  generation  of 
architects  an  uninterested  and  selfish  community. 
I  have  little  doubt  but  that  there  are  other 
students  who  endorse  mj'  remarks  on  this  matter. 
Thanking  yo\i  for  the  courtesy  of  this  insertion, 
and  trusting  that  the  committee  interested  in  the 
R.I.B..-\..  Studentships,  &c.,  will,  in  future, 
accord  the  time  t-j  inspect  and  publicly  criticise 
each  and  every  set  of  drawings  and  designs 
submitted, — I  am,  &c., 

Leeds,  Feb.  9.  A.  H.  W. 


Inttrcommmticatt0tt. 


Q  lESTIOXS. 

]— Damp  'Walls —In  the  plastering  of  a  house 

finished  about  eighteen  months,  sea-sand  was  used  ;  the 
plaster  was  afterwards  coated  with  Duresco,  and  aa  the 
atmosphere  is  always  very  moist,  patches  of  damp  appear 
all  over  the  walls.  Would  some  reader  kindly  say  wtiat 
treatment  would  suit  I)  that  the  walls  might  be  dis- 
tempered again  without  showing  the  damp  patches,  (2) 
that  the  walls  might  take  paper  .'— Sali.ve. 


The  current  issue  of  the  Es/n'f  Mii;/a:hi  gives  as 
a  supplement  the  full  working  drawings  of  a  pair  of 
model  labourers'  cottages,  designed  by  Col.  G.  W. 
Riikes,  F.S.I. ,  for  the  Marquis  of  Hertford's 
Rayley  estate.  The  magazine  also  contains  a  de- 
scription of  the  Marquis  of  Ripon's  estate  at  Studley 
Royal,  and  particulars  of  the  co-operative  creamery. 

An  inquiry  into  the  application  of  the  Liverpool 
City  Council  for  sanction  to  borrow  money  for  the 
purchase  of  the  Calderstones  Estate,  and  also  for 
street  improvement  purposes  in  Wavertree  and 
Kirkdale,  was  held  on  Friday  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Bick- 
nell,  an  inspector  of  the  Local  Government  Board. 

The  London  Master  Builders'  Association  "Diary 
and  Handbook"  for  1901  is  a  useful  help.  Kept 
within  handy  size,  it  nevertheless  gives  much 
valuable  information,  including  hours  ai.d  rates  of 
wages  in  the  principal  towns,  various  tables,  and  a 
glossary  of  electrical  terms. 

New  mess-rooms  have  been  built,  and  were 
opened  this  week,  at  Coxside,  Plymouth,  for  the 
Plymouth  and  Stonehouse  Gas  Co.  1  hey  have  been 
erected  by  Mr.  Ambrose  Andrews,  contractor,  of 
Plymouth,  from  the  designs  and  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Mr.  William  H.  May,  M.S. A.,  of  10, 
Princess-square,  Plymouth. 

The  AirJrie  and  Coatbridge  Tramways  were 
formally  opened  on  Friday,  whsn  the  corporations 
of  Airdrie  and  Coatbridge,  at  the  joint  invitation  of 
the  Tramway  Company  and  the  House  to  House 
Electricity  Company,  inspected  the  power  stations 
in  Dnndyvan-road.  This  ov€r,  the  company  was 
conveyed  along  tbe  line. 

The  Victoria  Memorial  Institute,  erected  in  con- 
nection with  St.  Martin's  Church,  Potter  Newton, 
Leeds,  and  opened  by  Lady  Betty  Balfour  last  week, 
has  been  built  at  a  cost  of  £4,000  from  plans  by  Mr. 
Percy  Robinson,  architect,  of  Albion-street,  Leeds. 


Feb.  12,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


253 


PARLIAMENTARY   NOTES. 

Barracks  on  Salishuet  Plain. — In  answer  to 
Lieut. -Col.  Tufnell,  Mr.  Arnold-Forster  said,  on 
Monday,  the  barracks  now  in  course  of  erection  at 
Tidworth  for  eight  infantry  battalions  are  being  so 
boilt  that  at  any  time,  if  desired,  the  cubicle  system 
can  be  introduced.  Experiments  arc  now  being 
made,  but  no  decision  can  be  arrived  at  until  the 
present  experiments  with  cubicle  fittings  are  con- 
cluded. 

Christ's  Hospital  Site.— Sir  J.  Pimsdale  asked 
the  Postmaster-General  on  Monday  whether,  in  the 
contemplated  acquisition  by  the  Uovernmeut  of  the 
Bite  of  Christ's  Hospital,  the  purchase  would  be  sufi- 
ject  to  the  arrangement  agreed  to  between  the 
Corporation  of  London  and  the  Governors  of  Christ's 
Hospital  for  making  a  street  50ft.  wide  between 
Giltspur- street  and  King  Edward-street  and  for  the 
widening  of  the  latter  thoroughfare.  Lord  Stanley  : 
The  acciuisition  of  the  site  of  Christ's  Hosjiital  will 
not  be  subject  to  any  arrangement  for  the  forma- 
tion of  a  new  street,  since  any  such  scheme  would 
tender  the  property  entirely  unsuitable  for  the  pur- 
pose for  which  it  is  required  by  the  Post  Office ;  but 
a  strip  of  land  is  left  at  the  disposal  of  the  (xovernors 
of  Christ's  Hospital  with  a  view  to  the  widening  of 
King  E  iward-street. 


CHIPS. 

The  Hampstead  Borough  Council  have  lesolved 
to  contribute  £-5,000  to  the  fund  for  purchasing  80 
acres  of  the  Wyldes  Estate  as  an  extension  of 
ilampstead  Heath,  on  the  success  of  which  scheme 
also  depends  the  probable  establishmsnt  of  a  garden 
suburb  on  243  acres  of  adjoining  land,  with  special 
provision  for  working-class  dwellings. 

At  the  London  Bankruptcy  Court,  on  Monday,  it 
waa  stated  that  the  only  asset  of  Rogers  and  Com- 
pany, builders,  of  Fulham-road,  S.W.,  was  cash  at 
bank  Is.  9J.  The  liabdities,  however,  were  small, 
and  the  failure  was  attributed  to  want  of  capital. 
The  case  went  into  bankruptcy. 

At  a  meeting  of  Walsall  Town  Council,  on 
uday,  the  free  library  committee  recommended 

it  ilr.  J.  S.  Gibson,  the  architect  for  the  new 
town-hall,  be  asked  to  submit  a  design  for  the  pro- 
posed Carnegie  Free  Library,  the  cost,  in'luiling 
luruiture  and  fittings  not  to  exceed  £S,000.  The 
report  was  adopted. 

The  Underground  Electric  Railways  Company  of 
London,  who  are  carrying  out  the  electrification  of 
the  Metropolitan  District  Railway,  and  also  the 
construction  of  the  Yerkes  group  of  tjpes,  have 
accepted  the  tender  of  the  British  Thomson-Houston 
Company  (Limited),  Rugby,  for  the  supply  of  all 
the  motors  to  be  used  on  their  trains. 

Ethan  R.  Cheney,  inventor  of  the  lathe  on  which 
were  turned  the  large  granite  columns  for  the 
Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Divine,  died  at  Boston 
on  Jan.  11.  For  about  twenty  years  he  was  the 
master  mechanic  of  the  Norway  Ironworks,  but 
Binoo  187'2  he  was  a  successful  general  contractor. 

In  the  Lady-chajiel  of  York  Minster  on  Friday, 
two  statues,  given  hy  the  Duke  of  Northumberland 
and  Mr.  Francis  Darwin,  of  Creskeld,  were  unveiled 
by  the  donors.  The  Dean  of  York  afterwards  de- 
livered an  address  giving  an  historical  sketch  of  the 
part  played  by  Archbishop  Thoresby  and  his  co- 
adjutors in  the  restoration  of  the  eastern  portion  of 
the  Mmster.  He  remarked  that  from  the  very 
commencement  of  the  rebuilding  of  the  Minster  on 
the  ruins  of  the  Saxon  church,  the  family  of  r'crcy 
had  always  rendered  substantial  assistance.  In 
llSl,  when  Archbishop  Roger  commenced  to  replace 
the  Norman  choir  with  a  Transition  buildin".  Lord 
r-  rcy  gave  the  whole  of  the  tithes  of  the  parish  of 
1  jpcliffeaa  a  perpetual  alms  for  the  repairing  and 
budding  of  the  fabric.  He  gave  a  yearly  rent  of 
some  iiKIO,  which,  existing  to  the  present  tune,  must 
have  contributed  a  total  of  some  £1JO,000  to  the 
development  and  maintenance  of  the  Minster. 

At  the  meeting  on   Monday  of    the   Hirroo-ite 

Town  Council  the  town  clerk  reported  that  he  had 

taken  up  the  awar.l  of  Mr.  R.  T.  G.  A'lbott,  the 

arbitrator  agreed  upon  for  land  in  connection  with 

tl,.-  new  sewerage  s-heme,  and  awarded  to  the  Rev 

ilr.mas  Sheepshanks  the  sum  of   £.),S7.).     It  was 

uve.lto  proceed  to   arbitration   with  respect  to 

■  rage  easements  through  Sir  Percival  Rulcliffd's 

I  on  the  Rhuddmg  estate.    A  cheque  was  drawn 

1    r    £S,,,-,b  lis.  '.'J.   in   favour  of   Lord   LecoiiHeld 

jiuicliaae  money  for  laud  in  connection   with  the 

sewerage  scheme  to  the  south  of  Harrogate. 

In  the  case  of  the  application  for  an  order  of  dis- 
charge from  bankruptcy,  made  on  behalf  of  John 
-Ashby,  Lowtstoft,  Sullolk,  builder,  an  order  of 
discharge  has  been  suspended  for  five  years,  endine 
.Ian  l-\  1<»01).  In  that  of  John  Lawrence,  Catford 
Kent,  builder,  an  order  haii  been  susiieuded  for 
tliree  years,  ending  Dec.  11,  lOOfi. 

It  has  iK-on  decided  to  place  a  new  reredos  in  St. 
I  niies  s  Church,  Burnley,  to  the  memory  of  the  late 
,'  locn  \  ictoria.    It  will  be  of  carved  oak. 


STATUES,    MEMORIALS,    &o. 

Calcutta. — At  a  meeting  of  the  Indian  Victoria 
Memorial  Fund  Trustees,  held  under  the  presidency 
of  Lord  Curzon  on  January  15,  it  was  decided  to 
proceed  at  once  with  the  laying  of  the  concrete 
bed  of  the  foundation  of  the  proposed  great 
memorial  -  hall  to  be  built  on  the  Calcutta 
Maidan,  thus  enabling  Sir  W.  Emerson  to  supervise 
this  part  of  the  work  during  his  present  stay  in 
Calcutta.  Careful  inquiries  have  been  proceeding 
for  some  time  past  into  the  quality  and  suitability 
of  marbles  that  are  procurable  in  India,  the  trustees 
being  anxious  to  employ  Indian  material  to  the 
fullest  extent  possible  ;  but  it  is  considered  impro- 
bable that  they  will  be  able  to  obtain  the  whole  of 
the  marble  required,  amounting  to  'iOO,OOOc.ft., 
within  the  country.  An  exhi't'ition  of  objects  in 
connection  with  the  memorial  -  hall  is  to  be  held 
this  month  in  Calcutta,  and  includes  all  the  plans, 
sketches,  and  drawings  prepared  by  S  jr  W.  Emerson, 
samples  of  marbles  likely  to  be  used  in  the  building, 
the  collection  of  large  oil-paintings  of  events  in  the 
life  of  her  late  Majesty,  presented  by  the  King- 
Emperor,  gifts  ftom  other  donors,  and  memorials  of 
the  Delhi  Durbar,  among  them  being  the  signed 
message  of  the  King-Emperor  to  the  Indian 
peoples. 


A  Lical  Government  Board  inquiry  has  been 
held  at  Ot-mskirk  into  an  application  of  the  West 
Lancashire  Rural  District  Council  for  sanction  to 
borrow  £l:i,000  for  the  improvement  of  two 
secondary  roads. 

The  Harbour  Committee,  of  Brixham  have  in- 
structed the  engineer,  Mr.  R.  Montague  L'lke,  C.E., 
of  Princess-square,  Plymouth,  to  investigate  and 
prepare  a  report,  with  plans  and  estimates,  for  con- 
structing a  new  dry  dock  with  caisson,  also  a  patent 
slipway  m  the  inner  harbour,  for  the  repiir  of 
vessels. 

Mr.  P.  C.  Cowan,  an  inspector  under  the  Local 
Government  Board  for  Ireland,  has  held  an  inquiry 
at  Dublin  into  applications  of  the  corporation  for 
loans  of  £6,731  anil  £17,202  for  the  improvement  of 
the  Ormond  Market  and  Mary's-lane  areas. 

At  Gssett,  the  town  council  adopted,  on  Monday, 
a  recommendation  of  the  general  purposes  com- 
mittee approving  of  a  scheme  for  a  town-hall  for 
the  borough.  A  motion  to  apply  to  the  Local 
Government  Board  for  powers  to  borrow  £5,600  for 
the  purchase  of  land  for  a  new  town-hall  was  lost, 
it  being  considered  advisable  to  wait  until  the  plans 
are  complete. 

The  Auckland,  Shildon,  and  WiUington  Joint 
Infectious  Hospital  new  pavilions  are  bt-ing  warmed 
and  ventilated  by  means  of  Shorland's  double- 
fronted  patent  Manchester  stoves,  with  descending 
smoke  Hues,  patent  Manchester  grates,  and  special 
inlet  panels,  the  same  being  supplied  by  Messrs. 
E.  H.  Shorland  and  Brother,  of  Manchester. 

The  urban  district  council  of  East  Dereham  have 
adopted  a  recommendation  made  by  the  gas  com- 
mittee for  the  erection,  from  plans  by  Mr.  Kitson, 
of  a  new  gas  holder  of  7.5,000ft.  capacity,  at  an 
estimated  cost,  including  tank  and  connections  com- 
plete, of  about  £1,«00. 

The  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board  have  adopted 
revised  plans  prepared  by  Messrs.  Treadwell  and 
Martin,  in  connection  with  Mr.  Hatch,  their  engi- 
neer, for  the  erection  at  the  Southern  Hospital  ot  a 
group  of  laundry  buildings,  destructor-house, 
boiler-house,  smiths'  and  artificers'  and  engi- 
neers' shops,  and  an  independent  chimneyshaft 
120ft.  high.  The  total  cost  of  these  additions  is 
estimated  by  the  architects  at  £15,000. 

The  libraries  committee  of  the  Glasgow  Corpora- 
tion have  approved  a  report  prepared  by  the  city 
engineer  and  the  city  librarian  regarding  the  erec- 
tion of  a  new  building  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
Mitchell  and  Jefi'rey  Libraries.  The  estimated  cost 
of  the  building  is  £15,000. 

Mr.  Moynihan  has  t)een  appointe  1  as  engineer- 
in-charge  of  the  Dublin  walierworks  on  the  re- 
signation of  Mr.  William  B.  MicCibe,  the  salary 
to  be  £250  per  annum,  advancing  by  annual  incre- 
ments of  £20  for  five  years  to  a  maximum  of  £350. 

Daring  this  week  and  next,  the  Westminster  City 
Council  is  exhibiting  in  the  council-chamt)er  of  the 
Town-hall,  St.  Martin's-lane,  a  remarkable  collec- 
tion of  old  views  of  St.  James's  Park  and  the 
neighbourhood.  The  collection,  which  is  lent  by 
Mr.  C.  E.  Jerniiigham,  illustrates  the  different 
aspects  of  the  park  during  the  I7th  and  ISth 
centuries,  and  is  of  particular  interest  just  now  in 
view  of  the  changes  that  are  taking  place  in  the 
Mall. 

The  Right  Rev.  Mgc  Parkinson,  president  of 
Oscott  College,  was  the  special  preacher  at  St. 
Peter's  Koman  Catholic  Clinrch,  Broad-street, 
Birmingham,  on  .Sunday,  whmi  a  new  marble  altar 
to  Our  Lady  was  dedicated.  The  work  has  been 
executed  by  Messrs.  Roddie  and  Nourse,  of  Ilir- 
minahani,  from  the  design  of  Mr.  H.  T.  Sandy,  of 
StalTord. 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

Sewaoe  Testing. — It  may  interest  readers  to 
know  that,  with  the  approval  of  the  Council  of  the 
Sanitary  Institute,  Mr.  Scott-Moncriefl's  sewage- 
testing  apparatus  can  now  be  seen  in  the  Partes 
Museum.  The  apparatus  has  been  designed  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  exact  information  upon  which 
to  base  bacterial  sewage -disposal  schemes,  particu- 
larly as  to  (1)  the  depth  of  filter  required  to  produce 
the  necessary  standard  of  purity  in  the  eflluent; 
(2)  the  quantity  of  air  necessary  for  the  life  pro- 
cesses of  the  organisms  in  the  filter  ;  (3)  the  correct 
rate  of  flow  per  unit  of  filter-bed  surface,  in  order 
to  obtain  the  best  results ;  and  (t)  the  best  pariod 
of  rest  between  each  discharge  to  prevent  gela- 
tinous growths  in  the  filtering  material. 

DouoLAS,  Isle  of  Man,  Deai.vaoe  Scheme. — 
— After  four  years'  work,  Messrs.  Stevenson  and 
Borstal,  of  London,  engineers,  have  informed  the 
Douglas  Town  Council  that  the  drainage  scheme 
will  be  satisfactorily  completed  within  the  next 
month.  They  congratulate  the  corporation  on  the 
fact  that  it  has  been  carried  out  without  any  serious 
injury  to  life  or  property.  The  scheme,  which 
involves  high  and  low  level  systems,  and  includes 
the  provision  of  automatic  mechanical  litts  to  raise 
the  sewage  from  the  low  to  the  high  level,  where  it 
is  discharged,  has  cost  the  town  £TS,000.  The 
original  estimate  was  £35,000. 


The  Londonderry  County  Council  have  decided 
that  the  salary  to  be  paid  to  the  county  surveyor, 
Mr.  Boddie,  be  increased  to  £400  per  annum,  with 
£25  for  expenses. 

On  Saturday  last  Dr.  Thorp,  C.E.,  F  R.S.,  the 
eminent  chemist,  unveiled  a  Warrington  a  medallion 
of  Joseph  Priestley,  who  died  on  Feb.  6,  1S04,  in 
voluntary  exile.  The  tablet  is  ot  bronze,  and  is 
placed  in  the  house  in  Academy-street  where  the 
great  philosopher  and  discoverer  lived. 

A  meeting  of  the  Art  Workers*  Guild  was  held 
on  Friday  evening  in  the  hall  of  Clifford's  Inn, 
when  papers  on  "John  Flaxman  and  his  Work" 
were  read  by  Messrs.  Gdbert  Bayes,  T.  Stirling 
Lee,  and  E.  Rascoe  MuUins.  The  Board  of  Educa- 
tion lent  for  the  evening  some  of  the  Flaxman 
drawings  and  studies  in  South  Kensington  Museum, 
and  the  Council  of  University  College,  London, 
opened  their  Flaxman  Gallery  to  members  of  the 
Guild  from  the  day  preceding  the  meeting  to  the 
day  following  it. 

New  National  Schools  are  being  built  for  St. 
Thomas's  parish,  Oxford,  from  plans  by  Mr.  Philip 
A.  R  )bson,  of  Westminster.  The  wallings  are  of 
red  brick  with  stone  dressings,  and  a  use  of  rough- 
cast and  tiles,  and  400  places  will  be  provided.  Mr. 
J.  Wooldridge,  of  Oxford,  is  the  contractor. 

At  a  meeting  on  Monday  evening  of  the  archi- 
tectural section  of  the  Royal  Philosophical  Society 
of  Glasgow,  Mr.  Ninian  Macwhannel,  I.A.,  pre- 
siding, Mr.  J.  Maurice  Arthur,  architect,  gave  an 
address  in  which  he  dealt  with  the  legal  standing  of 
the  architect  and  with  legal  points  connected  with 
buildings  which  he  erected. 

News  has  reached  Selby  from  Bloemfontein  of 
the  death,  at  the  early  age  of  thirty- seven  years,  of 
Mr.  Joseph  W.  Twist,  architect,  the  eldest  son  of  Mr. 
Joseph  Twist,  of  Selby.  Mr.  Twist,  who  practised 
at  208,  Mutual  Buddings,  Bloemfontein,  had  been 
an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects  since  IS'Jl. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Southampton  Board 
of  Guardians  a  report  was  submitted  by  the  build- 
ing and  house  committees,  recommending  the 
liuilding  of  two  infirmary  blocks  and  nurses'  home, 
the  former  to  accommodate  CO  in  each  block,  and 
the  latter  space  for  ten  nurses,  their  apartments  to 
be  separate  from  the  house,  and  appro.iched  from 
the  other  part  of  the  premises  by  a  corridor.  The 
vice-chairman  moved  the  adoption  of  the  report, 
and  that  Messrs.  Mitchell,  Son,  and  Uutteridge,  of 
Southampton,  be  requested  to  get  out  plans  for  the 
proposed  work  and  an  estimate  of  the  cost.  The 
report  was  carried  ;  but  to  the  second  proposition  an 
amendment  was  moved  that  competitive  plans  be 
invited.  The  amendment  was  lost,  and  Messrs. 
Mitchell,  Son,  and  Outteridge  were  apiwinted  as 
architects. 

A  club,  unique  in  its  way,  w.as  opened  at  Burnley 
last  week  in  connection  with  the  St.  John's  K  uiiau 
Catholic  Church.  The  building  has  been  erected  by 
men  associated  with  the  church  in  their  leisure 
hours— masons,  buil  lers,  joiners,  and  plumbers 
ainoiig  them.  Those  men  who  are  engaged  in  other 
trades  undertook  the  labouring  work.  In  this  way 
tiiey  saved  their  church  about  £200. 

The  lato  Mr.  Neil  Roliertaon,  Dundonnaehaidh 
House.  Pitlochry,  has  bequeathed  an  oil  painting 
of  General  Fergusson.  of  D.infallandy,  thix  testator's 
grand-uncle,  by  Sir  Henry  Kiebuni,  tn  the  trustees 
ot  the  Siottish  National  IVrtrait  Gallery,  Edin- 
burgh. 


254 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  12,  1904. 


— *♦< — 

At  Kingseat,  twelve  miles  from  Aberdeen, 
there  will  be  opened  next  week  the  first  viUa  or 
segregate  asylum,  not  only  in  Scotland,  but  in 
Great  Britain.  The  credit  of  this  new  system  of 
asylum  construction  falls  to  the  District  Lunacy 
Board  of  Aberdeen.  The  idea  of  a  villa  asylum 
was  brought  to  this  country  by  Sir  John  Sibbald 
after  a  recent  visit  to  the  Continent,  and  a  corre- 
spondent of  the  Scotsman  believes  that  this 
Aberdeen  asylum  will  now  be  the  Mecca  of 
specialists  for  some  years.  It  is  at  present  almost 
ready  to  open  its  villa  and  hospital  dcors  to  470 
patients,  and  when  completed,  some  years  hence, 
it  will  accommodate  700.  One  of  the  remarkable 
features  of  this  asylum  is  the  economical  cost  of 
construction.  Each  bed  of  the  470,  including 
cost  of  site,  buildings,  and  furnishings,  has  been 
provided  at  a  cost  of  £250.  The  villas  at  Kingseat 
hold  thirty  to  forty  patients,  are  scattered  over  a 
large  area,  and  suggest  a  village  of  scattered 
villas.  The  food  from  the  central  kitchen,  like 
the  linen  from  the  central  laundry,  will  be  con- 
veyed to  each  building  on  small  trolleys.  The 
asylums  viUas  are  two-storied,  and  there  is  little 
or  no  external  ornamentation.  The  comparative 
cost,  inclusive  of  site,  buildings,  and  furnishings, 
of  the  four  most  recent  Scottish  asylums,  three 
being  corridor  and  pavilion  asylums  and  one  a 
Tilla  asylum,  is  as  follows  : — Glasgow  (Gartloch), 
£466  68. ;  Hartwood  (Lanarkshire),  £348  Ss. ; 
Govan,  £461  93. ;  Aberdeen  (Kingseat),  £253  ISs. 
When  the  latter  is  complete,  some  years  hence, 
and  provides  accommodation  for  its  maximum  of 
700,  thecost  per  bed  will  be  £201,  as  the  laundry, 
kitchen,  electric  plant,  steam  boUers,  power- 
house, recreation  hall,  sewage  and  water-works, 
&c.,  are  now  in  existence  for  the  full  complement 
of  patients  just  stated. 

A  COMMITTEE  of  the  curators  of  the  Bodleian 
Library  is  circulating  an  appeal  to  the  colleges 
and  to  Oxford  men  past  and  present  in  the  hope 
of  raising  a  fund  which  may  save  from  destruction 
the  remarkable  collection  of  old  portraits  in  the 
Bodleian  liibrary.  The  state  of  these  pictures 
has  long  been  known  to  be  deplorable.  The 
authorities,  under  the  advice  of  Mr.  Lionel  Gust, 
have  called  in  Messrs.  Haines,  who  have  lately 
put  in  order  the  pictures  at  Windsor  and  Hertford 
House,  and  obtained  a  report  from  them  as  to  the 
cost  of  the  necessary  repairs.  The  total  estimate 
amounts  to  a  little  over  £1,000  for  the  restoration 
and  relining  of  the  pictures,  and  about  the  same 
sum  for  repairing  and  regilding  the  frames  and 
for  incidental  expenses — say  £2,100  in  all.  In 
the  present  state  of  the  University  finances  no 
such  sum,  or  anything  like  it,  can  be  voted  by 
Convocation,  which,  indeed,  has  found  it  impos- 
sible to  grant  more  than  £100.  The  appeal  to 
the  colleges  and  to  private  persons  in  Oxford  has 
thus  far  brought  in  about  £700  more,  so  that 
£1,300  still  remains  to  be  raised  from  subscribers 
outside.  Up  to  the  present  about  thirty-two 
pictures  have  been  put  in  order  by  Messrs. 
Haines,  including  portraits  of  William  of  Wayn- 
flete,  Thomas  Cromwell,  Gardiner  and  Cranmer, 
Lord  Burleigh,  John  Selden,  Ben  Jonson,  and 
Isaac  Casaubon.  About  a  hundred  more  are  in 
urgent  need  of  repair ;  they  include  portraits  of 
James  II.  and  Mary  of  Modena,  Kneller's  full- 
length  portraits  of  King  William  and  Queen 
Mary,  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  Archbishop  Laud, 
Joseph  Addison,  Abrahim  Cowley,  and  Lord 
Falkland.  Intending  subscribers  are  invited  to 
communicate  with  the  Rev.  C.  Plummer,  Corpus 
Christi  College,  O.xtord. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Upper  House  of  Convo- 
cation on  Friday  the  Bishop  of  Lichfield  presented 
the  report  of  the  committee  of  the  Upper  House 
on  the  question  of  ecclesiastical  dilapidations. 
He  stated  that  the  committee  had  appended  to 
the  report  two  sets  of  resolutions,  the  first  set 
recommending  that  the  freehold  of  the  glebe  lands 
and  glebe  buildings,  other  than  houses  of  resi- 
dence, should  be  transferred  to  the  Ecclesiastical 
Commissioners  on  certain  conditions,  and  the 
second  set  suggesting  as  an  alternative  scheme  a 
quinquennial  survey  of  all  glebe  buildings  and 
houses  of  residence.  In  the  opinion  of  the  com- 
mittee, however,  the  transfer  of  the  freehold  to 
the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  would  be  at  once 
the  simplest  and  most  economical  course.  The 
Bishop  of  Oxford  moved  and  the  Bishop  of 
London  seconded :  "  That  this  House,  while 
viewing  with  favour  the  proposals  of  resolutions 
1,  2,  3,  now  presented  to  it,  thinks  it  not  expe- 


dient, in  a  matter  that  is  deeply  affecting  the 
position  of  the  clergy,  to  come  to  a  decision  until 
the  report  and  resolutions  have  been  considered 
by  the  Lower  House  of  Convocation,  and  that 
they  be,  therefore,  sent  to  the  Lower  House." 
To  this  an  amendment  was  proposed  by  the 
Bishops  of  Salisbury  and  Chichester  to  substitute 
for  the  words  "while  viewing  with  favour" 
"  while  willing  to  give  full  consideration  to." 
The  Bishop  of  Salisbury  explained,  in  answer  to 
protests  by  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  that 
he  did  not  wish  to  suggest  that  the  legal  business 
of  the  Commission  was  ineifectively  done,  but  at 
the  same  time  it  was  a  fact  that  it  was  notori- 
ously expensive.  A  long  debate  ensued,  in  which 
the  Bishops  of  Bangor,  Ely,  Exeter,  St.  Asaph, 
St.  David's,  and  Worcester  took  part.  Eventually 
the  Bishop  of  Oxford  accepted  the  Bishop  of 
Salisbury's  amendment.  A  few  slight  modifica- 
tions were  suggested,  and  the  resolution  was 
ultimately  carried  unanimously  in  the  following 
form  : — "  That  this  House,  while  willing  to  give 
full  consideration  to  the  proposals  contained  in 
resolutions  1,  2,  and  3  appended  to  the  report  384 
on  ecclesiastical  dilapidations,  thinks  it  not  ex- 
pedient, in  a  matter  which  is  deeply  affecting  the 
position  of  the  clergy,  to  come  to  a  decision  until 
the  report  and  all  the  suggested  resolutions  have 
been  considered  by  the  Lower  House  of  Convoca- 
tion and  by  the  House  of  Laymen,  and  therefore 
requests  that  they  be  sent  to  the  Lower  House 
and  to  the  House  of  Laymen." 


By  the  kind  co-operation  of  several  well-known 
collectors,  an  exhibition  of  many  interesting 
specimens  of  old  pewter  plate,  both  English  and 
foreign,  will  be  held  in  Clifford's  Inn  Hall, 
Fleet-street,  E.C  ,  from  Feb.  24  to  March  26. 
The  exhibition  will  be  open  on  weekdays  from 
10  a.m.  to  5.30  p.m.,  except  upon  March  17, 
when  it  will  be  closed  at  4.30  p.m.  Four  lectures 
on  the  history,  the  manufacture,  the  decoration 
of  the  metal,  the  pewterers'  marks  and  touches, 
will  be  given  on  March  2,  9,  16,  and  23,  at 
8.30  p.m.,  illustrated  by  the  examples  in  the 
exhibition.  Admission  to  single  lectures  will  be 
by  ticket,  price  28.  6d.,  or  by  season  ticket  (price 
7s.  6d.),  which  will  include  admission  to  the 
exhibition.  Admission  to  the  exhibition  will  be 
by  tickets,  to  be  obtained  at  the  porter's  lodge 
(price  Is  ),  or  by  post  from  the  director  of  the 
exhibition,  Mr.  H.  J.  L.  J.  Masse,  37,  Mount 
Park-crescent,  Ealing,  W. 

Puoi-EssoR  W.  H.  Goodyear,  of  the  Brooklyn 
Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  recently  delivered 
at  Yale  University  a  lecture  describing  the  results 
of  new  measurements  made  by  him  in  Constanti- 
nople, in  Northera  France,  and  in  Germany, 
establishing,  in  most  of  the  French  churches, 
and  in  those  of  Santa  Sophia  and  of  Santa  Maria 
Diaconissa,  at  Constantinople,  and  in  the  17th- 
century  Schottenkirche  at  Vienna,  various  forms 
of  those  refinements  of  profile  and  plan  which 
Professor  Goodyear  has  done  so  much  to  reveal  to 
the  artistic  world.  That  intentional  variations 
from  true  vertical  and  horizontal  lines  exist  in  all 
the  best  architectural  work  in  all  styles,  from  the 
Egyptian  period  down  nearly  to  our  own  time, 
must  be  accepted  as  incontestable.  The  question 
is  why  these  variations  were  made,  and  how  they 
were  regulated  'r  As  to  the  reason  f  jr  the  varia- 
tions. Professor  Goodyear  urged  that  they  were 
demanded  by  the  artistic  sense,  which  in  all  ages 
of  art  has  found  geometrical  accuracy  dry  and 
repulsive,  and  has,  under  the  guidance  of  the  eye 
alone,  made  such  modifications  of  symmetry  as 
satisfied  it,  without  producing  noticeable  or 
offensive  deviations  from  strict  accuracy. 

By  invitation  from  a  number  of  experts  in 
building  materials,  the  British  Uralite  Co.  carried 
out  a  fire  test  of  their  new  material  Uralite  last 
week  in  the  cement  works  of  Messrs.  Currie  and 
Co.,  Ltd.,  Cathcart-street,  Kingston,  Glasgow. 
The  test  consisted  of  a  platform  constructed  of 
timber,  part  of  which  was  covered  with  Uralite, 
the  other  part  being  left  bare.  A  timber-framed 
structure  was  erected,  covered  with  Uralite  on 
both  sides.  A  wooden  box  covered  internally 
and  externally  with  Uralite  was  fixed  on  an  iron 
frame,  and  placed  in  the  midst  of  the  fire.  The 
fire  was  lit,  and  burned  for  the  space  of  an  hour 
very  fiercely,  a  temperature  of  2,000'  Fahr.  being 
registered  by  a  pyrometer.  The  unprotected  por- 
tion of  the  platform  was  destroyed  in  fourteen 
minutes  ;  but  the  portion  protected  by  Uralite 
remained  standing,  and  was  able  to  carry  the 
weight  of  men  standing  upon  it  after  the  fire  was 
subdued.  The  wooden  framework  was  opened 
out  after  the  test  in  the  presence  of  the  spec- 


tators, and  it  was  shown  that  the  I'ralite  had 
protected  the  woodwork  and  entirely  prevented 
the  passage  of  fire.  The  box  was  opened  and  the 
contents  handed  round,  absolutely  uninjured. 

The  Board  of  Trade  has  this  week  issued  a 
return  relating  to  tramways  and  light  railways, 
from  which  it  appears  that  on  June  30  last  there 
were  in  the  United  Kingdom  1,772  miles  open  for 
public  traflic  as  against  1,484  on  June  30,  1902, 
and  269  miles  on  the  same  day  in  1878.  The 
number  of  horses  in  use  was  20,005,  compared 
with  38,777  in  1898,  and  the  number  of  locomo- 
tive engines  334,  compared  with  5SS,  these 
figures  being  a  remarkable  proof  of  the  strides 
made  in  the  art  of  electric  traction  during  the 
past  six  years.  L'nfortunately  no  comparison  is 
made  with  previous  years  as  to  the  length  worked 
by  electricity ;  but  on  the  day  on  which  the 
return  is  based  1,258  miles  out  of  the  total  of 
1,772  miles  were  runningby  electric  traction,  333 
miles  being  worked  by  horses,  140  miles  by 
steam,  30  by  cable,  and  9  by  gas-motors.  The 
capital  authorised  June  30  last  was  £66,665,770, 
the  amount  paid  up  £40,177,097,  and  the  total 
capital  expended  £41,056,597.  Out  of  the  total 
length  of  line  1,067  belonged  to  local  authorities, 
the  number  of  undertakings  being  142,  while  154 
undertakings  bilonged  to  other  authorities,  with  a 
mileage  of  704. 

The  gas  committee  of  the  Manchester  Cor- 
poration held  a  special  meeting  on  Monday  to 
consider  what  they  should  do  about  the  tender 
for  work  which  they  accepted,  but  which  the 
CouncU  on  the  previous  Wednesday  desired  them 
to  reconsider.  The  committee  had  decided  to 
recommend  the  acceptance  of  the  tender  of  a 
Dudley  firm  for  the  installation  of  inclined  retorts 
at  the  Gaythom  station.  The  tender  was  not  the 
lowest,  but  the  committee  had  not  bound  them- 
selves to  accept  the  lowest  or  any  tender.  When 
the  chairman  of  the  committee  (.\lderman  Gibson) 
moved  the  confirmation  of  the  committee's  pro- 
ceedings he  was  met  b^  objections,  and  in  the 
end  an  amendment  referring  this  particular  matter 
back  found  favour  with  a  majority  of  the  council. 
Alderman  Vaudrey  said  that  the  chief  engineer 
(Mr.  J.  G.  Jvewbigging)  apparently  preferred  a 
special  description  of  machinery  for  a  portion  of 
the  contract,  which  was  not  made  by  a  JIanehester 
firm  who  had  tendered  ;  he  therefore  suggested 
that  that  objection  might  be  met  by  dividing  the 
contract.  The  committee  decided  on  Monday  to 
direct  that  new  specifications  be  prepared,  and  to 
advertise  for  fresh  tenders. 

The  Underground  Electric  Railways  Company 
of  London,  Ltd.,  have  placed  a  contract  for 
electric  lifts  for  the  whole  of  the  "  Yerkes " 
system  of  tube  railways  with  the  Otis  Elevator_ 
Co.,  Ltd.,  4,  (Jueen  Victoria-street.  London, 
E.G.  The  contract  comprises  about  170  lifts 
each  capable  of  raising  a  load  of  10,0001b. 
(equivalent  to  about  65  passengers)  at  a  speed  of 
200tt.  per  minute,  through  shafts  varying  from 
40ft.  to  ISOft.  in  depth.  The  undergronnd 
stations  wiU  be  fitted  in  most  cases  with  four  and 
in  some  cases  with  six  lifts  ;  the  majority  of  the 
shafts  will  be  23tt.  in  diameter,  some,  however, 
will  be  30ft.  diameter ;  the  small  size  shafts  will 
each  contain  two  lifts,  the  larger  size  three  lifts 
each.  The  lifts  wiU  be  electrically  operated  from 
the  Chelsea  Generating  Station,  from  which 
electric  power  will  be  furnished  for  the  three 
railways  comprising  the  systenv-namely,  the 
Baker-street  and  Waterloo,  the  Charing  Cross, 
Euston,  and  Hampstead,  and  the  Great  Northern, 
Piccadilly,  and  Brompton  Railways.  The  lift 
machinery  will  be  of  the  well-known  "  Otis' 
type,  and"  precautions  wQl  be  taken  to  insure  the 
security  of  the  public  by  the  adoption  of  special 
safety  appliances,  and  of  non-flammable  material 
throughout  the  mechanism  and  its  accessories. 


The  director  of  the  Norwich  and  London  Accident 
Insurance  Association,  in  order  to  provide  for  the 
largely  increasing  business  of  their  office,  have  pur- 
chased a  large  block  of  property  adjoining  theur 
head  office  in  Norwich,  and  have  instructed  Messrs. 
George  J.  and  F.  W.  Skipper,  architects,  to  prepare 
plans  for  a  complete  scheme  of  enlargement. 

At  a  meeting  of  persons  interested  in  the  Port  of 
London,  held  on  Wednesday  at  the  Cannon-street 
Hotel,  Sir  T.  Brooke-Hitching  presiding,  a  resolu- 
tion was  passed  in  favour  of  a  scheme  for  the  con- 
struction across  the  Thames  at  Gravesend  of  a 
barrage  similar  to  that  across  the  Nile. 

For  the  proposed  fie3  library  the  urban  district 
council  of  Sevenoaks  have  received  only  five  sets 
of  competitive  plans. 


Feb.  12,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


255 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Fiai<AV  ,Tii-DAv';.  —  Surveyors'  Institution.  Annual 
Dinner  at  the  Grand  Hall,  Prince's 
Restaurant,  Piccadilly.    7  p.m. 

Glasgow  Architectural  Craftsmen's 
Society.  "  City  Architecture,"  by  J. 
JfJfrey  Waddell.    8  p.m. 

MosDAV. — Society  of  Arts.  "Oils  and  Fats:  their  Uses 
and  Applications."  Cantor  Lecture  No.  i, 
by  Dr.  J.  Lewkowitsch.    S  p.m. 

Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects. 
"  Bacterial  Disposal  of  Sewage  from 
Isolated  Buildings,"  by  Professor  Frank 
Clowes,  D.Sc.    S  p.m. 

Liverpool  Architectural  Society. 
"  Small  Houses  of  To-day  and  their 
Architects,"  by  Frank  Eimmington. 

TfESDAV.— Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.     "The  Forms 

of  Turbines  Most  Suitable  for  Low  Falls,' ' 

by  Alphonse  Steiger,  SI.Xnst.C.E.    8  p.m. 

Northern    Architectural     Association . 

Annual  Social  Gathering. 

WEDNKsnAv.— Society  of  Arts.  "Garden  Cities  in  their 
Relation  to  Industries  and  Agriculture," 
by  A.  R.  Sennett.    8  p.m. 

Edinburgh  Architectui-al  Association. 
"The  Strength  of  Scaffolding,"  by  Robert 
H.  Bow,  C.E.    8  p.m. 

Thubsdav.  —  Carpenters'  Hall  Free  Lectures.  '*  Our 
Atmosphere  and  its  Relation  to  Health,'' 
by  Professor  Vivian  D.  Lewes.    8  pm. 

Friday. — Architectural  Association.  "Corner  Houses," 
by  W.  Henry  White,  F.R.I.B.A.  7.30  p  m. 


THE  ARCHITECTUEAL  ASSOCIATION. 
FEBRUARY  U'tii  •  OUDIXARY  GEXERAL  MEETING,  al 
No.  9,  Conduit-street,  W.,  at  7.30  p.m.  Paper  by  Mr  W.  Henrv 
WHITE,  F.K  I.B.A.,  on  '*  Corner  Houses,"  illustrated  with  lantern 
views. 

FEBRUARY  2nth :  THIRD  SPRING  VISIT  -  to  Holy  Trinity 
Church,  Prmce  Consort-road,  KenEiogton  Gore  (back  of  Royal  Albert 
Hall),  by  kind  permission  of  Mr.  G.  F.  Bodlev,  R  A.  Members  to 
meet  at  the  church  at  2  30  p.m.  A  visit  will  afterwerds  be  paid  to  the 
Royal  College  of  Science,  Kensington,  by  kind  permission  of  Mr, 
Aston  Webb,  R.A. 

LOLIS   AMBLER     1 
H.   TANNER,  Jun.  ) 


Hon.  Sees. 


LATEST    PRICES. 

— »-♦-• — 

IBON,    &o. 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

RoUed-Iron  Joists,  Belgian £5  10  0    to  £5  15    0 

Eolled-Steel  Joi.sts,  English  6  10  0    „  6  12    6 

Wrought-Iron  Girder  Plates  7    0  0,,  750 

Bar  Iron,  good  Staffs 6    5  0,,  8  10    0 

Do.,  Lowmoor,   Flat,  Round,  or 

Square    20    0  0    „  20    0    0 

Do.,  Welsh  5  15  0    „  6  17    6 

Boiler  Plates,  Iron — 

South  Staffs 8  15    0    „       8  15    0 

Best  Snedahill 9  10    0  9  10    0 

Angles  10s.,  Tees  20s.  per  ton  extra. 

Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  for  bonding,  &c.,  £7  7s.  6d. 
Builders*  Hoop  Iron,  galvanised,  £12  to  £13  per  ton. 

Galvanised  Corrugated  Sheet  Iron — 

No.  18  to  20.  No.  22  to  24. 

6ft.     to     8ft.    long,    inclusiTe     Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

gauge £1115    0    ...£12    0    0 

Best  ditto 12    5    0    ...  12  10    0 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Cast-iron  Cohunns £6  10    0   to  £8  10    0 

Cast-iron  Stanchions .'...,.      6  10    0    „  8  10    0 

Rolled-Iron  Fencing  Wire  8    0    0,,  850 

Rolled-Steel  Fencing  Wire 6    5    0,,  6  10    0 

,,          „           „        GJalvanised.      7  15    0    „  8    0    0 

Cast-iron  Sash  Weights  4  12    6    „  4  12    6 

Cut  Clasp  Nails,  Sin.  to  6in 9    5    0,,  950 

Cut  Floor  Brads 9    0    0,,  900 

Wire  Nails  (Points  de  Paris) — 

6  to  7      8       9       10       11       12  13       14      15,  B.W.Q. 

8/-      8/6     9/-    9/6      9/9    10/8    11/3    12/-  13,  ■  per  cwt. 

Cast-iron  Socket  Pipes — 

3in.  diameter    £5  15    0    to  £6    0    0 

4in.  to6iu 5  12    6    „  5  17    6 

7in.  to  24in.  (all  sizes)  6    7    6,,  5  10    0 

[Coated  with  composition,  5s.  Od.  per  ton  extra ;  turned 
And  bored  joints,  5s.  Od.  per  ton  extra.] 

Pig  Iron—  Per  ton. 

Cold  Blast,  Tjlleshall    105s.  Od.  to  112s.  63. 

Hot  Blast,  ditto  658.  Od.  to   70s.  Od. 

Wrought-Iron  Tubes  and  Fittings — Discount  off  Standard 
Lists  f.o.b.  (plus  5  per  cent.)  : — 

Gas-Tubes eTin.o. 

Water-Tubes  62i  „ 

Steam-Tubes    57} 

Galvanised  Gas-Tubes  55     " 

Galvanised  Water-Tubes 50 

Galvanised  Steam-Tubes 45     ** 

lOcwt.  casks.  5cwt.  casks. 
Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Einc,  English  (London  mill)  £24    0  0  to  £25  10  0 

Do.,  VieQle  Montague 27    5  0  „     27  15  0 

Slicet  Lead,  3lb.  and  upwards  ...     1:5  15  0           13  15  0 

Lend  Water  Pipe  (F.O.R.  Lond.)     11    5  0  „      14    5  0 

Lead  Barrel  Pipe    15    2  6  „      16    2  B 

Lead  Pipe,  Tinned  inside   16    2  6  „     16    2  6 

„        „          „        „  and  outside    17  12  6  „      17  12  6 

Composition  Gas-Pipe 16    2  6  „     16    2  6 

Soil-Pipe  (.'jin.  and  Bin.  extra)  ...     16    2  6  „     16    2  6 

Pig  I*ad,  in  Icwt.  pigs 10  16  3  „      10  17  6 

Lead  Shot,  in  2Slb.  bags 15    0  0  „      15    5  Q 

Copper  Shi'ctM  sheathing  and  rods    73    0  0  „     73    5  0 

Copper,  British  Cake  and  Ingot..    58    0  D  „     Sll    0  0 

Tin,  Straits       128    7  6  „  12li  17  6 

Do.,  English  Ingots  127    0  0,,  127  10  0 

Spelter,  Sileaian 23    0  0  „     22  10  6 


TIUBEB. 

Teak,  Burmah per  load  £n  15    0 

„    Bangkok ,,    ...  9    0    0    „ 

Quebec  Pine,  yellow ,    ...  3    5    0    „ 

,,     Oak 5    0    0     „ 

„    Birch   „     ...  4  10    0    „ 

„    Elm „     ...  4    0    0    „ 

„    Ash „     ...  3  15    0    „ 

Dantaic  and  Memel  Oak      2  10    0    „ 

Fir 3    0    0    „ 

Wainscot,  Riga  p.  log  ...      „    ...  2    7    6    „ 

Lath,  Dantsic,  p.f „    ...  4    0    0    „ 

St.  Petersburg „    ...  4    0    0    „ 

Greenheart  „    ...  7  15    0    „ 

Box „     ...  7    0    0    „ 

Sequoia,  U.S. A percubefoot  0    3    6,, 

Mahogany,  Cuba,  per  super  foot 

lin.  thick  0    0    6,, 

„           Honduras  ...      „    ,,.  0    0    6    „ 

„            Mexican ,     ...  0    0    4    „ 

„           African  „    ...  0    0    3},, 

Cedar,  Cuba     0    0    3    „ 

„  Honduras    „    ...  0    0    3i  „ 

Satinwood    ,     ..,  0    0  10    „ 

Walnut,  Italian ,    ...  0    0    3    „ 

„      American  (logs)      ,,    ...  0    8    1    „ 

Deals,  per  St.  Petersburg  Standard,  120— 12ft. 

by  llin.  : — 
Quebec,  Fine,  1st  £22    0 

„              2nd 18    5 

Sid  11  15 

Canada  Spruce,  1st 11  15 

„           2nd  and  3rd   8  10 

New  Brunswick  . .- 8    0 

Riga    7  10 

St.  Petersburg 8    0 

Swedish 11    0 

Finland 9    0 

White  Sea 11  10 

Battens,  all  sorts   6  10 


£18    0 
16    0 

6  5 

7  10 

6  0 

8  10 

7  5 
6    0 

0 
5 
0 
0 
0 
0 
3 


0  8 
0  7J 
0  5 
0  5J 
0  3i 

0  si 

1  9 
0  7} 
8     1 

by  IJin. 


Flooring  Boards,  per  square  of  lin. : — 

1st  prepared £0  12 

2ndditto   Oil 

Other  quahties    0    5 

Staves,  per  standard  M : — 

U.S.,  pipe £37  10 

Memel,  cr.  pipe 220    0 

Memel,  brack 190    0 


I  £29    5 
23  10 

14  0 

15  10 
10    0 

9  13 
8  10 

16  10 
19  10 
10  0 
19  10 
14  10 

£0  18 
0  IS 
0  13 


£45 
230 
200 


STONE.* 

Darley  Dale,  in  blocks per  foot  cube  £0 


2    3 

2  10 


0    18 


1     0 


16} 
18i 


Red  Mansfield  ditto 

Hard  York  ditto    

Ditto  ditto  6in.  sawa  both  sides,  landings, 

random  sizes per  foot  sup.    0    2    8 

Ditto  ditto  Sin.  slabs  sawn  two  sides, 

random  sizes  

•  All  F.O.R.  London. 
Bath  Stone,  deUvered  on  rail  at  quarry  stations 

per  foot  cube  £0 
Delivered  on  road  waggons,  Paddington 

Depot „     ...    0 

Ditto        ditto        Nine  Elms  Depot  ,,     ...    0 

Portland  Stone,  in  random  blocks  of  20ft.  average  : — 

Brown         White 
Whit  Bed.   Base  Bed 
Delivered  to  railway  depot  at  the 

quarry per  foot  cube  £0 

Delivered  on  road  waggons  \ 
at  Paddington  Depot    ...  ( 
Ditto    Nine  Elms  Depot...  (    "    " 
Ditto    Pimlioo  Wharf ' 

OILS. 

Linseed   per  tun  £17 

Rapeseed,  English  pale  ...    „    ... 

Do.,  brown „    ... 

Cottonseed,  refined „    ... 

Olive,  Spanish  ,,    ... 

Seal,  pale  „     ... 

Cocoanut,  Cochin „    ... 

Do.,  Ceylon   „     ... 

Palm,  Lagos ,    ... 

Oleine „    ... 

Lubricating  U.S per  gal. 

Petroleum,  refined „     ... 

Tar,  Stockholm per  barrel 

Do.,  Archangel „    ... 

Turpentine,  American  ...per  tun 


£0    1 

5i.. 

£0     1  7} 

0    2 

1     .. 

0    2  2J 

17     0 

0    to  £17  15    0 

23    5 

0    „ 

2.5  13    0 

22    0 

0    „ 

22    3    0 

19    0 

0    .. 

21    0    0 

81  10 

0    ," 

31  15    0 

28    0 

0    .f 

30    0    0 

30    0 

0  ;i 

31     0    0 

26    0 

0    „ 

26  10    6 

28    0 

0    .. 

28  10    0 

17    6 

0    >• 

19    5    0 

0    7 

0    .. 

0    8    0 

0    0 

5}" 

0    0    0 

1     6 

0     „ 

16    0 

8  19 

«  .. 

1    0    0 

87    0 

0    „ 

87    6    0 

The  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales  will  unveil  the 
statue  of  Queen  Victoria  at  Bradford,  and  will  open 
the  Exhibition  of  the  Cartwright  Memorial  Hall, 
which  has  been  erected  by  Lord  Masham,  from 
plans  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Simpson,  in  May  nest. 

A  new  institute  and  vestries,  costing  £1,S00,  in 
connection  with  St.  George' s  -  road  Primitive 
Methodist  Church,  Hull,  were  opened  on  Friday. 
Some  .€1,300  has  been  raised. 

As  a  memorial  of  the  late  Rev.  Urijah  Thomus,  a 
drinking  fountain,  with  a  clock  having  four  dials, 
has  been  erected  on  the  triangular  piece  of  land  at 
the  top  of  Blackboy  Hill,  Bristol.  The  p.ivilion 
structure  incioaiug  the  fountain  is  octagonal  in 
shape,  and  stands  on  a  axed  grey  granite  platform, 
raised  three  stops  high.  The  steps  are  also  of  grey 
granite.  Springing  above  the  steps  are  eij^ht  Aber- 
deenshire rod  granite  columns,  with  moulded  bases 
and  cups  attached,  each  in  one  stone.  These  outer 
columns,  together  with  the  larger  central  coluran  in 
ro<l  Miinsliold  stone,  support  the  octagonal-shaped 
entablature  and  roof  over.  Around  the  central 
column  are  four  red  granite  drinking  basins,  sup- 
ported on  red  Mansfield  stone  drum  and  moulded 
hnse  under.  The  moulded  entablature  is  of  red 
Mansfield  stone,  and  the  roof  it  supports  is  con- 
structed of  pitch-pine,  covered  with  Broseley  tiles. 
All  the  woodwork  is  of  oak. 


PILKINGTON  &  CO. 

(Established  1838), 

MONT7UKNT    OHAICBEBS, 

KINa  WILLIAU  STREET,  LONDON,  B.O. 

Mtgittertd  Trad4  Mark : 

nmm  asphalte 

Patent  Asphalte  and  Felt  Roofing. 

ACID-BE8I8TINQ   ASPHALTS. 

WHITE  SILICA  PAVINQ. 

PTBIMOXT  SEYSSEL  ASPHALTE, 

Telephosb  No.  6319  Avenue. 


G.  E.  COCKBURN 

ELECTRIC     LIGHT, 

BELLS,     HEATING. 

SHOWROOMS: 

35,  GREAT  PULTENEY  ST„  REGENT  ST.,  W. 
WM.  OLIVER  &  SONS,  Ltd., 

MAHOGANY,    WAINSCOT,    WALNUT, 

TEAK,  VENEER,  and  FAlsGYWOOD 

MEEOHANTS, 

120,   BTINHILL  ROW,   LONDON,   EC. 

The  most  extensive  Stock  of  every  kind  of 
Wood  in  Planks  and  Boards,  dry  and  fit  for 
immediate  use. 


TENDERS. 

*.•  Correspondents  would  in  all  cases  obUge  by  giving 
the  addresses  of  the  parties  tendering — at  any  rate,  of  the 
accepted  tender  :  it  adds  to  the  value  of  the  information. 


£i),<50 

0 

0 

9,197 

0 

0 

9,084 

0 

0 

9,080 

0 

0 

8,992 

7 

0 

8,978 

0 

0 

8.683 

0 

u 

8,S99 

0 

0 

8  320 

0 

0 

8,317 

0 

0 

8.065 

0 

u 

8,040 

10 

0 

8,O0S 

0 

0 

7,95S 

0 

u 

7,6S5 

0 

0 

6,824 

0 

0 

AsTON'.— For  the  erection  of  a  depot  for  tramcars  ia 
Witton-road,  foi  the  Aston  Manor  Corporation  :  — 
Trentham.  G.  (accepted)      £11,000    0    0 

Aston.— For  the  resewering  of  New-street,  for  the 
Ahtou  Manor  Corporation  :  — 

Trentham.  G.  vaccepted)      £U6    0    0 

BiRKEsnEAD. — For  collecting  and  removing  ashes  and 
refuse  for  two  years,  for  the  health  committee  of  the 
coi'poration  :  — 

Crutchley  &  O'Shaughnessy,  Liver- 
pool (accepted)         £11,725    0    0 

(Accepted  in  lieu  of  tender  from  Gracey  and  Kobinson, 
of  Birkenhead,  £11,500,  withdrawn.) 
Bristol.— For  pulling  down  No.  35,  M:iry-le-Port- 
street  and  the  premises  in  the  rear,  and  erecting  a  new 
warehouse  for  Messrs.  Lindrea  and  Co.,  Ltd.  Messrs. 
Herbert  J.  Jones  and  Son,  12,  Bridge-street,  Bristol, 
architects  • — 

Forse  and  Son 

Jones,  H.  J.,  and  Co 

Cowlin,  W.,  and  Son 

Longden,  A.  E.  

James,  J.  E.  B.  

Stephens  and  Castow  

Walters,  K..  and  Son 

Denby,  A.  E.,  and  Co.  

Kastabrook  and  Son 

Browning,  J.,  Fishponds,  nr.  Bristol 

Beaveu.  A.  J 

Ridd,  U.  F 

Uuniphreys,  G.  

Wilkins,  R.,  and  Sons  (accepted) ... 
Roberts.  S.,  Plymouth 
Radford  and  Greaves,  Derby 

(Rest  of  Bristol.) 
C,\MiiEN'  Town-,  N.W.— For  sanitary  works  and  repairs 
at   the    tire   brigade    station,    for   the    London  County 
Council ;  — 

Marchant  and  Hirst,  13»J,  Highgate- 

road  (accepted)        £375    0    0 

(Two  higher  tenders  received.) 

Fa[rfif.i.d.  —  For  the  erection  of  eleven  dwetliogSr 
Ashton  Hill-lane,  Fairfield,  for  Mr.  J.  Pollitt.  Messrs. 
C.  K.  and  T.  C.  Mayor,  4',  John  Dalton-streot.  Man- 
chester, architects ;  — 

Sparrow,  L.,  Marple  (accepted)     ...    £2,210    0    0 
FixcHLEY,  N.— For  the  supply  of  a  patrol  motor,  for 
the  urban  district  council:  — 

Hei'cules  Fire  Appliances  Co.        ...    £1,13!)    0    0 
Merryweather  and  Sons  (accepted).         9SJ    0    0 

U,\CKS-KY  Marshes,  N.E.— For  the  construction  of  a 
section,  5:ift.  in  length,  of  a  towing-path  wall  on  the 
south  bank  of  the  River  Leo  near  Bow  Bridge,  over  the 
line  of  tlie  Hackney  Wick  to  Abbey  Mills  relief  sewer,  for 
London  County  Council  :  — 

Fn-*ter  Bros £1 

Pedrette,  T.  W ... 

Fasey,  A.,  and  Son    

Ewart,  J.  A 

Itickson,  J 

Hinnios,  M 

IV'thiok  Bros 

Lcggott  aud  Speight  (accepted)     ... 

Hampstkad,  N.W.— For  supplying  and  llxinK  three 
suptrheiiters  at  the  electric -lighting  st;ition,  for  the 
borough  council :  — 

Babcuck  aud  Wilcox  (accepted)    ...    £3,S79 

{Continued  on  pnge  XVI.) 


»31 

0 

0 

977 

0 

0 

881 

1 

8 

786 

14 

0 

Iil9 

7 

(i 

610 

.■5 

u 

.l.iS 

I'i 

0 

432 

10 

0 

0    0 


256  THE    BUILDING    NEWS.  Feb.  12,  1904. 


LIST    OP    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


Bangor— Honses  for  Woriing  Classes 2Cg8.,  ICgs John  Gill.  City  Sun-eyor,  Bangor    Feb.  20 

Stockton-on-Tees— Enlarging  Chancel  of  Holy  Tiimty  Church  Holy  Trinity  Vicarage,  Stocktiin-on-Teea    Mar.    1 

Sutton,  Rt.  Helens-Public  Liba»7  (£2,500  limit)    £20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  Town  CTerk,  Town  Hall,  8t.  Helens „     31 

Vienna-Macbineiy  to  Lift  Boats  100,000,  75,000,  and  50,000  kronen   ...  The  Austro-Hungarian  Con.-Gen,  22.  Laurenoe-Pounteney-Une.E.C.    „     31 

Eccleslon.  St.  Helens-Public  Library  f£2.500  limit) £20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  St.  Helens  „     31 

Perth— Isolation  Hospital  (36  beds)  (£  11, OCO  limit!    SOgs,  20g8,  and  lOgs  John  Begg,  Town  Clerk,  Perth AprU  8 

Malvern- Free  Library,  Graham-road £3  ,  £20,  £10   H.  L.  Whatley,  Clerk,  Council  Offices,  Malyern „       8 

Newcastle-on-TTne— Grammar  School  (J.  Bilson,  F.E.I.B.A., 

F.8.A..  Assessor' £100,  £50,  £25 Horace  J.  Criddle.  Solicitor,  2.  CoUingwood-st.,  Newcistle-on-Tyne    ,.     30 

Barset-Hoepital.. G.  L.  Bygrave,  Clerk,  16,  High-street,  Bamet  May    9 

Sale— "Wesley  Sunday  School  J.  Tavlor,  Secretary.  Stanley  Mount,  Brooklanda — 

Haverfordwest -Meat  Market  (£2,000  limit) 20g8 R.  T.P.  Williams,  Town  Clerk.  Haverfordwest — 

Hoibury— Free  Library    Arthur  E.  Radcliffe,  Engineer,  U.D  C.  Offices,  Horbary    — 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 

BUILDINGS. 

Coventry -Foundations  for  Acid  Works Corporation  Gas  Committee  Fletcher  V.  St'venson,  Engineer,  Gasworks,  Coventry   Fob.  IS 

Deal- Jolly  Gardener  Public  House Jennines  and  Duthoit,  Architects,  Dover J.S 

Earlsheaton- Altering  Engine  House  at  Scarr  End  Mills F.  W.  Ridgway.  F.R.I.B..i.,  Borough  Chambers,  Dewsbury   .........    „  13 

Morley-  Rag  Warehoufe  and  Stables  H.  B.  and  J.  E.  Banks    S.  B.  Birds  and  T.  A.  Buttery,  .irchts.,  Basbinghall-square,  Leeds..    „  13 

Queensbury- Two  Houses,  Kitchen-lane    John  Drake  and  Sons,  Architects.  Queensbury ,,  IS 

East  Dereham— Repairing  Elsing  Chapel   The  Rev.  J.  H.  Rose,  S.3,  Commercial-road,  East  Dereham    „  13 

Bridlington— Storerooms  at  Cemetery  Burial  Authority    J.  Eamshaw,  Architect,  Carlton  House.  Bridlington  ,,  1.9 

Guildford  -  Repairing  Anglican  Church  at  Cemetery A.  J.  Sturges,  2o,  High-street.  GuUdford IH 

Bradford— Additions  to  10,  Walmer-villas C.  H.  R.  Greaves.  Architect,  Exchange.  Bradford ,  13 

Great  Yarmouth-Estensions  to  Free  Library Free Libraiy  Committee J.  W.  CockriU.  M.I. CE.,  A.R.I.B.  A.,  Towa  Hall.  Great  Yarmouth    „  15 

Brightcn-Eight  Shops  and  Houses.  Spa-street    Francis  J.  Tillstone,  Town  Clerk.  Town  Hall,  Brighton „  15 

Canterbury- Extension  to  Enginc-Hoiise  at  Sewage  Farm Drainage  Committee    A.  C.  Turley,  A.M.I.C.E.,  City  Surveyor,  Guildball-st,  Canterbury    „  15 

Audenshaw- Six  Dwe  ling-Houses  at  Taylor-lane J.  H.  Burton  and  J.  A.  Percival,  Archts.,  Ashton-under-Lyne IS 

Belfast-Store  atQueeo's  Bridge  Gt.  Northern  (Ireland)  Railway  Co  ..  W.  H.  Mills.  Engineer-in-Cbief,  Amiens-street  Terminus. Dublin  ..    „  IS 

Elland-House.  Victoria-road Walsh  and  Nicholas,  Architects,  Museum  Chambers,  Halifax „  15 

Rotherham- Shed  for  Tramway  Tower  Waggon Corporation J.  Platts,  Hieh-street,  Rotherham  u  ^5 

Devonport— Additions  to  Morice  Town  Schools   Education  Committee  H.  G.  Luff.  F  R.I.B.A.,  Devonport 15 

Brighton-Ten  Double-Tenement  Dwellings,  Spa-street Francis  J.  Tillstone,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Brighton „  15 

Tynemouth- Timber  Retainer    Corporation John  F.  Srailie,  Borouah  Surveyor,  North  Shields ,  16 

Newport,  Mon.— Estate  Offices,  Cold  Tops Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Tredegar Q.  P.  Mitchell  Innes.  Tredegar  Estate  Offices,  Newport,  Mon „  16 

Benwell  -  Greenhouse.  Hndgkin  Park   Urban  District  Council    W.  P.  Pattison,  Surveyor,  Council  Offices,  Benwell „  16 

Loughlinstown-Thirty-Eieht  Labourers' Cottages  Rathdown  No.  1  R.D.C R.  M.  Butler,  M.R.LA..  Architect.  Dawson-street,  Dublin  „  16 

Preston— Two-story  Transit  Shed,  .\lbert  Edward  Dock  Corporation James  Barron,  Engineer,  Ribble  Navigation  Offices.  Preston „  16 

Cardiff— Additions  to  Heathfield  House  School Si.sters  of  Providence James  and  Morgan,  Architects.  Charles-street  Chambers,  Cardiff  ...    „  IS 

Falkirk— Council  Offices Stirlingshire  County  Council A.  and  W.  Black.  Architects,  Falkirk   „  16 

Londonderry— Six  Houses   T.  Johnson,  Architect,  11,  E>ist  Wall,  Londonderry „  17 

Middlesbrough-Twelve  Houses.  Haverton  Hill Dr.  F.  Munro Moore  and  Aichihald,  Architects,  27,  Albert-road,  Middlesbrough  ..    „  )7 

Fulham.  8.W.— Shelters,  South  Park  Borough  Council    F.Wood.  A.M. I.C.E..  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Fulham,  S.W.    „  17 

Leeds— Wooden  Shelter  at  Hunslet  Lake  Side '. The  City  Engineer's  Office,  Leeds  ..  17 

Manchester— Chief  Fire  and  Police-Station   Watch  Committee W.  Windsor.  Quantity  Surveyor.  37.  Brown-street.  Mmchester „  17 

Cullingwortb-Two  Residences  Moore  and  Crabtree,  Architects,  York  Chambers,  Keighley ,  17 

Hull-School Boulevard  Baptist  Trustees T.  Brownlow  Thompson.  Architect,  l.i.  Parliament-street,  Hull „  18 

Battle— Enlargement  of  Beard-Room  at  Workhouse Guardians F.  Gordon,  Ticehurst  Clerk,  I  nion  Offices,  Battle  ,  18 

Southwark.  S.E.— Additions  to  Relief  Station,  81,  Borough-rd.  Union  Guardians  G.  D.  Stevenson,  Architect,  13  and  14,  King-street,  E.C ,  18 

Crowle-Wesleyan Chapel T.  Brownlow  Thomfson,  Architect,  Id,  Parliament-street,  Hull „  18 

Grimsby-StoreatFi^h  Docks  United  Steam  Fishing  Co The  Secretary.  United  Steam  Fishing  Co.,  Grimsby ,.  18 

Aberfychan — Altering  Railway  Hotel T.  Edwards,  Rbymoey  Brewery,  Rhymney ,t  18 

Boston,  Lines. — Science  School  Grammar  School  Governing  Body    ...  .Tas.  Rowell.  Architect,  Market-place,  Boston „  18 

Lancaster — Extensions  at  Sanatorium Sanitary  Committee The  Borough  Survevor.  Market-square,  Lancaster  „  18 

Killamey— Boiler-House  at  District  Lunatic  Asylum J.  F.  Fuller,  F.S.A.',  Architect  179,  Great  Brunswick-street,  Dablin    „  18 

Portohello-Post  Office H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works   The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Gate,  S.W „  18 

Wadebridge— Residence    Mrs.  Robertshaw  W.  T.  Martyn  Mear,  Architect.  Rock.  Wadebridee „  20 

Keighley— Long  Lee  Board  School     Pchool  Board  A.  P.  Harrison,  Architect,  IS.  Cooke-lane.  Keiehley   ,  20 

Beading— Infectious  Diseases  Ho.spital   Town  Council Charles  Smith  and  Son,  Architects,  161,  Friar-street,  Reading 20 

Moonamean— National  Schoolhrmse .T.  M'Cann,  J. P.,  Ring.  Dungarvan ._. »i  21 

Drumclog— Passenger  and  Goods  Station Caledonian  Railway  Co The  Company's  Engineer,  Buchanan-street  Station,  Glasgow „  22- 

Workington— Clas.'^rooms  at  St.  Michael's  Schools Education  Committee  The  Architect.  106,  Harrington-road,  Workington  ,.  22 

Strathaven— Passenger  and  Goods  Station Caledonian  Railway  Co The  Company's  Engineer,  Buchanan-street  Station,  Glasgow 22 

Runcorn— Isolation  Hospital Rural  District  Council Geo.  E.  Bolshaw.  Architect.  ISO,  Lord-street,  Southport    „  22 

Glasgow-Altering  Head  Office,  88,  Renfield-street  Corporation Frank  Burnett,  F.S.I. ,  190,  Hope-street.  Glasgow „  22 

T^oudounbill—Passenger  and  Goods  Station  Caledonian  Railway  Co The  Company's  Engineer,  Buchanan-street  Station,  Glasgow „  22 

Tonypandy— Fifty-eight  Houses,  Ely-street  Building  Club Lewis  and  Morgan,  Architects.  .^5,  Dunraven-street,  Tonypandy ,  22 

Arnside— Refront;ing  of  and  Alterations  to  Bank  of  Liverpool R.  Bradley  Barber,  Architect,  Arnside i,  2& 

Ryeland—Passensrer  and  Goods  Station  Caledonian  Railway  Co The  Company's  Engineer.  Buchanan-street  Station.  Glasgow „  22 

Walthamstow- Tramway  Car-Sheds    Urban  District  Council    G.  W.  Holmes,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Walthamstow  ...    „  23 

Carlisle -Two  Houses  and  Shops  in  London-road  Joseph  Tiffen  H.  H.  Hodgkinson.  Architect,  9.  Lowther-street,  Carlisle „  23 

Manchester— Victoria  Station  Extensions  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office.  Hunt's  Bank.  Manchester ..    ,,  23 

Epsrm— Additions  to  Workhou.^e Guardians H.  D.  Searles  Wood,  F.R.I.B.A.,WoolExchanare.  Coleman-st.,  E.C.    „  23 

Walthamstow— Tramway  Car-Sheds    Urban  District  Council    George  W.  Holmes,  A.M. I.C.E.,  Town  Hall,  Walthrmitow „  23 

Liverpool— Public  Baths,  Picton-road Corporation W.  R.  Court,  Engineer,  Municipal  Offices,  Liverpaol  >,  24 

Knutsfof d— Free  Library Urban  District  Council    Darby.shite  jind  Smith.  Art;hitects,  17,  Brazennose-st.,  Manchester  ..    „  24 

Rainhill-Additional  Wards  at  County  Asylum  Lancashire  Asylums  Board  Jas.  Gomall,  Clerk  and  Steward,  RainhiU  i*  25 

Stradbroke- Police  Station East  Suffolk  County  Council H.  Miller,  M.I.C.E..  County  Surveryor,  16,  Museum-street,  Ipswich    ,,  25 

Talgarth— Farm  Buildings  Asylum  Committee  Giles,  Gough,  i  TroUope,  Archts.,  28,Craven-st,ChiringCros3,W.C.    ,,  '26 

Eastleigh— Bible  Christian  Church    Trustees , Geo.  Truckel,  Secretary,  6),  The  Crescent,  Eastleigh 26 

Talgarth- TwoCottages  Asylum  Committee   J.  H.  Evans,  Clerk.  Brecon  and  Radnor  Asylum,  Talgarth,  R.S.O...    „  26 

Surbiton— Waiting  and  Store  Rooms  - Urban  District  Council    .Tames  Bell,  Clerk,  District  Council  Offices,  Surbiton   .•  27 

Hanwell,  W.— Boiler-House  and  Chimney  Shaft  at  Asylum  ...  L.C.C.  Asylums  Committee  R.  W.  Partridge,  Clerk,  6,  Waterloo-place,  S.W i  27 

Cockermouth— Alteration  to  Buildings  at  Flimby  Lodge Guardians W.  G.  Scott  and  Co..  Architects,  Victoria  Buildings.  Workington  ...    „  27 

Narboroagh,  Leicester— Asyliun  (700  patients)    Committee  of  Visitors  Everard  and  Pick,  Architects,  Millstone-lane,  Leicester „  27 

Dinnington  Collieiy— Six  Houses  Cramlington  District  Co-op.  Society  .  J.  G.  Crone,  Architect,  21.  Grainger-street  West,  Newcastle „  29 

Mile-end.  E— Additional  Building  at  South-grove  Workhouse  Whitecbapel  Ucion  Guardians Alfred  Conder,  F.R.I.B.A..  9,  Bridge-street,  Westminster,  S.W 29 

Oreenford -Seven  Houses Great  Western  Railway  Co G.  K.  Mills,  Secretary,  Paddington  Station,  W Mar.   1 

Tottenham— Municipal  Buildings Urban  District  Council    W.  H.  Prescott,  A.M.I. C.E.,  712,  High-road,  Tottenham  ,.  1 

Paignton  — Waiting-Kooms Great  Western  Railway  Co G.  K.  Mills,  Secretary,  Paddington  Station,  W „  1 

Cowley,  Uxbridge -Passenger  Station Great  Western  RaiiWay  Co G.  K.  Mills,  Secretarv,  Paddington  Station.  W ,  1 

New  Cross.  S.E.— Reconstructing  Scuth-Eastern  Hospital Metropolitan  Asylums  Board    T.W.  Aldwinckle  and  Son,  Archts.,  20,  Denman-st,  London  Bridge    ,,  2 

Langho,  Blackburn- Epileptic  Homes    Chorlton  i^-  Manchester  Asylum  Com.  Giles,  Gough,  A:  "TroUope,  Archts. ,'2S.Ccaven-3t.,  Charing  Cross,  W.C.    „  4 

Blaenavon— School,  Upper  Hill-street School  Board  B.  J.  Francis,  Architect,  Abergavenny  4 

Hutfn.  Es.=ex— Childrens'  Homes    Poplar  Guardians Holman  i-  Goodiham.  Archts.,  6,  King's  Bench-walk.  Temple,  E.C.    „  4 

Birmirgham— Electric  Power  Station  at  Saltley  Drainage  Board  and  Corporation J.  D.  Watson,  A.M.I.C.  E.,  Engineer,  Tyburn,  near  Birmiogham  ...    „  7 

Oxford— Works  and  Repairs    Two  Years)  War  Department  The  Royal  Engineer  Office.  41,  Charing  l^oss,  S.W 9 

London— Works  and  Repairs  (Two  Yeais) War  Department  The  Royal  Engineer  Office,  41.  Charing  Cross,  S.W 9" 

Folkestone— Alterations  to  Town  Hall  Corporation : Reginald  Pope,  F.R.I.B.A.,  17,  Cheriton-place,  Folkestone — 

Whitewell  Bottom— Cottage Chris.  Guy,  Rosedale.  Whitewell  Bottom,  Lanes  — 

Derby- Reading  and  Smoking  Room  and  Water  Tower  Ley's  Malleable  Castings  Co E.  R.  Ridgway,  Architect,  Long  Eaton — 

Whitewell  Bottom- Six  Houses R.  Whittaker  and  Son.  School-street,  Whitewell  Bottom,  LanC3 — 

Preston- Weaving  Shed    Eldon  Street  MUl  Co P.  Pickup.  Architect  Mercantile  Chambers,  Burnley  — 

Belfast— Thrrteen  Houses  at  Stranmillis Robt.  A.  Boyd,  Architect,  '22,  Lomb.ard-street  Belfast  — 

Spnngwell,  Gateshead— Schools Usworth  School  Board S.  Wilkinson,  Architect  30,  Mosley-street,  Newcastle-on-Tyne  — 

LowMtoft-Frce  Library G.  W.  Leighton.  Architect  6,  Princes-street  Ipswich     — 

tiEchley.  N.-Six  Houses R.  T.  Tasker,  3S,  John-street  Bedford-row,  W.C  — 

i  ji  ■  i?^''"''~®'"'P  """^  ''■"'°  Houses B  Jones,  Typpica,  Hopkinstown.  nerr  Pontypridd  — 

^nuaiHgh  Knighton— Vicarage Edmund  Sedoing,  Architect,  11,  Queen  Anne-terrice,  Plymouth — 


13 


Feb.  12,  1904. THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 257 

ELECTBICAL    PLANT. 

Battersea.  8.W.— Electric  Tumps  and  Pipework Borough  Council    11.  R.  Forbes  Mackay.  Lombard-street,  Battersea,  S.W ..Feb.  15 

Kirkcaldy— WiriDfr  Pathhead  Halla    Corporation O.  F.  Francis,  Borough  Electrical  Engineer.  Victoria-rd.,  Kirkcaldy    „  15 

Battersea,  S.W.— Steam  Dynamo  (7;0kw.)    Borough  Council    H.  R.  Forbes  Mackay.  Lomhard-rnad.  Battersea,  S.W. ,,  15 

Swindon— Electric  Wiring Corporation J.  G.  (iriffln.  Electrical  Engineer.  Swimlnn ,  15 

Camberwell,  S.E.— Engine  and  Dynamo  at  Baths    Baths  Sub-Committee W.  Oxtoby.  Borough  Engineer.  Town  Hall.  Camberwell,  8. E „  16 

Eadclitt'e-Station  LiRhtiog  and  Wirine Urban  District  Council    lacey  and  Sillar,  2.  Queen  Anne's  Ciite,  Westminster    „  2ft 

Radclilfe-Testing  Instruments  and  Wiring Urban  District  Council    Lacey  and  Sillar.  2.  (iueen  Anne's  Gate,  Westminster    ,  20 

Hanley-Electrie-I.ighting  Plant Corporation  ..  C.  A.  Cowell.  Electrical  Engineer,  Park-road,  Hanley 22 

Edinburgh— Engine  and  Dynamo Magistrates  and  Conncil Kennedy  and  .Terkin.  17.  Victoria-street.  Westminster.  S.W ,  22 

Islington,  N.— Conduits  and  Mains  Borough  Council The  Borough  Electrical  Engineer,  .iO.  Eden-grove,  HoUoway,  N.   ...    ,,  24 

Sunderland— Travelling  Crane  acd  Storage  Battery  Coiporation John  F.  C.  Snell,  M.I. C.E.,  Town  Hall.  Sunderland    26 

Cambuslang— Electrical  Supply  System  Lanark  County  Council  Hunter  and  .Tack.  Elec.  Engineers,  101,  St.  Vineent-,Hreet,  Glasgow    ..  25 

Manchester— Electric  Hoists  and  Cranes Dock  and  Warehouse  Co W.  H.  Hunter,  M.I.C.E.,  11,  Spring-gardens,  Manchestel    Mir.    1 

ENGINEERINa. 

Hochdale— Water-Piping  at  Workhouse Guardians R.  A.  Leach,  Clerk,  I  nion  Offices,  Rochdale  Feb.  1.3 

Dublin— Engineering  Work Great  Northern  (Ireland)  Ry.  Co.  ...  W,  H.  Mills,  Engineer-in-Chief,  A  mierLs-street  Terminus,  Dublin    .    „      15 

Avonmouth,  Bri.'^tol  -  Opening  Bridge  for  Royal  Edward  Dock  Docks  Committee  W.  W.  .Squire,  Engineer.  Engineer's  Ollice.CumberUnd-road,  Bristol    ,.     15 

Manchester— Hydraulic  Goods  Lifts Markets  Committee  The  City  Surveyor's  Otlice.  Town  Hall,  Manche^iter „     15 

Blue  Anchor— Extension  of  Sea  Defences Somerset  County  Council    The  County  Surveyor's  Oltice,  1,  Belmont,  Bath    „     15 

Sheffield— Heating  Apparatus  at  Hammerton-street  School  ....  Education  Committee  W.  .1.  Hale,  13,  St.  James's-row.  Sheffield   „     15 

Hindley,  Lanes— Sulphate  of  Ammonia  Plant Urban  District  Conncil    H.  O.  Timniins.  Gas  Engineer.  Hindley.  Lanes ,     15 

Dunfermline  and  Kincardine— Single-line  Railway  (10  miles)...  North  British  Railway  Co Blyth  and  Westland,  Civil  Engineers.  135,  George-street,  Edinburgh    „      25 

Avonmouth.  Bristol— Caisson  for  Royal  Edward  Dock Docks  Committee  W.W.  Squire.  Engineer.  Engineer's  Office,Cumberland-road,  Bristol    ,.      15 

Glasgow— Heating  Offices,  Renfleld-street  Coiporation Frank  Burnett,  F.S.I.,  lfii\  Hope-street,  Glasgow    „      16 

Malmesbury — Waterworks Rural  District  Council Cyrus  Combes,  I'',ngineer,  Tisbury   ,,     16 

Greenwich,  S.E.— Five  Tubular  Fuel  Economisers London  County  Council  The  Clerk,  fJounty  Hall,  Spring  Gardens,  8,W „     16 

Belfast — Wooden  Footbridge  over  Connswater  River Improvement  Committee Sir  Samuel  Black,  Town  Clerk,  Belfast ,     16 

Millom— Two  Beds  of  Retorts Urban  District  Council    W.  T.  Lawrence,  Clerk,  Millom  17 

Chiswick,  W.— Twenty-four  Ventilating  Shafts  Uiban  District  Council    .Tohn  Barclay.  Surveyor,  Town  Hall.  Chiswick  ,     17 

lieeds-Brickmaking  Plant Gas  Committee R.  H.  Townsley.  General  Manager,  Gas  Offices,  East  Parade,  Leeds    „      17 

Manchester-Natural  Mineral  Rock  Asphalt  Work    Dock  and  Warehouse  Extension  Co..  W.  H.  Hunter,  M.I. C.E.,  Chief  Eng.,  41.  Spring-gardens.^Ianehester    „     18 

Bermondsey,  S.E. — Fire-mains  at  Workhouse,  Tanner-street...  St.  Olave's  Union  Guardians Newman  and  Newman.  Architects,  31.  Tooley-street,  S.E „     18 

Londonderry— Sinking  Well  at  Gransha  . Lunatic  Asylum  Committee M.  A.  Robinson,  C.E.,  Richmond-street,  Londonderry  „     19 

Manchester- Bridge  over  River  Irk  at  Victoria-avenue Parks  and  Cemeteries  Committee  ....  The  City  Surveyor's  Office,  Town  Hall.  Manchester ,     19 

Mountain  Ash— Gasholder  Tank  Urban  District  Council    Corbet,  Woodall,  &  Son,  Engs..  Palace  Chmbra.,  Westminster,  8. W.    „     19 

Newburgh— Cast-iron  Pressure  Filters  aSid  Pipes    Town  Council W.  D.  Sang  and  Lockhart,  t:.E.,  Kirkcaldy      „     20 

Chelmsford— Engine  and  Borehole  Pump  : P.  Griffith,  M.I.C.E..  .54,  Parliament-street,  Westminstjr,  S.W „     20 

Hanley— Condensing  Plant Corporation C.  A.  Cowell,  Electrical  Engineer,  Park -road,  Hanley ,     22 

Rancom — Waterworks Rural  District  Council Geo.  F.  Ashton,  Clerk,  71,  High-street,  Runcorn  „     22 

Brighton— Winding  Shaft  at  Falmer  Pumping  Station Francis  J.  Tillstone,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Brighton „     23 

Walton-on-the-Naze— Burr  Groyne,  Sea  Defence  Works Urban  District  Council    Henry  W.  Gladwell,  A.M.I. S.E.,  High-street,  Walton-on-the-Naze    „     25 

Hull— Bridge  over  River  Hull  at  Stoneferry.. Corporation A.  E.  White,  M.I.C.E.,  City  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Hull  ,     26 

Knaresborough— Resetting  Retorts  at  Gasworks Thos.  Mainman,  Clerk.  Council  Offices.  Knaresborough ,     27 

Hitchin— Hot- Water  Supply  to  Three  Counties  Asylum  R.  E.  Middleton,  17,  Victoria-street,  S.W 27 

Dublin— Passenger  and  Goods  Engines  Great  Northern  (Ireland)  Railway  Co.  T.  Morrison,  Secretary,  Amiens-street  Terminus,  Dublin  Mar,    1 

Cardiff— Covered  Service  Reservoir  (l,7C0,CCO  gallons)  Corporation C.  H.  Priesley,  M.I. C.E.,  Waterworks  Eng.,  Town  Hall,  Cardiff   ...    „       3 

Coventry— New  Tramways  (8J  miles)  New  General  Traction  Co.,  Ltd I.  E.  Winslow,  Engineer,  30,  Bishopsgate-street  Within,  E.C „       5 

Brigg— Lock  Gates Ancholme  Navigation  Commissioners  Alfred  Atkinson,  C.E.,  Brigg,  Lines ,       8 

Warminster— Circular  Reservoir  (200,000  gallons)  Wilcox  and  Raikes.  Engineers.  6.3,  Temple-row.  Birminghim  ,,       8 

Homsey  and  Wood  Green— Light  Railways Middlesex  County  Council H.  T.  Wakelam,  M.I.C.E.,  Middlesex  Guildhall, Westminster.  S.W.    ,,      14 

Tottenham  and  Edgware— Light  Rail  ways Middlesex  County  Council H.  T.  Wakelam,  M.I.C.E.,  Middlesex  Guildhall,  Westminster,  S.W.    „      14 

Manchester— Boiler  at  Baths,  Pryme-street  Corporation The  City  Architect,  Town  Hall,  Manchester  ,     15 

Great  Float,  Birkenhead— Purifiers  Wallasey  Urban  District  Council    ...  J.  H.  Crowther,  Engineer,  Egremont,  Cheshire  ..  „      17 

Port  Natal-Coaling  Plant   Natal  Government Charles  J.  Crofts,  M.I.C.E.,  Harbour  Dept.,  Durban,  Natal April25 

Wormwood  Scrubs,  W.— Kitchen  Apparatus  at  Workhouse  ...  Hammersmith  Board  of  Guardians...  Giles,  Gough,  &Trollope,  Archs.,  28,  Craven-st,  Charing  Cross,  W.C.      — 

Hemel  Hempsted-Steam-Roller  and  Scarifier Corporation Walter  R.  Locke.  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall.  Hemel  Hempsted      — 

Wormwood  Scrubs,  W.— Laundry  Apparatus  at  Workhouse  ...  Hammersmith  Board  of  Guardians...  Giles,  Gough.  &Trollope.  Archs..  28.  Craven-st..  Charing  Cross,  W.C,      — 
Stranorlar— Two  Locomotives    Donegal  Railway  Co The  General  Manager,  Stranorlar,  Co.  Donegal — 

PENOINO    AND    WAIiLS. 

Warrington-Wrought-Iron  Unolimbable  Hurdles    General  Purposes  Committee The  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Warrington  Feb.  13 

Fulham,  S.W.— Brick  Boundary  Wall  at  South  Park  Borough  Council    The  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Walham  Green,  S.W „     17 

FURNITURE    AND    EITTINOS. 

Huddersfleld- Furniture  Carpets,  and  Linoleum    Colne  and  ITolme  Isolation  Hos.  Com.  J.  Berry,  Architect,  .3,  Market-place,  Huddersfleld  Feb.  15 

Custom  House,  E.— Furnishing  Shipman-road  Schools West  Ham  Education  Committee William  Jacques,  A.R.I. B.  A., '2,  Fen-court,  Fenchurch-street,  B.C.  „  15 

Tobercurry- Eighteen  Iron  Bedsteads Guardians W.  V.  Donohoe.  Clerk.  Workhouse.  Tobercurry,  Ireland „  15 

Plymouth— Hyde  Park-road  School  E.  Chandler  Cook,  Education  .Secretary,  18,  Princess-sq.,  Plymouth  „  15 

Tooting  Bee,  S.W.— Furniture  to  Receiving  Home    Metropolitan  A  ylums  Board    T.Duncombe  Mann.  Clerk,  Embankment,  E.C „  15 

HaUfax- Furniture  at  Copley  Schools Education  Committee  James  Lord,  C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Halifax „  15 

PAINTINa. 

Waterloo-Wesleyan  Chapel  j.  Copeland,  275,  Oldham-road,  Waterloo    Feb.  13 

East  Dereham— ElsiDg  Chapel    The  Rev.  J.  H.  Rose,  33,  Commercial-road,  East  Dereham  „  13 

Newport,  Mon.— W.iieliouse   H.  B.  and  J.  E.  Banks S.  B.  Birds  and  T.  A.  Buttery.  Archts.,  Basinghall-square,  Leeds  ..    „  13 

Queensbury-Two  Houses    ,Tohn  Drake  and  Pons,  Architects,  Uueensbury „  13 

Keighley— Swimming  Baths,  Albert-street _ Corporation W.  H.  Hopkinson,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Keighley „  15 

Lancaster- Sanatorium  Extensions Sanitary  Committee The  Borough  Surveyor.  Marktt-S(iuare,  Lancaster  ,  ],s 

Carlisle-Two  Houses  and  Shops  j.  Titfen    H.  H.  Hodgkinson.'Areliiteet,  a,  Lowther-street  Carlisle „  23 

London,  E.C.—PitHeld-street  Baths Shoreditch  Borough  Council The  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall.  Old-street,  E.C 23 

Mickleover-Four  New  Wards  Visiting  Committee  McWilliams,  Resident  Engineer,  Mickleover 25 

PLUMBING    AND    GLAZING. 

Elland— House Walsh  and  Nicholas,  Architects,  Museum  Chambers,  Halifax Feb.  15 

«la*gow--Oftce.s  Renfleld-street  Corporation Frank  Burnett,  F.8.I.,  l.s),  Hope-street,  Glasgow    16 

ialkirk-Council  Offices  ..„ Stirlingshire  County  Council A.  and  W.  Black,  Architects,  Falkirk ,     16 

Bethnal  Green,  N.E.— Six  Blocks  of  Artisans'  Dwellings The  Clerk  of  Works,  Barnsley-sti-eet,  Bethnal  Green,  X.E — 

ROADS    AND    STREETS. 

Droylsden-Strett  Works Urban  Di.strict  CouncU    Ch,arles  Hall,  Surveyor,  10,  Ashton-road,  Droylsden Feb.  13 

Mrighouse-Paving... •-■■■:••• Highways  Committee  S.S.Haywood,  Horough  Survevor,  Municipal  Offices,  Brighouse   ...    „  13 

oelly  Oak --New  Roads  at  Workhouse King's  Norton  Union  Guardians T.  B.  Hall  and  Jones,  Kings  Court,  117,  Colmore-row,  Birmingham    „  15 

Croydon-Koads  Repair      Town  Council The  Borough  Surveyor's  OlKce,  Town  Hall,  Croy.lon   ,  16 

bhoreditch,  EC— Wood  Paving  Carriageways Borough  Council    J.Rush  Dixon,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Boro' Eig., Town  Hall,  0:d-st..  E.C 16 

loltenham,  N.-Hoads  and  Sewers,  White  Hart-lane  Estate  ...  London  County  CouncU  The  Architects'  Department  19,  Charing  Cross-road,  W.C 16 

|.arle8town-8trect-M.^klng    ..   Newton-in-Makerfield  U.D.C C.  Cole.  Clerk.  Town  Hall,  Earlestown 17 

?S  ,    E  ,;°°n'     '"-^  ^'^'°^;SP  .Street* Corporation E.  J.  Elford,  M.I.M.E.,  Borough  Surveyor,  Southend-on-Sea „  18 

Wakeheld.-Pnvale  street  Works The  City  Surveyor.  Town  Uall,  Wakefield 18 

Merton-Making-upruvate  Streets Croydon  Rural  District  Council    R.  M.  Chart,  F.S, I.,  Surveyor,  Town  Hill,  Crovdon    18 

BMcupon-btrctt  Works  Highways  and  Sewers  Committee  ...  John  Atkiiwon.  AM.I.C.E.,  Borough  Surveyor,' Stockp;nt    18 

aull-.-itreet  fc.xtension..  Corporation A.  E.  White,  M.I.C.E.,  City  Engineer,  Town  U.-ill,  Hull   „  19 

Uornsey- Wood  Paving  Seven  Sisters  -road Town  Council E.  J.  Lovegrovc,  Borough  Engineer,  Southwood-lane,  Uighgate,  N.    „  Hi 

Wldnes- Improvement  Works   Corporation John  S.  Sinclair.  A.MI.C.E,,  Boro'  Sur.,  Town  Hall,  Widnes JU 

Audenshaw-Hoad,  \c.          Urban  District  Council    William  Clough,  Engineer,  2,  Guide-lano.  Audenshaw ,  '2.3 

^nasgate—Making-up  Roads Corporation T.  G.  Taylor.  Borough  Surveyor,  Albion  House,  Ramsgate  „  Vb 

Walton-on-tUe-Nazc  -_Making-up  and  Paving Urban  District  Council    H.  W.  Gladwell,  A.M. I. S.E. ,  Dis.  Sur.,  High-st,  Wulton-on-Na2C.    „  25 

Cockermoiith-Roud  \\  idening    B„ral  District  Council J.  P.  Wilson,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Cockormouth  „  27 

owinton— i-avinglliirty- live  Streets  and  Passages  Urban  District  Council    Henry  Entwisle.  Surveyor,  Council  Olliees.  Swmton    2.' 

liishops  btoitford- laving Urban  District  Council    R.  8.  Scott,  AM.I.C.E',  Surveyor,  7,  Noith-st,  Bishop's  StortforJ  M.«.    1 

J.itheilana-RoadandlassageWorks    Urban  District  Council    A.  H.  Carter,  Surveyor, '25,  oeftun-road,  Litherlan.l    2 

ri    11,         .    ;.    „  SA'NITARY. 

'wT.i.ifE        ,7j       ■■ iA ■■ Rural  District  Council W.  H.  Thomas,  Surveyor,  Tring r.  !•■  1: 

Po^fJ,^  „'''^           '^™™"°''°''^"'™'^'=^»'  I'romenuae Urban  District  Council    J.  P.  Spencer,  Architect,  3o.  llowanl-sUvel.  N.uth  Shields  „  1.1 

K«^f^li   ^~        "^^ ic^ ;;■. Coiporation A.  C.  Tuiley,  A.M.I. C,E,  Citv  Engineer,  GuiUlliall-st.,  Canterbury,    „  15 

wfir     r       o"'"*'^  "  .    Sewage  Disposal  Works Rural  District  Council Sands,  Walker,  ami  Maylan.  EiigiiiwTs.  Milton-sneet,  XottingSiain    „  15 

rihi  i,^^i:°  w  ^''"'  '^■° Uiban  District  Council    C.  J.  Lomax,  A.M.I.C.E..  37.  Cr,..s.s-slivet,  Manchest.jr Ki 

V.niswick,  W.-Drains    _._                         Uiban  District  Council    John  Barclay,  Surveyor,  Town  Uall,  Chiswi.^k   „  17 


T.S^r  ■"''''  "';;•'»  ,•■  ■•" ■ Rural  District  Council T.  H.  Richardson,  Engineer.  Ilemswo.th,  Vorks  l--- 

Jjeeas-Lonvenienccs  at  Famley  Itecreation  Ground Corporation The  City  Engineer's  office,  Leeds „  1» 

'M'„,7i.b„    u   '^   V,,--; ■ Urban  District  CouncU    The  Surveyor's  ollie«,  I'liblio  Rooms.  Hornsea  20 

moriiane- Sewerage  Works    Richmond  Main  Sewerage  Board W.  Fuiriey,  Eugimer.  West  Uall-road.  Kew  Gardens,  N.W „  2.H 

w'pSE"  N  to"o Health  Committee G.  J.  C.  Broom,  M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  St.  Helens 23 

>yemDiey,  M.W.-Bewer Urban  District  Council    C.  K.  W.  Chapman,  Surveyor,  Public  Offices,  Wembley,  N.W „  '23 


258 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Eeb.  12,  1904. 


SANIT  A-BiY— continued. 

Wetherbv— Seweraee  "Works  Eural  District  CouncU Eichardson  and  Hartley,  Engineers,  East  Parade  Chambers,  Leeds..  Feb.  21^ 

Midhurst-Drainage  Works    ::"::.: Ttura!  District  Council J.  M  Fumeaux.  Clerk  Midhurat    29 

Mu.t^ell  Hill.  X.-eewer.  St.  JamesVlane    Hornsey  Town  Council    E.  J.  We^ove  Boro  Eo?    Southwood-W^  Mar.    1 

BromleT  Kent-Sewera  Eural  District  Council -,  A.  Wilbaras  and  Sons.  MM.I.C.E..  14,  \  ictona-street.  S.W „        2 

Headcorn— Sewers .".'.'*.'.'!!;.'','"'."."..!.!]! HoUingboum  Eural  District  Council.  Fairbank  and  Son,  Engineers,  C.E.,  Lendal  Chambers,  York ,       2 

STEEL    AKD    IBON. 

Urban  District  Council    H.  O.  TimmiuE,  Gas  En^neer,  Cross-street,  Hindley Feb.  15 

Corporation J.  W.  Allin,  Gas  Engineer.  Chorley   „  le 

DubUn,Wicklow,&  "Wexford  Ry.  Co.  M.  F.  Keogh,  Secretary,  Westland-row  Station.  Dublin , „  18 

Urban  District  Council    J.  T.  Pears.  Surveyor,  Council  Offices,  Rothwell,  near  Leeds   „  18 

Corporation George  "Winter,  Waterworks  Engineer,  Djirlingtoiv „  18 

, Der  Hafenbauinspector,  Swinemunde „  20 

Corporation E.  Wil(>on  Dixon,  M.I. C  E.,  14,  Albert-street,  Harrogate „  20 

Royal  Harbour  Department  Der  Hafenbauinsoeetor,  Swinemunde    „  20 

Gas  Commissioners  "W.  R.  Herring,  M.I.C.E.,  Chief  Eng.,  New-st.  Works,  Edinburgh  ..  „  29 


Hindley— Gas-Main  fl,500  yards) 

Chnrley— Cast-Iron  Pipes 

Dublin— Steel  Bails  fl.COOtons) 

Rothwell— Capt-Iron  Water-Pipes  (90  tons)  

Darlington— Cast-iron  Pipes  {2,250  yards  of  12in.).. 

Stettin-Iron  and  Steel 

Harrogate- Cast-iron  Pipes  (2,800  tons) 

Stettin— Chains  {13.?6okg.)  

Edinburgh— Girder  Roofs 


Bridgend— Road  Material  (One  Year) 

East  Retford- Broken  Granite  and  Slag  (One  Year) 

Blackburn— Road  Materials  (One  Year' 

Warrington— Various  Materials  (One  Year) 

London,  E.C.—"\'arious  Stores 

Richmond,  Surrey— Various  Stores  (One  Year)   

Bedford— Materials 

Chelmsford — Broken  Granite  (One  Year)    

Glasgow — Firebricks  at  Gasworks  (One  Year)  

Finsbury.  E.C.— Various  Stores  (One  Year) 

Selby— Whinstone,  &c.  (One  Year)  

Coloe,  Lanes.— Road  Materials  (Ooe  Year)    

Downham  Market— Materials  (One  Year) 

Birkenhead— Stores  and  Materials  (One  Year) 

Eotherham— Retorts,  Firebricks,  &c 

Middlesborough—Whinstone  (One  Year)  

Nelson,  Lanes. — Various  Stores  aod  Materials  (One  Year) 

Plymouth— Goods  and  Materials  (One  Year).... 

Dundee— Quarrying  and  Carting'  Metal  

Todmorden- Retorts,  Firebricks,  &c 

Long  Sutton— Granite    7C0  tons)  and  Slag  (200  tons)  

Tottenham,  N.— Road  Materials.  Lime,  and  Cement  {One  Year) 

Bermondsey,  S.E.— Works  and  Materials  (One  Year)   

Salisbury— Stones  and  Gravel  (One  Year)  

Bacup— Materials.  &c.  (One  Year) 

Rochester— Various  Stores  and  Materials  (Six  Months)    

Folkestone— Various  Materials  (One  Year)   

Blackpool— Portland  Cement  (5,000  tons)   

MaTdstone— Materials  {One  Year) 

Bootle— Stores  and  Materials  (One  Year)   

Chiswick,  W.— Works  and  Materials  fOne  Year) 

Potterspury— Granite  and  Slag  (One  Year)    

East  Retford- Granite  

Dublin— Rectangular  Sleepers  (20,000) 

Salford— Lime  (1,000  tons)  

Birkenhead— Various  Materials  (One  Year) 

Felixstowe — Materials  (One  Year)    

Stokesley—Whinstone  and  Limestone  (One  Year) 

Homcastle— Granite  (5,945  tons)  and  Slag  (1,550  tons) 

Sheffield— Labour  and  Materials  (One  Yearj 

Hardingstone — Materials 

Plymouth— Ironwork  [One  Year' 

Burton-on-Trent-Road  Materials  (One  Year) 

Northampton— Road  Materials  (One  Year)    

Ratbmines,  Co.  Dublin— Stores  i.One  Year) 

Lewes— Road  Materials,  &c.  ;One  Year) 

Boston— Broken  Granite  ;  1,200  tons) 

Plymouth— Goods  and  Materials  (One  Year) 

Northampton— Portland  Cement,  Paints,  and  Oils  (One  Year  . 

Deal— Cement,  &c.  (One  Year) 

6t,  Pancras,  N.W.— Works  and  Materials  (One  "Year) 

Culham— Roadstone  Granite  2.000 tons)... 

Beckenham— Works  and  Mateiials  (One  Year)    

Sheffield — Tramway  Stores  ((>ne  Year 

Homsey,  N.— Works  and  Materials  (Three  Years) 

Old  Hill— Road  Stone 

Bevtrley- Stone  v6,0C0tons) 

Newark— Granite  and  Slag  

Sowerby  Bridge— Various  Stores  (One  Year)    

Bromley,  Kent— Works  and  Materials  (One  Y'ear) 

Diss — Broken  Granite  (540  tons)    

Gillingham— Road  Materials  

Southall— Works  and  Materials 

Wood  Green,  X.— Works  and  Materials  (One  Year) 

Leigh,  Lanes— Road  Materials  ;One  Year) 

Woolwich— Various  Stores  (One  Year) 

Islington,  N.— Works  and  Materials  (One  Year) 

Salford— Materials  (One  Year) 

Chelmsford— Materials,  &c.  (One  Year) 

Earlestown— Materials  (One  Year)    

Huntingdon— Road  Ma  terials  (One  Year) 

Halifax— Portland  Cement.  Lime.  &c.  (One  Year)' 

Margate— Various  Stores^One  Year)  

Halifax— Wrought-Iron  Goods  (One  Year) 

Halifax— Brass  Castings.  Paints,  &c.  (One  Year)    

York— Road  Materials  (One  Year)    

Halifax— Oils  and  Paints,  Timber,  &c.  (.One  Y'ear)    

Worcester— Road  Stone  (One  Year) 

Halifax— Iron  Castings.  6cc.  .One  Year ^    

Margate— Cast-iron  Pipes    ...' '. 

Halifax— Ecgine-Room  Stores   One  Year)    

Middlesex,  W.— Granite  or  Basalt  (12,000  tons)  

Lutterworth— Granite  (One  Year) 

Manchester— Pitch  and  Creosote  Oil .'.... 

Birkenhead— Various  Stores  (One  Year) 

Gainsborough— Granite  (10,0C0  tons),  Slag  (1,000  tons) 


STORES. 

Glamorgan  County  Council    

Rural  District  Council 

Corporation 

Water  Committee 

Great  Indian  Peninsula  Railway  Co. 

Town  Council 

County  Council  

Essex  County  Council  

Corporation 

Borough  Council 

Urban  District  Council    .-. 

Highways  Committee 

Rural  District  Council 

Corporation 

Gas  Committee  

Rural  District  Council 

Gas  Committee  

Corporation  Waterworks 


Gas  Committee   

Urban  District  Council    

Urban  District  Council 

Bi  rough  Council    

Rural  District  Council 

Corporation 

Corporation 

Corporation ,. 

Highway  Committee    

Rural  District  Council 

Corporation 

Uiban  District  Council    

Rural  District  Council 

Corporation 

Dublin,  Wicklow,  &  Wexford  Ry.  Co. 

Gas  Committee   

Corporation  

Urban  District  Council    

Rural  District  Council 

Rural  District  Council 

Highway  and  Sewerage  Committee  .. 

Rnral  District  Council 

Corjwration 

Corporation 

Corporation 

Rathmines  and  Rathgar  U.D-C. 

East  Sussex  County  Council 

Sibsey  Rural  District  Council    

Corporation 

Corporation 

Town  Council 

Borouph  Council    

Rural  Di^t^ict  Council 

Urban  District  Council    

Tramways  Committee  

Urban  District  Council    

Rowley  Regis  U.D.C 

Rural  District  Council 

Rural  District  Council 

Urban  District  Council    

Town  Council 

Urban  District  Council    

Corporation 

Southall-Norwood  U.D.C 

Urban  District  Council    

Corporation 

Borough  Council    

Borough  Council    

Tramways  Committee 

Rural  District  Council 

Newton-in-Makei-field  U.D.C 

County  Council 

Highway  Department 

Corporation 

Electricity  Department 

Tramways  Department   

Corporation 

Highway  Department 

Highways  and  Bridges  Committee  ... 

Highway  Department 

Corporation 

Electricity  Department   

County  Council  

Monks  Kirby  Rural  District  Council. 

Paving  Committee 

Mersey  Railway  Co 

Rural  District  Council 


H.  Wayman,  Clerk,  Union  Offices,  Downham  Market „ 

W.  Bates,  A.M.LC.E.,  Boro'  Elec.  Eng.,  Birkenhead... „ 

Frank  A.  "Winstanley,  Engineer,  Rotherham ,, 

"W.  n.  Dixon,  District  Surveyor.  Kirkby-iu-Cleveland „ 

A.  J.  Hope,  Engineer,  Gasworks,  Nelson ,, 

F.  Howarth.  A.M.LC.E.,  Water  Etig.,  Municipal  Offices,  Plymouth  „ 

J.  B.  Robert-5on.  Road  Surveyor,  Dowufield    „ 

The  Town  Clerk's  Office,  Town  Hall.  Todmorden „ 

S.  8.  Mossop.  Clerk.  Long  Sutton,  Lincolnshire „ 

E.  Crowne,  Clerk.  Coombes  Croft  House,  712,  High-rd.,  Tottenham  ,, 

F.  Ryall,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Spa-road,  S.E „ 

D.  W.  Morrice.  District  Surveyor,  Homingtou  „ 

A.  Blasdile  Clarke,  Town  Clerk.  Bacup „ 

William  Banks.  A  M.I.C.E.,  City  Surveyor,  Guildhall,  Rochester...  „ 

A.  E.  Nichols,  Borough  Engineer,  Corporation  Offices,  Folkestone...  ,» 

John  S.  Brodie,  Borough  Engineer,  Town  HaU,  Blackpool  ,, 

J.  S.  Killing,  Surveyor.  Barming,  Maidstone „ 

The  Borough  Engineer's  Office.  Town  HaU.  Bootle  ,, 

J.  Barclay.  Surveyor.  Town  HaU,  Chiswick ,, 

James  B.  Fairchil'd.  Surveyor,  Potterspury.  Stony  Stratford „ 

J.  D.  Kennedy,  Borough  Surveyor,  Retford  „ 

M.  F.  Keogh.  SecreUiry,  Westland-row  Station,  Dublin „ 

WilUam  "W.  Woodward.  Engineer,  Gas  Offices,  Bloom-st.,  Salford...  „ 

C.  Browmidge,  A.M.LC.E.,  Boro'  Eng.,  Town  Hall,  Birkenhead  ...  „ 

F.B.  Jennings,  Clerk,  Town  HaU,  Felixstowe   „ 

W.  H.  Dixon,  Surveyor,  Kirkby-in-Cleveland,  Stokesley,  R.8.0.  ...  ,, 

J.  E.  Chatterton,  Clerk,  Union  Offices,  Horncastle  „ 

C.  F.  Wike,  M.I.C.E.,  City  Surveyor,  Town  HaU,  Sheffield  „ 

John  Haviland,  Clerk.  2,  St.  Giles's-square.  Northampton   „ 

James  Paton.  Borough  Engineer,  Municipal  Offices,  Plymouth  „ 

George  T.  Lynam.  Borough  Engineer,  Burtou-on-Trent    ,, 

A.  Fidler,  A.M. ICE..  Borough  Engineer,  Northampton ,, 

F.  P.  Fawcett,  Clerk.  Town  HaU,  Rathmines.  Co.  Dublin „ 

F.  J.  Wood,  A  M.I.C.E.,  County  Surveyor,  County  Hall,  Lewes ,, 

John  M.  Simpson,  Clerk,  Boston „ 

James  Paton,  Borough  Engineer,  Municipal  Offices.  Plymouth   „ 

A.  Fidler.  A.M.I.C.E..  Borough  Engineer,  GuiidhaU,  Northampton  „ 

The  Town  Clerk,  Deal „ 

W.  Nisbet  Blair,  C.E.,  Boro'  EDgioeer.  Pancras-road,  N.W. „ 

B.  ChiUenor.  Clerk.  Council  Offices,  59,  Stert-street,  Abingdon  ,, 

F.  Stevens,  Clerk,  Beckenham  „ 

A.  R.  Fearnley,  General  Manager,  Town  HaU,  Sheffield ,, 

E.  J.  Lovegrove.  Borough  Engmeer,  Southwood-lane,  Highgate,  N.  „ 
The  CouncU  Offices.  Lawrence -lane.  Old  HiU,  Staffs    „ 

E.  Picker,  C.E.,  Surveyor,  Beverley *« 

R.  Oakden,  jun..  District  Surveyor,  Kirkgate,  Newark „ 

W.  A.  BisseU,  Engineer,  Gasworks.  Sowerby  Bridge  „ 

Fred  H.  Norman,  Town  Clerk.  Municipal  Offices,  Bromley,  Kent  ...  „ 

Alfred  Cooper.  Surveyor,  The  Terrace.  Diss „ 

F.  C.  Boucher.  Town  Clerk,  Corporation  Offices,  GUhngham    „ 

R.  Brown.  A.M.LC.E.,  Engineer,  Public  Offices,  SouthaU,  Middlesex  „ 

C.  J.  Gunyon,  A.M.LC.E.,  Surveyor,  Town  HaU,  Wood  Green,  N..  „ 
Tom  Hunter,  Borough  Engineer.  Bank  Chambers.  Leigh,  Lanes  ...  „ 
Frank  Sumner.  Borough  Engineer,  Masey-road,  Plumstead,  S.E —  ,, 

W.  F.  Dewey.  Town  Clerk,  Town  HaU,  Upper-street,  N ..  „ 

L.  C.  Evans.  Town  Clerk,  Town  HaU,  Salford  „ 

H.  Glyne  Wame,  Sur.  of  Highways,  Avenue  Chambers,  Chelmsford  „ 

C  Cole,  Clerk,  Town  HaU,  Eirloitown „ 

Herbert  Leete.  County  Surveyor,  Huntingdon „ 

James  Lord,  C.E..  Boro'  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  HaUfax    „ 

Edward  Brooke,  Town  Clerk.  Margate u 

W.  M.  Rogerson,  Boro'  Elec.  Eng-,  Foundry-street,  Halifax  „ 

F.  Spencer,  Manager,  Southern  Depot,  Hahfas ,| 

A.  Creer.  City  Engmeer,  GuildfaaU,  York ,» 

James  Lord,  C.E.,  Boro'  Engineer,  Town  HaU,  HaUfax    „ 

J.  H.  Garrett,  County  Road  Surveyor,  Shvrehall,  Worcester ,• 

James  Lord.  C.E.,  Boro'  Engineer,  Town  HaU,  Halifax    >, 

F.  Stanley,  Manager,  Town  HaU,  Margate i. 

W.  M.  Rogerson,  Boro'  Elec.  Eng.,  Found r^--street.  Halifax  , 

H.  T.  Wakelam.  M.I.C.E.,  Middlesex  GuiidhaU,  Westminster,  S.W.  Mar. 

J.  B.  Holroyd,  District  Surveyor,  Lutterworth  » 

The  Chief  Clerk,  Highways  Department,  Town  HaU,  Manchester  ...  — 

Geo.  H.  Langham,  Secretary,  Worcester  House,  Walbrook — 

Richard  MaxweU,  Sui'veyor,  Lea-road,  Giinsborough — 


CHIPS. 

The  Lincoln  Corporation  have  purchased  the 
undertaking  of  the  Lincoln  Tramways  Company 
for  £10,437.  The  concern  will  become  the  property 
of  the  city  from  July  1  next. 

The  Middlesbrough  Corporation  Electric  Lighting 
Committee  have  agreed  that  application  be  made  to 
borrow  £20,000  for  extension  purposes. 

Colonel  Slacke,  R.E.,  of  the  Local  Government 
Board,  has  held  an  inquiry  at  the  Leeds  Town  Hall 
into  the  proposal  of  the  corporation  to  borrow  a 
further  sum  of  £100,000  for  sewerage  purposes,  and 
£U.2')3  for  depots  at  Whitehall-road  and  other 
places.  There  was  no  opposition  to  either  of  the 
proposals. 


The  Bradford  Board  of  Guardians  have  agreed 
to  expend  £5,270  on  the  extension  of  the  offices  in 
Manor-row. 

Lord  Blythswood  has  consented  to  act  as  presi- 
dent of  the  22nd  Congress  of  the  Sanitary  Institute, 
to  be  held  in  Glasgow  from  July  25  to  oO. 

The  town  council  of  Taunton  finally  approved  on 
Tuesday  revised  plans  for  the  Carnegie  Free 
Library,  prepared  by  Mr.  A.  Colbourne  Little, 
architect. 

The  work  of  narrowing  the  footpaths  in  Park- 
road,  Aston,  in  readiness  for  the  double  line  of 
electric  tramways  which  the  Aston  Town  Council 
have  decided  should  take  the  place  of  the  present 
tramway,  was  commenced  on  Monday. 


The  members  of  Plymouth  Corporation  have 
accepted  a  tender  of  £24,920  for  the  construction 
of  a  new  wharf  at  the  Cattewater. 

The  salary  of  Mr.  F.  J.  Slater,  assistant  engineer 
at  Camberwell,  is  to  be  increased  to  £350  per  annnm 
by  two  increments  of  £25  each. 

The  urban  district  council  of  Felixstowe  and 
Walton  have  received  the  sanction  of  the  Local 
Government  Board  to  the  borrowing  of  £2,000  for 
road  widening  and  improvement,  an  inquiry  being 
dispensed  with. 

Herbert  Heap,  the  ex-borough  surveyor,  appeared 
once  again  at  Grimsby,  on  Monday,  to  answer  a 
charge  of  drunkenness.  TheBeuchagreed  to  adjourn 
the  hearing  for  a  month. 


Feb.  19,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


259 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERIXtt  JOURNAL. 
VOL.  LXXXn.— No.  2563. 


riilDAY,   FEBRUARY  19,   1901. 


SOME  ASPECTS  OF  THE  PROFESSIOX. 

OPESTIOXS  vary  upon  the  status  and 
duties  of  the  profession,  and  the 
members  thereof  are  divided  very  much  in 
their  own  views  of  their  calling.  While  there 
is  this  discrepancy  of  opinion  amongst  the 
public  and  the  profession  we  can  hardly 
wonder  at  the  diverse  views  held  on  many 
aspects  of  the  profession.  We  can  gather 
Iiretty  well  the  average  public  opinion  of 
architects,  from  the  reports  of  law  proceed- 
ings, when,  for  instance,  a  client  refuses  to 
pay  his  architect's  commission  from  some 
alleged  grievance  or  neglect,  when  he  disputes 
his  claims  to  be  paid  a  certain  commission  on 
cost,  or  his  power  to  give  a  certificate  of 
■completion,  or  when  he  alleges  that  his 
architect  has  .shown  any  negligence  in  super- 
intendence. The  judicial  bench  too  often 
takes  an  adverse  view  of  the  case,  as  when 
it  refuses  to  acknowledge  the  custom  of  the 
profession,  or  any  schedule  of  charges  which 
are  sanctioned,  and  even,  as  in  a  recent  case, 
talks  about  the  profession  as  a  "trade."  It 
is  needless  to  mention  other  instances  of  this 
kind,  as  they  are  too  well  known  to  our  readers, 
such  as  matters  arising  out  of  the  contract,  the 
architect  as  arbitrator  in  matters  of  dispute, 
or  the  retention  of  plans  by  the  architect. 
All  these  proceed  on  the  assumption  that 
the  architect  is  a  kind  of  superior  officer 
or  builder  employed  to  look  after  the 
contractor,  that  he  is  liable,  as  agent,  to  his 
employer  for  negligence,  and  that,  in  short, 
he  only  acts  for  his  client,  instead  of  for  both 
parties  of  the  contract.  His  real  position 
under  a  contract  as  quasi-contractor,  giving 
him  power  to  settle  all  matters,  is  virtually 
disputed.  By  another  class  of  persons  the 
architect  is  looked  upon  a^;  a  kind  of  detective 
to  watch  over  the  builder  and  workmen,  and 
examine  the  materials.  We  are  constantly 
hearing  of  cases  in  which  the  employer  sues 
the  architect  for  neglect  in  seeing  that  proper 
mortar  or  biicks  or  flooring-boards  are  used, 
and  even  for  any  defect  in  the  laying  or 
jointing  of  drain-pipes,  as  if  he  guaranteed 
to  watch  over  the  workman  on  laying  every 
brick,  or  to  see  that  every  drain-pipe  was 
properly  jointed  and  laid.  He  has  even  been 
held  responsible  for  an  imperfectly-drawn 
flue  and  other  trifling  defects.  Of  course, 
these  views  of  the  architect's  obligations 
are  those  only  of  the  more  ignorant  class  of 
employers,  yet  they  serve  to  indicate  the 
popular  mind,  and  how  much  is  still  to  be 
done  to  awaken  a  higher  estimation  of  the 
profession  than  at  present  exists.  The 
Registration  movement  will  to  a  largo  degree 
aid  in  the  removal  of  these  mistaken  notions 
of  the  architect's  work  more  than  any  system 
of  examination  tests  confine!  to  a  few.  By 
making  it  compulsory  that  all  practitioners 
are  qualifiod  in  certain  essentials  of  their 
vocation,  the  public  will  learn  by  degrees 
what  i\n'  requir<.>raents  of  the  architect's  pro- 
fession really  are,  and  his  duties  and  obliga- 
tions to  his  client. 

While  the  popular  notions  of  the  archi- 
tect's liabilities  are  strange  and  arbitrary, 
the  popular  idea  of  architecture  as  an 
art  IS  singularly  imperfect.  How  few 
people,  even  those  who  are  well  informed 
on  many  subjects,  who  study  their  news- 
papers, who  'can  talk  and  discuss  on 
political  parties  and  measures,  and  have 
a  knowledge  oven  of  the  fiscal  problem, 
know  anything  :it  all  about  the  merit-;  or 
qualities  of  architecture.  Not  many  are  able 
to  understand  the  growth  or  evolution  of  style 
in  our  old  churches  or  cathedrals,  which  are 


regarded  simply  as  edifices  erected  without 
any  preconceived  plan,  or  as  the  outcome  of 
arbitrary  taste.  They  can  explain  nothing 
about  their  origin,  or  even  of  the  religious 
orders  who  built  them,  and  even  gi'eater  ignor- 
ance is  shown  with  regard  to  our  old  abbeys 
and  monastic  buildings  and  castles.  Their 
only  information  is  gleaned  from  guide-books. 
Can  we  wonder  that  in  questions  of  design  or 
style  the  average  man  and  woman  know  very 
little,  while  they  are  not  backward  in  express- 
ing an  opinion  on  any  building  audits  design 
with  the  greatest  composure,  and  criticising 
buildings  which  do  not  appeal  to  their  own 
taste  or  standard  of  knowledge  ?  The  public 
mind  on  questions  of  architecture  and  art 
generally  is  sadly  deficient  in  discriminative 
power.  Mr.  Brown  sees  a  general  resemblance 
between  all  cathedr.ils  and  churches  in  which 
certiin  features  appear,  and  this  strange  per- 
version of  comparing  one  thing  with  another 
appears  to  give  him  very  wrong  notions 
about  buildings.  Thus,  Mr.  Brown  wishes 
his  architect  to  make  his  new  house  like  that 
of  Mr.  A,  although  the  site  and  aspect  are 
quite  diverse.  Mr.  Smith  admires  Mr.  B.'s 
conservatory  so  much  that  he  would 
like  it  attached  to  his  own  residence, 
forgetting  that  the  circumstances  are  so 
different  that  the  design  could  not  be 
followed.  Thus  the  idea  prevails  that  there 
is  no  science  in  design ;  but  that  an  archi- 
tect has  only  to  copy  a  given  plan  or  pattern 
anywhere — of  course,  quite  a  degrading 
notion,  which  places  the  profession  on  a  level 
with  costumiers  and  tailors.  Equally  pre- 
valent is  the  conviction  that  an  architect 
should  follow  the  dictates  and  tastes  of  his 
employer,  who  should  be  allowed  to  choose 
his  own  desires^a  notion  which  seems  to 
follow  the  principle  that  a  man  who  spends 
his  money  on  a  building  has  a  right  to  suit 
his  own  wishes.  It  is  true  that  a  house  or 
building  for  business  ought  to  be  the  ex- 
pression of  the  mind  and  habits  of  the  em- 
ployer, not  of  the  architect.  Such  a  result 
is  best  brought  about  by  the  architect, 
who  desires  to  realise  his  client's  tastes 
and  wants.  A  sympathetic  designer  will  do 
so.  But  the  employer  who  designs  his  own 
house  is  unable  to  employ  the  best  means  to 
give  effect  to  his  wants,  and  we  know  the 
result.  The  client  obtains  advice  from  one 
who  by  experience  and  knowledge  of  build- 
ing is  able  to  accomplish  the  work.  But  not 
until  this  knowledge  and  experience  are  con- 
sidered worth  paying  for  will  the  value  of 
professional  advice  be  recognised  b}-  the 
public.  At  present,  the  interfering,  arbitrary, 
and  ignorant  person  is  a  thorn  to  the  profes- 
sion, lie  suggests  all  kinds  of  questionable 
alterations,  selects  his  own  designs  for 
decoration,  like  ceilings,  chimneypieces, 
stoves,  and  wall-papers,  and  expects  his 
adviser  to  do  as  he  tells  him.  The 
irony  of  the  whole  thing  is  that  he 
pays  for  professional  advice  he  does  not 
follow.  Such  people  expect  something  which 
cannot  be  carried  out  without  spoiling  the 
plan  or  the  elevation.  As  they  have  to  pay 
the  bill,  they  will  "call  the  tune.'  There 
is,  as  we  have  hinted  above,  another  side. 
Architects  try  sometimes  to  have  their  own 
way  too  much  without  consulting  their 
client's  tastes  and  habits.  No  doubt  this  is  a 
mistake.  We  know  that  there  are  not  a  few 
in  the  profession  who  do  what  they  can  to 
carry  out  their  own  ideas  even  where  they 
clash  with  those  of  their  client.  We  have 
even  heard  it  suggested  that  an  architect 
should  force  a  troublesome  client  to  accept 
his  design.  As  the  house  is  built  to  live  in, 
the  owner  or  his  tenant  should  not  be  com- 
pelled to  accept  a  dwelling  that  does  no' 
suit  him.  The  architect  duos  wisely  to  forgot 
at  least  his  own  tastes  and  predilections  while 
ho  is  planning,  so  that  the  hou30  may  bo 
really  the  occupant's,  not  his. 

There  are  also  many  views  about  practice 
and  art  among  the  profession.  With  a  groat 
many  the  architect  is  considered  to  be  nothing 


if  not  professional — that  is  to  say,  he  is  looked 
upon  as  an  individual  which  the  client  must 
seek  almost  hat  in  hand,  that  his  duties  are 
all   regulated    by  custom    and  convention; 
there   are   certain   rules  and  etiquette   that 
must  be  obeyed,  certain  fees  and  a  commission 
that    must    be    paid    for    the    privilege    of 
receiving  advice  or  obtaining  a  design  for  a 
building  which  at  least,  whatever  its  merits 
may  be  artistically,  is  considered  according 
to    standard    and    authorised    tastes.     This 
view   is,  of   course,   a    convenient    one   for 
the    professional    man    who    does    not   care 
to    expend    too    much    thought    or    labour 
on    his    work.     His    idea    is     to    score    as 
many    clients     as     he    can  ;     to    get    his 
work  done  quickly,  not  to  spend  too  much 
time  over  one  job.     But  if  convenient  for  the 
professional  man,   this  commercial   view  is 
not  always  so  satisfactory  for  the  client,  who 
looks  at  the  bargain  in  another  light.  Instead 
of  discharging  the  business  in  a  perfunctoiy 
agent- like  way,   the    employer  expects   his 
architect  to  exercise  thought  and  skill  in  the 
planning  of  his  building,  and  taste  in  the 
design  internally  as  well  as  externally.    Quite 
in  the  opposite  direction  are  those  who  look 
upon  architecture   as  made  up  of  art  and 
manual  crafts,   which  cannot  oe  separated. 
Of     this     class     of    practitioners    we    need 
not  say  much    here — their  tenets  are   well 
known  to  our  readers  ;  the  art-craftsman  is 
thoroughly  in  earnest,  though  he  is  apt  to  be 
a  little  unpractical  and  eccentric  sometimes. 
We  have  taken  these  extremes  as  indicating 
two  important  aspects  of  our  subject.     The 
"  professional "    practitioner   is    not  always 
commercial  or  perfunctory  in  his  work,  nor 
is  the  disciple  of  art-craftsmanship  always 
eccentric  and  unpractical.  There  are  varieties 
in  each  in  which  the  two  divergent  qualitiea 
may  be  found  more  or  less  combined ;  but 
there  are  one  or  two  things  we  may  here  say 
in  connection  with  the  subject.     To  the  mind 
of  the  strict  professionalist,    art  appears  to 
take  quite   a  secondary  place,  and  his  first 
consideration  is  to  be  regarded  as  nn  regie  ; 
he  is  a  stickler  to  methods  of  business  and 
routine,   and  he  turns  out  his  work  with  a 
despatch  that  is  more  in  accord  with  a  com- 
mercial   transaction.      There    is    little   that 
appeals  to  the  sense  of  art,  and  there  is  much 
want   of   sympathy  in  his   work.     To  prac- 
titioners of  this  class,  also,  the  work  is  uncon- 
genial ;    they  look  upon    architecture   as  a 
business  merely.     With    them    there   is  no 
bright  side — none  of  those  "  pleasures  of  the 
architect's  life "  spoken  of  by  the  President 
of  the  Institute  the  other  day.     The  yearly 
holiday  is  perhaps  the  only  thing  enjoyed, 
because  it  is  a  reUef  from  toil,  not  in  spite  of 
it.     But  the  "  golden  hours  "  experienced  by 
the  real  artist  are  enjoyed  during  his  toil, 
at  the  hours  he  spends  on  his  model  or  his 
canvas,  his  studio,  or  the  workshop.     And 
this  congeniality  has  much  to   do  with  all 
artistic  occupations,    for  the  man  who  sees 
little  except  reputation  or  emolument  cannot 
put  his  heart  in  the   work.     With  the  art- 
craft   section   we   find   at   least  architecture 
taken   up   with   more   earnestness  and  self- 
sacrifice  ;  the  artist  lives  for  art,  although  ho 
works  to  live.     To  him  "profit-making'' is 
not  the  chief  end.    We  may  hero  quote.    Mr. 
Walter    Crane,    in    his    coUoiiuy    with  his 
friend,  says:  "  He  who  lives  to  please  must 
please  to  live  ;  and  hers  the  unfortunate  part 
of  it  comes  in  under  present  economic  condi- 
tions as  regards  the  artist — hence  insincerity, 
banality,  and  pot-boilers." 

But  we  do  not  desire  to  enter  into  the 
motives  of  the  two  classes  we  have  described  : 
each  works  according  to  his  capacity  and 
love  for  tho  art,  but  we  must  take  each  into 
account  in  tracing  tho  development  of  art. 
Two  other  aspects  of  the  profession  miy  be 
bnelly  noticed.  One  is  the  practical  and 
utilitiiriaii.  Many  in  the  profession  iilace  these 
qualities  in  the  highest  place.  Such  men  are 
j  excellent  in  many  things  :  good  builders  and 
I  constructors,  they  devote  their  attention  most 


260 


THE    BUILDINa    NEWS. 


Feb.  19,  1904. 


exclusively  to  construction  and  sanitation ; 
they  are  careful  estimators  and  surveyors, 
and  look  upon  arcbitecture  as  something  they 
can  play  with — that  has  no  real  concern  for 
practical  life.     Such  men  are  often  the  back- 
bone of  the  profession,  and  we  can  ill  afford 
to  dispense  with  their  services  ;  but  they  fail 
to  convince  us  of  the  real  object  and  end  of 
architecture.    Their  buildings  are  substantial 
and  well-constructed  and  equipped  ;  but  they 
are  not  works  of  art.     For  a  large  and  im- 
portant   class    of    buildings    like    factories, 
warehouses,  shops,  and  other  kindred  works 
they  are  unsurpassed :    they    devote    them- 
selves   to    certain    specialities.     Lastly,    we 
have  the  men  who  are  learned  in  styles,  and 
■who  believe  the  principal  aim  of  the  architect 
is  to  apply  them  to  all  modern  buildings — a 
class  who  are,  happily,  passing  away.     They 
are  chiefly  archioologists  or  nothing,  and,  as 
Mr.  Aston  AVebb  says,  these  for  a  long  time, 
close  on  a  century,  were  masters  of  the  pro- 
fession, and  have  "  strangled  all  the  life  out 
of  us,  so  that  we  dare  not  call  one  style  our 
own."    It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  dwell  upon 
this  phase  of  our  practice,  as  the  supremacy 
of  the  mere  student  of  styles  is  waning.    And 
yet  we  can  admire  their  researches  into  past 
styles  and   phases    of    art,  which  they  have 
done  so  much  to  foster.     Like  the  art-crafts 
pure  and  simple,  they  have  a  real  love  for  the 
historical  past    of   architecture,  but,   unlike 
them,  have  been  unable  to  advance  one  step 
towards  a  national  development,  or  to  give 
us  any  models  to  follow.     Up  and  down  the 
country  we  have  evidences  of  their  untiring 
zeal  in  modern  churches,  schools,  vicarages. 
and  domestic  dwellings — many  of  them  ex- 
amples of  loving  care  in  the  reproduction  of 
Gothic  and  Classic  details,  as  in  the  earlier 
works  of  those  able  exponents  of  the  Gothic 
and  Classic  movements,  the  late  Sir  (jrilbert 
Scott  and  Sir  Robert   and   Sydney  Smirke. 
These  remain  as  high  "water-marks"  of  a 
period  which  we  can  look  back  to  as  showing 
us  how  far  we  have  advanced  since  their  day. 
No  one  will  deny  the  taste,  enthusiasm,  and 
study  these  pioneers  of  two  great  movements 
exhibited  in  their  works,  even  although  they 
belonged  to  a  school  in  which  professional 
instincts  and  aims  ran  high  ;  nor  can  anyone 
dispute  the  counter  revolution  in  professional 
training  which  has  succeeded  in  almost  com- 
pletely   contradicting    the     principles    upon 
which  thev  thought  and  worked. 


by  David  Green,  is  a  strong  and  fresh  piece 
of  sea  and  headland  of  coast ;  and  we 
notice  among  the  smaller  studies  and  sketches 
Yivian  Eolts'  "  Woolhampton,"  an  evening 
eflect  on  a  village  near  a  river.  This  artist's 
"  Leaves  from  a  Notebook  ''  (1.5:3)  are  clever 
impressions  of  landscape  effect  and  skies, 
' '  notes,"  infact,  of  colour  and  atmosphere,  and 
other  studies  (248,  &c.)  show  a  keen  sense  of 
nature.  Mrs.  Mary  Isabella  Gregory  also  con- 
tributes some  pleasing  works  (1,4,29()).  "Over 
the  Bar,"  bj  Fred.  Jas.  Aldridge,  is  one  of 
this  sea-painter's  best  contributions :  a  sailing 
vessel  and  steamer  making  headway  against  a 
heavy  sea  near  a  jetty ;  also  "On  the  Lagoons" 
(39),  especially  his  "  Calm  Evening,  Venice" 
(167),  a  harmony  of  brilliant  yellow  and 
orange  in  sky  and  water.  (Hher  works  are 
masterly  in  drawings  of  small  traders  and 
fishing  "boats.  Then  we  must  notice  Miss 
Frances  E.  Nesbitt's  drawing,  "The  Dome  1  portrait  of  the 
of  the  Eock,  Jerusalem"   (11),  E.  F.  "Wells'  |  Walter    Severn 


sketches,  "The  Terrace  Walk,"  &c,  show 
skill  in  a  very  difficult  subject,  and,  perhaps, 
for  garden  scenes  with  flowers  and  borders. 
Miss  Mary  Stevens'  very  delightful  "  Garden, 
Sonning-on-Thames  "  (Gfi)  is  unsurpassed  for 
the  admirable  touch,  and  the  wealth  of  rich 
flowers  and  pathway  spanned  by  green  arches, 
also  her  pretty  cottage  flower-garden  (209). 
J.  Paul  Briuson  paints  with  feeling  and 
breadth  countrj'  roadsides  and  commons  as  in 
(44),  "The  End  of  the  Village,"  a  winding 
country  road  and  thatched  cottages  ;  "  After 
the  Eain  "  (79)  is  another  country  road  ;  the 
ruts  filled  with  water  reflecting  a  clear  light 
evening  sky,  and  his  road  through  a  common, 
' '  Solitude  "  (2o.3)  is  in  the  same  drear  mood. 
Berenger  Benger  has  several  works  of  interest. 
His  study  of  woodland  "  Autumn,  Ashdown 
Forest  "is  dexterously  handled  in  the  small 
trees  of  russet  brown.    No.  70  is  an  excellent 

President's    wife,    ' '  Mrs. 

by     Ivan     Lindhe.     The 


Dartmoor,"    broadly     handled.     Sylvester    painter's  charactorisations   of   this   lady  are 


DUDLEY  GALLERY  ART  SOCIETY. 

THE  majority  of  works  of  this  exhibition 
are    below  the   standard  we   look  for, 
though     against     them    we     must    set    the 
drawings  of  well-known  painters  in  water- 
colours.     The  president,  Mr.  AValter  Severn, 
contributes  five  works  of  varying  merit  and 
interest.     As  usual,  the  subjects  are  taken 
from    lake     scenery,    in    which    the    lochs 
of     Scotland    and   the     Cumberland    lakes 
are     conspicuous.      "  Willow     Woods     and 
Water    Lilies,     Loch    Lomond  "    ((i)    is    a 
delightfiil  piece  of  soft  atmospheric  scenery. 
The    mountains    bathed    in    mist   form   the 
natural  background  of  the  placid  lake  and 
lilies   and   the    margin  of   foxgloves   which 
occupy   the    foreground.     "  Derwentwater  " 
(52)  shows  a  view  of  the  charming  Cumber- 
land  lake,  surrounded  by  rocky  mountains 
which  assume  many  curious  profiles.     Mr. 
Severn's    view    is     a     clever    rendering   of 
those   steep   and  abrupt  rocks   as  they   rise 
round   this   large   sheet    of    water,    and   its 
woody  recesses.      "The  Terrace,   Castlerigg 
Manor"  (.59),  is  a  view  of  a  garden  terrace 
with  hills  behind,  nice  in  its  colour  harmony. 
Very  effective   as   a   study   of   colour  is  the 
president's    large    "  Gorse    in    Pull    Bloom, 
Conway  Flats"   (200),  in  which  the  painter 
very    realistically   and   forcibly    depicts  the 
mass  of  golden  gorse  which  covers  the  flats  of 
the  fertile  vale  of  this  Welsh  river.  It  is  handled 
wit'a  much  breadth.     "  Blowing  Fresh"  (2), 


Stannaid's  view  in  Surrey,  as  (10)  a  finished 
sketch  of  cottage  and  trees  near  a  common  or 
heath,   "  O'er  the  Hills,  Surrey  "    (62),  and 
"  Happy  Moments,"  landscapes  and  commons 
in  which  cottages,  rough  roads,  and  foliage  of 
russet  browns  dominate,  and  often  pathetic 
in  their  loneliness.  No.  69  is  almost  enamel- 
like  in  the  softness  of  effect.     Mrs.  Sydney 
Bristowe  sends  two  works.     Her  "  Study  of 
t)range  Velvet  "  (8)  is  the  figure  of  a  seated 
young  lady  at  her  toilet,  back  to  the  specta- 
tor, looking    in    a    mirror    over  her   toil  et 
table,    vigorous   and    masterly  in   drawing. 
Her     dressing      gown,    of     orange     velvet, 
trimmed  with   fur,  hangs  loosely  below  her 
shoulders,  which  are  bai-e.     The  velvet  hangs 
in  massive  folds,    and   her   dress  is  of  rich 
yellow.     It    is    a    study    of    colour,    and  a 
success.     "Confidences"     (246)    is    another 
able   but   less   finished   work.     Mrs.    R.    C. 
Foster's    "Durham"    (14);    Fred    Dixey's 
"  Fisherman's    Haven  "     (17),     nice,    but 
somewhat     mannered  ;     Berenger    Benger's 
"Lake    Como  "    (20),    subtle    and    refined 
in  the  vapoury    tone   and    mistiness    which 
hang    over     it ;     the     bright     river     scene 
with  punt  (25)  by  Joseph    Powell,  and  his 
view  of  "  Old  Basing  "  (28),  a  nice  study  of 
meadow,  trees,  and  cottages ;  and  S.  G.  W. 
Roscoe's   drawing    of    '  Canterbury   Cathe- 
dral"     (30),    with     its    central    tower    and 
entrance,   are    works    of    interest.     Eleanor 
Brace   sends  a   nice  drawing  of   "Chantry 
of  Bishop  Langton,  Winchester"  (27);  also 
other  studies  of  colour.     Lionel  D.  Edwards' 
study,  " 'Bus  Horses  "  (24),  a  pair  of  worn 
horses     dragging     their    load     up     a     hill, 
though   the   'bus    is    well    omitted,    is   ex- 
ceedingly   clever    in     the    drawing    of    the 
animals  and  the  anatomy  of  the  near  horse. 
His    other    study,   "The    Motor    Fiend,"  a 
gentleman  driving  a  gig,  his  horse  frightened 
at  the  noise  of  the  motor  rapidly  descending 
the  narrow  road  behind  him,  and  who  holds 
out  his  hand  while  he  tries  to  get  his  trap  out 
of    the    way.      It     is     full     of     movement 
and    spirited.      Equally    clever    is    "  Hunt 
Servants "   (32),   a  horse's  head  over  stable 
door;  two   or  three  dogs    are  affectionately 
sniffing     their     companion.      James    Cafe's 
drawing  of  "Tower  of  London"   (Gateway 
under     the     Bloody    Tower)     is     a 
rendering.     His  "  View  from  St.  Edmund's 
Chapel,    Westminster    Abbey"    (192),    is  a 
large    interior,    rather  cold    in   colour,   but 
displaying  ability   in    drawing.     The   small 
drawing   of  "  Canterbury  Cathedral  "  (286) 
is  an  effective  study  from  a  fine  point  of  view. 
Rose  Hake  has  a  sympathetic  touch,  and  her 
"  Meigle,  Perthshire"  (31);  her  able  sketch 
of    "Porch,    Rosslyn    Chapel''    (138);    her 
views  of  ' '  Exmouth  "  display  good  colour  and 
firm  draughtsmanship.     A  pretty  little  sketch 
of  "  Old  Garden"  (37)  is  by  Miss  M.  Helen 
Green,   whose   "  ^Market  Scene,  Avranches " 
(SG)  and  other  subjects  show  a  true  feeling  for 
painting  the  old  and  quaint.  Ijilian  Stannard's 
"Old    English    Garden"    (42)    and     other 


rendered  with   much    truth,   and  in    excel- 
lent  colour.     The     same    painter's    portrait 
of  the  President  himself  is   also  admirable. 
The  painter  is  shown  in  a  grey  suit,  and  is 
sketching  (82).     Even  stronger  are  the  por- 
traits of  "  Col.  Bell"    (104),  a  clever  three- 
quarter  portrait  of  an  elderly  gentleman,  and 
his  powerful  portrait  of  "Dr.  Irvine  Menzies  " 
(223)  a  three-quarter  portrait  of  a  studious 
face,  his  head  resting  on  his  left  hand,  medi- 
tating over  a  book.     The  light  and  shadow 
on  the  well-modelled  and  thoughtful  type  of 
head    are    skilfully    managed.     Miss   J.  A. 
Gilchrist  is  a  forcible  and  broad  depicter  of 
landscape.     Her   "  Before  the  Lark,"  a  June 
Dawn,  Lyndhurst,    is    a  Now  Forest  scene 
with    a   rough  cart    road   through   an   open 
common.       Her     "Lender    the    Greenwood 
Tree  "  (148)  is  her  larger  and  more  important 
contribution  at  end   of  gallery — a  grove-like 
wood  ;  through  the  foliage  flecks  of  light  pass. 
It   is  in    a    low  key   of    colour,    and   "  The 
Bridle    Path   to  Brockenhurst "    is  another 
restrained  study  of  a  wood.     E.  F.  Wells's 
"Dartmoor"  (50)  is  vigorous;  and  we  note 
a  figure  subject  by  Henry  Terry — "  An  Acci- 
dent," a  little  girl  before  her  grandmother 
showing  a  cut  finger.     The  expression  in  the 
faces  and  the  accessories  of  cottage  are  clever, 
but  wanting  in  strenth  of  handling.  We  must 
also   notice  Sir  William  Eden's   "  A  Brown 
Study"  (58),  a  small  figure  study,  the  back 
of  a  iady  seated  on  chair  ;  a  placid,   sunny 
view   of    Venice,    from    the    Canal    of    St. 
Mark's  (57),  by   E.  W.   Hereford ;  Lexden 
L.    Pocock's   "Saved"     (76),    a    work    we 
have    seen     before — a    lamb    entangled    in 
the  branches  of  a  bush  overhanging  a  stream, 
saved    by    a    shepherd,     who    is    descend- 
ing  a  bank  ;     R.    A.    K.    Marshall's    view 
near    "  Barmouth  "     (85),    and    his    sunny 
"South     Downs,    from    Ileathfield  "     (94), 
finished   with  excessive  minuteness.     R.   S. 
Standen    sends   two    or    more    drawings   of 
much  skill  in  draughtsmanship  and  finish, 
as    his      "  Borghetto,     near     Bordighera 


(88),  No.  77.  Millicent  Gore  has  a  very 
charming  little  figure  sketch  (90)— a  little  girl 
seated  at  a  small  table  with  a  large  book 
before  her,  which  she  is  pretending  to  read,^ 
full  of  naivete,  .and  her  "  Blackthorn  and  Ivy 
careful  I  (131)  at  end  of  gallery  is  a  clever  decorative 
'■  treatment  of  the  plants.  We  note  also 
her  simple  and  direct  sketch  "Early  Spring" 
(140),  and  her  firelight  study  "Tea  and 
Toast"  (160).  In  each  of  these  Miss  Gore 
exhibits  a  keen  sense  of  artistic  arrange- 
ment and  colour,  the  most  succe  sful  among 
the  studies  to  be  seen. 

Firm  in  touch  and  of  quiet  colour  and 
sentiment  is  Agnes  J.  Eudd's  little  sketch  of 
"  Corfe,  Dorset"  (95).  Her  other  sketches, 
"Bl&keiu.y,  Norfolk"  (204),  "  A  Summer 
Day"(21.S),  and  "  Bosham,  Sussex"  (292), 
are  all  sympathetic  renderings  in  broad 
washes.  An  old  timber-framed  gabled  street 
of  houses  is  drawn  by  Alice  B.  Ellis,  under 
the  title  "  Sons  of  Toil."  the  only  indication 


Feb.  10,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEAYS. 


261 


of  which  is  a  cart  with  dustmen.     Another 
smaller  sketch  of  timbered  house  with  over- 
hanging stories  goes  under  the  name  "  Dust 
and  Ashes."     J.   (_'arlisle's  "  Highlands,"   a 
Highland  scene,  with  oxen  (S>1);  S.  G.  W. 
Eoscoe's    "Cornish   Cliffs"    (106),    a    well- 
drawn    rocky     bay,     with    blue     sea,    are 
meritorious.     Maud    Peel    is    another   lady 
artist   who    achieves    success    in    sketching 
<iuaint  rustic  retreats,   and    her   "Smiling 
Summer"  (lOS))  is  an  exceedingly  charming 
sketch  of  a  red-brick  gabled  house,  with  a 
group  of  hollyhocks  in  the  foreground.     The 
morning   sunimer   mist   is   very  exquisitely 
rendered.    William  Atlleck  sends  two  studies 
of  waiting,   anxious  sweethearts,  "  Will  Ho 
Come?"  and  "In    Meditation  Sweet,"   one 
on   a   rustic    plank-bridge    over    a   stream, 
dividing    meadows ;     and    the    other    in    a 
country   garden,    rather   weak   in   drawing. 
Joseph    Twigg's    "Lilacs"    is    a    cleverly - 
drawn     old     house,     with     tiled    roofs,    by 
a  pond,   the  banks    of   which   are  crowded 
with  lilacs.     The  end   of  gallery,   as  usual, 
contains    a    few    water-colour    sketches    of 
interest.  Miss  Alice  Charlesworth  in  "  Holly- 
hocks," Mima  Nixon  in  "  A  Sunny  Border  " 
(124),  Lexden  L.   I'ooock   in   "The  Willow 
Brook"    (125),     Lilian     Stannard    "Where 
Summer    Smiles"    (127).    Millicent    Gore's 
study     of      Blackthorn,     already     noticed. 
Eleanor    Brace,    Miss     M.     Bernard    (13G, 
1145,    and    147),   and    Sir    W.    Eden    send 
works.     Walter  S.  Stacey's  study  in  water 
colours  for  the   book  "  Child  Wonderful," 
representing  scenes  in  the  nativity  and  child- 
hood  of    the    Saviour,    are    cleverly   drawn 
originals.     "  Gorse  in  Bloom,  Dartmoor,"  by 
,S.  C.  W.  Eoscoe,  is  a  clever  landscape ;  Mrs. 
Jas.  Jardine's  "  Honfleur"  (171)  is  pleasing. 
The  masterful    drawing,  "In    the   Garden, 
Villa   Dante"    (190),    by    Chevalier    Giam- 
pietri,  representing  a    flight   of    steps  from 
a     terrace,     with      lamps     and     vases,     is 
minutely    executed.     The     strong    sunlight 
is    efiective.     <-)ne    of    the   best   works   on 
the  return  wall  is  Lexden  L.  Pocock's  large 
view  "Winter,"  an  admirable  study  of  an 
old  country  bridge  over  a  stream,  banks  and 
parapet  snow  covered,  with  a  country  house 
or  homestead,  screened  by  dark  leafless  trees 
formmg     a     background,      sympathetically 
painted.     George  Marks'  "Evening  Glow" 
(220),  Alice  E.  Manley's  "Food  for  Gossip" 
(202),   a  clever  costume  study ;     Nigel    B. 
.Severn's  "  Thames  at  Chelsea,"  with  its  dark 
canopy  of   smoke  and  mist  (2130),  Norman 
Garstin's      little      sketch     on    the      screen, 
"Market    Day,    Caudebec "    (293),    and  the 
sketches   of    George   Marks  of    "Heather" 
(298)  and  "  Autumn"  (294)  are  among  other 
works  of  merit. 


WARMING  AND  VEXTILaTIOxV.* 

THAT  good  warming  and  ventilation  are  not 
only  desirable,  but  necessary,  is  a  fact 
which  all  sanitarians  to-day  acknowledge.  In 
countries  with  such  a  variable  climate  aa  ours,  it 
is  essential  that  artificial  heat  should  be  resorted 
to,  not  merely  for  our  comfort,  but  in  order  to 
protect  us  from  disease,  and  to  enable  us  to  put 
forth  the  full  and  unrestricted  energies  of  our 
minds  and  bodies.  But  with  artificial  heat  it  is 
necessary  to  couple  ventilation.  Together,  the 
desideratum  is,  brielly,  a  copious  supply  of  pure 
fresh-warmed  air  in  winter  without  overheating, 
and  pure  fresh-cooled  air  in  summer,  to  be 
attained  always  without  draughts.  If  you 
remember  that  the  btst  air  we  can  obtain  is  that 
which  is  floating  over  the  oceans,  and  contains 
in  varying  volumes  2'G(1  to  'i'Vl  vols,  of  CO,  per 
10,000  vols,  we  n\ay  at  onco  ask  what  is  the 
relative  purity  of  the  air  wo  ordinarily  breathe  'f 
An  authority  on  this  subject  states  that  air  is  :  — 

Per  10,000 
*'Pure''  to  breathe  when  it  coutaina  0  to  7  vols,  of  COj 
"Passable"       „  ,,  ,,  7  to  10       „ 

"  Bad "  „  „  „  10  to  20        „ 

"Very  bad"      „  „  „  20  to  10        „ 

Care  must  be  taken  to  keep  to  the  standard  of 
"pure"    or   "passable"    as  laid  down  by   Dr. 

•'  A  paper   read  by  Davip  M.  NK.'iniT,  M.I.RIech.kl., 
before  the  Society  of  -Vrchitects,  Feb.  18, 1934. 


r.illingi',  and  I  strongly  urge  the  general 
adoption  of  these  standards.  One  of  our  chief 
aims  is  to  insist  upon  child-life  being  fostered 
and  sustained,  especially  in  great  cities,  by  a 
healthy  and  invigorating  atmosphere,  by  means 
of  which  it  can  resist  disease,  to  which  under 
present  conditions  it  is,  unfortunately,  predis- 
posed ;  and  also  be  enabled  to  emerge  into  youth, 
and  then  to  manhood  or  womanhood,  with  a 
return  to  that  vigorous  physical  and  mental  con- 
dition which  the  enervating  effe(-ts  of  city  life 
have,  of  late  years,  done  so  much  to  undermine. 
I  believe,  though  not  a  "  faddist,"  that  the  time 
will  come  when  by  a  sound  and  general  applica- 
tion of  the  principles  of  scientific  warming  and 
ventilation,  many  of  the  diseases  which  it  is 
wrongly  concluded  that  our  "  floah  is  heir  to" 
will  disappear  altogether,  for  they  are  in 
numerous  instances  distinctly  preventable. 
Among  the  causes  of  physical  deterioration 
must  be  placed  undoubtedly  the  inadeijuate 
means  adopted  for  warming  and  ventilation 
in  buildings  erected  even  so  recently  as  ten 
years  ago  —  to  say  nothing  of  those  of 
older  date.  The  defects  and  shortcomings  that 
then  prevailed,  in  consequence  of  the  lack  of  a 
scientific  basis  in  the  treatment  of  this  subject, 
are,  however,  being  gradually  overcome  ;  and  few 
buildings  are  being  erected  at  the  present  time  in 
this  country  which  cannot  show  some  attempt  to 
introduce  a  system  of  warming  and  ventilation, 
some  of  which  are  good,  some  passable,  but  others 
decidedly  not  good.  As  to  these  last,  however, 
we  should  intiuire  into  the  conditions  under  which 
the  schemes  relating  to  them  were  adopted  before 
entirely  condemning  them.  Scant  justice  has 
been  done  to  many  deserving  engineers  who  have 
in  the  past  honestly  tried  to  improve  the  wretched 
state  of  practice  in  this  most  important  art,  but 
with  inadequate  means  and  in  the  face  of  no  little 
indifference.  AVith  the  present  audience,  how- 
ever, I  am  sure  of  an  impartial  and  exhaustive 
consideration  of  my  subject,  which  is  so  intimately 
associated  with  the  practice  of  most  of  the  pro- 
fessional gentlemen  present.  I  need  not  ask  for 
such  a  hearing,  therefore  ;  but  I  feel  constrained 
to  mention,  in  passing,  that  the  subject  is  not 
being  treated  at  the  present  moment  by  a  section 
of  the  technical  Press  with  that  candour  and  dis- 
interestedness necessary  not  only  for  the  impart- 
ing of  sound  and  correct  information  to  those  who 
have  still  something  to  learn  regarding  it,  but 
also  for  the  due  protection  of  the  public. 
Articles  have  been  published  recently,  and 
not  for  the  first  time,  dealing  with  this  subject 
from  a  purely  advertising  standpoint,  with,  no 
doubt,  an  ulterior  design  which  I  need  not 
further  particularise.  But  it  is  certain  that  such 
methods  are  not  necessary  to  uphold  or  promote  a 
right  understanding  of  any  method  of  ventilation 
— "natural"  or  otherwise — which  is  inherently 
sound  ;  nor  are  they  likely  to  have  weight  with 
gentlemen  of  the  profession  whose  society  I  have 
now  the  honour  of  addressing,  who  will  deal  with 
the  matter  with  an  open  mind,  and  examine  into 
the  merits  of  every  particular  case  for  themselves. 
The  adoption  of  the  most  suitable  system  of 
warming  and  ventilation  is  unfortunately  not 
always  practicable,  however  strong  may  be  the 
professional  advice  tendered.  Adequate  funds  are 
not  always  at  the  architect's  disposal.  Parsimony 
plays  a  part  in  these  matters,  many  clients  think- 
ing the  whole  question  one  of  "  fad  "  rather  than 
of  healthfulness  and  comfort.  In  the  working  of 
the  plant,  how  often  have  engineers  found  that 
the  apparatus  is  not  cired  for  in  the  manner  wo 
should  like  to  see  it  r  How  often  do  we  find  that 
men  not  conversant  with  a  really  high -class  piece 
of  engineering  are  appointed  to  work  it,  and  allow 
the  apparatus  to  go  "to  the  dogs,"  as  we  say, 
either  from  apathy  or  want  of  interest,  or  at 
times  from  laziness  in  performing  their  duties  : 
Again,  how  many  of  ua  find  the  engineers,  who 
are  appointed  to  work  the  plant,  think  they  know 
better  than  we  do,  and  begin  to  "meddle"  or 
"tinker"  with  the  apparatus,  and  so  spoil  it 'r 
Putting  all  these  difticulties  and  drawbacks  on 
one  side,  however,  I  propose  to  offer  you  the 
following  remarks  on  what  I  believe  to  bo  the 
host  possible  means  .of  installing  an  ollicient 
system  of  warming  and  ventilation  in  various 
classes  of  buildings. 

HKATIN'O    MF.nlCM. 

Our  first  consideration  is  the  nature  of  the 
heating  medium  :  whether  it  is  to  be  hot  wiiter 
or  steam.  This  is  a  question  which  should  be 
left  to  the  engineer  to  decide,  after  all  the  facts 
and  conditions  have  been  placed  before  him. 
Tinder  some  circumstances  it  is  better  to  use  low- 


pressure  hot  water;  under  others  low-pressure 
.steam  would  be  preferable.  For  town  or  country 
houses,  and  for  small  buildings,  where  no  night- 
man is  to  be  kept,  perhaps  low-pressure  hot  water 
is  the  bi'St  and  most  economical :  but  in  large 
buildings  where  steam  is  a  necessity  for  purposes 
other  than  heating,  low-pressure  steam  should  be 
carefully  considered.  Steam  plants  laid  out  on 
modern  lines  can  be  so  arranged  as  to  give 
temperatures  for  the  heating  medium  as  low,  and 
in  some  cases  lower  than  a  good  low-pressnre 
hot -water  apparatus.  I  give  you  a  few  examples 
to  show  what  can  be  done. 


Vacuum 

Absolute 

Tempera- 

Total heat  in  lib. 
of  steam  for  32^ 

Q 

iuge. 

pressure. 

ture,  Fahr 

Fahr. 

• 

.  15-7 
13-6 

7 

170-9 

H35-3 

^ 

8 

182-9 

1137-2 

3 

11-6 

9 

188  3 

1138-8 

>N 

96 

10 

1932 

1140-3 

75 

11 

197-8 

1141-7 

a 

55 

12 

202  0 

1143-0 

■c 

35 

^     00 

13 

2)5-9 

1144-2 

<^ 

117 

2120 

11461 

.     0-3 

15 

2130 

114S-4 

§>= 

1-3 

IS 

216-3 

1147-4 

2-3 

17 

219  1 

114S-3 

33 
"■      4-3 

18 

22i-4 

1149-2 

i 

19 

225-2 

1150-1 

nWELLiXGS. 

Whether  the  dwellings  be  for  the  rich  or  the  poor, 
I  am  a  believer  in  warming  and  ventilating  them. 
The  general  adoption  of  systems  suited  to  dif- 
ferent classes  of  houses  would  not  onlj*  afford 
greater  comfort,  but  would  greatly  reduce  the 
common  susceptibility  to  disease.  Our  climate 
being  of  such  a  variable  nature,  demands  some 
artificial  heat,  and  it  is  a  pleasure  to  me  to  know, 
not  from  my  own  business  alone,  but  from  the 
experience  of  others  engaged  in  similar  work, 
that  the  warming  and  ventilating  of  small  houses 
is  on  the  increase.  It  may  be  asked  how  the 
continued  extension  of  this  movement  can  be 
effected  ?  In  reply,  I  would  urge  architects  who 
are  designing  houses  and  other  building  to  go 
carefully  into  the  question,  first  with  their  clients, 
and  secondly  with  an  engineer  of  good  repute  and 
experience,  and  have  a  scheme  prepared — if  one  is 
to  be  adopted — while  the  building  is  on  paper, 
thus  saving  much  worry  and  anxiety  afterwards, 
and  oftentimes  much  expense.  For  small  resi- 
dences I  advise  a  simple  boiler,  but  of  sufficient 
size,  with  good  radiators  that  will" furnish  the 
necessary  warmth ;  the  whole  installation  to  be 
simple  in  design,  so  that  it  is  economical  from  a 
maintenance  point  of  view,  and,  .atthe  same  time, 
easv  of  manipulation  for  a  manservant  or  a  maid- 
servant, or  the  occupier  of  the  house  itseU'._  The 
extract  ventilation  may  be  the  fireplaces  in  the 
rooms  themselves,  or,  as  I  have  done  in  a  few 
cases,  in  connection  with  the  kitchen  chimney. 


It  will  be  readily  understood  by  those  who 
have  closely  studied  the  question  that  the  in- 
coming air  taken  at  a  level  of  6ft.  above  the 
ground  is  of  better  quality  than  that  which 
usually  passes  in  through  radiators  fixed  in  the 
ground  doors  of  buildings.  Fodtr  states  "there 
is  more  COj  at  the  ground  level  than  at  '2^  metres 
above."  (Davies,  page  6).  The  process  of  ex- 
tracting the  vitiated  air  may  bo  similar  in  large 
as  in  small  schools,  with  the  addition  that  if  a 
vertical  air-shaft  is  adopted,  a  cast-iron  smoke- 
pipe  should  be  fixed  in  its  centre,  which  as  it 
becomes  heated  rarefies  the  air,  causing  _it_  to 
ascend,  and  making  the  ventilation  positive, 
without  any  extra  cost  to  maintenance  account. 
In  largo  schools,  where  the  numbers  of  children 
vary  from  SOO  and  upwardi",  and  the  classrooms 
become  congested  at  times  by  the  large  numbers 
of  children  assembled  for  special  purposes, 
nothing  short  of  mechanical  warming  and  venti- 
lation will  sullico  to  keep  the  air  in  a  healthful 
condition.  Taking  the  best  external  air  we  can 
find  in  our  manufacturing  towns  at  three  to  four 
volumes  of  OO,  in  10,000  volumes,  it  is  the  aim 
of  ellicicnt  engineering  to  got  as  near  this 
standard  as  possible :  ami  whilst  it  is  not 
practicable  to  obtain  this  ratio  in  the  class- 
rooms themselves,  yet  it  has  been  possible  to 
keep  down  the  CO,  to  six  and  seven  volumes 
per  10,000,  as  is  evidenced  at  Bradford,  \orks. 
This  is  good  practice,  but  our  aim  should  bo 
to  do  more  where  the  initial  cost  and  main- 
tenance are  not  considered  vital  matters.  Mr.  .). 
Kirr  M.l*..  medical  olhcer  to  the  London  School 
I'oard,  kindly   allowed  me  to  use  the  chart  he 


262 


THE    BUILDING    JSTEWS. 


Feb.  19,  1904 


prepared  while  at  Bradford  for  that  school  board, 
and  this  ought  to  carry  conviction  with  it  itself 
as  to  the  necessity  of  mechanicil  ventilation 
■where  the  numbers  of  children  or  general  public 
are  to  be  associated  together  for  any  length  of 
time.  It  will  be  noticed  the  air  in  playgrounds 
was  4  volumes  COj,  per  10,000.  In  the  me- 
chanically-ventilated rooms  the  CO,  test  never 
exceeded  8-5  volumes  per  10,000,  whilst  in  the 
fo-called  natural  ventilated  schools  it  never  was 
belong  volumes  of  CO^  per  10,000,  and  reached 
as  high  a  figure  as  31  volumes  CO^  per  10,000. 


Carlton-street,  Bradford,  the  CO. 
Green-lane  „  „ 


:  5  781  per  10,0D0  vole. 
5  882        „  „ 


and  the  amount  of  air  supplied  per  child  per  hour 
was  2,460c.ft.  and  l,875c.ft.  respectively. 


SCHEDULE. 


School. 

a 
■S 

1 

o    . 

1". 

Weight. 

o 

.2P- 

1 

■S  c 

6- 

•Carlton-street 

10'  0" 

90 

l-.M. 

2,115,000 

176.'.  .501b. 
=  78  tons 

Green-lane 

9'0" 

176 

5d. 

3,069,000 

253.7501b. 
=  114  tons 

'  The  total  cost  for  electricity  for  running  thia  fan 
equals  £10  per  school  year. 

FUEL   CONSUMPTION   (cARLTON-STRliET). 


Coal 

Coke  

Firewood  . 

..  £80  11 
..      0  14 
..       2  12 

4 

0 
0 

£83  17 

0-1,376  children  =  Is.  25d.  per  child 
per  annum. 

COST  OF   FUEL   FOE  BBADFl)KD   SCHOOLS. 

Showing  ratio  between  "mechanically"  and  "auto- 
matically "  ventilated  schools.  Tbe  basis  of  computation 
13  taken  on  10ft.  super,  of  floor  space. 


Mechanically  .. 
•Automatically 


1899. 


7-OOOd. 
7-87Ca. 


1900. 


19)1. 


9-44d. 

io-2aa. 


14-9d. 
148d. 


19)2.   :    1903. 


ll-ld.  I 
12-4d. 


10-12d. 
ll-46d. 


*  Automatically  means  the  so-called  "  Natural  Venti- 
lation." 

Mr.  A.  M.  Daviea,  M.R.C.S.,  states,  in  his 
"  Handbook  of  Hygiene  "  of  micro-organisms  in 
the  air,  that  in — • 

Schools  ventilated  by  mechanical  means  th,^  average 
was  16  germs  per  litre  ;  in  those  only  ventilated  by  natural 
means  150  germs  per  litre ;  in  one  case  there  were  600 
organisms  per  litre  (Glc.in.),  or  3)0  in  each  30c. in.  of  tidal 
air  breathed. 

The  standard  volume  of  air  should  be  not  less 
than  1,700c. ft.  of  air  per  child  per  hour,  and  the 
maximum  need  not  be  greater  than  2,000ft.     The 
speed  of   the   incoming  air  should  not  e.xceed  a 
velocity  of  oft.  per  second  on  an  average  over 
an  inlet  grating.     This  may  seem  to  be  a  con- 
siderable requirement ;  but  it  is  easily  obtained 
by    insisting    upon     large     air    ducts,    vertical 
tines,  the  inlets   into  the  rooms  of  ample  area, 
and  large  fans  to  run  evenly  and  slowly.     These 
desiderata  must   be  the  foundation  of  any  good 
system  of  warming  and  ventilating  instaUation, 
and   without  them   failures    will   be  many   and 
obvious.     The  fresh-air  inlet  should  be  of  ample 
size,  and  its  location  should  be  determined  with  a 
Tiew  to  obtaining  the  air  supply  from  the  best 
and  purest  source  near  the  school  buildings.     It 
should  lead  up  to  a  filter,  the  design  of  which 
may  be  left  to  the  engineer,  as  there  are  several 
good  forms  on  the  market  at  the  present  moment.  I  cess,    and 
The  author  has  used  jute  and  coke,  with  a  water-    buildings 
epray  attached,  to  ckanse  or  wash  the  air  as  it  is 
passing  into  the  building ;  but  the  water-spray 
should  be  used  with  care  and  judgment,  as  it  is 
likely,  if  used  too  freely,  to  cause  the  air  to  be 
too  humid.     Many   medical   men   and  scientists 
object  to   the  incoming    air   being  overcharged 
with  moisture.     It  is  not  always  realised  that  in 
this  country  the  air  has   sufficient  humidity  in 
itself,  and  seldom  requires  added  moisture,  unless 
it  is  being  heated.     In   installations  where  the 
heating  agent  is  high-pressure  steam  or  high- 
pressure  hot  water,  however,  it   is  necessary  to 
add  moisture,  as  the  air  in  its  normal  state,  pass- 
ing over  highly  heated  surfaces,  such  as  steam  at 
20,  30,  and  401b.  working  pressure  (temp.  2.59', 
274°,  287'    Fahr.  respectively)  loses  much  of  its 
vitality,  and   may   be    said    lo    bq    burnt.     The 
author  does  not  uss  steam  at  such  pressures,  but 
adopts  the  maximum  pressure  on  the  boiler  of  51b  . 
which  is    equal   to    22,S°  Fahr.,    and    frequently 
steam  it  01b.  to  l  and   lib.  not  exceeded  is  used, 


less  than  this  as  already  stated.     The  ventilation 
or  extraction  of  the  vitiated  air  of  a  school  con- 
taining, say,  1,.500  children,  each  having  2,000 
cubic  feet  oif    air  per  hour   provided   for  them, 
equals  in  the  aggregate  3,000,000  cubic  feet  of  air 
per   hour,    and    weighs     2.50,0001b.,    or    nearly 
114 J  tons  weight  of    air,  to  be  dealt  with  every 
hour  the  school   is  in  session.     This,  obviously, 
presents  in  itself  no  mean  problem.     But  when 
all  these  requirements  have  been  met  and  all  the 
attendant  difficulties    overcome,   there   have   re- 
mained other  considerations  of  great  importance, 
particularly   where   first   cost   alone  has    betn  a 
ruling   factor,    and    wheie,     a'so,    the    Plenum 
system   is  precluded,   by    the    extra    amount  of 
builders'  work,  &c.,  en'ailed.     The  author  may, 
therefore,    be  permitted  to  refer   to    the  means 
he    has    adopted    in    his    practice     in    meeting 
these     further     requirements,     by      what     has 
been     termed    the     "  Nuplenumette  "     cabinet 
system.     By  this    arrangement   it   will   be   seen 
that    the    heating    surface    is    placed   within    a 
"  cabinet  "    designed    to     harmonise    with    the 
architectural   treatment    of   the   building.     This 
cabinet  need  not  be  of  any  stock  design,  hut  may 
be  treated  by  the  architect  or  designer  as  part  of 
the  ornamentation  of  the  hall  or  compartment  in 
which   it   is  fixed.     It    may    be   constructed    in 
glazed    brickwork,    faience,   terracotta,    cast    or 
wrought    iron,    gunmetal,   or  brass,   or   in  hard 
woods  polished,  or  even  in  the  softer  woods,  and 
painted  to  suit  the  general  scheme  of  decoration. 
When  the  doors  are  closed,  as  shown  in  sketch, 
the  cabinet  looks  just  what  it  is  intended  to  be — 
viz.,  a  cupboard,  or  receptacle,  for  the  safe  keeping 
of  the  heating  apparatus  out  of  the  reach  of  the 
children.     It  does  not  occupy  useful  space,  as  it 
can   always   be    placed    in    a   side   wall   on   the 
teaching   side   of    classrooms.     The   teacher   has 
only  to  open  the  door,  regulate  the  shutters  for 
the  supply  of  air,  or  the  valve    to   the   heating 
apparatus  for  the  supply  of  warmth,  then  closing 
the  same  again  until  another  operation  is  neces- 
sary.    When  the   doors    are   open,   the  inclosed 
space,  and  that  which  it  contains,  is  immediately 
under  the  view  of  the  head  teacher  or  manager, 
whose  inspection  should  be  a  sufficient  safeguard 
against  the  use  of  the  cabinet  for  placing  within 
it  any  articles  or  material  foreign  to  the  purpose 
it   is  intended  to  serve.     Another  manifest  ad- 
vantage of  the  cabinet  is  that  it  gives  absolute 
security  against  harm  coming  to  the  children,  as 
no  hot  radiators  or  pipes  are  withiu  their  reach. 
The  air  inlet  to  this  system  is  arranged  at  a  height 
of  not  less  than  6ft.  from  the  outside  ground  level, 
and  it  need  not  be  more  than  8ft.     This  preveuts 
the  entrance  of  much  dust  and  other  deleterious 
matter,  which  is  carried  upon  the  lowest  stritum 
of  the  outer  air  :  but  to  insure  the  fullest  security 
in  this  respect  the  system  has  been  designed  to 
include  filters  for  the  efficient  removal  of  all  dust 
particles  that  may  be  contained  in  the  incoming 
air.  The  advantages  are,  thus,  cleanliness,  order- 
liness, and  easy  manipulation. 


THEATRES. 

Buildings    used    for    theatres,    concerts,    etc., 
used  for  the  accommodation  of  large  numbers  of 
people  at  one  time,  should  have  all  the  latest  im- 
provements in  the  shape  of  good  warming  and 
ventilation  for  the  health,  comfort,  and  safety  of 
the  public.     This  is  being  carried  out  in  some  ot 
our   leading   buildings    used  for  such   purposes, 
but     still  needs  to    be     more    widely    adopted. 
In     some      theatres     and.   concert      hal'a      the 
Plenum  system   has    been    adopted   with     suc- 
is     giving  the    best   results.     Othtr 
of    the      kind     have    been     treated 
by  means  of  low-pressure  steam  or  low-pressure 
hot  water,  with  automatic  ventilation,   and  have 
proved     equally    successful  —  for    instance,    the 
Imperial  Theatre,  Westminster.     In  work  of  this 
description  where  the  Plenum  system  is  adopted 
I  am  an  advocate  of  downward  ventilation  (ex- 
traction) similar  to  that  which  is  shown  by  the 
drawings  of  the  theatre   for   the  Royal  Dublin 
Society.     This  was   the   first   installation  of  its 
kind  in  the  British  Isles,  and,  whilst  there  have 
been  many  copyists,  which  I  am  pleased  to  note, 
there  has  been   none   to   surpass   it   in  its  easy 
working  and  in  its  healthf ulness  and  comfortable- 
ne?s  for  the  public  occupying  it.     Much  of  the 
credit  for  this  installation  is  due  to  Mr.  Moss,  the 
curator,  who  was  persistent  in  his  efforts  to  make 
this  the  finest  and  most  up-to-date  lecture  theatre 
in  the  United  Kingdom  iu  its  day.     That  this 
has   been   accomplished  no  one   will  deny  after 
visiting  and  inspecting  the  theatre  for  themselves. 
Engineers  have  not  yet  decided  as  to  the  exact 


buildings  ;  but  I  think  1,000c. ft.  of  air  per  head 
per  hour  would  suffice  to  keep  the  buUding  in  a 
good  hygienic  state.  For  example,  in  a  theatre 
with  a  sitting  accommodation  of  1,000,  the  appa- 
ratus would  have  to  be  designed  to  be  capable  of 
delivering  and  withdrawing  l,000,000c.ft.  of  ajf 
per  hour,  and  the  temperature  should  be  main- 
tained at  60°  Fahr.  It  has  been  found,  too,  that 
when  the  air  is  propelled  into  the  building  from 
above  the  ceiling  downwards  that  the  acoustic, 
properties  have  been  improved.  A  thoroughly 
good  system  of  extraction  should  be  arranged) 
also,  so  as  to  get  good  diffusion  and  equable- 
warmth  all  over  the  building.  This  can  easily 
be  accomplished  if  the  scheme  of  warming  and 
ventilation  is  arranged  for  while  the  building  i» 
still  in  the  planning  stage.  A  celebrated  American' 
warming  and  ventilating  expert,  A.  R.  Wolff,, 
states  : — 

While  in  my  judgment  the  main  problem  in  the  properr 
ventilation  of  large  buildings  is  to  secure  an  adequate 
supply  to,  and  removal  of  air  from,  the  separate  rooms,  I 
would  like  to  call  your  attention  to  a  distinct  and  im- 
portant advantage  obtained  by  having  the  air  enter 
through  perforated  ceilings  at  the  top  of  the  rooms  and 
exhausting  at  the  bottom.  At  night,  in  a  crowded' 
assembly,  when  the  electric  hghts  aglow  are  giving  out 
some  heat,  even  though  it  be  consicf.erably  less  than  gas- 
lights would  involve,  it  is  frequently  found  in  practice 
that,  even  in  very  cold  weather,  to  keep  the  air  witbin  the- 
room  at  a  temperature  of  68°  Fahr.,  the  entering  fresh 
air  must  be  at  a  temperature  considerably  lower  than  6*'. 
At  the  recent  opening  of  the  new  concert  hall  of  the- 
Mendelssohn  Glee  Club  building,  a  room  with  scarcely 
any  outside  exposure,  and  practically  dependent  on  an 
artificial  supply  by  means  of  a  blower,  it  was  found 
necessary,  even  while  supplying  over  3,0O0c.ft.  of  fresh 
air  per  hour  for  each  of  the  1,000  persons  in  the  audience, 
and  with  an  external  temperature  of  40°  Fahr.,  to  have 
as  low  a  temperature  as  5-2-  Fahr.  for  the  entering  air,  to 
keep  the  hall  at  68^  Fahr.  Nor  is  this  an  unusual  experi- 
ence. If  the  entire  air  supply  enters  by  means  of  registers 
or  openings  in  or  near  the  floor,  it  is  very  dirticult,  how- 
ever large  the  openings,  to  obtain  such  a  distribution  and 
low  velocity  as  will  prevent  the  sensation  of  a  cold 
draught.  It  is  a  possibility,  but  usually  it  is  impractic- 
able structurally,  to  secure  the  required  low  velocity  and 
uniform  distribution.  But  if  the  air  enters  at  the  top, 
not  only  can  a  low  velocity  and  uniform  distribution  be- 
secured  by  means  of  large  perforations  in  decorative  designs 
of  suspended  ceilings,  but  a  low  velocity  is  of  less  import- 
ance, tor  the  cooler  air  is  heated  in  transit,  and  by  the 
time  it  has  reached  the  audience,  it  has  attained  a  tem- 
perature in  the  neighbourhood  of  68'  Fahr.,  and  is  no 
longer  cooler  than  the  air  at  exhaust  where  the  people 
are  congregated.  If  the  hall  is  very  high,  it  requites  quite- 
a  powerful  exhaust  to  insure  the  air  reaching  the  floor  at 
such  times  as  the  entering  air  must  be  heated,  but  this  is 
a  detail  readily  solved  in  practice.  In  the  main  audi- 
torium of  the  Cirnegie  Music  Hall,  with  its  seating 
capacity  of  over  3,000,  the  fresh,  cooled,  or  warmed  air 
enters  through  the  perforations  in  the  suspended  ceiling 
and  travels  with  slow  velocity  at  a  height  of  about  8Jft. 
to  exhaust  openings  in  the  floor  risers,  and  an  equable 
temperature  is  maintained  under  any  external  atmo- 
spheric conditions.  In  such  a  system  it  is  specially  im- 
portant that  the  volume  of  air  exhausted  be  less  than  the 
volume  of  fresh  warmed)  air  forced  into  the  hall,  so  thac 
the  air  within  the  room  be  under  pressure;  otherwise 
external  cold  air  will  be  drawn  into  the  building  through 
doors  and  wmdows,  and  may  create  objectionable 
draughts.  But  the  desired  conditions  here  briefly  pre- 
sented are  readily  attainable,  and  especially  in  case  of  an. 
inclosed  room,  the  system  of  supply  at  ceiling  and  ex- 
haust at /'>:'/■  ?^(''/  i.t  tin  idtal  o'f,  when  the  room  is  lighted- 
electrically,  to  secure  pure  air  and  moderate  temperatures- 
in  crowded  assembUes  during  the  winter  months.  In  the 
summer  time,  many  persons  like  to  feel  a  decided  current- 
of  cooled  or  cooler  air,  and  thus  it  is  often  considered 
preferable  to  have  the  air  enter  at  bottom  and  to  exhaust 
at  top  of  room.  A  reversible  system  may  then  be  adopted, 
to  meet  the  conditions  of  comfort  all  the  year  round. 

CHVRCHES   AKD    CHAPELS. 

The  remarks    I    have    made  with    reference  to 


theatres  and  the  like  buildings  may  be  aptly 
applied  to  all  places  of  public  worship ;  but  it  is 
difficult  to  get  the  authorities  and  office  bearers  of 
such  buildings  to  spend  much  money,  as  they  find 
several  impediments  in  the  way. 

1.  Funds  as  a  rule  are  very  low. 

2.  Many  of  the  old  churches  date  back  to  the  Mediafyal 
days,  and  it  is  considered  a  vandaUsm  to  interfere  with 
the  edifice  inside  or  out  in  the  slightest  degree. 

3.  To  attempt  to  erect  a  really  first-class  apparatus  in 
a  modem  church  or  chapel  is  such  a  costly  affair  that  it 
is  seldom,  if  ever,  done. 

4.  Many  of  these  edifices  being  used  only  once  a  week, 
an  installation  is  not  considered  necessary. 

If  a  less  costly  apparatus  is  erected,  much  might 
be  done  by  the  authorities  insisting  that  the  doors 
and  windows  be  kept  open  when  worship  is  not 
going  on,  so  as  to  flush  the  interior  with  fresh  air, 
and  remove  that  stuffy  and  oppressive  atmosphere 
that  is  so  often  met  with  when  entering  the  build- 
ing on  a  Sunday  moraing  after  it  has  been  closed 
for  six  daj  s. 

MfSICirAL    .\XD    CUUSTV    llllEDINfi.^. 

The  council  chambers,  the  vaiious  courts,  the 
large  halls,  reception-rooms,  and  largest  of  the 
offices,  should,  in  my  opinion,  be  treated  on  the 
Plenum  system.  After  ihe  great  success  of  the 
overhead  Plenum  system   at    the  Royal  Dublin 


and  a  perfect   circulation  is  obtained,  and  even    volume  of  a'r  which  should  be  delivered  into  such  I  Society  Lecture  Theatre,  it  has  been  decided  to 


Feb.  19,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


263 


carry  out  the  same  plan  at  the  Belfast  (!!ity  Hall, 
Cardiff  Town  Hall  and  Law  Courts,  Walsall  Town 
Hall,  and  Dcptford  Town  Hall.  I  have  no  hesi- 
tation in  saying  that  when  these  installations  are 
completed,  they  will  rank  as  the  best  of  their  kind 
in  the  kingdom.  In  all  these  works  low-pressure 
steam,  worked  at  atmospheric  pressure,  is  being 
used,  which  prsicticallj'  gives  the  heating  surface 
the  same  temperature  as  low-pressure  hot  water, 
and  obviates  the  great  complaints  hurled  at  steam 
heating  when  used  at  high  pressures.  At  the  Oxford 
Municipal  and  Stafford  County  Buildings  the  Ple- 
num systen  has  been  adopted,  and  has  given  every 
satisfaction,  low-pressure  steam  being  used  as  the 
heating  medium.  The  duets  and  heating  batteries 
of  the  two  last-mentioned  buildings  are  under  the 
basement  floor,  and  work  equally  well  .as  in  the 
overhead  system.  The  inlets  are  about  8ft. 
above  the  floor  and  the  outlets  at  the  floor  level. 
In  the  small  offices  and  corridors,  direct  radiators 
seem  to  give  greater  satisfaction,  as  the  occupants 
may  regulate  the  temperature  as  they  choose.  If 
this  course  is  adopted,  care  should  be  used  to  insist 
upon  extraction  flues  being  provided  in  each  of 
the  _  rooms.  Air  inlets  with  louvred  gratings 
behind  the  radiators  should  be  fixed  for  the  supply 
of  fresh  air.  I  am  no  believer  in  Tobin  tubes,  as 
I  find  them  generally  closed  or  blocked  up,  and  at 
times  they  are  used  as  receptacles  for  all  kinds  of 
rubbish.  A  better  plan,  which  I  have  adopted  in 
my  own  office,  is  to  fix  a  low-pressure  steam 
radiator  (hot  wa^er  will  do  equally  as  well)  in  the 
recess  under  a  window  furthermost  from  the 
occupant.  The  sash  of  the  window  is  kept  open 
4in.  to  6in.,  according  to  the  outside  temperature. 
Over  this  opening  a  filter  arrangement  is  con- 
trived, simple,  cheap,  but  effective,  so  as  to  arrest 
the  blacks  and  other  dust  particles  which  are  so 
abundant  in  the  London  atmosphere.  The  air 
passes  into  the  oflice  over  an  area  2ft.  9in.  by  6in. , 
which  equals  1  Jsq.ft.,  and  is  warmed  in  its  transit, 
and  maintains  a  fresh,  healthy,  and  comfortable 
atmosphere  from  morning  until  evening,  week  in 
and  week  out. 

HOTELS. 

No  building  needs  more  care  and  attention  on 
the  part  of  the  architect  and  engineer  than  the 
modern  hotel,  with  all  its  hygienic  requirements. 
I'erhaps  the  most  modern  and  up-to-date  hotel  as 
far  as  hygienic  arrangements  are  provided  is  the 
one  recently  erected  at  Manchester  by  the  Mid- 
land Railway  Co.  The  fans,  two  in  number, 
each  discharge  2|-  million  cubic  feet  of  fresh  air 
per  hour  into  the  building.  The  reception-rooms, 
octagon  lounge,  and  corridors  to  same,  also  the 
corridors  to  the  bedrooms,  are  supplied  with  fresh 
cool  air  in  summer  and  fresh  warm  air  in  winter. 
The  ventilation  of  the  kitchen,  laundry,  and 
hairdresser's  department  is  treated  separate  and 
distinct  from  the  general  portion  of  the  hotel 
used  by  the  guests.  It  may  be  well  said  that  this 
hotel  is  the  finest  in  the  British  Isles,  if  not  in 
the  world.  One  need  only  stay  at  this  hotel 
overnight  to  find  out  for  himself  howfieshthe 
air  is  in  the  bedrooms.  .-Vs  someone  remarked  to 
me  a  few  days  ago,  "  it  felt  to  him  like  being  at 
the  seaside,  the  air  was  so  sweet  and  fresh."  The 
filtering  of  the  air  has  been  specially  provided 
for  by  the  adoption  of  a  screen,  whif  h  is  shown 
zigzag  on  plan,  and  which  gives  a  large  area, 
so  as  to  offer  as  little  resistance  as  pos- 
sible to  the  fans.  The  screen  is  of  a  special 
material,  and  has  an  area  of  320sq.ft.  ex- 
posed to  the  air  inlet.  The  sample  bottle  pro- 
duced will  show  you  what  has  been  taken  out  of 
the  screen  at  one  cleaning,  and  which  by  the  way 
has  been  done  by  the  British  Vacuum  Cleaner 
(Jo.'s  apparatus.  Messrs.  Richardson's  analytical 
report  below,  which  I  will  read,  will  give  you 
the  composition  of  the  mixture  shown  in  the 
sample  bottle  taken  from  the  screen.  The  engi- 
neering work  of  this  hotel  would,  however,  find 
enough  material  in  itself  for  a  lengthy  paper ;  but 
I  will  close  my  present  remarks  on  this  subject 
by  giving  particulars  of  some  tests  which  h';ivo 
recently  been  made,  together  with  the  analytical 
report  just  referred  to. 

Outside  air  before  entenng 
thB"ClieeBe"  clotli  fUters 
on  top  of  Hat  ovtT  re- 
ception-room      ■<-Z  vols.  CO;  per  10,000  vol. 

Air  niter  paasinKtill.ei'9  4-5       „ 

Air  after  leuvinK  fan  i'o        ,,  '* 

Air  ia  smoking-room 5-0        '*  ]' 

For  heating  the  buildings  low-pressure  steam  is 
employed  here  of  Ub.  pressure  in  conjunction 
with  the  Atmospheric  Steam  Heating  Company's 
system.  The  waste  from  the  various  traps  in 
lonnection  with  the  kitchen  and  laundry  and 
returns   from  the    heating    is  put  through  the 


"  Niiconomiser"  system,  which  practically  heiits 
the  whole  of  the  domestic  hot  water  supply  to 
the  hotel  at  a  constant  temperature  of  200"  Fahr. 
This  is  not  any  mean  problem,  you  will 
percei\e,  when  I  state  that  the  consumption  of 
hot  water  closely  approximates  an  average 
of  9,000  gallons.  The  entrances  of  this  hotel 
are  fitted  with  Van  Kannol  doors,  which  act 
adiuirably.  While  giving  an  easy  means  of  ingress 
and  egress,  they  do  not  allow  large  volumes 
of  cold  air  to  enter  the  building,  as  is  the  case 
with  ordinary  swing  doors.  I  think  the  more 
general  adoption  of  the  Van  Kannel  door  will 
be  the  means  of  assisting  warming  and  ventilating 
engineers  to  solve  many  diflicalty  problems  that 
have  beset  our  path  heretofore,  specially  those 
relating  to  draughts.  An  examination  and  ex- 
planation of  the  various  diagrams  will  no  doubt 
be  interesting  to  the  gentlemen  present.  Chart 
No.  1  indicates  the  steam  pressure  as  carried  on 
the  boilers  for  25  hours  from  12  o'clock  mid-day 
on  (•ctober  29  to  12  o'clock  mid-day  on  October 
30.  Chart  No.  2  indicates  the  steam  pressure  at 
a  distance  of  200ft.  away  from  the  boilers.  It 
will  readily  be  seen  that  there  is  practically  no 
drop  in  the  steam  pressure,  duo  to  the  fact  of  the 
piping  arrangements  having  been  carried  out  so 
well.  Chart  No.  3  intiicates  the  vacuum  carried 
on  the  v.acuum  pumps  on  the  same  dites,  and  this 
is  applied  to  the  whole  of  the  heating  surface  on 
what  is  known  as  the  Atmospheric  Steam  Heating 
Company's  system.  The  following  diagram 
shows  the  reading  from  12  o'clock  midday  on 
October  29,  to  12  o'clock  midday  on  October  30. 
This  chart  gives  the  temperature  of  water  parsing 
through  the  "  Nuconomiser "  system,  which  is 
the  temperature  at  which  water  was  being 
delivered  into  the  boilers  by  utilising  the  vapour 
and  s+eam  which  in  most  cases  goes  to  waste. 
This  chart,  as  you  will  notice,  varies  from  210° 
Fahr.,  and  the  point  of  depression  in  the  line  in- 
dicates that  there  was  less  general  work  being 
done  at  the  hotel  between  the  hours  mentioned. 
These  figures  will,  I  am  sure,  be  a  sufficient 
claim  to  the  consideration  of  all  who  have  in  hand 
large  installations,  or  are  about  to  erect  buildings 
requiring  large  installations. 

[copy.] 

John  Richardson  and  Co.,  Leicester,  Ltd., 

Analytical  Chemists. 

Directors  : 

E.B. Richardson,  R.E.S.Eichardson.F.C.S.,  E.  E. Hartley 

10,  Friar-lane,  Leicester. 

November  2nd,  19  [3. 

A.VALYTICAL    REPORT 

Upon  a  sample  of  black  powder  received  from  Messrs. 
Asbwell  and  Nesbit,  Leieejter,  and  which  was  obtained 
from  the  Midland  Hotel,  Manchester. 

Dear  Sirs, — We  have  analysed  the  above  as  requested 
with  the  following  result :  — 
Insoluble  organic  matter  consisting  chiefly 

of  soot,   with   small  quantities  of  hair 

and  similar  materials 19-5  per  cent. 

Soluble  organic  matter  consisting  chiefly 

of  ammonium  salts  13-3  per  cent. 

Insoluble     inorganic     matter    consisting 

chieQy  of  sand,  &a 80-9  per  cent. 

Soluble  inorganic  matter  consisting  of  salts 

of  iron,  sodium,  potassium,  ammonium 

with  tracesof  copper, aluminium, manga- 
nese, calcium,  and  magnesium 3t3"3per  cent. 

100-0 
Yours  faithfully. 
.John  Richardson  and  Co..  Leicester,  Ltd. 
(Signed)     R.  E.  S.  Ritbardson,  F.C.8.,  Director. 
Analysed  by  Lewis  Ough,  F.C.S. 

The  following  are  further  particulars  relating 
to  the  apparatus  :  — 

Revolutions  of  motor,  9^")0  }  . 

Revolutions  of  blower,  ISO  (  '*''  ""'"''« 

Diameter  of  pulleys,  respectively  lOin.  and  50in. 

Diameter  of  blower  wheel,  7ft. 

Diamete,  of  mlet  ring-*  in  casting,  4ft.  6in. 

No.  of  blades  on  wheel,  8 

Breadth  and  depth  of  blades.  4ft.  lin.  by  Ift.  Sin, 

Area  of  each  blade  in  siiuare  feet.  r>  1-24 

Volume  of  air  delivered  in  cubic  feet  per  hour,  2,7Gt;,9oO*00 

Size  of  discharge  in  square  feet,  Iti  47 

Velocity  through  outlet  in  feet  per  second,  4'^  f:<j 

Tht?  mot'ir  running  at  400  volts  'iO  ampi^res,  requiring 

10"7U.P.  to  drive  blower,  using  8  units  per  hour,  at  lid. 

per  unit,  or  lOd.  per  hour. 

I  would  urge  and  advise  those  of  my  hearers 
who  are  intorosted  in  hotel  planning  to  lay  down 
the  whole  of  the  engineering  scheme  while  the 
building  is  on  paper.  The  air  extraction  and 
ventilation  of  tho  guests'  rooms  should  be  abso- 
lutely separate  from  the  other  portions  of  tho 
buildings,  and  special  attention  thould  be  given 
to  tho  extraction  and  heat  from  tho  kitchens, 
laundries,  and  such  like  places,  especially  if  they 
are  in  the  basement.  It  any  of  the  principal 
rooms  are  immediately  over  tho  kitchens  or  other 
domestic  oQices,  a  false  coiling  may  be  adapted  to 


the  room  beneath  and  currents  of  cold  fresh  air 
made  to  pass  through  the  space  between  to  keep 
the  room  over  quite  cool.  If  the  flues  from  tho 
kitchen  ranges  pass  through  bedrooms,  special 
precautions  are  needed  to  have  in  these  flues, 
however  well  built,  a  cavity  wall  of  2{in.  and  an 
outside  wall  4jin.  thick  to  the  bedrooms,  to  pre- 
vent the  radiation  of  heat  through  them  making 
the  bedrooms  uninhabitable  in  summer  weather. 

i  ACTOUIES    AND    IIUSIXESS    I'REMISES. 

The  necessity  of  complete  arrangements  for 
warming  and  ventilating  all  places  of  employ- 
ment can  hardly  be  too  strongly  enforced.  The 
improved  health  and  increased  comfort  of  their 
workpeople  are  nowadays  the  subjects  of  careful 
consideration  by  all  good  employers,  but  as  to 
those  who  are  still  indifferent  I  am  sure  of  one 
thing,  and  that  is,  if  they  only  knew  how  much 
money  they  lose  in  the  labour  of  their  employees 
by  cold  workshops  and  bad  air,  they  would  at 
once  wiirm  and  ventilate  their  premises.  Another 
loss  of  revenue  to  employers  in  the  absence  of 
these  requirements  in  the  case  of  shops  is  that 
many  customers  will  not  do  their  shopping  when 
they  know  the  shops  are  not  properly  warmed 
and  under  good  hygienic  conditions.  These  are 
matters  that  are  worthy  of  serious  consideration. 
The  installations  may  be  carried  out  somewhat 
on  the  lines  I  have  already  laid  down,  either  by 
plain  radiators  or  on  the  Plenum  system,  bearing 
always  in  mind  that  each  case  must  be  fully 
discussed  and  settled  in  view  of  its  particular 
conditions  and  needs. 

HOSPITALS,   ASYLUMS,   ETC. 

It  is  difiicult  to  lay  down  a  hard  and  fast  rule 
for  the  system  to  be  adopted  in  this  class  of 
building.  In  hospitals,  Plenum  installations  have 
been  found  to  be  very  effective,  and  have  given 
Siitisfaction  to  those  using  them,  but  I  would  like 
to  say  that  it  is  quite  possiole  to  make  a  satis- 
factory installation  which  will  work  automatically. 
This  has  been  our  experience  at  ihe  University 
College  Hospital,  Gower-street,  AV,C.,  where  the 
whole  of  the  wards  are  heated  by  radiators  of  a 
special  type,  allowing  fresh  air  to  pass  in  and 
through  at  the  rate  of  4,u00c.ft.  per  bed  per  hour. 
The  air  enters  the  wards  at  a  low  velocity  and 
without  draughts.  The  extract  shafts  are  carried 
up  well  above  the  ridge  lines,  and  have  open- 
sided  outlets,  some  in  brick  and  some  in  wood- 
work, allowing  the  vitiated  air  to  discharge  freely 
at  a  high  altitude.  I  might  mention,  too,  that 
there  is  no  ''air-pump"  or  other  kind  of  cowl 
fi.xed  on  the  shafts.  Much  money  is  spent  in  these 
useless  devices,  as  the  following  will  show. 
Billings  on  "  Cowls  "  (page  282)  : — 

The  sub-committee  appointed  at  Leamington  to  test 
the  ventilating  exhaust  cowls  beg  to  report  that  tlxey 
have  given  the  matter  their  most  careful  attention,  and 
carried  out  at  tho  ftoyal  Observatory,  Kew,  an  elaborate 
series  of  about  100  experiments  on  seven  different  days 
at  different  limes  of  the  day,  and  under  different  con- 
ditions of  wind  and  temperature.  After  comparing  tlis 
cowls  very  carefully  with  each  other,  and  all  of  them 
with  a  plain  open  pipe  as  the  simplest,  and,  in  fact,  only 
available  standard,  the  sub-committee  lind  that  none  of 
the  exhaust  cowls  cause  a  more  rapid  current  of  air  than 
prevails  in  an  open  pipe  under  similar  conditions,  but 
without  any  cowl  fitted  on  it.  The  only  use  for  the  cowls, 
therefore,  appears  to  be  to  exclude  rain  from  the  venti- 
lating pipes,  and  as  this  can  be  done  equally,  if  not  more 
ethciontly,  in  other  and  similar  ways  without  diminishing 
the  rapidity  of  the  current  in  the  open  pipe,  the  sub- 
committee are  unable  to  recommend  the  grant  of  the 
medal  of  the  Sanitary  Institute  of  Ureat  Britain  to  any 
of  the  exhaust  cowls  submitted  to  them  for  trial. 

This  is  taken  from  the  report  of  the  judges, 
Jlessrs.  W.  Eissie,  Rogers  Field,  and  Douglas 
Gallon.  For  the  outpatients'  department  of  this 
hospital  (University  College  Hospital)  the  Plenum 
system  is  adopted,  this  being  chiefly  for  the  re4»son 
of  so  many  patients  being  crowded  together  for  a 
time.  Tho  London  Koyal  Ophthalmic  Hospital 
is  treated  in  a  similar  manner,  the  outpatients' 
department  only  being  treated  by  tho  Plenum 
syjtem,  which  has  worked  well  and  given  good 
results.  I'hi!  latter  hospital  is  warmed  by  low- 
pressure  hot  water,  and  tho  former  by  low- 
pressure  steam  at  Ul**  pressure.  Asylums  for 
the  insane  should,  I  think,  bo  heated  by  the 
Pienuiu  system,  and  whilst  I  admit  a  temporary 
check  has  been  placed  in  installing  that  system 
in  such  l>uildings,  this  has  not  been  due  to  tho 
ineOiciency  of  the  Plenum  system  in  itself,  but  in 
some  cases  to  tho  apathy  shown  by  those  most 
intorosted  to  work  tho  system,  and  in  other 
cases  to  causes  over  which  tho  engineers  who 
designed  tho  apparatus  hiivo  had  no  control, 
and  have  been  precluded  from  ordering  difter- 
ently.  When  every  care  and  forethought  is  used 
for  the  proper  housing  of  a  Plenum  system  none 
can  be  better,  and  with  such  a  system  the  patients 


264 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


Feb.  19,  1904. 


are  sure  of  haring  the  proper  quantity  of  fresh 
air  day  and  night,  particularlj'  as  many  of  them 
are  confined  in  small  rooms.  In  the  Nottingham 
City  Asylum,  Dorset  County  Asylum,  Hereford 
County  Asylum,  and  others  are  notahle  examples 
of  the  good  effects  of  the  Plenum  system  when 
properly  designed,  installed,  and  worked  when 
handed  over.  Much  has  been  said  as  to  the  in- 
efficipnt  state  of  the  warming  and  ventilation  of 
the  Claybury  Asylum ;  but  it  is  only  fair  to  state 
that  it  is  the  absence  of  the  Plenum  system, 
rather  than  its  presence,  that  is  at  fault.  If  the 
Plenum  system  had  been  carried  out  at  this 
asylum,  the  troubles  met  with  would  never  have 
occurred.  The  only  poi-tions  of  the  Claybury 
Asylum  treated  on  the  Plenum  system  are  the 
recreation  hall  and  the  chapel. 

GENEP..\L     IIF,M.4.TIKS     OX     CEN'TRALISATIOX     OF     THE 
ENOIXEEllIXG    PLAXT. 

In  large  institutions,  where  the  engineering 
plant  has  to  be  of  such  a  complex  nature  as  to 
cover  the  whole  6eld  of  domestic  engineering  and 
embrace  such  items  as  w.irming  and  ventilating, 
electric  lighting,  pumping,  cold  and  hot  water 
services,  laundry,  cooking  apparatus,  &c.,  it  is 
advisable  to  house  the  whole  of  the  generating 
jjlant  at  one  centr.al  station,  and  do  all  the  work 
from  one  point.  This  has  many  advantages,  a 
few  of  which  may  be  enumerated  :^ 

1.  Reduced  cost  of  installation. 

2.  Reduced  cost  of  maintenance  or  upkeep. 

3.  Reduced  cost  of  engineer's  time  and  assistance  look- 
ing after  plant. 

4.  Less  cost  in  fuel. 

5.  Legs  cost  in  water. 

6.  Less  cost  in  steam  consumption. 

7.  Coal,  du^t.  and  refuse  all  centred  at  one  spot. 

8.  Advantage  of  the  superintending  engineer  being  able 
to  see  the  whole  of  the  plant  from  one  centre — 

and  other  features,  all  of  an  economical  nature, 
too  numerous  to  mention.  With  a  central  plant, 
the  exhaust  steam  from  the  several  engines  and 
pumps  can  be  so  collected  as  to  insure  its  being 
done  to  the  best  advantage,  and  this  is  now 
being  done  to  such  an  extent  that  a  considerable 
saving  is  effected  in  the  year's  expenditure  in  the 
maintenance  of  s^me  public  institutions.  A.  K. 
Wolff,  the  authority  I  have  already  mentioned, 
states: — ■ 

From  the  considerations  already  set  forth,  and  others 
to  be  presented,  it  will  readily  be  inferred  that  the  almost 
general  introduction  of  electric  lighting  with  isolated 
generating  plantsin  large  buildings  hashada  sensible  effect 
on  the  solution  of  the  heating  and  ventilating  problem. 
On  account  of  the  economy  secured,  it  has  practically 
conditioned  the  use  of  exhaust  steam  for  heating.  It  is 
an  interesting  fact  that  the  quantity  of  steam  required 
for  heating  and  ventilating  large  buildings,  notably  club- 
houses, colleges,  theatres,  halls,  Jvrc,  equals  closely  the 
amount  used  independently  for  their  electric  lighting. 
Since  electric-light  engines  convert  only  about  10  to  16 
per  cent,  of  the  heat  of  the  steam  with  which  they  are 
supplied  into  mechanical  energy,  85  to  90  per  cent,  of  the 
heat  is  retained  in  the  exhaust  steam,  available  and  j  ust 
suiEcient.  as  a  rule,  to  meet  the  heating  and  ventilating 
needs  of  the  building. 

COAL. 

Considering  the  extent  to  which  our  coal 
resources  are  being  drawn  upon,  and  that  in  some 
directions  we  are  within  sight  of  the  period  of 
probable  exhaustion,  the  necessity  of  most  econo- 
mical usage  lends  additional  force  to  this  recom- 
mendation of  the  centralisation  of  the  engineering 
plant.  The  extent  of  the  shrinkage  of  our  avail- 
able coal  supply  may  be  gathered  from  the  fact 
that  in  the  year  1902  the  amount  raised  in  the 
United  Kingdom  was  2'27,0y5,042  tons,  but  in 
1882  it  was  150,499.977  tons,  showing  an  increase 
in  output  of  70,595,065  tons,  or  45-1  per  cent, 
increase  in  the  short  space  of  20  years.  Sir. 
Pryee  Williams,  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Koyal 
Statistical  Society,  estimated  that  the  coal  supplies 
of  the  United  Kingdom  will  have  become  ex- 
hausted in  the  following  short  periods. 

Northumberland  and  Durham 94  years 

South  Wales    78  „ 

Lancashire   74  „ 

Yorkshire,  Derby,  and  Notts 72  ,, 

Warwick  53  „ 

Denbigh  and  Flint 250  „ 

Scotlaud    92  „ 

These  figures  urge  us  in  the  most  forcible 
manner  to  economise  the  consumption  wherever 
possible,  in  order  that  we  may  not  recklessly 
increase  the  diflBculty  of  the  problem  which  a 
future  generation,  by  no  means  remote,  will  have 
to  face. 

VTILIS.ITIO.X  OF    EXHAC'ST  STEAM. 

During  the  last  15  years  I  have  given  much 
thought  >ind  suidy  to  the  utilisation  of  exhaust 
steam.  Mnny  clients  and  even  tn<;ineers,  who 
have  not  c.msi.  ereil  this  problem,  think  that  when 
steam   has  once  p;issed    through    some   form   of 


engine  or  pump,  the  exhaust  is  so  much  waste, 
and  is  a  residual  or  "by-product"  of  no  con- 
sideration ;  but  when  I  mention  the  fact  that 
the  exhaust  steam  from  an  engine  developing 
1001. H. P.,  supplying  Jight  to  say  900  to  1,000 
16c. p.  incandescent  lamps,  will  heat  a  building  with 
direct  heating  surface  containing  1,500, 000c. ft.  of 
space,  and  is  equal  to  a  coal  consumption  of 
355  tons  per  si.x  months  of  winter  weather,  for  a 
twelve  hours'  working  day,  it  will  be  readily  seen 
what  a  valuable  "by-product"  there  is  in  ex- 
haust steam — one  indeed  which  should  be  well 
taken  care  of  by  the  authorities  who  have  charge 
of  our  public  institutions.  This  saving  can  also 
be  attained  without  adding  back  pressure  to  the 
engine  and  pumps,  a  matter  which  seems  to  haunt 
the  average  engineer  like  a  nightmare.  With  the 
addition  of  the  ' '  vacuum  ' '  system  of  heating  it 
is  possible  to  circulate  steam  over  the  largest 
institutions  you  may  have  to  design  and  erect, 
without  any  pressure  whatever — nay,  oftentimes 
using  a  vacuum  of  lOin.,  which  gives  the  steam  at 
the  low  temperature  of  190"  Fahr.,  or  less  than 
a  good  low-pressure  hot-water  circuhation.  In 
cases  where  this  system  ^as  been  applied  it  has 
helped  the  engines  and  pumps  rather  than  retarded 
their  working,  owing  to  the  fact  that  a  partial 
vacuum  has  been  effected  at  the  back  end  of  the 
pistons,  and  more  horse-power  has  been  developed 
thereby.  I  may  add  we  have  installations  work- 
ing where  this  principle  is  shown  to  a  marked 
extent. 

Nottingham  "Workhouse  (the  building  covering  about 
31  acres)  is  working  under  ISin.  of  vacuum— viz.,  182° 
Fahr. 

"Wolverhampton  "Workhouse  {the  building  covering 
29;j  acres)  is  working  under  loin,  of  vacuum— viz.,  176^ 
Fahr. 

Scalebor  Asylum  (the  building  covering  5J  acres)  is 
working  under  Sin.  of  vacuum— viz.,  197^  Fahr, 

ECONOMY. 

So  much  has  been  written  about  economy  in 
heating  plants,  &e.,  that  it  is  as  "well  to  give  you 
an  example  which  has  recently  come  under  my 
own  obser\ation.  An  installation  was  to  be 
worked  with  live  steam  at  40lb.  pressure.  Ex- 
haust steam  was  used  from  the  electric  light 
engines,  and  the  saving  to  the  authorities  reaches 
the  handsome  figure  of  9cwt.  per  hour ;  so  that  if 
the  apparatus  works  eight  hours  per  day  for  six 
days  per  week,  the  saving  will  amount  to  21.7  tons 
in  the  aggregate  per  week.  But  further  econo- 
mies were  still  possible  in  the  consumption  of 
coal,  coke,  and  water.  By  the  substitution  of 
the  "  Nuconomieer  "  system  for  the  old  hot  well 
arrangement  at  the  St.  tleorge's  Infirmary, 
Fulham-road,  London,  S.W.,  the  saving  effected 
during  twelve  months  is  equal  to  £326,  and  they 
now  supply  their  boilers  with  feed  water  at 
boiling  point — viz.,  212  Fahr. — instead  of  water 
at  very  low  temperature.  At  an  hotel  on  the 
South  Coast,  where  the  system  has  been  in  opera- 
tion for  five  months,  the  saving  in  coal  alone 
amounts  to  107  tons,  which  at  27s.  per  ton  is 
equal  to  £144  9s.  Od.  At  Brook-street  Work- 
house Infirmary,  Kennington-road,  S.E.,  also, 
the  apparatus  is  in  thorough  working  order,  and 
giving  every  satisfaction. 

GREASE    SEP.iIl.\TI0X. 

It  has  been  asserted  that  by  using  exhaust 
steam  the  grease  in  suspension  is  carried  over, 
and  is  injected  into  the  boilers,  causing  damage 
to  them ;  but  experience  shows  that  this  is  a 
fallacy.  To  eliminate  the  grease  from  the  exhaust 
steam,  the  "  Xudeemen  "  grease-separator  is  the 
best  of  its  kind  on  the  market  at  the  present  day, 
and  will  remove  about  98  to  99  per  cent,  of  the 
oil  passed  into  the  engine  cylinders  through  a 
properly-gauged  sight-feed  lubricator.  This  is 
only  one  or  two  of  the  many  special  contrivances 
that  are  now  used  in  a  modern  well-equipped 
domestic  engineering  plant.  All  these  necessary 
elaborations,  however,  are  costly  ;  but  an  appa- 
ratus designed  on  the  lines  I  have  indicated  can- 
not be  otherwise.  In  dealing  with  the  first  cost 
of  the  installation,  the  nature  of  the  results  to  be 
achieved  should  be  fully  kept  in  mind.  I  fear 
sometimes  these  are  not  always  considered  when 
a  warming  and  ventilating  installation  is  being 
decided  upon.  Good  work  is  expensive,  and  will 
always  be  so,  though  the  aim  of  a  wise  engineer 
will  always  be  to  cheapen  the  first  cost  wherever 
possible. 

INLETS    AXD    OUTLETS. 

JIuch  discussion  has  taken  place  amongst 
experts  as  to  the  proper  position  of  inlets  and 
outlets,  and  my  own  opinion  is  that  the  right 
position  for  the  inlet,  if  not  at  the  ceiling  level, 
is  from  Hi.  to  10ft.  from  the  floor  line,  and  that 


of  the  outlets  quite  close  to  the  floor  line.     The 
following  authorities  are  in  support  of  this  view. 
Dr.  Carpenter  states  (p.  456)  :  — 

It  (the  outlet)  should  be  placed  near  or  in  the  floor  in 
order  to  remove  as  effectively  as  possible  the  air  which 
traverses  the  lower  part  of  the  room  in  the  tioor  currents, 
and  in  order  to  present  its  rise  at  the  inner  wall  and  its 
re-entrance  into  the  circling  current  of  warmer  and  purer 
air. 

Dr.  Billing  states  (p.  255) : — 

There  is  less  objection  to  placing  foul  air  registers  in 
the  floor ;  as,  for  instance,  in  a  hospital  ward  where  a 
good  position  for  the  foul-air  registers  is  in  the  floor 
beneath  each  bed,  and  then  the  register  should  not  be 
flush  with  the  floor,  but  rise  an  inch  or  two  above  its 
surface. 

Briggs'  "Modern  School  Buildings  "  (p.  161), 
after  speaking  of  warm-air  inlets,  says  : — 

A  strong  upward  draught  is'  produced  which  sucks  the 
colder  impure  air  through  the  outgoing  registers,  situated 
at  the  floor  level  of  the  several  rooms  and  halls. 

Sir  Douglas  Gallon,  in  "Hospital  Construc- 
tion" (p.  79),  says:  — 

That  the",  openings  for  the  admission  of  fresh  air 
should  be  from  6ft.  to  9ft.  from  the  floor,  and  the  open- 
ings for  the  abstraction  of  the  air  should,  on  the  contrary, 
be  placed  generally  in  the  side  wall  Sin.  or  4in.  above 
the  floor  level,  with  an  upward  slope  at  the  back  to 
prevent  lodgment  of  dirt. 

Rufus  R.  Wade,  as  Chief  Inspector  of  District 
Police  for  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  in  hia 
Report  for  1893  (p.  54),  states  :  — 

In  large  schoolrooms,  halls,  and  audience  rooms,  it  has 
been  found  by  practical  experience  and  observation  that 
the  best  results  are  obtained  when  fresh-air  inlets  are 
placed  6ft.  or  8ft.  above  the  floor  level,  and  the  foul-air 
outlets  near  the  fresh-air  inlets  and  at  the  level  of  the 
floor.  Having  provided  for  the  removal  of  the  vitiated 
air.  inlets  for  the  supply  of  fresh  air  must  be  provided, 
and  in  estimating  the  size  of  fresh-air  inlets  we  should 
not  forget  that  the  moment  the  current  of  vitiated  air  is 
drawn  from  the  room,  air  will  find  its  way,  independently 
of  properly  constructed  channels,  through  every  crack  and 
opening  in  every  part  of  the  room  and  around  closed 
windows  and  doors.  This  additional  amount  of  air 
received  should  be  taken  into  consideration  in  estimating 
the  size  of  fresh-air  inlets.  As  a  rule,  in  our  public  halls, 
audience  rooms,  and  schoolhouses  fresh  air  as  it  enters 
the  room  is  warmed  by  furnaces  or  steam  heat.  "What- 
ever system  is  adopted  for  steam  or  furnace  heat,  we 
should  not  forget  that  the  upright  shaft  is  one  of  the  most 
important  factors  in  obtaining  successful  results  for  the 
removal  of  the  vitiated  air,  and  also  to  make  room  for  the 
warm  fresh  air  to  enter  the  openings  intended  for  its  use. 
The  air  thus  warmed,  entering  inlets  properly  located, 
will  circulate  through  the  room,  and  the  bad  air  is  drawn 
to  the  bottom  of  the  warm  ventilating  shaft.  Let  me 
repeat  that  the  best  results  have  been  obtained  where 
foul  air  has  been  taken  from  the  floor  level,  instead  of  the 
walls  or  ceiling  of  the  room. 

BOILERS. 

Keep  these  of  ample  size.  They  need  not  con- 
sume extra  fuel  an  account  of  their  size,  unless 
the  attendant  is  careless.  Let  them  be  simple  in 
construction.  I  believe  the  more  simple  a  boiler 
is  the  better  it  is ;  but  there  are  exceptions  to  all 
rules.  Some  engineers  have  a  preference  for 
wrought-iron  over  cast-iron  boilets,  and  vice  rersd. 
Both  types  have  good  qualities,  but  care  should 
be  e-tercised  in  the  selection  of  a  boiler  suitable 
for  the  duties  expected  of  it.  For  low-pressure 
steam  work  (gravity),  say  at  51b.  working  pres- 
sure and  under,  for  small  installations,  c;ist-iron 
sectional  boilers  are  used  with  success.  For  low- 
pressure  hot-water  work,  where  the  head  of 
water  does  not  exceed  15  to  20ft,,  the  same  type 
of  boiler  may  be  used  :  but  for  the  higher  pressure 
wrought-iron  boilers  of  the  simplest  form  are 
preferable,  say  a  plain  saddle,  return-end  saddle, 
Cornish  Trentham,  with  cheek-draught  end,  and 
the  cylindrical  dome  top  boiler.  It  should  always 
be  remembered  that  a  boiler  well  set  in  brickwork 
is  more  economical,  as  far  as  fuel  consumption 
and  attention  is  concerned,  than  a  boiler  without 
brickwork. 

BOILERS    FOR    HIGH    PRE.SSURE. 

Boilers  for  high  steam  pressures  should  be  made 
from  best  mild  steel  sheets.  The  best  and  most 
economical  boilers  for  large  installations  are  of 
the  Cornish  or  Lancashire  type.  A  Cornish  steam 
boiler  has  one  flue  fixed  eccentrically  in  relation 
to  the  outer  shell.  A  Lancashire  boiler  is  gener- 
ally denoted  by  having  two  flues  fixed  eccentric- 
ally in  relation  to  the  outer  shell,  and  it  is 
common  practice  now  to  have  such  boilers  working 
up  to  140  and  1601b.  pressure  daily.  There  are 
several  makes  of  steam  boilers  on  the  market ; 
among  others  the  Davey-Paxman,  "  Economic," 
Babcock  and  Wilcox,  and  others.  These  are 
good  boilers  of  their  respective  kinds,  but  best 
suited  for  particular  classes  of  work.  If  I  re- 
quired a  boiler  for  generating  steam  for  electric 
lighting  purposes  at  a  public  station,  I  would 
have  no  hesitation  in  using  either  make  of  boiler 
mentioned,  because  both  are  built  to  stand  very 


Feb.  19,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


265 


heavy  working  pressures.     These  hoilers  arc  more 
or  less  of  the  locomotive  or  tubuUir  type. 

pirES  Axu  ni'iNG. 

JIuch  care  and  study  should  be  bestowed  on 
the  selection,  alignment,  and  fi.\ing  of  pipes. 
For  high-class  work  wrought-iron  or  steel  pipes, 
with  either  screwed  joints  or  a  special  joint, 
should  be  used  for  aU  pressures  up  to  201b. 
Cast-iron  pipes  with  caulked  joints  are  generally 
a  source  of  annoyance  to  engineers,  owing  to 
leakages  through  faulty  castings,  and  often 
through  the  joints  being  over- caulked  by  care- 
less workmen.  I  have  known  this  over-caulking 
to  occur  to  such  an  extent  that  the  pipe  has  been 
quite  choked  up.  In  one  installation  I  had  in 
hind  some  years  ago,  the  pipes  had  to  be  cut  in 
twelve  places  in  order  to  remove  the  obstruc'ion 
caused  through  the  carelessness  of  the  fitters  who 
erected  the  plant.  This  cannot  occur  with  wrought 
pipes,  or  piping  fixed  with  the  sample  joint  I 
have  here  for  inspection,  as  the  fact  of  the  joints 
being  screwed  or  bolted  together  leaves  a  flush 
surface  on  the  inside  of  the  pipes.  In  jointing 
wrought-iron  pipes  the  fitter  should  be  extremely 
careful  to  use  as  little  red  and  white  lead  as 
possible,  and  endeavour  to  make  the  joints  really 
"metallic" — that  is,  iron  to  iron,  without  (if 
possible)  the  aid  of  red  and  white  lead  and  flax, 
but  this  requires  skill  on  the  part  of  the  opera- 
tive, and  it  is  seldom  done.  I  have  known  cases 
where  a  careless  operative  in  making  a  screwed 
joint  in  wrought-iron  .pipe  has  left  so  much 
jointing  material  (red  and  white  lead)  on  the 
inside  of  the  pipe  that  when  the  matrix  set  it 
was  so  hard  that  it  formed  an  obstruction  to  the 
flow  of  the  steam  and  hot  water,  and  this  could 
only  be  detected  when  the  pipes  were  taken 
apart.  Perhaps  when  we  Englishmen  have 
arranged  our  screwing  tackle  on  a  better  basis 
we  shall  be  able  to  dispense  with  jointing 
material  altogether.  Many  people  who  are  un- 
initiated in  the  art  of  pipe  fixing  think  that  the 
alignment  of  piping  is  of  no  serious  consequence  ; 
but  I  assure  you  that  many  installations  are  more 
defective  through  the  want  of  proper  care  being 
exercised  in  the  correct  grading  and  alignment  of 
piping  than  anything  else  1  know  of. 

IIADIAT0E.S. 

The  radiator  question  is  one  of  the  most  serious 
matters  in  relation  to  this  subject  that  heating 
engineers  and  architects  have  to  fdce  at  present. 
Some  of  the  designs  are  not  attractive,  and  hardly 
suitable  to  the  architecture  of  this  country  ;  but 
beyond  the  fact  of  their  unsightly  appearance, 
their  defective  heating  qualities  have  to  be  con- 
sidered. It  is  a  fact  that  a  radiator  most  suitable 
for  hot-water  work  is  often  quite  unsuitable  for 
steam  work,  and  lice  msd  ;  but  my  opinion  is 
that  many  of  the  radiators  now  being  sold  in 
the  English  market  are  too  highly  rated,  and 
their  ratings  should  be  either  reduced  or 
withdrawn  altogether.  There  are  several  points, 
such  as  ratings  of  boilers,  radiators,  kc, 
which  engineers  have  hitherto  taken  for  granted, 
and  by  so  doing  they  have  often  laid  them- 
selves open  to  censure,  though  probablv  through 
no  fault  of  their  own,  but  owing  rather  "to  a  want 
of  knowledge  on  the  subject.  While  you  may 
obtain  a  catalogue  giung  all  particulars  which 
the  makers  wish  to  state,  this  is  not  all  that  is 
required  by  any  means  ;  for  some  radiators 
actually  will  not  heat  within  TiO  per  cent,  of  their 
rated  capacity.  Some  of  the  radiators  on  the 
market  have  lieen  so  disappointing  that  I  have 
felt  constrained  to  make  a  radiator  myself,  both 
for  direct  and  indirect  beating,  so  as  to  insure  its 
heating  capacity  being  ample.  The  great  mistake 
in  apportioning  the  heating  surface  of  radiators  is 
made  by  tlie  surface  being  measured  for  a  com- 
mercial ba,sis  and  not  for  a  "condensing"  or 
heating  basis.  The  best  ventilating  or  indirect 
radiator  is  probably  that  used  at  the  Hoivereity 
(College  Hospital,  Gower-street,  London.  They 
had  to  have  a  radiator  capable  of  ailmitting 
4,00nc.ft.  of  air  per  bod  per  hour,  and  in  a  2 1-bed 
ward  this  gave  an  aggregate  of  9G,00Oc.ft.  of  air 
per  hour  through  eight  radiators. 


THE    RUV.\L     IX.STITUrE     OF    I'.UITISII 
AUrilU'ECrS. 

AN  ordinary  meeting  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  IJritish  Architects  was  held  on  Mondav 
evening  at  11,  Conduit-slrcet,  W.,  the  I'lvsi.lcut", 
Mr.  Aston  Webb,  K.A.,  F.S.A.,  in  the  chair. 
A  paper  on 


TUF.    IlIOLOGICAL    DISPOSAL    OF   SF.WAOE    I'KOM 
ISOLATED    lil'ILUINGS 

was  read  by  Professor  Frank  Clowes,  D.Sc. 
The  author  confined  attention  to  the  application 
of  the  biological  method  of  treatment  to  the 
sewage  from  the  new  colony  established  at 
Uorsbam  in  the  buildings  of  Christ's  Hospital, 
erected  by  Messrs.  Aston  ^\'ebb,  K.A.,  and 
Ingress  Bell.  The  system  adopted  consists  in 
passing  the  sewage  slowly  through  a  depositing, 
or  so-called  "  septic,"  tank,  and  allowing  the 
outflow  from  this  tank  to  be  dealt  with  inter- 
mittently in  coke-beds.  The  elUuent  from  the 
tank,  after  having  been  treated  once  in  the  coke- 
bed,  passes  into  a  running  brook,  flowing  over  a 
short  stretch  of  grass-land  on  its  way.  Describing 
the  system  of  biological  treatment  and  the  method 
of  adapting  it,  the  author  explained  that  the 
general  advantages  secured  by  the  system  are  that 
it  affords  an  inoffcDsive  and  non-putrescible 
effluent,  and  at  the  same  time  largely  reduces 
the  amount  of  sediment  or  "  sludge  "  from  town 
sewage  which  has  to  be  disposed  of  ;  in  the  case 
of  domestic  sewage  it  even  removes  the  sludge 
altogether.     There  are 

TWO     RECOGNISED     METHODS 

which  expose  the  sewage  liquid  for  the  action  of 
acrubic bacteria.  The  "  continuous  method"  pro- 
vides for  the  liquid  which  overflows  from  the 
septic  tank  being  continuously  sprayed  over  the 
coke-beds,  through  which  it  constantly  trickles 
and  then  flows  away:  whilst  the  "intermittent 
method  "  provides  for  the  coke-beds  being  filled 
with  the  liquid  and  then  drained  away  after  it 
has  remained  in  the  bed  for  a  few  hours.  Both 
methods,  properly  arranged  and  worked,  yield  a 
perfectly  satisfactory  ettluent,  and  one  or  other 
thould  be  chosen  according  to  the  conditions 
under  which  the  sewage  is  to  be  purified  :  where 
the  fall  of  ground  is  suUicient,  the  continuous 
treatment  might  probably  have  the  preference. 
The  plant  for  continuous  treatment  would  be 
more  expensive  than  that  for  intermittent,  but 
the  cost  of  working  would  be  less.  The  extra 
cost  01  working  the  valves  in  the  intermittent 
system  may  be  reduced  where  there  is  a  man 
about  the  place  engaged  in  other  work  who  can 
attend  to  the  valves  ;  or  the  action  may  be  made 
automatic. 

THE    HORSHAM    SCHOOL    WORK. 

Summarising  the  general  results  obtained,  the 
author  stated  that  the  treatment  has  now  been  in 
operation  at  Horsham  for  over  eighteen  months, 
and  that  not  a  hitch  has  occurred  in  the  working 
of  the  plant.  The  solid  f;ccal  matter  of  the 
sewage  is  absolutely  disposed  of  in  the  septic 
tank,  and  no  deposit  has  formed  upon  the  bottom 
of  the  tank.  The  fear  expressed  that  this  tack 
might  become  oii'ensive  has  been  proved  ground- 
less, since  the  ventilators  in  the  roof  of  the  tank 
and  the  open  manholes  emit  no  oiiensive  smell, 
and  the  smeH  of  the  effluent  itself  is  slight  and 
only  noticeable  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
tank.  The  final  eflluent  liquid  from  the  coke-bed 
is  usually  slightly  turbid,  but  is  free  from  any 
ofi^ensive  odour  ;  it  possesses  only  the  smell  of 
freshly-turned  garden  mould,  and  this  is  the 
odour  usually  emitted  from  wholesome  e Hluents. 
An  effluent  of  the  character  of  that  at  Horsham 
actually  improves  the  condition  of  the  water 
of  a  brook  which  has  been  fouled  by  sewage 
and  cesspool  discharges.  The  experience  obtained 
in  the  construction  and  working  of  the  plant 
in  question  has  given  assurance  that  it  is 
suitable  to  deal  with  the  sewage  derived  from  any 
isolated  building  without  giving  offence.  I'nder 
proper  management,  the  sewage  effluent  which  it 
discharges  is  innocuous  to  fish,  and  can  never 
become  offensive  when  it  is  discharged  into  a 
watercourse. 

THE    SEWAGE   TREATMENT    I'LANT. 

Dr.  Clowes  gave  details  of  the  construction  of 
the  plant  and  the  method  of  using  it.  The 
sewage  flows  by  gra\'itation  into  a  small  re- 
ceiving chamber  and  passes  through  a  coarse 
screen  into  the  septic  tank.  The  tank  is  con- 
structed in  duplicate  in  case  of  acciilont  or  neces- 
sity of  repair,  each  part  being  capable  of  retain- 
ing a  twenty-four  hours'  How  of  sewage.  The 
taiil<s  are  covered  in  and  provided  with  tall 
vertical  ventilating  shafts  similar  to  tho.se  em- 
ployed for  the  ventilation  of  sewers.  The  tanks 
were  formed  by  excavating  the  soil,  and  were 
then  built  in  briclc  and  rendered  inside  with 
cement,  lloth  the  inlets  and  the  outlets  of  the 
tanks  consist  of  elbow  pipes,  the  ends  of  which 
are  beneath  the   aurfaco  of    the  liquid  within. 


Tlie  solid  fiical  matter  rises  to  the  surface  of  th 
liquid,  and  the  arrangement  of  the  elbow  pipes 
not  only  insures  that  this  matter  shall  remain  in 
the  tank  during  its  dissipation  as  gas  and  liquid, 
but  also  that  it  shall  not  be  disturbed  meanwhile 
by  the  flow  of  the  liquid. 

THE    El  rHENT 

passes  from  the  septic  tank  by  an  exit,  and  flows 
along  an  open  channel  on  its  way  to  the  coke- 
beds.  This  channel  was  constructed  in  a  succes- 
sion of  steps,  so  that  the  li(|uid,  by  falling  over 
weir- walls,  might  be  freed  from  much  of  its  dis- 
solved gas  and  might  become  aerated.  Aeration 
has  since  been  more  fully  secured  by  letting  the 
effluent  fall  through  perforated  trays  before  pass- 
ing over  the  weirs.  From  the  culvert  the  liquid 
flows  into  a  tank  filled  wi'.h  small  graded  hard 
coke.  The  liquid  is  distributed  over  the  coke 
surface  by  flowing  along  branched  "grips," 
which  are  excavated  in  the  surface  of  the  coke. 
The  grips  are  lined  with  fine  coke,  which  serves 
to  filter  off  the  coarser  particles  and  to  prevent 
them  from  getting  into  the  bed.  This  fine  coke 
is  raked  off  at  intervals  and  replaced  by  similar 
fresh  material.  As  soon  as  the  coke-bed  is  full  to 
the  upper  surface  of  the  coke,  the  flowing  liquid 
is  diverted  into  another  similar  bed.  The  bed  is 
then  allowed  to  stand  full  for  two  hours,  after 
which  the  liquid  contents  are  allowed  to  flow  away 
through  drainage  arrangements  provided  on  the 
floor  of  the  tank.  This  liquid  constitutes  the 
purified  sewage  effluent.  The  tanks  for  contain- 
ing the  coke  are  constructed  in  a  similar  way  to 
the  septic  tank,  but  are  not  co%'ered  in.  They 
have  square  drainage  channels  provided  in  their 
floors,  which  are  covered  with  perforated  iron 
plates.  Six  of  these  coke-beds  are  provided,  and 
they  are  used  in  succession.  Three  of  them  are 
filled  and  emptied  each  day,  the  liquid  remain- 
ing in  the  bed  for  two  hours,  and  the  bed  being 
allowed  to  stand  with  air  in  the  interspaces 
of  the  coke  after  its  liquid  contents  have  been  dis- 
charged. Two  of  the  remaining  beds  receive  the 
ettluent  flowing  continuously  through  them  from 
5.o0  p.m.  to  C.30  a.m.,  a  period  during  which 
the  sewage  is  scarcely  foul  and  comparatively 
little  purification  is  necessary.  This  flow  is  pro- 
vided in  order  to  maintiin  the  proper  bacterial 
condition  of  the  coke  while  the  bed  is  not  doing 
duty.  It  is  found  that  the  amount  of  purification 
produced  by  a  new  plant  increases  for  a  consider- 
able period,  and  that,  so  far  from  the  tanks 
requiring  renewal  or  cleansing,  they  become 
increasingly  efficient  as  their  age  increases  if  they 
are  worked  with  regularity  and  are  left  undis- 
turbed. This  "natural"  or  "biological"  pro- 
cess is  identical  with  that  which  occurs  in  the 
treatment  of  sewage  on  the  land  in  sewage  farms, 
but  the  biological  plant  causes  no  offence,  and 
requires  less  space  and  is  more  satisfactorily  under 
control  than  the  sewage  farm.  It  compares 
favourably  with  the  chemical  processes  of  treat- 
ment, which  can  never  effect  economically  a 
purification  equal  in  degree  to  that  secured  by 
biological  action,  and  which  produce  a  much 
larger  amount  of  sediment  or  "  sludge." 

Mr.  Harold  (tuiffitms  proposed,  and  Mr.  J. 
OsDORNF.  Smith  seconded,  a  vote  of  thanks  to 
Professor  Clowes.  A  short  discussion  followed,  in 
which  Dr.  Fowler,  of  Manchester,  Mr.  F.  J. 
Willis,  Mr.  R.  Langton  Cole,  Mr.  J.  W. 
Penfoli),  Dr.  Armstrong,  Mr.  King,  and  Mr. 
Max  Clarke,  and  others  took  part,  and  the 
vote  of  thanks  was  carrind  by  acjlamation. 


IKISH   BUILDING  STONES.— VII. 


THE  rocks  in  this  county  are  Carboniferous 
Limestone  (258,  261,  308,  309.  342,  343) :  Old 
Red  Sandstone,  I'ppor  Silurian,  Lower  Siluri.in, 
and  Cambrian  Rocks  (the  Silurians  and  Cam- 
brians being  altered  in  some  districts).  The 
igneous  rocks  are  granite,  diorite,  syenite,  itc. 
Ballinasloo  is  built  on  Carboniferous  Limestone 
and  Alluvium  :  (.iaiway,  gianito,  elvanite.  Car- 
boniferous Limestone;  Loughrea,  Carboniferous 
Limestone,  with  Magnesian  Limestone ;  Tuani, 
Carboniferous  Limestone.  With  the  exception 
of  the  Cambro-Silurian  rocks  in  Slievo  -Vughta 
on  the  south  and  two  outlier.-i  of  Old  Red  Sand- 
stone on  the  north  of  the  county,  the  entire  area 
east  of  a  line  drawn  from  Dalway  to  Oughcerard 
is  occupied  exclusively  by  Caiboniteroua  Lime- 
stone ;  west  of  that  line,  to  the  coast,  the  rocks 
are  granite.  On  the  north-west  boundary,  in 
Joyce's  country,  there  is  a  tract  of  Upper  Silurian 


266 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  19,  1904. 


rocks,  'between  which  and  the  granite  the  strata 
are  all  Metamorphosed  Silurian  and  Cambrian 
Sandstones,  slates,  and  limestones.  The  bnilding 
stones  of  the  county  are  Carbonifecous  Limestone 
and  granite.  For  decorative  purposes  there  are 
in  the  altered  rocks  numerous  veins  of  marble  and 
serpentine,  superior  to  anything  of  the  kind 
found  on  the  Continent  of  Europe,  yet,  with  few 
exceptions,  they  are  neglected  and  unworked. 
AVith  the  wealth  this  county  possesses  in  marbles 
and  granites,  it  seems  incredible  that  the  material 
in  nearly  all  the  chimneypieces  now  being  fixed 
in  Dublin  and  the  principal  towns  in  England, 
■where  they  are  not  of  iron  or  wood,  should 
be  of  Belgian  marble  imported  ready- worked. 
There  are  over  1,200  square  miles  of  this  county 
occupied  by  Carboniferous  Limestone,  which 
furnishes  one  of  the  best  weather  stones  in  the 
kingdom  "  har  none,"  yet,  with  the  exception  of 
one  quarry,  this  stone  is  worked  solely  for 
local  use."  Some  of  the  beds  of  this  lime- 
stone are  so  highly  crystalline  that  they  take  a 
good  polish,  and  are,  therefore,  true  marbles; 
but  it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  no  marble  will 
keep  its  polish  when  exposed  out  of  doors  in  this 
climate,  nor  wiU  it  do  so  if  exposed  indoors  in 
apartments  where  coal-gas  is  used  for  lighting  or 
heating  purposes.  The  best  black  marbles  on  the 
London  Market  in  1860  were  products  of  the 
Galway  limestone  quarries.  Speaking  of  them  in 
1858,  Robert  Hunt  said  that  Angliham  furnished 
"  black  marble  of  very  superior  quality,  and 
capable  of  receiving  a  very  high  polish.  It  can 
be  obtained  in  beds  from  about  gin.  to  Hin.  in 
depth,  and  of  breadths  and  lengths  up  to  10ft.  by 
20ft."  In  1868  there  were  three  marble  beds  in 
the  Angliham  quarry,  9in.,  12in.,  and  14in.  The 
thin  bed  was  the  best  black,  the  12in.  bed  was 
known  aa  the  ' '  London  ' '  bed  because  it  worked 
easily,  and  was  kept  solely  for  the  London  market, 
and  I4in.  bed  was  known  as  the  "  Double."  These 
three  beds  are  supposed  to  have  furnished  the 
best  black  marble  ever  known,  and  they  were  ex- 
tensively exported  to  America  as  well  as  to 
England.  Unfortunately,  the  beds  dip  very  much 
to  the  east,  so  that  they  get  gradually  buried  under 
a  mass  of  comparatively  worthless  stone,  while  at 
the  same  time  they  sink  under  the  level  of  Lough 
Corrib  ;  clearing  away  the  "  head  "  and  pumping 
out  water,  added  so  much  to  the  cost  of  the  marble 
that  the  quarrj'  was  eventually  closed.  The 
labour  in  unbaring  may  be  judged  from  the 
fact  that  in  1870  the  marble  beds  were  buried 
under  -lOft.  or  more  of  loose  soil  and  stone. 
Another  celebrated  quarry  was  worked  at  Merlin 
Park,  two  miles  south-east  of  Galway,  according 
to  Hunt  (Mineral  Statistics,  1858)  it  furnished 
"  black  marble  of  the  very  finest  description,  and 
capable  of  receiving  the  highest  polish."  In  this 
quarry  two  sets  of  beds  were  worked  until  1850, 
when  it  was  abandoned  for  a  few  years.  On 
reopening  it,  other  black  beds  were  found  below 
the  floor  of  the  old  quarries,  which  appeared 
to  be  of  superior  quality,  but  this  expectation 
was  not  well  founded,  and  the  quarry  is  not  now 
worked ;  the  clearing  here  is  about  25ft.  At 
Gortveragh,  near  Oughterard,  a  black  limestone 
was  formerly  worked  ;  but  there  appears  to  have 
been  no  demand  for  it,  as  many  of  the  old  scabbled 
blocks  lay  for  j-ears  in  the  quarry  untouched.  At 
Creggs,  in  the  same  district,  there  is  a  bed  of 
black  marble,  spotted  with  white,  which  can  be 
raised  in  large  sizes.  It  takes  a  good  polish,  but 
has  not  been  much  used.  The  Brackernagh 
Limestone,  quarried  near  BaUinadol,  polishes  as  a 
grey  marble  :  it  may  be  seen  in  the  Baroness 
Burdett  Coutts'  markets  at  Bethnal  Green.  Grey 
marbles  were  also  raised  in  Angliham  Quarry, 
already  described  above.  To  the  south  of  Letter- 
frack,  in  Creggs,  some  of  the  limestones  are  pure 
white,  and  of  excellent  quality  ;  but  large-sized 
marketable  blocks  cannot  be  obtained  in  them. 
North-west  of  Ross  Lake,  between  Oughterard 
and  Galway,  there  is  a  good  white  limestone,  but 
it  has  never  been  worked  for  marble.  The 
Galway  Green  Marble,  not  being  a  pure  limestone, 
will  be  described  with  the  metamorphic  rocks,  of 
which  it  is  one.  Hard  semi-crystalline  lime- 
stones, bluish  grey  in  colour,  and  of  the  Calp  or 
Burren  types,  are  found  in  this  county,  the  last 
predominating.  It  is  described  under  ' '  Clare  ' ' 
in  a  previous  article. 

Nearly  all  the  limestones  are  suitable  for  first- 
class  walling  and  dressed  work,  many  of  them 
being  practically  indestructible  when  exposed  in 
the  most  tryiug  climates  :  they  extend  across  the 
county  from  Mayo  to  Clare,  and  furnish  an  in- 
exhaustible supply  of  building  stone  to  which  no 
objection  whatever  can  be  made  by  the  architect. 


though  the  builder  may  complain  of  the  labour 
which  must  be  expended  to  work  it  properly.  In 
many  places  good  building  stone  may  be  obtained 
from  the  roughly-squared  blocks  found  lying  on 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  but  they  are  not  so 
easily  worked  as  freshly-quarried  stone  ;  every 
mason  knows  that  all  the  oolites  and  sandstones 
are  more  easily  worked  when  they  are  just 
raised  from  the  quarry,  than  if  they  are  allowed 
to  lose  their  quarry  moisture  by  evaporation,  and 
this  rule  holds  good  for  the  Irish  Carboniferous 
Limestone.  There  is  here  a  good  opening  for  a 
profitable  trade  in  the  exportation  of  this  lime- 
stone, for  it  might  be  loaded  into  vessels 
at  Galway  instead  of  the  useless  ballast  which 
is  usually  carried  away  from  that  port.  Some 
important  quarries  of  this  stone  are  Two 
Mileditch,  near  Galway,  where  it  is  bluish 
grey,  crystalline,  and  easily  worked,  though 
rather  uneven  in  the  grain  ;  Arran  Islands,  where 
there  are  grey  and  blue  blocks  of  first-class  lime- 
stone in  thick  beds,  and  lengths  up  to  150ft.  and 
200ft.  without  a  joint !  Newtown,  near  Gort,  a 
free- working  crinoidal  stone ;  here,  and  at  Garry- 
land,  large  square  blocks  are  found  on  the  surface 
of  the  fields,  so  close  together  that  a  pedestrian 
may  walk  along  them  as  if  on  a  paved  causeway. 
Castleboy  and  Craughwell  both  yield  stone  which 
is  easily  worked  and  stands  well.  Kilroe  fur- 
nished all  the  blocks  used  in  the  cut  stonework  of 
Tuam  R.  C.  Cathedral ;  it  works  well,  though  it 
is  splintery,  being  semi-crystalline.  The  favourite 
limestone  quarries  in  Galway  county  are  at 
Brackenagh,  near  Ballinasloe ;  the  stone  here  is 
close-grained,  crystalline,  light  and  dark  grey  in 
colour,  and  it  may  be  raised  in  large  blocks ;  it 
polishes  well,  and  is  used  all  over  Ireland  for 
monumental  purposes.  All  round  Cong  good 
building  stone  may  be  obtained  from  the  surface 
crags  which  encumber  the  fields  in  all  directions. 
Blocks  of  any  size  may  be  obtained,  the  weather- 
ing properties  of  which  can  be  judged  of  from 
the  remains  of  the  ancient  abbey  at  that  place. 
Some  idea  of  the  solubility  of  the  hardest  lime- 
stone rocks  in  running  water  holding  carbonic 
acid  in  solution  may  be  obtained  by  examining 
the  watercourses  of  the  Gort  and  Cong  districts, 
where  rivers  are  found  which  have  made  channels 
for  themselves  underground  by  first  entering 
the  rock  through  fissures  from  the  surface,  and 
then  dissolving  the  solid  limestone  so  as  to  form 
huge  caverns  and  tunnels  through  which  they 
now  flow  for  miles,  there  being  no  indication 
whatever  in  the  fields  above  of  the  water  running 
underneath.  In  some  cases  a  river  may  be  seen 
flowing  against  the  upright  face  of  a  solid  lime- 
stone rock,  which  apparently  bars  its  passage,  but 
does  not  dsim  it  back.  The  river  disappears,  and 
miles  away  it  comes  to  the  surface  again  in  one  of 
those  curious  basin-shaped  hollows  known  to  the 
peasantry  as  a  "Devil's  Punch  Bowl,"  from 
which  it  flows  in  an  open  channel  to  the  sea.  The 
old  Red  Sandstone  of  this  county  is  found  near 
Mount  Shannon  and  Woodford  on  the  south  ;  it 
also  occurs  at  Slieve  Dart,  north  of  Dunmore. 
The  Irish  "  Old  Red  "  rocks  vary  much  in  colour, 
some  being  a  whitish-yellow,  others  reddish- 
yellow,  and  many  the  English  tj'pical  colours, 
red  or  purple.  The  Mount  Shannon  stone  works 
easily,  and  weathers  well.  The  Woodford  stone 
has  been  used  in  Woodford  and  Portumna,  where 
it  stands  well.  Some  of  the  beds  make  good 
paving  slabs  when  rubbed.  The  Dunmore  quirry 
furnished  a  thin  laminated  "slate,"  which  was 
used  extensively  for  roofing  all  over  the  district. 
It  made  a  good  substantial  covering,  but,  like  all 
stone  tile  roofing,  it  required  unusually  strong 
roof  framing  to  carry  it.  Kinahan  compares  this 
thin  stone  flagging  to  the  Stonesfield  slate  of 
England ;  but  it  is  much  more  like  the  Here- 
fordshire "  Old  Red,"  quarried  in  the  hills  above 
Hay,  for  roofing  all  over  that  district.  The 
great  objection  to  stone  tile  roofing  is  that  it 
gathers  moss.  This  in  itself  is  rather  an  advan- 
tage, so  far  as  appearance  goes ;  but  it  even- 
tually rots  the  stone,  and  breaks  the  tile  across  the 
back  where  the  tail  of  the  overlying  course  rests 
on  it.  There  are  peculiar  loose  sandstones  found 
on  the  shores  of  Lough  Corrib.  Tnese  have 
never  been  examined  in  'situ.  When  exposed  to 
the  weather  for  any  length  of  time,  excrescences 
about  the  size  and  shapes  of  gooseberries  grow 
on  them,  whilst  others  are  pockmarked  with 
hollows  of  about  the  same  size.  How  the 
' '  gooseberries  "  grow  is  a  mystery ;  but  the  hollows 
are  due  to  the  decay  of  globules  of  iron  chloride 
which  are  found  in  the  stone.  When  these  are 
gone  the  stone  stands  the  weather  well,  as  may 
be  seen  by  examining  it  in  the  dressed  work  of  the 


old  church  of  Inchnagoil  on  the  Lake,  restored 
some  years  ago  by  one  of  the  Guinness  family. 
Silurian  unaltered  yellow,  brown,  and  led  sand- 
stones have  been  worked  for  local  use  only  ;  the 
limestones  are  sometimes  used  for  lime  burning, 
but  as  the  yield  of  lime  is  not  great,  the  trade  in 
them  is  not  extensive.  The  most  valuable  limes 
for  building  are  those  with  a  certain  proportion  of 
clay  in  them,  and  the  least  valuable  the  pure 
limes.  Now  as  the  yield  of  lime  from  a  pure  lime- 
stone is  always  greatly  in  excess  of  those  obtained 
from  a  clayey  limestone,  it  follows  that  when  a 
manufacturer  claims  for  his  lime  that  the  yield  is 
great  on  being  slaked,  the  lime  is  comparatively 
worthless,  for  it  is  nearly  pure.  In  rejecting  a 
limestone  because  the  yield  of  lime  (slaked)  is  not 
great,  a  good  hydraulic  lime  may  be  rejected  at 
the  same  time.  Silurian  limestones  are  raised  in 
this  county  at  Salrock,  KiUary  Harbour,  Killary 
Bay,  and  other  places.  In  the  altered  Silurian 
and  Cambrian  rocks  the  following  quarries  are 
noted  for  the  ornamental  building  stones  they 
furnish  : — Streamstown,  Creggs,  Bamaoran  in 
the  Owenmore  Valley,  Derryclare,  and  Lia- 
soughter,  near  Recess.  The  last  quarry  is 
worked  for  Galway  green  marble  only,  the 
others  furnish  white,  creamy  white,  and 
streaked  green  marbles.  At  Salrock  there  is 
a  vein  of  purple  slate,  and  between  Lenaun  and 
Maum  a  vein  of  bluish  grey  slate ;  neither  is 
worked.  The  Galway  green  marble,  quarried  in 
Lissoughter  HiU,  sometimes  called  "  Connemara 
marble,"  is  an  Ophi-Calcite  or  mixture  of  Ser- 
pentine and  C'alcite  ;  it  is  striped  with  Chrysolite, 
and  contains  Steatite,  with  fine  granular  lime- 
stone. The  Italian  Serpentine  Antico  is  a  similar 
stone.  Both  are  derived  by  metamorphism  from 
rocks  rich  in  calcium  and  magnesium  silicates. 
Galway  green  marble  will  not  keep  its  polish  if 
exposed  to  the  weather  ;  under  such  circumstances 
it  soon  becomes  unsightly ;  it  is  like  other  marbles, 
an  essentially  indoor  decorative  material.  There 
is  a  column  of  Galway  marble,  nearly  10ft.  long, 
in  Lord  Ardilaun's  mansion  at  St.  Anne's, 
Dublin ;  it  was  used  in  the  Manchester  Ex- 
change, Rochdale  Town-hall,  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  St.  Mary's,  Kensington,  and^  St. 
Pancras  Hotel.  A  clever  piece  of  handrailing 
in  this  stone  may  be  seen  on  the  staircase 
to  the  National  Library,  Kildare-street,  Dublin. 
George  IV.  presented  a  chimneypiece  of  this 
material  to  the  Carlton  Club.  The  quarrj'  was 
at  that  time  worked  by  the  owner,  Martin,  of 
Ballynahinch.  Detached  exposures  of  Serpentine 
are  found  on  the  western  slope  of  Derryclare  HiU. 
Veins  occur  in  other  places  along  the  shores  of 
Derryclare  Lake  and  on  the  islands.  Many  of 
them  show  long  dark  green  crystals  in  a  whitish 
ground ;  but,  unfortunately,  the}-  are  all  level 
with  the  waters  of  the  lake,  so  that  much  pump- 
ing would  be  necessary  to  obtain  merchantable 
stones.  Serpentine  is  also  found  in  the  Lough- 
nagor  range,  near  Barnderg  Harbour,  at  the  west 
end  of  Streamstown  Bay,  and  at  various  places  in 
Owenglin  A'alley.  The  rocks  in  which  these 
veins  are  found  were  at  one  time  continuous  ;  but 
owing  to  their  being  broken  up  by  faults,  the  ex- 
posures are  nowisolated.  Galway  granites  vary  con- 
siderably in  composition  and  colour,  many  being 
unique.  Some  are  compact,  fine-grained  rocks, 
others  porphyritic  ;  whilst  associated  with  them 
are  found  other  rocks,  such  as  porphyries,  elv.ans, 
and  felstones,  the  granite  changing  gradually  into 
Gneiss  and  Schist.  Granite  dykes  are  common  in 
the  altered  rocks.  The  chief  granite  quarries 
are  St.  Helen's,  Taylor's  Hill,  Shantallow, 
Ballagh,  and  Letteragh.  That  at  ShantaUow  is 
the  only  one  now  in  work.  It  is  occupied  by 
Messrs.  Miller  and  Sons,  Taylor's  HIU,  Galway. 
There  are  402  quarries  shown  on  the  Ordnance 
maps  of  this  county.  In  185S  nineteen  of  these 
were  worked — two  for  black  marble,  four  for 
green  marble,  one  for  granite,  and  the  others  for 
limestone.  At  present  only  nine  quarries  are  in 
work — one  for  serpentine  marble,  one  sandstone, 
one  granite,  and  the  remainder  for  limestone,  the 
principal  quarry  in  the  latter  being  P.  Sheridan's 
at  Brackenagh,  Ballinasloe.  In  the  granite  dis- 
trict, on  the  north  side  of  Galway  Bay,  there  are- 
granite  blocks  or  boulders,  some  "as  big  as 
medi;cval  castles,"  which  have  been  exposed  since 
the  Glacial  Period,  and  show  no  signs  of  decay  ; 
they  are  therefore  good  building  stones.  Adjoin- 
ing" the  granite  rocks  in  this  county  there  are 
elvans  of  varied  colour  and  comp'>sition,  some  of 
them  ornamental  stones.  Near  Clifden  there  are 
lavas  known  as  "  Gabbro,"  which  make  good 
dressed  work,  as  they  ate  easily  cut  with  the 
chisel  and  are  durable.      The  colour  is  sometimes 


Feb.  .9,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


267 


S^mT^^GU^TLHEb  -  3u?ia\Y^  ScffilDL  - 


• .T 


19  D^lun^ori    S^rff*?!'     lOaoehcSier 


a  leek  green,  tut  it  is  not  permanent.  Jlany  of 
the  igneous  rocks  in  the  county  are  unexplored 
and  unknown. 


SAINT   AUGUSTIlSrE'S   SUNDAY-SCHOOL 
AND  PAROCHIAL  HALL,  BRINKSWAY. 

THIS  design  was  placed  first  in  a  competition 
held  last  summer,  when  six  architects  wure 
invited  to  send  in  schemes.  The  foundation- 
stone  was  laid  on  Aug.  29  by  Mr.  Elliott,  one  of 
the  principal  donors,  when  the  Lord  Bishop  of 
Chester  gave  an  address.  The  outside  facing  is 
in  Accrington  bricks,  with  terracotta  dressings, 
supplied  by  Mr.  Jabez  Thompson,  of  Northwich. 
The  internal  walls  have  salt-glazed  brick  dado, 
4ft.  high,  and  plastered  over,  the  window  jambs 
being  splayed  and  finished  in  Keene's  cement. 
Messrs.  W.  0.  Itroadhurst  and  Co.  are  the  con- 
tractors, and  JK'Bsrs.  E.  J.  Thompson  and  Son 
the  architects. 


WATER    POWER    WITH    LOW  FALLS. 

AT  the  ordinary  meeting  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers,  on  Tuesday,  Feb.  16,  Sir 
^Villiam  White,  K.C.B.,  President,  in  the  chair, 
the  paper  read  was  "  The  Forms  of  Turbines 
Most  Suitable  for  Low  Falls,"  by  Alphonse 
Steiger,  M.Inst.C.K.  The  following  is  an 
abstract  of  the  paper  :  — 

The  author  draws  attention  in  the  first  instance 
to  the  character  of  water-powers  with  low  falls. 
These  aro  seldom  constant,  and  in  most  cases 
both  the  fall  and  the  water  supply  vary.  The 
variations  present  a  dilliculty  to  the  proper  utilisa- 
tion of  such  powrr,  whi<h,  however,  can  bo  sur- 
mounted. Tho  prijudico  against  the  utilisation 
of  water-power  witii  low  falls,  whii.h  constitute 
the  majority  of  water-powers  of  the  British  Isles, 
arises  principally  out  of  the  disregard  of  their 
peculiarities  and   tho  want  of  knowledge  of  the 


results  which  may  be  obtained  from  a  specially  - 
adapted  turbine  under  varying  conditions,  and 
is  traceable  to  many  unsatisfactory  installa- 
tions of  absolutely  unsuitable  turbines.  The 
paper  then  considers  the  difference  between 
"impulse"  turbines  and  "pressure"  turbines, 
showing  by  a  diagram  that  varying  the 
portion  of  the  fall  used  for  producing  pressure — 
that  is  varying  the  degree  of  reaction — affords  a 
means  of  adapting  turbines  to  special  require- 
ments. Pure  impulse  turbines  are  not  altogether 
condemned  for  low  falls,  but  places  in  which  they 
ore  preferable  to  pressure  turbines  are  extremely 
few  in  this  country,  and  even  the  Haenel  turbine, 
which  is  an  intermediate  type  between  the  two, 
is  not  often  suitable.  An  instance  is  given  in 
order  to  show  that  such  turbines,  though  excel- 
lent in  themselves  and  etlicient,  do  not  necess-irily 
make  a  satisfactory  installation.  Tlie  manner  in 
which  the  disadvantage  of  all  axial-flow  turbines, 
namely,  the  influence  of  the  angles  of  vanes  varying 
with  the  radial  width,  which  is  particularly  serious 
in  impulse  turbines,  is  partially  overcome,  is  then 
explained.  The  parallel- flow  pressure  turbine, 
generally  known  as  the  Jonval  turbine,  is  men- 
tioned as  particularly  adapted  to  greatly  fluctu- 
ating falls,  under  which  a  constant  speed  may  be 
obtained  without  sacrifice  of  efliciency.  Such  a 
turbine  is  described,  which  the  author  has  in- 
stalled for  a  fall  of  2ft.,  and  particulars  of  tests, 
m.ade  with  similar  turbines  at  the  Zuricli  Water- 
works, are  given,  to  show  that  the  part- 
gate  efliciency  of  parallel-flow  pressure  tur- 
bines of  this  kind  is  extremely  good.  It  is 
characteristic  of  the  largo  mnjority  of  reaction  or 
pressure  turbines  that  their  part-gate  cflicicni'y  is 
low,  particularly  so  at  less  than  half-gate,  which 
renders  them  valueless  for  varying  conditions ; 
but  as  in  Kurope  the  water-powers  to  bo  dealt 
with  are  chiilly  of  this  kind,  some  European 
turbine-builders  have  Rucceedod  in  designing 
pressure  turbines  which  are  giving  a  very  satis- 
factory efliciency  even  at  quarter-gate.  Tho 
demands    of    the    generation    of    electricity   by 


water-power,  such  as  high  speed,  rapid  regular 
tion,  and  concentration  of  large  power  in  one 
unit,  have  influenced  very  considerably  the  art 
of  building  turbines.  In  the  first  place,  the 
desire  for  high  speeds  has  led  to  a  more 
general  adoption  of  radial-flow  turbines,  of  which 
the  inward-flow  type  is  preferable,  being  the 
more  etficient.  An  example  of  radial-outward- 
flow  turbines  is  cited,  giving  the  special  reasons 
which  have  led  to  their  adoption  in  one  case  of  a 
relatively  low  fall,  and  the  manner  in  which  a 
quite  satisfactory  efficiency  was  obtained  from 
this  otherwise  less  efficient  type.  I'ne  new  type, 
the  cone  turbine,  is  referred  to  as  taking  the 
place  of  the  so-called  "mixed-flow  turbines," 
with  a  view  to  obtain  a  high  speed  under  low 
falls,  even  for  large  units.  One  important 
factor  in  turbines  is  the  constructi-  n  of  the 
gate,  and  it  is  shown  in  the  paper  that  a  dis- 
tinction must  be  drawn  between  gates  intended 
for  adjustment  of  the  turbine  to  a  varying 
load,  where  a  high  part-gate  efficiency  is  of  less 
importance  than  rapid  regulation,  and  gates  for 
adapting  a  turbine  to  varying  conditions,  where 
a  good  part-gate  efficiency  is  an  essential  con- 
dition. Next,  with  special  regard  to  electriciU 
rfquirements,  reference  is  made  to  the  arrange- 
ment of  several  wluiels  on  one  common  turbine- 
shaft,  vertical  or  horizontal,  giving  a  few  instances 
of  the  vertical  arrangement  which,  under  certa-n 
circumstances,  is  particuliirly  advantageous,  as 
tho  weight  revolving  on  tho  footstep  can  bo 
entirely  "balanced,  and  so  the  loss  of  power  by 
frict-on  is  reduced  almost  to  >iif.  Tho  neces- 
sity of  placing  tho  footstep  of  a  turbine  in  an 
ai-cessiblo  position  is  alluded  to,  and  the  two  kinds 
of  overhead  footsteps  most  commonly  used  aro 
illustrated  The  paper  concludes  by  drawing 
attention  to  the  necessity  of  studying  more  closely 
tho  cunditions  of  water-powers  with  low  falls, 
and  of  paying  greater  attention  to  mora  careful 
adaptation  of  l\irliines  to  such  falls,  which  would 
probably  lead  to  a  better  appreciation  of  tho 
water-powers  of  this  country. 


268 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  19,  1904. 


THE   EAST   BOSTON   TUNNEL. 

T}IE  demand  for  improved  transit  facilities  in 
our  large  towns  is  becoming  yearly  more 
urgent.  Our  American  cousins  are  more  resource- 
ful than  we  are.  Boston  is  a  case  which  illus- 
trates our  meaning.  East  Boston  has  grown 
rapidly  of  late  years,  and  since  1870  the  popu- 
lation has  been  nearly  doubled.  As  it  is  situated 
on  the  Noddle  Island,  the  only  means  of  reaching 
the  city  was  by  ferries,  with  boats  at  one  end 
and  electric  cars  at  the  other.  The  East  Boston 
tunnel  h^s  been  the  outcome  of  the  demand  and  is 
constructed  for  the  passage  of  electric  cars  under 
the  harbour.  The  tunnel  descends  on  an  incline 
under  the  harbour,  and  thus  all  delays  are  avoided 
and  time  saved  in  a  more  direct  route.  Stations 
have  been  built  to  suit  the  convenience  of  persons 
who  wish  to  reach  certain  localities  ;  they  also 
connect  the  existing  and  proposed  routes  through 
the  city.  These  stations  are  given  in  the  paper 
written  b/  Mr.  Robert  B.  Farwell,  the  assistant 
engineer,  which  was  recently  published  in  the 
JSiitj/iiiicriiiff  Ileeciril.  The  total  length  of  tunnel 
is  about  7,500ft.,  of  which  about  2,700ft.  are 
under  water,  while  the  remainder  penetrate  lands, 
or  are  by  open-cut  method.  About  5,000ft.  is 
constructed  by  roof-shield  tunnelling.  The  line 
was  divided  into  four  sections  for  convenience. 
The  tunnel  sections  have  been  given  in  the 
Jiecoit/.  The  chief  engineer,  in  his  report,  com- 
pares this  tunnel  to  that  at  Blackwall  under  the 
Thames,  and  to  those  of  the  St.  Clair  and  Hudson 
River  tunnels.  The  portion  under  the  harbour 
at  Boston  has  "  an  exterior  diameter  of  about  2ft. 
greater,  and  its  internal  diameter  about  1ft. 
less,  than  that  of  the  Blackwall  tunnel  under 
the  Thames,  and  its  interior  diamettr  is  respect- 
ively 16  and  20  per  cent,  greater  than  that  of  the 
St.  Glair  and  Hudson  River  tunnels.  Its  length 
under  water  is  about  twice  as  great  as  that  of  the 
first  named,  and  is  considerably  greater  than  that 
of  the  St^  Clair  or  the  shield-built  portion  of  the 
Hudson  River  tunnel."  The  ground  passed 
through  is  neither  more  nor  less  ditlicult  than  the 
clay  and  silt  portions  of  the  tunnels  named.  For 
about  klOft.  the  Blacliwall  Tunnel  passes  through 
gravel  much  more  ditlicult  to  tunnel  through  than 
anything  encountered  by  the  Boston  tunnel ;  but 
under  the  Boston  harbour  blue  clay  containing 
pebbles  was  the  stratum  passed  through,  a  ma- 
terial well  adapted  for  tunnelling.  Boulder  clay 
containing  large  boulders  was  encountered. 
This  clay  contained  also  sand  and  gravel.  The 
grades  of  the  tunnel  varied,  and  were  determined, 
of  course,  by  pro^ision8  of  the  law  for  stations, 
&c.  The  rate  of  ascent  is  from  0'5  to  about  4  per 
cent.  At  the  lowest  point  under  the  harbour  the 
top  of  tunnel  is  about  58ft.  below  mean  low  water, 
the  bottom  about  S3ft.  below  the  same  mark. 
The  least  depth  of  earth  covering  between  top  of 
arch  and  bottom  of  water,  is  about  18ft.,  and  the 
depth  allows  the  harbour  to  be  dredged  between 
the  Harbour  Commissioners'  lines  to  a  40ft. 
channel  without  endangering  the  tunnel.  Re- 
ferring to  the  first  section,  the  open  incline  part 
has  sidewalls  of  concrete  with  granite  facing  and 
a  concrete  invert.  The  subway  portion  is  con- 
structed entirely  of  concrete,  although  nuts  and 
washers  were  tet  on  the  roof,  so  that  steel  tie-rods 
could  be  introduced  if  neces3ary.  Excivation 
and  masonry  were  often  carried  on  in  12ft. 
sections.  >\'hen  a  section  was  dug  to  the  re- 
quired grade,  three  layers  of  tarred  felt  placed 
lengthwise  and  crosswise  alternately  wrre  laid, 
each  layer  thoroughly  moj,ped  with  pitch.  The  in- 
vert 16in.  thick  was  then  turned,  and  6in.  back 
walls  erected,  the  sheeting  being  removed,  and 
the  trench  unbraced.  These  walls  were  after- 
wards plastered  with  Portand  cement  mortar,  and 
the  main  walls  built  against  them  to  the  height 
of  springing.  The  arch  was  then  built  on 
wooden  forms,  which  were  left  in  p'ace  30 
days  before  being  struck.  After  the  arch  had  set 
about  12  hours  the  top  was  plastered,  and  then 
covered  with  a  layer  of  4in.  of  concrete.  After 
setting  the  street  was  backfilled  over  the  arch. 
The  section,  which  includes  the  harbour  tunnel 
has  an  arch  of  concrete  33in.  thick  at  crown,  with 
walls  of  the  same  thickness,  and  with  an  invert  of 
24in.  The  shield  method  was  used.  This  second 
B3Ction  was  built  under  air-pressure  of  about  221b. 
per  square  inch  above  atmosphere,  or  more  where 
sand  and  water  were  met  with.  The  compressed 
.  ir  was  delivered  in  both  side  drifts,  at  the  top 
and  behind  the  shield ;  the  amount  pumped  in 
averaged  about  l.lOOc.ft.  per  hour  per  workman 
Three  air-locks  made  of  boiler  iron,  27ft.  Sin. 
long,  and  6ft.  inside  diameter,  were  placed  near  a 
shaft.     Two   were  used    for  materials,  and   the 


third  at  a  higher  elevation  by  the  workmen.  The 
air  locks  and  shield  were  made  by  the  James 
Russell  Boiler  Works  Company,  South  Boston, 
and  the  hydraulic  jacks  used  to  force  the  shield 
ahead  were  supplied  by  the  Boomer  and  Boscher 
Press  Co.,  of  Syracuse.  Two  high-pressure  com- 
pressors by  the  IngersoU-Sergeant  Drill  Co.  were 
used  with  capacities  of  1,010c. ft.  and  250c. ft.  per 
minute.  Two  low  -  pressure  compressors  of 
7 10c. ft.  and  528c. ft.  per  minute  were  also  used. 
Other  sections  are  described  in  detail.  The  method 
of  tunnelling  was  by  side  drifts  followed  by  a 
roof  shield.  After  the  side  drifts  were  started 
the  shield  was  put  together.  After  it  had  been 
forced  onwards  a  convenient  distance  the  three 
air-locks  were  built,  and  compressed  air  used  to 
assist  in  supporting  the  earth  and  adjacent 
buildings.  The  pressure  emploj'ed  was  about 
181b.  per  square  inch,  and  the  rate  of  progress 
about  7ft.  per  day.  Several  photo,  illustrations 
of  the  sections  of  tunnel  and  air-locks  are  given 
in  the  Jleeord. 


THE    LOTS    ROAD    PUMPING     STATION, 
CHELSEA. 

THE  Lots-road  Pumping  Station  will  be 
opened  by  Lord  Monkhouse,  the  Chairman 
of  the  London  County  Council,  to-morrow. 
During  the  first  half  of  the  19th  century  the  con- 
dition of  London  was  in  many  respects  deplorable. 
But  of  all  the  evils  from  which  it  suffered,  the 
most  manifest,  as  well  as  the  most  detrimental  to 
the  health  and  well-being  of  the  inhabitants,  was 
the  extremely  defective  sewerage,  and  with  this 
was  the  accompanying  evil  that  all  the  filth  of  its 
vast  population  was  poured  into  the  river  in  the 
very  midst  of  the  most  populous  quarters. 
Originally  this  had  not  been  the  case — 
indeed,  the  discharge  of  fa/cal  matter  into 
the  river  had  been  a  penal  offence.  The 
actual  drainage  of  London  was  in  these  times 
effected  by  cesspools,  and  the  sewers,  which  were 
practically  the  old  natural  watercourses,  were 
used  merely  to  carry  off  surface-water.  The 
system  of  cesspools  for  house  drainage  and  sewers 
for  surface  water  had  been  continued  well  on 
into  the  19th  century,  until  in  1848  an  Act  of 
Parliament  was  obtained  which  made  it  com- 
pulsory to  drain  houses  into  the  sewers,  which 
discharged  directly  into  the  Thames.  As  most  of 
these  sewers  had  to  pass  under  the  low  grounds 
on  the  margin  of  the  river,  they  discharged  their 
contents  at  or  about  the  low- water  level.  At  low 
water  the  discharge  was  effected  without  difliculty, 
but  as  the  tide  rose  it  closed  the  outlets,  and  thus 
the  sewage  flowing  from  the  high  grounds  accu- 
mulated in  the  low -lying  portion  of  the  sewers, 
where  it  remained  stagnant  in  many  cases  fi;r 
eighteen  out  of  every  twenty-four  hours.  During 
stagnation  the  heavier  ingredients  fell  to  the 
bottom,  and  from  day  to  day  accumulated  in  the 
sewers  ;  besides  which,  in  times  of  heavy  and 
long-continued  rain,  and  more  particularly  when 
much  rain  fell  at  the  time  of  high  water  in  the 
river,  the  closed  sewers  were  unable  to  store  the 
increased  volume  of  sewage  water,  which  then  rose 
though  the  house  drains  and  flooded  the  basements 
of  the  houses.  The  mischief  caused  by  emptying 
the  sewers  into  the  Thames  in  the  middle  of 
London  was,  of  course,  intensified  by  the  circum- 
stance that  the  discharge  took  place  at  the  time  of 
low  water  only.  The  sewage  was  carried  by  the 
rising  tide  up  the  river,  to  be  brought  back  to 
London  by  the  following  ebb  tide,  there  to  mix  with 
each  day's  additional  supply — the  progress  of  many 
days'  accumulation  towards  the  sea  being  almost 
imperceptible.  Moreover,  the  small  volume  of  water 
in  the  river  at  low  tide  was  quite  incapable  of 
effectually  diluting  and  neutralising  the  offensive- 
ness  of  the  vast  quantities  of  sewage  poured  into 
it.  The  Thames  and  its  tributai-ies  were  thus 
turnei  into  veritable  open  sewers,  and  the  broader 
reaches  of  the  river,  such  as  that  between  West- 
minster and  Waterloo  Bridges,  had  their  banks 
covered  with  vast  accumulations  of  foul  and 
offensive  mud,  which  were  exposed  at  low 
tide.  This  conditioa  of  things  grew  so  in- 
tolerable ihat,  after  many  attempts  to  deal 
with  the  question,  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Works  was  institiited  in  IS.55,  and  intrusted 
with  the  primary  duty  of  preventing  the  sewao-e 
entering  the  Thames  within  the  Jlttropolitan 
area.  Various  schemes  were  carefuUv  con- 
sidered, and  the  final  outcome  was  the  adoption 
of  the  scheme  of  the  late  Sir  Joseph  Bazalgette,  a 
description  of  which  and  of  the  main  drainage 
system  at  the  present  lime  is  given  below  by  the 
Council's   chief  engineer.     The    main    drainage 


system  as  thus  constituted,  howe\er,  has  had  to 
be  enlarged  and  modified  to  meet  the  ever-growing 
requirements  of  London.  One  of  the  chief 
questions  that  have  had  to  be  faced  since  its 
inception  has  been  that  of  dealing  with  local 
floodings,  and  it  is  to  the  importance  of  this 
particular  question  in  Chelsea  and  the  adjacent 
districts  that  the  erection  of  the  Lots-road 
pumping  station  is  due.  Near  the  spot  where 
the  station  has  been  built  a  sewer,  named  the 
Counter's  Creek  sewer,  discharged  its  contents 
into  the  low  level  intercepting  sewer.  During 
periods  of  excessive  rainfall,  the  former  sewer 
brought  down  such  a  quantity  of  water  from  the 
higher  districts  that  the  intercepting  sewer  could 
only  accommodate  a  portion  of  it,  and  the  re- 
mainder accordingly  at  low  water  was  discharged 
direct  into  the  Thames.  But  at  high  water  the 
discharge  could  not  take  place,  and  the  water  was 
accordingly  forced  up  into  the  basements  of  the 
houses.  Formerly  the  provision  made  by  the 
sewer  might  have  been  to  some  extent  adequate, 
but  the  continued  development  of  the  districts 
which  it  served,  involving  the  paving  of  a  large 
proportion  of  the  area,  caused  a  great  quantity  of 
surface  water,  which  otherwise  would  have 
sunk  into  the  soil,  to  be  discharged  into  the 
sewer.  The  authorities  of  the  districts  drained 
by  the  sewer  made  strong  representations  to 
the  Council  as  to  the  necessity  ot  steps  being 
taken  to  obviate  the  flooding,  and  as  a 
consequence  the  Council  decided  to  undertake  the 
erection  of  a  pumping  station  in  Lots-road, 
Chelsea,  so  that  no  matter  what  was  the  condition 
of  the  tide,  the  overflow  water  could  always  be 
pumped  into  the  Thames.  At  the  same  time,  the 
Council  resolved  also  to  erect  a  pumpiug  station  in 
Imperial-road,  Fulham,  in  order  to  pump  into  the 
river  the  flow  of  the  western  branches  of  the 
northern  low-level  sewer,  and  thereby  relieve  the 
sewers  in  the  Ijwer  parts  of  Fulham  and  Hammer- 
smith. Having  regard,  however,  to  the  fact  that 
the  two  stations  proposed  would  only  be  about  half 
a  mile  apart,  it  was  subsequently  decided  to 
amalgamate  them  by  having  the  pumping  power 
for  the  low-level  sewer  placed  at  Lots-road  instead 
of  at  Imperial-road,  thus  reducing  the  original  cost 
andsubsequent  annual  cost  of  maintenance.  The 
land  required  for  the  erection  of  the  station  com- 
prised an  area  of  about  2,036  square  yards. 
Inasmuch,  however,  as  the  owner  stated, 
that  he  did  not  wish  to  dispose  of  his 
interest  in  the  property,  it  became  necessary 
for  the  Council  to  put  into  operation  sections  152 
and  153  of  the  Metropolis  Management  Act,  1855, 
and  apply  to  the  Secretary  of  State  for  an  order 
under  which  the  Council  could  acquire  the  land 
compulsorily.  The  obtaining  of  this  order  and 
subsequent  acquisition  of  all  the  interests  in  the 
site  was  necessarily  a  lengthy  process,  but  even- 
tually all  negotiations  were  successfully  com- 
pleted, and  the  demolition  of  the  buildings 
standing  on  the  site  was  effected.  The  erection  of 
the  station  and  of  the  store  and  staff  accommo- 
dation buildings  was  intrusted  to  the  Council's 
Works  Department,  and  the  work  has  been 
executed  at  a  cost  of  £45,290,  which  sum,  how- 
ever, does  not  include  the  cost  of  the  machinery. 

The  total  cost  of  providing  the  station,  including 
the  acquisition  of  the  site,  erection  of  the  buildings, 
provision  of  machinery,  itc,  has  been  about 
£82,000.  The  negotiations  for  the  acquisition  of 
the  necessary  property  were  carried  out  by  -Mr.  A. 
Young,  the  Council's  valuer,  and  the  legal  work 
in  obtaining  and  exercising  compulsory  powers 
of  lurchase  and  the  conveyance  of  the  property 
was  carried  out  by  the  Council's  solicitor,  Mr. 
W.  A.  Blaxland.  Sir  Alexander  Binnie,  the 
Council's  chief  engineer  at  the  time,  designed 
the  buildings,  and  prepared  the  specification  for 
the  machinery,  and  the  execution  of  the  whole 
work  has  been  supervised  by  him  and  by  his 
successor,  Mr.  Maurice  Fitzmaurice,  CM. Or. 
The  erection  of  the  buildings  and  the  incidental 
alterations  to  sewers,  *.tc.,  have  been  carried 
out  by  the  Council's  Works  Department 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  W.  Adams, 
and  latterly  of  Sir.  G.  W.  Humphreys.  To 
understand  the  reasons  for  the  construction 
of  the  Lots-road  pumping-station  it  is  necessary 
to  deal  very  shortly  with  the  general  system  of 
drainage  adopted  in  London  at  the  present  time, 
and  explain  how  it  has  grown  up.  The  system 
in  operation  in  1S54  consisted  of  main  sewers, 
which  followed  generally  the  valley  lines, 
approximately  at  right  angles  to  the  river, 
and  discharged  into  tho  Thames  :  but  at 
about  mean  tide  level  the  rising  tide  closed 
the  outlets  and  dammed  back  the  sewage,  which 


Feb.  19,  1904. 


THE    BUILDS  G    NEWS. 


209 


accumulated  in  the  main  portions  of  the  sewers 
and  remained  stagnant  for  several  hours  daily. 
In  Is.'iG  the  Metropolitan  I'.oard  of  Works  in- 
structed their  engineer,  the  late  Sir  Joseph  Bazal- 
gette,  to  prepare  plans  completely  revising  the 
main  drainage.  The  system  adopted  was  that  of 
building  large  intercepting  sewers  on  each  side  of 
the  river,  running  roughly  parallel  to  the  river, 
into  which  all  the  sewage  from  those  sewers 
which  originally  ran  into  the  river  was  taken  and 
carried  by  these  main  intercepting  sewers  to 
Barking  on  the  north  side,  and  Crossness  on  the 
south  side.  Dealing  first  with  the  north  side  of 
the  river,  there  are  throe  intercepting  sewers,  the 
high,  middle,  and  low  level ;  the  sewage  from  the 
two  former  runs  to  Barking  by  gravitation, 
while  that  in  the  last-named  sewer  has  to 
be  pumped  at  two  places,  the  Western  Pump- 
ing .Station  and  the  Abbey  Mills  Pumping 
Station :  it  then  runs  from  this  latter  station  to 
Barking  by  gravitation.  I  In  the  south  side  of  the 
river  there  are  three  main  intercepting  sewers, 
the  high  level,  the  Effra,  and  the  low  level ;  the 
two  former  running  by  gravitation  to  Crossness, 
the  latter  having  to  be  pumped  at  Deptford.  All 
the  sewage  is  pumped  at  Crossness.  There  are  a 
large  number  of  main  sewers  under  the  control  of 
the  London  County  Council  which  bring  the 
sewage  into  the  outfall  sewers.  There  are  in 
addition  an  enormous  number  of  local  sewers 
under  the  control  of  the  Borough  Councils 
which  bring  the  sewage  from  liouses  and  rain 
water  from  stree';  gullies  into  the  main  sewers. 
None  of  these  different  kinds  of  sewers  are  capable 
of  carrying  off  very  excessive  rainfall.  On  this 
account  certain  storm  overflows  have  been  pro- 
vided, 80  that  when  the  sewers  become  surcharged 
the  storm  water  overflows  into  these  channels, 
and  is  carried  by  them  directly  into  the  river. 
The  storm-overflows  are  in  many  cases  on  the 
lines  of  the  old  sewers  which,  before  the  con- 
struction of  the  intercepting-sewers,  led  the 
sewage  directly  into  the  Thames.  Should  there 
be  a  heavy  rainfall  at  the  same  time  as  high  tide 
in  the  river,  the  outlet  of  these  storm-overflows 
is  naturally  closed  by  the  water  in  the  river. 
This  has  been  the  means  of  causing  considerable 
flooding  in  several  low-lying  districts.  To  reduce 
this  flooding  as  much  as  possible,  the  London 
County  Council  has  provided  pumping-stations 
at  the  outlet  of  some  of  the  storm-relief  sewers, 
so  as  to  pump  the  rain-water  into  the  river  when 
at  times  of  high  water  it  cannot  flow  in  by 
gravitation. 

LOTS   ROAD    ri'MI'ING    STATION. 

The  greater  part  of  the  districts  of  North 
Kensington,  Hammersaiith,  Fulham,  'Walham 
Green,  and  Chelsea  is  dependent  on  the  Counter's 
Creek  Sewer,  which,  on  occasions  of  heavy  rain- 
fall occurring  at  times  of  high  water  in  the 
Thames,  into  which  it  has  a  Etorm  overflow,  be- 
comes surcharged,  and  consequently  the  local 
sewers  are  prevented  from  obtaining  an  unob- 
structed outlet.  The  Counter's  Creek  Sewer 
forms  one  of  the  valley  lines  into  the  Thames, 
and  is  next  in  size  to  the  Fleet  on  the 
north  side  of  the  river.  It  drains  an  area  of  five 
square  miles,  and  discharges  the  sewage  from  that 
area  into  the  low-level  sewer  in  Lois-road.  It 
rises  near  Kensal  Green,  Willesden,  and  runs  in 
a  southerly  direction,  having  a  length  of  about 
four  and  a  half  miles,  and  at  its  lower  end  is 
9ft.  6in.  by  9ft.  in  section,  with  an  invert  level  of 
15-72ft.  below  Trinity  high  water,  discharging 
by  means  of  a  special  chamber  into  the  low-level 
sewer,  which  crosses  it  at  right  angles,  and  at  the 
lower  level  of  27-36ft.  below  Trinity  high  water. 
The  levels  at  the  eastern  and  western  branches  at 
their  upper  end  are  S2-07ft.  and  129-40ft.  above 
Trinity  high  water,  indicating  the  rapid  gradient 
of  the  sewer,  and  consccjucntly  the  large  volumes 
of  storm  water  brought  down  in  the  lower 
jmrtion  in  times  of  heavy  rain.  During  the 
last  ten  years  there  has  been  if  greater  rainfall 
than  one  inch  in  twenty-four  hours  on  twenty- 
three  occasions  over  the  districts  mentioned.  The 
maximum  fall  has  been  l-91in.,  and  the  avera"c 
l-27in.,  in  twenty-four  liours  on  those  ocjasions. 
The  low-lcvol  sewer,  where  it  crosses  the 
Counter's  Creek  sower  in  Lota-road,  is  a  .')ft. 
barrel  with  an  invert  level  of  27-a(ift.  below 
Trinity  high  water,  draining  from  the  west  an 
area  of  four  and  a  half  square  miles.  This  sewer 
is  also  subject  to  much  surcharging  when  heavy 
rainfall  takes  pl»co.  The  situation  of  the  Lots- 
road  Pumping  Station  is  close  to  the  liiver 
Thames  and  in  such  a  position  as  to  adequately 
command    the    storm-waters     in     both   eewers. 


The  building  has  a  frontage  to  Lots-road  of 
159ft.,  and  a  depth  of  nearly  77ft.  Adjoining 
it  is  the  accommodation  building  for  the 
staff,  with  a  frontage  to  Lots-road  of  :i7ft  , 
and  a  depth  of  about  4Sft.  This  is  a  four- 
story  building,  with  basement.  The  whole 
of  the  buildings,  together  with  sewer  connections 
and  discharging  culverts,  have  been  carried  out 
by  the  Works  Department  of  the  London  County 
Council.  The  machinery  of  the  station  has  been 
designed  and  arrangeil  with  the  object  of  pre- 
venling  floodings,  by  lifting  and  discharging 
into  the  river  the  storm-water  entering  the 
Counter's  Creek  and  low-level  sewers,  and  par- 
ticularly on  those  occasions  when  it  could  not 
flow  by  gravity  from  the  former  sewer  into  the 
Thames  on  account  of  high  tide.  The  engines 
and  pumps  in  connection  with  each  sewer 
are  necessarily  distinct,  but  the  arrangements  in 
each  case  are  practically  identical  in  kind, 
although  not  in  size  and  discharging  capacity. 
It  is  calculated  that  during  heavy  storms  some 
12, 000c. ft.  of  storm-water  per  minute  will  gravi- 
tate from  the  district  of  the  Counter's  Creek 
sewer,  and  about  6,000c.ft.  per  minute  from  the 
low-level  sewer  area  west  of  this  point.  As 
indicated  above,  there  is  in  the  two  systems  a 
difference  in  the  levels  from  which  the  water  has 
to  be  lifted — this  is,  normally,  about  14ft.  In 
order  to  deal  with  the  above  maximum  quantities 
of  storm- water,  and  to  cope  with  storms  of  less 
than  maximum  force  without  waste  of  power,  the 
machinery  has  been  laid  down  in  several  units, 
each  complete  in  itself.  It  was  considered  ad- 
visable to  control  the  rise  of  water  in  both  sewers 
by  means  of  four  centrifugal  pumps  in  each  case,  the 
pumps  to  bedriven  direct  by  ropes  fromgasengines. 
It  is  judged,  by  similar  but  much  smaller  stations 
belonging  to  the  Council,  that  this  station  will  be 
at  work  for  a  period  of  about  63  hours  per  annum. 
The  pumping  will  necessarily  be  intermittent, 
and  this  and  other  conditions  rendered  the  em- 
ployment of  gas-engines  with  centrifugal  pumps 
desirable  and  economical.  The  four  pumps  empty- 
ing the  Counter's  Creek  sewer  have  suction  and 
discharge  branches  32in.  in  diameter,  and  each  is 
capable  of  discharging  3, 000c. ft.  of  water  per 
minute.  The  four  pumps  emptying  the  low- 
level  sewer  have  branches  23in.  in  diameter,  and 
each  is  capable  of  discharging  l,.')00c.ft.  of  water 
per  minute.  It  was,  of  course,  essential  that  the 
engines  should  be  designed  to  give  sufficient  power 
for  the  pumps  to  lift  the  storm-water  from  the 
levels  of  water  in  the  sewers  to  the  height  of 
the  maximum  tide-level  of  the  river,  2- 10ft. 
above  Trinity  high  water.  The  lifts,  under 
these  circumstances,  would  be  the  maximum 
possible,  and  are,  respectively,  equal  to  14-5ft. 
and  28ft.  The  larger  pumps — i.e.,  those  in  con- 
nection with  the  Counter's  Crefk  sewer,  are 
driven  by  engines  each  of  2601. II. P.,  and  the 
power  of  each  of  the  engines  driving  the  smaller 
pumps  for  the  low-level  sewer  is  2101. H. P.  The 
cylinders  of  the  respective  engines  are  ISMn. 
diameter  by  30in.  stroke,  and  ISJin.  by  24in. 
stroke.  Each  engine  is  built  on  the  "Otto" 
principle,  and  has  twin  cylinders.  The  speed 
will  be  170  revolutions  per  minute.  The  flywheels 
of  the  larger  engines  are  7ft.  6in.  in  diameter, 
and  grooved  for  ten  l^in.  diameter  ropes,  and  the 
smaller  engines  have  flywheels  of  the  same  dia- 
meter, but  grooved  for  eight  lAin.  diameter  ropes. 
Each  engine  has  in  connection  with  it  a  separate 
wrought-iron  circulating  water-tank  designed  to 
hold  about  40  tons  of  water,  and  of  the  foUowing 
dimensions: — 15ft.  long,  15ft.  wide,  and  7ft. 
deep.  The  dimensions  of  the  engine-house, 
excluding  that  portion  built  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  the  circulating  water  tanks,  are  153ft. 
in  length  by  51ft.  in  breadth.  In  order  that  the 
pumps  shall  be  reasonably  near  to  the  suction 
wells,  they  have  been  arranged  and  fixed  on  a  floor 
20ft.  Gin.  below  the  engine-huuso  floor,  in  a 
chamber  running  the  whole  length  of  the  engine- 
house  and  along  one  side  of  the  same.  By  this 
arrangement,  therefore,  the  driving-ropes  run 
obliquely  from  the  engine  flywheels  down  to  the 
pump  pulleys  through  deep  races  prepared  in  the 
engine  floor,  and  there  is  a  distance  of  31ft.  6in. 
between  the  pulley  centres.  The  pressure  water 
for  working  sluice- valves  on  pump  deliveries  is 
supplied  from  two  duplicate  rots  of  auxiliary  gas 
engines  running  at  250  revolutions  per  minute, 
ami  each  driving,  through  suitable  intermediate 
gearing,  a  set  of  3-throw  vertical  rams  Uin.  in 
diameter  by  Sin.  stroke,  and  delivering  left,  of 
water  per  minute.  The  pressure  water  has  a  further 
use — namely,  in  operating  certain  penstocks  in 
connection  with  the  sowers.    An  accumulator  Sin. 


in  diameter  by  5ft.  stroke  forms  part  of  the  hy- 
draulic arrangements.  The  centrifugal  pumps 
are  charged  by  means  of  ejectors,  which  are 
worked  by  compressed  air  ;  the  same  medium  being 
also  used  for  starting  the  main  engines.  Two  self- 
contained  air-compressing  engines  are  provided, 
each  capable  of  dealing  with  150c. it  of  free  air  per 
minute  raised  to  a  pressureof  lOUlb.perfiquareinch. 
The  engines  are  each  of  331. H. P.  when  running 
170  revolutions  per  minute,  and  the  air  cylinders 
are  lOin.  in  diameter  by  21in.  stroke.  Each  of 
the  main  engines  has  a  separate  gas  meter,  and  is 
also  in  other  respects  independent.  The  pumping 
station  being  situated  in  a  public  highway,  and 
in  a  residential  neighbourhood,  great  care  had  to 
be  taken  to  obviate  all  possibilities  of  complair.t 
due  to  the  working  of  such  a  station.  It  was, 
therefore,  deemed  necessary  to  completely  deaden 
the  noise  usually  associated  with  a  gas-engine 
exhaust,  by  carrying  the  product  of  combustion 
into  silencers  placed  in  pits  10ft.  Oin.  deep  in  the 
engine  floor,  arrangements  being  made  to  venti- 
late these  pits  by  shafts  connecttd  with  the  outer 
air.  A  10-ton  traveller  working  by  hand-power 
and  of  a  span  of  52ft.  runs  the  whole  length  of 
the  engine-house,  and  is  available  for  lifting  the 
parts  of  both  engines  and  pumps.  Mr.  J.  E. 
Worth,  assistant  main  drainage  engineer  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Thames,  has  supervised  the 
erection  of  the  station,  and  Mr.  II.  M.  Roun- 
thwaite,  mechanical  assistant,  has  supervised  the 
erection  and  testing  of  the  gas-engines  and 
pump5.  The  pumping-station  and  staff  accom- 
modation building  were  carried  out  by  the  Works 
Department  of  the  Council  at  a  cost  of  about 
£50,000. 

*-^ 

OBITUARY. 

We  regret  to  announce  the  death,  in  his  63rd 
year,  of  Mr.  Baruow  Emanuel, M. A., J. P.,  senior 
partner  in  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Davis  and  Emanuel, 
architects,  2,  Finsbury-circus,  E.C.  Mr.  Emanuel, 
who  died  on  Sunday  night  last  at  his  residence, 
147,  Harley-street,  W.,  was  a  son  of  the  late 
Mr.  Alderman  Emanuel,  of  Grove  House,  South- 
sea.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  a  justice  of  the  peace  for  jliddlcsex. 
He  took  a  warm  interest  in  the  housing  question, 
and  was  architect  to  the  East  End  Dwellings  Co. 
Among  the  many  works  recently  carried  out  by 
his  firm  are  the  important  blocks  of  chambers  and 
offices  known  as  Salisbury  House  and  Finsbury- 
pavement  in  connection  with  the  rebuilding  of 
the  Finsbury-circuB  Estate  of  the  Bridge  House 
Committee  ;  several  synagogues,  including  that 
at  Hampstead  ;  the  laying  out  and  development 
of  the  Kidderpore  Estate  at  W'est  Hampstead  ; 
the  Meistersingers'  Club  in  St.  James's -street, 
W. ;  and  the  Yarrow  Convalescent  Home  for 
Children  at  Broadstairs,  a  building  illustrated  in 
cur  issue  of  August  2,  1895.  At  the  inquest  held 
on  Mr.  Emanuel  by  Dr.  Cx.  Danford  Thomas  at 
the  Marylebone  Coroner's-court  on  Wednesday, 
evidence  was  given  showing  that  the  deceased, 
who  was  a  bachelor,  lately  suffered  from  a 
distressing  cough,  and  had  much  difficulty  in 
breathing.  As  alarming  symptoms  supervened. 
Dr.  Thomas  Wingrave,  his  medical  attendant,  on 
the  previous  Wednesday  consulted  Sir  Thomas 
Barlow  on  the  case,  when  the  cough  and  im- 
perfect breathing  were  traced  to  an  abscess  on  a 
gland  which  pressed  upon  the  lower  part  of  the 
windpipe.  Subsequently  Sir  Felix  Semon  was  also 
called  into  consultation  with  a  view  to  a  surgical 
operation,  but  the  case  was  then  regarded  as 
hopeless.  In  order  to  induce  pleep,  Mr.  Emanuel 
had  taken  sulphonal  tabloids,  and  on  Sunday 
afternoon  his  nurse  discovered  a  glass  beside 
him  which  had  contained  several  of  these  tabloids. 
An  emetic  was  administered  by  Dr.  Wingrave, 
but  death  soon  afterwards  ensued,  and  was  due, 
as  an  autopsy  showed,  to  the  rupture  of  the 
abscess  of  tho  gland  through  the  windpipe,  with 
consequent  septicaemia  and  exhiustiou.  Dr. 
Wingravo,  iu  reply  to  tho  coroner,  stated  that  tho 
tabloids  had  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  death. 
Tho  jury  returned  a  verdict  of  "  Death  from 
natural  causes." 


Mr.  M.  K.  North,  C.E.,  one  of  tho  Local  iloyerii- 
ment  inspectors,  held  an  imjuiiy  at  Llaufairtal- 
haiarn,  Abergele,  on  Friday,  into  an  application  by 
the  St.  Asaph  Hural  District  Council  for  permission 
to  borrow  sums  of  £794  and  t'AMi  respectively,  for 
tho  p\irpoao  of  water  supply  and  sewage  disposal 
for  the  jiarish  of  Llanfairtalhaiarn.  The  plans 
wore  presented  by  the  engineer  of  the  schemes,  Mr. 
T.  B.  Farrington,  C.E.,  Llandudno. 


270 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  19,  1904. 


PBOFESSIONAI.   AND 
SOCIETIES. 


TBADE 


Edinburgh  Architectural  Association. — At 
the  last  meeting  of  the  association,  held  at  117, 
George-strett,  Edinburgh,  Mr.  J.  A.  Arnott, 
chairman  o£  the  Associates'  section,  presiding, 
Mr.  Charles  Mackie,  A.R.S.A.,  read  a  paper 
entitled  "  Common  Sense  in  Art."  He  dealt  with 
art  origins,  the  composition  of  colour  and  line, 
and  an  attempt  to  arrive  at  a  more  scientific  basis 
for  colorisation,  illustrating  colour  harmony 
from  the  tradition.  All  true  taste  in  colour  was, 
he  said,  founded  on  the  practice  of  the  masters  : 
they  were  the  originators,  and  so  must  be  the 
final  tribunal. 

Institute  or    Estate   and  House  Agents. — 
The  members  of  this  institute  met  at  the  Florence 
Hotel  on  Tuesday  night  to  hear  a  paper  by  Mr. 
T.   Cato   Worsfold,  on  the  "  Law  of  Dilapida- 
tions."    The  president  (Mr.  Ernest  Pennington) 
occupied  the  chair.    Mr.  Worsfold  said  the  land- 
lord  was   under  no   liability   to  do  repairs  to  a 
house  where,  through   wind  and  rain,   premises 
had  become  in  a  dangerous  condition ;   and  was 
under  no  liability  to  rebuild  premises  destroyed 
by  fire,  even  though  he  had  received  the  money 
from  the  insurance  office  for  the  purpose.     There 
was  no  implied    covenant  with    an  unfurnished 
house  that  it  was  fit  for  habitation.     Judges  had 
held  that  before  a  house  was  taken  up  the  lessee 
should  see  for  himself  if  the  premises  were  fit  to 
live  in.     The  Housing  of   the  Working  Classes 
Acts,  1885,  made  special  exception  to  this  rule, 
however.     If  the  landlord  agreed  to  repair  before 
the  tenant  took  possession,  he  must  execute  all 
repairs  before  he  could  compel  the  tenant  to  do 
anything.     If   the   landlord   covenanted    in   the 
case  of  fixe  to  rebuild  and  replace  the  premises, 
he    was    under    no    liability    to    reinstate    any 
additional  buildings  erected    by  the  tenant.     If 
the  landlord  undertook  a  covenant  to  repair  with 
a  stipulation,   casualties  by  fire   or  tempest  ex- 
cepted, he  was  under  no  obligation  if  the  damage 
was  caused  by  either.     Coming  to  the  liabilities 
of  the   tenants,    Mr.  Worsfold   said    the  tenant 
must  pay   his   rent   though   the    premises   were 
destroyed  by  fire.     The  tenant's  only  remedy,  if 
the  landlord  covenanted  to  do  repairs  and  made 
default,  was  by  action  for  damages  tor  breach  of 
contract.     If  the  roof  was  blown  off  by  a  gale  the 
tenant  must    reinstate  it  himself.       So,   too,  if 
a  hurricane  blew    down    a    house,   or  lightning 
destroyed  it,  the  tenant  was  still  liable  if  he  had 
entered  into  a  general  covenant  to  repair.    It  was 
important  to   remember   that   if   a   tenant   con- 
tracted to  purchase  the  freehold  of  his  premises, 
he  was  responsible  for  all  dilapidations  from  the 
date  of  contract   to   purchase.     Most  important 
■was  it  for  the  tenant  to  have  a  place  surveyed 
and  a  schedule  of  the  conditions  agreed  to  by  the 
landlord  before  taking  up  a  lease.     If  a  tenant 
had  covenanted  to  repair  and  keep  in  repair,  and 
omitted  the  words  damage  "by  fire  excepted," 
he   must   rebuild   if   the   premises   were   burned 
down.     The   tenant,    in    the   "  wear-and-tear " 
clause,  was  only  bound,  providing  he  did  cove- 
nant,  to   clean  old  paint,   and   not   repaint   it. 
Many  more  nice  points  of  the  law  were  treated  of 
by  the  speaker.     A  general  discussion  followed, 
and  a  cordial   vote   of    thanks  was  accorded  to 
Mr.  Worsfold  for  his  paper. 

Leeds  Architects  and  a  Registration  Bill. 
— The  Leeds  and  Yorkshire  Architectural  Society 
and  members  of  other  societies  interested  in  the 
movement  assembled  in  Leeds  on  Thursday  night 
in  last  week,  Mr.  Butler  Wilson  presiding,  to 
listen  to  a  debate  on  the  subject  of  Architects' 
Registration,  in  which  the  Leeds  Society  has 
taken  a  strong  inititative.  Mr.  W.  Howard 
Seth-Smith,  of  the  Council  of  the  Royal  Institute, 
is  delivering  a  series  of  papers  in  favour  of  the 
movement,  and  on  this  occasion  he  was  opposed 
by  Professor  Beresford  Pite,  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Art,  also  a  member  of  the  R.I.B.A.  Council, 
a  fact  which  resulted  in  a  large  attendance  of 
members.  Mr.  Seth-Smith  contended  that  com- 
pulsory examination  and  its  attendant  education 
would  raise  the  status  of  architects,  and  conse- 
quently the  standard  of  architecture,  and  enable 
the  public  to  distinguish  between  the  qualified 
and  unqualified  practitioner.  The  theory  that 
architecture  was  an  art,  and,  therefore,  did  not 
lend  itself  to  examination,  was  misleading,  because 
neither  in  training  nor  in  test  can  the  art  be 
divorced  from  the  science.  The  art  as  such  only 
existed  in  its  application  to  utilitarian  needs,  and 
architects  would  ever  be  employed  mainly  for 
their  practical  qualifications,  and  herein  was  their 


only  chance  to   express   such    artistic  thoughts. 
Registration,  so  far  from  disintegrating  the  pro- 
fession, would  unify  it  by  the  bonds  of  a  common 
qualification  and  brotherhood.     Profes  or  Beres- 
ford Pite,  in  a  racy  speech,  said  that  architfcts  to 
the  public  were   artists,  and  as  such  could  not 
come  under  an   examination   test.     He  doubted 
that    regiB'ration   and    compulsory   tests    would 
raise    the    standard    of     education.      Architects 
should  be  free,  and   shouM  endeavour  to  culti- 
vate  high    ideals   and   independent   standard   of 
artistic   aims    and    professional    conduct.      This 
would  place   architecture    upon  a    much    higher 
level  than  compulsorj'  examination.     There  were 
possible   advantages  in  a  universal  examination 
in  construction,   but  he   thought    that  registra- 
tion would   be  inimical  to  educational  progress. 
The    discussion    was    continued    by   Mr.   G.  B. 
Bulmer,  who  said  that  in  three -fourths  of  their 
work  there  was  no  scope  for  their  artistic  souls. 
Compulsory   registration     would     insure     three- 
fourths  or  their  work  being  done  better  than  at 
present.      Mr.    R.  P.  Oglesby  pointed  out  that 
there  could  be  no  divorce  between  the  artistic  and 
practical  elements  of  architecture.    Professor  Pite 
offered  the  whole  profession  education.     Educa- 
tion, said  Mr.  Oglesby,  wjs  to  bo  handed  round 
on  trays.     It  was  to  be  co-ordinated,  and  made 
to  look  as  ambrosial  as  possible.  The  architectural 
millennium  would  then  arrive,  and  the  construc- 
tional lion  would  lie  down  alongside  the  artistic 
lamb.  This  was  a  very  btautiful  idea.    But  would 
the  students  rush  for  co  ordinate  education  any 
more  than  they  did  lor  the  present  excellent  ad- 
vantages which  were  offered  '■:    Not;at  all.     M-  n 
might  lead  the  student  to  the  educational  waters, 
but   as    things   were   at   present  they  could  not 
necessarily  make  him  drink.     Sir.  Seth-Sinith's 
idea    was   more   practical.     He   would   take  the 
student  willy-nilly  and    plunge   him  head  over 
ears    in   the    crystal   depths   of   education.     Mr. 
Pite  would  probably  remark,  "  .\h  !  but  remem- 
ber the  heel  of  Achilles."    Mr.  Seth-Smith  replied 
confidently   that   it  would  be  a  case  of  total  and 
absolute    immersion.      The    student    would    be 
thoroughly  examined  on  leaving  the  water,  and 
if  there  should  be  found  on  him  one  dry  spot,   in 
he  would  go  again.    And  more  than  this,  with  the 
establishment  of  registra'ion  the  student  would  be 
only  too  willing  and  anxious  to  be  dipped,  anxious 
to  be  made  as  invulnerable  against  commonplace 
and  mediocre  thoughts  and  deeds  as  the  educa- 
tional stream  would  permit.     This  would  do  more 
than  co-ordinate  education  ;  it  would  co-ordinate 
the  profession.     To  raise  the  standard  of  training 
was  to  raise  the  standard  of  architecture,  and  it 
was  not  by  optional  but  by  compulsory  methods 
that  this  end  would  be  achieved.     Messrs.  J.  B. 
Howdill,  H.  E.  Chapman,   A.  Marshall   (Otley), 
II.  Perkin,  H.  Brigg,  and  T.  Monkman  (of  York), 
also  spoke  in  favour  of  registration  ;  but  Mr.  Pite 
at  last  found  a  supporter  in  Mr.  Sydney  Kitson, 
who  contended  that  if  they  wanted  to  keep  the 
enterprising    rent    collector    and   superannuated 
clerk'of  works  out  of  the  profession  they  must 
show  the  public  that  as  the  result  of  superior  edu- 
cation   and    training,  they    could    do    infinitely 
better  work  than  those  ge'ntlemen.    The  proceed- 
ings terjiinated — after  nearly  three  hours'  keen 
debate— with  votes  of  thanks  to  the  leaders  of  the 
debate.    It  transpired  that,  with  three  exceptions, 
the  whole  of   the  provincial  societies,  including 
Leeds,  have  passed ■'pecial  resolutions  in  favourof  a 
Registration  Act.     A  majority  of  the  profession 
are  wishful  for  this  to  come  about,   and  are  now 
seeking  the  best  means  to  carry  it  into  effect. 

Northern  Architectural  As.>iOCHTioN. — At 
the  hall  of  the  Church  Institute,  HoDd-street, 
Newcastle,  on  Tuesday  night,  there  was  a  large 
gathering  of  the  members  of  the  students' 
sketching  club  connected  with  the  Northern 
Architectural  Association,  the  occasion  being  the 
annual  social  meeting  and  presentation  of  prizes. 
The  successful  drawings  were  on  exhibition,  and, 
in  addition,  a  number  of  drawings  that  had  been 
lent,  including  some  interesting  designs  by  the 
late  John  Dobson — designs  of  the  Central  Station 
portico,  a  proposed  high-level  bridge  across  the 
Tyne,  and  the  Royal  Arcade.  Mr.  J.  W.  Taylor, 
F. R.I.B.A.,  president  of  the  Association,  was  in 
the  chair.  The  President  said  the  drawings 
exhibited  showed  excellent  work.  In  some  years 
there  had  been  a  falling  off  ;  but  this  year  there 
had  been  keen  competition  in  all  the  classes. 
Mr.  Taylor  presented  the  prizes  as  follows:  — 
Measured  drawings— Ist,  J.  F.  White;  'Jnd,  Mr. 
H.  W.  Mole.  Sketches— 1st,  J.  S.  Twizell ; 
2nd,  H.  L.  Hicks  and  B.  Watson,  equal.  Design 
time  studies  (two  hours  allowed) — Seniors, 


T.  Harrison ;  2nd,  W.  L.  Vinycombe.  During 
the  evening  music  was  supplied  by  an  orchestra. 
Sheefield  Society  of  Architects  .\nu  Sur- 
veyors.— The  monthly  meeting  of  the  Sheffield 
Society  of  Architects  and  Surveyors  was  held  on 
Thursday,  the  11th  inst,  in  the  lecture-haU  of 
the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society,  Leopold- 
street,  Sheffield,  Mr.  T.  Winder  in  the  chair. 
Mr.  W.  Gilbert  (of  the  Bromsgrove  Guild  of 
Applied  Art)  gave  a  lecture  on  "  Evolution  of  the 
Manufacture  in  Art.' '  The  lecturer  traced  the 
origin  of  the  guilds  connected  with  craft  from 
the  earliest  period,  and  referred  to  the  beautiful 
work  of  the  mediioval  craftsman,  when  there  was 
no  division  of  labour,  and  when  work  was  the 
pleasure  of  his  existence  from  the  time  of  his 
apprenticeship  untU  he  became  full  member  of 
the  craft.  He  also  showed  how  great  historical 
occurrences  affected  the  guilds  by  developing  art 
workshops  and  thus  divorcing  the  artist  and 
craftsman.  The  influence  of  Italian  "com- 
mercial "  artist  J  during  the  Renaissance  was  next 
referred  to  at  some  length,  and  the  various 
phases  of  craft- work  up  to  the  19th  century.  The 
institution  of  classes  for  designing  in  this  country 
was  also  mentioned.  In  1851  there  were  22  such 
classes  in  existence.  The  influence  of  the  great 
exhibition  in  the  year  oa  craftsmanship  was 
described  by  Mr.  Gilbeit.  The  conditions  which 
alone  would  produce  good  work  in  art  classes,  he 
thought,  were  that  they  should  not  be  municipal 
factories,  competing  in  any  way  with  local  manu- 
facturers, and  that  they  should  not  be  the  home 
of  fads,  but  the  home  of  thought.  The  lecturer 
commended  individualism  in  art.  Craftsmen 
owed  much  to  architects.  He  alluded  to  the  fine 
work  of  the  late  J.  D.  Sodding,  esp»cially  at  the 
Holy  Trinity,  Chelsea,  where  his  work  was  com- 
bined with  the  craftsmanship  of  Onslow  Ford, 
I'omerary,  and  others.  The  lecturer,  in  conclu- 
sion, plcHded  for  greater  association  between  good 
workers  in  the  production  of  good  work,  and 
especially  between  architects  and  the  different 
craftsmen  employed  in  building.  A  discussion 
followed,  and  on  the  motion  of  Mr.  T.  Swaffield 
Brown,  seconded  by  Mr.  Horace  Wilson,  and 
supported  by  Messrs.  W.  J.  Hale.  J.  R.  Wigfull, 
C.  Green,  E.  M.  Gibbs,  W.  C.  Fenton,  and 
W.  F.  Smith,  a  vote  of  thanks  was  accorded  the 
lecturer. 

The  Surveyors'  Institution.  —  The  annual 
dinner  of  the  Surveyors'  Institution  was  held  on 
Friday  at  Princes'  Restaurant,  Piccadilly.  Mr. 
Albert  Buck,  the  president  was  in  the  chair. 
After  the  loyal  toasts,  Mr.  Chatfeild  Clarke  pro- 
posed the  toast  of  "  The  Houses  of  Parliament." 
Lord  Jersey  responded  for  the  House  of  Lords, 
and  Sir  Walter  Foster,  M.P.,  for  the  House  of 
Commons.  Sir  John  RoUaston,  M.P.,  gave  the 
toast  of  "The  Bench  and  the  Bar,"  to  which 
Judge  Rentoul  and  Sir  Ralph  Littler  replied. 
Lord  MonksweU  submitted  the  toast  of  "The 
Surveyors'  Institution."  He  said  that  the  work 
of  the  London  County  Council  waa  gradually 
getting  more  and  more  popular  with  all  classes, 
and  there  was  scarcely  a  single  item  which  con- 
cerned the  social  welfare  of  the  people  of  London 
which  did  not  bring  them  into  contact  with  the 
work  of  the  Council.  It  was  the  Building  Act 
which  brought  the  Surveyors'  Institution  into 
touch  with  that  authority.  No  one  was  more 
impressed  than  he  was  with  the  good  work  of  the 
institution.  The  President,  in  reply,  remarked 
that  the  institution  was  founded  to  secure  the 
unity  of  the  different  class  of  surveyors.  The 
organisat'on  was  at  the  present  time  a  large  ex- 
amining body,  and  for  this  year's  examinations 
there  was  a  large  number  of  candidates  coming 
forward. 

■       Ml      ■ 

An  oSi;ial  notice  has  been  given  of  the  with- 
drawal by  the  rural  district  council  of  Croydon  of 
their  Bill  for  powers  to  construct  electric  tramways 
from  Beddington  along  the  Brighton-road  and 
Purley-road  to  their  termination  in  Godstone-road, 
at  the  boundary  of  the  parishes  of  Coulsdon  and 
Warlingham. 

The  cost  of  the  restoration  of  the  parish  church 
ofKimberley,  in  Norfolk,  which  Lord  Kimberley 
has  himself  undertaken  to  defray,  amounts  to 
£3,610.  The  work  inoluies  new  roofs  tothenavo 
and  chancel  and  a  new  chancel  arch. 

Lochmaben  Town  Council  have  unanimously  ap- 
proved of  a  drainige  scheme  for  the  burgh  at  an 
estimated  cost  of  about  £3,000.  The  engineers  of 
the  scheme  are  Messra.  Balfour  and  Son,  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne.  The  scheme  includes  two  septic  tanks, 
one  to  be  placed  at  Marjoriebanks  and  the  other  at 
the  east  side  of  the  Castle  Loch. 


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Feu.  19,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


271 


CONTENTS. 


Some  Aspects  of  thi-  Profession       

Dudley  Gallei-y  Art  Society       

Warming  and  \''fntilatioQ 

Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects    

Irish  Buildini;  Stones. — VXI 

St.  Augustine's  Sunday-School  and  Parochial  Hall, 

Brinksway 

Water  Power  with  Low  Falls   

The  East  Bo^iton  Tunnel    

The  Lots  Road  Pumping  Station,  Chelsea   

Obituary 

Professional  and  Trade  Societies     

The  BuiLDiNQ  News  Directory 

Our  niustrationa    

Competitions    

Building  Intelligence    

Parliamentary  Notes    

Statues,  Memorials,  ice 

Correspondence       

Intercommunication 

Legal  Intelligence 

Our  Office  Table 

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  "Week      

Trade  News     , 

Latest  Prices    

List  of  Competitions  Open .., 

List  of  Tenders  Open 

Tenders     , 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

3T0CKPORT  TOWK  HALL.— SEW  DRILL  HALL,  CRE3WELL, 
NOTTS.— SCHOOLS  KOR  THE  MANCHESTER  SCHOOL  BOARD 
AT  NEWTON  HEATH,  MANCHESTER.— ST.  .lAMES'S  CHURCEl, 
PICCADILLY.— NIXON's   SCHOOL,    OXFORD. 


d^ttt  5llustrati0ns* 


STOCKl'OUT    TOWX    HALL. 

We  illustrate  herewith  the  selected  design  for  this 
building,  the  architect  of  which  is  Mr.  A.  Brum- 
well  Thomas,  of  .■),  (iiieen  Anne's  Gate,  S.W. 
Mr.  T.  E.  Collcutt  was  the  assessor.  The 
site  is  an  open  one,  somewhat  irregular  in 
form  and  level.  It  is  ample  for  the  purpose  and 
permits  the  design  of  a  building  in  parallelogram 
form.  The  difference  in  level  is  about  25ft.  be- 
tween the  two  diagonal  corners.  The  plan  works 
out  quite  simply,  in  so  far  that  the  entrance  in 
Wellington-road  and  thejjrincipal  staircase  divide 
the  building  in  two,  giving  two  departments  to 
■each  Hoor.  The  general  main  lines  of  the  plan 
are  those  most  sui'ed  to  the  requirements  of  a 
public  building  of  this  character,  seeing  that 
€ach  principal  department  is  self-coutaioed  with 
its  separate  corridor,  and  at  the  same  time  the 
arrangement  provides  the  fullest  intercommunica- 
tion between  one  department  and  another.  At 
the  point  of  the  principal  staircase  it  will  therefore 
be  seen  that  the  treasurer's  department  lies  to  the 
left,  and  the  gas  department  to  the  right.  On  the 
upper  ground-floor  the  borough  survejor  to  the 
left,  the  town-clerk  to  the  right,  and  on  the  first 
lioor  the  education  department  to  the  left,  and  the 
water  department  to  the  right,  with  extensions  of 
the  wings  on  both  sides,  providing  accommoda- 
tion for  the  medical  officer  and  the  caretaker,  each 
with  separate  staircases.  The  limit  of  cost  made 
it  imperative  that  a  building  should  be  laid  down 
•on  the  very  simplest  lines  possible,  and  it  was 
necessary  tbat  the  design  should  accommodate 
itself  as  far  as  possible  to  the  varying  levels  of  the 
ground.  As  shown  on  the  drawings,  the  council- 
chamber,  therefore,  is  located  at  a  level  between 
the  lower  and  upper  ground-floors  ;  but  it  is  sug- 
gested in  the  competition  report  that  the  whole 
of  this  block  should  be  raised  to  the  upper  ground- 
floor  level,  which  could  very  well  be  done  wiiliin 
the  limit  of  cost,  seeing  that  the  cubic  capacity 
permits  a  cubic  value  of  lid.  for  the  main  build- 
ing, and  23.  for  the  tower.  The  advantage  of 
placing  the  council  suite  of  apartments  in  one 
central  block  consists  in  the  fact  that  the  work 
of  the  members  of  council  is  concentrated  to  the 
greatest  extent.  The  council  apartments  and 
the  town-hall  can,  for  i-cception  purposes,  be 
thrown  into  one  suite  of  rooms. 

URII.I,    IIAI.I.    AT    CUKSWKLr.,    NOTr.S. 

This  building,  recently  opened,  forms  a  part  of 
the  model  mining  village  at  L'resswell,  and  was 
erected  for  the  IJolsovcr  Colliery  Co.,  Ltd  ,  to 
provide  a  room  for  drill  and  recreation  for  the 
boys'  brigade,  one  of  tht  institutions  of  the 
village.  The  s'te  wa.s  given  for  the  purpose  by 
his  Cirace  the  Duke  of  Portland,  who  also  con- 
tributed to  the  cost  of  the  scheme.  The  materials 
are  Leicestershire  sand-faced  bricks  for  the 
walling,  with  Ashover  .stone,  and  the  root  is 
K'overed  with  grey-green  Cornish  slates.  Inside, 
the  walls  have  a  dado  of  salt-glazed  bricks,  the 
upper    portions    p'astored    and    distempered    in 


"  Duresco."  The  platform  and  gallery  openings 
are  framed  with  pilasters,  friezes,  and  cornices  in 
Parian  cement,  and  the  timbers  of  the  roof  are 
treated  in  the  open  framed  manner.  The  turret 
%vas  carried  out  slightly  differently  to  the  draw- 
ing, and  now  has  a  small  three-way  skeleton  dial 
clock,  erected  in  commemoration  of  the  Corona- 
tion. The  contract  was  executed  by  Mr.  A.  F. 
Houghton,  of  JIansfield  ;  the  heating  apparatus 
supplied  by  Messrs.  Ashwell  and  Nesbit,  of 
Leicester  ;  decorating  by  Mr.  C.  Scott,  Mans- 
field ;  and  the  clock  supplied  and  fixed  by  iilr. 
E.  Rippon,  ShelHeld.  The  cost  of  the  building, 
exclusive  of  clock,  d'jcorating,  and  heating,  was 
about  .£1,G00.  The  building  was  designed  by 
Mr.  Percy  B.  Houghton,  of  Chesterfield,  in 
partnership  with  Mr.  F.  C.  R.  Johnson,  who  is 
now  practising  independently  at  Torquay. 

SCHOOL,  NEWrOX    HEATn,   IIAXCUESTEU. 

This  building  was  erecttd  by  the  Manchester 
School  Boird,  and  was  opened  towards  the  end 
of  last  year,  to  accommodate  1,100  mixed 
scholars  living  in  this  outlying  but  populous 
district.  It  is  of  interest  as  being  one  of  the  last 
few  of  the  many  schools  erected  by  this  energetic 
Board,  before  its  dissolution.  The  materials  are 
brick  and  Doulton's  terracotta.  The  contractors 
are  Messrs.  BuUivant  and  Sons,  of  Manchester. 
The  architect  is  Mr.  W.  H.  liawle,  of  Manchester. 

UOVAL    AC.4.UEMV    SILVER    MEDAL     DRAWINGS  : 

ST.  James's  church,  Piccadilly. 

Wf.  published  the  main  general  section  of  this 
famous  church,  as  drawn  by  Mr.  Leslie  Wilkin- 
son, in  the  Bcilding  News  of  Feb.  5th,  when 
some  account  of  the  building  appeared.  \Ve  now 
reproduce  the  cross  section  and  plans  of  the 
building,  with  some  enlarged  details  of  the  orgin- 
case  and  other  parts  of  the  ornamental  features. 
The  celebrated  font  stands  under  the  tower.  The 
modern  external  pulpit,  added  a  few  years  since 
to  the  north  wall  of  the  church,  was  the  work  of 
Mr.  Temple  Moore,  the  architect,  and  wds  illus- 
trated by  us  on  Dec.  5th,  1902.  The  Royal 
Acidemy  Silver  Medal  was  awarded  to  Mr. 
Wilkinson  for  this  capital  set  of  drawings. 

xixox's  school,  oxford. 

This  school  was  built  in  1659,  and  formerly  stood 
on  the  site  now  occupied  by  the  Oxford  Municipal 
Buildings.  Mr.  John  Nixon  founded  it  for 
Freemen's  sons  and  endowed  it  with  .£oO  annually 
for  ever.  Mr.  Harold  E.  Wheeler  made  the 
drawings  prior  to  its  demolition. 


CHIPS. 

The  AUahibad-Fyzabai  Chord  Railway  is  now 
ready  for  passenger  traffi':  between  Sultanpur  and 
Fyzabad,  and  from  Sewait  to  Paphamau  (Allahabad). 

The  new  organ  iu  the  parish  church  of  Bradford 
has  been  dedicated  by  the  Archdeacon  of  Craveu. 
The  instrument  has  been  built  by  Messrs.  W.  Hiil 
and  Son,  of  Islington,  and  it  contains  30  speaking 
stops,  opsrating  on  2,250  pipes,  the  largest  of  which 
are  IGtt.  long.  By  means  of  a  stopped  pipe,  a  32ft. 
tone  is  obtained  on  the  pedals,  the  lowest  note  of 
which  sounds  an  octave  below  the  lowest  C  on  the 
pianoforte.  The  cost  of  the  organ  has  been  £1,000. 

The  Masonic  memorial  to  the  late  E  irl  of  Lathom, 
in  the  foim  of  a  chapter-house  for  the  Liverpool 
Cathedral,  has  been  considered  at  a  meeting  of  local 
Freemasons,  when  satisfactory  reports  were  given 
as  to  th?  progress  of  the  scheme. 

At  their  last  meeting  at  Liverpool,  the  Mersey 
Docks  and  Harbour  Board  unanimously  sanctioned 
the  expenditure  of  £295,000  upon  improving  the 
Brocklebank  Dock,  £20,690  for  works  of  improve- 
ment at  the  sheds  on  the  north  side  of  the  \'ittoria 
Wharf,  Birkenhead,  and  £2,730  for  the  provision 
of  proper  accommodation  for  cattle  importers  and 
their  employees  at  the  Woodside  portion  of  the 
Birkenhead  Foreign  Animals  Wharf. 

The  Birkenhead  Town  Council  have  rejected,  by 
22  votes  to  20,  the  scheme  of  the  mirkets  committee 
to  roof  over  the  Market-square  so  as  to  form  a 
covered  wholesale  market,  at  a  cost  of  £l0,t)50. 

Royal  Academy  Exunimox. — The  day  fixtd  for 
the  receipt  of  architects'  drawings  at  tlio  Royal 
Academy  this  year  is  Friday,  Mirch  25.  No 
exhibitor  (who  is  not  a  member  of  th'i  Academy) 
can  submit  more  than  //ii;c  works.  This  a  new 
rule  this  year.  We  shall  be  happy  to  receive  ami 
deliver  drawings  for  our  readers  as  in  former  years  ; 
but  their  works  must  reach  us  carriage  (laid,  and  t)u 
accompanied  by  the  required  labels  and  letter  to  the 
secretary  giving  a  list  of  drawings  sent.  We  shall 
be  glad  to  reproduce  suitable  drawings  before  tliiy 
are  sent  to  Burlington  House,  so  that  our  illustra- 
tions of  them  may  be  given  after  the  opening  of  the 
exhibition  in  May. 


COMPETITIONS. 

Eton  South  Aiuuan  War  Memorial. — The 
Eton  Memorial  have  decided,  as  a  first  step 
towards  obtaining  a  design  for  the  propoBed 
memorial  building,  to  invite  Old  Etonians  who 
are  architects  to  prepare  plans.  Dr.  Warre  states 
that  those  wishing  to  compete  can  obtain  further 
details  by  communicating  with  the  hen.  secretary 
of  the  Eton  Jlemorial  at  Eton. 

Hamilton  New  Town  Hall  and  Muxicipal 
Buildings.  — At  the  last  meeting  of  the  town 
council,  Mr.  Paterson  moved  to  proceed  with  the 
erection  of  town-hall  and  municipal  oflices  at 
Cidzow-street  site  according  to  the  plans  prepared 
by  Mr.  Alexander  C'uHon,  of  Uuntly,  and  after 
some  division  the  resolution  was  adopted.  We 
publithed  Mr.  Cullen's  selected  design,  with  the 
report  of  the  assessor,  Mr.  G.  Washington  Browne, 
of  Edinburgh,  in  our  last  issue. 

Hexham. — The  trustees  of  the  new  church  and 
school  to  be  erected  for  the  Free  Methodist  Church 
in  the  Fair  Field,  at  the  west  end  of  Hexham, 
have  met  this  we>;k  to  inspect  plans  and  choo-e 
an  architect.  Plans  were  submitted  to  Mr. 
ICnowles,  Newcastle  ;  two  by  Mr.  Urwin,  New- 
castle ;  and  two  by  Mr.  T.  E.  Davidson,  of 
South  Shields  and  Newcastle.  After  the  various 
plans  had  been  examined  it  was  decided  to  employ 
Mr.  T.  E.  Davidson  as  architect  for  the  new 
church  and  school. 

Suxderl.\nd  Town  Hall. — For  the  extension 
to  the  Sunderland  Town  Hall  thirty  sets  of  plans 
were  sent  in.  The  first  premiated  plan — that  of 
Messrs.  Wills  and  Anderson,  London — shows  a 
building  with  a  second  tos-er  balancing  the 
present  clock  tower.  The  entrance,  which  is 
now  in  the  centre  of  the  front  of  the  existing 
building,  would  be  moved  so  as  to  be  in  the 
centre  of  the  extended  erection.  The  front  of 
the  first  floor,  from  the  mayor's  parlour  to  the 
reception-room,  is  occupied  by  the  town  clerk's 
offices  and  three  committee  .rooms,  while  the  new 
area  on  the  ground  floor  is  devoted  to  the  medical 
officer  and  the  borough  surveyor  and  staff'.  The 
old  portion  is  given  to  the  cemeteries  and 
accountant's  departments.  The  second  premiated 
plan — Messrs.  Hemingway  and  Bradshaw,  Not- 
tingham— provides  for  an  enlarged  reception- 
room,  but  has  only  one  entriince,  the  existing  one. 
Jlessrs.  Goss  and  Burgess's  plan,  which  took  the 
the  third  prize,  has  a  second  entrance. 

Wakefield. — A  compttition  for  new  receiving 
wards,  attendants'  rooms,  porter's  lodge,  and  new 
entrance  gates  at  the  Wakefield  Union  Work- 
house, limited  to  the  architects  resident  within 
the  limits  of  Wakefield  Union,  to  which  nine 
responded,  has  been  decided  by  the  guardians  of 
the  union.  The  pltns  were  sent  in  under  motto, 
and  were  submitted  to  Jlr.  Vickers  Edwards,  the 
architect  for  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  as 
assessor,  who  placed  these  in  order  of  merit : — 
First  premium,  £25,  to  those  under  motto 
"Economy";  second,  "  Light  and  Air,"  £15: 
third,  •'  Vagrant,"  £).  Upon  opening  the  sealed 
envelopes,  "  Economy  "  was  found  to  bo  by  Mr. 
John  Day,  SO,  Kirkgate,  Wakefield;  "Light 
and  Air,"  by  Mr.  Thornton,  King-street,  Wake- 
field; "  Vagrant,"  by  Mr.  Newbald,  King-street, 
A\'akefield.  The  guardians  adopted  the  report  of 
their  assessor,  and  subsequently  appointed  Mr. 
John  Day  to  carry  out  ihe  works  as  their 
architect. 


The  opening  services  of  a  new  Bible  Christian 
Chapel  at  Derril  took  place  on  Thursday  in  last 
week.  The  new  chapel  is  l>uiU  of  local  and  Poly - 
phont  stone,  and  has  seating  acoommodatiou  for 
110  persons.  The  woodwork  is  of  pitch-pine.  The 
builders  are  Messrs.  Budd  aud  Sou,  of  Bridger,.le, 
and  the  architect  was  Mr.  S.  Parsons,  of  llolsworthy . 

The  partnership  heretofore  subsisting  between 
W.  Wallace  and  J.  S.  Gil)So:i,  architects  and  sur- 
veyors, Old  Bond-street,  uuler  the  stylo  of  Wallace 
and  Gibson,  has  lieeu  dissolved.  A  dissolution  of 
partnership  is  also  announced  in  the  case  of  H.  L. 
llekwitbani  .V.  li.  James,  of  Liverpool,  under  the 
style  of  Beckwith  aud  James,  architects  and  sur- 
veyors; and  likewise  iu  that  of  J.  F.  E;chardson 
and  1'.  T.  White,  architects  and  surveyors.  King- 
street,  Hammersmith,  under  the  style  of  Richard- 
son and  White. 

At  a  general  meeting  of  the  members  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours,  hold  on 
Friday,  Sir  Harry  Uiinilton  Johnson  was  elected 
an  hoii.  momVer  of  the  society.  The  following  were 
elected  associati's  of  the  society :  Mr.  John  S. 
Sargent,  R.A.,  Mr.  Henry  S.ott  Toko,  A.R.A.,  Mr. 
1'.  Cadogan  Cowper,  and  Mr.  D.  V.  Cameron. 


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290 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  19,  1904. 


Builbmg  Intdltsmte, 


Bristol. — Memoiial-stones  of  a  new  Wesleyan 
church  hall  have  been  laid  in  Victoria-road,  St. 
Philip's  Marsh,  on  the  site  formerly  occupied  by  a 
corrugated  iron  structure,  which  has  done  duty  for 
over  20  years.  The  new  building  will  consist  of 
a  nave,  with  short  aisles  en  either  side.  The  nave 
is  45ft.  9in.  long  by  24ft.  wide.  There  will  be  a 
gallery  round  three  sides,  supported  by  iron 
stanchions  incased  in  wood.  The  hall  roof  will 
be  in  one  span,  and  will  rise  to  a  height  of  27ft. 
to  the  ceiling  line,  and  3) ft.  6in.  to  the  ridge  of 
the  roof.  The  building  will  be  lighted  by  a  five- 
light,  semi-circular  window  in  the  front  gable, 
and  also  by  ten  two-light  windows,  five  on  each 
side.  There  are  six  classrooms,  which  can  be 
thrown  into  the  hall  by  the  removal  of  screens 
and  curtains.  For  Hunday-school  purposes  and 
for  social  meetings  the  hall  will  accommodate  450 
persons.  The  visible  woodwork  will  be  of  pitch- 
pine,  as  well  as  the  benches.  The  walls  through- 
out are  to  be  of  bricks,  with  dressings  of 
Monks  Park  Bath  stone.  The  style  is 
Free  Renaissance,  and  is  treated  with  a  view  to 
strict  economy.  The  architect  is  Mr.  Robert 
Curwen,  A.R.I.B.A.,  Hamilton  House,  E.C. 
Mr.  W.  Foster,  26,  City-road,  Bristol,  is  the 
builder,  and  Mr.  G.  Bright,  of  Newtown,  Bristol, 
is  clerk  of  works. 

KiDDEUMixsTER. — The  reopening  service  of 
benediction  in  consequence  of  the  completion  of 
the  work  of  restoration  at  St.  >Iohn"s  Church, 
Kidderminster,  which  was  taken  in  hand  thirteen 
years  ago,  was  held  on  Monday  by  the  Bishop  of 
Worcester  (Dr.  Gore).  In  1891,  when  it  was 
found  that  the  old  blue-brick  church  was  quite 
inadequate  to  growing  needs,  reconstruction  and 
enlargement  was  decided  on.  The  first  and 
second  portions  of  the  scheme  were  carried  out  in 
1893-4,  at  the  cost  of  nearly  £10,000.  These 
consisted  of  a  new  nave,  24ft.  wide  and  90ft. 
long,  on  the  north  side  of  the  old  church,  with  a 
chancel  and  apse  at  the  east  end  44ft.  long,  a 
notth  aisle,  and  also  a  vestry.  During  the  last 
year  workmen  have  again  been  busy  in  the 
church  transforming  the  old  portion  to  be  in 
harmony  with  the  newer  work.  The  old  tlat  roof 
and  the  plaster  walls  have  now  disappeared,  and 
its  place  is  taken  by  a  nave  aisle,  sjulh  aisle,  and 
transept,  built  of  red  and  buff  brick,  with  Bath 
stone  columns,  shafts,  and  mouldings,  and  open- 
timbered  roof  running  from  end  to  end  of  the 
same  character  as  that  of  the  nave,  but  kept  low 
60  as  not  to  take  away  from  the  dignity  of  the 
latter.  The  new  arcade  is  somewhat  similar  to 
the  two  others,  and  carries  a  clerestory,  with 
Perpendicular  traceried  windows.  At  the  east 
end  of  the  nave  aisle  the  old  apse  has  been 
reconstructed  in  red  stone,  harmonising  with  the 
chancel  and  chancel  apse,  and  the  rtredos  has 
been  cleaned.  The  clerestory  windows,  with 
embattled  parapet,  carry  the  richness  through 
the  design,  the  red  Alveley  stone  that  has  been 
used  for  all  the  outside  work  forming  a  marked 
contrast  to  the  blue  brick  that  till  lately  was  to 
be  seen.  The  work  is  costing  £5,000.  The  total 
length  of  the  church  inside  is  1301't..  and  it  is  74ft. 
wide,  with  the  south  transept  20ft.  in  addition. 
There  are  now  three  arcades  in  the  church,  and 
the  building  will  accommodate  1,000  people.  The 
work  has  been  carried  out  by  Messrs.  Collins  and 
Godfrey,  builders,  of  Tewkesbury,  from  the 
designs  of  Messrs.  J.  A.  Chatwin  and  Son,  of 
Birmingham. 

LoxDox  CorNTY  Council.  —  At  Tuesday's 
meeting  a  supplementary  estimate  of  £195,000  to 
meet  expenses  in  connection  with  the  formation 
of  the  northern  approach  to  the  Tower  Bridge 
was  approved.  The  payments  up  to  the  present 
have  amounted  to  £329,000,  or  £170,000  more 
than  the  estimate,  and  £23,000  more  will  be 
required  to  complete  the  purchase  of  property  and 
meet  the  cost  of  compensation.  The  principal 
reason  for  this  large  increase  in  cost  of  the 
property  is  the  result  of  the  arbitration  proceed- 
ings in  regard  to  the  conditions  which  were 
placed  upon  the  Council  by  Parliament  in  con- 
nection with  the  reinstatement  of  the  goods  depot 
and  stabling  in  Royal  Mint-street  belonging  to 
the  Great  Northern  Riilway  Company.  The 
company's  claim  amounted  to  £239,000,  and  the 
arbitrators'  award  to  fUiJ,0OO.  It  was  resolved 
that,  owing  to  the  refusal  of  the  local  authorities 
to  contribute  to  the  cost  of  the  necessary  street 
widenings,  the  application  for  powers  to  construct 
new  tramways  from   Clapham   Common  to  East 


Hill,  Wandsworth,  and  from  Deptford  to  Herbert 
Hospital,  Woolwich,  be  not  proceeded  with.  A 
scheme  of  flood  relief  woiks  for  London,  of  which 
the  cost  is  estimated  at  £737,000,  exclusive  of 
sites  for  outlets  and  pumping  station,  was 
approved  on  the  recommendation  of  the  main 
drainage  committee,  a  preliminary  expenditure  of 
£5,000  for  plans,  &c.,  being  sanctioned. 


CHIPS. 

The  chancel  of  the  piriah  church  of  Lydford, 
Devon,  is  about  to  ba  restored  from  plans  by  Messrs. 
Kadford  and  F.  Bligh  Bond.  The  peal  of  t.ve  bells 
in  the  tower  are  also  to  he  rehuug.  and  refitted,  at  a 
cost  of  £1,000,  by  Mr.  Stookes,  >t  Woodbury. 

A  new  organ,  built  by  Messrs.  Hele  and  Co.,  of 
Plymouth,  for  the  Congregational  Church,  Newton 
Abbot,  was  opened  on  the  4^h  iust.  The  cost,  with 
some  new  seating  provided  at  the  same  ime,  has 
been  £700. 

The  new  schools,  Ryde,  are  being  warmed  and 
ventilated  by  means  of  Shorland's  patent  Manchester 
grates  and  exhaust  roof  ventilators,  the  same  being 
supplied  by  Messrs.  E.  H.  Shorland  and  Brother, 
of  Manchester. 

Sir  .Tames  La  Touche,  Lieutenant-Governor  of 
the  United  Provinces,  unveiled  in  Queen's  Park, 
Cawnpore,  on  January  27,  a  statue  of  Queen 
Victoria.  The  statue,  cast  in  bronze,  is  the  work 
of  Mr.  Thomas  Brook,  R,A.  It  is  12ft.  high,  and 
stands  on  a  granite  pedestal  rising  ISft.  from  the 
ground,  and  carrying  four  bas-reliefs  representing 
the  Empire,  Education,  Seienoe  and  Art,  and 
Commeice. 

An  inquiry  has  been  held  at  Brentwood  into  an 
application  of  the  urban  district  council  for  sanction 
to  borrow  £2,000  for  sewerage  works. 

Mr.  Joseph  Milnthorpe,  College-road,  Buxton, 
has  put  £  10,000  into  the  hands  of  trustees  with 
whii-h  to  builu  twelve  almshouses,  and  the  Duke 
of  Devonshire  has  given  an  acre  of  land  for  the 
site.  The  gift  was  accepted  by  the  town  council  on 
Tuesday.     Tne  houses  will  be  erected  at  Wyehead. 

Mr.  A.  Richards,  surveyor  to  the  eastern  district 
of  Barnstaple  Rural  District  Council,  has  been 
appointed  surveyor  for  the  whole  district  at  a 
salary  of  £200  per  annum. 

Mr.  A.  Morley  Clarke,  civil  engineer  and  archi- 
tect, of  Cleveland  Buildings,  94,  Market-street, 
Manchester,  has  taken  into  partnership  Mr.  Basil 
Pendleton,  from  Fe>'ruary  I.  In  future  practice 
the  firm  will  be  kuovvn  as  "  Morley  Clarke  and 
Pendleton." 

In  the  Court  of  Appeal  on  S  iturday,  before  the 
Master  of  the  Rolls  aui  Lor  !s  Justices  Romer  and 
Mathew,  the  hearing  was  concludeil  of  the  appeal 
by  the  Eist  London,  Grand  Junction,  and  New 
River  Water  Companies  agaiust  the  decision  of  the 
Water  Arbitration  Court  that  their  undertakings 
must  be  value!  subject  to  the  obligation  to  con- 
tribute to  the  sinking  fund.  Their  Lordships  di  - 
missed  the  api>eals  with  costs. 

In  the  CHse  of  the  application  on  behalf  of 
Edward  Hughes,  Lancaster-road,  Srroud-grcen, 
lately  Alexandra  Park-road,  Muswell  Hill,  builder, 
the  order  of  discharge  has  been  suspended  for  three 
years  ending  January  14,  1907. 

Mr.  Daniel  Watney,  pist-president  of  the  Sur- 
veyors' Institution,  the  umpire  appointed,  after 
sitting  for  two  days  at  Chester,  has  ordered  the 
North-Western  Ridway  Compmy  to  pay  the 
Colwyn  Biy  E?tate  Company  £13,870  for  lauds 
compulsorily  taken  at  Colwyn  Biy  for  railway 
widening  purposes.  This  sum  being  below  the 
amount  offered  by  the  railway  company  previous  to 
the  inquiry,  the  claimants  will  have  to  bear  their 
own  costs  iu  connection  with  the  arbitration. 

Plans  for  part  of  a  large  extension  in  contem- 
plation at  Singer's  sewing-machine  factory  at 
KUbowie  have  been  passed  by  the  Clyilebank 
Borough  Council.    The    woiki    are   estimated    to 

cost  £100,000. 

In  the  case  of  the  application  on  behalf  of  Mr. 
Ernest  Hancock,  of  Sheffield,  builder  and  contractor, 
the  discharge  has  been  suspended  for  two  years, 
ending  Jan.  14,  190G. 

Mr.  W.  T.  Lithgow,  partner  of  Russell  and  Co., 
shipbuilders,  of  Port  Glasgow,  has  offered  the  local 
authorities  of  Port  Glasgow  1' 10,000  to  assist  in 
carrying  out  the  improvement  schf^me  for  a  portiou 
of  the  ancient  burgh,  and  £  18,500  to  purchase 
ground.  When  this  is  cleared  Mr.  Lithgow  under- 
takes, upon  a  plan  being  agree  1  upon,  to  rebuild 
the  area,  rehousing  more  than  2,000  people  at  an 
additional  cost  of  £100,000. 

The  window  which  is  to  be  placed  in  the  west 
front  of  Exeter  Cathedral  as  the  county  memorial 
to  the  late  Archbishop  Temple  is  nearing  comple- 
tion, and  it  is  exp'ictei  that  a  day  in  Aprd  will  be 
fixed  for  the  unveiling. 


PAELIAMENTARY   NOTES. 

Railway  Costeacis  foe  India  — In  answer  to 
Sir.  T.  Dewar,  Mr.  Brodrick  said  on  Monday  : — The 
contract  entered  into  with  foreign  firms  by  the 
Secretary  of  State  in  Council  in  respect  of  material 
for  Indian  State  railways  during  last  five  years  are 
eight  in  number ;  their  total  value  is  £135,507  ;  and 
25  per  cent,  of  these  contracts  were  secured  by 
German  firms.  As  regards  contracts  made  by 
Indian  railway  companies,  I  am  unable  to  give  the 
information  asked  tor.  I  may  add  that  the  total 
orders  for  material  given  during  this  period  amounted 
to  £i, 200, 000.  The  percentage,  therefore,  of  orders 
given  to  foreign  firms  was  3^  of  the  whole. 


STATUES,    MEMORIALS,    &c. 

Delhi  Brioajjiee-Geneeal  Nicholson.  —  A 
movement  was  started  last  year  with  a  view  to  the 
erection  in  Dtilhi  of  a  statue  of  Brigadier -General 
John  Nicholson.  No  place  is  more  appropriate  for 
such  a  memorial  than  Delhi,  where  he  fell,  in  1857, 
when  leading  the  final  assault  on  the  city.  The 
appeal  met  with  ready  response,  and  a  sum  of 
£3,200  was  collected.  Mr.  Thomas  Brock,  R.A.,  is 
the  sculptor,  and  it  is  expected  that  the  subscribers 
and  others  interested  will  have  an  opportunity  of 
seeing  the  work  in  plaster  at  the  forthcoming 
exhibition  of  the  Royal  Academy. 


The  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales  will  visit 
Bradford  on  Wednesday,  May  4,  to  unveil  the 
statue  of  the  la*e  Queen  Victoria  which  has  been 
erected  by  public  subscription,  and  to  open  the 
Bradford  Exhibition  in  connection  with  the  Cart- 
wright  Memorial  Hall,  which  has  leen  given  to  the 
city  by  Lord  Masham  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of 
Cartwright,  the  inventor. 

The  new  hall  erected  to  the  memory  of  the  late 
Col.  Chas.  Briggs  at  Castletown  was  formally 
opened  ou  Saturday.  It  has  been  erected  in  con- 
nection with  St.  Margaret's  Church.  St.  Margaret's 
Hall  is  GOtt.  by  27ft.,  and  capable  of  accommo- 
dating 400  people.  The  building  is  Gothic  in  style, 
iu  harmony  with  the  church,  with  walls  of  white 
brii-ks  and  stone  dressings,  and  has  cost  £1,200. 

The  Government  of  India,  after  obtaining  the 
views  of  all  the  railway  administrations  and  con- 
trolling officers  in  regard  to  the  revision  of  the 
rules  lor  the  inspection  of  girder  bridges  and  of 
standard  dimensions,  have  just  issued  a  orrignida 
to  the  Goverment  of  Indian  rules  on  the  subject. 

An  inquiry  has  been  held  at  Heddon-on-the- 
Wall,  before  Mr.  E.  A.  Sindford  Fawcett, 
A.M.I.C.E.,  Lo^-al  Government  Board  inspector, 
with  reference  to  the  application  of  the  Castle 
Ward  Rural  District  Council,  for  sanction  to  borrow 
£2.000  for  the  purpose  of  sewerage  and  sewage  dis- 
posal for  the  township  of  Heddon-on-the-Wall. 

The  extension  of  the  Dublin,  Wicklow,  and 
Wexford  Radway  from  New  Ross  to  Waterford 
was  opened  for  goolj  and  stock  traffi;  on  Monday. 
The  connection  with  New  Ross  provides  an  alterna- 
tive route  from  the  South  of  Ireland  to  Dublin. 

The  Haywarls  Heath  Urban  District  Counci' 
accepted  on  Monday  as  a  gift  from  the  joint 
owners,  a  private  company,  the  public  hall.  The 
value  of  the  gift  exceeds  £2,000. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Southampton  School 
Board  the  works  committee  reported  having  con- 
sidered the  claim  of  Mr.  J.  H.  Blizir  I,  architect, 
Southampton,  in  reference  to  the  extra  set  of  plans 
for  iSitterne  Park  School,  and  recommended  that  the 
claim,  which  amounted  to  £564  lOi.,  be  not  enter- 
tained. A  discussion  followed,  in  which  several 
members  advocated  arbitration.  An  amendment, 
referring  the  matter  back,  and  allowing  the  original 
offer  of  250  guineas  to  stand,  was  put  to  the  vote, 
and  the  voting  was,  six  for,  six  agiinst,  and  six 
neutral.  Eventually  it  was  decided  to  invite  Mr. 
Bliz  irJ  to  submit  to  arbitration  all  questions  of  law 
and  fact. 

Tae  Primitive  M'jtholist  Church  and  Schoolroom 
at  Kingsley,  Cheshire,  were  reopened  ou  Wednesday 
in  last  wee'.c,  after  improvements  carried  out  by  Mr. 
William  Forster,  of  Northwich,  under  the  super- 
vision of  Mr.  Arthur  Priest,  architect. 

The  Bermondsey  Borough  Council  have  approved 
the  plans  of  two  blocks  of  tenement  dwellings  to  be 
erected  by  the  County  Council  in  Rotherhithe- 
street  and  Swan-lane. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  was  held  at 
Otley,  ou  Friday,  with  reference  to  the  urban  dis- 
trict council's  application  for  sanction  to  borrow 
£10,000  (iu  addition  to  the  £55,000  originally 
borrowed),  to  complete  the  new  waterworks.  The 
new  loan  is  required  because  the  contractor  has  been 
unable  to  find  a  bottom  for  the  foundation  of  the 
main  trench  at  Middleton,  near  Ilkley. 

The  Great  Northern  and  City  Riilway  Co.'s  new 
tube  and  shorter  route  between  Finsbury  Park  and 
Moorgate-street  was  opened  on  Sunday. 


Feb,  19,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


291 


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— •■♦♦ — 

CHELMSFORD  WATER  SUPPLY. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildino  News. 
S'K>— In  your  issue  of  February  1'2  it  is  stated 
that  the  Corporation  of  Chelmsford  have,  on  the 
recommendation  of  Mr.  P.  Griffith,  their  engineer, 
agreed  to  the  construction  of  a  covered  concrete 
reservoir  a9  Long  Stomps,  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
£■4,800,  and  a  lOin.  main  from  Mildmay-road 
Works  to  Long  .Stomps,  at  an  estimated  "cost  of 
£1,900.  I  should  like  to  point  out  that  the  whole 
of  the  scheme  has  been  prepared  and  designed  by 
the  undersigned.  — I  am,  Arc, 

CuTiiiimrr  JJjtowx,  Assoc.M.Inst.C.E., 
Borough  Surveyor  and  Waterworks  Engineer. 
Municipal  Offices,  Chelmsford, 
Februnry  I(j,  1901. 


5ntcit0mmiuttcati0n. 


REPLIES. 

ri20.'i!>.]— Damp  "Walls.  — Perhaps  the  application  of 
soluble  soda  waterglass  ;  or  linseed  oil  6  boiled  with  one- 
sixth  its  weight  of  litharge,  and  adding  wax  1.  Laid  on 
hot  on  warm  dry  day.  Try  Carbolioeum,  of  Peters, 
Bartsch  and  Co.,  Derby,  or  Carbotoon  <'o.,  Uueen-street, 
E.C.,  between  Queen  Victoria-street  and  Lower  Thames- 
street.— RsfjENT's  Park. 


A  receiv.n;  order  has  been  made  in  the  case  of 
Samuel  Knight,  Ujwus-ter.-ace,  llichmontl,  S.W., 
and  Temple  Chambsra,  Tudor-street,  E.G.,  Follow 
of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Arcliitects. 


LEQAL   INTELLIQENCE. 

Landlords'    v.    Tenants'    Liability  to   Bear 

PaVINQ    AJ'POETIONME.S'TS. — LUUBY    V.     Paupel. — 

In  the  Court  ol  Appeal  on  Feb.  9,  the  Master  of 
the  Rolls,  and  Lords  Justices  Romer  and  Mathew, 
gave  their  decision  in  this  appeal  by  the  plaintiff 
from  the  juiigment  of  the  Divisional  Court  (the  Lord 
Chief  Justice,  Mr.  Justice  Wills,  and  Mr.  Justice 
Channell).  The  action  was  brought  in  the  Kingston 
County-court  by  a  landlord  against  a  tenant  to 
recover  the  sum  of  £2.3  ISs.  lid.,  being  the 
apportioned  amount  of  the  expenses  incurred  under 
section  1.50  of  the  Public  Health  Act,  lS7o.  in  paving 
the  road  in  front  of  No.  16,  Broadway,  Wimbledoa. 
The  lease  contained  a  covenant  by  the  defendant 
to  "  pay  all  rates,  taxes,  and  assessments  what- 
soever which  now  are  or  during  the  said  term 
shall  be  imposed  or  assessed  upon  the  sai  i  premises 
or  on  the  landlord  or  tenant  in  respect  thereof 
by  authority  of  Pariiameut  or  otherwise,"  and 
also  to  "  pay  and  contribute  a  fair  proportion 
of  the  expenses  of  making,  preparing,  and 
securing  all  party  and  other  walls,  gutters,  sewers, 
and  drams  belonging  to  the  said  demised  premises  in 
common  with  the  adjacent  premises."  The  local 
authority,  having  done  the  paving  work  in  question, 
apportioned  the  expenses  thereof  upon  the  front- 
agers, and  the  plaintiff  paid  the  amount  appor- 
tioned in  respect  of  the  house  in  question,  and  sued 
to  recover  it  from  the  defendant  under  his  covenant. 
The  County-court  judge  gave  judgment  for  the 
plaintiff.  The  Divisional  Court  held  that  the  words 
of  the  covenant  were  not  wide  enough  to  impose 
the  liability  on  the  defendant,  and  they  entered 
judgment  for  him.  The  plaintiff  appealed.  Mr. 
VV.  O.  Hodges,  for  the  plaintiff,  contended  that 
the  words  in  the  covenant  *'  assessments  imposed  or 
assessed  upon  the  premises  or  on  the  landlord  or 
tenant  in  respect  thereof*'  wera  wide  enough  to 
cover  these  paving  expenses — *'  Payne  v.  Burridge," 
"  Thompson  v.  Lipworth."  He  also  referred  to 
"  Wilkmson  v.  Collyer,"  "  Lyon  v.  Greenhow," 
and  "  Foulger  v.  Arding."  Mr.  Danckwerta,  K.C., 
and  Mr.  J.  S.  Green,  for  the  defendant,  contended 
that  paving  expenses  were  not  *' assessments  *' 
within  the  meaning  of  the  covenant.  In  "  Payne  v. 
Burridge "  the  words  of  the  covenant  were  all 
"assessments  and  payments  whatsoever,"  which 
was  a  much  wider  covenant  than  the  one  in  the 
present  case.  In  "Thompson  v.  Lipworth"  the 
judges  relied  on  the  word  "duties."  There 
was  distinct  authority  in  favour  of  the  view 
that  paving  expenses  were  not  an  "  assess- 
ment," per  Mr.  Justice  Lindley  iu  "  Hartley  v. 
Hudson "  ;  Mr.  Justice  Manisty  and  Mr.  Justice 
Watkin  Wdliams  in  "  Wilkinson  v.  Collyer  "  ;  and 
Mr.  Justice  A.  L.  Smith  in  "Lyon  v.  Greenhow." 
It  was  only  from  the  owner  than  the  local  authority 
could  recover  the  expenses.  It  the  landlord  did  the 
work  in  the  first  instance  he  certainly  could  not 
recover  the  expense  from  his  tenant,  and  he 
could  not  by  making  default  acquire  the  right  to  be 
repaid  by  the  tenant.  An  assessment  was  something 
which  created  a  liability  and  fixed  the  amount. 
Here  the  apportionment  did  not  create  the  liability ; 
the  liability  was  created  when  the  local  authority, 
after  having  given  notice,  determined  to  do  the 
work  on  the  owner's  default.  The  case  of  "  Foulger 
V.  Arding"  was  decided  on  the  word  'impositions." 
They  referred  also  on  this  point  to  "  Allum  v. 
Dickinson  "  and  "  Bayliss  v.  Jiggens."  They  further 
contended  that  as,  though  the  apportionment  might 
have  been  made  after  the  lease,  the  charge  itself 
wap  created  before  the  lease,  the  covenant  did  not 
cover  the  present  case,  and  on  this  point  they  cited 
"  Stock  V.  Meakin"  and  "Surtees  v.  Woodhouse." 
The  Court  dismissed  the  appeal.  The  Master  of  the 
Rolls  said  that  in  his  opinion  the  appeal  failed.  He 
did  not  decide  the  case  on  the  main  point  wliich  had 
been  argued,  but  on  the  second  point,  which  was  a 
short  one,  and  on  which  there  was  conclusive  au- 
thority. It  was  decided  in  "Surteesand  Woodhouse" 
that,  where  by  a  covenant  in  a  lease  the  lessee  cove- 
nanted that  he  would  during  the  term  pay  and  bear 
all  present  and  future  rates,  taxes,  duties,  assess- 
ments, and  outgoings  charged  upon  the  demised 
premises,  or  the  owner  or  occupier  in  respect  thereof, 
the  covenant  did  not  apply  to  expenses  of  private 
street  uorks  which,  under  the  Private  Street  Works 
Act,  I.S92,  had  become  a  charge  upon  the  premises 
on  the  cornplo'ion  of  the  works  before  the  tiate  of 
the  commencement  of  the  term  granted  by  the 
lease,  though  not  piyable  till  after  that  date.  In 
the  present  case  paving  expenses  were  itic«irred  in 
respect  of  the  premises  before  the  date  of  the  lease 


to  the  defendant.  Though  the  amount  chargeable 
had  not  been  assessed  at  the  date  of  the  lease  the 
charge  had,  on  the  authority  of  the  case  which  he 
had  referred  to,  become  a  charge  on  the  premises. 
The  tenant  had  been  the  holder  of  an  earliei  lease, 
which  he  surrendered.  He  received  a  complete 
release,  and  then  took  the  lease  in  question.  This 
lease  contained  a  covenant  which  was  substantially 
identical  with  the  covenant  in  "  Surtees  v.  Wood- 
house."  By  it  the  tenant  covenanted  that  he  would 
"  pay  all  rates,  taxes,  and  assessments  whatsoever 
which  now  are  or  during  the  said  term  shall  be  im- 
posed or  assessed  upon  the  said  premises,  or  on  the 
landlord  or  tenant  in  respect  thereof,  by  authority 
of  Parliament  or  otherwise."  It  was  held  in 
"Surtees  v.  Woodhouse"  that  the  expenses  had 
ripened  into  a  charge  l>efore  the  date  of  the  lease, 
and  that  that  afforded  a  complete  answer  to  a  claim 
under  the  covenant.  In  his  opinion  the  reasoning 
of  that  decision  was  equally  applicable  whether  the 
word  used  was  "outgoings"  or  "assessments." 
The  Lords  Justices  concurred. 

The  Liabilitie.s  of  Steeet  AuTnoEiTiE.s. — 
Shoheditch  BoHOuiiH  Council  v.  William  T. 
Bull.— In  the  House  of  Lords  on  Tuesday,  the 
Lord  Chancellor  and  Lords  Macnagbten,  Shand, 
and  Lindley  dismissed  this  appeal  from  the  Court  of 
Appeal  which  had  raised  an  interesting  question 
with  regard  to  the  duties  of  street  authorities  as 
to  condition  of  roadways.  The  appellants  were 
engaged  in  laying  down  a  sewer  iu  Buttesland- 
street,  Shoreditch.  The  trench  had  been  filled  in, 
and  the  road  opened  for  traffic.  A  carter,  not  in 
the  employ  of  the  appellants,  brought  some  earth 
to  fill  up  the  excavation,  and  was  told  by  the 
foreman  that  it  was  not  wanted  at  a  particular 
place,  and  he,  therefore,  uncarted  it  in  a  heap  on 
the  side  of  the  pavement.  On  April  4,  1900,  the 
respondent.  Bull,  a  clerk,  was  being  driven  in  a 
hansom  cab  through  the  street,  when  the  vehicle, 
coming  in  collision  with  the  heap,  which  was  un- 
lighted,  was  overturned,  and  both  the  respondent 
and  driver  were  injured.  Then  the  respondent 
brought  an  action  for  damages.  It  was  tried  before 
Mr.  Justice  Darling  and  a  common  jury,  and  he 
held  that  there  was  no  evidence  of  misfeasance, 
and  entered  judgment  for  the  appellants.  The 
Appeal  Court,  however,  ordered  a  new  trial,  which 
took  place  before  Mr.  Justice  PhUlimore  and  a 
common  jury.  LTpon  the  findings  of  the  j ury,  the 
learned  Judge  entered  judgment  for  the  appellants; 
but  the  Court  of  Appeal  reversed  this,  giving 
judgment  for  the  respondent.  Now  the  borough 
authorities  appealed  to  the  House  of  Lords,  con- 
tending that  they  were  guilty  of  no  negligence,  that 
they  were  not  liable  for  mere  nonfeasance,  and  that 
no  act  of  misfeasance  on  their  part  was  proved.  The 
Lord  Chancellor,  in  giving  his  judgment,  said  he 
should  regret  if  the  facts  were  such  as  to  make  it 
necessary  to  send  down  the  case  for  a  third  trial, 
the  damages  being  only  £oO,  and  a  large  amount 
having  been  expended  in  litigation;  but,  happily^ 
there  was  no  ground  for  that  course.  The  appel- 
lants relied  on  the  case  of  "  Cowley  v.  Newmarket 
Local  Board,"  where  nonfeasance  and  misfeasance 
might,  perhaps,  have  been  carried  too  far.  In  the 
present  case  enough  was  proved  to  show  that  there 
was  an  alteration  in  the  normal  condition  of  the 
road.  If  that  was  so,  and  any  wrong  was  done 
negligently,  the  appellants  were  not  protected  by 
any  previous  decisions.  The  persons  who  disturbed 
the  street  in  the  first  instance  were  responsible  for 
its  maintenance,  and  it  was  impossible  to  separate 
one  part  of  the  work  from  another  part.  He  there- 
fore thought  the  appeal  should  be  dismissed. 
The  other  Lords  concurred.  Appeal  dismissed 
accordingly. 


The  General  Purposes  Committee  of  the  Town 
Council  of  Faversham  have  appointed  Mr.  S.  P. 
Andrews,  of  Faversham,  borough  surveyor  at  a 
salary  of  £200,  rising  by  £10  annually  to  £250; 
and  Mr.  C.  H.  Keif,  Faversham,  inspector  of 
nuisances  at  a  salary  of  £110,  rising  £"i  annually 
up  to  £1.)0. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  trustees  of  ^the 
Manchester  Royal  Infirmary  on  Friday,  Mr.  Neville 
Clegg,  the  chairman,  made  a  statement  as  to  the 
progress  of  the  preparations  for  the  rebuilding^ of 
the  infirmary  on  the  Stanley  drove  site.  The 
assessor's  report  upon  the  plans  wliich  have  been 
submitted  is  expected  to  lie  received  very  shortly. 
A  discussion  took  place  on  the  propo<al  to  build  a 
receiving  house  for  accident  cases  and  out-patients 
iu  the  centre  of  the  city.  The  board  of  directors,  it 
was  stated,  have  not  yet  come  to  a  decision  in  this 
matter.  ■* 

Mr.  North,  an  inspactor  of  the  Local  G  ivernment 
Board,  belli  an  inquiry  at  Carnarvon,  on  Friday, 
into  the  application  by  the  town  council  for  sanction 
to  borrow  £2,.')00  for  street  improvements,  and  a 
similar  sum  for  baths  on  the  .\ber  foreshore. 

The  Castloblayney  Rural  District  Council  have 
resolved  to  apply  to  the  Local  Government  Board 
for  sinction  to  a  loan  of  £1.700  for  carrying  out 
water  and  sewerage  schemes  for  Ballybay. 


292 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Eeb.  19,  1904. 


Out  <Bmt  €uW. 


Mr.  W.  H.  White's  paper  at  the  Architectural 
Association  to-night  on  "  Corner  Houses  "  will 
be  illustrated  by  a  large  series  of  lantern  slides 
comprising  designs  by  many  leading  architects, 
and  the  pictures  will  include  views  of  the  houses 
of  the  late  William  Burges,  A.K.A.,  Mr.  Yal 
Prinsep's  house,  by  Sir.  Philip  Webb,  Mr. 
Norman  Shaw's  houses  in  Queen's  Gate  and 
Exhibition-road,  work  by  Mr.  Wade  and  by  Mr. 
W.  Flockhart  at  Bayswater,  Mr.  Maurice  B. 
Adam's  house,  others  by  Messrs.  Ernest  George 
and  Yeates,  Geo.  Edmund  Street's  house  at 
Chelsea,  and  a  great  variety  of  different  treat- 
ments, including  a  specimen  or  two  from  America. 

At  the  Business  Meeting  of  the  Koyal  Institute 
of  British  Architects,  to  be  held  on  Monday  week, 
the  igth  of  February,  the  Council  will  lay  the  fol- 
lowing resolution  before  the  general  body  : — 
"That  after  the  31st  December,  1006,  every 
candidate  for  the  Fellowship  shaU  be  required  to 
have  passed  thj  examination  or  examinations 
qualifying  him  as  an  .Associate;  but  that,  in 
exceptional  circumstances,  the  Council  shall  have 
power  to  dispense  with  such  examinationn  or  ex- 
aminations. Further,  that  during  the  intervening 
period  the  doors  lo  the  Fellowship  shall  be  opened 
wider  than  at  present,  so  that  no  reputable  prac- 
tising architect  desiring  to  join  the  Institute 
should  be  barred  from  doing  so. ' ' 

Dk.  a.  S.  MuiiKAY,  keeper  of  Greek  and 
Roman  antiquities  in  the  British  JIuseum, 
addressed  the  students  of  the  Royal  Academy 
on  Monday  on  the  subject  of  "Sarcophagi," 
and  took  as  his  examples  specimens  executed 
under  Greek  influence  at  various  periods.  The 
earliest  of  which  Mr.  Murray  spoke  dates  from 
about  600  B.C.,  and  is  of  terracotta,  with  pictures 
painted  on  the  inside  as  it  meant  for  the  deceased 
alone.  The  lecturer  also  described  a  marble 
sarcophagus  from  Cyprus,  with  reliefs  depicting 
hunting  scenes  and  Perseus  carrying  off  the 
Gorgon's  head  in  his  wallet.  This  sarcophagus 
must,  he  thought,  have  been  imported  from  .\sia 
Minor,  for  it  showed  too  much  skUl  ts  have  been 
executed  in  Cyprus.  Some  of  the  casts  made  by 
Sir  Charles  Fellows  many  years  ago,  aad  now  in 
the  Lycian  Room  at  the  British  Museum,  were 
compared  with  the  Cyprus  example.  The  knuckle- 
bone players  in  the  Lycian  panel  were  intended 
by  the  artist  to  indicate  misfortune.  All  the 
figures  were  originally  coloured,  but  the  colours 
had  long  since  faded.  Dr.  Murray  showed  photo- 
graphs of  some  stehv  at  the  British  Slustum  with 
representations  of  a  procession  of  mourners,  and 
then  of  another  example  at  the  British 
Museum,  the  Harpy  tomb,  so  called  because  of 
the  harpies  who  are  seen  carrying  oif  in 
their  arms  tiny  figures  typical  of  human  souls. 
The  doorway  of  the  Harpy  tomb  is  sur- 
mounted by  figures  of  a  cow  g'iving  suck  to  her 
eaU,  figures  that  are  possibly  meant  as  sug- 
gestive of  a  new  life.  Finer  in  sentiment,  the 
workmanship  of  the  Harpy  tomb  is  inferior  to 
that  of  the  processional  ste'he.  Another  example 
illustrated  was  the  marble  sarcophagus  at  Con- 
stantinople, adorned  with  centaurs  and  allegorical 
sphinxes  typifying  the  mystery  of  death.  In 
conclusion,  the  lecturer  showed  photogriphs  of 
the  fine  sarcophagus  named  after  Alexander  the 
Grea.t,  although  it  was  not  used  as  the  depository 
of  his  remains.  On  the  front  panel  is  a  battle 
scene  in  high  relief,  with  Alexander  himself 
taking  part  in  the  combat,  and  on  the  back  a 
hunting  scene. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  council  of  Liverpool 
Tniversity  on  Tuesday,  Mr.  Charles  Herbert 
ReiUy,  M.A.,  A.K.I.B.A.,  of  London,  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Roscoe  Chair  of  .\rchitecture, 
vacant  throiigh  Professor  F.  M.  Simpson's  re- 
signation, on  his  acceptance  of  a  similar  chair 
at  University  College,  London.  Mr.  Reilly  was 
a  scholar  of  Queens'  College.  Cambridge,  and  in 
1896  was  placed  in  the  first  class  of  the  Mechani- 
cal Sciences  Tripos.  After  leaving  Cambrid^-e  he 
received  practical  training  under  his  father,°and 
in  the  office  of  Mr.  John  Belcher,  A.K.A.  Since 
then  he  has  been  in  practice  for  three  years  in 
\'ictoria-street,  S.W.  In  the  competition  for 
Liverpool  Cathedral  the  assessors  accorded  his 
design  honourable  mention.  Mr.  Reilly  has 
lectured  for  the  past  three  years  at  Kine's 
College,  London.  ^ 

Mr.  Hesrv  Hokhouse,  M.P.,  has  undertaken 
to  reintroduce    this    session  the  Highways  Bill 


prepared  by  the  County  Councils  Association. 
The  measure,  which  is  expected  to  prove  of  con- 
siderable use  in  county  administration,  has,  in 
effect,  been  approved  by  the  recent  report  of  the 
Local  Government  Board  Departmental  Com- 
mittee on  Highways,  and  a  few  alterations  are 
now  being  introduced,  in  accordance  with  the 
suggestions  made  by  the  committee,  so  that,  in  its 
new  form,  the  Bill  may  entirely  reflect  the  oSicial 
view.  The  threefold  object  of  the  Bill  is  to  give 
greater  freedom  to  rural  district  councils  in 
arrangements  for  the  maintenance  of  the  roads 
transferred  to  them  by  virtue  of  the  Local 
Government  Act  of  1894,  to  remove  the  legal 
difliculty  that  prevents  the  Councils  of  smaU  urban 
districts  which  gave  notice  to  retain  the  powers 
and  duties  of  maintaining  their  main  roads  under 
the  Local  Government  Act  of  1SS8,  from 
arranging  with  the  County  Council  to  maintain 
those  roads  ;  and,  finally,  to  enlarge  the  powers 
of  county  councils  in  widening  and  regulating 
the  line  of  buildings  on,  and  the  boundaries  of, 
main  roads  repairable  by  them. 

The  Royal  Commission  on  London  Traffic  have 
nominated  Sir  John  Wolfe  Barry,  one  of  the 
Royal  Commissioners,  Sir  Benjamin  Baker,  and 
Mr.  W.  Barclay  Parsons,  consulting  engineer  to 
the  Board  of  Rapid  Transit  Railroad  Commis- 
sioners of  New  York,  to  advise  the  Commission  on 
certain  important  technicil  questions  connected 
with  locomotion  and  transport  in  London.  The 
Commissioners  have  taken  a  mass  of  evidence 
upon  proposals  which  it  is  suggested  would  alle- 
viate existing  conditions  of  traffic  and  afford 
further  facilities,  and  the  advisers  to  the  Commis- 
sion will  report  upon  the  engineering  and  other 
technical  considerations  involved  in  these  pro- 
posals. It  will  not  be  the  duty  of  the  technical 
advisers  to  the  Commission  to  make  any  report 
upon  specific  schemes  which  have  formed  the 
subject  of  applications  to  Parliament. 

The  Building  Act  Committee  of  the  London 
County  Council  have  just  issued  a  report  as  to 
the  progress  made  in  the  work  devolving  upon 
the  Council  under  the  Factory  and  Workshops 
Acts  in  reference  to  the  provision  of  adequate 
means  of  escape  from  factories  and  workshops  in 
London  where  more  than  40  persons  are  employed. 
At  the  end  of  last  year  there  were  1,090  cases 
remaining  to  be  dealt  with,  and  as  a  result  of  the 
preliminary  examination  of  these  cases  it  was 
discovered  that  there  were  264  dangerous  cases, 
129  requiring  early  attention,  107  not  imme- 
diately urgent,  and  590  cases  with  which  the 
Council  could  not  deal  owing  to  not  more  than 
40  persons  being  employed.  In  the  period 
between  the  coming  into  operation  of  the  Factory 
and  Workshops  Act,  1891,  and  March  31,  1001, 
1,818  factory  cases  were  notified  to  the  Council, 
and  by  the  latter  date  798  of  them  had  been  or 
were  being  dealt  with.  In  the  i)eriod  since 
March,  1901  (less  than  three  years),  inquirj-  had 
been  made  into  2,282  cases,  and,  disregarding  the 
590  cases  which  did  not  come  within  the  scope  of 
the  Act,  there  remained  about  500  cases  with 
which  the  Council  had  to  deal,  and  in  which  it 
had  not  yet  formulated  its  requirements.  The 
number  of  cases  in  which  the  Co'uncil's  require- 
ments had  been  actually  completed  during  the 
past  nine  months  was  82  (45  new  and  37  old), 
and  the  number  taken  in  hand  was  128  (50  new 
and  78  old).  This  gave  210  cases  (excluding 
those  which  were  found  not  to  come  within  the 
Council's  jurisdiction)  dealt  with  in  nine  months, 
being  at  the  rate  of  280  a  year  ;  whereas  during 
the  ten  years  ended  March  31,  1901,  the  average 
number  of  cases  dealt  with  each  year  was 
about  80. 

Mil.  William  Mitchell,  who  presented  to  the 
trustees  of  the  British  Museum  in  1895  a  valuable 
collection  of  German  and  other  early  woodcuts, 
has  made  a  further  munificent  gift  to  the  print-room 
consisting  of  about  150  volumes  illustrated  with 
woodcuts  of  the  German  school.  Fifty  per  cent, 
of  these  are  books  of  great  importance  in  the 
history  of  illustration,  while  nearly  all  of  them 
are  new  to  the  department  of  prints  and  draw- 
ings. The  new  acquisition  has,  indeed,  doubled 
the  print-room  collection,  both  in  quantity  and 
in  quality.  The  special  features  of  Mr.  Mitchell's 
gifts  are  the  works  by  Diirer  and  Holbein.  The 
books  by  the  latter  artist  amount  to  40  volumes. 
Such  a  series,  added  to  the  large  number  of 
separate  woodcuts  already  in  the  Museum,  raises 
the  Holbein  collection  in  London  to  the  first  rank, 
though  Basle  possesses  some  rarities  not  to  be 
matched  elsewhere.  There  are  also  many  illus- 
trations by   the    16th-century    Augsburg   artist 


"  H.  W." — hitherto  known  as  the  JIaster  oPthe 
Trostspiegel  or  the  Pseudo-Burgkmair,  but  who 
has  recently  been  identified  by  Dr.  Kottinger  with 
Hans  Weiditz,  a  member  of  a  Strasburg  family. 

A  CONTROVERSY  has  been  raised  by  the  pro- 
jected repair  of  the  tower  of  the  church  at 
Waltham  Abbey.  The  scheme,  which  has  been 
adopted  by  the  restoration  committee,  provides 
for  the  decoration  of  the  tower  with  battlements 
and  pinnacles,  but  in  certain  quarters  there  is  a 
feeling  that  there  should  be  no  alteration  in  the 
outline  of  the  tower.  Sir  T.  Fowell  Buxton  has 
expressed  himself  in  favour  of  retaining  the 
present  style,  and  the  vicar  of  Waltham  Abbey 
(the  Rev.  F.  B.  Johnston)  has  also  stated  his 
opposition  to  the  proposed  pinnacles.  The  Society 
for  the  Preservation  of  Ancient  Jlonuments, 
having  sent  one  of  its  professional  members  to 
examine  the  tower,  h'JS  now  made  an  appeal  to 
parishioners  of  Waltham  Abbey  not  to  carry  out 
the  adopted  scheme,  "  which  would,  to  such  a 
large  extent,  destroy  old  and  highly  interesting 
work,  and  would  so  materially  alter  the  exterior 
of  a  building  which  is  admittedly  one  of  the 
finest  examples  of  Norman  architecture  to  be 
found  in  the  British  Isles."  The  opinion  of  the 
majority  of  the  committee  is,  however,  favourable 
to  the  approve!  plan  ;  but  it  has  been  decided  that 
the  architect  shall  submit  an  alternative  scheme, 
without  pinnacles,  and  that  this,  together  with  the 
adopted  scheme,  shall  be  presented  to  a  meeting 
of  subscribers  with  a  vi-w  to  ascertain  their 
opinions  on  the  subject.  Up  to  the  present  over 
£1,550  has  been  subscribed  or  promised  for 
carrying  out  the  work. 

Mil.  H.  R.  ALmiinciE,  the  secretary  of  the 
National  Housing  Reform  Association,  has  com- 
piled statistics  from  the  census  returns  as  to 
the  condition  of  Devon  and  Cornwall,  which 
prove  that  in  the  three  towns  the  proportion  of 
the  population  inhabiting  one-room,  two-room, 
and  three-room  tenements  is  unusually  and  un- 
desirably large.  In  Plymouth  there  are  4,33& 
one-roomed  homes.  Of  these  1,524  are  occupied 
by  one  person  each,  and  1,486  by  two  persons 
e:ich.  Reckoning  that  overcrowding  begins  with 
three  persons  in  one  room,  the  statistics  show 
that  4,830  persons  live  in  overcrowded  conditions 
in  one-room  dwellings  in  Pljinouth.  There  are 
6,526  two-roomed  homes.  Taking  the  presence 
of  five  persons  to  two  rooms  as  constituting  over- 
crowding, the  figures  show  that  there  are  9,39)S 
persons  living  in  overcrowded  conditions  in  two 
rooms  in  this  town.  Mr.  .\ldridge  calculates 
that  the  total  number  of  overcrowded  persons  in 
in  one,  two,  three,  and  four-roomed  houses  in 
Plymouth  is  21,735.  That  is  almost  one-fifth 
of  the  entire  population.  In  Devonport  the  over- 
crowded number  12,243  ;  in  Stonehouse,  3,881  ; 
in  Exeter,  2,279. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Works  Committee  of 
the  London  School  Board  states  that  during  the 
past  year  the  Board  agreed  to  purchase  various  in- 
terests in  fifty  sites,  at  a  cost  of  £144,028  19s.  4d. ; 
the  surveyors'  fees,  agreed  to  at  the  time  of  pur- 
chase, amounting  to  £1,256  15s.  6d.  The  value 
of  all  the  sites  purchased,  or  agreed  to  be  pur- 
chased, previous  to  March  25,  1902,  was 
£3,770,416  2s.  8d.,  and  the  costs  £530,464  4s.  4d. 
The  total  cost,  therefore,  of  the  sites  purchased 
up  to  the  end  of  the  year  under  review  was 
£3,914,445  2s.,  and  the 'costs  £531,720  19s.  lOd. 
The  average  cost  of  the  sites  for  454  schools,  the 
accounts  for  which  had  been  completed  at  Lady 
Day,  1903,  was  £7  5s.  6d.  per  child.  The  total 
number  of  permanent  schools  which  had  been 
erected  and  opened  to  Lady  Day,  1902,  exclusive 
of  transferred  schools,  was  455,  During  the  past 
year  four  additional  schools  and  ten  enlargements 
of  schools  were  opened,  providing  a  total  accom- 
modation for  5,465  children.  The  average  cost 
per  head  of  the  buildings  and  furniture  of  the  454 
schools  was  : — School  buildings  (exclusiveof  sites), 
£15  18s.  9d.  (including  the  cost  of  all  centres)  ; 
furniture  and  fittings,  lis.  3d.  Tenders  were 
accepted  during  the  past  year  for  erecting  1 1  new 
schools,  providing  accommodation  for  9,934,  and 
eight  enlargements,  providing  1,988  new  places. 
The  work  in  hand  at  Lady  Day,  1903,  included  IS 
new  schools,  providing  accommodation  for  16,474 
children ;  seven  enlargements  (2,246  children) ; 
35  additional  sites  for  new  schools  were  being- 
purchased,  the  schools  to  be  erected  on  27  of 
which  would  provide  places  for  23,030  children  ; 
16  sites  had  been  scheduled  in  the  Session  1902- 
03,  and  26  enl.argements  had  been  sanctioned, 
providing  places  for  7,456  children.  The  Board 
had  entered  into  an  agreement  with  the  council 


Feb.  19,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


2-^3 


of  the  Passmore  Edwards  settlemont  with  refur- 
enco  to  the  erection  by  them  of  a  building;  at 
Tavistock-place  for  the  joint  use  of  the  settlement 
and  the  Doard,  the  upper  part  of  the  building 
being  used  exclusively  for  the  purposes  of  the 
settlement  and  the  lower  part  by  the  Board  for 
the  accommodation  of  physically  defective  children. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Friday  (To-dayj. — Architectural  Asaociation.  "Corner 
Houses,"byW.  Henry  White,  F.R.I. B.  A. 
7.30  p  m. 

.S.^Ttmn.VY  (To-morrow)- — Architectural  Association. 
Visit  to  Holy  Trinity  Church,  Prince 
Consort-road,  Kensington  Gore  (G.  F. 
Bodley,  R.A.,  architect),  Meetat  Church 
2.30  p.m. 

MosD.^Y.— Clerks  of  Works  Asssociation.  Annual  Dinner 
in  the  King's  Hall,  Holbom  Restaurant. 
6.30  pm. 

Society  of  Arts.  "Modern  Book 
Printing."  Cantor  Lecture  No.  1,  by 
Charles  T.  Jacobi.    8  p.m. 

Glasgow  Royal  Philosophical  Society. 
Lecture  by  Robert  Scott,  F.S.I.    8  p.m. 

Surveyors'  Institution.  "  British 
Timber 'and  its  Uses,"  by  H.  J.  Elwes, 
F.R.S.    8  p.m. 

T  UESDAY.-  Society  of  Designers.  "Histoiyand  Authen- 
ticity of  the  Commonly  Received  Likeness 
of  Christ,"  by  Sir  T.  Wyke  Baylis.s, 
F.8.A.    8  pm. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  "  The 
Construction  of  Railway  -  Waggons  in 
Steel,"  by  James  Dennis  Twinberrow. 
A.M.I.C.E. ;  "The  Construction  of  Iron 
and  Steel  Railway- Waggons,"'  by  Arthur 
Lewis  Shackleford,  A.JI.I.C.E.  ;  "Iron 
and  Steel  Railway-Waggons  of  High 
Capacity,"  by  James  Thomas  Jepson. 
B  p.m. 

Wedsesdav.— Society  of  Arts.  "  Mahogany  and  Other 
Fancy  Woods  Available  for  Constructive 
and  Decorative  Purposes,"  by  Frank 
Tjffdny.    8  p.m. 

Northern  Architectural  Association. 
"  Architectur-il  Details  in  Charcoal,"  by 
Ralph  Hedley,  R  I.B.A.     7.30  p.m. 

Thursday.  —  Carpenters'  Hall  Free  Lectures.  "  The 
Forestry  Problem  in  the  United  King- 
dom," by  Prof.  W.  Schlioh,  CLE.  8p  m. 

FaioAY. — Royal  Institution.  "New  Developments  in 
Electric  Railways,"  by  Alexander 
Siemens.    9  pm. 

Glasgow  Architectural  Craftsmen's 
Society.  "  Floor  Paving— Wood,  Grano- 
lithic, and  Asphalte,"  by  Cjlin  Sinclair. 
8  p.m. 

ShelEeld  Society  of  Architects  and  Sur- 
veyors. "Architectural  Books  in  the 
Sheffield  Library,"  by  S-  Smith. 


CHIPS. 

The  Edinburgh  Town  Council,  after  a  discussion 
of  over  five  hours,  gave  on  Tuesday  general  ap- 
proval to  the  amended  plan  for  the  Usher  Memorial, 
City  Hall,  prepared  by  M.r.  Morham,  the  city  archi- 
tect, and  his  deputy,  Mr.  Wilhamson,  and  directed 
these  gentlemen  to  proceed  with  the  work  at  a  total 
estimated  cost,  including  site,  of  .£145,000.  That 
approval  was  granted  only  by  the  casting  vote  of 
the  Lord  Provost  against  a  proposal  for  delay  till 
next  council  meeting,  in  order  that  the  cost  of  the 
building  itself  might  be  reduced  to  £70,000. 

Mr.  Henry  Lockwood,  general  inspector  of  the 
Local  Government  Board,  opened  on  Saturday  the 
St.  Margaret's  Home,  a  receiving  home  for  children, 
which  the  St.  Pancras  Board  of  Guardians  have 
erected  at  25,  Leighton-road,  Kentish  Town.  The 
building  has  cost  £13,500,  and  provides  accommoda- 
tion for  60  children  and  the  stafi.  It  is  a  plain 
structure,  with  kitchen,  scullery,  dayrooms,  adminis- 
trative block,  and  playground. 

The  memorial-stone  of  a  new  church  for  the 
United  Free  Church  congregation  at  Cockenzie,  to 
cost  about  £3,000,  was  laid  on  Saturday  afternoon. 

A  large  church  clock  with  four  illuminated 
dials  and  chiming  the  Cambridge  quarters  was 
formally  started  on  Saturday  afternoon  at  Bron- 
field,  near  Sheffield.  The  clock  is  generally  to 
the  designs  of  Lord  Grimthorpe,  and  was  made  by 
.lohn  Smith  and  Sous,  Midland  Clock  Works,  Derby. 

The  short-distance  electrical  trains  of  the  North- 
Eastern  Railway  Company  began  their  regular 
running  on  Tuesday  between  Newcastle-on-Tyne 
and  Tyiiemouth,  a  distance  of  eight  miles. 

The  Prince  of  Wales  gave  a  sitting  on  Tuesday  to 
Mr.  G.  E.  Wade,  the  sculptor,  for  a  statue  which  is 
to  be  erected  at  Hong  Kong. 

An  adjudication  has  been  made  in  the  case  of 
.Silas  Parmeutor,  of  Braintree  and  Brentwood, 
builder  and  contractor. 

There  was  a  good  increase  in  the  volume  of  busi- 
ness at  the  Tokenhouse-yarJ  Mart  last  week.  The 
total  amount  of  the  sales  for  the  week  was  £70,;!0.'>, 
as  compared  with  .£S2,4l)3  in  the  corresponding  week 
last  year. 

We  regret  to  hear  of  the  death  of  Mrs.  Scott,  the 
wife  of  Mr.  Anthony  Scott,  M.S.A.,  of  Lower 
.Sackville-street,  Dublin,  and  the  mother  of  Mr. 
W.  A.  Scott,  A.R.I.B.A.,  M.S.A.,  also  of  Dublin. 


€xu^t  ©ete 


WAGES    MOVEMENTS. 

The  Labour  Market.— The  monthly  memo- 
randum for  January  of  the  Labour  Department  of 
the  Board  of  Trade  is  based  on  4,000  returns— viz., 
■2,(134  from  employers  or  their  associations,  1,279 
from  trade  unions,  and  87  from  other  sources.  It 
states  that,  on  the  whole,  employment  in  January 
continued  to  show  some  decline,  but  there  was  a 
slight  improvement  in  certain  trades.  As  compared 
with  January,  1903,  employment  is  also  not  so  good. 
The  percentage  of  unemployed  trade  union  members 
13  nearly  two  above  the  mean  percentage  for 
January  in  the  past  ten  years.  In  the  229  trade 
unions,  with  an  aggregate  membership  of  5(31,226, 
making  returns,  30,767  (or  0-G  per  cent.)  were  re- 
ported as  unemployed  at  the  end  of  January,  as 
compared  with  6"7  per  cent,  in  December,  and  with 
5*1  per  cent,  in  the  22^)  trade  unions,  with  a 
membership  of  547>G71,  from  which  returns  were 
received  for  January,  1903.  The  mean  percentage 
of  unemployed  returned  at  the  end  of  January  during 
the  ten  years  1S94- 1903  was  4  7.  In  January,  189 1, 
1895,  and  1898,  the  percentages  of  unemployed  were 
more  than  in  January  of  this  year — viz.,  10'7,  ll"4, 
and  7 '7  respectively  ;  but  in  the  remaining  seven 
years  of  the  above  period  the  percentages  were 
lower. 

EiUTLOYJrENT  IN  1903. — The  Lahour  Gazette  %i?LiQ& 
that  employment  during  1903  showed  a  falling-off 
compared  with  the  three  years  immediately  pre- 
ceding, and  was  not  up  to  the  level  of  an  **  average 
year."  The  mean  percentage  of  unemployed  re- 
turned by  trade  unions  during  1903  was  5-1, 
compared  with  4*4  in  1902,  3'8  in  1901,  2-9  in  1900 
Ca  year  of  exceptionally  active  employment),  and 
2'4  in  1899.  The  average  percentage  for  the  ten 
years  1894  to  190;i  was  4-1.  The  falliug-off  in  1903, 
as  compared  with  1902,  was  most  marked  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  year.  There  has  been  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  decline  in  demand  for  labour  in  the 
building  trades  which  has  been  going  on  since  1900. 

Wages  Arbitration  in  CirirBERLAND.— The  claim 
of  the  Cumberland  Quarryowuers'  Association  for  a 
reduction  equal  to  10  per  cent,  in  the  wages  of  lime- 
stone quarrymen  was  referred  to  the  Conciliation 
Board  for  settlement,  and  Mr.  Gordon  Falcon,  of 
Workington  (the  independent  chairman),  has  made 
his  award  as  follows  : — Breakers  and  fillers,  ^d.  per 
ton  reduction ;  borers,  :}d.  per  foot;  quarrymen  and 
labourers,  3d.  per  day.  The  reduction  is  equal  to 
5  per  cent.  The  Limestone  Quarrymen's  Associa- 
tion has  decided  to  distribute  £100  amongst  the 
members  who  are  out  of  work. 


LATEST    PRICES. 

— ►-♦-. — 

IRON,    &c. 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

RoUed-Iron  Joists,  Belgian £5  10  0    to  £5  15  0 

RoUed-SteelJoists,  English   6  10  0    „       8  12  6 

Wrought^Iron  Girder  Plates  7    0  0,,  750 

Bar  Iron,  good  Staffs 6    6  0,,       8  10  0 

Do.,  Lowmoor,  Flat,  Round,  or 

Square    20    0  0    „  20    0  0 

Do.,  Welsh  5  15  0    „       6  17  6 

Boiler  Plates,  Iron — 

SouthStaffs 8  15  0    „  8  15  0 

BestSnedshiU 9  10  0  9  10  0 

Angles  10s.,  Tees  203.  per  ton  extra. 

Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  for  bonding,  &c.,  £7  79.  6d. 
Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  galvanised,  £12  to  £13  per  ton. 

Galvanised  Corrugated  Sheet  Iron^ 

No.  18 to  20.  No.22to2<. 

6ft.     to     8ft.    long,    inclusive     Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

gauge £1115    0     ...£12    0    0 

Best  ditto 12    5    0     ...  12  10    0 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Cast-iron  Columns £6  10    0    to  £8  10    0 

Cast-iron  Stanchions 6  10    0    „  8  10    0 

RoUed-Iron  Fencing  Wire  8    0    0,,  850 

Rolled-Steel  Fencing  Wire 6    5    C    „  6  10    0 

„          „           „        Galvanised.      7  15    0    „  8    0    0 

Caft^Iron  Sash  Weights  4  12    6    „  4  12    6 

Cut  Clasp  Nails,  3in.  to  6in 9    6    0,,  950 

Cut  Floor  Brads 9    0    0,,  900 

Wire  Nails  (Points  de  Paris) — 

6  to  7      8        9        10       11        12       13       14       15     B.W.G. 

8/-     8/6     91-    9/6     9/9    10/8    11/3    12/-  13/-  per  owt. 

Cast-iron  Socket  Pipes — 

Sin.  diameter    £5  15  0    to  £6    0  0 

4in.  to6in 5  12  6    „  5  17  6 

7in.  to  24in.  (all  sizes)  6    7  6,,  6  10  0 

[Coated  with  composition,  59.  Od.  per  ton  extra;  turned 
and  bored  joints,  53.  Od.  per  ton  extra.] 

Pig  Iron—  Per  ton. 

Cold  Blast,  T.illeshall    lOlis.  Od.  to  1129.  6d. 

Hot  Blast,  ditto  659.  Od.  to   70s.  Od. 

Wrought-Iion  Tubes  and  Fittings— Discount  off  Standard 

Lists  f.o.b.  (plus  5  per  cent.)  : — 

Gas-Tubes 87Jp.o. 

Water-Tubes   621   „ 

Steaiii-'L'iihes    67}  „ 

Galvanised  Oix9-Tube9  55     „ 

Galvanised  Wat^jr-Tubes 60     „ 

Qalvanised  Steam-Tubea 46     „ 


lOcwt.  casks.  5cwt.  casks. 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Zinc,  English  (London  mill)  £24    0  0  to  £25  10  0 

Do.,  VieUle  Montague 27    5  0  „  27  15  0 

Sheet  I^ad,  .31b.  and  upwards   ...     13  15  0  „  13  15  0 

Lead  Water  Pipe  (F.O.R.Lond.)     14    5  0  „  14    5  0 

Lead  Barrel  Pipe    15    2  6  „  15    2  6 

Lead  Pipe,  Tinned  inside  16    2  6  „  16    2  6 

„  and  outside    17  12  6  „  17  12  6 

Composition  Gas-Pipe 16    2  6  „  16    2  6 

Soil-Pipe  (Sin.  and  6in.  extra)  ...     16    2  6  „  16    2  6 

Pig  Lead,  in  icwt.  pigs 10  16  8  „  10  17  6 

Lead  Shot,  in  281b.  bags 15    0  0  „  15    5  0 

Copper  Sheets,  sheatbing  and  rods    70    0  0  „  70    5  0 

Copper,  British  Cake  and  Ingot...    59    0  0  „  5i)  10  0 

Tin,  Straits  123    5  0  „  128  15  0 

Do.,  English  Ingota  127    0  0  „  127  10  0 

Spelter,  SUeaian 2117  6  „  22    0  0 

TIUBEB. 

Teak,  Burmah per  load  £9  15  0    to  £18    0    0 

„     Bangkok ,     ...  9    0  0,,  16    0    0 

Quebec  Pme,  yellow „    ...  3    5  0,,  650 

„    Oak 5    0  0,,  7  10    0 

„    Birch  ,,...4    0  0,,  6    0    0 

„     Ebn ,     ...  4    0  0,,  8  10    0 

„    Ash ,     ...  3  15  0    „  7  10    0 

Dantsic  and  Memel  Oak      „    ...  2  10  0    „  6    0    0 

Fir ,     ...  3    0  0,,  500 

Wainscot,  Riga  p.  log ...       „     ...  2    7  6,,  550 

Lath,  Dantsic,  p. f 4    0  0,,  800 

St.  Petersburg ,    ...  4    0  0,,  600 

Greenheart  ,      „    ...  7  15  0    „  8    0    0 

Box 7    0  0,,  15    0    0 

Sequoia,  U.S.A percubefoot  0    3  6,,  039 

Mahogany,  Cuba,  per  super  foot 

liu.  thick  0    0  «    „  0    0    8 

„           Honduras  ...     .„    ...  0    0  6,,  0    0  TJ 

„           Mexican „    ...  0    0  4,,  005 

„           African  „    ...  0    0  SJ  „  0    0  SJ 

Cedar,  Cuba    ,,...0    0  8,,  0    0  SJ 

„  Honduras    „    ...  0    0  SJ  „  0    0  3J 

Satinwood    „    ...  0    0  10    „  0    19 

Walnut,  Italian ,...008,,  00  71 

„      American  (logs)      „    ...  0    8  1,,  031 

Deals,  per  St.  Petersburg  Standard,  120— 12ft.  by  IJin. 
by  llin.  : — 

Quebec,  Pine,  Ist  £22    0  0    to  £29    5  0 

„              2nd 18    5  0    „  23  10  0 

„              8rd  11  15  0    „  14    0  0 

Canada  Spruce,  l3t 1115  0    „  15  10  0 

2nd  and  3rd   9    0  0,,  10  10  0 

New  Brunswick  ..  8    0  0,,  9  1.5  0 

Riga    7  10  0    „  8  10  0 

St.  Petersburg 8    0  0,,  16  10  0 

Swedish 11    0  0    „  19  10  0 

Finland 9    0  0,,  10    0  0 

White  Sea 1110  0    „  19  10  0 

Battens,  all  sorts   6  10  0    „  14    0  0 

Flooring  Boards,  per  square  of  lin. ; — 

Istprepared £0  12    6    „     £0  18    6 

2nd  ditto  0  11    6    „       0  15    6 

Other  quahties    0    5    6,,       0  13    6 

Staves,  per  standard  M  : — 

U.S.,  pipe £37  10    0    „    £45    0    0 

Memel,  cr.  pipe  220    0    0    „    230    0    0 

Memel,  brack 190    0    0    „    200    0    0 

STONE.* 

Darley  Dale,  in  blocks per  foot  cube  £0    8    8 

Red  M.ansfleld  ditto „    ...    0    2  4i 

Hard  York  ditto    „     ...     0    2  10 

Ditto  ditto  6in.  sawn  both  sides,  landings, 

random  sizes per  foot  sup.    0    2    8 

Ditto  ditto  3in.  slabs  sawn  two  aides, 

random  sizes  *,    ...    0    1    8 

•  All  F.O.R.  London. 

Bath  Stone,  deUvered  on  rail  at  qu.irry  stations 

per  foot  cube  £0    10 
Delivered  on  road  waggons,  Paddingtou 

Depot >     ■••    0    1  6* 

Ditto        ditto        Nine  Elms  Depot  „     ...    0    1  8i 

Portland  Stone,  in  random  blocks  of  20ft.  average  :  — 

Brown         White 
Whit  Bed.   Base  Bed. 
Delivered  to  railway  depot  at  the 

quarry per  foot  cube  £0    1    5i  ...  £0    1  7i 

Delivered  on  road  waggons  \ 

at  Piiddington  Depot    ...  f  0    9    1  0    2  2t 

Ditto    Nine  Elms  Depot...  j   ..    -    "    '    ^    -    "    *  'I 
Ditto    Punlico  Wharf 1 

OILS. 

Linseed  per  tun  £17    7  6    to  £18    2  6 

Rapeseed,  English  pale  ...    „    ...  '23  10  0    „  2S  15  0 

Do.,  brown „    ...  22    0  0    „  22    .i  0 

Cottonseed,  redned „    ...  19    5  0    „  21    5  0 

Ohve,  Spanish  ,    ...  81  10  0    „  31  15  0 

Seal,  pale   23    0  0    „  30    0  0 

Cocoanut,  Cochin 23    0  0    „  30    0  0 

Do.,  Ceylon   ,     ...  26    0  0    „  2«  10  6 

Palm,  Lagos „     ...  28    0  0    „  28  10  0 

Olcine 17    6  0    „  19    6  0 

Lubricating  U.S per  gal.  0    7  0,,  080 

Petroleum,  reflned ,    ...  0    0  5|  „  0    0  0 

Tar,  SUwkholiQ per  barrel  16  0,,  160 

Do.,  Arcbang.'l „     ...  8  19  6    „  10  0 

Turpentine,  American  ...per  tun  87    0  0    „  87    5  0 


G.  E.  COCKBURN 

ELECTRIC     LIGHT, 

BELLS,     HEATING. 

SHOWROOMS: 

35,  GREAT  PULTENEY  ST.,  REGENT  ST.,  W. 


294 THE    BUILDING    NEWS. Feb.  19,  1904. 

LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


BaDffor— Houses  for  "Working  Classes 2Cgs.,  lOgs John  Gill,  City  Surveyor,  Bangor    Feb.  20 

Stockton-on-Tees— Enlarging  Chancel  of  Holy  Tiinity  Church Holy  Trinity  Vicarafre,  Stockton-on-Tees    : Mar.    1 

Billericay— Two  Semi-Detached  Cottages  £5  53 C.  E.  Lewis,  Clerk,  The  Union  House.  Billericay ,       8 

Sutton,  St.  Helens-Public  Liba.'y  (£2,500  limit)    £20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  St.  Helens  31 

Vienna— Machinery  to  Lift  Boats 100,000,  75,000,  and  50,000  kronen   ...  The  Austro-Hunsarian  Con.-Gen,22.  Laurence-Pounteney-Iane.E.C.    „     31 

Eccleston,  .St.  Helens -Public  Library  (£2,500  limit) £-20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  St.  Helens  „     81 

Perth— Isolation  Hospital  (36  beds)  (£11,000  limit)    30gs,  20gs,  and  lOgs  John  Begg.  Town  Clerk,  Perth April  6 

Malvern- Free  Library,  Graham-road £3',£20,£10   H.  L.  Whatley,  Clerk,  Council  Offices,  Malvern ,       8 

Newcastle-on-T\Tie — Grammar  School  (J.  Bilson,  F.B.I.B.A., 

F.8.A..  As-sessor) £100,  £50,  £25 Horace  J.  Criddle,  Solicitor,  2,  Collingwood-st.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    ,.     30 

Baraet-Hospital (i.  D.  Byfleld,  Oerk,  16,  High-street,  Bamet : May    9 

Sale- Wesley  Sunday  School  J.  Taylor.  Secretary.  Stanley  Mount,  Brooklands — 

Haverfordwest -Meat  Market  (£2,000  limit) 20g8 R.  T.  P.  Williams.  Town  Clerk.  Haverfordwest — 

Hoibury— Free  Library    Arthur  E.  Radcliffe,  Engineer,  U.D  C.  Offices,  Horbury    — 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 

BUILDINGS. 

■Wadebridfe-Eesiderce Mrs.  Eobertshaw  "W.  T.  Martyn  Mear,  Architect,  Rock.  Wadebridge Feb.  20 

Keighlfy— Liberal  Club,  Bradford-road J.  Hapgas  and  Sons.  Architects.  North-street,  Keighley    „  2(\ 

Newton  Abbot— Bakery Co-operative  Society Samuel  Segar,  .Architect,  Newton  Abbot „  20 

Plymouth- Great  Western  Flour  Mills    B.  P.  Shires,  A.R.I. B.A.,  Old  Town  Chambers.  Plymouth    20 

Keighley- Ijong  Lee  Board  School   School  Board  A.  P.  Harrison.  Architect.  18.  Cooke-Iane,  Keighley   „  20 

March— Pair  of  Semi-Detaihed  Villas W.  F.  Austin.  Architect.  Marylebone.  March ,  20 

TJdny— Cottage.. George  Stott    Jenkins  nnd  Marr,  Architects,  16.  Bridge-street.  Aberdeen  „  20 

Liverpool- Extension  of  Prudential  Assurance  Co.'b  Offices  P.  Waterhonse.  Archt.,  20,  New  Cavendish-st.,  Portland-place,  W...    „  20 

Glasgow— Hothouses  at  Ruchill  Hospital  Coiporaticn J.  Lindsay.  Clerk.  City  Chambers.  Gla.«gow  20 

Elgin— Manager's  Hou.«e  at  Linkwo-d  Distillery    W.  0.  Etid.  Architect.  2.  Culbard-street.  Elgin 20 

Eeadirg— Infectious  Diseases  Hospital    Town  Council Cbailes  Smith  and  Son.  .\rchitect^,  164,  Friar-street,  Heading „  20 

Moonarrean-  Natioral  Scboolhouse .T.  M'Cann.  J. P..  Eing  Duogarvan „  20 

Dmmclog — Pa^senpf  r  and  Goods  Station   Caledonian  Eailway  Co The  Company's  Engineer,  Buchanan-street  Station,  Glasgow „  22 

Workington-Classrof  ms  at  St.  Michael's  Schools Education  Committee  The  Ar<hitect.  100.  Harrington-road,  Workington  „  22 

Dewsbury— Weaving  Shed,  Wesley-place  Mills  I  Lane  Fox.  Architect,  Bond-street,  Dewsbury... „  22 

Bradford-  Alterations  and  Additions  to  Thackley  Sthool   Fducation  Committee Tbo.  Oarbutt.  Secretarv.  Education  Office,  Manor-row,  Bradford 22 

Newcastle-on-Tyne- Two  Lead  Stacks  at  Elswick  Lead  Works  Walkers,  Parker,  and  Co.,  Ltd John  Little.  Engineer.  Viaduct  Chambers,  Carlisle  22 

Cardiff-Foundationsof  Cricket  Pavilion,  Cardiff  Arms  Park Veall  and  Ssnt.  Architects.  Cardiff    „  22 

Btrathaven— Passenger  and  Goods  Station.. Caledonian  Railway  Co The  Company's  Engineer.  Buchanan-street  Station,  Glasgow 22 

Durham- Hcrse  Sick  Pox    Horses  Committee  .'. The  City  Surveyor.  60.  Saddler-street.  Durham „  22 

Wcmbwell-Chancd  at  St.  Mary'sChurch ..  C.  and  C.  M.  Hadfleld,  Architects.  19.  St.  James-sti«et.  Sheffield  ...    „  22 

Euncom— Isolation  Hospital  Bnral  District  Council Geo.  E.  Bolshaw.  Architect.  189,  Lord-street,  Southport    22 

Glasgow— Alteriig  Head  Office.  88.  Eenfleld-street  Corporation Frank  Bnrnftt.  F.8.I.,  180,  Hope-street.  Gla.sgow „  22 

Bradford-AItfrationt  and  Additions  to  Whetley-lanc  School...  Education  Committee Tho.  Garbutt.  Secretary,  Education  Office,  Manor-row,  Bradford  ...    „  22 

Leeds— Eight  Houses James  Charles  and  Son,  98,  Albion-street,  Leeds ,  22 

Warwick— Covered  Way  at  Workhouse  Infirmary Guardians F.  P  Trepess.  F.I. A. 8.,  1,  Church-street,  Warwick „  22 

Jjondounhill— Pfissenger  and  Goods  Station  Caledonian  Eailwav  Co The  Comranv's  Engineer.  Bachanan-street  Station.  Glasgow „  22 

Tonjpandy-  Fifty-eifht  Houses,  Ely-street  Building  Club ." Lewis  and  Morgan,  Architects  ."15,  Dunraven-street,  Tonypandy ,  22 

Ainside—Eefionting  of  and  Alterations  to  Bank  cfLivfrpool E.  Bradley  Barber,  Architect,  Amside 22 

Eyeland— Passenger  ard  Goods  Station  Caledonian  Eailway  Co The  Company's  Engineer.  Bucbannn-street  Station.  Glasgow „  22 

Walthamstow— Tramvay  Car-Sheds Urban  District  Council    O.  W.  Holmes,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Engineer.  Town  Hall,  Wolthamstow  ...    „  2» 

Mytholmrojd— Thirteen  Houses,  Srarbottom T.  Kershaw,  A.E.I.B.A..  Bank  Chambers,  Hahfax ,,  2S 

Carlisle- Two  Houses  atid  Shops  in  London-road Joseph  Tiffen  H.  H.  Hodgkin.s.in.  Architect,  9,  Lowther-street,  Carlisle 23 

Manchester— Victoria  Station  E-xlensions  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineers  OtHce.  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester ,  23 

Askem— Eailway  Hotel Carter's  Knottingley  Brewery  Co.   ...  Garside  and  Pennington,  Architects.  Pontefract    23 

Ehymney— Tabemaolp  Wfsleyan  Chapel J.  Price  Powell,  Architect.  29,  Ruthin-gardens.  CarditT ,  2S 

Epsom- Additions  to  Worlhou'e Guardians H.  D.  Searles  Wood.  F.R.I.B.A.Wool  Exchange.  Coleman-st.,  E.C.     „  2S 

Walthamstow- Tramway  Car-Sh>ds    Urban  District  Council    George  W.  Holmes.  A.M.I  C.E.,  Town  Hall.  Walthimstow „  23 

Liverpool— Public  Baths.  Picton-rrad   .      .     Corporation W.  R.  Court,  Engineer,  Municipal  Offices.  Liverpool  „  24 

Whitehaven— Semi-Detaehed  Hcuses - J.  8.  Moffat.  M.S.A.,  Architect.  63.  Church-street,  Whitehaven 24 

Glasgow— Tenements Corporation The  Citv  Engineer,  64,  Cochrane-street,  Glasgow 24 

Coed.saeson— Villa Charies  T.  Euthen,  Archt.,  Bank  Chmbs.,  HeathfJeld-st.,  Swansea    „  24 

Darwen- Sunday-School United  Methodist  Free  Church Pames  and  Greens.  Architects.  Knott-street.  Darwen „  24 

Carriganimn,  Ireland— Presbytery    Bev.  Wm.  MacAuliffe,  P.P.,  Clondrohid.  Macroom '24 

Swansea- Eepairs  to  Premises   H.  A.  Chapman Charles  T.  Ruthen.  Archt.,  Bank  Chmbs.,  Heathfleld-st.,  Swansea    „  24 

Lancaster— Adcitions  to  Vagrant  Wards  at  'Workhouse J.  Parkinson.  Architect.  67,  Church -street,  Lancaster  .   ,  24 

Knutsfofd-FreeLihiarv Urban  District  Council    Darhvshire  and  Smith.  Architects.  17,  Brazenoose-st.,  Manchester  ..    „  24 

Maeeteg— Workmen's  Libraiyatd  Institute Trustees E.  W'.  Burnett  and  Son,  Architects.  Jarrow  House,  Tonda  „  24 

Salford— 228  Cottages  and  Three  Shops  The  Borough  Engineer's  Office,  Town  Hall,  Salford '25 

Eainhill-Additional  Wards  at  County  Asylum  lAncashire  Asylums  Board  Jas.  Gomall.  Clerk  and  Steward,  EainhiU 25 

Egremont-  Additions  to  Farm  Buildings,  Hagget  End  Farm John  Smith,  Town  Hall.  Egremont „  25 

East  Harting- Pair  of  Cottages Edwin  Lephard James  Luff,  East  Harting  Farm.  Petersfleld  „  25 

Eoch-Vestiyat  St.  Mary's  Church D.  Edward  Thomas,  Architect,  Victoria-place.  Haverfordwest „  25 

Stradbroke    Police  Station East  Suffolk  Countv Council H.  Miller,  M.I.C.E.,  County  Surveryor.  16,  Museum-street,  Ipswich    „  25 

Kelso— Police-station    '. P.  Stormonth  Darling.  County  Clerk,  Kelso    „  '25 

Talgarth- Farm  Buildings  Asylum  Committee  Giles,  Onugh.  &Trollope,  Archts.,  28  Craven-st..ChanngCro83,W.C.    „  26 

Hahfax- E.xtensions  to  Engineering  Works,  Harc-strett Stead  Bros Thos.  Kershaw,  A.R.I.B.A.,  Bank  Chambers,  Hahfax „  26 

Boweiham.  Lancaster-  Shop  and  Hou.^e E.  Williams J.  Parkinson.  Architect,  67,  Church-street.  Lancaster ...^ ,  26 

Llandaff— Presbyterian  Church.  Hawthorn-rond Building  Committee D.  Pugh-Jones,  M.S.A..  Architect.  Queen's  Chambers,  Cardiff 2tf 

Victoria  Park.  E.— E.xtension  of  Cricket  Pavilion   London  County  Council  The  Architect's  Dept.,  15.  Pall  Mall  East.  S.W „  26 

Eastleigh-Bihle  Christian  Church   Trustees Geo.  Truekel,  Secretary,  64,  The  Crescent,  Eastleigh  „  28 

Camborne— Two  Shops  and  Houses,  Cross-street Mrs.  FauU  Charles  Richards,  Pendarves-street,  Tuckingmill aX"    "  ^* 

Talgaith-Two  Cottages  Asylum  Committee   J.  H.  Evans.  Clerk.  Brecon  and  Radnor  Asylum,  Talgarth,  U.8.0 26 

Manchester— Alterations  to  Bank  Meadow  Municipal  School...  Education  Committee  The  Education  OtKces.  Dcan.sgate,  Manche.ster „  2T 

Surbiton-Waiting  and  Store  Rooms  ...  .                   Urban  District  Council    .Tames  Bell,  Clerk,  District  Council  Offices,  Surbiton   27 

Hanwi  II.  W.- Boiler- House  and  Cbimnev  Shaft  at  Asylum  ...  LC.C.  Asylums  Committee  R.  W.  Partridge,  Clerk,  6,  Waterloo-place,  S.W ,  27 

Cockeimouth-Alteration  to  Buildings  at.Flimby  Lodge Guardians'. W.  G.  Scott  and  Co.,  Architects,  Victoria  Buildings,  Workmgton  ...    „  27 

Shotton  Colliery- Caretaker's  House  and  Reading-Room    George  Wells,  Shotton  Colliery.  Castle  Eden,  R.S.O.  .  j_ 27 

Eton— Fire-Brigade  Station,  High-street        .              Urban  District  Council J.  Simmondes.  Surveyor,  Council  Offices,  High-street,  Eton.....^ 27 

Wilham-Cottage  at  Waterworks Urban  District  Council    F.  S.  Courtney,  M.I.C.E., '25,  Victoria  street,  Westmmster.  8.W....    „  27 

Elgin-House.  Ardpye  John  Wittet,  Architect.  Elgin  27 

Graighbeithlwyd— Pixteen  Cottages Building  Club William  Dowdeswell.  Architect,  Ti-eharris ,  27 

NaiboTongh.  Leicester- Aeylum  (700  patients)    Committee  of  Visitors Everard  and  Pick,  Architects.  MUlstonMane,  Leicester „  a 

Cardiff-  Additie ns  to  Wilts  and  Dorset  Bank E.  H.  Bruton,  F.R.I.B  .\..  119.  Queen-street,  Cardiff 27 

Benphenydd- Police  Station Glamorgan  County  Council   T.  Mansel  Franklen,  Clerk.  Westgate-street.  Cardiff  ,  27 

Darlington- Fire  Station  ..  .              ..                                 Corporation G.  Winter,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall.  Darlington  29 

Auchterroucbty-Enlarging  School          ...                   W.  Birrell.  Architect, '200,  High-street,  Kirkcaldy   ,  29 

Ehymney- Fire-Brigade  Station   Urban  District  Council    W.  Llovd  Marks,  Surveyor,  61,  High-street,  Rhymney  „  » 

Limerick— Fifty  Cottages.  Nicholas-street Thomond  Artisans'  Dwellings  Co.  ...  3.  F.  Power.  Secretary,  Carr-Btreet,  Limerick „  29 

Dinningten  CoUiety- Six  Houses  Cramhngton  District  Co-op.  Society.  J.  G.  Crone.  Architect,  21.  Grainger-street  West,  Newcastle ,  29 

Truro- Wesleyan  Sunday-.«chool  .              .              William  Tinney.  Nancewrath,  Truro .-.— 29 

Mile  End.  E  —Additional  Buildil^g  at  Soulh-grove  Workhouse  Wbitechapel  Union  Guardians Alfred  Conder,  F.R.I.B.A..  9.  Bridge-street,  Westmmster,  B.W .,  '29 

Greenford- Seven  Houses  ..  .  Great  Western  Eailway  Co G.  K.  Mills!  Secretary.  Paddington  Station,  W - 31ar. 

Kilmarnock- Slaters' Work  at  Generating  Stn.&Trsmcar  Shed  Electric  Committee  Robert  Blackwood,  Burgh  Surveyor,  Market  Bridge,  Kilmarnock...     „ 

Cork- Celtic  Cross  at  Gill  Ahhey  .  Soldiers'  Memtrial  Committee W.  H.  Hill  and  Son.  Architects, -28.  South  Mall.  Cork    


Tottenham-Municipal  Buildings!!.!!!!!!.."!'  '!.!'!!.!!  !!!!!!!!.!!!  Uiban  Di.-triit  Council    !....!  W.  H.  Prescott,  A.M.I.C.E.,  712.  High-road,  Tottenham 

nty  Houses Building  Club P.  Vivian  Jones,  P.A.8.I.,  Architect.  Hengoed 


Bedlinog— Twenty „  .. _  .     -  -.—  --.-- 

Paignton— Waitirg-Eooms Great  Western  Railway  Co O.  K.  Mills.  Secretary.  Paddington  Station.  W, 

New  Tredegar— Eiisiness  Premises  .       Isaac  Pruss George  Kenshole.  Architect,  Station-road.  Birgoed .-.". 

Shoreditch.  EC- Stabling  at  Scavenging  Depot    .! Boiough  Council    H.  Mansfield  Robinson,  Town  Clerk.  Town  Hall,  Old-strees,  E.C. 

Cowley.  Uxbridge— Passenger  Station Great  We.stem  Railway  Co G.  K.  Mills.  Secretary.  Paddington  Station.  W .............^ 

New  Cross,  8.E.— Reconstructing  South-Eastern  Hospital Metropolitan  Asylums  Board T.W.  Aldwinckle  and  Son.  .Vrchts.,  '20,  Denman-st..  London  Bndge    „       2 

Blackpool-  Ten  Ornamental  Shelters  on  Promenade Corporation John  S-  Brtdie.  Borough  Surveyor.  Town  Hall.  Blackpool ,       2 

Wolborough— Restoration  of  Church  Rector  and  Churchwardens William  Eowell,  .\rchitect,  2.  St.  Paul's-road,  Newton  Abbot    „       Z 

Newcastl!-on-Tyne-Block  of  Offices.  Forth  Banks    North  Fa.-tern  Eailway  Co William  Bell.  Architect.  Central  Station.  Newcastle    „        2 

London,  S.W.— Repairs  to  Police  Stations  (Three  Years) Metropohtan  Police  Dist.  Receiver...  The  Police  Surveyor's  Office,  Scotland  Yard,  S.W.  ..  ...^ .•    <>       3 


2 


3 


Buxton- Post  Office   .  .  HM   Commissioners  of  Works    The  Secretary.  H.M.  Office  of  Works.  Storey's  uate,  S.W.   ■■■■-■■■■■    ..       3 

Lanf  ho,  Elacl  bum- Ep'Ieptic  Hemes    Chorlton  i:  Manchester  Asylum  Com.  Giles,  Qough,  &  TroUope.Archts.,  28,  Craven-st.,  Charing  Cross,  W.C.    „       4 


Feb.  2(),  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


295 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEEEING  JOURNAL. 
VOL.  LXXXVL— No.  2564. 


FRIDAY,  FEBRUARY  -lij,   1904. 


CLIENTS  AND  ARCHITECTS. 

THE  practitioner    is   called  upon  to  con- 
sult many  tastes,  and  to  discuss  various 
problems   of   plan     and    design  ;  but   he  is 
largely   controlled    by   the   instructions   he 
receives  and  the  clients    he  is  brought  into 
contact  with.     These  latter  are  either  asser- 
tive or  compliant.      They   either  are  strong 
and  pronounced  in  their  views  and  opinions, 
or   are,     on     the    other    hand,    desirous    of 
leaving    all    to     their    professional    adviser. 
We  have  never  yet  been  really  able  to  find 
out  which  of  these  is  preferred  by  the  pro- 
fession.      There   are    many    who    affect    to 
believe  a  man  who  knows  his  own  mind  is 
the   best   to   work   for ;     others   who    think 
the     employer     should     not     venture    an 
opinion,     and     should    leave     all    to    the 
adviser.       A '  great     deal      may     be     said 
on    each  side.     A  man  with  a  strong  will,  I 
who  says  he  must  have  this  and   that  and 
the  other,  that  the  architect  must  conform  to 
his  instructions,  has  an  upper  hand,  and  the 
architect  must  either  yield  or  decline.     No 
doubt  such    an   attitude    greatly    simplifies 
the   problem ;   the   professional   man   knows 
exactly  what  he  has  to  do,  and  does  it.     He 
can,  of  course,  call  in  question  the  instruc- 
tions, and  protest   against  certain  views  of 
his   client,    and  after  he   has  done  this  he 
cannot   do    more :  no    point   can    be  raised 
afterwards.  i3n  the  other  hand,  the  compliant 
client  may  not  turn  out  so  easy  to  deal  with 
as  was  expected.     Although  he  places  him- 
self in  the  hands  of  his  architect,  he  often 
expects  too  much ;  he  expects  his  architect  to 
interpret  his  wants,  and  to  know  really  better 
than  himself  what   he  wants.     Not  having 
■    given  any  unconditional  instructions,  he  does 
not  commit  himself  to  any  particular  opinion, 
and  is  therefore  open  to  make  objections  after 
work   is   completed.       All  kinds    of  fidgety 
opinions  are  advanced.     One  employer  brings 
to  the  notice  of  his  architect  a  building  of 
someone  else's,  which  is  very  much  what  he 
desires,  or  he  produces  a  suggestion  from  a 
friend  as  to  the  design  that  would  be  an  im- 
provement, and  these  ideas  and  suggestions, 
given  as   innuendoes,  may  really,  and  often 
do,  trouble  the  architect  a  good  deal — that  is 
to  say,  if  he  wishes  to  please  his  client.     The 
architect  knows,  perhaps,   all  the  time  that 
they    are     impracticable    suggestions :    that 
the    building    of    Mr.    So-and-So    which  is 
placed   as    an    example    before    him   can- 
not  be  carried    out    on    the    site,    that  the 
aspect     is    different,    and     the     conditions 
not  the  same.     The  compliant  client  is  soon 
unsettled   in   his   mind  ;    he   is   continually 
wavering    between    different    opinions  ;    ho 
accepts  one  and  then  the  other,  for  he  has  no 
definite  opinion,  and  this  sort  of  client  is, 
as  most  architects  know,  a  source  of  much 
worry  to  them.     All  the  professional  adviser 
can  do  is  to  be  as  firm  as  he  can,  pooh-pooh 
any   suggestions    that    he   knows    to   be   at 
variance  with  tlie  requirements,  and  talk  his 
client  into  subm-'ssion.     The  firm  architect 
gets  his  own  way  ;  but  a  professional  man 
who  is  too  yielding,  and  concedes  this  and 
that  point,   naturally  Icisos  his    hold   on  his 
client.     We   are   not    going   to   di<ous.s   the 
question  which  may  bn  raised  at  this  point : 
How    much    the    merit    of    a   design    or   a 
building    depends   on    tlie   influence    of   the 
client  or  committee  ;  but  there  is  little  doubt 
in  many  cases  tho    client   or   promoters  do 
exercise  an    induonoe   in    ono   direction    or 
another.    Thus  a  parsimonious,  strong-willed 
client  who   likes    to    ' '  cut  down  "  expense 
often  spoils  his   house    by   curtailments   of 


dimensions  and  details,  and  an  employer  of 
extravagant   tastes   may   also,    by  giving  a 
free  hand     to   his  architect,    encourage   tho 
introduction  of  features  of  a  costly  but  un- 
desirable character.     The  able  and  competent 
ai'chitoct  will  succeed  better  when  ho  is  left 
alone — left  to  his  own  resources,   after  the 
necessary    instructions  aro     given.      Inter- 
ference  and   suggestions   aro   generally   re- 
pugnant and  distasteful  to  him.     Like  most 
artists,    he    resents     interference — anything 
which    distracts     his    mind    and    destroys 
the  unit}'  of  his  conception.     Every  archi- 
tect who  has   been   in   practice  knows  how 
extremely  irksome  it  is,  after  he  has  prepared 
a  plan  which  satisfies  his  mind,  to  have  to 
hear  a  number  of  suggestions  on  it :  how  an 
alteration  here  and  there  would  improve  it ; 
how  much  better  it  would  be  if  the  plan  had 
followed  .another  type,  and  so  on.     No  one 
more  than  an  architect  appreciates  the  old 
maxim  that  "  many  cooks  spoil  the  broth," 
when    trifling,     often    ignorant,    advice    is 
offered  by  a  client  or  a  committee  about  a 
design  which  may  have  cost  tho  author  many 
hours  of  thought  and  weeks  of  labour.     To 
listen,  perhaps,  to  a  village  gi'ooer  or  butcher 
suggesting   alterations    to   a  plan  or  design 
for    town     offices     is     a    case    in    point  ; 
yet   how    often    these   things    occur   in  the 
discussion     of     competition     designs.      The 
more  ignorant  and  assertive  the  individual, 
the  more  audacious  is  the  interference.      No 
wonder  the   professional   man  resents  being 
brought  under  the  lash  of  these  critics.     A 
discussion  on  the  merits  of  a  plan  is  of  value 
when  those  who  take  part  in  it  are  competent 
and  practical  men.     Very  often  a  cultivated 
client  is  able   to   suggest   to    his   architect 
something  which  is  of  value ;  if  he  is  a  com- 
mercial or  business  man,  a  manager  of,  say, 
a  bank  or  a  theatre,  a  librarian,  a  medical 
hospital  expert,  he  may  be  able  to  instruct 
the    ai'chitect   in   matters  of   value    in    the 
design  about  which  he  knows  a  good  deal. 
Advice  upon  points  and  details  of  planning 
in  the  arrangement  of  counters  and  desks, 
mechanical  equipments,  laboratory  fittings, 
desks,  administration  offices,  and  sick  wards 
are  useful  to  the  most  experienced  architect ; 
but,  of  course,  there  are  some  faddists  who 
are  fond  of  pushing  their  own  pet  schemes, 
and  these  are  often  troublesome  as  well  as 
persistent   advisers.      It  is  only  the  skilled 
and  experienced  men  in  the  profession  who 
are  able  to  select  the  wheat  from  the  tares, 
but  young  men    often    fall    into  the  snare. 
While  suggestions  are  often  resented  by  the 
skilful  designers,  there  are  many  in  the  pro- 
fession who  derive  much  help  and  assistance 
from   clients   and  others    who   know  some- 
thing of  the    business.     Thus  the  manager 
of   a   bank   or   insurance    office,  theatre,  or 
hotel  may  teach    the   architect   a  good  deal 
about   the    details   of   his   particular  build- 
ing.     Each  of  these  men  must  know  what 
he  wants   the   best,    as  he   has  to    transact 
business  daily.      The   architect   cannot  dis- 
pense with  information  of  this  kind,  for  the 
better  he  understands  the  function  and  ad- 
ministration carried  on,  the  more  perfect  will 
be  his  design.     There   is   sometimes  a   dis- 
like  to   asking  for  information  about  those 
things.      Tho   architect  imagines    his    own 
views     are    correct     till     the    building    is 
completed,     when     complaints     are     made 
by  employes  and  clerks    that  something  is 
left  out  or  wrongly  placed.     To  what  extent 
an  architect  can  depend  on  the  opinion  or 
advice  of  clients  and  others  is  a  crucial  ques- 
tion, and  must  be  determined  mainly  by  his 
own  knowledge  and  exporienco.     Too  many 
take  advantage  of  external  advice:  thej' avail 
themselves  of  tho  offers  of  tho  builder  and 
tradesmoi\    engaged    to   projiare   details    for 
special   fittings   of  the    building,    with  tho 
result  that  they  aro  seriously  handicapped. 
Details  of  iron  and  steel  construction  are  in 
this   way    intrusted    to    the    constructional 
engineer  or  contractor,  so  any  special  designs 
for  terracotta  or  faience  are  left  in  tho  hands 


of  the  manufacturer  ;  decorative  plaster  ceil 
ings  and   leaded  glass   are  also  frequently 
designed,   as  well  as  executed,  by  the  firms 
which  sujtply  the  goods.    We  do  not  think 
this  is  a  desirable  custom.     It  is  no  doubt 
very   convenient  to   the    architect  who  has 
several  other  buildings  to  look  after,  as  it 
insures  the  work  being  done  well  and  expe- 
ditiously.     Manufacturers    themselves    are 
very  eager  to  get  the  design  or  pattern  left 
to  them,  and,  as  we  all  know,  offer  to  take 
the  necessary  dimensions  and  particulars,  to 
make  designs  to  suit  the  taste  of  the  archi- 
tect or  employer  free  of  extra  cost — a  great 
inducement.     In  the  case  of  a  plaster  orna- 
mental ceiling,  the}'  will  undertake  to  alter 
any  pattern  chosen  to  adjust  it  to  the  ceiling 
and  the  angles  of  walls,  and  save  the  architect 
a  good  deal  of  labour  and  cost.     But  unless 
the   order  is  a  very   lai'ge  one,  it  is   very 
questionable  whether  the    architect   or  the 
building    really    benefits    by   the    arrange- 
ment.    The   tradesman   would    try    at  least 
to  use  his   stock   pattern,    though  he   may 
have    to    cut    it  up   or  rearrange   it  to  the 
space ;    and    no    one  could  expect    him   to 
go  to  the  labour  of  designing  without  making 
a  profit  of  some  kind.    Tradesmen  who  supply 
goods  of  this  description  find  it  convenient 
and  necessary  to  keep  their  own  draughtsmen 
or  designers.    Builders  and  general  customers 
are  glad  to  obtain  what  they  want  without 
any  cost  or  labour  in  design  ;.  but  the  con- 
venience hardly  applies  to  tho  architectural 
profession.     Specification    requirements    can 
hardly  be  guaranteed  in  this  way.     Clients 
differ  greatly ;  there  is  the  strong  client,  the 
' '  assertive '"  client ,  as  we  have  called  him,  and 
the  "compliant''  or  easy-going,  indifi'ereut 
client;   there  are  those  who  have   a   hobby 
of  their  own  to  drive ;  others  who  sc|rcely 
know  what  they  really  want ;  some  who  are 
generous  and  extravagant   in   their   tastes, 
others  who  are  parsimonious  and  narrow- 
minded.     The  professional  man  has  to  study 
these  various  kinds  of  human  nature  and  try 
to  find  out  what  kind  of  buildings  they  want. 
It  is  unfortunate,  for  instance,  to  find  a  weak 
or  indifferent  architect  employed  by  an  in- 
diff'erent  client,  who  does  not  make  up  his 
mind — the  "  blind  leading  the  blind.'     With 
an  emplo3-er  of  a  decided  character  and  tastes 
there  is  some  hope  of  the  architect  being  able 
to  arrive  at   a   satisfactory    solution  of  the 
problem  ;  but  it  is  almost  impossible  to  find 
out  the  requirements  of   a  building  whose 
owner  has  no   opinion,  and    whose  mind  is 
completely  undecided  or  wavering.     In  such 
a   case   the    architect    has    to    use  his  own 
discretion,    and    be    firm    in    not   j-ielding 
in  points  which  he  knows   are   right.     For 
example,  a  client  may  prefer  his  drawing- 
room  placed  on  a  certain  side  of  the  house 
which  is  not  the  best;  his  architect  objects, 
but  gives   in.     When  completed  the  client 
complains  the  prospect  is  not  good,  or  the 
aspect  is  bad,  the  room  is  sunless  or  gloomy. 
The  architect  gets  the  blame  for  having  given 
in  on  an  essential  point  of  plan.     There  is  a 
certain   limit  beyond   which   an   omplo)"or's 
opinions   and  suggestions  may  bccomo  posi- 
tivelj'  harmful  to  the  design.     It  is  when  ho 
insists   on  alter.ation    of  plan   which   is   not 
desirable,  or  contrary  to  architectural  prin- 
ciples, or  interferes  with  the  design  or  eleva- 
tion ;  selects  a  pattern  of  iron  or  metalwork  or 
wall-paper  that  is  destructive  to  all  souse  of 
harmony,     llow  often    a    house  has    been 
spoiled    by    the     unsuitable     or     "loud" 
pattern     of     a     tossolated      pavement      or 
ceiling    decoration   or   wall-paper   which  a 
tasteless   client    h.as   chosen.     In     questions 
of  design  and  tasto,  unfortunately,  tho  average 
employer  thinks  ho  is  within  his  right ;  no 
ono  can  toll  him  which  is  right  or  wrong,  as 
everybody  imagines  his  own  taste  is  the  best; 
but,   as  a  matter  of  fact,  those  are  just  the 
points  which  the  architect  claims  as  his  pro- 
rogjitive.     Ho  is  employed  mainly  to  design 
— to  exercise  his  taste ;  at  least,  this  is  the 
highest  duty  of  the  architoot,  though  there 


296 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  2C,  1904. 


are  many  people  who  fancy  it  is  the  least — 
that  when  they  employ  an  architect  he  is 
expected  to  look  mainly  after  the  builder, 
and  to  become  a  sort  of  inspector  or  detective, 
but  that  in  matters  of  decoration  or  fittings 
the  owner  can  do  as  he  pleases.  As  we 
have  pointed  out,  the  client  pays,  and  -he 
has,  therefore,  a  claim  to  be  considered 
in  the  arrangement  and  design  of  the 
building  so  far  as  the  architect  sees  the 
wishes  of  his  client  will  not  in  any  manner 
injure  or  destroy  the  work.  But  on  questions 
of  design  and  good  taste  the  professional 
adviser  should  use  his  discretion  in  advising 
his  client,  so  that  the  latter  may  obtain  the 
full  advantage  of  the  emploj'ment  of  an 
architect.  Tliere  is  often  a  mistaken  desire 
to  please  the  whims  of  an  employer.  This 
conciliatory  mood  is  generally  detrimental  to 
the  profession. 

The  instructions  issued  by  competition  com- 
mittees form  another  branch  of  the  question 
we  are  discussing.  They  are  either  definite 
and  assertive,  or  leave  the  competitor  free  to 
adopt  alternative  or  preferable  means.  Inas- 
much as  they  are  written  or  printed,  and  not 
oral,  these  instructions  are  necessarily  more 
binding,  and  therefore  it  is  all  the  more 
extraordinary  where  we  find  a  competitor 
making  a  wide  departure  from  them.  If 
these  contests  are  to  be  free  and  unfettered 
competitions  of  skill,  we  cannot  understand 
why  such  instructions  should  be  imposed  : 
t'ley  had  far  better  take  the  form  of  sugges- 
tions or  hints.  But  assuming,  as  we  must 
do,  that  these  eiforts  are  intended  for  build- 
ings of  a  special  description,  the  competitor 
looks  for  some  guidance,  and  rules  and 
regulations  are  necessary.  When  a  definite 
problem  has  to  bo  solved,  every  competitor 
must  Jie  placed  in  the  same  position,  or  the 
whole  thing  becomes  a  farce,  as  it  has 
turned  out  to  be  in  more  then  one  instance 
of  late.  AVheu  a  competing  architect,  for 
example,  defies  the  conditions  and  inten- 
tion of  the  committee  by  placing  the  main 
front  or  elevaUon  of  his  building  in  quite 
another  direction,  or  in  using  his  discretion 
in  alteiung  the  number  of  rooms  for  a  par- 
ticular purpose,  he  is  certainly  acting  in  a 
manner  contrary  to  the  spirit  of  such  a 
competition,  and  is  doing  that  which  no 
private  client  could  tolerate.  It  would  be 
very  easy  to  multiplj'  cases  of  transgressions 
of  this  kind.  Whether  issued  by  a  client 
orally,  or  by  a  committee  in  printed  form, 
instructions  cannot  be  lightly  set  aside  with- 
out valid  grounds  for  doing  so.  There  are 
a  few  men  who  are  able  to  translate  in  their 
own  minds,  or  convert  into  other  and  more 
favourable  terms  the  verbal  instructions  they 
receive.  They  can  put  a  new  construction  on 
them  without  altering  their  real  intention ; 
but  these  are  masters  of  their  profession, 
having  the  artistic  power  to  rearrange  and 
group  the  materials  in  their  hands.  But 
few  are  able  to  do  th's.  The  clients'  wishes 
and  tastes  count  for  much,  and  they  have  to 
be  embodied  in  the  work  and  must,  to  a 
large  extent,  influence  its  character.  How 
much  of  a  client's  or  committee's  advice  can 
be  accepted  wi  hout  compromising  the  archi- 
tect's ability  and  experience,  or  his  tastes,  is 
one  of  those  difficult  questions  which  each 
professional  man  must  decide  for  himself. 


TENANT'S   LIABILITY  FOR  PRIVATE 
STREET    WORKS. 

THE  liability  of  tenants  to  be  charged  for 
the  construction,  paving,  and  maintain- 
ing of  streets  formed  by  private  individuals 
is  not  quite  understood  by  those  who  own 
property  in  what  are  called ''private  streets." 
Many  '•  owners  "  of  such  houses  find  them- 
selves charged  for  such  things  as  road- 
making,  paving,  sewering,  in  proportion  to 
the  frontage  and  value  of  their  property. 
The  relation  of  landlord  to  tenant  in  such 
cases  is  not  very  clear.     A  great    deal,   of 


course,  depends  on  the  terms  of  the  lease 
whether  the  landlord  is  liable  or  his  tenant. 
Lately  an  action  was  brought  in  the 
County  Court  at  Kingston  by  a  landlord 
to  recover  a  sum  which  he  had  paid  to  the 
local  authorities  for  paving  the  road  in  front 
of  premises  at  Wimbledon.  The  apportioned 
amount  of  expenses  in  these  cases  is  regu- 
lated by  section  laO  of  the  Public  Health 
Act  (ISTo).  It  provides  that  where  "private 
streets"  (i.e.,  streets  constructed  by  private 
individuals,  and  not  dedicated  to  or  repaired 
and  cleaned  by  the  local  authority)  are  not 
properly  constructed,  lighted,  maintained, 
or  cleaned  by  "  the  owners  ''  of  the  property 
therein,  the  local  authority  may  compel  the 
owners  to  put  the  street  into  proper  condi  • 
tion  in  all  or  any  of  the  foregoing  respects, 
and  in  default  the  local  authority  may 
execute  the  whole  of  the  necessai'y  works 
themselves,  charging  the  expenses  on  the 
respective  owners  in  proportion  to  the  ex- 
tent and  value  of  their  property.  In  either 
case  the  work  has  tobedonein  accordance  with 
plans  and  specifications  approved  by  the  sur- 
veyor to  the  local  authority.  Subsequent  sec- 
tions empower  the  local  authority  to  declare 
S'j.ch  streets  to  be  highways  repairable  by  the 
inhabitants  at  large,  and  also  to  purchase 
any  premises  for  widening  or  improving  any 
street. 

Under  the  above  quoted  section  of  the  Public 
Health  Act,  1S75,  an  amount  of  the  expense 
is  apportioned  to  the  owner  for  this  purpose, 
and  under  it  a  landlord  brought  an  action 
against  his  tenant  to  recover  the  sum  of 
£25  ISs.  lid.  for  paving  the  road  in  front  of 
46,  Broadway,  Wimbledon.  According  to 
the  report  in  our  Legal  Intelligence,  the 
lease  contained  a  covenant  by  the  defendant 
"  to  pay  all  rates,  taxes,  and  assessments 
whatsoever  which  now  are,  or  during  the  said 
term  shall  be,  imposed  or  assessed  upon  the 
said  premises,  or  on  the  landlord  or  tenant 
in  respect  thereof  by  authoritj'  of  Parliament 
or  otherwise,'  and  also  "to  pay  and  con- 
tribute a  fair  proportion  of  the  expense  of 
making,  preparing,  or  secimng  all  party  and 
other  walls,  gutters,  sewers,  and  drains  belong- 
ing to  the  said  demised  premises  in  common 
with  the  adjacent  premises."  The  paving 
was  done  by  the  local  authority,  who  ap- 
portioned the  expenses  upon  the  frontagers. 
The  plaLntiS  paid  the  amount  in  respect 
of  the  house  in  question,  and  sued  the  defen- 
dant for  the  amount  under  his  covenant. 
The  County-Court  Judge  gave  judgment  for 
the  plaintiff  ;  but  the  Divisional  C^ourt  held 
that  the  words  in  the  covenant  were  not  wide 
enough  to  impose  the  liability  on  the 
defendant,  and  they  entered  judgment  for 
him.  The  plaintiff  thereupon  appealed.  The 
counsel  for  plaintiff  argued  that  the  words 
quoted  were  wide  enough  to  cover  the  ex- 
penses, and  cited  several  cases  in  support  of 
his  contention  ;  but  the  opposing  counsel  took 
an  opposite  view,  and  argued  that  paving 
expenses  were  not  "assessments"  within  the 
meaning  of  the  covenant.  The  case  of  "  Payne 
V.  Burridge  ''  was  cited  for  the  defendant.  The 
words  of  the  covenant  were  "all  assessments 
and  payments  whatsoever,"  which  was  a  much 
wider  covenant  than  the  one  in  the  present 
case.  It  was  argued  there  was  distinct 
authority  in  favour  of  the  view  that  paving 
expenses  were  not  an  assessment  (see 
"Hartley  v.  Hudson,"  "Wilkinson  v. 
Collyer,"  "  Lyon  v.  Greenhow  "),  that  it  was 
the  owner  that  was  liable  for  the  expenses. 
If  the  landlord  did  the  work  in  the  first 
instance,  he  could  not  recover  the  expense 
from  the  tenant.  ' '  An  assessment  was 
something  which  created  a  liability  and  fixed 
the  amount.  Here  the  apportion  oaent  did 
not  create  the  liability,  which  was  created 
when  the  local  authority,  after  having  given 
notice,  determined  to  do  the  work  on  the 
owner's  default.  It  was  also  contended  that, 
as  the  charge  itself  was  created  before  the 
lease,  the  covenant  did  not  cover  the  present 
case,  and  on  this  point  they  cited  "  Stock  v. 


Meakin,"  and  "  Surtees  v.  Woodhouse."  The 
Court  dismissed  the  appeal.  The  Master 
of  the  Rolls  eaid  that  in  his*  opinion  the 
appeal  failed.  He  did  not  decide  the  case  oa 
the  main  point  which  had  been  argued,  but 
on  the  second  point,  on  which  there  was 
conclusive  authority  We  here  quote  the 
decision  in  "  Surtees  v.  AVoodhouse.'  It  was 
decided  that  where  by  a  covenant  in  a  lease- 
the  lessee  covenanted  that  he  would,  during 
the  term,  piy  and  bear  all  present  and  future 
rates,  taxes,  duties,  assessments,  and  out- 
goings charged  upon  the  demised  premises  or 
the  owner  or  occupier  in  respect  thereof,  the- 
covenant  did  not  apply  to  expenses  of  private 
street  works,  which,  under  the  Private  Street 
Works  Act,  1N92,  had  become  a  charge  upon- 
the  premises  on  the  completion  of  the  works, 
before  the  date  of  the  commencement  of  th& 
term  granted  by  the  lease,  though  not  pay- 
able till  after  that  date.  In  the  present 
case  paving  expenses  were  incuirjd  in  respect 
of  the  premises  before  the  date  of  the  lease 
to  the  defendant.  Though  the  amount 
chargeable  had  not  been  assessed  at  the  dat& 
of  the  lease,  the  charge  had,  on  the  authority 
of  the  case  which  he  had  referred  to,  become 
a  charge  on  the  premises.  The  tenant  had 
been  the  holder  of  an  earlier  lease,  which  he 
surrendered.  He  received  a  complete  release, 
and  then  took  the  lease  in  question.  This 
lease  contained  a  covenant  which  was  sub- 
stantially identical  with  the  covenant  in 
"  Surtees  v.  Woodhouse."  By  it  the  tenant- 
covenanted  that  he  would  "pay  all  rates, 
taxes,  and  assessments  whatsoever  which  now 
are,  or  during  the  said  term  shall  be,  imposed 
or  assessed  upon  the  said  promises,  or  on  the 
landlord  or  tenant  in  respect  thereof,"  &c.  It 
was  held  in  the  case  cited  above  that  the 
expense  had  ripened  into  a  charge  before 
the  date  of  the  lease,  and  that  that  afforded 
a  complete  answer  to  a  claim  under  th& 
covenant.  In  his  opinion  the  reasoning 
of  this  decision  was  equally  applicable 
whether  the  word  was  "  outgoings  "  or  "  as- 
sessments." The  reasoning  is  sound.  The 
charge  was,  in  the  case  before  us,  created 
before  the  lease.  The  covenant  made  by  the 
tenant  to  pay  certain  rates,  taxes,  assess- 
ments, and  outgoings,  did  not  include  ex- 
penses of  private  street  works,  which  had 
become  a  charge  on  the  premises  on  their 
completion  before  the  commencement  of  the 
lease.  The  landlord  in  fact,  after  he  had 
built  his  house,  incurred  the  expenses  for 
paving.  The  charge  was  a  prior  imposition 
incident  on  the  completion  which  the  tenant 
would  not  have  had  anything  to  do  with  at 
t  e  date  of  the  lease.  There  will  be  some 
consolation  to  tenants  in  this  decision ; 
it  will  be  satisfactory  to  them  to  know- 
that  a  covenant  on  their  part  to  "  pay  all 
rates,  taxes,  and  assessments  whatsoever, 
which  now  are,  or  during  the  said  term  shall 
be,  imposed  or  assessed  upon  the  said 
premises,  or  on  the  landlord  or  tenant,"  and 
does  not  necessarily  mean  the  payment  by 
them  of  expenses  of  private  street  works,  or 
that  '■  assessments"  do  not  cover  paving  ex- 
penses. If  such  a  term  as  "  assessments  "  or 
"  outgoings  "  could  be  construed  to  include 
street  paving  and  improvements,  a  tenant 
would  be  liable  to  all  sorts  of  expenses  which 
the  local  authority  thought  fit  to  incur.  On 
other  grounds  the  owner  or  landlord,  as  the 
person  who  reaps  the  advantages  of  the 
erection  and  receives  the  rent,  appears  to  be 
the  proper  person  to  bear  the  exjjense  of  all 
work  necessary  to  complete  the  building  and 
its  approaches.  The  word  "assessment "  in  the 
sense  which  the  plaintiff  endeavoured  to  prove 
it  meant  is  rather  an  elastic  and  convenient 
phrase  if  applied  to  expenses  of  the  kind  we 
have  been  considering,  whereas  it  is  some- 
thing of  a  different  nature  altogether.  It  is 
a  tax  or  rate  fixed,  and,  if  created,  a  liability. 
It  cannot  be  contended  that  paving  expenses 
created  a  liability  of  the  tenant,  as  they  were 
incurred  before  the  tenant  had  anything  to 
do  with  the  premises.     The  apportionment  of 


Feb.  26,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIEG    NEWS. 


297 


road-making  and  paving  expenses  betweim 
owners  of  house  property  is  a  source  of 
much  vexation  and  disagreement.  We  can- 
not say  the  methods  adopted  by  local 
authorities  and  their  administration  of 
the  Act  are  always  just  or  disorioaiuating. 
In  the  case  of  corner  houses,  where  there  are 
two  frontiiges  to  be  considered,  the  cost  is 

Particularly  heavy  on  the  owners,  and  they 
ave  often  to  pay  a  much  larger  proportion 
of  the  cost  than  is  fair.  In  one  ipstance  we 
heard  of  lately,  the  expense  of  laj-ing  drains 
was  increased  by  raising  the  road  on  one  side, 
which  entailed  upon  the  owner  the  cost  of 
rebuilding  his  brick  wall  and  reconstructing 
his  entrance.  The  local  authorities  in  this 
instance  charged  the  owner  a  much  larger 
sum  than  he  was  entitled  to  pay  in  thp  cir- 
cumstances, though  eventually  we  believe 
a  compromise  was  effected.  In  another 
case  the  owner  of  a  corner  house  in  a  t-errace 
was  charged  for  forming  the  road  and  foot- 
way along  the  side  of  his  front  garden  some 
two  hundred  feet  or  more  in  length.  As  the 
road  was  lowered  in  one  part  the  owner's  side 
garden  wall  was  much  damaged  and  cracked 
in  consequence  of  disturbance  of  the  founda- 
tion, the  expense  for  rebuilding  which  ought 
to  have  been  fciken  into  account.  The  rate 
per  foot  frontage  is  certainly  too  much  to 
charge  for  side  roads,  which  ought  to  be 
assessed  at  a  lower  rate ;  but  is  such  a  reduced 
rate  adequately  taken  into  consideration  'i 


THE     APX'HITECTUKAL   .ASSOCIATION. 

THE  fortnightly  meeting  of  the  Architectural 
Association  was  held  at  9,  Conduit-street, 
W.,  on  Friday  evening,  the  President,  Jlr. 
Henry  T.  Hare,  F.K.I.B.A.,  in  the  chair.  The 
following  new  Jlembera  were  elected  : — F.  J. 
Whittmgham,  C.  Simpson,  T.  O.  Foster,  tr.  F. 
Lake,  L.  M.  Gotch,  H.  V.  German,  I.  H. 
German,  D.  J.  Campkin,  and  T.  L.  I'e.arce.  The 
President  announced  the  following  further  dona- 
tions to  the  New  Premises  Fund  : — The  Pro- 
prietors of  the  Biiihkrs'  JoiivikiI,  £10  10s.; 
Messrs.  C.  Stanley  Peach,  £10  10a. ;  SV.  Morrison, 
£10  ;  J.  D.  Grace,  £5  5a.  :  W.  H.  Lever,  £5  : 
Horace  Porter,  £2  28. ;  J.  Adams  Smith,  £2  2s, : 
T.  S.  Attlee,  £l  Is. ;  L.  V.  Hunt,  £1  Is. ;  W.  J. 
Kemp,  £1  Is.  ;  C.  H.  M.  Mileham,  £1  la. ,  J.  B. 
Pinchbeck,  £1  la.  ;  and  A.  H.  Roe,  £1  1b.  Mr. 
Levis  Amuler,  Hon.  Sec.,  stated  that  a  meeting 
of  the  Camera  and  Cycling  Club  would  be  held  on 
Monday,  Feb.  29,  when  a  paper  would  be  read 
by  Mr.  G.  Trotman  on  "  Glouceater."  Several 
donations  of  hooka  to  the  library  were  acknow- 
ledged by  a  vote  of  thanks.  The  Puesident 
gave  notice  of  a  special  general  meeting  to  be 
held  on  Friday,  March  4,  at  7  p.m.,  to  con- 
aider  the  desirability  of  holding  the  ordinary 
general  meetings  on  any  other  day  than  Friday. 

CORNER   HOrsES. 

Mr.  W.  Henuv  White  read  a  paper  on  thia 
subject,  illustrated  by  numeroua  plans,  sections, 
and  perspcctivea  hung  on  the  screens,  and  by 
lantern  slides,  illustrating  buildings  designed  by 
the  late  William  Burges  and  G.  E.  Street^  an  in- 
structive series  by  Mr.  Norman  Shaw,  and  others 
by  Messrs.  W.  Flockhart,  Ernest  George  and 
Yeatea.  .1.  M.  Maclaren,  E.  J.  May,  F.  E.  Wade, 
Aston  Webb,  Philip  Webb,  and  examples  of  the 
work  of  American  and  German  architecta.  The 
author  alluded  in  his  opening  remarks  to  the 
paper  he  read  before  the  Association  last  session 
upon  "Town  Houses,"  in  which  he  dealt 
principally  with  houses  shut  in  between  party- 
w^Us,  tracing  the  development  of  the  town 
house  from  the  IGth  century  onwards.  The 
present  paper  was  a  acnuel  to  that  address,  and 
he  proposed  to  include  detached,  aa  well  as  corner 
houses,  in  hia  remarks.  la  not  the  question  of 
comer  houaea,  he  asked,  a  fascinating  subject  for 
the  exercise  of  a  young  architect's  flights  of 
fancy  r  ^\'hat  an  opportunity  to  show  to  the 
world  at  large  "all  he  knows,"  and  yet  what  pit- 
falla  to  be  avoided  !  How  many  of  our  atreet 
corners  have  been  made  uuattractive  by  the  in- 
artistic treatment  of  this  problem,  and,  fortu- 
nately, on  the  other  hand,  how  attractive  eiuh 
corners  are  when  treated  in  a  masterly  manner  by 
a  capable  architect.  To  attain  this"  skill  is  the 
aim  of  every  earnest  atudcnt,  and  it  has  occurred 
to  mo  that  it  might  bo  interesting  to  all  of  us  to 


see  in  a  succession  of  views  how  aome  of  our  well- 
known  architecta  have  dealt  with  the  problem.  I 
therefore  propose  to  show  upon  the  screen  a  series 
of  views  of  buildings  which  have  been  erected 
from  the  designs  of  architects,  in  most  cases  well 
known  (at  least  by  naae)  to  all  of  you.  I  shall 
also  show  you  \iews  of  detached  houses  and  of 
some  corner  buildings,  to  illustrate  a  few  points 
which  I  shall  mention  in  passing. 

the    rUOULEM    OF     ASPECT    FOR    A    CORXEtt    HOUSE. 

Having  described  in  my  previous  paper  the 
leading  points  to  be  considered  in  planning  a 
town  house  of  the  terrace  type,  and  bearing  these 
points  in  mind,  it  will  be  found  that  a  corner 
plot  frei^uently  increases  the  ditliculty  of  plan- 
ning a  well-arranged  house— so  many  fresh  ele- 
ments are  added  to  the  ordinary  problem,  and 
there  are  possibly  a  greater  number  of  solutions 
to  be  considered  before  the  best  is  arrived  at.  But 
if  greater  difficulties  are  introduced  the  subject  is 
more  interesting  and  provides  a  wider  scope  for 
the  architect's  powers,  and  indeed  the  very  awk- 
wardness and  difficulties  of  a  site  frequently 
enable  the  clever  designer  to  produce  a  quaint 
and  inteiesting  piece  of  work.  The  disposition 
of  the  principal  rooms,  owing  to  questions  of 
"  aspect,"  may  now  become  of  vital  importance, 
and,  as  in  the  built-in  house,  the  position  of  the 
entrance,  hall,  and  staircase  will  materially  help 
to  aettle  the  type  of  plan  to  be  adopted.  If  the 
site  is  situated  with  one  side  to  a  principal  street 
and  the  other  to  an  unimoortant  street,  the  client 
will,  in  most  cases,  expect  -the  entrance  to  be  in 
the  principal  street,  and  this  one  point  will  often 
hamper  the  development  of  the  whole  plan. 
Where  the  side  street  is  wide  and  quiet, 
it  is  desirable  in  the  case  of  a  earner  house 
attached  to  another  house,  that  the  central 
haU  and  staircase  type  be  adopted — this  permits 
of  the  rooms  being  planned  to  face  the  street, 
but  it  is  impossible  to  lay  down  rules  for  the 
development  of  corner  sites — each  presenting  a 
different  problem  to  solve,  and  each  requiring 
special  consideration.  I  strongly  recommend 
our  students  to  collect,  examine,  and  criticise  as 
many  published  plana  and  deaigns  aa  possible, 
as  by  so  doing  they  will  learn  a  great  deal,  and 
also  when  possible  make  a  point  of  seeing  the 
building  illustrated,  study  its  position  in  regards 
to  its  surroundings,  and  the  points  of  the  com- 
pass, and,  if  it  occurs  to  you  after  mature  con- 
sideration that  the  problem  might  have  been 
solved  in  a  better  manner,  jot  down  notes  for 
future  guidance.  We  shall  see  some  plans,  &c., 
upon  the  screen  which  will  illustrate  these 
remarks.     As  to 

THE    EXTERNAL    FE.ITIRES 

of  the  design  of  corner  houses,  a  little  maj-  be 
aaid  as  to  a  few  things  to  be  borne  in  mind 
whatever  may  be  the  style  or  motive  we  are 
working  in,  and  the  danger  which  appears  to  be 
most  imminent  is  the  unneceasary  elaboration  of 
the  angle,  which  ia  frequently  treated  as  a  thing 
apart  from  the  general  design,  and  haa  a  "  stuck 
on  "  effect.  If  it  be  determined  to  give  promi- 
nence to  the  angle  treatment  care  should  be 
taken  to  still  keep  it  as  an  integral  pirt  of  the 
design.     Now  as  to 

DETACHEn    HOVSES. 

Except  in  some  of  our  best  thoroughfares  and 
squares,  there  are  few  opportimities  of  erecting 
detached  houses  in  the  heart  of  London  ;  but 
when  they  occur  the  architect  has  even  more  play 
for  his  skill,  and  I  shall  show  you  views  of 
various  detached  houses  upon  the  screen,  which 
I  hope  will  interest  you  and  enable  j'ou  to  study 
what  has  been  done  by  others,  and  help  you  to 
equip  yourselves  for  dealing  with  similar  prob- 
lems when  the  pleasant  opportunity  arrives.  I 
shall  also  show  you  a  few  suburban  housea,  but 
they  scarcely  come  within  the  scope  of  my  paper. 
The  slides  which  will  be  shown  to  you  have  been 
made  from  published  illustrations  and  photo- 
graphs specially  prepared,  and  we  may  consider 
many  of  them  as  representing  the  work  of  some 
of  the  best  known  men  of  their  day.  In  ex- 
amining these  works,  the  chief  point  of  interest 
to  ua  appears  to  me  to  be  to  consider  how  very 
widely  they  differ  in  motive  and  style. 

WANTED,    .1    \ERXAf  ir.AR   STVI.E, 

Very  little  similarity  or  unity  of  design  exists 
between  these  houses — each  architect  appears  to 
have  been  actuated  by  a  different  motive  as  to  the 
dtsign,  and  although  we  must  admit  that  indi- 
viduality is  charming,  I  cinnot  help  wondering 
whether  thia    struggle    for  novelty  is  good  for 


!  English  architecture,  good  for  the  training  of 
puolc  taste,  however  charming  each  individual 
piece  may  appear  to  us.  When  no  t«o  men  in  a 
profession  seem  to  show  any  consecutive  train  of 
thought  (as  discloted  by  iheir  work)  and  pro- 
duce such  a  variety  of  designs  with  no  homo- 
geneity of  feeling  existing  between  their  work, 
how  can  we  expect  the  public  to  learn  to  dis- 
tinguish between  good  and  bad  'r  I  cannot  help 
feeling  that,  so  long  as  our  students  are  allowed 
to  work  upon  individual  ideas,  so  long  will  thi» 
heterogeneoua  work  continue,  and  while  such 
differences  of  style  and  aim  exiat  between  the 
masters,  I  fear  our  students  cannot  hope  to 
develop  a  vernacular  style.  Municipal  archi- 
tecture, it  seema  to  me,  has,  during  the 
past  few  years,  in  the  hands  of  our  ablest 
men,  made  greater  strides  towards  a  de- 
velopment of  our  own  vernacular  style  than 
has  house  architecture.  This  may  be,  and,  X 
think,  is,  the  result  of  competition  —  where 
each  competitor,  by  striving  for  success,  studies 
more  closely  the  work  of  the  beat  men  of  the  day, 
and  that  work,  I  think  you  will  ag'ee  with  me,  i»> 
a  distinct  carrying  on  and  development  of  the 
ISth  -  century  work;  but  there  is  no  such 
motive  with  house  architecture,  where  each  man. 
is  left  to  hia  own  devicea  and  his  client's  in- 
structions, and  I  think  you  will  agree  that  the 
work  illustrated  to-night  bears  out  these  views. 
Of  course,  I  submit  my  own  ideas  with  all 
deference,  and  it  may  be  that  my  views  will  not 
be  shared  by  many  of  you  ;  but  as  we  have  all  been 
taught  that  the  study  of  old  wurk  is  absolutely 
essential,  and  the  more  we  do  study  it  the  more 
we  realise  how  important  a  factor  in  our  education 
it  must  be,  I  think  we  ought  to  be  able  to  deduce 
some  lessons  from  it. 

TKE    GREATER    CONSI-iTEXCV    OF    OLD    WORK. 

Briefly  summed  up,  may  we  not  say  that  the  old 
work  was  more  consistent  as  to  style  'r  It  was  a 
gradual  development  from  one  period  to  another 
right  down  to  the  end  of  the  18th  century. 
It  was  always  suited  to  the  requirements  of  the- 
age  f-nd  the  materials  used,  .and  possessed  a 
breadth  of  treatment,  from  the  cottage  tj  the 
mansion,  the  village  church  to  the  noblest  cathe- 
dral, far  and  away  beyond  that  of  the  average 
work  of  to-day.  I  am  speaking  as  a  student  to 
students,  and  I  ask.  Do  we  show  theae  same 
qualities  to-day  in  the  majority  of  our  work,  and 
if  no"",  what  is  the  reason  ':  Is  it  lack  of  the 
knowledge  possessed  by  the  older  architeds, 
or  is  it  thit  the  requirements  of  the  19th  ixLOi 
20fh  centuries  are  so  much  more  complex  that 
the  old  rules  fail,  or  is  it  that,  in  the  multi- 
tude of  individual  teaching,  of  books,  of  illustra- 
tions, of  facilities  for  travelling,  of  the  in- 
numerable rules  and  regulations  laid  down  by  the 
miny  authorities  who  now  have  a  voice  in  con- 
nection with  our  work,  and  of  the  lack  of  a 
genuine  School  of  Architecture  in  England,  that 
we  are  weakened  in  our  efforts,  and  our  architec- 
ture lacks  homogeneity  of  feeling,  and  that,  in 
consequence,  our  streets  show  the  architectural 
patchwork  now  presented  to  our  view  r  I  do  not 
wish  to  be  misunderstood  as  to  my  object  in 
bringing  forward  this  variety  ot  work  for  your 
inspection,  but  the  idea  has  been  forced  upon  me 
by  the  collection  of  these  views  that  it  is  an 
extraordinary  fact,  which  has  to  be,  or  ought  to 
be,  studied  and  analysed  ;  that  it  is  possible  in 
such  a  comparatively  short  time  for  so  manv 
different  conceptions  of  the  same  problem  to  hav. 
bein  evolved  from  so  many  good  men. 

IS    A     VARIETY    OF    STYLES    BEXEFICIAL     TO    .VRCHt- 
TKCTCILVL    PROCiRESS? 

Here  we  have,  at  any  rate,  the  architectural 
training  of  the  student  to  foster,  and  if  it  be 
determined  by  those  best  qualified  to  judge,  that 
it  is  for  the  good  of  architecture  that  there  are  so 
many  varieties,  call  thorn  "designs,"  "styles," 
or  what  you  wil,  it  is  interesting  to  bring  them 
before  our  notice  for  study  and  comparison  ;  if 
not,  is  it  not  also  interesting  to  study  them,  to 
ponder  upon  the  kind  of  training  which  has  pro- 
duced them,  and  to  consider  how  far  it  is  pos- 
sible to  deduce  .any  practical  lessons  from  such 
a  review  r  I  hope  you  will  not  think  I  am 
advocating  a  deadly  monotony  in  design,  or  that 
I  think  it  advisable  to  slavishly  copy  old  work. 
Careful  study  of  the  latter  will  show  how  ir.finitclv- 
fuU  ot  variety  it  was  during  any  period  of  English 
architecture  down  to  the  end  of  the  18th  century ; 
at  the  same  time  it  was  consistent  in  design  and 
motive.  In  niy  last  paper  1  pointed  out  how  the 
work  of  Mr.  Norman  Shaw  had  developed  until, 
at  the  close  of  his  jrofessional  life,  he  got  back  t> 


298 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  26,  1904. 


a  true  development  o£  our  own  yernacular  style, 
as  instiinoed  by  the  house  in  (Jueen's  Gate  and 
his  sjilendid  work  "Cheaters."  Now,  supposing 
Mr.  Norman  Shaw  had  commenced  his  career 
with  this  period  of  work,  it  is  interesting  to 
speculate  upon  how  he  might  have  developed  it ; 
and  I  .submit  for  our  Committee's  consideration 
■whethfr,  in  our  classes  of  design,  if  the  students 
were  asked  to  submit  designs  based  upon  our 
own  vernncular  work  instead  of  what  appears 
to  be  the  case — viz.,  left  to  bring  in  more  or  less 
crude  ideas,  the  essence  of  which  seems  to  be  to 
strike  out  something  novel — such  a  course  might 
not  be  productive  of  good  and  lead  to  more 
thoughtful  and  consistent  work  than  is  now  the 
case.  I  do  not  believe  this  course  would  cramp 
the  man  of  genius,  and  it  ought  to  improve  the 
work  of  the  aieragc  student.  Mr.  Statham  has 
said  in  one  of  his  books,  "  Architecture  is  now, 
and  must  be  for  the  future,  a  personal  art,  like 
sculpture  and  painting,  in  which  the  individual 
architect  gives  his  impress  to  his  own  work,  only 
influenced,  more  or  less,  like  the  sculptor  and 
painter,  by  the  prevalent  taste  and  tendency  of 
the  age."  Well,  if  that  be  true,  our  aim,  as 
architects,  should  be  to  try  and  keep  the  taste  of 
the  age,  so  far  as  architecture  is  concerned, 
■within  the  bounds  of  reason  and  good  sense,  and 
so  that  the  public  may  realise  we  act  up  to  our 
motto — viz.,  that  we  "Design  with  beauty  and 
build  in  truth."  Now,  you  may  be  saying  to 
yourselves.  What  have  these  remarks  to  do  with 
"corner  houses"'/  My  reply  is,  ttat  they  are 
thoughts  which  have  forced  themselves  upon  me 
in  studying  the  subject,  and  we  will  now  proceed 
to  the  views,  and  then,  I  think,  you  will  see 
that  they  have  considerable  bearing  upon  the 
uestion. 

Mr.    Ambler    read    a    letter    from    Professor 
Bekesi'oud  Pite,  who  was  unable  to  bo  present, 
in  which   the   writer   observed   that  it  was  very 
true  that  a  re\iew   of  recent  house  architecture 
displayed  extraordinary  variety  of  conception  and 
ideal.     It  might  appear  to  a  foreigner  that  each 
architect  h  re  was  striving  for  his  own  hand  in 
the  struggle  for  originality,  and  was  regardless  of 
any  consistency,   and  probably  also  without  the 
intellectual  trammels  of  a  sound  education.    Such 
criticism    was    not     easy     to     resist.     Intimate 
acquaintance,   such    as    was   possessed  by  every 
architect  or  student  who  felt   drawn  to  Friday 
morning  and  its  building  papers  with  a  zest  not 
felt  for  other  days,  however,  showei  that  there 
was  method  in  the  madness,  and  it  was  in  our 
inability   to  think    for   ourselves,  independently 
and  academically,  that  our  liability  to  pursue  so 
eagerly  every  fashion  and  phase  of  a  master  or 
type  found  such  unregulated  scope.     There  was  a 
personal  element  in  published  current  designs  from 
which  "we  could  not  dissociate  ourselves,  and  we 
followed  leaders  as  inevitably  as  Courtdressmakers. 
He  did  not  know  that  it  was  any  good  to  regret  this 
tendency  in  the  absence  of  a  better  one.     It  was 
a  sign  of  the  age.     Time  was  not  taken  to  study 
and  criticise  design.     The  facility  in  draughts- 
manship which  was  attainable  in  a  pupil's  se2ond 
or  third  year  was  often  his  full  equipment  for  the 
practice  of  design,  and  he,  no  wonder,  hungrily 
devoured   the    notions    of    modern    originators, 
assimilated  and  evolved  reproductions  without  at 
all  realising  that  such  designs  were  not  in  any 
sense  serious  architecture,  worthy  of  himself  or 
of  his  art.     The  return  to  tradition,  he  thought, 
was  practically   impossible — we   were    our    own 
tradition,  and  the  Gothic   Revival  was  as  much 
a  tradition  to  us  as  the  Renaissance  was  to  Eliza- 
bethan  and  Jacobean    designers.      The    violent 
progress  of  architecture  during  the  past  century 
had  rendered  useless  the  traditions  and  design  of 
the  old  masons  and   carpenters  in  whose  hands 
much   of    the    house    architecture    of   the   pre- 
Viotorian    period    was    practised.       These    tra- 
ditions of  workmanship  were,  he  feared,  as  dead 
as  Queen   Anne   herself,  and   we  should  not  be 
understood  by  the  common  artificer  of  our  day  if 
we    invoked    them    as     his    ideal.     Machinery, 
technical  class  training,  decay  of  apprenticeship, 
and    many    oth>'r    influences     had    now    to    be 
reckond   with  in  the   building   trades,   and  we 
could  only  do  our  best  to  pick  up  the  threads  in 
our  own  hinds  and  weave  them  with  intelligence 
and  sincerity  in  desire  to  do  everything  that  was 
best  under  all  circumstances,  whether  of  brick- 
work,  joinerv,   sanitation,  or    decoration.     Our 
arti'Htic  iraditiiras  were  our  own,  they  lay  in  our 
clients'  lives  and   desires  and  in  our  own  intelli- 
geuco  and  studies.     The  fountains  of  inspiration 
■Were  ever  open   'o  us  in  the   study  of  all  noble 
butliing   work— Greek,    Roman,   or   Medieval— 


ani  in  the  work  and  ways  of  the  inJividual  giants 
of  the  Renaissance — even  of  the  Gothic  Renais- 
sance— so  much  nearer  to  us ;  and  in  a  hearty 
appreciation  of  the  fact  that  it  was  ours  to  trans- 
late current  lite  into  solid  materials  would  lie  our 
road  to  architectural  success. 

Mr.  AiiTiivR  Keen-,  in  proposing  a  vote  of 
thank?,  said  that  if  Mr.  White  had  not  kept 
closely  to  the  subject  of  his  paper,  he  had,  at  any 
rate,  given  material  for  reflection  on  matters  that 
lay  at  the  root  of  all  successful  design.  It  seemed 
hopeless  now  to  expect  a  return  to  any  uniform 
style  of  architecture,  or  even  to  uniformity  of 
taste  and  judgment ;  the  day  for  that  had  gone 
by.  There  were,  however,  certain  principles 
that  governed  all  good  design,  whether  in  one 
style  or  another,  or  in  no  recognised  style  at  all, 
such  as  suitability,  regard  for  material,  self- 
restraint,  and  so  forth.  It  appeared  to  him  that 
in  designing  corner  houses  the  quality  of  con- 
centration was  too  often  neglected.  In  visiiing 
Knowle  House,  near  Sevenoaks,  lately,  he  was 
impressed  with  the  importance  and  value  given 
to  the  entrance  gateway  by  the  almost  monotonous 
reflection  of  the  long  row  of  gables  on  either 
side,  all  alike,  and  with  little  three-light 
windows  under  them.  The  ordinarj'  way  of 
building  town  houses  in  terraces  imposed  a 
certain  uniformity  and  breadth  of  treatment 
which  was  of  great  possible  value  in  connection 
with  the  design  of  the  corner  building,  and  it 
was  unfortunate  that  an  opportunity  for  the 
effective  treatment  of  one  or  two  important 
features  was  often  killed  by  too  much  being 
attempted,  and  only  a  confused  and  insipid  result 
being  reached.  Now,  in  corner  houses  it  seemed 
to  him  that  the  actual  height  of  the  building  had 
an  important  bearing  on  the  method  of  design. 
When  the  building  was  low  and  the  roof  could  be 
seen  a  great  pcint  should  be  made  of  the  rojf  and 
its  gable  and  chimneys,  and  everything  else 
should  be  subservient  to  these.  Where  the  build- 
ing was  high  and  the  roof  could  not  be  well  seen 
the  main  effect  should  be  gained  by  a  fine  group- 
ing of  features  on  the  skyline,  and,  as  a  high 
building  was  usually  a  large  one,  a  corner  turret 
might  perhaps  be  introduced.  A  turret  was,  how- 
ever, a  dangerous  thing  to  attempt,  and  it  should 
never  be  used  unless  the  building  was  large,  so 
that  it  could  be  big  enough  to  preserve  its  in- 
dividuality. Turrets  generally  failed  by  being  so 
small  as  to  appear  like  something  stuck  on  to,  or 
growing  out  of,  a  building,  instead  of  being  an 
integral  part  of  it,  and  this  appearance  was  com- 
monly intensified  by  turrets  being  over-win- 
dowed. The  one  on  Mr.  Norman  Shaw's  St. 
James-street  building  was  a  good  example.  It 
had  brickwork  enough  in  it  to  look  strong  and 
safe  ;  it  asserted  itself  boldly  by  starting  near  the 
ground,  instead  of  in  a  half-hearted  way  out  of 
the  roof,  and  it  stood  up  high  enough  to  get  clear 
of  its  surroundings  and  to  have  a  good  roof  of  its 
own,  which,  moreover,  connected  the  turret  to 
the  rest  of  the  composition  by  ruoning  back  and 
covering  quite  a  considerable  portion  of  the  build- 
ing. An  interesting  point  in  connection  with  this 
building  was  that  although  it  was  as  fully 
decorated  as  any  in  London,  this  elaboration  of 
work  was  not  allowed  in  any  way  to  interfere 
with  the  essential  points  of  the  design — namely, 
the  gables,  the  turret,  and  the  ground-floor 
arches.  It  was  only  used  to  give  scale  and  rich- 
ness without  any  suggestion  of  fussiness  or  con- 
fusion. However,  the  subject  of  individual 
features  was  one  that  might  be  discussed  at  great 
length ;  the  main  point  he  wanted  to  emphasise 
as  a  small  contribution  to  the  subject  was  that  a 
corner  house,  coming  as  the  termination  of  a 
perhaps  uninteresting  row  of  buildings,  was  the 
opportunity  for  showing  some  well-designed 
feature  to  great  advantage ;  the  choice  lies 
among  many  possibilities ;  it  must  be  made  with 
good  judgment,  and  when  it  had  been  made 
everything  else  must  become  subservient  to  it. 

Mr.  Mauuice  B.  An.VMs,  on  the  invitation  of 
the  President,  seconded  the  vote  of  thanks,  and 
remarked  that,  although  on  the  surface  of  things 
it  did  appear  that  a  lack  of  harmony  existed  in 
the  best  work  of  the  day,  particularly  in  house 
building,  it  appeared  to  him  that  Mr.  White  had 
laid  too  much  stress  upon  the  want  of  continuity 
referred  to.  For  example,  it  was  quite  easy, 
surely,  to  determine  the  date  of  Mr.  Norman 
Sfiaw's  work  when,  say,  he  was  erecting  his 
insurance  offices  in  St..Iame3's-street.and  in  Mr. 
Ernest  George's  buildings  contemporary  with 
that,  and  in  the  designs  of  others  of  the  same 
school  much  as  the  individual  buildings  of  this 
class  varied  in  detail,  and  distinguished  as  they 


were  by  personal  charm.  The  work  didpossessa 
degre)  of  continuity,  and  formed  for  the  time  a 
school  in  its  way.  The  Sime  with  the  tJothic 
work  done  bj-  Geo.  Edmund  Street — its  method 
and  aim  were  continuous,  and  distinctly  marked  the 
period  when  Burges  and  Godwin  displayed  their 
renderings  of  the  same  ideals.  No  one  had  changed 
more  than  Mr.  Norman  Shaw ;  but  it  was  a  gradual 
development,  and  in  all  his  work  the  essential 
charm  of  thoughtful  planning  was  realised. 
Some  of  the  corner  houses  exhibited  by  the 
lecturer  deserved  more  examination  than  the 
hasty  display  had  afforded,  and  in  reference 
to  the  last  specimen  of  Mr.  Shaw's  work — vi?., 
the  deservedly  admired  house  built  for  Mr. 
Beazley  White  at  the  corner  of  (Queen's  Gate — 
was  not  its  external  treatment  largely  influenced 
by  the  material  which  the  architect  had  to 
employ '?  Its  plan  was  most  excellent.  The 
speaker  urged  the  need  of  greater  breadth  with 
less  detail  in  modern  work,  and  advocated  more 
thought  being  devoted  to  planning.  The  Gaiety 
Theatre,  by  Mr.  Runtz,  was  instanced  as  a  good 
corner  building  bold  and  broadly  handled,  even 
if  some  had  said  that  the  detail  in  parts  was  a 
trifle  coarse.  5Ir.  .\dams  spoke  very  apjirovingly 
of  the  work  in  design  done  by  the  Classes  of  the 
Architectural  Association. 

Mr.  Henry  Lovegkove  remarked  that  many  of 
the  young  men  who  endeavoured  to  copy  ilr. 
Norman  Shaw's  work  failed  lamentably  in  propor- 
tion, and  also  in  the  constructional  details  of  the 
houses.  The  teaching  of  Ruskin  was  not  followed 
at  the  present  day  ;  there  was  neither  simplicity 
nor  honesty  in  construction.  He  must  admit  to  a 
certain  prejudice  against  corner  houses  ;  they  were 
not  always  healthy  nor  comfortable,  and  he  would 
not  live  in  one  if  it  were  given  him. 

Mr.  E.  AV.  Wwi'EUis  would  be  sorry  to  tempt 
ilr.  Lovegrove  with  the  offer  of  a  corner  house. 
He  thought  the  man  that  could  plan  and  design  a 
satisfactory  terrace  house  would  be  able  to  carry 
out  (qu.ally  well  a  comer  building.  A  right- 
angled  corner  tempted  the  architect  to  employ  a 
turret,  but  only  a  skilful  designer,  such  as  Mr. 
Norman  Shaw,  could  devise  an  effective  turret. 
Too  often  the  turret  was  overailing  and  exag- 
gerated, showing  a  sad  want  of  balance.  In  the 
best  designs  shown  that  evening,  it  would  be 
noted  that  the  corner  was  not  emphasised.  He 
thought  the  enormous  variety  in  the  work  now 
being  done  was  a  very  healthy  sign  for  the  future 
of  architecture  ;  we  were  still  going  through  a 
transition  period — almost  a  Renaissance — in  this 
country.  The  average  work  of  a  century  since, 
in  which  a  traditional  type  was  followed,  was, 
after  all,  very  poor  stuff.  There  was  in  the  work 
of  the  younger  men  of  the  present  day,  and 
especially  in  that  of  the  A. A.  students,  evidence 
of  a  very  high  average,  and  he  believed  that  in  a 
few  years  the  practice  of  domestic  architecture 
would  be  raised  to  a  very  high  pitch  ot  excellence. 

Mr.  Theouoke  Mooue  disagreed  with  the 
lecturer's  desire  for  a  school  of  architecture.  It 
would  bring  about  a  similar  dull  uniformity  of 
work  to  that  which  we  saw  in  Paris,  and  would 
be  distinctly  injurious  to  progress  in  art.  He 
held  London  to  be  on  the  whole  the  most  beautiful 
city  in  the  world,  and  that  its  beauty  consisted 
in  the  variety  of  originality  of  its  architecture. 

The  Presidext,  in  closing  the  discussion,  said 
he  had  been  disappointed  not  to  have  more  in  the 
paper  about  the  planning  of  other  houses.  The 
treatment  of  the  ordinary  right-angled  corner  was 
difficult,  but  that  of  an  internal  angle  was  stiU 
made  complex.  There  was  a  great  danger  of  over 
doing  the  treatment ,  of  a  turret :  there  was  no 
reason  why  the  angle  should  be  emphasised  by  the 
introduction  of  a  turret,  for  a  perfectly  satis- 
factory building  could  be  produced  without  it. 
He  felt  that  it'^was  to  be  regretted  that  there 
was  not  more  unity  of  aim  in  the  work  of 
modern  architects.  If  architects  were  working  in 
a  truer  line  they  would  do  much  to  advance  the 
progress  of  their  art.  Much  of  the  diversity  was 
due  to  a  lack  of  systematic  education  for  archi- 
tects, and  in  this  respect  we  were  far  behind 
France  and  the  United  States.  He  thought  to 
place  the  architecture  of  London,  with  its  squalor, 
dirt,  and  poverty,  before  that  of  Paris  was  a 
narrow  and  insular  \iew.  In  putting  the  vote  of 
thanks  he  coupled  with  the  name  of  Mr.  White 
that  of  Mr.  (letzmann,  who  had  prepared  the 
lantern  slides. 

Mk.  White,  in  reply,  said  he  had  addressed  his 
remarks  principally  to  students.     He  would  say : 

O  for  the  wizard  hand  of  a  potent  skill 

To  bring  forth  heauteous  order  from  this  pile 

Of  rich  but  wild  confusion  I 


Feb.  26,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


299 


THE   SUCIKXV   UF   AUCmXECT.S. 

THE  fourth  ordinary  meeting  for  the  present 
session  of  the  Society  of  Architects  was 
held  on  Thursday  evening  in  last  week  at 
btaple  Inn  Buildings,  Itolborn,  Mr.  G.  (iard 
Pye,  Vice-rresident,  in  the  chair.  The  followin"- 
gentlemen  were  elected  by  ballot:— As  Jlembers" 
Frederick  Herbert  Gorst,  7,  Bisley-road,  Black- 
pool, and  Thomas  Stewart  Inglis,  96,  Savernake- 
road  N.W.  As  Students  :  Reginald  Simson 
England,  of  Maiden  :  Charles  Herbert  Hudson 
Islington  ;  and  Alfred  Keginald  Martin,  of 
Maidstone.  The  Chairman  announced  that  the 
annual  dinner  of  the  .Society  will  be  held  on 
Friday,  April  22,  at  De  ICeyser's  Koyal  Hotel 
\  ictoria  Embankment. 

■nAR.MIXG    AXD    VliSTILATIOX. 

Mr.  David  N.  Xeskit,  M.Inst.Mech.E.,  read 
a  paper  on  this  subject,  which  we  gave  in  full  in 
our  last  issue,  pp.  261-5. 

3Ir.    S.    W.    Dysox,    in  proposing    a   vote  of 
thanlrs  to  the  lecturer,   said  that  he  thoroughly 
agreed  with  Mr.  Kesbit's  contention  that  there 
was  no  such  thing  as  "  natural "  ventilation.    To 
obtain  real  natural   ventilation   one  would  have 
to  take  out  all  wall  surfaces  and  support  the  roof 
on  four  pillars.     An  opening  in  the  ceiling  and  a 
wall   would   not   ventilate   a   room.     No  case  of 
which  the  speaker  had  heard  was  free  from  some 
mechanical  means  of  making  the  air  move  at  all 
Some  years  ago  he  had  to  put  a  shaft  in  a  roof,' 
and    he    found    that    in    foggy  weather    there 
was  absolutely  no  movement  in    the  air.     He 
doubted  the  possibility  of  ventilating   very  hi^h 
buildings    without    some    mechanical    means  °of 
forcing  the  air  through.      The   heating  of  such 
buildings  should  undoubtedly  be  by  steam,  which 
could   be   obtained    without   cost   in   very  lar^e 
institutions,     and     it     was     a     safe    method  of 
heating   for    lunatic    asylums.     He    also    advo- 
cated   the    Plenum    system   of    ventilation    and 
heating    for   schools.       His    experience   showed 
that    an    open     pipe    was     just    as    effective 
as    an    extractor   in     the    so  -  called    natural 
system  of  ventilation.     He    had  had  some  very 
sad  experiences  with    radiators.     Many  of  them 
were  supposed  to  give   a  certain  area  of  heatin» 
surface  ;  but  he  had  a  ease  in  a  chapel    a   few 
years   ago  where   he  had  installed  radiators  and 
found  them  absolutely  of  no  use  at  all :  he  had   in 
this  c  ise,  to  more  than  double  the   number'  of 
radiators  before  the   heat   these  appliances  were 
supposed  to  give  off  was  provided. 

Mr.   B.   R.    Ti-cKEU,  Member   of    Council   in 
seconding  the  vote  of  thanks,  said  the  lecturer 
had  n.t  touched  on  natural  ventilation,  and  for 
Mr.  Dyson  to  say  there  was  no  such  thin.'  as 
natur.il   ventilation    was     very    bold.      AH    his 
Majesty's  barracks  were  ventilated  by  the  natural 
system,  and  had  been  tested  by  commandingofficers 
and   medical    officers    and    pronounced   perfect 
and  this  was  indorsed  by  doctors  of  experience.' 
Ihe  soldier  had  to  eat,  drink,  sleep,  and  live  in 
one  room,  and  when  that  room  was  found  to  be 
as  sweet  m  the  morning  as  it  was    at  midday 
there  must  be  something  in  the  mode  of  ventila- 
tion adopted.     Thousands   of  pounds   had  been 
spent  in  experiments   in  barrack  ventilation,  and 
the  result  was  that  natural  ventilation  was  found 
to  be  a  great  success.     Breathed  air  was  warmer 
and    therefore  lighter,  than    fresh   air,   and   its 
natural  tendency  was  to  rise.     Inlets  should  not 
be  made  at  the  Hoor  level,  for  the  incominn-  fresh 
air  being  heavier,  filtered  down  through  the  foul 
air    and  was  not   in  any  way  contaminated  by 
contact  with  the  foul  air.  Where  natural  ventila- 
tion  was  employed  a  little  heating   at  the  foot 
of    the    ventilating    pipe   helped    to   drive   the 
foul    air   from    the    lower    part    of    the  room 
and     m    fomo    cases    the     heat    of    a    chimney 
would     induce     an    upward    current.     The    air 
should  bo  allowed  to   enter   in  small  quantiies. 
The  outlet  should  be  a  little  larger  than  the  inic' 
and  should  be  carried  out  through  shafts  ;  "iven 
a  little  heat  at  the  base  of  the  exhaust,  and  tl  oy 
had  a  perfect  ventilator.     Except  in  very  lnr..e 
DUildings,  the    architect   could   not  provide  th., 
great  fans  that  had  been  advocated.     He  could 
not  follow  Mr.  ^esblt's  arguments  in  one  p..int- 
whereas  he  had  in  one  case  referred  to  air  beiii- 
sulhciently   pure   to   breathe  when  it   contained 
from  five  to  seven  volumes  of  carbonic  acid  "as 
per  10,000;  in  another  he  stated  the  proportion 

p!n5"'"  J"^    fi^''    '"'""O-       'i'be    speaker's 

experience  and  teaching  were  that  the  latter  ratio 
was  the  correct  estimate,  ar.d  to  say  that  air  eun- 
laming  from  five  to  seven  parts  of  carbonic  arid 
gas  in  10,000  was  sufficiently  pure  was  not  correct 


.\.ir  contaioing  ten  parts  of  carbonic  acid  gas  per 
10,000  wasdescribed  by  the  lecturer  as  "passable," 
but  was  positively  offensive  to  the  sense  of  smell. 
He  agreed  with  Mr.  Xesbit  that  low-pressure  steam 
was  the  best  for  heating  purposes,  althougli  he 
could  not  see  where  it  could  be  obtained  in  many 
buildings.  There  was  an  advantage  in  low  pres- 
sure, although  should  the  fire  go  low  the  heating 
was  altogether  cut  off,  whereas  if  hot  water  were 
used  there  would  be  always  some  amount  of  heat 
provided. 

Mr.  Max   Clarke,    A.R.I.B.A.,  said  that  as 
soon  as  Mr.  Tucker  admitted  th.at  a  little  coil  of 
steam  pipes   might  be  used  to  help  the  exhaust 
he  forsook  the  theory  of  automatic  ventilation  for 
that  of  mechanical.    Automatic  ventilation  meant 
that  the  foul  air  should   be  carried  out  without 
any  application  of  heat  whatever.     The  practical 
difficulty    with    mechanical    ventilation    was   to 
supply  the  air  at  such  a  rate  and  in  such  quanti- 
ties as  would  not  be  found  objectionable.     It  wac 
very  difficult  to  do  this  in  purely  automatic  systems 
of  ventilation.     The  Plenum  method  was  the  most 
effective,  and,  indeed,  the  only  mode  of  ventila- 
tion for  large  buildings.     The  only  improvement 
he  would  liSe  to  suggest  was  to  adopt  the  system 
that  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House  in  New  York 
had  carried  out— that  of  sending  the  pure  air  into 
the  building  before   the   audience  was  admitted 
at  a  very  much  higher  temperature  than  would 
be  permissible  were  the  building  occupied.     The 
cold  air  then  being  admitted   would  reduce  the 
temperature  to  its  normal  level. 

Mr.  Ellis  M.\RSL.iND,  Hon.  Secretary, said  that 
personally  he  thought  there  was  no  better  svstem 
than  the  Plenum,  and  for  large  buildings  it'could 
not  be  better.  They  had  heard  a  good  deal  about 
the  excellent  way  in  which  H.M.  barracks  were 
ventilated  to  the  satisfaction  alike  of  command- 
ing officers  and  medical  men.  But  the  "Tommies" 
themselves  were  in  the  habit  of  stuffiog  up  the 
inlets  with  pocket-handkerchiefs  and  paper  until 
the  oflficials  came  on  their  rounds. 

The  CuAiiniAN,  in  putting  the  vote  of  thanks 
expressed  his  concurrence  with  Mr.  Nesbit's  con- 
tention that  heating  and  ventilation  should  go 
hand-in-hand. 

Mr.   Nesiiit,   in  acknowledging    the    vote  of 
thanks,    said   that    the    subject   was   one  which 
needed   a   lifetime    to    master.      He   had   spent 
thirty  years  at  it,  and  appeared  to  know  less  than 
when  he  started.    In  reply  to  Mr.  Max  Clarke,  he 
agreed  with  the  principle  of  warming  the  air  before 
the  audience  entered,  but  fresh  air  must  also  be 
introduced  after  the  audience  was  there.     Gene- 
rally the  air  was  warmed  as  it  was  admitted  into 
a  building ;  but  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House 
in  New  ^  ork  the  authorities  wanned   the  halls 
and  the  air  was  then  sent  in,  if  not  quite  cold,' 
then  just  temperate,   to  avoid   any  disagreeable 
draught.     With   regard   to    steam   as  a  heating 
medium,  he  contended  there  need  be  no  fear  even 
with  a  small  plant.     With  hot  water,  however, 
there  was   always    the   risk   in    cold  weather  of 
arriving  on  a  Monday  morning  after  leaving  for 
a  week-end    to   find   the   pipes   filled   with    ice 
which  could  not  be  the  case  with  steam  heatino-' 
Referring  to  Mr.  Tucker's  contention  that  five  to 
seven  parts  of  carbonic  acid  gas  in   10,000  parts 
was  not  pure  air,  he  intimated  that  he  had  been 
dealing  with  the  air   to  be  found  in  cities,  and 
not  with  that  floating  over  oceans.     In  a  manu- 
facturing city,  such  as  Bradford  or  Manchester, 
they  had  kept  down  the  proportions  of  carbonic 
acid  gas  to  o-TSl  volumes  for   10,000  in  a  school. 
It  was  often  the  carelessness  or  laziness  of  those 
manipulating  the  apparatus  which  brought  systems 
into  disrepute. 


the  service  by  tho  Council  for  a  penal  notice  for 
infringements  of  general  lino  ;  it  is  suggested  that 
a  clause  similar  to  that  dealing  with  notice  for 
infringement  of  Section  1.3  as  contained  in  the 
Act  of  1.S98,  Section  .3,  should  be  inserted.  Note  • 
Where  under  Section  22  of  the  principal  Act  the 
superintending  architect  issues  a  certificate  de- 
fining the  general  line  of  buildings  he  shall  within 
fourteen  days  of  the  issue  of  such  certiHcate  cause 
a  copy  thereof  and  a  copy  of  any  plans  that  may 
accompany  it  to  be  furnished  to  the  district  sur- 
veyor or  surveyors  within  whose  districts  the 
street  is  situate. 

I'AUT    v. 

SiiCTio.v  40. — This  section  is  not  clear,  and 
should  be  redrafted.  There  is  no  suggestion  as 
to  lighting :  the  room  might  be  in  the  front  and  the 
open  space  in  the  rear. 

Sec  Tioxs  41  and  42.— Note  :  Rules  are  required 
for  dwelhngs  (including  dwellings  for  the  work- 
ing classes)  not  abutting  on  a  street. 

Sectiox  43.— N.B.  :  The  decision  in  the  case  of 
"Paynter  v.  Watson"  necessitates  the  rerision 
of  Sub-sections  1  and  2. 

Sectiox  45.— Wording  obscure,  should  be  re- 
drafted :  the  section  does  not  provide  for  a  court 
common  to  two  buildings. 

part  VI. 

Sectiox  59. — Sub-section  1 :  After  "at  ri"-ht 
angles  to  the  slope  of  roof  "  read  "  or  three  feet 
or  fifteen  inches."  Sub-section  2  :  "Skylight  " 
to  follow  "lantern  light." 

Sectiox  62.— Sub-section  1  :  Delete  the  word 
"domestic." 

Sectiox  63.— Note :  These  intended  means  of 
escape  should  be  defined  by  enacting  clauses  with 
dispensatory  powers  to  the  Council  and  the  super- 
intendence of  the  work  placed  under  the  district 
surveyor. 

Sectiox  64.— Sub-section  4  :  It  should  be  made 
clear  to  what  height  the  Siin.  work  should  be 
carried  up,  two  stories  or  one,  and  should  include 
aU  cooking  ranges  exceeding  4ft.  in  width.  Sub- 
section 9  :  Aiter  "the  breast  of  every  chimney  " 
insert  "shall  be  of  brickwork,"  &c.  Sub-section 
10:  "The  provisions  of  this  sub-section  shall 
also  apply  in  the  case  of  any  fireplace  opening 
not  in  an  external  wall,  except  where  the  back 
I  thereof  is  for  the  full  width  thereof  immediately 
against  another  fireplace  opening  or  chimney 
flues."     Sub-section  12:  "  Eveiy  chimney  smoke 


LONDON  Bl'ILDING  ACTS   (AMEND- 
MENT). 
rHE  following  suggestions  have  been  made  by 
the  District  Surveyors'  -Vssociation  :  — 

TAUT   I. 

Sectiox  .5.— New  clause  :  Sub-section  6 


builiHng  which  when  completed  is  more  than  half 
now,"  Sub-section  27:  Poriion  in  brackets  to 
read  :  "  .Not  being  merely  a  dwelling  house  so 
used  niid  not  exceeding  ten  squares  in  area." 
Note :  Sub-sections  42,  43,  and  16  should  be 
amended,  as  vestries  have  beeu  abolished  ;  also  the 
(.'omiuissioncrs  of  Sewers. 

I'ART    II. 

Skitiox  21.— This  should  be  repealed. 

TAUT   III. 

Section  22. — Note  :  There  is  no  provision  for 


-- — .  .^.^^  ..^^-...ii  *_  ,  _L,,ci_j  uuiuiuey  ainoKe 
flue  or  chimney  shaft  shall  be  carried  up  in  brick," 
&c._  Sub-section  18  :  " -V  flue  shall  not  be  built 
against  any  party  structure  or  existing  wall  unless 
it  is  surrouftded  with  new  brickwork  at  least  four 
inches  in  thickness  properly  bonded  to  the  satis- 
faction of  the  district  surveyor."'  (Substituted  for 
existing  section.) 

Sectiox  66. — Sub-sections  2  and  3  :  "But  no 
pipe  shall  be  used  as  a  smoke  flue  within  a  build- 
ing except  in  length  not  exceeding  five  feet  of 
iron  or  stoneware  and  used  solely  to  connect  a 
stove,  copper,  or  similar  fitting  to  a  proper  brick 
flue  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  district  surveyor." 
Note  :  Rules  should  be  framed  as  to  smoke  pipes 
outside  buildings. 

Sectiox  67. — After  fire-resisting  materials  add 

and  any  furnace  or  steam  boiler  shall  be  fixed 

in  such  a  position  and  in  such  a  manner  as  may 

be  approved  by  the  district  surveyor,  subject  to 

appeal  to  the  'Tribunal  of  .Vppeal." 

Section  69.— Sub-section  1  :  Add  to  "  the  satis- 
faction of  the  district  surveyor." 

Section  69.— Sub-section  1  :  (b)  Read  "eight 
feet  six  inches  "  instead  of  "  eight  feet."  Sub- 
section 1  :  ((/)  .\fter  basement  room  add  "  or  room 
the  floor  of  which  is  next  above  the  ground." 
Sub-section  1  :  (»)  .Vfter  "stable  "  add  "  co.»ch- 
houso  or  harness  room  communicating  therewith." 
After  "separated"  insert  "horizontally  and 
vertically  from  the  stable  by  a  fio  'r  or  partition." 
Note  :  Workrooms  or  workshops  .■thould  be  treated 
as  habitable  rooms  as  far  as  possible,  especially 
whenoverstablcs.  Sub-section  2:  -ifier" penalty" 
add  "  not  exceeding  forty  shillings." 

Section  "1. — Sub-section  2:  "It  an  arch  of 
brick  or  stone  be  used  tho  centre  of  such  arch 
shall  be  higher  than  tho  springing  at  tho  rate 
ot  one  inch  at  least  for  every  foot  or  fractional 
part  ot  a  foot,  and  shall  also  be  of  the  thickness, 
Arc."  Sub-section  4,  new  section:  Collar  flaps 
and  pavement  lights  shall  be  consi  ruclod  as  may 
be  approved  b\  the  distiict  surveyor. 

Skctiox  72. — Sub-section  1  :  Aild  after  "  in- 
tended  public  »ay"   "or  forecourt  not  wholly 
fenced."      Sub-soction    3  :    Delete    tho    second 
"  other." 
Section  73. — Sub-section  1 :  After  "  verandah  " 


300 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb. 


26,  1904. 


insert  "bridge."  Delete  last  words,  " fireproof  to  the  rules  of  this  Act  and  ever}'  work  done  to  in 
materials,"  and  substitute  "  fire  -  resisting  ,  or  upon  same  in  like  manner  and  to  the  like  extent 
material."  Delete  the  last  paragraph,  "For  the  !  as  f  »r  as  may  be  as  if  the  building  were  in  any 
purpose  of  this,"   &c.,  and   substitute   "But  the    other  position." 

end  house  of  a  row  or  terrace  of  three  houses  ehall  New  Sectiox. — Whenever  any  old  building  is 
not  be  considered  semi-detached  for  the  purpose  being  rebuilt  or  enlarged  in  such  manner  that 
of  this   section."     Sub-section  3:    Add  at  end,  ]  the  extent  of  the   newly-constructed   portion  or 


■'  That  any  pikster  on  the  face  of  the  party- wall 
may  project  two  inches  in  advance  of  the  wood- 
work provided  thit  it  is  not  on  a  public  way." 
Sub-section  4  :  Delete  "  unless,"  add  "  and  there 
ahall  be."  Sub  section  5:  (ff)  After  "erected," 
add  "beyond  the  general  line  of  buildings." 

Sectio.v  7-1. — Repeal  this  section  and  sub- 
stitute : — 

1.  Every  building  shall  be  separated  either  by  an  ex- 
ternal wall  or  by  a  party-wall  or  party-arch  or  ptrty  floor 
•from  the  adjniaing  building  (if  any)  and  from  eich  of  the 
■adjoining  buildings  (if  more  than  one). 

'2.  If  any  building  exceeding  ten  stiuares  in  area  be 
^vided  into  two  or  more  tenements  each  having  a  separate 
entrance  and  staircase  or  a  separate  entrance  from  the 
outer  air  every  such  tenement  shall  be  deemed  a  separate 
building  and  shall  be  separated  acc»jrdingly. 

3.  Where  two  adjacent  buildings  have  openings  in  their 
external  walls  which  are  in  any  part  opposite  to  and  with- 
in five  feet  of  one  another  such  openings  shall  be  closed  by 
■fire-reaisting  doors  or  shutters  as  provided  for  openings 
in  a  party-wall  by  Section  77  of  the  Act  of  189i.  Provided 
that  this  regulation  shall  not  apply  in  the  ease  of  two 
buildings  in  one  occupation  which  if  considered  aa  one 
building  would  be  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of 
the  Act. 

4.  (a)  Separate  sets  of  chambers  or  dwelling  rooms 
-tenanted  or  constructed  or  adapted  to  be  tenanted  by 
-different  persons  and  contained  in  one  building  shall  if 
contained  in  a  building  exceeding  three  stories  in  height 
above  the  level  of  the  footway  and  ten  squares  in  area  be 
separated  vertically  by  walls  or  partitions  and  horizontally 
"by  arches  or  floois  such  walls  partitions  arches  and  floors 
to  be  constructed  of  lire-resisting  materials  other  than 
wood  and  if  such  separate  sets  of  chambers  or  dwelling 
rooms  are  contained  in  a  building  exceeding  twenty-five 
squares  in  area  the  floors  of  the  lobbies  corridors  passages 
and  landings  and  the  principal  staircases  of  such  building 
shall  also  be  of  fiie-resisting  material,  (?/)  In  every  build- 
ing exceeding  twenty-five  squares  in  area  containing 
separate  sets  of  oflices  or  rooms  (other  than  dwellings) 
tenanted  or  constructed  or  adapted  to  be  tenanted  by 
different  persons  the  floors  and  principal  staircases  shaU 
'be  constructed  of  tire-resisting  material^,  (r)  No  building 
containing  separate  sets  of  chambers  or  oflicee  or  rooms 
tenanted  or  constructed  or  adapted  to  be  tenanted  by 
different  persons  .shall  without  the  consent  in  writing  of 
the  Council  extend  to  more  than  fifty  squares  in  area  nor 
i;o  more  than  250,000  cubic  feet. 

5.  (rt)  Every  building  exceeding  ten  squares  in  area  and 
•used  or  constructed  or  intended  to  be  used  jointly  for  the 
purposes  of  manufacture  or  trade  (whether  wholesale  or 
retail)  and  for  dwelling  ehall  be  structurally  divided  into 
a  part  or  parts  to  be  used  for  the  purposes  of  manufac- 
tiire  or  trade  and  a  part  or  parts  to  be  used  for  dwelling. 
(?')  The  part  or  parts  to  be  used  for  the  purposes  of  manu- 
facture or  trade  shall  be  separated  from  the  pirt  or  parts 
to  be  used  for  dwelling  by  walls  and  floors  constructed  of 
■flre-resi sting  materials  and  all  such  walls  if  more  than 
te  i  feet  in  height  or  not  built  in  cement  shall  be  at  least 
•eight  and  a  half  inches  in  thickness  and  no  such  wall 
shall  be  less  than  four  inches  in  thickness,  (cl  All  open- 
■ings  made  in  the  walls  and  floors  of  flre-resisting  ma- 
terials shall  be  clo?ed  by  doors  and  frames  of  fire-resist- 
ing materials  the  frames  bedded  solid  to  the  wall  or  floor. 
('0  There  shall  be  provided  to  the  part  or  parts  to  be 
used  for  dwelling  a  separate  means  of  approach  from  a 
street  or  from  an  open  space  from  which  reasonable 
access  can  be  obtained  to  a  street  and  all  staircases  and 
passages  forming  such  means  of  approach  shall  be 
included  within  the  part  or  parts  to  be  used  for  dwelling 
and  shall  be  constructed  throughout  of  flre-resitttiog 
materials.  ('  ^  Where  the  building  extends  to  more  than 
^fty  squares  in  area  two  such  means  of  approach  shall  be 
.provided  separate  and  distinct  from  each  other. 

6.  All  buildings  used  or  to  be  used  whjlly  or  in  part  for 
the  purposes  of  manufacture  or  trade  whether  wholesale 
or  retail  shall  so  far  as  regards  the  part  used  for  the  pur- 
poses of  manufacture  or  trade  be  subject  to  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Act  of  1894  and  any  amendment  thereof 
relating  to  the  cubical  extent  of  buildings  of  the  ware- 
house class. 

7.  Whenever  any  building  which  has  been  used  wholly 
for  purposes  of  trade  or  manufacture  or  wholly  as  a 
-dwelling  shall  come  to  be  used  jointly  for  purposes  of 
trade  or  manufacture  and  for  dwelling  the  owner  thereof 
shall  forthwith  give  notice  to  the  District  Surveyor  and 
shall  cause  such  alterations  to  be  made  to  the  building  as 
shall  be  necessary  to  make  it  comply  with  the  provisions 
of  this  section  and  similarly  shall  give  notice  of  any 
change  of  user  in  such  building. 

Section  75.— Add  "and  no  addition  shall  be 
made  to  a  building  of  the  warehouse  class  which 
already  exceeds  2.50,000  cubic  feet  except  in 
•accordance  with  this  section." 

Section  77. — New  sub-section  :  "  Buildings 
•shaU  be  deemed  to  be  united  when  so  connected 
that  there  is  access  from  one  part  to  another 
without  p\'<8ing  into  the  open  air,  but  an  open 
•corridor  shall  not  ba  deemed  to  be  such  uniting." 
Note  :  It  should  be  made  clear  whether  openings 
fitted  with  iron  doors  in  party-wall  unite 
buildings. 

Section   78. — After   the     word   "same"   add 
"  whether  permanent  or  temporary." 

Section  80.— (f)  Add  at  the  end  of   the  sub- 
section ' '  which  cannot  be  opened  from  the  inside." 
Section   81. — Alter  the    wording   as   follows: 

'  Any  building  under  or  formed  by  the  inclosure  of 


portions  will  exceed  one-balf  of  the  building 
its  altered  or  extended  form,  such  half  to  be 
measured  in  cubic  feet,  every  portion  of  such 
building,  including  the  externil  walls  and  party- 
walLs  or  party  structure,  which  is  not  in  accordance 
with  the  requirements  of  the  principal  Aci  and 
By-laws  thereunder  or  any  Amendment  thereof 
shall,  notwithstanding  the  provisions  of  Sec.  208 
of  the  said  Act,  be  forthwith  taken  down  or  made 
to  conform  therewith.  It  is  suggested  that  some 
provision  should  be  made  for  the  protection  of 
metal  in  buUdings  from  the  effects  of  fire. 
Restriction  should  be  placed  on  the  use  of  wood 
linings  in  buildings.  Rules  should  be  made  as  to 
lift  inclosures.  Note  ;  The  District  Surveyors 
are  of  opinion  that  former  suggestions  of  the 
Council  as  to  projecting  shops  should  receive 
attention  that  roofs  and  ceilings  should  be  of 
fire-resisting  materials  with  skylights  of  similar 
construction  and  ready  mems  of  escape  to  streets 
or  surrounding  spaces  or  adjoining  buildings. 

part  VII. 

Section  82. — Sub-section  1  :  "  An  iron  or 
wooden  building." 

Section  84. — "  Sub-section  (1)  of  the  principal 
Act  shall  not  apply  to  any  building  nor  to  any 
covered  and  inclosed  structure  or  other  structure 
to  which  any  of  the  provisions  of  the  principal 
Act  and  By-laws  apply." 

Sectio.v  86. — Delete  the  words  "  or  in  con- 
nection with." 

P.VKT    XIII. 

Section  148.— For  "  1 4  days  "  read  "  28  days." 

Section  150. — Add  at  end  "  And  if  no  appeal 
be  made  the  objection  of  the  District  Surveyor 
shall  be  binding." 

Section  151. — Attention  is  called  to  the  case 
"  Regina  v.  Carruthers  "  as  to  enforcing  District 
Surveyor's  requirements.  (")  After  the  words 
"  this  Act  "  add  "  Or  any  b\'-laws  duly  made." 

Section  152. — After  "structure"  add  "or 
work." 

(o)  Alter  "14  days"  to  "'28  days."  (h)  After  the 
word  *' within  "  delete  "21  days"  read  "23  days  after 
completion  of  the  building  structure  or  work  or  after 
discovery  by  District  Surveyor  be  served,  &c."  Xew  sub- 
section :  ('■)  Where  any  building  or  structure  has  been 
erected  or  work  done  without  any  building  notice  having 
been  given  to  the  District  Surveyor  (in  accordance  with 
the  145th  section  of  the  principal  Act  or  any  by-law 
made  under  that  Act)  the  notice  of  irregularity  may  at 
any  time  within  one  month  after  discovery  by  the  District 
surveyor  of  the  building  or  structure  or  work  be  served 
upon  the  builder  or  upon  the  owner  or  occupier  of  the 
budding  or  structure  or  other  the  person  causing  or 
directing  or  who  has  caused  or  directed  the  work  instead 
of  or  in  addition  to  the  builder. 

Section  154. — New  Sub-section:  If  anyspecial 
service  is  required  to  be  performed  by  the  District 
Surveyor  for  which  no  fee  is  specified,  the  Council 
may  order  such  special  fee  to  be  paid  for  such 
service  as  they  think  fit,  and  the  District  Sur- 
veyor shall  have  the  same  remedy  for  recovering 
such  special  fee  as  if  the  same  were  expressly 
provided  in  the  Acts. 

Section  155. — Delete  after  "service"  to  and 
including  "  like  service,"  and  add '■  required  by 
the  Council." 

Section  157. — Sub-section  2  :  After  "  refuses  " 
add  "  or  neglects." 

Section  162. — After  "  expedient  "  add  "sub- 
ject to  appeal  to  the  Tribunal  of  Appeal." 

Section  164. — Sub-section  4  :  After  the  words 
"British  Architects"  insert  "  The  District  Sur- 
veyors' Association." 


Section  188. — Sub-section  1  :  Delete  after 
"  this  Act  "  the  .words  "  the  service  of  which  " 
down  to  "Act  1845,"  inclusive. 

r.iET    XVI. 

Section  192. — Add  "  and  shall  not  be  liable  to 
an  action  for  trespass  for  entering  premises  to 
execute  or  for  executing  such  work." 

Section  200. — Delete  the  words  "after  such 
conviction"  (in  preliminiry).  Sub-section  11: 
Alter  to  "penalty  not  exceeding  five  pounds  and 
not  less  than  ten  shillings,  and  also  shall  be  liable 
to  a  daily  penalty  not  exceeding  twenty  shillings." 
Note  :  There  is  no  penalty  under  Sections  13  and 
43  for  letting  an  ordin:iry  house   as  a  dwelling 


Section  201. — Sub-section  1  :  Delete  the  words 
"retaining  walls"  and  include  in  the  Act  pro- 
visions for  their  construction  and  that  of  boundary 
fence  walls.  Sub-section  4 :  Delete  the  sub- 
section, or,  in  the  alternative,  confine  the 
exemption  to  such  buildings  as  are  in  the  ex- 
clusive use  and  occupation  of  the  Commissioners. 
Sub-section  8:  After  "used"  insert  "exclu- 
sively." Delete  the  words  "  or  in  connection 
with."  Delete  last  paragragh  but  one.  Delete 
"other"  before  buildings,  last  paragraph.  Sub- 
section 9  :  Add  "and  used  exclusively  for  the 
purposes  of  such  dock  company,"  and  provided 
always  as  last  paragraph  in  sub-section  8.  Sub- 
sections 11  and  12:  Delete.  Sub-section  13: 
Regulations  should  be  made  for  fence  walls  (party 
and  otherwise)  exceeding  seven  feet  in  height. 

Sectior  20G. — Note  :  There  is  no  provision  for 
enforcing  the  Act  on  exempted  buildings  when 
exemption  ceases. 

Section  207. — Add  "  or  by  reason  of  which  an 
existing  irregularity  is  increased  or  intensified." 

Section  209. — Delete  the  words  in  brackets. 
Or  in  the  alteniatifr  the  words  "  the  construction 
of"  and  after  pirty  wall  add  "chimney  or 
chimney  breast." 

Section  211. — New  Sub-section  8:  Convert 
into  or  use  a  building  of  the  warehouse  class  any 
building  or  part  of  a  building  of  not  originally 
constructed  as  a  building  of  the  warehouse  class. 
Note:  "Convert"  shaU  include  a  change  of  use 
whether  a  structural  alteration  or  not  and  notice 
shall  be  given  by  owner  or  occupier  to  the  district 
surveyor  of  any  conversion. 

Section  212. — Repeal,  as  this  section  is  now 
unnecessary. 

I'IRST    SCHEDULE    (pRELIMFN.IKY). 

5.  When  hoUow  walls  are  constructed  there  shaU 
be  a  wall  on  one  side  of  the  hollow  space  at  least 
eight  and  a  half  inches  thick  and  the  total  thick- 
ness of  the  brickwork  excluding  the  hollow  space 
shall  not  be  less  than  what  is  prescribed  for  solid 
walls  in  the  schedule  and  shaU  be  properly 
bonded  or  tied  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  district 
surveyor. 

P.tRT  I. 

1 . — Delete  "and  does  not  comprise  more  than 
two  stories  "  in  both  paragraphs. 

PART   11. 

Note  :  The  last  paragraph  in  4  and  5  should 
be  identical  with  the  last  paragraph  of  6. 

PROPOSED    amendment     OF    THE    SECOND    SCHEDULE 
OF    THE    ACT    OE    1894. 

The  following  materials  shaU  for  the  purposes 
of  the  Act  of  1894  and  of  any  amending  Act  be 
deemed  to  be  fire-resisting  materials  : — 

I. — FOB     GENERAL     PCBFOSES. 

1.  Brickwork  constructed  of  good  bricks  well  burnt 
hard  and  sound  properly  bonded  and  solidly  put  together 
—  [a)  With  good  mortar  compounded  of  good  lime  and 
sharp  clean  sand  hard  clean  broken  brick  flint  grit  or  slag 
— or  ('■)  With  good  cement -or  (c)  With  cement  mixed 
with  sharp  clean  sand  hard  clean  broken  brick  broken 
flint  grit  or  slag. 

2.  Granite  and  other  stone  suitable  for  building  purposes 
by  reason  of  its  solidity  and  durability. 

3.  Iron  steel  and  copper. 
•J.  Slates  tiles  terracotti  and  fire-brick. 

5.  Concrete  composed  of  broken  brick  tile  stone  cbip- 
pinga  ballast  or  coke-breeze  and  lime  cement  or  calcined 
gypsum. 

n.  — FOR   SPECIAL   PCRFOSES. 

6.  Oak  teak  and  other  hard  timber  when  used  for  beams 
or  posts  or  in  &>mbination  with  iron  the  timber  and  the 
iron  if  any  being  protected  by  plastering  or  other  incom- 
bustible or  non-conducting  external  coating. 

7.  In  the  case  of  doors  and  shutters  and  their  frames 
oak  teak  or  other  hard  timber  not  less  than  two  inches 
thick  the  frames  being  bedded  solid  to  the  walls. 

8.  In  the  case  of  staircases  and  landings  oak  teak  or 
.other  hard  timber  the  treads  risers  strings  and  bearers 

being  not  less  than  two  inches  thick  and  the  ceilings  and 
soffits  if  any  being  of  plister  or  cement. 

9.  In  the  case  of  floors  brick  tile  terracotta  or  concrete 
as  described  in  I.  (5)  not  less  than  five  inches  thick  m 
combination  with  iron  or  steel.  ,    . 

10.  In  the  case  of  fire-resisting  floors  in  an  existing 
building  (except  for  the  purposes  of  a  party  structure 
separating  buildings)  such  floors  may  be  constructed  with 
wooden  joists  in  conjunction  with  concrete  pugging  of  a 
thickness  of  not  less  than  five  inches  thick  as  described. 

1 1.  In  the  case  of  verandahs  balustrades  outside  landings 
outside  stairs  outside  steps  porticoes  and  porches  oak  teiik 
or  other  hard  timber  in  no  case  less  than  two  inches  thick. 

12.  In  case  of  internal  walls  and  partitions  inclosing 
staircases  and  passages— 'n)  Brickwork  not  less  thin 
four  inches  thick  for  a  height  not  exceeding  ten  feet  from 
ijs  footing  iron  bearer  or  other  suCBcient  support.  If  ex-- 
ceeding  ten  feet  in  height  not  less  than  eight  and  a  half 
inches  thick-or  four  inches  thick  in  cement.  ''0  Terra- 
cotta brickwork  concrete  or  other  incombustible  material 
not  less  than  two  and  a  half  inches  thick  and  filled  in 
between  H  iron  or  steel  uprights  not  more  than  three  feet 
apart  anC.  not  less  than  three  inches  by  three  inches  in 
section  with  sills  and  heads  of  channel  iron  and  with 


a  railway  arch  or  abutting  thereon  shaU  be  subject  |  if  erected_  after  1894. 


for  the  working  classes  contrary  to  these  sections    'jnterties  not  exceeding  six  feet  apart  and  constructed  to 


\  the  satisfaction  of  the  District  Surveyor. 


Fhb.  26,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


301 


III. 

13.  Any  material  from  time  to  time  approved  by  the 
Council  as  tire-resibting. 

SCllEni'LE. 

Tn  substitation  of  Third  Schedule  Parts  I.  and 
III.  of  the  Principal  Act : — 

SciiEDULB.  — Part  I. 

ON    SEW   ULULDINOS  ,\ND   STRUCTCRE3. 

For  every  building  not  exceeding  four  squares  in  £  a.  d. 
area  and  not  more  than  two  stories  in  height ..     I  10    0 

For  every  additional  square  or  fraction  of  a 
square  0    2    6 

For  every  additional  .stoiy  after  the  first  two  — 
On  a  building  not  exceeding  ten  aquaresinarea    0    5    0 
On  a  building  exceeding  ten  sijuares  in  area  ..    0  10    0 

For  every  building  or  structure  not  exceeding 
four  squares  in  area  and  of  only  one  story  in 
height 0  15    0 

For  every  building  or  structure  not  exceeding 
30  square  feet  in  area  and  not  exceeding  10  feet 
in  height 0  10    0 

ON    ADDITIONS,    ALTERATIONS,   OR   OTUEB    WORKS. 

For  every  addition  or  alteration  or  other  work  to  which 
any  of  the  provisions  of  the  Principal  Act  or  this  Act 
apply  made  or  done  in  to  or  upon  any  building  after  the 
roof  thereof  has  been  covered  in  — 
One  half  of  the  fee  charged  in  the  case  of  a  new  building 

calculated  upon  the  area  of  the  whole  building. 

SPECIAL    Ul-ILDINGS, 

For  every  pubUc  building  for  a  building  the  walls  of 
which  are  constructed  of  concrete  and  for  any  building 
divided  into  separate  sets  of  chambers  offices  or  tene- 
ments or  havingthe  part  used  for  the  purposes  of  trade  or 
manufacture  separated  from  the  pirt  used  for  dwelling  — 
One  half  more  than  the  fee  hereinbefore  provided  in  this 
Schedule  for  a  new  building  or  for  an  addition  altera- 
tion or  other  work  as  the  case  may  be. 
On  the  inspection  of  any  wooden  or  temporary  structure 
or  on  the  inspection  of  any  structure  or  erect--on  put  up 
on  or  for  any  public  occasion  :  — 

The  same  amount  as  for  a  new  building  calculated  on  the 
area  and  number  of  stories  of  the  structure  or  erection 
without  reference  to  the  area  of  any  building  to  which 
it  may  be  attached  or  in  or  on  which  it  may  be  put  up. 

r.iiiT  II. 

The  fees  specified  in  this  part  of  this  Schedule 
fihall  be  paid  to  the  District  Surveyor  in  addition 
to  any  fee  specified  in  Part  I.  of  this  Schedule  for 
any  new  building  or  structure  or  any  addition 
alteration  or  other  work. 

ON    CHIMNEYS   AND    FLUES. 

On  the  construction  of  a  furnace  chimney  shaft 

or    similar    shaft    for    ventilation    or   other    £    s,  d. 

purposes,  if  not  exceeding  75  feet  in  hei,  ht  ...  2  0  0 
If  exceeding  75  feet  and  not  exceeding  100  feet  in 

.^height 2  10    0 

For  every  additional  10  feet  or  portion  of  10  feet 

in  height 0  10    0 

Oq  carrying  a  flue  from  an  oven  stove  steam 

boiler  furnace  or  close  tire  int>  old  Hue 0  10    0 

On  certitlying  that  a  chimney  breast  in  a  party 

wall  may  be  cut  away 0  10    0 

OS    rAETICULAR   WORK. 

For  ins  pecting  the  arches  or  floors  or  other  con- 
structions under  Sections  71  and  72  of  the 
Principil  Act— for  each  arch  floor  or  con- 
struction     0  10    0 

For  inspecting  the  openings  in  a  party  or  eiternai 
wall,  uuder  S-ction  77  of  the  Principal  Act  — 
for  each  opening   0  10    0 

For  inspecting  the  stopping  up  of  any  opening  in 
a  party  or  external  wall  under  .Section  77  of 
the  Principil  .Vet— for  each  opening..., 0  10    0 

For  inspecting  the  construction  of  floors  and  "par- 
tition walK  to  subles  under  .Section  70  of  the 
Principal  .\ct -for each  building 0    5    0 

For  superintending   the  construction  of  ' oriel  ' 
windows  -  lor  each  oriel 0    5    0 

For  superintending  the  fi.xing  of  any  oven  copper 
Bteam  boiler  or  .itove  to  be  used  for  tnde  pur- 
poses and  not  heated  by  gas 0  10    0 

For  superintending  the  fixing  of  pipes  for  con- 
veying heated  air  or  for  hot  water  or  steam 
other  than  low  pressure  -  for  each  story  of  a 
building  on  which  such  pipes  are  fixed    0  10    0 

For  service^*  relating  to  the  erection  of  buildings 
on  low-lying  lands -for  each  building    0    5    0 

For  examining  and  certifying  plans  of  an  old 
buildinti  im-ludiug  any  uecessiry  survey  of 
such  buildiug— fur  each  building  , 2    2    0 

LEOAL    rROCREUISflg. 

For  attending  at  a  court  when  an  order  is  made 
for  complying  with  a  noiice  of  irre;{ularity  or 
whenapeiDilty  is  inflicted— for  each  attend- 
ance in  any  ctse    0  10    0 

N.B.— New  en.^ctments  in  Act  may  necessitate 
additions  to  or  .alterations  of  the  above  Schedule. 

Part  II.  of  the  Act  of  1891  would  follow  here 
as  Part  III. 


"BUILDING  NEWS"  DESIGNINCx  CLUB. 

A    WAVSnii:    lIOSTKLUV    rOR    MOTOUISTS. 

THEUK  still  remains  a  degree  of  novelty  about 
the  catering  rei|iiiroments  which  have  of 
lato  been  brought  about  in  outlying  districts 
owing  to  tho  prevailing  iind  ever-increasing 
popularity  of  motoring  throughout  all  parts  of  the 
country.  The  culi  jcct  of  a  Motorists'  Hostelry  which 
we  set  for  our  January  competition  to  some  extent 
embodying  these   requirements   has    been   fairly 


well  taken  up  by  the  members  of  the  Biiluino 
News  Designing  Club  in  good  numbers.  No  one 
design,  however,  comes  to  the  front  with  any 
very  decided  degree  of  merit.  For  the  first  time 
during  the  quarter  of  a  century  which  our  Club 
has  been  in  existence  are  we  unable  to  accord  the 
post  of  honour  to  any  individual  contributor.  Had 
this  contest  been  arranged  with  a  view  to  the 
erection  of  any  one  plan  submitted,  we  think  that 
all  the  proposals  would  have  been  reckoned  to 
have  failed,  and  consequently  all  must  have 
been  declined  for  execution  ;  but  inasmuch 
as  the  whole  competition  merely  assumes  an 
educational  character,  the  course  which  we  have 
decided  on  seems  the  most  felicitous  one  to 
adopt — viz.,  to  divide  the  first  place  between  the 
two  best  competitors.  This  does  not  appear  to  be 
an  instance  in  which  either  of  these  two  can 
altogether  be  said  to  take  the  priority,  leaving  the 
other  to  rank  as  proximc  (u^cs.stt.  Consequently 
"  Cxhost  "  and  "Ionic"  stand  side  by  side  as 
first,  and  "Newboy"  comes  second,  the  third 
position  being  accorded  to  "  Stoep."  We  publish 
the  two  first  designs  and  the  second  one,  so  that 
our  remarks  may  be  compared  with  the  drawings. 
The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  conditions  : — 

"Awayside  hostelry  catering  for  motor  travellers 
and  cyclists,  haHng  a  put-up  house  for  vehicles, 
as  well  as  a  shop  for  engineer  and  repairs.  The 
site  is  a  level  one  fronting  a  high  road  at  the 
junction  of  a  cross-country  lane,  whence  a  rear 
entrance  to  scabies  for  horses  can  be  got.  The  inn 
is  to  be  of  the  usual  type,  suitable  for  this  kind  of 
superior  business,  and,  architecturally,  the  group 
is  to  be  pretty  and  picturesque  in  red  brick  and 
tile  hanging,  or  partly  in  roughcast  plastering  for 
the  upper  walls.  There  must  be  a  good  bold 
sign  with  the  designation  of  '  The  Sun  and 
Wheel.'  The  accommodation  to  provide  a  bar 
and  bar  parlour,  a  luncheon  or  coffee-room, 
30ft.  by  18ft.,  a  billiard-room  for  a  full-sized 
table,  and  lavatory,  twow.c.'s,  ^:c.,  for  men,  con- 
veniently placed  not  too  far  from  the  entrance 
and  close  to  the  billiard-room,  yet  well  i^-olated 
for  ventilition.  The  publican  will  want  a  sitting- 
room  and  four  bedrooms,  two  of  these  being  for 
four  female  servants.  There  are  to  be  four  guests' 
bedrooms,  a  general  bathroom,  and  a  w.c.  avail- 
able for  ladies'  day  use,  and  not  too  much  in 
evidence.  There  must  be  a  good  stairs,  41t. 
wide,  and  the  building  can  be  in  two  floors  by 
preference,  with  a  commodious  cellar  for  beers  and 
wines.  The  shop  should  face  the  main  road,  and 
is  not  to  have  a  big  plate-ghass  ordinary  window, 
but  is  required  to  be  nicely  designed,  to  have 
sash-bars  Ijin.  thick.  It  must  be  not  less  than 
121t.  by  lift.,  and  a  cycle  business  will  be  con- 
ducted there.  It  should  be  connected  with  the 
motor  shelter  at  the  ba'  k  out  of  yard,  and  into 
which  an  archway  should  lead  through  the  main 
part  of  the  hotel  after  the  old  inn  model,  and  to 
be  tall  enough  for  a  coach  at  a  pinch.  Stable  for 
four  horses  including  one  loose  box.  Coach  house 
will  be  part  of  motor  house,  which  is  to  be  14tt. 
deep,  and  say,  '2.5ft.  wide  inside  sizes.  The  kitchen 
department  to  be  of  the  size  suitable  for  such  a 
house.  The  front  of  the  tavern  will  face  south, 
and  the  return  front  west.  Scale  of  the  plan 
may  be  one-sixteenth  of  inch  scale  ;  but  both 
elevations  should  be  eighth  scale.  Ditto  for 
section.  A  view  is  desirable.  Roofs  to  be  set 
out  at  angle  of  4.i°.  Plans  to  be  sent  to  the 
Building  News  oflice,  Clement's  Inn-passage,  by 
February  G  next." 

"Ghost"  has  a  very  pleasing  and  crisply- 
handled  elevation.  The  bays  on  the  first  floor  are 
set  back  so  as  to  tuck  up  under  the  eaves  ;  but 
they  would  have  been  better,  perhaps,  if  the  face 
of  the  ground-tloor  projection  had  run  right  up. 
At  present  they  sit  awkwardly  on  to  the  flats  of 
the  larger  ground-floor  bays,  and,  on  the  whole, 
the  preferable  arrangement  would  have  been  to 
have  treated  the  upper  side  bays  more  like  the 
cen:ral  one.  The  struts  to  the  beam  over  the 
motor  entrance  ought  not  to  cut  into  the  brick- 
work as  they  do,  aud  although  patches  of  stono 
arc  no  doubt  a  mistake,  the  insertion  of  a  stone 
template  corbel  to  bear  the  timber  beam  would 
have  sulliced.  There  is  a  divisional  wall  on  the 
first  floor  which  comes  over  iho  billiard- room, 
with  an  angle  fireplace  in  it,  which  is  not  recog- 
nised on  the  ground  floor  as  it  ought  to  have 
been,  and  the  chimney-8"ack  ought  to  appear  at ; 
any  rate  in  the  section.  A  little  icgenuity  would 
have  enabled  "(ihost"  to  balance  this  second  | 
chimney  with  the  one  shown  on  the  othtr 
side  of  the  arch,  the  la'ter  being  shifted  ' 
behind  the  ridge.  The  billiard-room  is  rather 
too  disconnected   from   the  rest  of  the  hostelry. 


and  the  ladies'  w.c.  on  the  ground  floor 
is  not  a  happy  arrangement  close  to  the  way 
down  to  the  cellars  where  the  barman  would  fre- 
quently go.  The  position  of  the  motor-car  shelter 
has  a  less  direct  approach,  round  the  lavatory- 
projecting  building,  than  could  be  wished  for.  A 
sep.'irate  way  in  to  the  private  part  of  the  house 
is  omitted.  The  isolation  of  the  gentlemen'* 
closets  from  the  bedrooms  renders  the  one  upstairs 
the  only  closet  available  for  visitors  as  well  as  the 
landlord  and  his  family  at  night.  This  design  is 
so  faulty  in  its  planning  that  its  position  is  secured 
mainly  on  its  architectural  treatment  and  good 
drawing. 

"Ionic,"  however,  cannot  claim  by  any  meins 
a  perfect  plan,  and  in  comparing  it  with 
"Ghost's"  scheme,  we  take  its  exterior  also  of 
course  into  due  consideration.  The  author  has 
divided  the  business  with  more  regard  to- 
the  actuality  of  everyday  requirements,  th& 
bar  and  the  bar-parlour  being  shut  off  from 
the  hotel  business,  and  at  the  same  time  th& 
billiard-room  is  made  available  for  both  kinds  of 
customers,  though  the  proprietor  might  exclude 
his  bar  patrons  if  ha  wished  to  reserve  the  room, 
for  a  house-party.  The  luncheon-room  is  beyond 
the  noise  of  bar  business,  and  the  ladies  have  a 
better  lavatory  than  in  "Ghost's"  design;  the 
bathroom  also  is  far  more  satisfactorily  contrived, 
both  for  the  household  as  well  as  guests'  use.  The 
publican  ought  to  have  had  a  w.c,  without  having 
to  go  out  into  his  garden.  The  garden  might 
have  extended  along  the  whole  rear,  and  had  a 
garden  door  under  the  stairs  to  enable  guests  to 
reach  the  stable  yard  without  going  out  into  th& 
street.  The  use  of  a  garden,  too,  for  hotel  cus- 
tomers is  also  always  greatly  esteemed.  The 
architectural  grouping  of  this  design  has  the 
merit  of  balance,  and  the  chimneys  come  well  in 
the  group.  The  hood  over  the  central  door  is  a 
mistake :  straight  eaves  would  have  been  better, 
and  the  dormer  above  is  too  pretentious.  The 
hotel  entrance  is  not  important  enough,  and  the 
luncheon-room  would  be  none  too  light.  Its 
door  is  too  close  to  the  fireplace,  and  the  bedroom, 
windows  are  too  low  down  below  the  ceilings  as 
seen  in  the  section.  The  motor-car  entrance  is 
needlessly  high. 

The  design  ranking  second  is  by  "  Newboy,'" 
who  in  some  respects  gives  us  a  more  clever  plan 
than  either  of  the  two  first.  The  principal 
entrance  set  on  the  skew  is  encumbered  with  a 
seat  recess,  and  an  ugly  approach  lobby  under  a 
pent,  making  the  hall  very  dark,  while  the  bar 
counter  in  front  of  every  visitor  would  be  very" 
objectionable,  specially  in  a  house  doing  a  mixed 
trade.  The  awkward  shape  to  the  billiard-room 
is  not  fascinating,  neither  is  the  queerly  con- 
trived big  landing  on  the  first  floor,  which  is 
reached  through  a  narrow  passage  at  the  top  of 
the  shut-off  kind  of  main  staircase,  under  which 
the  guests  are  shown  to  enter  with  none  too  much 
head  room  to  get  in  by.  The  back  entrance  to 
yard  is  a  good  feature,  and  the  motor-house, 
repair-shop,  showroom,  and  cycle-shop  are  well 
arranged,  even  if  the  office  in  addition  was 
hardly  required.  The  exterior  has  individuality 
and  some  quaint  picturesqueness.  The  birdcage- 
looking  dormer  over  the  main  entrance  is  hardly 
pretty  or  big  enough,  and  the  building,  generally, 
looks  overroofed.  The  view  cannot  rank  as  a 
success.  The  "Newboy,"  however,  bids  fair 
to  become  a  good  competitor,  and  should  try 
again. 

"Stoep,"  the  third  design,  is  quiet,  and 
modern,  and  homely  ;  a  good  concentrated  feature 
being  made  of  the  bar  and  bar- parlour  windows 
outside  in  the  form  of  an  elongated  bay  divided 
by  a  brick  buttress  pier  at  b.ase  of  chimney  shift. 
The  main  entrance  is  not  quite  important  enough, 
and  most  customers  would  select  the  archway  to 
y.ard  .is  the  entrance.  The  isolation  of  the  hotel 
from  the  yard  is  a  mistake,  and  the  bar-parlour 
as  a  sort  of  inner  drinking  place  is  not  a  nice 
arrangement,  particularly  as  access  is  provided 
through  the  bar  right  close  up  to  the  counter,  jiis4 
where  people  would  be  standing.  The  drawings 
have  the  meiit  of  clearness,  and  are  nicely  con- 
trived on  the  sheet. 

"  Lotus,"  who  comes  fourth,  has  an  idea  of 
bigness,  and  by  employing  a  wide  spniwling 
tiothic  arch  gives  us  a  good  entrance  Hanked  br 
buttresses ;  the  upptr  part  alxivo  the  arch 
being  tile-hung.  'I'ho  roughcast  chimney  breast 
cuts  the  front  in  two.  The  side  elevation 
is  pretty.  The  plans  are  ingenious,  with  a 
private  door  from  the  return  road  neatly 
managed.  The  bar  -  parlour  is  only  the  bar 
proper,   however,  and  the  seats  close  up  to  the- 


302 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb.  26.  1904. 


serving  hatch  in  the  recess  of  the  billiard -room 
would   be   exceedingly    awkward.     The    hall    is 
rather  overdone,  and  the  landing  on  first  floor  is 
most  wasteful.     "  O.  B.''  makes  his  central  hall 
the  bar  of  the  house,   and  puts  the  bar-parlour 
towards  the  front.     Ladies  could  not  enter  the 
house  with   decorum   or   comfort,  the  bar  alone 
giving  access  to    the   coifee-room  and  staircases 
beyond.    The  exterior  is  befittingly  designed  with 
tile-hung  first-floor    walling.      The    sign  is  not 
well  designed :  the  suspending  straps  should  grip 
the  sign,  and  not  screw  into  a  moulded  cornice 
in  this  fashion.     "  Alpha  "  draws  his  design  the 
wrong  way  round,   but  sends  tracings  to  correct 
his  mistake.     The  hotel  entrance  is  in  the  arch- 
way, in  the  old  stj'le,  and  the  bar  busine&s  is  done 
on  the  other  side  of  the  way.     The  motor-house  is 
wrongly  arranged   with  the  entrance  at  the  end 
instead   of   the   side.     The   plan   of  the  hotel  is 
wasteful  in  corridors,  and  the  lower  one  would 
be  very    dark.     "Old    Mercer"    makes  a  lofty, 
imposing,    and     over  -  picturesque    front,    with 
big     gables     flanking     an     awkwardly  -  shaped 
chimney,  projtcting  from  the  facade,  and  rising 
over   an   arch   opening   out  of   a   cramped   little 
passage  into    what    is    called    a   loggia ;    but  it 
is  only  a  bay  with  useless  seats.     This  entry  to 
the   luncheon   room   is   badly   thought  out,   and 
when  the  front  door  is  open  visitors  could  not  get 
into  it.     "Old  Mercer"   deserves  another  name. 
But  reverting  to  all  this  effort  on  the  front,  let  him 
note  the  folly  of  it  with  only  so  narrow  a  depth  of 
building.     The  natural  method  for  roofing  such 
a  plan  would  be  to  run   the  ridge  the  other  way. 
The  dark  passages  in  this  scheme  would  ruin  any 
plan.     "The  Ivid "   is  determined  to  strikeout 
something   fresh,   and   so  gives  us  an  octagonal 
hall  and  a   V-shaped  verandah  entrance  into  it, 
approached  from  an  inner  court.     This  is  all  very 
entertaining  and  ingenious  :  but  it  makes  a  waste- 
ful and  bad  plan,  while  the  commonplace  exterior 
gives  no  noti  n  of  all  the  fun  that  is  taking  place 
inside.     A  design  cm  never  be  good  unless  the 
elevations  grow  naturally  and  are  evolved  abso- 
lutely   out   of    the    exigencies    and    purport   of 
the  plan.     The   sign   sent   is   pretentious.     The 
3id6-lane    elevation    of    "Ace   of    Clubs'"    de- 
sign is  the  best  part  of  his  proposal.     His  plan  is 
the  worst  feature   about   it.     The  facade   is  too 
much  like  a  cricket   pavilion,  with  the  verandah 
in  front,  called  a  "  loggia."     It  is  only  an  ugly, 
silly,   narrow,    badly-planned    porch,    with   the 
luncheon-room  door  close  up  to  the  door  leading 
to  the  bar.     The  lounge  and  the  bar  parlour  are 
each  larger    than    the    billiard-room.     "Tan" 
perhaps  has  a  worse  plan  still.     Kepose  is  lacking 
in  the  outside  treatment  with  the  twin  gable,  and 
no  evident  way  of  getting  rid  of  the  water  from 
the  long  gutter  in  between,  unless  it  drips  off  the 
sharp   verge    mitre    of    the    barge-board.     The 
billiard-room  is  lighted  by  a  window  at  one  end, 
with  a  door  out  of  the  street  in  the  centre  of  it,  and 
H  pent  over  the  window  to  make  the  room  darker 
still.     "  I'au "    needs    spanking.      "  Douge "  is 
neat   and  spruce  enough  in  his  design,  but  very 
commonplace,  with  a  long  open  verandah  right  on 
to  the  high  road,  where  guest  parties  might  group 
for  photography,  or  loafers  get  a  cheap  lodging. 
The  shallow,  segmental  bays  have  domed  roofs, 
which   in     execution     would   look     trilling   and 
difficult     to    make     neatly    in     lead.     Too     big 
for   one  sheet,  and    not  large  enough  for  rolls. 
"Douge"   has  a  poor   plan,  and   an  ugly  shop-' 
frontier  the   cycle  business.     "  Gayville  "  puts 
some  plain  gables  projecting  well  and  quaintly: 
but  the  hipped  ends  at  the  corners  of  the  building 
make  the  main  roof  look  too  small,  and  the  sloping 
buttresses   fl. inking   the   motor-car   entrance  are 
ungainly.     So  is  the  beamed  recess  where  the  bar 
bay  occurs.     The  plans  come  anyhow,  and  lack 
thought.     "  Victis  "  has  many  good  points  and  a 
well-mana!»ed  view,  which  helps  his  design  very 
much  ;  but  the  planning  is  most  confused  and  en- 
cumbered with  over-elaboration  and  dark  corners. 
The   elevations    are    so   badly   drawn    that  cast 
shadows  are  made  to  look  like  holes  in  the  wall, 
particu'^ly  the  spaces  on  either  side  of  the  bar 
bay,  making  it  appear  like  a  butcher's  shop  or  a 
fishmonger's.     This  is  a  pity,  because  the  work 
generally  has  merit.     "Tj-ne''  prints  foolishly, 
and  had  better  give  up  such  folly.     The  breadth 
in  the  front  with  the  ranged  fenestration  evince 
a  desire  to  do  serious  work,  though  the  interior 
arrangements  are  wanting  in  methodical  ingenuity 
as  well  as  imagination.     If  "  Tyne  "  would  give 
inore  thought  to  hia  work  and  less  time  to  his 
title  lettering    he    might    improve.     The   dove- 
tail   shape    to    his    archway  for    the    motors   is 
wrong,    making    it   narrow   at    the    ground-line 


and  wide  at  the  top.  That  is  ill-considered. 
"  Chinese  White  "  draws  with  Chinese  perspec- 
tive, which  is  not  the  best  form  of  the  art.  We 
can  hardly  take  him  seriously,  but  wish,  of 
course,  to  do  him  justice  ;  and  if  candid  advice 
is  permissible,  we  should  recommend  him  to 
select  better  models  for  hia  work  or  give 
up  building  design  entirely,  for  in  doing 
this  sort  of  thing  he  is  wasting  precious 
time.  The  corner  turret  grows  out  of  nothing, 
and  emphasises  nothing  ;  neither  does  it  appear 
on  the  plan.  "  Xovocastria  "  is  most  diligent, 
covering  his  sheet  with  work  ;  but  we  regret 
to  add  the  result  is  not  very  convincing. 
The  composition  of  the  main  front,  with  three 
gables,  three  bays,  and  big  arch  to  entrance 
below,  presents  all  the  elements  which  tell  for 
success  ;  but  somehow  they  come  together  with 
out  effectiveness.  The  fault  is  due  to  poor 
draughtsmanship,  but  more  than  that  to  defective 
plan  work.  AVe  are  too  limited  in  space  to  follow 
this  out  in  detail;  but  we  give  one  item — viz., 
the  big,  wide  central  arch,  almost  big  enough 
for  a  railwaj-  arch  in  width  and  height,  but  so 
shallow  that  3ft.  depth  would  account  for  it  all : 
then  a  screen  glazed  partition- wall  occurs,  and  the 
bar  within  overwhelms  everything  and  everybody. 
"  Hermit  sends  a  well-executed  sheet  of  drawings, 
but  he  puts  the  shop  on  one  side  of  the  large  cart- 
way arch  in  the  centre,  and  the  bar-parlour  on 
the  other,  the  coffee-room  coming  beyond  the 
shop,  and  the  billiard-room  behind  the  bar  down 
th'}  side  lane.  It  is  a  hopeless  mixture  done  with 
some  degree  of  cleverness,  but  not  with  much 
success.     These  are  the  first  series  in  merit. 

The  second  in  order  of  merit  run  one  another 
very  closely  in  fault-making,  though  we  do  not 
wish  to  be  thought  needlessly  fault-finding. 
"  Chingachgook  "has  a  pretty  timber  archway 
entrance  with  a  tile-hung  gabled  projection  over 
it ;  but  its  projection  is  too  slight  on  plan  to 
warrant  the  gable,  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  it 
does  not  grow  out  of  the  plan  at  all,  being  merely 
a  meaningless  break  in  an  ordinary  bedroom 
which  runs  the  other  way.  The  billiard-room  is 
on  the  first  floor  and  is  well  lighted.  The  plan 
shows  study.  The  drawings  are  thin  and  in- 
effective. "  Arabitang  "  is  wanting  in  the  spirit 
of  design :  his  work  is  disjointed  and  unequal, 
with  outside  walls  and  partitions  inside,  with  no 
reference  to  what. is  below.  "  Zig  Z  ig  "  is  more 
mindful  of  cont.tructionalconsideration,  andhas  an 
odd  thought  for  total  abstainers'  interests  by  con- 
triving the  smoking  and  billiard-rooms  separately 
from  the  remainder  of  the  premises,  as  he  says  that 
these  rooms  are  intended  only  for  non-abstainers. 
We  do  not  like  his  dark  passage?,  neither  do  we 
admire  his  design,  which  is  crude.  "  Leo  "  his 
taken  great  pains,  bat  evinces  little  notion  of 
good  planning,  or  the  value  of  breadth  in  eleva- 
tional  proportions.  Gables  ought  to  emphasise 
some  structural  peculiarity  essential  to  the  con- 
trivance of  a  building,  and  may  not  be  stuck  up 
here  or  added  on  there  as  mere  fancy  dictates  ; 
but  that  is  "Leo's"  stj-le  at  present.  With  so 
painstaking  a  competitor  we  shall  hope  to  see  him 
taking  leave  of  such  follies.  "  Pip  "  is  hard  and 
modern  and  casual,  but  he  cuts  up  his  plans  re- 
gardless of  consequences,  either  constructional  or 
archiiectural.  A  feature  in  his  billiard-room  is 
an  open  bar  along  one  long  side.  The  bar 
parlour  is  on  the  other  side  of  the  entrance  hall. 
"  Pen"  is  quieter  in  his  ideas,  but  light  is  not 
his  first  consideration.  The  tavern  keeper's 
living  room  is  located  immediately  in  front  of  the 
hotel  part  of  the  building,  the  coSee  room  being 
beyond.  "  The  Imp  "  will  not  detain  us,  as  we 
really  cannot  describe  his  scheme.  He  should 
look  at  good  work  by  others,  and  study  archi- 
tectural design  and  planniag.  "  Tom  "  runs  in 
a  diagonal  roadway  from  the  corner,  and  thus 
cuts  up  his  site  and  makes  an  incoherent  scheme, 
though  the  group  of  three  gables  at  the  angle  of 
the  two  roadways  look  rather  well  in  the  per- 
spective. The  plan  is  a  poor  one.  "  Lux  "  throws 
but  little  light  on  the  problem  which  he  has 
handledin  a  very  ordinary  fashion,  with  verandahs 
at  each  end  serving  no  particular  purpose.  The 
several  parts  of  the  house  are  passingly  well 
separated.  "  Wear's  "  scheme  is  not  so  good, 
and  the  elevation  fails  in  cohesion  and  lacks  unitj' 
of  scale.  The  shop  at  the  corner  is  quite  out  of 
character  with  the  rest  of  the  fai,'aie.  "  Wood- 
bury" has  made  a  strong  attempt,  and  merits 
praise  accordingly  ;  but  his  notions  are  mixed, 
while  his  central  hall  and  stairs  would  be  dark. 
The  projecting  seat  into  the  hall  is  ungainly, 
and  so  is  the  circular  cut  lobby  out  of  the  b.ir 
parlour   to    give    access    to    the    bar    service. 


"  Obelisk"  is  very  ordinary,  and  the  plan  is  too 
much  disconnected  by  the  centraL  through- way. 
"D'Artagnan"  is  weak  but  neat,  and  lacking 
in  motive.  He  makes  a  good  try,  and  is  im- 
proving himself  by  his  industry.  "  Aurum's  " 
ungainly  sign  in  iron  between  the  two  chimneys 
only  shows  how  the  two  sticks  differ,  and  it  is  in 
itself  a  vulgar  performance.  Undue  importance 
is  given  to  the  tap  bar  at  the  angle  of  the  two 
thoroughfares.  The  drawings  are  careful,  and 
show  that  the  author  ought  to  do  better  work 
than  this.  "  Quafre  Vols"  is  an  over-timbered 
study  with  ridge  tiles  painted  in  solid  black. 
The  other  designs  come  thus  : — "Plumb-bob," 
"Marcus,"  with  an  excellent  view:  "  Knight," 
"Trena,"  "Bulldog,"  "B.  gyn.  E,"  "Quill," 
"Bacchus,"  "Cast,"  "Mr.  Dooley,"  "Cor- 
poral," "Crab,"  "  Skug,"  "King's  Pawn" 
(very  painstaking),  "Regent,"  "  Cleddadyn," 
and  "Alpha,"  the  last. 


BRITISH  TIMBER  AND   ITS   USES. 

A    PAPER    dealing    somewhat    exhaustively 
with  the  growth  and  use  ot  British  timbers 
was  read  on  Monday  evening  last  at  the  Sur- 
veyors' Institution  by  Mr.  H.  J.   Elwes,  F.R.S., 
who,  after  modestly  claiming  some  qualifications 
to  speak  on  the  subject   as   a   traveller  of  thirty 
years  in  countries  where  are  grown  most  of  the 
timber  trees  ou  which  we  now  rely,  and  also  as  a 
planter  of  trees  likely  to  produce  valuable  timber 
in  Great  Britain,  proceeded  to  say  that  in  the 
days  when  we  relied  upon  our  own  timber  for 
nearly  all  local  uses,  and  when  the  production  of 
oak  timber  for  building  houses  and  ships,  ash  and 
elm    for    waggons,   and    underwood    for    poles, 
fences,  and  hurdles,   was   the  main  idea   which 
governed   landowners,    a   system    of    managing 
woods  was  developed  which  was,  no  doubt,  well 
adapted  to  the  needs  of  the  time.     Local  trades- 
men were  the  chief  buyers,  and  kept  stacks  of 
timber  to  season.     Much  of  this  timber  w^ts  more 
difficult  to  select  and  work  than  foreign  timber, 
because  it  was  grown  on  land  not  good  enough  to 
cultivate.     But  even  on  good  land,  timber  grown 
in   hedgerows  or   among  underwood,  which  was 
regarded  as  the  more  valuable  crop,  could  not  be 
expected  to  grow  so  clean  and  straight  as  that 
grown  in  dense  forests  from  which  only  selected 
trees  were  taken.     Architects  had  consequently 
sometimes   specified    foreign    timber,    and   even 
such   trades   as   chairmaking,   founded   on   local 
supplies,     had     gradually     admitted     imported 
wood.      Iron    for    fences,    gates     and    hurdles, 
and   wire    netting    had    also   superseded    wood, 
open  hearths  for  burning  wood  had   almost  dis- 
appeared, and  the  preservation  of  game  had  led  to 
less  care  ot  the  woods  and  to  ravages  by  rabbits. 
It  had  been  urged  that  English  landowners  should 
follow    the    example    of    France;    but    in   that 
country  the  conditions  of  soil,  climate,  labour, 
and   markets   were     very    different.     A    careful 
study  of  the  methods  of  most  European  countries 
had  taught  him  little   that  could   be  profitably 
applied  to  the  conditions  he  had  to  deal  with  at 
home,  and  although  he  was  personally  anxious  to 
improve  his  own   woods   and    produce  the   best 
timber  possible,  he  found  himself  met  by  many 
difficulties,  and  was  forced  to  gain  experience,  as 
must  everyone,  slowly   and  at  great  cost.     One 
great  difficulty  was  the  dearth  of  competent  wood- 
men on  reasonable  terms.     Such  men  were  more 
common  in  Scotland  than  in  England,  and  very 
large  owners  could  afford  to  pay  them  adequate 
salaries  ;  but  smiUer  owners,  of  only  a  few  hun- 
dreds  of  acres   of  woods,    had   to   put   up   with 
infeiior  men,  and  even  then  they  were  unwilling 
to  deprive  themselves  even  of  a  small  source  of 
present  income  in  the  hope  of  future  returns  at  a 
very  distant  date.     We  had,  ilr.  Elwes  said,  in 
England  a   great   variety   of   soils  and  climates 
capable  of  growing  to  a  very  large  size — trees 
which  were,  in  some  cases,  not  indigenous,  some 
of  which,  properly  planted,  would,  he  believed, 
be  more  profitable"  than  the  common  trees.     One 
very    serious    drawback    to    the    use  of  English 
timber  was  the  high  railway  rates,  which,  with 
the  system  of  measuring  adopted,  operated  un- 
fairly against  home-grown  timber.     The  present 
system  of  I'ates  and  taxes  was  another  unfairness 
under     which  .  timber  -  growers     suffered.     He 
had    just     planted    100     acres     at     a    cost    ot 
some     £7    10s.    per   acre,    and    for    the    20    or 
30      years     during      which      the     land     would 
produce    no     income    whatever,    he    would    be 
called  upon  to  pay  rates  on  an  estimated  value  of 
about  OS.  per  acre ;  while  hia  son  would  have  to 


Feb.  26,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


303 


pay  death  duty  on  a  valuation  of  which  even  he 
would  realise  hut  a  small  part,  if  any.  JIo 
had  found  much  unwillingness  among  timber 
merchants  to  recognise  as  valuable  timber  many 
trees  which  he  would  proceed  to  name,  and  it 
■was  no  use  planting  new  varieties  of  trees  unless 
in  some  way  a  market  could  be  found  for  them. 
Great  waste  was  olten  caused  by  allowing  trees 
to  grow  too  far  apart,  by  allowing  them  to  stand 
after  maturity,  and  by  planting  without  regard 
to  individual  requirements.  Many  people  con- 
sidered it  a  crime  to  cut  a  tree  until  it  was  half 
dead,  but  often  rather  left  it  to  be  blown  down, 
and  thus  rendered  useless.  In  many  eases  foreign 
woods  were  used  at  great  cost  when  on  the 
very  same  estates  were  trees  growing  admirably 
adapted  for  the  same  purpose,  and  available 
verj'  much  more  cheaply.  The  old  English  oak 
panelling  was  much  superior  to  the  modern 
American  and  Austrian  oak,  pitchpine,  and  other 
woods  substituted  for  it.  Dealing  with  the 
different  trees  which  came  under  the  heading  of 
British  timber,  it  was,  the  author  said,  unneces- 
sary to  say  much  about  oak,  which  was  one  of 
the  most  valuable  trees  we  have,  although  slow 
in  reaching  maturity  ;  its  price  has  lately  fallen 
considerably  owing  to  the  importations  from 
America  and  Austria,  the  latter  taking  the  place 
of  the  old  Riga  oak.  Brown  oak,  which  had 
recently  been  much  used  for  internal  decoration, 
was  found  in  many  parts,  but  chiefly  in  the  North 
and  East  Midlands,  and  seemed  to  be  the  result 
of  incipient  decay.  When  a  tree  thus  coloured 
was  felled  before  it  was  rotten  at  heart,  it  could 
be  used  with  beautiful  effect  for  cabinetwork  or 
panelling.  When  felled  after  the  tree  had  become 
partially  hollow,  the  soundest  part  could  be  cut 
into  thick  veneers  or  plating  to  be  laid  on  a 
stronger  wood  for  backing,  as  it  was  very  liable 
to  crack,  warp,  and  twist.  The  Turkey,  although 
more  liable  than  common  oak  to  be  worm-eaten, 
when  properly  cut  was  excellent  for  furniture. 
The  author  expressed  surprise  that  wych  elm, 
which  in  Scotland  and  the  North  was  preferred 
to  English  elm  on  account  of  its  strength  and 
durability,  was  in  the  South  sold  at  a  lower  price. 
It  was  one  of  the  fastest  growing  of  hard  woods. 
Ash  was  by  many  considered  the  most  profitable 
hard  wood  to  plant  on  suitable  soil.  It  was  now 
worth  more  than  oak  and  grew  twice  as  fast,  and 
was  little  liable  to  foreign  competition.  It  was 
worth  money  at  an  earlier  and  smaller  stage  than  any 
hardwood,  except  chestnut,  and  was  less  subject 
than  most  others  to  disease  or  insect  attacks.  The 
American  ash  was  largely  planted  in  Germany, 
and  would  grow  on  soil  too  poor  for  the  English 
ash.  Beech  was  too  well-known  to  need  mention, 
but  it  was  a  fact  not  always  recognised  in  England 
that  it  was  the  most  valuable  fertiliser  of  poor 
soils  in  the  chalk  and  limestone.  If  not  allowed 
to  overtop  other  ti-ees,  it  was  the  best  of  neighbours, 
for  it  kept  down  grass,  weeds,  and  briars.  When- 
ever larch  was  subject  to  disease,  beech  should  be 
planted  with  it.  Of  minor  hard  woods,  the  most 
important  was  sycamore,  which,  when  of  large 
size,  was  mnre  valuable  than  almost  any  other 
timber.  Walnut  was  worth  a  great  deal  more 
than  it  usually  realised  sold  standing,  and  in  dry 
calcareous  soils  attained  a  great  size.  It  required 
100  to  150  years  to  produce  timber  of  the  best 
(|uality.  Hornbeam  could  probably  be  imported 
from  France  more  cheaply  than  it  could  bo 
grown  here.  Cherry  was  formerly  used  for 
cabinet-making,  and  when  drawn  up  by  beech 
attained  a  larger  size ;  but  it  was  apt  to  go  rotten 
at  heart  if  left  standing  over  70  or  SO  years. 
Poplar,  if  grown  near  a  market,  might  bring  in  a 
large  return  in  a  short  time.  He  had  lately  sold 
poplars  /)0  years  old  for  £3  each  standing, 
although  10  miles  from  the  yard  where  they  were 
converted  into  railway  brake  blocks.  And  this 
on  land  rated  at  Ss.  per  acre.  Willow,  birch,  and 
alder  were  of  secondary  importance.  But  when 
coal  became  too  scarce  and  dear  to  waste  it  in  open 
fireplaces,  birch  and  beech  would  have  an  added 
value  as  fuel  for  burning  in  close  brick  stoves. 
It  would  grow  on  the  very  poorest  soils.  Lime, 
which  was  not  so  much  used  as  it  deserved  to  be, 
was  best  grown  from  seed,  and  not  from  layers. 
Of  conifers,  larch  was  worth  all  the  rest  put  to- 
gether, but  was  not  grown  now  as  it  used  to  bo, 
partly  because  care  was  not  taken  to  select  good 
seed,  and  partly  because  it  was  thought  it  would 
grow  anywhere  and  however  planted.  It  was 
always  saleable,  and  always  likely  to  bo  wanted  in 
small  or  largo  a'7.t'.a,  its  great  defect  being  its 
liability  to  the  little  understood  disease— larch 
canker.  Though  its  durability  and  strength 
should  make  it  preferred  to  Scots  pine  and  spruce. 


its  hardness  causes  the  builder  to  choose  these 
instead.  Scots  pine  was  suitable  for  sandy  soils 
in  the  south,  or  peaty  soils  in  the  north  of 
England,  and  was  valuable  if  planted  close 
enough  to  keep  it  straight  and  clean.  Spruce  was 
the  worst  of  our  conifers  from  a  timber  point  of 
view,  and  could  seldom  be  grown  thick  enough  to 
keep  it  from  branches,  which  make  it  grow  knotty 
and  weak.  It  was  only  worth,  perhaps,  7d.  or 
8d.  a  foot  where  it  could  be  used,  and  therefore 
not  very  valuable  to  sell  standing,  away  from  a 
market.  Silver  fir  was,  perhaps,  more  valuable 
to  use  on  an  estate  than  to  sell.  Douglas 
fir  was  our  fastest  growing  conifer ;  but 
it  was  doubtful  whether  it  paid  as  a 
crop  to  fell  under  100  to  150  years  old,  which  was 
longer  than  most  planters  contemplated.  The 
Oregon  variety  was  much  the  fastest  grower.  The 
white  pine  of  Canada,  commonly  known  as  the 
Weymouth  pine,  grew  to  a  considerable  size 
occasionally,  but  could  not  be  recommended  as  a 
forest  tree,  because  it  was  unusually  subject  to 
insect  attacks,  and  required  a  good  deep,  moist 
soil  to  be  grown  with  profit.  The  cedar  was  well 
known,  but  took  too  long  to  grow  to  valuable 
size.  The  planting  of  many  other  trees  as  forest 
trees  must  be  carried  out  only  after  careful  ex- 
periment ;  but  money  spent  on  judicious  trials  of 
this  nature  would  be  well  laid  out.  The  black 
walnut  was  perhaps  the  most  valuable,  and  on 
suitable  soil  attained  a  great  size.  The  American 
ashes  were  useful  trees,  especially  /•'.  Aiiuricdini. 
The  wood  of  the  tulip  tree  was  known  as  yellow 
poplar,  and  much  used  for  furniture  and  cabinet- 
making  ;  but  the  tree  transplanted  badly,  and 
grew  slowly  at  first.  Ailanthus  and  Sorbus  also 
produced  good  timber,  and  among  conifers  not 
usually  treated  as  forest  trees,  the  author  called 
attention  to  Thuja  gigantea,  Cedrus  Atlantica, 
and  the  C'upressus.  The  Corsican  pine  had 
proved  useful  as  a  forest  tree,  especially  in  dry 
limestone  soil,  while  others,  like  the  Sequoia  of 
California,  had  yet  to  prove  the  value  of  their 
timber,  which,  in  the  case  of  English-grown 
trees,  was  now  too  soft  and  too  fast  grown,  what- 
ever it  might  be  in  200  or  300  years  time.  There 
were  on  the  table  a  large  number  of  specimens  of 
the  various  timbers  mentioned  by  the  author  in 
his  paper,  which  was  further  illustrated  by  lantern 
slides  and  diagrams. 

A  brief  discussion  followed,  in  which  Mr.  R. 
Anderson  and  Mr.  G.  Craggs  took  part,  and  the 
further  consideration  of  the  paper  was  adjourned 
to  a  future  meeting. 


BOOKS  EECER'ED. 

The  Law  of  Boiimlaries  and  Fanvx,  by  AETnurt 
JosErn  Hunt.  Fifth  Edition,  by  Henry 
Stei'iien  (Tjondon  :  Butterworth  and  Co.),  is 
brought  well  up  to  date,  and  special  stress  has 
been  laid  on  the  powers  of  County  and  District 
Councils  with  respect  to  Boundaries.  The 
editor  has  purposely  and  wisely  contented  him- 
self with  stating  the  law  as  he  has  found  it 
without  indulging  in  the  expression  of  opinions 
or  conjectures. 

A  new  working  men's  institute  was  recently 
opened  at  Greyton,  near  Broomhill.  Greyton  is  a 
new  village  which  has  sprung  up  during  the  last  two 
years,  and  has,  up  to  the  present  time,  been  known 
as  Chevington  Drift.  The  population  is  about  1,500. 
The  institute,  together  with  a  caretaker's  house,  has 
been  erected  by  the  Broomhill  Collieries,  Ltd.,  and 
has  been  handed  over  to  the  workmen  of  Greyton 
for  their  use. 

An  interesting  discovery  has  been  made  at  South- 
Street  Port,  Perth,  in  the  shape  of  a  portion  of 
the  old  city  wall,  which  is  found  to  be  at  a  con- 
siderably lower  level  than  the  preseut  street.  It 
is  a  gateway  which  apparently  constituted  the 
western  entrance  to  the  city.  .Tudging  from  the 
construction  of  the  gateway,  a  huge  tower  must 
have  at  one  time  existed  at  this  point.  The  ouly 
portion  of  the  old  city  wall  at  present  in  existence 
above  ground  is  at  the  rear  of  the  Albion  Inn,  in 
George-street. 

The  members  of  the  Newcastle-on-Tyno  Clerks 
of  Works  and  Builders'  Foremou  Association  visited 
various  uewly-ercc^ted  buildings  in  Newcastle  the 
other  day.  The  first  budding  inspected  was  Dial 
House,  in  Northumberland-street,  contractor  Mr. 
John  Ferguson  ;  and  the  work  was  explained  by 
Mr.  Benuison.  The  Laing  Art  tiallcry,  contractors 
Messrs.  J.  and  \V.  Lowery,  was  shown  by  Mr. 
Pigg,  manager,  and  Mr.  Skurr,  foreman.  The 
third  budding  visited  was  the  Consett  Iron  Co.|8 
offices  in  Pilgrim-street,  the  contractor  for  which  is 
also  Mr.  John  Ferguson. 


OBITUARY. 

We  regret  to  announce  the  death,  at  the  age  of 
61  years,  of  Mr.  Peucival  Gordox-Smith, 
F.R.T.B..\.,  late  architect  to  the  Local  Goi-em- 
ment  lioard.  Mr.  Gordon-Smith,  who  died  on 
Tuesday  last  at  his  residence,  Tantallon,  r)akhill- 
road.  Putney,  retired  from  his  post  at  Whitehall 
about  four  years  since  on  the  completion  of  his 
sixtieth  year,  and  was  succeeded  by  Jlr.  Kitchio, 
son  of  the  Dean  of  Durham.  Mr.  Gordon-Smith, 
who  had  written  a  large  work  on  hospital  con- 
struction, joined  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects  in  1800  as  an  Associate,  becoming  a 
Fellow  in  1870,  and  a  few  years  since  served  on 
the  Council  of  that  body.  He  had  read  several 
papers  before  the  Institute,  and  frequently  took 
part  in  discussions.  The  funeral  will  take  place 
to-morrow  (Saturday)  at  Putney  Vale  Cemetery, 
at  2  p.m.,  and  will  be  preceded  by  a  service  at 
St.  Stephen's  Church,  East  Putney,  at  1.10. 

The  death  occurred  on  Feb.  5  at  Brislington 
of  Mr.  Jojix  Bevan,  a  well-known  Bristol  archi- 
tect, who  was  associated  for  many  years  with 
ecclesiastical  work  in  that  city  and  other  parts  of 
the  countrj'.  He  was  the  architect  of  five  modem 
Bristol  churches.  Apart  from  ecclesiastical  archi- 
tecture, Bristol  abounds  with  instances  of  his 
work.  The  deceased  was  sixty  years  of  age,  and 
was  in  practice  for  upwards  of  thirty-five  years. 

Mr.  Rohert  Ellix,  the  senior  surviving 
member  of  the  firm  of  Slessrs.  Ellin,  ICitson,  and 
Co.,  long  the  most  prominent  architectural 
sculptors  of  New  York  City,  died  suddenly  of 
heart  disease  at  his  beautiful  home  at  Yonkers, 
N.Y.,  upon  the  3rd  inst.  His  partner,  Mr. 
Kitson,  predeceased  him  some  years  since.  As 
young  men,  Messrs.  Ellin  and  Kitson,  who  were, 
we  believe,  Yorshiremen,  left  the  Albert 
Memorial  in  Hyde  Park,  upon  which  they  had 
worked  as  journeymen  carvers,  and  crossing  th« 
Atlantic,  started  business  on  their  own  account 
as  stone  and  wood  carvtrs  in  New  York  City  in 
1867.  Both  were  clever  and  diligent  experts  in 
the  two  branches  of  the  art,  and  their  exception- 
able merits  being  quickly  recognised  by  the 
architectural  profession,  they  promptly  rose  to 
prominence,  and  have  ever  since  been  worthily 
recognised  as  the  fathers  of  the  craft  in  the 
United  States  of  America.  They  have  carried 
out  an  immense  deal  of  work  from  time  to  time, 
all  of  the  highest  type,  their  staff  often  number- 
ing several  hundred  craftsmen,  mainly  drawn 
from  England  and  from  the  Continent.  All 
the  carved  work  upon  Mr.  William  K.  Vander- 
bilt's  mansion  was  intrusted  to  them.  They 
were  also  intrusted  with  all  the  decorative 
work  in  the  mansion  of  the  late  Mr.  Cornelius 
Vanderbilt.  Mr.  Ellin  was  in  his  68tb  year  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  and  leaves  a  surviving 
daughter  to  mourn  his  loss.  He  continued  in 
close  touch  with  this  country  and  the  (.'ontinentto 
the  end,  his  visits  to  this  side  of  the  Atlantic 
being  frequent. 

Mr.  Samiel  Haels,  senior  member  of  the 
building  firm  of  Messrs.  Halls  and  Sons,  builders, 
of  Dolton,  Devon,  passed  suddenly  away  upon 
the  evening  of  the  6th  inst.  Death  was  due  to 
heart  disease,  although  no  indications  of  such  a 
complaint  had  ever  been  apparent.  Mr.  Halls 
was  a  somewhat  prominent  man  in  the  district  in 
which  he  had  so  long  resided,  and  a  kindly  and 
good  employer  of  labour.  He  leaves  a  widow  and 
four  children. 

Ml!.  Emvix  Jones,  J. P.,  senior  member  of  the 
firm  of  Messrs.  Bayliss,  Jones,  and  Bayliss, 
Victoria  Works,  Wolverhampton,  and  139, 
Cannon- street,  10. ("  ,  died  on  Thursday  in  last 
week  at  Wyvelstiold,  Chislehurst,  in  his  "Ist 
year.  Mr.  .Jones  entered  the  works  at  Wolver- 
hampton as  a  young  man,  and  in  a  very  few  years 
he  became  a  member  of  the  firm,  and  married 
Jane,  daughter  of  -Mr.  William  Bayliss,  the 
senior  partner  of  the  firm.  -Vbout  4.")  years  ago 
ago  Mr.  Jones  loft  Wolvcrhinipton  totukechnrgo 
of  the  business  in  London.  When,  in  Jane,  I'.lOl, 
the  undertaking  was  converted  into  a  public  com- 
pany, Jlr.  .loncs's  son,  Mr.  William  E.  Jones, 
and'his  son-in-law,  Mr.  R.  Murray  Hyslop,  both 
of  whom  h'td  been  for  many  years  partners  in  the 
firm,  became  directors. 

A  new  water-supply  scheme  is  under  consideration 
at  Kio  de  Janeiro.  It  is  proposed  to  increase  the 
daily  supply  to  211,000,000  litres.  The  cost  of  the 
works  contemplated  is  estimated  at  £1,000,000. 
More  attention  is  to  bo  paid  to  distribution,  which  is 
at  present  detective. 


504 


THE    BUILDING    NEW?. 


Eeb.  26,  1904. 


Butlbing  IitUlligcnct 


Haveehill.  —  On  AVednesday,  February  10, 
the  Bishop  of  Ely  dedicated  the  tower  of  St 
Jlary's  Church,  after  restoration,  carried  out 
xinder  the  direction  of  Mr.  Detmar  J.  Blow. 
Since  a  great  fire  in  1665,  which  destroyed  most 
of  the  town,  and  all  the  woodwork  of  the  church 
and  tower,  the  latter  has  been  weak.  During 
the  last  half-century  the  tower  has  been  in  too 
dangerous  a  condition  for  the  bells — five  in 
"number  (two  of  which  were  cracked) — to  be  rung 
at  all.  Now  it  has  been  almost  entirely  rebuilt 
"from  within,  the  outer  shell  showing  but  little 
signs  of  the  work  that  has  been  done — bands  of 
Roman  tile  being  inserted  wherever  required.  It 
•was  found  necessary  to  insert  fresh  foundations, 
and  the  bell-frame  now  rests  on  a  blue  brick 
corbel  built  into  the  wall  round,  instead  of, 
as  before,  on  timbers  not  reaching  more  than  9in. 
into  the  wall.  The  bells  have  been  rehung,  the 
two  cracked  bells  recast,  and  a  new  bell  added  ; 
the  whole  cost  of  the  work,  amounting  to  nearly 
£2,000,  bting  borne  by  the  surviving  members 
of  the  family  of  the  late  Rev.  Robert  Roberts, 
\icar  of  Haverhill  from  1SI5  to  1871,  as  a 
family  memorial ;  the  two  bells  being  recast 
in  commemoration  of  the  Coronation  of  King 
Edward  VIE.,  in  further  commemoration  of  which 
■event  the  parishioners  had  already  erected  in  the 
south  porch  a  pair  of  wrought-iron  gates,  from  a 
design  by  a  young  fellow-townsman,  Mr.  H.  B. 
Thake. 

London  Coixty  Coi'xcil. — At  Tuesday's 
meeting  of  this  board  Lord  Welby  stated  that  the 
gross  expenditure  on  the  llolborn-to-Strand 
Improvement  up  to  December  31  last  was 
,£-l,OlO,-t5'2.  As  recoupment  they  had  received 
£185,866,  which  left  a  net  expenditure  of 
£3,825,086.  This  was  exclusive  of  intertst.  The 
Corporate  Property  Committee  reported  that 
steady  progress  had  been  made  with  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  ownership  section  of  the  ground  plan 
■of  London,  and  that  up  to  the  present  time 
13,063  estates  had  been  delineated  on  the  sheets, 
covering  an  area  of  99  square  miles  out  of  the 
total  area  of  121  square  miles.  The  expenditure 
up  to  the  present  had  amounted  to  £G,210,  leaving 
an  available  balance  of  £1,600  out  of  the  sum 
already  voted.  The  committee  asked  that,  sub- 
ject to  the  passing  of  the  annual  maintenance 
votes  for  the  year  1904-5,  they  should  be 
authorised  to  continue  the  work  of  the  ownership 
section  of  the  ground  plan.  The  recommendation 
was,  after  some  discussion,  agreed  to.  It  was 
decided  to  refer  to  a  joint  committee  of  the 
general  purposes  committee  and  the  historical 
records  and  buildings  committee  for  consideration 
and  report  the  offer  of  Mr.  Richard  Badger  to 
subscribe  £500  for  the  collection  of  funds  and 
£2.000  to  such  fund  for  a  memorial  to  Shakespeare 
in  London. 

Shotlev,  East  Siifolk.  —  The  Admiralty 
fcave  accepted  the  tender  of  Mr.  Fred  Bennett, 
<M)ntractor,  of  Ipswich,  for  the  building  of  the 
new  naval  barracks  at  Shotley,  on  the  extremity 
of  the  promotory  formed  by  the  confluence  of  the 
rivers  Orwell  and  Stour  in  Harwich  Harbour. 
The  first  contract,  of  about  £36,000,  is  to  be  com- 
pleted within  twelve  months,  and  will  consist  of 
twenty  pavilions  or  dormitories  for  a  thousand 
boys ;  fifty  single  beds  in  each  block,  besides 
«ookhouse,  bathrooms,  lavatories,  and  latrines. 
The  officers'  quarters  and  other  buildings, 
together  with  the  installation  of  the  electric 
-light,  will  form  another  and  future  contract.  We 
also  understand  that  similar  barracks  will  be  in 
progress  at  the  same  time  at  the  new  naval  base 
at  St.  Margaret's  Hope.  The  old  system  of  boys 
sleeping  in  hammocks  will  be  dispensed  with, 
each  boy  having  a  bed  to  himself,  and  the 
arrangements  throughou';  are  bised  upon  the 
strictest  economy. 

Mr.  P.  L.  Addison  has  presented  to  the  Literary 
and  Philosophical  Institute,  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  a 
■copy  of  a  water-colour  portrait  executed  seventy 
jeare  ago  by  E.  Hastings,  of  the  donor's  grand- 
father, John  Green,  a  noted  Newcastle  architect. 
Mr.  Green  was  born  at  Newton  Fellhouse,  Cor- 
bridge,  in  1787,  and  died  in  Newcastle  in  1852.  He 
was  the  architect  of  churches  at  Newcastle,  Stockton, 
Middlesbrough,  and  Tynemouth,  of  the  Com  Ex- 
change, Earl  Grey's  Column,  the  Theatre  Royal, 
and  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Institute  at 
Newcastle,  as  well  as  of  many  chapsls,  warehouses, 
railway  stations,  and  business  premises,  in  late  years 
with  his  son,  Benjamin  Green. 


TO    OORBESPONDENTS. 

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communications  respecting  illustrations  or  literary  matter 
should  be  addressed  to  the  EDITOR  of  the  Buildi.vo 
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unsought  contributionB. 

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Thb  Strand  Nkwbpapeb  Compasy,  Limited. 

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F.  N.  and  Son.— A.  T.-O.  R.  D.  Co. 

L.  V.  D.  C. —The  following  plans  of  infectioas  diseases 
hospitals  have  recently  been  given  in  the  Bcildiso 
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District,  May  31,  1901 ;  Glasgow,  R'ichill.  Sept.  14, 1901; 
Motherwell.  N.B.,  Dec.  19,  ISSS.  Sei  alsi  djuble-pige 
perspective  of  Seacroft  Hospital,  Lieis,  Dec.  4,  19J3. 


"BUILDING  NEWS"  DESIGNING  CLUB. 
Drawings  Received. — "  Hereward." 


REPORT  OF  THE  SELECT  COMIIITTEE 
ON  THE  VENTILATION  OF  THE  HOUSE 
OF  COMMONS. 

To  the  Editof  of  the  Building  New3. 

Sir, — In  some  of  your  recent  issues  there 
appeared  a  series  of  comments  upon  the  evidence 
taken  by  the  above  committee,  coupled  with 
opinions  from  certain  authorities  outside  these 
proceedings,  the  general  intent  being  to  show  how 
superior  the  sc-c  lUed  "  natural  system  -f  ventila- 
tion "  is  as  compared  with  a  mechanical  system. 


Without  entering  into  the  merits  or  demerits 
of  either,  it  would  b3  interesting  to  a  good  many 
people  if  they  could  know  what  the  writer  his  to 
say  in  connection  with  the  following  extract  from 
a  paper  read  before  the  Manchester  Association  of 
Engineers  by  Jlr.  J.  D.  Sutcliffe.  LTnder  the 
head  of  "Natural  Ventilation,"  he  remarks  as 
follows : — 

Let  as  examine  the  claims  made  on  behilf  of  the  so- 
called  "  natural  ventilation."  where  the  air  is  extracted 
without  the  use  of  power  other  than  the  wind,  or  differ- 
ences in  temperature.  It  is  often  supposed  that  by 
fixing  a  particular  cowl,  "siphon,"  "air-pump."  or 
other  patented  article  03  the  top  of  a  building,  cur- 
rents of  air  will  be  produced  by  the  cowl  itself, 
and  therefore,  if  enough  are  provided,  the  ventilation 
is  sure  to  be  all  right.  A  greater  mistake  cannot 
be  made,  and  you  frequently  find  that  out  of,  say, 
six  cowls  fixed  on  a  building,  half  of  them  will  be  admit- 
ting air,  and  the  other  half  allowing  it  to  esc  ip^.  The 
illustration  (Fig.  2)  show.-*  a  ventilator  of  this  tvpe.  The 
inventor  proudly  tells  you  as  he  calls  your  attention  to 
the  model,  that,  if  you  blow  across  the  ventilator,  it 
plainly  "  e-xhausts,"  as  it  lifts  a  piece  of  cottonwool  from 
the  bottom  to  the  top.  Yon  have  only  ti  remove  his 
ventilator  and  blow  across  the  glass  tube,  when  the 
cottonwool  comes  up  just  the  same. 

To  the  foregoing,  I  would  add  one  query  of 
my  own — i.e.,  What  are  the  conditions  in  a 
building  6tted  with  these  ventilat;;rs  when  the 
outer  air  is  practically  motionless,  and  at  the 
same  time,  its  density,  from  cold,  is  greater  than 
the  warm,  and  therefore  lighter,  air  in  the  build- 
ing:-—I  am,  ic,  M.I.C.E. 


PIERHEAD     BATHS,     LIVERPOOL. 

Siu, — The  inclosed  cutting  from  the  Liverpool 
Pjiirirr  of  AVednesday  last  will,  no  doubt,  be  of 
interest  to  those  Architects  who,  at  the  invitation 
of  the  Iiiverpool  Corporation,  submitted  designs 
for  the  above, — I  am,  &c., 

H.    DiGllTON    Pe.\HSON'. 

27,  Chancery-lane,  London,  W.C.,  Feb.  25. 

Baths  on  the  George's  Dock  Site.— At  the  last 
meeting  of  the  Baths  Committee  the  engineer  and  chief 
superinteadent  reported  that  the  chairman  and  him- 
self had  visited  London  for  the  purpose  of  in- 
structing the  architect,  Mr.  Snell,  to  prepare  sketch 
drawings  of  a  scheme  for  baths  on  the  George's 
Dock  site,  to  cost  not  more  than  £60,OOtJ,  and  submitting 
sketch  drawings  prepared  by  Mr.  Snell  of  the  proposed 
scheme.  It  was  resolved  that  the  engineer  and  chief 
superintendent  arrange  for  c^^mplete  sketch  drawings, 
showing  elevations,  &c.,  to  be  prepared. 


CONCRETE  AT  ROCHDALE. 

Sir, — At  the  foot  of  p.  196  of  your  issue  of 
the  5th  inst.,  the  description  of  the  work  being 
carried  out  in  ferro-concrete  construction  at 
Rochdale,  by  some  means  you  have  fallen  into 
an  error  with  regard  to  the  car-shed  and  depot  at 
liiidgefold.  This  is  not  being  carried  out  in 
ferro-concrete,  but  in  ordinary  construction,  and 
neither  the  contractors  nor  the  Hennebique  Co. 
are  associated  with  it  in  any  way. — I  am,  &c., 
S.  S.  Platf,  Borough  Surveyor. 

Borough  Surveyor's  Office,  Town  Hall, 
Rochdale,  Feb.  21. 


CHIPS. 

The  Devonport  Town  Council  have,  after  a  long 
discussion,  decided  to  erect  a  lunatic  asylum  for 
pauper  patients  in  the  borough,  and  have  authorised 
a  committee  to  visit  other  institutions  and  negotiate 
for  a  suitable  site. 

At  Chester  the  four  corner-stones  have  been 
laid  of  the  block  of  twelve  cottages  which  are 
being  erected  on  corporate  land  near  the  Water 
Tower,  under  Part  3  of  the  Housing  of  the  Work- 
ing Classes  Act,  at  a  cost  of  £2,160.  The  cottages 
have  been  designed  by  the  city  surveyer,  Mr.  I.  M. 
Jones,  and  the  contract  has  been  intrusted  to  Mr. 
W.  Williams,  Hoole. 

Messrs.  Hewitt  and  Rhodes,  engineers  to  the 
Llandudno  and  Colwyn  Bay  Light  RaUway  Com- 
pany, have  entered  into  a  contract  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  line  from  the  North- Western 
Hotel,  Mostyn-street,  Llandudno,  through  Craigy- 
don  to  Kho3-on-Ssa,  and  this  portion  of  the  work 
is  to  be  completed  by  May  1.  About  a  mile  and 
a  half  of  the  permanent  way  is  already  laid  on 
this  section,  and  work  under  the  new  contract  is  to 
be  commenced  next  week  by  sub-contractors. 

The  laying  of  the  foundation-stone  of  the  new 
lodging-house  for  women,  the  result  of  the  con- 
version of  the  Rigged  School  and  Palk  Memorial 
Home,  at  Houudwell,  Southampton,  took  place  on 
Friday.  The  new  premises  will  provide  accommo- 
dation for  between  fi  tty  and  sixty  woman.  Messrs. 
Jurd  and  Sanders  are  the  architects,  and  the  work 
is  being  carried  out  by  Messrs.  H.  Stevens  and  Co. 

Mr.  Edwin  O.  Sachs,  consulting  architect,  and 
Messrs.  E  iwiu  O.  S  ichs  and  Hoffman,  architects  and 
surveyors,  have  removed  from  No.  3,  Waterloo- 
place  to  No.  7,  Waterloo-place,  PaU  Mall,  S.W. 


Feb.  26,  1904. 


THE    T3UILDING    NEWS. 


o.nn 


05 


CONTENTS. 
4-»"» 

Clients  and  Architects 

Tenant's  Liability  for  Private  Street  "Works 

The  Architectural  Association 

The  Society  of  Architects   

London  Building  Acts  (Amendment!     

BiriLDiN'o  Xews  Designing  Club      

British  Timber  and  its  Uses      

Books  Received      

Obituary 

Building  Intelligence    

Correspondence       

The  Bdildixq  News  Directory 

Our  Illustrations    

Competitions 

±^ofe8sional  and  Trade  Societies     

Legal  InteUigence 

Statues,  Memorials,  &o 

ParUamentary  Xotes    

Our  Office  Table     

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  "Week      

Latest  Prices   

List  of  Competitions  Open 

List  of  Tenders  Open    

Tenders  


..  295 
..  291) 
...  297 
...  209 
,..  299 
...  301 
...  302 
...  303 
...  303 
...  304 
...  304 


...  305 
...  305 
...  305 
...  324 
...  324 
...  325 
...  ."ii5 
...  32() 
...  32J 
...  .127 
...  327 
...  332 


W.C,  whose  design  was  aelecteJ  in  the  competi 
lion  recently  referred  to  in  these  pages,  when 
Messrs.  J.  O.  Scott  and  Son  and  Mr.  Fellowes 
Prynne  were  among  the  competitors. 

"  IIL'II.DIXO    XFAVS"    DKSIOXlN'ti    CLl'H  :    .V  \V.VVSI]lli 
HOSTELKV    roll    .MOTORISTS. 

(For  description  and  awards  see  p.  .301  ) 

SKETCHES    I'ROM    THE   S.VLE    ROOMS. 

The  Carved  Oak  Cabinet  in  the  centre  of  this 
sheet  of  sketches  was  not  shown  at  the  eale-rooms 
in  London  ;  it  belongs  to  a  collection  elsewhere, 
and  has  an  unusual  treatment  in  the  pilasters  and 
ornamental  panelled  ends.  The  mahogany  carved 
fron'ed  Old  English  Chest  of  Drawers  has  a  crest- 
ing enriched  with  the  I'rince  of  Wales'  pluine.i, 
and  a  series  of  "  Gothic  "  arches  below  the  cor- 
nice. The  Armchair  is  unusual  on  account  of  its 
back  being  inlaid  with  brass  roses,  and  the  turned 
upper  rail,  'the  Leather  Beaker  is  about  l.Sin. 
high,  and  the  Fulham  Stoneware  Slug  is  not 
quite  so  large ;  both  are  dteorated  with  animals. 


ILLTJ8TBATION8. 

>'ATIONAL  rRlZE  DRAWINGS  OF  ORNAMENT  FROM  THE  CAST. 
— HAMILTON  TOWN  HALL.— ST.  STEPHEN'S  CHUBCH,  BUSH 
illLL  PARK.— DESIGNS  FOR  A  >VAVSIDE  HOSTELBV.  — 
SKETCHES    FROM  THE    SALE    Ri.tUMS. 


Out  Illttsti*ati0tts. 


X.iTIOXAL    I'RI/.E     nR.iWIXGS     OF     OUXAMEXT    I'ROM 
THE     CAST. 

These  two  admirable  brush  studies,  which  ob- 
tained National  prizes  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Art  at  the  last  competition,  are  by  two  lady 
students,  jMiss  Emilie  Maud  Kitts,  of  Sunder- 
land, and  Miss  Daisy  A.  S.  Winter,  of  Liscard, 
who  was  awarded  a  bronze  medal  for  her  drawing 
of  the  Romanesque  capital,  reproduced  in  the 
upper  half  of  our  double-page  plate  to-day.  The 
examiners,  Messrs.  Herbert  Draper,  Seymour 
Lucas,  R.A.,  and  W.  F.  Yeames,  R.A.,  specially 
commended  this  study  by  Miss  AVinter  for  its 
feeling  and  delicacy  of  treatment.  They  also 
express  their  gratification  that  so  large  a  number 
of  works  in  this  class  were  submitted  for  ex- 
amination on  the  same  occasion  in  compliance 
with  the  examiner's  recommendation  of  the  pre- 
•viuus  year.  Miss  Kitts'  study,  too,  is  well 
handled,  with  vigour  and  breadth  of  drawing, 
being  bright  and  crisj)  in  sunlight  effect. 

H.VMILTOX    TOWN   H.ILL    AXD    PfRLlt    LIllRARV  : 
.     SELECTED    DESIGX. 

Ox  Februarj-  o  we  illustrated  the  view  and  plans 
of  this  large  public  building,  by  Mr.  Alexander 
Cullen,  the  architect,  whose  desiga  was  chosen  in 
the  recent  competition  held  at  Hamilton.  We 
now  publish  the  main  return  front  facing  Cadzow 
Burn,  and  also  the  elevation  to  Lower  Auchin- 
gramont-road.  From  the  front  to  the  back  of 
the  site  there  U  a  very  considerable  fall,  and  in 
consequence  of  this  difference  the  levels  vary 
very  conspicuously,  thereby  greatly  enhancing 
the  elevation  to  Cadzow  Burn,  with  its  inclosed 
steps  and  through-way  by  the  side  of  the  build- 
ing, as  hero  shown.  'The  interest  of  i  he  buildings 
is  vastly  greater,  of  course,  than  would  have  been 
the  case  on  a  level  site,  and  it  can  but  be  idmitted 
that  Mr.  Cullen  has  displayed  much  skill  and 
ingenuity  by  the  way  in  which  he  has  designed 
the  whole  scheme,  which  ought  to  look  decidedly 
well  in  execution. 

ST.    STEIMIEX's    ClURCH,    RVSH    HILL    PARK. 

The  church  will  consist  of  nave  80[t.  by  27ft., 
north  and  south  aisles  lift,  wide,  chancel  40ft. 
by  •i4ft.,  morning  chapel  40ft.  by  14ft.,  tower 
and  spire  at  west  end  if  south  aisle,  baptistery 
recess  at  west  end  of  nave,  organ  chamber,  and 
vestries.  Accommodation  will  be  pruviiled  tor 
600  persons.  The  window,  door,  and  other 
dressings,  arcade  pillars  and  arches,  kc,  are 
intended  to  be  of  Bath  or  Weldon  stone,  and  the 
walls  are  to  be  faced  outsiilo  and  inside  with 
Castorton  stone  chopped  or  roughly  tooled  on 
face.  'I'he  roofs  will  be  open-timbereil  of  pitch- 
pine  of  arched  form  in  nave,  chancel,  and  chiiiol, 
and  covered  outside  with  red  tiles.  Floors  under 
seats  of  wood  blocks,  and  in  chancel  and  passages 
between  seats  of  marble  mosaic.  'J'ho  architect 
is  Mr.  ,J.  S.   Alder,    of   Arundel-street,   Strand, 


COMPETITIONS. 

Maxchester. — The  arrangements  for  the  build- 
ing of  a  new  stock  exchange  for  Slanchester  are 
now  far  advanced.  A  site  has  been  selected  in 
Norfolk-street  —  a  narrow  but  much  used 
thoroughfare  running  from  Pall  Mall  to  Brown- 
street,  and  it  is  intended  to  erect  a  building  which 
will  cost  .£30,000.  Six  firms  of  architects  have 
been  invited  to  send  in  competitive  plans. 

RiivL. — The  design  submitted  by  Mr.  Alfred 
D.irbyshire,  F.S.A.,  V.P.R.I.B.A.,  president 
of  the  Manchester  Society  of  Architects,  has 
been  chosen  for  the  Royal  National  Eisteddfod 
of  Wales  Pavilion,  to  be  built  at  Rhyl,  and  the 
design  prepared  by  Mr.  Benjamin  Boswell,  C.E., 
architect,  of  Birmingham,  has  been  placed  second. 

Sevexoaks. — For  the  erection  of  a  Carnegie 
free  library,  the  urban  district  council  recently 
invited  designs  from  architects  practising  in  the 
town.  Five  sets  of  plans,  distinguished  by 
numbers,  were  received,  and  having  considered 
those  in  committee.  No.  1  was  placed  first,  No.  '2 
second,  and  No.  4  third.  On  opening  the  sealed 
envelore  it  was  found  that  No.  1  was  by  Mr.  K. 
Evans  Cronk,  No.  2  by  Messrs.  Llewellyn  and 
Powley,  and  No.  4  by  Messrs.  Potter  and  Ilarvey. 
It  was  mentioned  that,  although  it  had  no  weight 
with  the  committee,  as  the  authorship  of  the 
designs  was  unknown,  Mr.  Evans  Cronk  had 
written  th:it,  "  as  an  old  townsman  and  a  man  of 
property  here,  that  if  successful  he  would  be 
pleased  to  give  twenty  guineas  towards  the  new 
library."  That  offer  was  not  received  until  after 
the  award  was  made  in  committee. 

TiPTox,  St.u-fs. — At  Tuesday's  meeting  of  the 
urban  district  council,  a  special  sub-committee 
repoited  thit  they  had  considered  the  subject 
relative  to  the  erection  of  public  buildings  on 
land  recently  given  to  the  council,  adjoining 
Victoria  Park,  and  recommended  that  they  pro- 
ceed with  the  erection  of  a  free  library  building 
and  public  hall.  The  committee  deferred  the 
consideration  of  the  proposal  to  provide  a  techniciil 
school  to  a  future  date.  'They  also  recommtnd>'d 
that  the  council  advertise  for  designs  of  the  build- 
ings, having  a  frontage  oE  l.'iOft.  to  N'ictoria- 
road  and  ISOft.  to  Park-lane  E  ist.  at  a  cost  ot 
£'),000,  this  being  the  amount  of  Jlr.  Cirnegie's 
gift,  and  ot  £J,.5()0  for  the  public  hall,  to  accom- 
modate 000  persons,  and  that  premiums  be  offered 
for  the  best  plans.  Several  members  considered 
that  tha*.  site  was  most  unsuitable  ;  but  ultimitely 
the  resolution  in  favour  of  the  adoption  of  the 
re^^ort  was  carried  by  nine  votes  to  seven. 


At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Edinburgh  Water 
Trust,  it  was  reported  that,  while  their  borrowing 
powers  for  the  new  supply  from  the  Talla  amounted 
to  .€1,150,000.  the  probable  co^t  of  the  works  was 
estimated  at  1" 1, 20^, 000.  A  new  Provisional  Or.ler 
is  to  be  applied  for  to  obtain  additional  liorrowiiig 
powers. 

The  electricity  and  tramway  department  of  the' 
City  of  Bradford  Corporation  have  placed  the  con- 
tract for  the  supply  of  steel  rails  with  Jfessrs. 
Bolckow,  Vaughait,  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  the  Cleveland 
.Steel  Works,  MidJlosbrough.  Messrs.  Darman, 
Long,  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Mi'idlesbrough,  have  also 
secured  a  contract  for  the  supply  of  the  finished 
steelwork  and  other  material  required  in  connection 
witlr  the  extension  of  the  Croydon  Electrical  Power 
Station, 


PKOFESSIONAL    AND   TKADB 
SOCIETIES. 

EllIXlU  lU.H    Alt<  MITEITIRAL    ,\-iSOC  lATIOX. At 

the  last  meeting  of  the  Edinburgh  .Vrchitectural 
Association — Mr.  A.  Hunter  Crawford,  president, 
in  the  chair— Jlr.  Robert  U.  Bow,  C.E.,  read  a 
paper  on  "The  Strength  of  Scaffolding."  After 
referring  to  some  opinions  regarding  the  force  of 
the  wind  and  factors  of  safety,  he  dealt  with  the 
subject  of  scaffoldings  for  steam  cranes,  and 
pointed  out  the  weakness  arising  from  imperfect 
general  bracing  and  the  dependence  on  girder 
connections  between  the  towers.  I  le  alluded  to 
the  unsatisfactory  stiffening  secured  by  the  use 
of  cross  girders,  and  stated  that  he  preferred  in  ill 
directions  some  form  of  bracing  the  strength  of 
which  could  be  calculated.  'The  lecture  was 
illustrated  with  diagrams  and  models. 

EoiXJUUrUl    Oi'iUAIXEU    SlRVEVORs'    StIDEXTs' 

Society. — A  meeting  ot  the  I  Irdained  Surveyors' 
Students'  Society  was  held  en  .Monday  night  in 
the  Architectural  Association  Rooms,  117,  (leorgo- 
street,  Edinburgh — Mr.  W.  Y.  Carrick,  ordained 
surveyor,  presiding.  Mr.  Robert  F.  Sherar 
delivered  a  lecture  on  "  Elementary  Mathematical 
Methods  of  Measurement."  After  referring  to 
the  advantages  of  the  metric  system,  the  lecturer 
proceeded  to  show  thatby  means  of  geometry  exact 
relative  measurements  could  be  obtained,  when 
the  necessary  data  were  given,  that  no  applica- 
tion of  yard  measure  or  'scale  could  produce.  He 
then  described  some  surveying  instruments,  and 
explained  a  simple  system  of  levelling. 

IXCORPOR.ATED  ClERKS  OE  WoRKs'  AsSOCIATIOX. 

— The  twenty- first  annual  dinner  of  this  pro- 
mising association  -n-as  held  on  Monday  evening 
at  the  Eing's  Hall,  Uolborn  Restaurant,  and  was 
well  attended.  Mr.  Eiwin  T.  Hall,  F.R.I.B.A., 
occupied  the  chair,  and  among  the  visitors  pre- 
sent were  Messrs.  Thomas  E.  Collcutt,  H.  T. 
Hare,  Frank  T.  Baggallay,  FF.K  l.B.A  ,  and 
J.  M.  Deacon,  F.S.L  The  toast  of  "  The  Archi- 
tects and  Surveyors  "  was  proposed  by  ilr.  M.  J. 
Aitchison,  and  was.  acknowledged  by  Messrs. 
Hare  and  Deacon.  Mr.  Oeorge  Roberts  gave 
"  The  Worshipful  Company  of  Carpenters,"  and 
referred  to  the  generosity  of  that  body  in  lending 
their  hall  for  the  meetings  and  examinations  of 
the  Eociety.  Mr.  J.  Hutton  Freeman,  clerk  to 
the  company,  rfsponded.  The  toast  of  the 
evening,  "'The  Incorporated  Clerks  ot  Works* 
Association  ot  Great  Britain,"  was  proposed  by 
the  chairman,  and  was  acknowledged  by  Mr. 
J.  T.  Rees,  the  president.  "  The  Visitors  "  was 
given  by  Mr.  AVilliam  Pitts,  vice  president,  and 
that  of  "  'The  Chairman"  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Kellond, 
the  proceedings  closing  with  the  singing  of  "  Auld 
Lang  Syne." 

>  MMI         ■ 

CHIPS. 

Wakefield  and  DIstri:t  Light  Eiilw ay  Company 
estimate  the  cost  of  their  proposed  tramway  exten- 
sions, extemling  to  over  25  miles,  at  £183,918,  of 
which  £14,005  wdl  be  spent  upon  street  improve- 
ments in  Poutefraot,  Xorminton,  and  Castleford. 

Mr.  Joseph  Holland  Lancaster,  of  10,  .\lexandra- 
roail.  Great  Crosby,  tim'ier  merchant,  member  ot 
the  tirmot  Messrs.  J.  H.  Lancaster  an  1  &>._,  of  17, 
Cmada  Dock,  Liverpool,  who  died  ou  Xov.  2S 
last,  left  estate  valued  at  £1,213  gross  and  at 
£2,956  net. 

The  I'ckfield  Rural  District  Council  have  adopted 
the  plans  and  estimates  for  the  drainage  of  Crow- 
borough  at  a  cost  of  £35,000,  exclusive  of  the  cost 
ot  the  laud. 

Mr.  W.  0.  E.  Meade-King,  M.Inst.C.E.,  an  in- 
spector of  the  Local  Governmeut  Bo.anl,  held  .an 
inquiry  at  the  Municipal  BudJings,  Taunton,  re- 
ct'utlv,  concerning  applications  for  loans  by  the 
Taun"toii  Town  Councd:  — C500  for  the  purohise  of 
land  at  Coal  Orchard,  £2.020  for  the  purchase  ot 
land  and  construction  ot  filters  at  the  Fulwood 
service  reservoirs,  £2,000  for  the  extension  ot  the 
municipal  Imildings,  aud  £1.425  for  the  purchase  of 
land  in  Corpoiation-stree!  as  a  sits  for  a  new 
school  of  art. 

RoYAi,  .VcADEMY  ExuiiiiTiox.— The  day  fixed  for 
the  receipt  ot  arclp.tects'  drawings  at  tbe  Royal 
Academy  this  year  is  Friday,  Mirch  25.  No 
exhibitor  (who  is  not  a  member  ot  th-  .Vcademyl 
can  submit  more  than  t/ir.r  works.  This  a  new 
rule  this  year.  We  shall  be  happy  to  receive  aud 
deliver  drawings  tor  our  readers  as  in  former  years; 
but  tlieir  works  must  reach  us  carriage  p  lid,  aud  ba 
accompanied  by  the  required  labels  aud  letter  to  the 
secretary  giving  a  list  of  drawings  sent.  We  shall 
bo  glad  to  reproduce  suitiblo  drawings  before  they 
are  sent  to  Burlington  House,  so  that  our  illustra- 
tions ot  them  may  be  given  after  the  opening  ot  the 
exhibition  in  May. 


THE    BUILDING  NEWS 


Feb.  26,  1904. 


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JSBlittr.yirrhitfrL  1  hwiM  ^Ifpffr-.  .StraiiD.  tn.G. 


Feb.  26,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


32c 


f*f»'€ 


324 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Eeb.  26,  1904. 


LEOAL   INTELLIGENCE. 

I3   Registkatiox    Desieable  :•' — CnAPiTAN   and 
Chatfey    v.    Medley.  —  At    the 
County-court  last  week,  Chapman 


Bournemouth 
and  Chart'ey, 
described  as  "  builders  and  architects,"  brought  an 
action  for  £14  lOs.  6d.  for  preparing  plans  for 
Plymouth  Brethren's  mission-hall  against  Joseph 
Medley,  china-dealer,  Westbourne.  The  plaintiff 
Chaffey  was  asked  in  cross-examination  what  his 
qualifications  as  an  architect  were  ?  He  replied 
that  he  had  attended  a  technical  school.  His 
Honour  :  What  is  the  qualification  of  an  architect  ? 
— Mr.  Salt,  defendant's  solicitor  :  I  do  not  know.— 
His  Honour:  Nordol.  Chaffey  is  nota  F.R.I.B.A., 
but  they  have  no  monopoly.  Anybody  may  call 
himself  an  architect. — The  defence  was  that 
plaintiff  had  agreed  to  prepare  the  plans  for  £5, 
which  sum  had  been  paid  him.  His  Honour  said 
there  were  architects  i'»'l  architects  ;  but  the 
charges  were  not  excessive,  and  there  must  be 
judgment  for  the  plaintiffs  for  the  amount  claimed. 

Measueeitext  of  Timbee. — In  the  King's  Bench 
Division,  last  week,  Mr.  Justice  AValton  heard  an 
important  case  affecting  the  whole  of  the  timber 
trade  and  concernmg  the  measurement  of  timber 
carried  by  rail.    The  question  arose  out  of  an  action 
commenced  last  December  by    the  Great  Western 
Eailway   Company   against    Messrs.    Casswell   and 
Bowden,  Limited,  Birmingham,  timber  merchants, 
to    recover    'J9SS,    alleged    to    be  due  on   freight 
accounts.     The  main  issue  was  whether  the  timber 
was  to  be  measured    outside    the    bark  or  inside 
the  bark.     The  railway  company  adopted  the  former 
method,  buttlie  defendants  and  the  trade  in  general 
contended  the  measurement  under  the  bark  was  the 
correct  way.  Thedefendanta  asked  the  Courttodecide 
that  the  railway  company  were  bound  by  the  de- 
cision of  the  Railway  Commission  to  calculate  the 
weight  of  the  timber  carried  by  measuring  by  what 
was  known  as  **  string  under  bark."     By  that  was 
meant  a  string  put  round  a  tree  with  the  bark  on, 
and  then   a  proper  allowance  made  for  bark  and 
irregularities  in  the  surface  of  the  logs.     Witnesses 
were   called   in    support    of  the   defendants'   case. 
Among  them  was  Mr.  Tailby,  of  Tailby  and  Co., 
Birmingham,  who  said  that  string  under  bark  gave 
6  per  cent,   less  than  tape  over   bark.     Mr.  Hugo 
Young,  K.C.,  for  the  defence,  said  the  defendants 
asked   his    lordship    to    decide    certain   questions 
of    principle,     including     that     of     the    method 
of    measurement,    which    had    already    been    dis- 
cussed.    In  reference  to  the   charges   made  by  the 
company  for  defendants'  tratlio,  they  included  two 
station  terminals,  though  only  one  station  was  used, 
that  where  the  goods  were  delivered  at  the  siding. — 
His  lordship  said    clearly  the    company  were    not 
entitled  to  charge  a  station  terminal  for  two  stations 
if  they  rendered  services    at    one    end  only.     Mr. 
Young  (continuing)  said  if  his  clients  had  to  pay 
for  timber  which  came  to  their  sidings  the  same  rate 
that  they  would  pay  if  it  were  sent  to  a  terminal 
station,  then  they  might  as  well  have  no  siding  at  all. 
Defendants  asked  the  Court  for  a  definite  decision  as 
to  what  were  the  proper  rates  and  charges  to  be  made 
by  the  plaintiff  comp.iuy  on  the  various  heads  under 
which  they  brought  their  claim.  Counsel  then  argued 
the  question   of  "  recurr'ug  maxima."     Mr.  Moon 
replied  for  defendants,  addressing  his  argument  to 
the  two   main   questions  of  whether  the  statutory 
powers  of  the  company  were  sufficient  to  j  ustif }"  the 
consignment  charges  they  had  made  to  defendants ; 
and,    secondly,   it  plaintiffs   were  not  so  justified, 
were  the  defendants  entitled  to  recover  back  the 
money  they  had  paid  voluntarily  and  with  a  full 
knowledge    of    the    facts.     Mr.    Asquith   followed 
with  a  legal  argument,  in  which  he  submitted  that 
the  company  had  made  no  charges  for  the  carriage  of 
timber  which  were  not  within  their  statutory  powers. 
It  was  open  to  timber  merchants  to  have  their  con- 
signments carried  by  machine  or  dead  weight,  or  by 
measurement  weight,  and  if  they  chose  the  latter  then 
the  company  were  entitled  to  charge  the  maximum 
rate.     Mr.  Moon  also  dealt  with  the  question  of  the 
allowance  for  bark  in  measuring  timber  for  measure- 
ment weight,  and  pointed  out  that  in  the  Stourbridge 
case  it  had  been  agreed  that  the  allowance  was  to 
be  CJ  per  cent.     That  deduction   had  been  arrived 
at  on  defendants'  own  measurements,  and  therefore 
they  could  not  claim,  as  they  did,    a   reduction  of 
from  10  per  cent,  to  I'l  per  cent.     In  regard  to  the 
loading  charge  of  Is.,  that  was  a  part  of  the  con- 
tract.    The  railway  company  had  said  to  the  timber 
merchants    that    if    they    took    advantage   of    the 
1  la.  Sd.  rate  the  plaintiffs  would  not  load  for  that 
rate,  and  if  they  did  load  they  would  not  do  it  for 
od.,  because  the  service  cost  more  than  that  sum. 
If   defendants  repudiated    the   contract,  they  were 
driven  back  to  the  original  elements  and  the  contract 
was  gone.     The  question  was  :  Could  the  railway 
company  charge  the  lis.  Sd.,plus  Is.,  within  their 
maximum  powers  "r     Then,  if  his  lordship  held  that 
the   company's   argument   ought    not    to    prevail, 
there  arose  the  question  whether  the  payment  of  the 
Is.  was  a  voluntary  one,  and  whether  the  defend- 
ants could  not  now    recover   it  back,  unless  they 
paid  it  in  ignorance  of  the  facts.     On  the  question 
of  terminal  charges,  counsel  pointed   out  that   the 


which  the  railway  companies  might  charge  in  all 
cases  where  it  could  be  practically  applied.  Where 
the  terminal  service  was  rendered  at  sidings,  the 
company  were  entitled  to  make  a  charge  in  addition 
to  the  tonnage  rates,  and  it  was  for  the  trader  to 
analyse  the  rate  and  dispute  if  it  was  thought  to 
be  excessive.  In  this  instance  there  had  been  no 
dispute  raised  up  to  the  time  the  action  was  brought, 
and  his  lordship  was  not  called  upon,  therefore,  to 
go  into  this  part  of  the  matter  at  all.  Mr.  McCardie 
mentioned  that  there  were  six  other  actions  pend- 
ing which  had  been  brought  by  six  other  railway 
companies,  and  the  defendants  asked  for  declara- 
tions in  the  present  case,  which  should  be  accepted 
as  decisions  on  questions  of  principle  in  the  other 
actions.  On  the  conclusion  of  counsel's  argument, 
his  lordship  reserved  judgment. 

Cotexxey  Aebitkation  Case.— Mr.  Thomas 
Grimley,  who  recently  sat  as  arbitrator  in  a  case  of 
Arch  V.  the  Corporation  of  Coventry,  has  given  his 
award.  The  claim  had  reference  to  freehold 
property  in  Hay-lane,  which  the  corporation 
sought  to  acquire.  It  was  let  on  lease  for  the  un- 
expected period  of  T|  years  at  £77  per  annum. 
Valuers  for  the  claimant  placed  the  value  of  the 
property  respectively  at  £3,900,  including  10  per 
cent,  for  compulsory  sale.  The  corporation 
valuers  placed  the  amount  at  £l,767'and  £1,787.  Mr. 
Giimley  has  awarded  £2,550. 

Newcastle-on-Tyne  IirrEOvEJiEXT  Scheme. — 
Colonel  W.  E.  Ludlow,  of  Birmingham,  sat  as  sole 
umpire  in  the  second  series  of  arbitrations  between 
the  Newcastle-ou-Tyne  Corporation  and  the 
claimants  under  the  new  improvement  scheme.  The 
property  in  question  was  situated  in  New  Bridge- 
street  and  Trafalgar -street.  The  witnesses  for  the 
claimant  valued  the  property  at  £20,000,  and  the 
corporation  £13,000.  The  chief  engineer  of  the 
Xorth  Eastern  Railway  also  gave  evidence  as  to  the 
proposed  expenditure  of  £250,030  in  the  new  goods 
and  passenger  station  adjacent  to  the  property. 
The  umpire  reserved  his  award.  The  arbitrator  for 
the  corporation  was  Mr.  Joseph  Potts,  and  Mr. 
Hepper,  of  Leeds,  for  the  claimant. 

Sentence  on  an  Aechitect. — At  the  Coun'y  of 
London  Sessions,  before  Mr.  McConnell,  K.C., 
chairman,  Francis  Williamson,  35,  described  as  an 
architect,  was  brought  up  for  sentence.  Mr.  Part- 
ridge, for  the  prosecution,  said  the  prisoner  pleaded 
guilty  last  sessions  to  charges  of  obtaining  mathe- 
matical instruments  and  other  articles  from  trades- 
men, which  he  said  he  wanted  for  the  Woolwich 
Borough  Council,  and  for  which  he  paid  by  cheques 
on  a  bank  where  he  had  no  account.  He  hid 
formerly  been  in  the  service  of  the  conncil,  but  left 
in  1902.  .Sentence  on  him  was  postponed  that  in- 
quiries might  be  made  as  to  the  state  of  his  mind  ; 
but  no  evidence  of  insanity  could  be  discovered. 
He  had  Ijeen  in  custody  since  January  IS,  and  was 
now  sentenced  to  five  months'  imprisonment  in  the 
second  division. 


STATUES,   MEMORIALS,    &c. 

Manchestee. — A  meeting  of  the  committee  of 
the  Soldiers'  War  Memorial  Fund  was  held  in  the 
Town-hall,  Manchester,  on  Wednesday  week,  with 
the  Lord  Mayor  in  the  chair.  Colonel  Clapham 
moved  and  the  Lord  Mayor  seconded  a  resolution 
that  the  executive  committee  should  be  requested  to 
invite  Messrs.  H.  Pegram,  A.R.A.,  Alfred  Drury, 
A.R.A.,Hamo  Thornycroft,  R.A.,  G.  J.  Frampton, 
E.A.,  John  Cassidy,  and  F.  W.  Pomeroy  to  furnish 
models  or  drawings  of  a  memorial  to  be  erected  at  a 
cost  not  exceeding  £2,000  (inclusive),  and  after- 
wards to  submit  to  the  general  committee  the  name 
of  the  sculptoi  whom  they  recommended  should 
execute  the  commission.  This  was  not  carried,  but 
upon  a  ballot  being  taken  it  was  resolved  that  Mr. 
Thornycroft  should  be  communicated  with  with 
view  to  his  undertaking  the  work. 


!  Burry  Port  Urban  District  Council  have  re- 
1  Messrs.  Beesley,  Sou,  and  Nichols,  of  West- 


The  urban  district  council  of  Sevenoaks  have 
voted  to  their  suiveyor,  Mr.  J.  S.  Towlson,  an 
honorarium  of  100  guineas  for  the  supervision  of 
sewerage  work  at  the  St.  John's  storm-water  work. 

The 
tained  ... 

minster,  to  prepare  a  scheme  of  water  supply  for 
the  district  from  the  Portauwn  source,  which  is 
situate  12  miles  from  the  town. 

Messrs.  T.  Cook,  M.S. A.,  and  Sons,  of  Man- 
chester, have  been  appointed  architects,  by  the 
deacons  of  the  I'nion  Chapel,  Harpurhey,  for  the 
extensions,  consisting  of  lecture- hall,  ante-rooms, 
forecourt,  and  the  necessary  offices.  The  work  is  to 
be  proceeded  with  forthwith. 

The  urban  district  council  of  Handsworth,  Staffs, 
received  at  their  last  meeting  a  report  from  the 
committee  recommending  an  important  system  of 
drainage  for  the  Witton  part  of  Handsworth  at  an 
estimated  cost  of  £11,244.  This  report  was  adopted, 
as  was  a  resolution  asking  the  Local  Government 
Board  to  approve  of  the  scheme. 

Col.  A.  C.  Smith,  an  inspector  under  the  Local 
Government  Board,  held  an  inquiry  last  week  at 
Ipswich  into  the  application  of  the  towo  council  for 
sanction  to  borrow  £2,700  for  works  of  street 
paving,  and  £7,757  for  purposes  of  public  walks 
and  pleasure  grounds  at  Alexandra  Park,  including 
the  provision  of  public  conveniences. 

The  felling  of  two  lofty  chimneys,  2S4ft.  and 
195ft.  in  height  respectively,  at  the  North-Western 
Works,  Workington,  now  being  dismantled,  took 
place  on  Friday.  The  method  was  adopted  of 
cutting  etich  chimney  at  the  base  a  little  pxst  the 
centre,  temporarily  supporting  them  with  oak 
props,  and  then  burning  these  out,  the  chimneys 
toppling  over  rigidly  at  full  length. 

During  his  Majesty's  visit  of  inspection  to 
Oihorne  House,  now  a  Convalescent  Home  for 
Officers,  Mr.  Rivers,  the    chief   engineer    of  H.M. 


Office  of  Works,  and  Mr.  Hawks,  architect,  were 
provisional  order  scheme  provided  a  maximum  sum  |  presented  to  the  King. 


CHIPS. 

Another  stage  in  the  scheme  for  erecting  municipal 
offices  and  a  free  library  in  the  Xew-road  (Bridge 
End),  Bideford,  was  reached  on  Friday,  when 
Major  J.  Stewart,  R.E.,  on  behalf  of  the  Local 
Government  Board,  conducted  an  inquiry  into  the 
matter.  On  a  site  obtained  at  the  corner  of  the 
bridge,  by  the  demolition  of  a  dilapidated  chemist's 
shop  and  stables,  it  is  proposed  to  erect  a  Carnegie 
free  library,  to  improve  the  present  town  hall 
which  adjoins  the  site,  and  to  erect  additional 
municipal  offices.  For  the  purpose  the  Council  ask 
to  borrow  £4,000.     The  architect  is  Mr.  Dunn. 

The  Finsbury  Borough  Council  have  adopted 
proposals  to  repave  various  leading  thoroughfares 
of  the  borough  at  a  total  estimated  cost  of  about 
£12,900.  ■ 

At  the  Norwich  Consistory-court  last  week 
faculties  were  granted  for  the  restoration  of  the 
churches  of  Kimberley  (from  plans  by  Mr.  Gaymer, 
of  North  Walsham,  and  at  the  cost  of  the  Earl 
of  Kimberley),  and  of  Sail. 

The  Southport  Town  Council  have  appointed  Mr. 
John  Bond,  deputy  manager  of  the  Leeds  gas- 
works, to  be  manager  at  the  Southport  gasworks, 
in  succession  to  Mr.  John  Booth,  retired,  at  a 
commencing  salary  of  £550  a  year.  There  were 
over  fifty  applicants. 

The  sub-  committees  appointed  by  the  Holland  and 
Lindsey  County  Councils  have  agreed  to  make  a 
joint  representa'tion  to  their  respective  authorities  in 
favour  of  the  erectiou  of  a  bridge  at  LangrickFerry, 
near  Boston,  Lines,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  £7,000. 

The  town  council  of  Richmond,  Surrey,  have 
increased  the  salary  of  the  borough  surveyor,  Mr. 
Brierley,  to  £fiO0  per  annum. 

In  connection  with  the  erection  of  anew  dormitory 
fortheDrax  Grammar  School,  the  governors  have 
accepted  the  tender  of  a  Goole  firm  at  £4,200. 

The  foundation  stone  of  the  new  wing  of  the 
Church  of  England  Sjldiers'  Institute  at  Aldershot 
was  laid  on  Wednes<lay  with  full  Masonic  honours 
by  Sir  Augustus  Webster. 

The  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales  paid  a  visit  on 
Wednesday  night  to  the  Bittersea  Polytechnic,  on 
the  occasion  of  the  tenth  anniversary  of  the  opening 
of  that  institution  by  the  present  King.  The 
Prince  and  Princess  afterwards  inspected  the  Poly- 
technic, includiog  the  new  rooms  of  the  domestic 
economy  department,  which  her  Royal  Highness 
declaied  open.  This  extension  is  designed  by  Mr. 
E  W.  Mounttord,  F.R.I.B.A.,  from  whose  plana 
the  Polytechnic  was  erected.  The  first  floor  provides 
a  laundry  demonstration  room,  housewifery  kitchen, 
and  a  scullery,  a  lar  ler  and  bedroom,  and  on  both 
the  first  and  second  tbors  are  rooms  for  needlework 
and  dressmaking. 

The  Morecimbe  Tower,  an  unfinished  structure 
on  the  promenade,  was  offered,  on  Wednesday,  for 
sale  by  auction,  together  with  the  pleasure  ground. 
Tne  construction  of  the  tower  ceased  about  18 
months  ago,  the  suai  of  £49,000  having  been  ex- 
pended up  to  that  time.  The  lot  was  knocked  down 
to  a  Bradford  gentleman  for  £9,500. 

The  anniversary  meeting  of  the  Geological  Society 
of  London  was  held  at  Burlington  House  on  Friday. 
The  officers  were  appointed  as  follows  :— President, 
Mr  JohnE.  Marr;  vice-presidents.  Professor  T.  G. 
Bonney,  Sir  Archibald  Geikie,  Mr.  E.  T.  Newton, 
and  Mr  H.  B.  Woodward  ;  secretaries,  Mr.  R.  S. 
Herries  and  Professor  W.  W.  Watts;  foreign 
secretary.  Sir  John  Evans  ;  treasurer,  Mr.  W.  T. 
Blanford,  CLE. 

Princess  Christian  will  open  to-morrow  (Saturday 
afternoon)  the  medical  and  surgical  home  founded 
by  her  Royal  Highness  in  connection  with  her 
District  Nurses'  Home  in  the  Clarence-road, 
Windsor,  forming  a  memorial  of  her  eldest  son. 
Prince  Christian  Victor  of  SAleswig-Holstein,  who 
died  in  South  Afrioa.  The  Princess  wdl  subse- 
quently give  a  supper  at  the  White  Hart  Hotel 
to  the  local  workmen  employed  in  the  building 
I  operations. 


Feb.  20,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


32^ 


PAKLIAMENTARY   NOTES. 

QiTEEN  Victoria's  Statue.— Captain  Norton 
asked  on  Wednesday  whether  any  steps  had  yet 
been  taken  to  secure  the  erection  in  Westminster 
Hall  of  a  statue  of  t^ueen  Victoria.  Lord  Bal- 
canes  :  No  steps  have  actually  been  taken  as  to  the 
erection  of  a  statue  of  Queen  Victoria  in  Wescminster 
Hall.  The  matter  is  still  under  consideration.  The 
First  Commissioner  regrets  that  at  this  stage  it  is 
impossible  for  him  to  mike  any  dehnite  statement 
on  the  subject. 


CHIPS. 

The  Anderston  Foundry  Co.,  of  Thornaby-on- 
Tees,  have  secured  the  contract  for  the  supply  ot 
cast-iron  yokes,  road-boxes,  &o.,  required  in  con- 
nection with  the  reconstruction  of  the  cable  tramway 
from  Kenningtou  to  .Streatham,  and  also  for  new 
tramways  at  'i'ooting  for  the  London  County  Council, 
a  total  length  of  eight  miles  of  rails. 

Evidence  has  been  given  before  the  Select  Com- 
mittee which  is  considering  the  need  for  amending 
the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act  by  Col.  Stanley 
G.  Bird,  C.B.,  and  Mr.  Henry  Holloway,  repre- 
senting the  London  Master  Builders'  Association. 

Mr.  E.  S.  Riyner,  of  Swansea,  has  been  appointed 
electrical  engineer  at  Doncaster. 

The  Wandsworth  Borough  Council  have  increased 
the  salaries  of  Mr.  G.  W.Allen,  assistant  surveyor 
western  district,  and  Mr.  H.  H.  Foster,  assistant 
surveyor  for  the  eastern  district. 

Mr.  P.  N.  Russell,  who  fur  many  years  carried 
on  extensive  engineering  works  in  Sydney,  but  has 
latterly  resided  in  London,  has  ma.de  a  furthjr 
donation  of  £'.jO,000  for  an  additional  endowment 
to  the  School  of  Engineering  at  the  University  of 
.Sydney.  Mr.  Russell  originated  this  school  some 
seven  years  sinc3  by  an  endowment  of  £60,000. 

In  the  case  ot  the  application  on  behalf  of  John 
Parkinson,  Weightman-road,  Harringay  Park,  X., 
carrying  on  business  with  Richard  Jury  and  Charles 
Holloway  Walsham,  as  J.  Parkinson  and  Co., 
builders,  the  order  of  discharge  has  been  suspended 
for  three  weeks,  ending  Feb.  12,  1904. 

The  Princess  of  Wales  will  formally  open  the  St. 
Paul's  Girl  School,  Brook  Green,  Hammersmith, 
on  Wednesday,  March  23.  The  Prince  of  Wales  wUi 
accompany  her  Royal  Highness  on  this  occasion. 

It  is  proposed  to  replace  the  old  Theatre  Royal 
in  Southgate,  Halifax,  with  an  entirely  new  build- 
ing, and  Messrs.  Richard  Horsfall  and  Son,  of 
Halifax,  the  architects,  are  now  engaged  on  the 
working  plans  and  specifications. 

A  Carnegie  free  hbrary  is  in  course  of  erection  at 
Lurgan,  from  plans  by  Mr.  Henry  Hobart. 

Mr.  Philip  E.  Pilditch,  architect,  London,  has 
been  adopted  as  Liberal  Unionist  candidate  for  the 
Parliamentary  division  of  St.  Ives,  Cornwall. 

The  Bill  to  amend  the  Liw  relating  to  Eisement 
of  Light  has  been  brought  in  by  Messrs.  Fletcher 
Moulton,  K.C.,  H.  D.  Green,  Herbert  Robertson, 
Robson,  and  Haldane,  and  read  a  first  time  in  the 
House  of  Commons.  The  BUI  is  the  outcome  of 
the  labours  of  a  joint  committee  of  the  R.I.B  A. 
and  the  Surveyors'  Institution. 

The  members  of  the  Halifax  Town  Council  in- 
spected on  Friday  the  Skircoat  tram  depot,  which 
has  been  constructed  at  a  cost,  including  the  site  of 
about  £30,000.  A  suite  of  workshops  has  teen 
erected,  and  accommodation  has  been  provided  for 
120  cars. 

The  Heathcote  Hospital,  Leamington,  is  bein" 
warmed  and  ventilated  by  means  of  Shorland'l 
patent  Manchester  grates  and  stoves,  the  same  being 
supplied  by  Messrs.  E.  H.  Shorland  and  Brother  of 
Manchester. 

Messrs.  Bolckow,  Vaughan,  and  Co.,  Ltd  of  the 
Cleveland  Steel  Works,  Middlesbrough,  have  been 
awarded  the  contract  for  the  supply  of  steel  rails, 
tshplates,  nuts,  &c  ,  r.  quire  1  by  the  tramwav 
department  ot  the  Cardiff  Corporation,  at  the  rate 
of  £.1  l03.  per  ton. 

The    Crowmarsh 
d  to 
for  a   loan  to 


11.  ,     ,      .""""l   District    Council    have 

resolved  to  apply  to  the  Local  (Government  Board 
for  a  loan  to  carry  out  the  scheme  prepared  by 
Messrs  Beesley,  Son,  and  Nichols,  for  the  supply  of 
water  to  the  portion  of  the  parish  of  New.n»ton 
known  as  Holcombe.  "oiuu 

The  County  Council  of  Ken*,  by  a  unanimous 
TOte,  have  appointed  Mr.  Henry  Percy  Maybury  of 
Malvern,  county  road  surveyor,  at  a  salary  of  £700 
per  annum  Mr.  Maybury  has  been  surveyor  an.l 
gas  and  water  engineer  to  the  Malvern  Urban  Dis- 
trict Council  for  about  nine  years.  Mr.  Ruck  the 
late  surveyor  was  at  the  same  meeting  appointed 
as  county  architect  at  a  salary  of  £000  a  year,  private 
practice  being  allowed.  '      '  P""-"^" 

The  Walton-on-Thames  Urban  District  Council 
have  raised  the  salary  of  Mr.  WUd,  their  surveyor 
from  £2.j0  to  £300  a  year.  »urveyor, 


(^ur  <B?5.n  CabU, 


SuvKiiAr,  matters  of  interest  to  the  profession 
will    be   considered    by   the   Royal   Institute   of 
British    Architects    at    their     business  meeting, 
restricted  to  members,  on  llonday  evening  next. 
In    accordance   with    notice    already  given,    M. 
Auguste  Choisy,  inspector  general  in  the  Service 
des   Fonts  et  Chaussees,   Paris,  will  be  proposed 
for  election  as  the  Roj-al  Gold  Medallist,   1904. 
On   behalf   of    the   Council   resolutions   will    be 
moved,   as   we   mentioned   last   week,  proposing 
alterations  in  the  by-laws   to   insure   that  after 
Ut'cember    31,    1906,   persons  desiring  admission 
as  Follows  will  be  required  to  pass  an  examina- 
tion,   power   being  given   to   dispense  with  this 
requirement     "  in     exceptional    circumstances." 
The    Council    will    also     submit    the   following 
amendments  to  the  "  .Suggestions  for  the  Conduct 
of  Architectural  Competitions  "  :— Clause  2  {«)  to 
read   as   follows:   "To   draw  up  the  particulars 
and  conditions   (as  far  as  possible  in  accordance 
with  the  principles  herein  set  forth)  as  instructions 
to   competitor.s,    and    also   to    advise    upon    the 
question  of  cost  and  the  amount  and  apportion- 
ment of  the  premium  or  premiums.     Note. — In 
drawing  up  the  instructions  to  competitors  it  is 
desirable  to  divide  them  into  two  distinct  classes  : 
(i.)  Conditions — i.e.,  those  which  must  be  strictly 
adhered  to  ;   (ii.)  Suggestions — i.e.,    those  which 
are  merely  optional  or  are  of  a  euggesuve  cha- 
racter.    Clause   7  :    Delete   entirely.     Renumber 
clauses  8,  9.  10,  11  as   7.   8,  9,    10  respectively. 
Clause   12  :  Delete   aU  first  paragraph,   and  re- 
number tha  seeonj  paragraph  beginning  "  It  is 
essential  .   .  ."  as  clause  1 1 .     Add  the  following 
clause  as  the  new  clause  12  : — The  author  of  the 
design  placed  first  by  the    assesor  or  assessors 
should  be  employed  to  carry  out  the  work,  and 
he  should  be  paid  in  accordance  with  the  ^chedule 
ot  professional  practice  as  to  the  charges  of  archi- 
t^cts   sanctioned    and    publ'shed    by   the    Royal 
Institute.     If  no  instructions  are  gi'-en  to  him  to 
proceed  within  twelve  months  from  the  date  ot 
selection,  or  if  the  proposed  works  are  abandoned 
by  the    promoters,  then    the    selected   architect 
should  receive  payment  for  his  services  in  connec- 
tion with  the  preparation  of  the  competition  draw- 
ings   ot    a   ."^um    equal   to    1|^  per  cent,    on  the 
amount  ot   the  estimated  expenditure.     Mr.  H. 
llardwicke  Langston   has   given    notice  that  at 
this  meeting  he  will  ask  the  following  question  :  — 
Is  it  in  the  power  of  the  Council  to  say  whether 
it  is  the  intention  ot  the  Registration  Committee, 
in  view  ot  the  great    interest    attached    to    the 
movement  tor  the  statutory  qualification  of  archi- 
tects, to  take  a  poll  ot  the  members  ot  the  Insti- 
tute upon  the  general  principle  involved': 

The  London  United  Tramways  Company  have 
jibbed  at  the  extortionate  demands  made  by  local 
authorities  as  the  price  of  their  assent  to  new 
proposals,  and  have  abandoned  the  whole  of  their 
Bill  tor  the  present  sofsion,  except  as  regards  the 
continuation  of  the  existing  lines  from  Barber 
Bridge,  Hounslow,  to  Staines.  This  means  the 
abandonment  of— 1.  The  extension  from  Houns- 
low t>  Maidenhead.  2.  The  cross  town  line 
connecting  Ealing  with  Brentford  and  Richmond. 
3.  The  line  over  Kew  Bridge.  The  Compiny's 
proposed  expenditure  on  street,  road,  and  bridge 
widenings  in  respect  of  2U  route  miles  of  exten- 
sions amounted  to  £217,932  ;  but  the  demands 
made  by  the  local  authorities  would  have  required 
the  expenditure  ot  an  additional  sum  nt  £642,630, 
making  a  total  sum  ot  £860, .56 2  needed  to  be 
spent  on  public  improvements  for  their  extensions. 


TiiK  London  County  Council  is  at-nut  to  open 
publicly  the  School  of  Building  in  Ferndale-ro,ad, 
Brixton.  Classes  have  been  cinduiteJ  there 
during  the  last  few  weeks,  and  it  is  proposed  to 
bold  a  public  opening  in  the  evening  on  or  about 
February  26.  The  several  workshops  and  class- 
rooms communicate  directly  with  the  great  hall, 
which  will  be  used  ultimately  for  the  purpose  of 
enabling  the  work  of  the  various  trades  to  be 
brought  together  and  erected,  and  may  also  be 
uscjinpirt  as  a  testing  laboratory.  The  hall, 
independently  of  its  annexes,  affords  a  cleiir  lloor 
aroii  of  about  l.'iOft.  by  60ft.,  and  it  is  proposed 
on  the  evening  of  the  openin'»,  and  for  the  next 
few  days,  to  hold  a  public  exhibition  ot  building 
appliariees,  including  educational  models  and 
examples  ot  the  work  of  the  various  building 
trade  classes  in  London. 

Mu.  EnwAUii  ILuinv.  teacher  of  building  con- 
striiction.  and  a  medallist  in  masonry,  has  just 
published,  with  the  assistance  o£  Mr.  B.  T.  Bats- 


ford,  a  handy  guide  to  the  Elementary  Principles 
of  Graphic  Statics  for  the  U6e  of  Students  in 
Technical  Schools,  and  for  Ihe  Examinations  of 
the  Board  of  Education  in  Building  Construction. 
It  may  be  noted  that  I'rofessor  tl.  Adams  has 
given  his  imprimatur  to  the  work,  having  read 
through  the  M.S.  of  the  volume,  which  is  fully 
illustrated  by  diagrams  clearly  and  carefully 
elucidating  the  problems  as  they  occur  in  their 
order  of  sequence.  The  student  of  the  science  and 
art  of  building  will  find  this  textbook  admirably 
adapted  to  his  immediate  needs,  as  well  as  making 
a  useful  volume  of  reference  when  the  memory 
lacks  a  timely  and  reliable  refresher. 

Mil.  Carder,  of  the  Wordsley  School  of  Art, 
was  recently  deputed  by  the  Technical  Instruc- 
tion Committee  of  the  Staifordshire  County 
Council  to  visit  the  glass-making  districts  of 
Germany  and  Austria.  The  Board  of  Trade 
Juurnal  publishes  e.^tracts  from  Mr.  Carder's 
report.  He  visited  Berlin,  Tschernilz,  Leipzig, 
Bohemia,  and  other  centres  ot  the  indus'ry,  and 
comes  to  the  conclusion  that  the  Germans  and 
Austrians  are  absorbing  the  glass  trade  of  Europe. 
Amongst  the  causes  to  which  he  attributes  this 
are  the  following  : — (1)  Better  technical  education 
of  managers  and  workmen  ;  (2)  replacing  old  by 
up-to-  date  machinery  and  labour-saving  devices ; 
(3)  use  of  gas  furnaces  ;  (4)  healthier  conditions 
ot  working,  especially  .better  ventilation  in 
Crerman  glass  houses,  as  the  furnace  is  not 
dependent  on  its  own  draught,  this  being 
obtained  from  a  tall  stack  placed  in  the  yard ; 
(5)  study  of  foreign  markets.  Mr.  Carder  thinks 
that  the  best  English  cut-glass  has  nothing  to 
tear  from  German  or  Austrian  competition.  It 
is  only  in  the  common  cutting  that  these  countries 
compete.  In  the  best  cut-glass  British  industry 
has  to  reckon  with  the  French  and  Americans,  as 
well  as  with  one  or  two  Belgian  houses,  which  do 
some  very  good  cutting  at  prices  for  which 
English  glass-cutters  could  not  do  the  work. 
Better  engraving  and  etching  is  done  in  the  best 
English  works  than  elsewhere  ;  but  in  enamelling 
the  Germans  and  Austrians  have  the  advantage 
of  making  a  harder  glass  which  stands  a  higher 
temperature. 

John  Oakey  .4xd  Son,  Ltd.,  have  had  another 
well-deserved  prosperous  ye.ar.  The  net  profits 
for  the  year,  as  shown  by  the  balance  sheet,  in- 
cluding £-571  18s.  6d.  brought  forward,  amount 
to  £35,561  58.  Id.  Out  of  this  sum  a  dividend  ot 
6  per  cent,  per  annum  has  been  paid  to  the  prefer- 
ence shareholders,  aud  the  interim  dividend  of  5 
per  cent,  to  the  ordinary  shareholders,  absorbing 
the  sum  ot  £12,250,  leaving  a  balance  of 
£23,311  53.  Id.  From  this  balance  the  board 
recommend  tho  payment  of  a  final  dividend  of  5 
per  cent,  to  the  ordinary  shareholders,  making  a 
total  of  10  per  cnnt.  for  the  year ;  and,  in 
addition,  a  bonus  ot  5  per  cent.,  tree  of  income 
tax.  They  also  recommended  that  £3,000  of  the 
year's  profits  be  carried  to  the  general  reserve, 
raising  this  account  of  £61,000,  making,  with  the 
capital  reserve,  a  total  reserveof  £67,734  I63.  lOd., 
leaving  a  balance  of  £2,811  5s.  Id.  to  be  carried 
forward  to  next  year.  While  recommending,  as 
they  do  with  much  pleasure,  the  payment  of  a 
bonus  of  5  per  cent,  upon  the  ordinary  shares,  in 
place  of  the  usual  2j  per  cent.,  the  directors  wish 
it  to  be  clearly  understood  that  they  have  decided 
to  do  so  in  coosequence  of  certain  exceptionally 
favourable  features  in  tho  year's  trading,  which 
may  not  recur,  and  that  the  shareholders  must 
not  regard  as  a  precedent  this  departure  from  the 
conservative  policy  of  the  board,  which  has 
hitherto  met,  and  they  hope  always  will  meet, 
with  their  approval. 

Messus.  S.  W'.  Francis  and  Co  ,  Ltd.,  of  64, 
Gray's  Inn-road,  the  well-known  leading  manu- 
facturers of  revolving  shutters,  send  us  their 
latest  catalogue,  which  is  a  most  useful  one,  com- 
prising particulars  of  almost  every  adjunct  for 
thops,  business  premises,  banks,  and  public  and 
private  buildings.  Their  self-acting  shutters  and 
spring  sun  blinds  are  so  well  known  that  wc  need 
only  say  the  latest  improvements  therein  are 
figured.  Their  collapsible  or  extending  steel 
gates  are  also  a  leading  feature.  They  make  shop 
fronts  in  brass,  copper,  and  other  metiils  to  archi- 
tects' own  designs.  Where  brass  stallp'atea  are 
not  fancied,  no  belter  substitutes  can  bo  desired 
than  those  they  make  in  glass,  and  the  same  may 
be  said  as  regards  f.icias,  bigns,  and  tablets.  The 
long  list  of  testimonials  from  leading  architects 
and  others  testify  to  tho  wide  adoption  of  the 
specialities  of  this  old  established  and  enterprising 
firm. 


326 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Feb,  26,  1904. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Pridav  (to-day).— Royal  Institution.  "New  Develop- 
ments in  Electric  Railways,"  by  Alex- 
ander Siemens.     9  p.m. 

Glasgow  Architectural  Craftsmen's 
Society.  "Floor  Paving— Wood,  Grano- 
lithic, and  Asphalte,"  by  Colin  Sinclair. 
Sp.m. 

Sheffield  Society  of  Architects  and  Sur- 
veyors. "  Architectural  Baok3  in  the 
Shetheld  Library,"  by  S.  Smith. 

Monday.— Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects.  Busi- 
ness meeting.    8  p.m. 

Society  of  Arts.  "  aTodem  Book  Print- 
ing :  Cantor  Lecture  No.  2,  by  C.  T. 
Jacobi.    8  p.m. 

Ti'E!>  DA  v.— Society  of  Arts.  "Nigeria,"  by  LadyLngard, 
ni*e  Flora  L.  Shaw.     4.30  p.m. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  Dis- 
cussion on  "  The  Construction  of  Railway- 
Waggons  in  Steel."  by  James  Denis 
Twinberrow,  A.M.I.C.E. ;  "The  Con- 
struction of  Iron  and  Steel  Railway- 
Waggons,"  by  Arthur  Lewis  Shackleford, 
A.M.I.C.E.;  and  "Iron  and  Steel  Rail- 
way-Waggons  of  High  Capacity, ' '  by 
James  Thomas  Jepson.    8  p.m. 

WedjjesdAy. — Society  of  Arts.  "Physical  Degenera- 
tion," by  Dr.  Robert  Jones.    8  p.m. 

Edinbuigh  Architectural  Association. 
"Scotch  Woodwork,"  by  J.  S.  Morton. 
8  p.m. 

Thiesday.— Carpenters'  Hall  Lectures.  "The  Work- 
man of  the  Middle  Ages,"  by  C.  R. 
Ashbee,  M.A.    Sp.m. 

Edinburgh  Society  of  Ordained  Sur- 
veyors. "  Mutual  Gables,"  by  J.  L. 
Wark.    8  p.m. 

Feioay.— Architectural  Association,  "  Schools,"  by  John 
W.  Simpson,  F.RI.B.A.    7.30  p.m. 


THE  ABCHITECTUKAL  ASSOCIATION. 
MARCH  4th  :  A  SPECIAL  GENERAL  MEETING  will  be  held 
at  No  9,  Conduit-streel,  W  .  at  7  p  m  ,  to  consider  1he  desirability  of 
holding  the  Ordinary  General  Mteiines  on  anv  other  day  thnn  Friday 
MARCH  Jth:  OR'JINARV  GENERAL 'MEETING  at  No.  9, 
Conduit-streetf  W.,  at  ".aop  m.  P.iper  by  Mr,  JOHN  W.  SIMPSON, 
on  "  Schools." 

MARCH  5lh:  Fourth  SPRING  VISIT— lo  the  Savoy  Holel,  by 
liind  p»raission  of  Messrs.  T.  E.  Colcutt  and  Stanley  H.  lUmp. 
Members  lo  meet  at  the  Str.-ind  entrance  at  2  .30  p  m.,  and  to  produce 
their  membership  passes  for  Ihe  current  session. 

LOCIS  AMBLER       1  „_  ^ 
HENRY  TANNER,  .lun.  J  "*™-  ^"^- 


LATEST    PRICES. 


Per  ton. 


IBON,    &0. 

Per  ton. 

Rolled-Iron  Joists,  Belgian «5  10 

Rolled-Steel  Joists,  Enfflish   6  10 

WroughHron  Girder  Plates  7    0 

Bar  Iron,  good  Staffs 6    6 

Do.,  Lowmoor,  Plat,  Bound,  or 

Square    20    0 

Do.,  Welsh  6  16 

Boiler  Plates,  Iron — 

South  Staffs 8  15 

Beet  Snedshill 9  10 

Angles  10a.,  Tees  203.  per  ton  extra. 

Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  for  bonding,  &c.,  £7  7s.  6d. 
Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  galvanised,  £12  to  £13  per  ton. 

Galvanised  Corrugated  Sheet  Iron- 
No.  18  to  20.  No.  22  to  24. 
Per  ton. 
.£12    0    0 
.     12  10    0 
Per  ton 


0 

to 

£5  15 

0 

0 

^^ 

e  12 

t) 

0 

7     6 

0 

0 

8  10 

0 

0 

ao  0 

0 

0 

t» 

6  17 

6 

0 

8  15 

0 

0 

9  10 

0 

6ft.    to    8ft.   long,   incluslTe     Per  ton. 

gauge £11  15    0 

Best  ditto 12    5    0 

Per  ton. 


Cast-iron  Columns £6  10  0 

Cast-iron  Stanchions 6  10  0 

Rolled-Iron  Fencing  Wire  8    0  0 

Eolled-Steel  Fencing  Wire 6    5  0 

„         „          J,       Galvanised.  7  15  0 

Cast-Iron  Sash  Weights  4  12  6 

Cut  Clasp  Nails,  Sin.  to  6in 9    5  0 

Cut  Floor  Brads 9    0  0 


to 


£8  10 
8  10 
8  5 
6  10 

8  0 
4  12 

9  5 
9    0 


Wire  Nails  (Points  de  Paris)— 

6  to  7      8        9        10       U       12       13       14      15     B.W.G. 

8/-      8;'6     9/-    9/6      9  9    10/6    11/3    12/-  13/-  per  cwt. 

Cast-iron  Socket  Pipes- 
Sin,  diameter    £5  15  0    to  £6    0  0 

4in.  to6in 6  12  6    „  5  17  6 

7in.  to  24in.  (all  sizes)  5    7  6,,  5  10  0 

[Coated  with  composition,  5s.  Od.  per  ton  extra ;  turned 
and  bored  joints,  59.  ©d.  per  ton  extra.] 

Pig  Iron—  Per  ton. 

Cold  Blast,  lilleshall    lOSs.  Od.  to  112s.  6d. 

Hot  Blast,  ditto  658.  Od.  to    70s.  Od. 

Wrought-Iron  Tubes  and  Fittings— Discount  off  Standard 
Lists  f.o.b.  (plus  5  per  cent.)  : — 


CHIPS. 

The  Egremont  Urban  District  Council  (Cumber- 
land) have  engaged  Mr.  Harry  W.  Taylor, 
A.M.I.C.E.,  ol:  Newcastle-on-Tyne  and  Birming- 
ham,  for  extension  and  improvement  of  the  town's 
waterworks. 

The  municipal  council  of  Kalkbay  Muisenberg, 
Cape  Colony,  through  their  engineer,  Mr.  Thos. 
Bennett,  C.E.,  have  appointed  Messrs,  Beesley,  Son, 
and  Nichols,  MM.Inst.C.E.,  of  Westminster,  in- 
spectors of  materials  in  connection  with  the  main 
drainage  scheme  and  electric  tramways  for  the  city. 

The  Tetbury  Board  of  Guardians  have,  after  a 
long  discussion,  decided  to  adopt  plans  for  a  new 
workhouse  to  be  built  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
£11,000. 

The  city  council  of  Birmingham  have  raised  the 
salary  of  Mr.  John  Foster,  en^'ineer  at  Windsor- 
street  Gasworks  since  .September  1902,  from  £.300 
to  £550  a  year. 

At  Southampton  a  new  Corn  Exchange  has  been 
opened  by  the  Mayor.  It  has  been  erected  for  the 
corporation  in  the  Cattle  Market,  from  plans  by  the 
borough  engineer,  Mr.  J.  A.  Crowther. 

Mr.  AY.  Bevan,  who  has  held  the  appointment  of 
borough  surveyor  and  inspector  of  nuisances  at 
Penryn,  has  received  a  similar  appointment  under 
the  Mid somer- Norton  Urban  District  Council. 

A  meeting  of  the  works  committee  of  the  Crewe 
Town  Council  was  held  last  week  for  the  purpose 
of  considering  the  applications  for  the  position  of 
building  inspector  for  the  borough,  rendered  vacant 
by  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Gray  as  building 
inspector  for  Cambridge.  There  were  260  applicants, 
and  the  salary  offered  was  £100  per  annum.  Mr. 
Geo.  Adams,  Brook-street,  Crewe,  was  elected. 

The  plans  of  the  new  viaduct  which  is  to  carry 
Guild-street  over  the  railway  line  to  Bridge-street 
at  Aberdeen  are  now  completed.  They  show  a  steel 
structure  lS8ft.  long,  or  about  COft.  longer  than  the 
present  bridge,  in  two  spans,  and  with  a  width  over 
all  of  about  o6ft.  The  carriageway  will  be  36tt. 
wide,  and  there  is  to  be  a  foot  pavement  on  each 
side  8ft.  wide. 

On  Thursday  in  last  week,  the  Bishop  of  Man- 
chester reopened  the  ancient  parish  church  of 
Radcliffe,  which  has  been  closed  nine  months  for 
repairs  costing  nearly  £3,000. 

■  The  bells  of  Minstead  Church,  Hants,  have 
recently  been  rehung  on  a  new  oak  frame,  and 
much-needed  work  to  the  bells  themselves,  has 
been  carried  out  by  Messrs.  Mears  and  Co.,  White- 
chapel.  The  peal  had  not  been  touched  since  1774, 
when  the  tower,  which  was  then  of  wood,  was  re- 
built with  brick  and  stone,  the  work  being  carried 
out  by  a  Mr.  Taphn,  builder,  of  Lyndhurst. 


...  e7ip.c. 

....  621  „ 
....  57{  „ 
....  55  „ 
....  50  „ 
....  45  „ 
5cwt.  casks. 
Per  ton. 
to  £25  10 
„  27  15 
„  13  15 
„  11  5 
„  15  2 
„  16  2 
„  17  12 
„  16  2 
„  16  2 
•I  10  17 
..  15  5 
„  70  5 
„  60  0 
„  126  17 
„  128  10 
„   22  0 


Gas-Tubes 

Water-Tubes  

Steam-Tubes    

Galvanised  Gas-Tubes  

Galvanised  Water-Tubes 

Galvanised  Steam-Tubes 

lOcwt.  casks. 
Per  ton. 

Zinc,  English  (London  mill)  £24    0  0 

Do.,  VieSle  Montague 27    5  0 

Sheet  Lead,  31b.  and  upwards  ...     13  15  0 

Lead  Water  Pipe  (F.O.R.  Lond.)    14    5  0 

Lead  Barrel  Pipe   15    2  6 

Lead  Pipe,  Tinned  inside   16    2  6 

„       „         „       ,,  and  outside    17  12  6 

Composition  Gas-Pipe 16    2  6 

8oU-Pipe  (Sin.  and  6in.  extra)  ...    16    2  6 

Pig  Irfad,  in  Icwt.  pigs 10  16  3 

Lead  Shot,  in  aslb.  bags 15    0  0 

Copper  Sheets,  sheathing  and  rods    70    0  0 

Copper,  British  Cake  and  Ingot...    59  10  0 

Tin,  Straits  126    7  6 

Do.,  English  Ingots  127  10  0 

Spelter,  SUesian 2117  G 

TIMBEB. 

Teak,  Burmah per  load    £9  15  0    to  £18    0 

„    Bangkok „    ...      9    0  0    „      16    0 

Quebec  Pine,  yellow ,    ...      3    5  0,,       65 

„    Oak „    ...5    0  0,,       7  10 

„    Birch  ,,...4    0  0,,       6    0 

„    Elm 4    0  0,,       S  10 

„    Ash ,     ...       3  15  0    „        7  10 

Dantsio  and  Memel  Oak      „    ...      2  10  0    „       6    0 

Fir 3    0  0 

Wainscot,  Riga  p.  log...      „    ...      2    7  6 

Lath,  Danlsic,  p.f „    ...      4    0  0 

et,  Petersburg „    ...      4    0  0 

Greenheart  „    ...       7  15  0 

Box „    ...      7    0  0 

Sequoia,  U.S. A percubefoot      0    3  6 

Mahogany,  Cuba,  per  super  foot 

lin.  thick  0 

„  Honduras 0 

„  Mexican 0 

„  African 0 

Cedar,  Cuba    0 

„  Honduras    „    ...      0 

Satinwood    „    ...      0 

Walnut,  ItaUan „    ...      0 

„      American  (logs)      ,.    ...      0 

Deals,  per  St.  Petersburg  Standard,  120 
by  llin.  :— 

Quebec,  Pine,  1st  £22    0  0    to  £29    6    0 

„  2nd 18    5  0    „      23  10    0 

„  Srd  11  15  0    „      14    0    0 

Canada  Spruce,  1st 11    0  0    „     15    0    0 

„  2nd  and  Srd   9    0  0,,     10  10    0 

New  Brunswick 8    0  0,,       9  15    0 

Riga    7  10  0    „       8  10    0 

St.  Petersburg 8    0  0,,     16  10    0 

Swedish 11    0  0    „     19  10    0 

Finland 9    0  0    „      10    0    0 

White  Sea 1110  0    „     19  10    0 

Battens,  aU  sorts  6  10  0    „     14    0    0 

Flooring  Boards,  per  square  of  lin. : — 

Istprepared £0  12  6    „     £0  18    6 

2ndditto  0  11  6    „       0  15    6 

Other  quaUties    0    5  6,,       0  13    6 

Staves,  per  standard  M : — 

U.S.,  pipe £37  10  0    „    £45    0    0 

Memel,  cr.  pipe  220    0  0    „    230    0     0 

Memel,  brack 190    0  0    „    200    0    0 


0  6    „ 

0  6    „ 

0  4    „ 

0  3i  „ 

0  8    „ 

0  SJ  „ 

0  10    „ 

0  3    „ 


5 
5 
6 
6 
8 
16 
0 

0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


0  8 
0  7J 
0  5 
0  5J 
0  SJ 

0  3J 

1  9 
0  7J 
3     1 

I— 12ft.  by  IJin. 


STONE.* 

Darley  Dale,  in  blocks per  foot  cube  £0    2    3 

Red  Mansfield  ditto „    ...    0    2  4} 

Hard  York  ditto    „    ...    0    2  10 

Ditto  ditto  6in,  sawn  botli  sides,  landings, 

random  sizes per  foot  sup.    0    2    8 

Ditto  ditto  Sin.  slabs  sawn  two  sides, 

random  sizes  „    ...    0    1    3 

•  AU  F.O.R.  London. 

Bath  Stone,  delivered  on  rail  at  quarry  stations 

per  foot  cube  £0    10 
Delivered  on  road  waggons,  Paddington 

Depot „    ...    0    16} 

Ditto        ditto        Nine  Elms  Depot  0    1  SJ 

Portland  Stone,  in  random  blocks  of  20ft.  average : — 

Brown         White 
Whit  Bed.   Base  Bed. 
Delivered  to  railway  depot  at  the 

quarry per  foot  cube  £0    1    5J  ...  £0    1  7i 

Delivered  on  road  waggons  \ 
at  Paddington  Dep it    ...  (  n    9    i  n    •>  ox 

Ditto    Nine  Elms  Depot,.,  (   u    .i    i    ...    v    z  ^s 

Ditto    PimUco  Wharf > 

OlliS. 

Linseed  pertun£17    7  6    to  £17  15  0 

Rapeseed,  English  pale  ...    „    ...  23  15  0    „  25  15  0 

Do.,  brown „     ...  22    5  0    „  22  15  0 

Cotton-seed,  refined 19  10  0    „  2110  0 

Ohve,  Spanish  „    ...  31  10  0    „  31  15  0 

Seal,  p.ile  2.S    0  0    „  30    0  0 

Cocoanut,  Cochin „    ...  23    0  0    „  30    0  0 

Do.,  Ceylon  „    ...  26    0  0    „  26  10  6 

Palm,  Lagos „    ...  28    0  0    „  28  10  0 

Oleine „    ...  17    5  0    „  19    5  0 

Lubricating  U.S per  gal.  0    7  0,,  080 

Petroleum,  refined „     ...  0    0  5}  „  0    0  0 

Tar,  Stockhohn per  barrel  16  0,,  180 

Do.,  Archangel „    ...  9  19  8    „  10  0 

Turpentine,  American  ...per  tun  87    0  0    „  87    6  0 


CHIPS. 

The  Corporation  of  Ipswich  have  decided  to 
borrow  £2,4oS  for  electric  lighting  purposes. 

The  Sutton- in- Ashfleld  Urban  District  Council 
have  received  the  sanction  of  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board  to  loans  amounting  to  .£22,3.>0  for  the 
purposes  of  sewerage  and  sewage  disposal,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  scheme  prepared  by  Messrs.  Baesley, 
Son,  and  Nichols,  of  Westminster. 

Sir  John  Cheyne,  K.C.,  Sheriff  of  Renfrew  and 
Bute,  has  conducted  a  public  inquiry  at  Cupar 
in  reference  to  the  petition  to  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board  by  the  County  Council  of  Fife, 
Cupar  District  Committee,  and  Auchtermuchty 
Town  Council,  for  a  provisional  order  to  give  the 
burgh  of  Auchtermuchty  a  water  supply. 

Architects  and  builders,  who  make  it  a  business  to 
remodel  buildings,  are  extremely  busy  in  Chicago  and 
the  West  now,  as  a  result  of  the  rigid  enforcement  of 
rules  and  ordinances  for  fire  protection.  Not  only 
theatres  and  halls  are  undergoing  reconstruction,  but 
many  churches  and  other  places  of  assembly  wil 
have  to  be  remodelled.  Every  manufacturer  of  fire! 
escapes  and  steel  and  iron  stairways  is  crowded  with 
rush  work. 


PILKINGTON  &  CO, 

(EsTABiJaHKD  1838), 

MONUMENT    CHAMBERS, 

KINa  WILLIAM  STBEET,  liONDON,  B.a 


Siegiitertd  Tradi  Mark: 

POLONCEflUmiLTE 

Patent  Asphalte  and  Felt  Roofing. 

ACID-RESISTINa   ASPHALTE. 

WHITE  SILICA  PAVINQ. 

PYRIMONT  SEYSSEL  ASPHALTE, 

Telepuo.ve  No.  6319  Atesue. 

G.  E.  COCKBURN 

ELECTRIC     LIGHT, 

BELLS,     HEATING. 

SHOWROOMS: 

35,  GREAT  PULTENEY  ST.,  REGENT  ST.,  W. 
WM.  OLIVER  &  SONS,  Ltd" 

MAHOGANY,    WAmSOOT,    WALNUT, 

TEAK,  VENEER,  and  PANOYWOOD 

MEEOHANTS, 

120,   BUNHILL   ROW,   LONDON,   E.C. 

The  most  extensive  Stock  of  every  kliid  of 
Wood  in  Planks  and  Boards,  dry  and  nt  for 
immediate  use. 


Feb.  26,  1904. THE    BUILDING    XEWS. 327 

LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


Stockton-on-Tees— Enlarging  ChaDcel  of  Holy  Trinity  Church   Holy  Trinity  Vicaraee,  Stockton-on-Tcos    Mar.    1 

Billericay— Two  Semi-Detached  Cottages '. £5  os C.  E.  Lewis.  <'lerk.  The  Union  House.  Billericay „       8  . 

Sutton,  St.  Helens-Publio  Libai-y  (£2,500  limit)    £-20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  St.  Helena  31 

Vienna— Machinery  to  Lift  Boats 100,000,  75,000,  and  50,000  kronen   ...  The  Austro-Uuni^arian  Con.-Oen,'22.  Laurence-Pounteney-lane,E.C.    ,,     31 

Ecoleston,  St.  Helens— Public  Library  (£2,300  limit) £20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  St.  Helens  „     31 

Perth— Isolation  Hospital  (36  beds)  (£11,000  limit,    SOgs,  20gs,  and  lOgs  John  Begg.  Town  Clerk,  Perth April  6 

Malvern— Free  Library,  Oraham-road £3.),  £20,  £10   H.  L.  Whatley,  Clerk,  Council  Offices,  Malvern ,       8 

Newcastlo-on-Tvne— Grammar  School  (J.  Bilson,  F.R.I.B.A., 

F.S.A.,  Assessor £100,  £50,  £25 Horace  J.  Criddle.  Solicitor,  2.  CoUingwood-st.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    „     30 

Bamet— Hospital Q.  D.  Bytield,  Clerk,  IG,  High-street,  Earnct May    9 

Haverfordwest -Meat  Market  (£2,000  limit) 20g8 R.  T.  P.  Williams.  Town  Clerk,  Haverfordwest — 

Hoibury— Free  Library Arthur  E.  Radcliife,  Engineer,  U.D.C.  Offices,  Horbury    — 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 


BtriLDINQS. 


Manchester— Alterations  to  Bank  Meado'W  Mupicipal  School...  Education  Committee  The  Education  Offices,  Deansgate.  Manchester Feb.  27 

Surbiton— Waiting  and  Store  Rooms  Urban  District  Council    -Tames  Bell,  Clerk,  District  Council  Offices,  Surbiton  „  27 

Xethy  Bridge— Recreation  Rooms J.  Stephen,  The  Nurseries,  Nethv  Bridge ,  27 

Hanwell,  W.—Boiler-House  and  Chimney  Shaft  at  Asylum  ...  L.C.C.  Asylums  Committee   R.  W.  Partridge.  Clerk,  6,  Waterlnn-place.  S.W 27 

Cockermouth— Alteration  to  Buildings  at  Flimby  Lodge Guardians' W.  G.  Scott  and  Co.,  Architects,  Victoria  Buildings,  Workington  ...    „  27 

Shotton  Colliery— Caretaker's  House  and  Reading-Room    George  Wells,  Shntton  Colliery,  Castle  Eden.  R.S.O ', ,  27 

Eton— Fire-Brigade  Station,  High-street  Urban  District  Council    J.  Simmondes.  Surveyor,  Council  Offices.  High-street,  Eton ,,  27 

Watford- Stores.  St.  Albans-roid    St.  Andrew's  Co-operative  Society  ...  W.  H.  Syrae,  F.li  I.B.A.,  High-i-treet,  Watford  „  27 

Chicksgrove— House   The  Anchorage,  Chicksgrove,  Tisbury,  Wilts  „  27 

Witham— Cottage  at  Waterworks, Urban  District  Council    F.  S.  Courtney,  M.I.C.E.. '25,  Victoria-street,  Westminster,  S.W 27 

Elgin— House.  Ardgye  John  Wittet.  Architect.  Elgin  „  27 

Graighbertblwyd— Sixteen  Cottages Building  Club William  Dowdeswell.  Architect,  Treharria  .•. ,  27 

NarborouBh.  Leicester— Asylum  (700  patients)    Committee  of  Visitors Everard  and  Pick,  Architects,  Millstone-lane,  Leicester „  27 

Ardgye,  Elgin— House  John  Wittet,  Architect.  Elgin      „  27 

Widnea- Wesleyan  Church,  Albert-road    Rev.  C.  D.  Newman C.  W.  D.  Joynson,  Architect,  Wednesbury „  27 

Cardiff— Additions  to  Wilts  and  Dorset  Bank E.  H.  Bruton,  F.R.I.B..\.,  119.  Queen-street,  Carditf „  27 

Senghenydd-Police  Station Glamorgan  County  Council   T.  Mansel  Franklen,  Clerk,  Westgate-street,  Cardiff  ,  27 

Beddau-Si.i  Houses  A.  O.  Evans.  Architect,  Pontypridd    „  29 

Darlington— Fire  Station Corporation G.  Winter,  Borough  Survevor,  Town  Hall,  Darlington  „  29 

Aucbtermuchty— Enlarging  School  W.  Birrell.  Architect,  200,  High-street,  Kirkcaldy   „  29 

Rhymney— Fire-Brigade  Station    Urban  District  Council    W.  Lloyd  Marks,  Surveyor,  61.  High-street,  Rhymney  „  29 

Heckmondwike— Classroom 8  at  Congregational  School Henry  Stead,  Architect,  Heckmondwike 29 

Limerick— Fifty  Cottages,  Nicholas-street Thomond  Artisans'  Dwellings  Co.  ...  J.  F.  Power,  Secretary.  Carr-street.  Limerick „  29 

Swindon— Branch  Reading  Room,  Rodbourne-road Robert  J.  Beswick.  M.S. A,  I'',  Victoria-road,  Swindon „  29 

Fraserburgh -Villa John  Trail    William  Reid,  Architect,  Saltoun-square,  Fraserburgh,  Scotland  ...    „  29 

Bamsley— Three  Houses  and  Shops Crawshaw  .and  Wilkinson.  Architects.  13,  Kegent-street,  Birnsley 29 

Pontypool— Alterations  at  Playgrounds Trevethin  School  Board  Lansdnwne  and  Griggs,  Architects,  Newport.  Mon  „  29 

Hanging  Heaton— Four  Houses J.  H.  Brearley,  Architect.  Branch-road.  Batley „  29 

Dinnington  CoUieiy— Six  Houses  Oramlington  District  Co-op.  Society.  J.  G.  Crone,  Architect,  21.  Grainger-street  West,  Newcastle „  29 

Truro— Wesleyan  Sunday-school  William  Tinnev.  Nancewrath,  Truro :      „  29 

Mile  End.  E— Additional  Building  at  South-grove  Workhouse  Whitechapcl  Union  Guardians Alfred  Conder,  F.R.I.B.A..  9,  Bridge-street,  Westminster,  S.'W '29 

Greenford-. Seven  Houses    Great  Western  Railway  Co G.  K.  Mills.  Socretaiy.  Paddingtnn  Station,  W Mar.  " 

Kilmarnock— Slaters' Work  at  Generating  Stn.&Tramcar  Shed  Electric  Committee   Robert  Blackwood,  Burgh  Surveyor,  Market  Bridge,  Kilmarnock...    „ 

Cork- Celtic  Cross  at  Gill  Abbey  Soldiers' Memorial  Committee W.  H.  Hill  and  Son.  Architects,  2S.  South  Mall,  Cork    

Fulford- Five  Houses    G.Wood   Arthur  H.  Eveiist,  Architect,  9,  Xew-street.  York „ 

Tottenham-Municipal  Buildings Urban  Di.-.trict  Council    W.  H.  Prescott,  A.M.I.C.E.,  712,  High-road,  Tottenham  „ 

Welhngborough-Cemeteiy  Chapel,  Lodge,  &c Urban  Distiict  Council    Talbot,  Brown,  and  Fisher,  Arrlits.,  Burvstead-pl.,  Wellingborough    „ 

Bedhnog— Twenty  Houses Building  Club P.  Vivian  Jones.  P.  A. S.I. ,  Architect,  Hengoed  , 

King  s  Lynn  — .ilterationsto  Boiler  House Corporation H.  J.  Weaver,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  King's  Lynn 

Paignton— Waitmg-Rooms Great  Western  Railway  Co G.  K.  Mills,  Secretary,  Paddington  Station,  W „ 

^ew  Tredegar— Business  Premi.se8   Isaac  Pruss  Gemge  Kenshole,  Architect,  Station-road,  Bargoed „ 

Shorcditch,  EC— Stabling  at  Scavenging  Depot    Borough  Council    H.  Mansfield  Robinson,  Town  Clerk.  Town  Hall,  Old-strees,  E.G....    „ 

Cowley,  Uxbridge -Passenger  Station Great  Western  Railway  Co G.  K.  Mills.  Secretary.  Paddington  Station,  W 

I; unthorpe- Four  Cottages  North-Eastern  Rly.  Co William  Bell,  Architect.  York  „  a 

Glenbuchat— Farm  Offices    Jenkins  and  Marr,  Architects,  16,  Bridge-street,  Aberdeen   ,  2 

Xew  Cross,  S.E.— Reconstructing  South-Eastfrn  Hospital Metropolitan  Asylums  Board    T.W.  Aldwinckle  and  Son,  Archts.,  20,  Denmao-st.,  London  Bridge    „  2 

Manchester- Additions  to  Porter's  Lodge  at  Workhouse Guardians A.  J.  Murgatroyd.  Archt.,  23.  Strutt-street,  Manchester   „  2 

Bristol-Three  Open- Air  Swimming-Baths   Baths  Committee  T.  H.  Yabbicom,  M.I.C.E.,  03,  Queen-siiuare,  Bristol 2 

Newcastle-on-Tyne-Block  of  Offices,  Forth  Banks   North  Eastern  Railway  Co William  Bell,  Architect,  Central  Station,  Newcastle    „  2 

lotnes-Fitting-up  Showyard Devon  County  AgriculturalSociety...  John  L.  Winter,  Secretary.  Totnes ,  2 

Blackpool- Ten  Ornamental  Shelters  on  Promenade Corporation John  S.  Brcdie.  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall.  Blackpool  „  2 

Wolborough— Restoration  of  Church  Rector  and  Churchwardens William  Rowell,  Architect,  2.  St.  Paul's-road.  Newton  Abbot     2 

Brandon— Altering  Parish  Church    C.  Hodgson  Fowler.  F.S.A.,  The  College.  Durham   „  2 

Norwood,  S.E. -Corridor  to  Entrance  Lodge  at  Schools  Lambeth  Board  of  Guardians   W.  Thurnall,  Clerk,  Brook-street,  Kennington-road,  S.E „  2 

Carlisle— Two  Houses.  Morton-terrace Miss  Howe  Johnst  me  Bros.,  Architects.  ,39,  Lowther-street,  Carlisle  2 

Sligo— Shed  at  Deep  Water  Berths   Harbour  Commissioners T.  J.  Mercer.  Secretary.  Harbour  Oliice.  Sligo „  3 

tondon,  S.A\  .—Repairs  to  Police  Stations  (Three  Tears) Metropolitan  Police  Dist.  Receiver  ...  The  Police  Surveyor's  Office,  Scotland  Yard,  S.W „  3 

Buxton— Post  Office   H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works    The  Secretary.  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Gate,  S.W ,  3 

Wrexham-Five  Houses  and  Shop,  Pojser-street  J.  Finder.  9.1,  Ruabon-road,  Wrexham  ...  „ 

Langho.  Blackhurn-Epileptic  Homes    Chorlton  &  Manchester  Asylum  Com.  Giles.  Gough,  &  TroUope.  Archts., ■2.S.Cra.ven-st..CharingCros3,W.C.    „ 

refn-RebuiIding  Tabor  Congregational  Chapel Thomas  Roderick,  Architect,  50.  Olebeland,  Mcrthyr.  Wales   „ 

Gravelly  Hill-Dismfectcr  House  at  Workhouse Aston  Union  Guardians  Whitwell  and  Son.  Archts..  -23.  Temple-row.  liirmingham 

Maryport-House    ..  j.  Hodgson    C.  Eaglesfleld,  .\rchitect,  Marvport,  Cumberland „ 

IJewsbury— House  and  Shed    : Holtom  and  Fox.  Architects,  Corporation-street,  Dswsbury „ 

Blaenavon-School,  Lpper  Hill-street : School  Board  B.  J.  Francis,  Architect,  Abergavenny „ 

London,  b.W.-Northern  Distnct  P.O.  Superstructure    H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works   The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Gate,  S.W „ 

Hutton,  Essex-Childrens'  Homes    Poplar  Guardians Holman  &  Goodiham,  Archts.,  G,  King's  Bench-walk,  Temple,  E.G.    „  * 

liesolven—Libraiy  and  Reading  Room   J.  Cook  Rees,  Architect,  Neath    „  * 

Abergavenny-Additions  to  Schools School  Board  E.  A.  Johnson,  F.R.LB.A.,  Abergavenny  „  5 

IhornhiJl-Admim-tration  Buildings,  Bunkers  Hill Urban  District  Council    S.  W.  Parker,  Survevor,  Thornhill.  Yorks   „  5 

Winlaton-hebuilding  Crown  and  Cannon  Inn    Late  G.  Parker's  E.xecutors  J.  G.  Crone,  Architect.  21,  Or.ainger-street  West,  Newcastle 5 

Braintree- Repairs  to  Manor-street  Council  Schools Essex  Education  Committee John  Gleave,  Clerk,  Vestry  Hall,  Braintree 5 

MiUom-'Two  Houses,  Settle-street  Settle  and  Brundrit,  AA.R.I.B.A.,  Ulverston 5 

iorestHil),8.L.— Repairs  to  Public  Baths    Lewisham  Borough  Council  The  Surveyor,  Town  Hall.  Catford,  S.E 7 

^irmingham-Lcclric  Power  Station  at  Saltley  Drainage  Board  and  Corporation J.  D.  Watson,  A. M.I.C.E..  Engineer,  Tyburn,  near  Birmingham 7 

r    i       uo^f.""  \V  ''"^.  Library,  West  Park  Public  Libraries  Committee  Joseph  H.  Hirst,  City  Architect.  Town  Hall,  Hull  „  7 

Ladywell,S.K.-Rcpairs  to  Public  Baths   Lew;sham  Borough  Council  The  Surveyor.  Town  Hall.  Catford.  S.E 7 

feouthau-lruck  Shed  at  Sanatonum  SouthaU-Noi-wood  U.D.C Reginald  Brown,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Public  Offices,  SouthaU ,  S 

Hertford-Tower  to  U  Saints' Church  Austen  and  Pal.y,  Arx;hitect.s,  Lancaster l S 

r,  ^r'"     D  .  '■  7     'n."'?°  Church Trustees    Sames  and  Henshaw.  Architects  Abbey-road,  Barrow  3 

Uowlais-RebuilJing  1  redcgar  Arms  and  Two  Cottages  The  Tredegar  Arms.  Dowlais,  Wales „  8 

Southall-Additiona  to  Fire  Station Southall-Norwood  U.D.C Reginald  Brown.  A.M  I.C.E.,  Pu'olic  Offices,  Soutliall „  S 

(morri-Works  and  Repairs  :  I'wo  Years)  War  Department  The  Hovul  Engineer  Office,  41,  Charing  (;ross,  S.W „  9 

Bethnaltrreen  N.1-, -Repairs  to  Nos.  6-2-68,  Fuller-street Wm.  Buck,  Survevor.  Noitli-strcet.  Horsham   9 

i'r'idrr        1      w    J^'^P"";;.'  Two  Years) War  Def.artment  The  Roval  Engineer  Omoo,  i\.  Charing  Cross,  S.W 9 


■■f;  J  ji.   1  ,        ,,>      ,      »       ^,  V        —■"■^1 iw  ax  j^cuaibuicub *  lie  ivuxt.!  i-^u^iiit^ui    v  Mint.',  ■»  i ,  v  ii:iiiuk  >_  tu»»,  o.  ?». 

Middlesbrough- Wesleyan  Church,  Lmthorpe-road W.  J.  Mori,  v  and  Hons,  Architects,  2i!9,  Swan-arcade,  Bradford.. 

Alvaston.Ijaritwich-Infectious  Diseases  Hospital    Nantwich  Joint  Hospital  Board  C.  E.  Devonport.  Architect.  Xantwich  „  w 

JT^ji?.-.P  ")'!'■''",';*■'"■  I'f'ouaf'i's  Church  ., The  Vicarage,  Walton-lc-Dule,  near  Preston „  11 

Middleton-in-reesdale-Renovatlng  P.M.  Chapel  Rev.  J.  strong.  The  Man.e,  Middleton-in-Teesdala li 

tnniskillcn-Coal  Store (jt.  Northern  (Ireland)  RailwayCo...  W.  H.  Mills.  Engincer-in-Chief.  Amiens-street  Terininui,  Dublin  .,    „  U 

victoria  tiriuge-.station  .      qj.  Northern  (Ireland)  RailwayCo...  W.  H.  Mills.  Engineer-in-Cliief.  Atniens-street  Terniinus,  Dublin  ..    „  1< 

Komtord-tngme  Shed  and  General  Depot    Rural  District  Council   Edwd.  O.  Boden,  Surveyor,  Victoria  Chambers,  Uomlord II 

S  1;  J  .'."T,"  "'/"•■,''''■  Warehouse   Gt.  Northern  (Ireland)  RailwayCo...  W.  U.  Mills,  Ungineer-in-Chief.  Amiens-stivet  Terminus,  Dublin  ..     „  U 

rortadown-Building  for  Parcels  Ot.  Northern  (Ireland)  RailwayCo  ..  W.  H.  Mills.  En-ineer-iu-Cliief,  Amiens  street  Teruiinus,  Dublin  ..     „  11 

tarnckmacro.ss-Extension  ol  Goods  Store    Gt.  Northern  (Ireland)  RailwayCo...  W.  H.  Mills.  Engmeei-in-Cliief,  Amiens-stioet  Terminus,  Uublin U 

n?;?f  t!''i'"".  n-  ,'"'"1"  Cookery  Centres Education  Committee  J.  Platts.  Aicliitect.  lliKh-stivct,  Hotherham  15 

ureac  I'loat  Hirkcnhcad  -Additions  to  Purillcr  House Wallasey  Urban  District  Council U.  W.  Cook,  Clerk.  Public  Oilicc.'<.  Egremout,  Cheshire 17 

isle  ol  Wiglit-C  oastguar.l  HiiiKlings  at  Sea  View  Admiralty    The  Director  of  Works  Dept.,  Xorthumberiand-avenue,  W,C IS 

Branksotne-iitting-up  Public  Library  S.  J.  Newman.  F.R.I.H.A.,  Council  Buildings,  Branksome,  Dorset  „    „  IS 

ciultoD-iurc-Esoape  Staircases  at  Workhouse Mntford  and  Lothingland  Guardians  R.  Scott  Cockiill,  A.R.I.B.A.,  Crossley  House,  Lowestoft 19 


328 THE    BTJILDING    NEWS. Feb.  26,  1904. 

BUIIiDINQS— con'i'ni'w'. 

Antrim- Schools  Select  Vestry  J.  Fennell.  M.R.I.A.I.,  2,  Wellineton-place.  Belfast  Mar.  21 

Grangetown— Subway.  &c Eston  Urban  DiBtrict  Coancil    C.  McDermid.  Surveyor.  Coancil  Offices.  Gran?etown.  E.S.O.,  Yorks  „     22 

Garlands-Additmns  to  Joint  Counties  Asylum  Asylum  Committee   G.  Dale  Oliver,  F.R.I.B.A.,  Liwther-street,  Carlisle  „     2S 

Neath— Hall  Hi-'b-street  Presbyterian  Church  ofWales Haberehon.  Fawckner,  and  Groves.  Architects,  14,  Pearl-st.,  Cardiff  — 

Belfast— Thirteen  Houses  at  Stiranmiliis!!. Eobt.  A.  Boyd.  Architect.  22.  L.imbard-street,  Belfast  — 

Sprinpwell,  Gateshead -Schools Usworth  School  Board 8.  Wilkinson,  Architect,  30,  Mosley-street,  Newcaatle-on-Tyne  — 

Lo-westoft— Free  Library G.  W.  Lei^hton.  Architect.  G.  Princea-street,  Ipswich     — 

FiBchley,  N.  — Six  Houses,.!'.'!.!."!!"!*."".".'."!!!!!!!!..! R-  T.  Tasker.  38,  John-street,  Bedford-row.  W.C — 

Llantwit" Major-Shop  and  Two  Houses  !!!!! B.  .Tones,  Typpica,  Hopkiostown.  near  Pontypridd — 

Chudleitjb  Kniphton— Vicarage Edmund  Sedoine,  Arohitect.  U  Queen  Anne-terrace, Plymouth — 

I,eigh— Ward  at  A'.tley  Smatorium Travers  and  Ramsden.  Architects,  Leigh.  Lanes    — 

Glasgow— Parcel  Post  OiBce,  Waterloo-street  H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's-gate,  S.W — 

ELECTRICAL    PLANT. 

%.  Annes-on-Sea-Steam  Dynamo  Urban  District  Council    J.  H.  Clothier,  Engineer,  Electricity  Works,  St.  Annes-ou-Sea   Feb.  27 

Manchester— Electric  Hoists  «nd  Cranes Dock  and  Warehouse  Co W.  H.  Hunter,  M.I.C.E..  41.  Spring-gardens,  Manchestei    Mar,    1 

Caterham— Fire  Alarms  and  Telephones  at  Asylum  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board W.  T.  Hatch,  M.I.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.,  Embankment,  E.C 8 

Shoreditch.  EC- Cables  and  Sundries  Borough  Council    H.  M.  Robinson.  Town  Clerk,  dld-street,  EC „       8 

Kilmarnock -Plant Corporation Kennedy  &  Jenkin  Engineers.  17.  Victoria-st.,  Westminster,  S.W..    „     14 

Gainsborough— Telephones,  &c Urban  District  Council    R.  W.  Fraser,  Electrical  Engineer,  Gainsborough „      16 

Hford— Plant Urban  District  Council    A.  H.  Shiw,  M.LE.E.,  Electricity  Works,  Ley-street,  Iltord  „     22 

ENQINEERINa. 

Koaresborongh-Eesetting  Retorts  at  Gasworks Thos.  Mainman.  Clerk,  Council  Offices.  Knaresborough Feb.  27 

Carlisle— Temporary  Staging  for  Bridge    Workington  Bridge  and  Boiler  Co....  Joseph  Eden.  C.E..  58  Pow-street,  Workington   „  27 

Hitchin— Hot- Water  Supply  to  Three  Counties  Asylum  B.  E.  Middleton,  17,  Victoria-street,  S.W 27 

Bangor— Ga=»E.xhau8ter Urban  District  Council    J.  Barker  Mitchell,  Gas  Manager.  Bangor,  Co.  Down ,  29 

Tipton.  Staffs- -Heating  Apparatus  at  School Urban  District  Council    A.  Ixing,  Architect.  21.  Xew-street,  West  Bromwich  „  29 

Ayr— Branch  Railway  to  Di.'.trict  Asylum Allan  Stevenson,  C.E.,  14  Cathcart-street,  Ayr 29 

Dublin— Passenger  atd  Goods  Engines  Great  Northern  (Ireland)  Railway  Co.  T.  Morrison.  Secretary,  Amiens-strett  Terminus,  Dublin Mar.    1 

Preston— Rebuilding  Savick  Bridge Lancashire  County  Council    The  County  Bridgemas'er's  Office.  Preston „  1 

Caldbeck— Water  Supply  Works  Wigton  Rural  District  Council William  Brown.  Surveyor,  Kildare.  Wigton   ,  1 

Pennan— Harbour  James  Barron.  M.I. C.E.,  216.  Union-street,  Aberdeen    „  1 

Blaydon-on-Tyne— Steel  Suspension  Bridge Urban  District  Council George  Syon,  Surveyor,  Blaydon-on-Tyne ,,  3 

Cardiff- Covered  Senice  Eeseivoir  (l,7CO,C0O  gallons)  Corporation C.  H.  Priesley.  M.I.C.E..  Waterworks  Eng..  Town  Hall,  Cardiff   3 

PoDtefract— Waterworks Rural  District  Council John  Waugh,  C.E..  Sunbridge  Chambers.  Bradford „  4 

Mountain  Ash- Gasholder  Ui ban  District  Council    Corbett.  Woodall,  &  Son,  C.E.'s.  Palace  Chambers.  Westmineter  ...    „  4 

Kidderminster— Water  Supply  Works Willcox*  Raikes.  Engs.,  63.  Temple-row.  Birmingham   „  5 

Coventry— New  Tramways  (81  miles) New  General  Traction  Co.,  Ltd I.  E.  Winslow.  Engineer,  30  Bishopsgate-street  Within  E.C 5 

Thame— Well    Urban  District  Council    John  Taylor,  Sons,  &  Santo  Crimp.  27,  Gt.  George-st.,  Westminster    „  5 

Manchester- Sawdu.st  and  Shaving-Collecting  Plant Tramways  Committee J.  M.  M'Elroy,  Man.,  Tramways  Dept ,  55,  Pici-adilly,  Manchester..    „  5 

Whitrhuroh-Little  Town  Bridge W.  J.  Tavlor.  County  Surveyor.  The  Castle.  Winchester  „  7 

Dartford- Heating,  kc,  Ho,=pitaI,  Bow  Airow-laoe Joint  Hospital  Committee Robert  Mardant,  A. R.I. B  A.,  28.  Theobalds-road,  W.C „  7 

Brigg-Lock  Gates Ancholme  Navigation  Commissioners  Alfred  Atkinson.  C.E..  Brigg.  Lines  „  8 

Warminster— Circular  Reservoir  (200,000  gallons)  Wilcox  and  Raikes,  Engineers.  63,  Temple-row.  Birmingham „  8 

Caimaithtn—Stoce  Bridge  at  Llandowror  Village Rural  District  Council Rowland  Browne.  Clerk.  7,  Hall-street  Csrmartben   „  11 

Hornsey  and  Wood  Green-Light  Railways Middlesex  County  Council H.  T.  Wakelam,  M.I.C.E.,  Middlesex  Guildhall.Westminster.  S.W.    „  14 

Tottenham  and  Edgwaie-LightRailways - Middlesex  County  Council H.  T.  Wakelam.  M.I.C.E..  Middlesex  Guildhall  Westminster.  8  W.    „  14 

New  Mill -Pipe  Laving Urban  District  Council    C.  H.Marriott  Son.  &  Shaw.  Church-street  Chambers,  Dewsbury...    „  15 

Manchester— Boiler  at  Baths,  Pryme-street  Corporation The  City  Arcbiteet,  Town  Hall,  Manchester  „  15 

Great  Float,  Birkenhead— Purifiers  Wallasey  Urban  District  Council    ...  J.  H.  Crowther.  Engineer,  Egremont,  Cheshire „  IT 

Portadown  and  Banbridge- Waterworks  Joint  Board R.  H.  Dnrman  and  J.  H.  H.  Swiney.  MM.I.C.E.,  Armagh  21 

Grangetown-. 'iteel  Girder  Bridge Eston  Urban  District  Council  C.  McDermid.  Dist.  Sur..  Whitworth-rd ..  Graoget.iwn,  R.S.C.Torka    „  2i 

Chelmsford- Waterworks Corporation C.  Brown,  A  M.I.C.E..  16,  London-rosd.  Chelmsford  „  28 

Carlisle-. Stone  Bridse  at  Powbeck Rural  District  Council Joseph  Graham  Engineer.  Bank  Chambers.  Bank-street,  CarlisU SI 

Adelaide— Traos-Continental  Railway    H.  AUerdale  Grainger.  Agent-General.  Threadneedle  House,  E.C...  April  t 

Port  Natal-  Coaling  Plant   Natal  Government Charies  J.  Crofts.  M.I.C.E..  Harbour  Dept.,  Durban,  Natal „  25 

Stranorlar- Two  Locomotives    Donegal  Railway  Co The  General  Manager,  Stranorlar,  Co.  Donegal — 

Ipswich- Sinking  Artetian  Well  {150ft.  to  170ft.)  R.  and  W.  Paul,  Ltd.,  Ipswich — 

FENCINa    AND    WALLS. 

Hanging  Heaton— Boundary  Walls J.  H.  Brearley,  Architect.  Branch-road,  Batley Feb.  20 

Totnes— Larch  Hurdles  (60u)  Devon  County  Agricultural  Society...  John  L.  Winter.  Secretary,  Totoes Mar.   2 

Hither  Green.  SE.— Post  and  Rail  Fencing  at  Cemetery Lewisham  Borough  Council  The  Surveyor.  Town  Hall,  Catford.  8. E ^ 7 

Bracebridge  Heath— Wiought-Iron  Hurdle  Fence Asylum  Visiting  Committee  E.  B.  George,  Clerk  of  Asylum,  Bracebridge  Heath — 

FT7RNITTIBE    AND    FITTINGS. 

North  Shields-Furniture  for  Board-room  and  Offices  Tvnemouth  Union  Guardians    H.  Gibson,  Architect,  Wellington  Chambers.  North  Shields Feb.  29 

.Sheffield-Furnishing  Union  Offlcesand  Infirm  Block  Eccleshall  Bierlow  Union  Guardians  Thomas  Smith.  Clerk,  Union  Offices,  The  Edge,  Sheffield Mar.   1 

Wimbledon— Forty  Glazed  Doors  to  Bookcases    Public  Library  Committee Henry  W.  Bull,  Librarian,  Wimbledon „       6 

PAINTING. 

Ardgye.  Elgin— Houce  John  Wittet.  Architect,  Elgin  F™.  27 

Tunbridge  Wells -Electricity  Works  Central  Station W.  C.  Cripps.  Town  CTerk,  Town  Hall.  Tunbndge  Wells  27 

Nethy  Bridge -Eesding-Rooms J.  Stephen.  The  Nurseries.  Nethy  Bridge -. 27 

Truro    Cemetery.  Victoria  Gardens City  Council     Measham  Lea,  City  Surveyor,  Truro -•  "» 

Crumlin- Dispensary  and  Medical  Officer's  Residence Guardians P.  Corkin,  Crumlin,  Antrim Mar.    1 

Adwalton  — Methodist  Xew  Connexion  Chapel J.  Wheatley.  Newmarket  Terrace.  Adwalton .-  „  1 

Consett- Station  Buildings North-Eastem  Railway  Co Charles  A.  Harrison,  Engineer,  Central  Station,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    „  2 

Pelawand  Sundcrland-Station  Buildings North-Eastem  Railway  Co Charles  A.  Harrison,  Engineer,  Central  Statron,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    „  2 

Carhble -Two  Houses Miss  Howe       Johmtone  Brothers,  Aichitects,  3il.  Lowther-street.  Carlisle „  2 

Pelawand  South  Shields- Station  Buildings North-Eastern  Railway  Co Charies  A.  Harrison,  Engineer,  Central  Station,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    „  2 

Tyne  Dock-Engine  Stables,  Warehouses  Cottages,  &o North-Eastem  Railway  Co Charles  A.  Harrison.  Engineer,  Central  Statron,  NewcasUe-on-Ijne    „  2 

Dewsbury-House  and  Shed    Holtom  and  Fox,  Architects,  Corporation-street,  Dewsbury „  4 

Forest  Hill,  S.E.— PubUc  Baths •. Lewisham  Borough  Council  The  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Catford,  8.E >•  7 

Ladywell.  8.E.— Public  Baths Lewisham  Borough  Council  The  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Catford,  S  E ....^... T 

Middlesbrough— Wesleyan  Church ^. W.  J.  Morley  and  Sons,  Architects,  269,  Swan-arcade,  Bradford „  9 

BOADS    AND    STREETS. 

Cockermouth-Road  Widening  Rural  District  Council J.  P.  Wilson,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Cockermouth Feb.  27 

Swinton-Paving  Thirty-Five  Streets  and  Passages  Urban  District  Council    Henry  Entwisle.  Surveyor,  Council  Offices,  Swinton    .....^ „  ^ 

Devonport- Paving  and  Completing  Streets  and  Lanes Town  Council The  Surveyor's  Office,  Municipal  offices,  29.  Ker-street,  Uevonport.    „  ii 

Strood-Formaticnof  New  Roads Rochester  Land  Co J.  W.  Nash  and  Son,  Surveyors,  245.  Urgh-street,  Rochester   „  ^i 

Leeds-Eoao  Works Rural  District  Council E.J.  Silcock,  M.I. C.E.,  F.S.I. .  10,  Park-row.  Leeds   ,.  ^ 

Lewisham.  S.E  — Makiog-up  Vicars-hill ; Borough  Council    The  Surveyor's  Department.  Town  Hall,  '  atford,  S.E    ..^ ,.  ^ 

Hanwell.  W.— Road  Works  Urban  District  Council    8.  W.  Barnes,  A. M.I.C.E..  Church-road  We.«t  Hanwell,  W ^» 

Lewisham,  S.E.-Making-up  Gillian-street  Borough  Council    The  Surveyor's  Department,  Town  Hall,  Catford.  S.E.  .....^........^    „  ^ 

Didsbury-Street  Works  With.ugton  Urban  District  Coundl...  A.  H.  Mountain,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall.West  Dldsbury    „  a 

Lewieham,  S.E.-Making-up  Shell-road Borough  Council    The  Surveyor's  Department,  Town  Hall,  Catford,  Sh,^, ..  ^» 

Waterloo-Private  Street  Works  Urban  District  CouncU    F.  Spencer  Yates,  A.M.I.C.E..  Surveyor.  Town  Hall,  Waterloo ^» 

Lee,  S.E.— Flagging  Footpaths Borough  Council    The  Surveyor's  Department,  Town  Hall,  Catford,  S.b..   ^  ■■■■■•;;■•  ■■     ••  "=» 

Bishop's  Stoitlord-raving Urban  District  Council    E.  S.  Scott.  A.M.I.CE  ,  Surveyor,  7,  North-st.,  Bishop  s  Stortford  Mar.   1 

Tottenham.  N.-Making-upMannock-road  Urban  Di.-trict  Council    W.  H.  Prescott,  A.M.I.C.E.,  71'2,  High-road,  Tottenham ,  i 

Tredegar-Street  Improvements Urban  Dibtrict  i^ouncil    W.  L.  Roach.  Surveyor,  Bedwellty  House,  Tredegar J 

Wellingborough-Roads  and  Paths  at  Cemetery Urban  District  Council    Sharman  and  Archer,  Architects,  Market-place.  Wellingoorougn  ...    „  i 

Tottenham,  N.-Making-up  Orchard-place  Urban  District  Council    W.  H.  Prescott.  A.M.I.C.E  ,  71';,  High-road.  Tottenham ■  i 

Kirhy-in-Ashlield-Street  Improvement  Works  Urban  Distrrct  Council    William  Dodsley,  Surveyor.  Stockwell-gate,  Manstield   

Tottenham.  N.-Making-up  Cemetery-road  Urban  District  Council    W.  H.  Prescott,  A.M.I.C.E.,  71-'.  High-road,  Tottenham i 

Leeds— Paving  and  Flagging  Streets   Corporation The  City  Engineer's  Office.  Municipal  Buildings,  Leeds „  ^ 

Bove-Road  Works   H.  Endacott,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall.  Hove f 

Blackburn-Paving  Footways '. Guardians F.  <;.  Ruddle,  Architect,  4,  King-street.  Blackburn ■  ^ 

Enfleld-Makirg-up  Private  Streets Urban  District  Council    Richard  CuUins,  Surveyor,  Public  Offices,  Eotield  .^ ^ 

Lither  land -Road  and  Pa.ssage  Works    Urban  District  Council    A.  H.  Carter,  Surveyor,  '25.  oefton-road,  Litherhind   „  ^ 

Thornhrll— Kerbing  and  Flagging  Wells-road Urban  District  Council    B.  W.  Parker.  Surveyor,  Thomhlll,  near  Dewsbury o 

Holywood-  Eoad  Works,  &c Urban  District  Council    J.  H.  Barrett.  Clerk.  Town  Hall,  Holywood        ■■■•%•• "  i 

Bradfield-Eoad  Eepairs  Rural  District  Council John  Forrester,  District  Surveyor,  Theale,  near  Reading  - 

Hebburn-Street  Works Urban  District  Council    H.  Paterson,  Surveyor,  Argyle-street,  Hebbura    ■--.  ;_-,l;-.- -  a 

AbergwynB-Private  Street  Works  Glyncorrwg  Urban  District  CpuncU  ..  W.  P.  Jone<,  Surveyor.  Council  Offices,  Cymmer,  Port  laiooi „  o 

Croyd,  n— Eoad  Eepairs Town  Council The  Borough  Road  Surveyor's  office.  Town  Hall,  Croydon   o 

Audenshaw- Street  Improvement  works. Urban  District  Council    W.  Clough,  Surveyor, '2,  Ouide-lane.  Audenshaw  •- •  ■ 

Brailhwaite-WideniDg  Eoad Cockermouth  Eural  District  CouacU.  J.  B.  Wilson.  A..VI.I.C  E.,  11,  Main-street,  Cookermoutn „  " 

Felixstowe-Concrete  Paving  (4  5' 0  square  yards)  Urban  District  Council    J.  B.  Jennmgs.  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  FeUxstowe    ...  * 

Newbury— Highway  Eepairs  (One  Year)    Eural  District  Council  H.  S.  Talbot,  District  Surveyor,  ('old  Ash.  Newbury  -•■■■•-••^••••;''    "  ij 

Grangetown,  Yorks-Eoad  Works Eston  Urban  District  OounoU   C.  McDsrmid.  Dist.  Sur.,  CouncU  Offices.  Grangetown,  B.s  u.,lorKS    ••_  " 

Armley,  Letds-New  Streets  ...^ Albion  Allotments  Soc.  Durectors    ...  Thomas  Winn  and  Sons,  Architects,  92,  Albion-street,  Lseos 


1 


7 


]^lARcn  4,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


329 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  EN'GINEEEIXG  JOURNAIi. 

VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  2565. 
•-•-• 

FRIDAY,  HARCR  4,  1901. 


AX   ARCUITfXTS   QUALIFHATIiJX. 

NO  stronger  plea  could  be  urged  for  the 
registration  of  the  profession  than  the 
circumstances  attending  an  action  for  archi- 
tect's fees  at  the  Bournemouth  ('ounty  Court, 
and  reported  in  our  last  issue.  A  firm  calling 
themselves  ■ '  builders  and  architects  "  brought 
an  action  for  a  sum  of  £14  10s.  (id.  for  pre- 
paring plans  for  a  Plymouth  Brethren's 
Mission  Hall.  The  defence  made  was  that 
plaintiffs  had  agreed  to  prepare  the  plans  for 
£5,  which  sum  had  been  paid.  It  was  the 
old  case  of  expenses  running  uji.  No  written 
agreement  was  made,  probably,  as  to  the 
amount  to  be  paid.  Xor  did  the  judge 
think  the  charges  excessive,  and  he  gave 
judgment  for  the  plaintiff?  for  the  amount 
claimed.  So  far  the  case  ended  satisfactorily. 
The  firm  had  no  doubt  done  their  work  well. 
and  were  entitled  to  their  charge,  and  there 
was  nothing  said  to  the  contrary.  No 
mention  is  made  as  to  the  cost  of  the  hall — 
whether  it  was  really  built  or  not,  or  whether 
the  plaintiffs  only  prepared  plans,  which, 
from  the  amount  charged,  we  presume  was 
the  case.  But  the  interest  in  the  proceedings, 
which  otherwise  would  be  hardly  worth  re- 
cording, is  to  be  found  in  the  remarks 
iziade  during  the  cross-examination  of  one 
of  the  plaintiffs.  As  usual  in  these  cases, 
the  qualification  of  the  plaintiff  is  of  import- 
ance, and  there  was  apparently  some  doubt 
on  the  point.  He  was  asked  what  his  quali- 
fications as  an  architect  were ':  A  fair 
question,  by  the  way.  He  replied  "  that  he 
had  attended  a  technical  school."  And  we 
presume,  also,  that  he  was  a  practical  builder, 
which  under  existing  circumstances  would 
be  regarded  as  sufficient.  Evidence  of  having 
been  articled  to  a  professional  man  would 
no  doubt  have  been  preferred ;  but  articles  do 
not  guarantee  qualification  for  practice. 
Many  articled  men,  unless  they  have  been 
properly  instructed,  and  have  devoted  their 
whole  attention  to  the  profession,  cannot  be 
said  to  be  competent  men  ;  certainly  not  so 
qualified,  practically,  as  the  man  who  goes 
through  the  builder's  shops  or  has  been 
trained  for  a  builder.  So  that,  as  a  matter 
of  fact,  the  articled  youth,  not  sufficiently 
trained,  may  be  less  competent  f  jr  the  duty 
of  architect.  At  any  rate,  the  law  does  not 
recognise  articleship  as  any  legal  qualifica- 
tion in  any  sense.  So  that  the  man  who  has 
qualified  himself  by  passing  an  examination 
in  professional  studies  has  really  quite  as 
strong,  if  not  greater,  recommendation  for 
the  vocation.  A  man  who  attends  a  technical 
school  has,  at  least,  more  claim  to  be  re- 
garded as  efficient  than  one  who  has  not. 
His  Honour  struck  the  right  note  when  he 
blandly  asked,  "  What  is  the  qualification 
of  an  architect  '  ?  He  knew  what  the  legal 
qualification  of  the  solicitor  or  barrister  was, 
and  how  acquired,  and  what  constituted  the 
qualified  medical  practitioner,  but  of  the 
architect  he  was  in  complete  darkness.  It 
was  of  little  use  to  be  told  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Institute  or  any  other  society.  The 
defendant's  solicitor,  in  reply  to  his  Honour, 
said  he  did  not  know  what  an  architect's 
qualification  was,  and  his  Honour  said, 
"  Nor  do  I.  The  plaintiff  is  not  a  F.R.I.B.A., 
but  they  have  no  monopoly.  Anybody  may 
call  himself  an  architect."  This  was  the 
sting  of  the  whole  proceedings.  "  .Vnybody 
may  call  himself  an  architect,"  there  is  no 
legal  qualification.  Strange  and  untrue  as 
it  may  sound  to  the  man  who  has  been 
articled  in  the  profession,  and  has  gone 
through  the  preliminary,  intermediate,  and 


final  examinations  of  the  Institute,  who  has 
spent  the  best  period  of  his  life  in  prepara- 
tion, and  study,  and  travel,  and  who  has 
devoted  his  whole  energies  to  architecture 
and  its  kindred  branches,  yet  he  has  no 
monopoly  to  practise  where  the  doors  of  the 
profession  are  wide  open  to  admit  all — the 
little  tradesman,  the  auctioneer,  undertaker, 
the  estate  agent,  and  all  else.  There  is  no 
monopoly.  Until  we  can  close  all  the  doors 
of  approach  but  one.  and  close  them  by  legal 
enactment,  for  no  professional  body  could 
do  this,  it  is  useless  to  talk  about  qualifica- 
tion, or  to  question  the  competence  of 
one  man  to  practise  more  than  another. 
Lawyers,  judges,  and  juries  unfortunately 
know  this  ;  they  are  perfectly  unable 
to  decide  on  the  question  of  professional 
qualification,  for  those  tests  which  are  real 
and  efficient  are  not  recognised ;  they  can 
only  form  their  own  opinions  of  men's  skill 
and  competence  from  the  evidence  produced, 
and  in  no  other  way.  Anybody  may  now 
profess  to  be  an  architect,  and  bring  an 
action  for  his  fees.  There  is  no  hindrance 
whatever  to  his  doing  so,  and  he  has  as  much 
right  to  his  claim  as  any  of  those  who  have 
won  their  title  by  examination.  It  seems 
certainly  hard  and  unjust  to  say  so — perfectly 
monstrous  to  those  who  have  devoted  their 
whole  life  and  laborious  study  to  the  profes 
sion,  to  find  themselves  in  no  better  a  position 
in  the  eyes  of  the  law  than  the  most  ignorant 
claimant  to  the  title.  The  public  ecjually 
with  the  Judicial  Bench  regard  the  question 
in  the  same  light :  they  look  upon  the  archi- 
tect as  a  kind  of  superior  builder  or  agent, 
and  that  one  man  who  calls  himself  an  archi- 
tect is  as  good  as  another,  though  perhaps 
less  fortunate  in  business.  But  the  public 
find  among  all  professional  men  the  same 
inequalities — some  are  successful  and  have  a 
good  position  and  practise  in  fashionable 
localities,  others  are  less  successful  and  have 
only  one  room  :  it  may  be  in  a  block  of  offices 
in  the  City,  or  in  an  ordinary  house  up 
several  flights ;  but  these  differences  do  not 
count  for  much  among  would-be  employers, 
for  people  find  out  the  most  penurious  may 
often  be  more  talented  than  his  more  suc- 
cessful brother,  and  beyond  this  it  is  thought 
the  more  modest  the  practitioner,  the  less  high 
are  the  fees.  In  the  case  of  the  lawyer  and 
medical  practitioner  such  differences  count 
for  nothing  at  all.  as  each  man  stands  on  the 
same  level,  being  a  duly  qualified  solicitor  or 
registered  doctor,  so  that  the  public  are  insured 
against  charlatanism  or  quackery  in  each  of 
these  cases.  Questions  of  qualification  do 
not  arise  ;  but,  unhappily,  the  public  are  not 
so  well  protected  against  incompetence 
among  architects.  The  large  flaunting  firm 
who  occupy  a  suite  of  offices  in  a  "^'^est-end 
thoroughfare,  and  who  call  themselves 
"  Architects.  Surveyors,  Valuers,  and  Estate 
Agents,"  may  make  a  fictitious  announcement 
— a  firm  in  name  only,  without  qualifications. 
The  inequalities  found  to  exist  in  this 
profession  are  not  merely  those  of  wealth  or 
poverty,  success  in  practice  or  the  reverse, 
but  diversities  of  a  different  kind.  There  is 
not  the  same  general  level  or  status  of  cul- 
ture. Men  are  found  who  design  buildings 
of  various  degrees  of  social  position  and  cul- 
ture, and  of  various  qualifications.  There  is 
no  standard  of  acquirement  in  their  vocation. 
iJne  is  a  practical  builder  only,  another  a 
draughtsman,  who  can  prepare  a  set  of  plans 
and  elevations,  but  who  nas  no  practical 
knowledge.  One  again  is  more  of  a  sur- 
veyor, another  an  art  designer,  or  there  are 
others  who  can  design  one  class  of  buildings, 
but  who  know  nothing  of  any  other.  The 
public  have  to  take  their  chances,  and  they 
cannot  be  sure  when  they  employ  an  archi- 
tect that  they  are  engaguig  a  man  who  has  a 
knowledge  of  sanitary  arrangement  or  con- 
struction, or  competent  to  design  a  building 
equal  to  the  ret^uirements,  or  who  knows 
anything  of  materials  and  by-law  regula- 
tions.     But     this     general     knowledge     of 


professional  work  ought  to  be  guaranteed  as  a 
minimum,  as  in  the  case  of  the  lawj-er  or 
doctor,  and  then  the  architect  would  be 
engaged  for  his  skill  or  taste  in  any  particular 
branch,  as' the  doctor  is  now,  with  manifest 
advantage  to  the  whole  community ;  and  he 
could  then  honestly  take  the  title  of  architect 
as  a  registered  practitioner  in  the  necessities 
of  his  vocation.  Then,  and  not  till  then, 
■wUl  a  satisfacton-  answer  be  given  to  the 
judge's  question,  "  What  is  the  qualification 
of  an  architect !'  "  The  law  will  not  accept 
any  custom,  or  practice,  or  schedule  which 
any  constituted  body  of  architects  like  to 
draw  up.  They  are  not  binding  on  anybody 
but  themselves,  or  at  least  their  society.  The 
public  care  nothing  for  professional  customs 
or  rules,  or  etiquette,  as  they  have  nothing 
to  do  with  them.  All  they  ask  for  is  that 
when  they  employ  an  architect  they  may 
obtain  a  competent  man — one  who  is  con- 
versant with  his  own  profession  in  all  its 
branches,  who  will  not  commit  his  client  to 
any  expense ;  well  qualified  in  all  by-laws 
and  building  legislation  and  details  ;  but  this 
attainment  is  not  forthcoming.  The  few 
qualified  or  talented  in  their  profession  who 
have  their  choice  circle  of  clients  are  practi- 
cally unknown  to  the  average  building  owner, 
and  the  average  employer  has  to  be  satisfied 
with  the  rank  and  file  of  the  profession  from 
which  to  make  his  choice.  Train  and  qualify 
these  men,  give  them  a  status,  and  the  whole 
profession  would  be  raised  in  public  esteem. 


BUILDING   LEGISLATION. 

METROPOLITAN  practitioners  find  it 
very  difficult  to  keep  pace  with  the 
growth  of  legislation  as  it  affects  building 
year  by  year ;  the  legislative  incubus  becomes 
harder  to  bear ;  the  architect  has  to  obliterats 
from  his  mind  a  great  deal  that  he  has 
learned,  and  to  begin  afresh  to  re-store  his 
mind  with  new  facts  and  provisions.  To 
assimilate  the  new  material  and  require- 
ments every  few  years  is  no  light  matter. 
Take  for  example  the  London  Building  Act 
Amendment  Bill,  which  has  been  discussed  of 
late  by  the  professional  societies.  The  new 
sections  will  have  to  be  redigested  before  the 
practitioner  becomes  a  master  of  the  subject, 
and  finds  himself  competent  to  deal  with  the 
many  amended  clauses.  Already  the  task  of 
studying  and  committing  to  memory  the  last 
Act,  to  consolidate  and  amend  the  enact- 
ments relating  to  streets  and  buildings,  and 
comprising  no  fewer  than  thirteen  Acts  of 
Parliament,  has  been  a  heavy  one,  and  few 
architects  probably  could  trust  to  their 
memory.  Now  an  amended  Act  will  soon 
have  to  be  learned  by  the  profession  in 
London.  The  proposed  revision  will  no 
doubt  remodel  many  sections  and  supply 
omissions ;  it  will  bring  together  and 
simplify  existing  sections  of  the  Act,  and 
reduce  the  labour  of  having  to  look  through 
several  sections  to  find  out  the  intention  of 
the  framers  in  a  particular  case :  but  these 
periodical  revisions  are.all  the  same  trouble- 
some, both  to  those  who  have  to  administer 
and  those  who  are  called  upon  to  comply  with 
the  provisions.  The  London  County  Council 
invited  the  E.I.B.A.  Council  to  submit  sug- 
gestions to  amend  the  present  Act  in  view  of 
the  Amendment  Bill  they  propose  to  intro- 
duce into  Parliament,  and  the  subject  has 
been  discussed  by  the  three  standing  com- 
mittees of  the  Institute,  those  of  Practice, 
Art,  and  .Science.  These  committees  have 
sent  in  their  reports,  which  were  referred  to 
a  special  committee  of  the  Institute,  and  the 
results  have  been  submitted  to  the  London ' 
County  CouncU.  We  have  printed  the 
recommendations,  p.  'li~  (nilr.  We  cannot 
indorse  some  of  the  suggestions.  To  mention 
only  one  or  two:  the  proposal  that  the 
definition  of  street  and  way  are  too  compre- 
hensive :  a  court,  alley,  or  passage  not  dedi- 
cated to  the  public  should,  it  is  proposed,  be 


330 


THE    BIJILDING    NEWS. 


Maech  4,  1904. 


exempt ;  if  so,  wc  are  afraid  many  unhealthy 
areas  would  be  left.  We  cannot  agree  also 
that  under  section  13  private  propert3'  should 
not  be  taken  unless  compensation  be  given  ; 
or  that  sub-clause  5,  as  to  the  work- 
men's dwellings,  should  be  omitted.  The 
term  "building"  is  certainly  not  satis- 
factorily defined  in  the  Act,  but  nothing  is 
hinted  "about  it.  But  we  shall  have  another 
oijportunity  of  discussing  these  suggestions. 
We  now  pro|  ose  to  consider  a  few  of  those 
presented  by  the  District  Surveyors'  Asso- 
ciation we  gave  last  week,  which  appear  to 
us  to  be  more  to  the  point.  One  of  the  main 
requirements  of  the  present  Act  is  a  new 
arrangement  cf  the  sections,  so  as  to  make 
them  more  easy  of  reference,  and  that  the 
superintending  architect  and  district  sur- 
veyors should  have  more  discretionary  power 
in  special  cases  that  arise. 

The  suggestions  made  by  the  District  Sur- 
veyors'  Association   we  gave  last  week  (p. 
29!))  are  in  most    cases    practical,  and  wdl 
command  the  assent  of  the  profession.     For 
instance,  the  suggestions  under  Part  I.,  re- 
ferring  to  the  definitions.     The    expression 
"  new  building,"  in  the  present  Act,  includes 
any  building  erected  after  the  commencement 
of   the  Act :    Any  building  taken  down  for 
more  than  one-half  of  its  cubical  extent,  and 
re-erected  wholly  or  partially  on  the  same 
site  after  the  commencement  of  the  Act ;  any 
space  between  walls  and  buildings  which  are 
roofed  or  commenced  to  be  roofed  after  the 
commencement  of  the  Act."     The  new  clause 
suggested  for  subsection  6  is,  "  Any  building 
which,  when  completed,   is  more  than  half 
new."     The  definition  is  certainly  more  con- 
cise, and  includes  all  that  is  intended  in  the 
old  form  above  quoted  for  practical  purposes. 
The  existing  definition  was  no  doubt  meant 
to  apply,  not  only  to  newly-built  structures, 
but  to  those  which  were  rebuilt  wholly  or 
partially  on  the  same  site.     For  .all  practical 
purposes,  however,  the  suggested  clause  in- 
cludes all  and  eveiy  building,  whether  new 
or  rebuilt.     Again,  in  the  expression  "public 
building,''   as    defined,    there   is    something 
wanting.     The  kinds  of  buildings  specified 
for  worship,  for  instruction,  for  the  sick,  or 
for  recreation,  or  amusement,  or  as  the  hotel 
or  refuge  class  of  buildings,  are  all  public 
buildings,  yet  the  definition  does  not  cover  a 
certain  class  of  building  that  is  intended  for 
instruction  or  habitation  which  is  certainly 
not  private  in  its  character.     The  suggestion 
made  by  the  District  Surveyors"  Association 
is  that   the  portion  in  brackets  which  runs — 
"  or  as  a  school,  college,  or  place  of  instruc- 
tion (not  being  merely  a  dwelling-house,  so 
used),"  &c.,  should  read  "not  being  merely  a 
dwelling-house  so  used,  and  not  exceeding 
ten  squares  in  area."     This  limit  of  area  is  a 
decided  necessity,  as  it  excludes  all  dwelling- 
houses   of  not  more  than  the    above  area  ; 
but  dwelling-houses  of  over  that  size  used  as 
a  college  can  be  caUed  a  "public"  building. 
The  alteration  defines  and  assists  the  term, 
and  is  thus  an  improvement.     Going  back  in 
the    definitions    of    "street"    and    "way'' 
(clauses  1  and  2)  the  recommendation  of  the 
K.I.B.A.  is  that  they  are  too  comprehensive, 
and  they  suggest  that  "a  court,  alley,   or 
passage,  not  dedicated  to  the  public,  should 
be  exempt."  The  Institute  Committee  recom- 
mend an  addition  to  section  20,  referring  to 
"  party     structure."'     which     now    includes 
party -walls,  partition  floors,  or  other  struc- 
ture  separating,   vertically    or  horizontally, 
buildings,  stories,   or  rooms  approached  by 
distinct   staircases   or    entrances,  the  words 
"and  shall  also  apply  to   the  structure,  or 
wall,    or    portion    of    same   upon   which    a 
party  -  wall     rests     in     the    cases,     when 
such    party  -  wall     does     not     extend    to 
the  grouncl  or  foundation  level  as  a  party- 
wall."     In  many  buildings  the  party-wallis 
built   on    some    older  wall,    which    clearly 
should  form  part  of  the  vertical  separation. 
Another   suggestion    is   that   the  expression 
"dweUing  house"  should    end   as  follows: 


Instead  of  "  To  be  used  wholly  or  principally 
for  human  habitation,"'  "  To  a  greater  extent 
than  half  the  cubical  contents  for  human 
habifcition.'"  The  words  "  wholly  or  prin- 
cipally "  are  certainly  vague,  and  may 
lead  to  disputes  as  to  how  much  the  word 
"  principally"  may  mean. 

Eeturning  to  the  District  Surveyors'  sug- 
gestions, we  may  refer  to  some  important 
structural  suggestions  in  Part  V.  of  the  Act. 
In  section  40,  reteiTing  to  the  light  and 
ventilation  of  habitable  basements,  it  is  pro- 
vided that  in  the  rear  of  building  and 
belonging  thereto  an  open  space  of  not 
less  than  lOOsq.ft.  be  attached  free  from 
any  erection  ;  this  open  space  need  not 
adjoin  the  rear  boundary  of  the  premises. 
The  clause  as  it  stands  is  certainly  not  clear. 
The  Association  suggest  that  it  be  redrafted. 
' '  There  is  no  suggestion  as  to  lighting  ;  the 
room  might  be  in  front,  and  the  open  space 
in  the  rear."  Section  41  refers  to  domestic 
buildings  abutting  on  new  streets,  and  lays 
down  several  provisions.  At  the  rear  of 
every  such  building  an  open  space  ex- 
clusively belonging  to  such  building  is  to  be 
left  of  an  aggregate  extent  of  not  less  than 
loOsq.ft.  There  are  several  such  sections, 
including  the  important  and  well-known  rule 
for  regulating  the  height  of  any  building  in 
relation  to  the  space  in  the  rear — viz.,  by  an 
imaginary  "  diagonal  line."  On  this  rule 
no  suggestions  are  made  by  the  Association 
except  that  rules  are  requii-ed  for  dwell- 
ings, as  for  those  of  the  working  class 
not  abutting  on  a  street.  The  Institute 
committee  suggest  that  instead  of  ' '  open 
space"  in  section  41  (1)  (i)  "space 
open  to  the  sky  "  be  used,  though  we  cannot 
see  any  object  in  this,  as  "  open  space'  must 
be  such  ;  also  for  subsection  {ii.)  the  follow- 
ing is  proposed  as  an  amendment:  "No 
building  shall  in  any  part  thereof  be  nearer 
to  the  rear  boundary  of  the  curtilage  thereof 
than  10ft.,  provided  that  in  the  case  of  any 
building  upon  a  corner  site  the  saiil  area  may 
be  arranged  in  a  convenient  position  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  superintending  architect, 
and  not  necessarily  extend  the  entire  width 
of  the  rear  of  such  building."  The  suggestion 
is  a  useful  one.  as  it  will  allow  a  corner  build- 
ing to  be  planhed  to  the  best  advantage,  and 
overcome  the  ditfioulty  which  is  generally 
experienced  in  arranging  corner  plots  to 
conform  to  the  existing  regulations. 

An  unintelligible  section  is  that  concern- 
ing   "courts  within   a  building''  (sect.  45), 
and  we  have   before    called   attention  to  it. 
It  provides  in  brief  that  a  court  inclosed  on 
all  sides  by  a  building,  and  of  a  depth  ex- 
ceeeding    "the  length   or    breadth    of  such 
court,"  and  wholly  or  in  part  open  at  the 
top,  is  to  be  ventilated  by  a  communication 
at  the  lower   end  wit'n  the  outer  air.     The 
exact  meaning  of  the  section    is  not  clear, 
especially  as  to  the  depth  of  court,  or  the  kind 
of  communication,   unless  it  be  by  a  hori- 
zontal flue  or  pipe.  No  doubt  a  lofty  inclosed 
light    shaft    as    this     would    be    should   be 
ventilated    at    the    bottom.     The    District 
Surveyors    refer    to   the    obscurity    of    the 
section    and    its  need  of    being    redrafted, 
and    point    out    that    a    court    common    to 
two    buildings    is     not    provided    for.     In 
fact,  this   is   just    one    of    those  instances 
where  description  fails,  and  where  the  mean- 
ing  can   only  be   conveyed   by  a  plan  and 
section.     The  last  sentence  is  very  obscure 
as     to     what    is    intended    by     a    window 
to    a    habitable    room    being    placed    "  not 
nearer  to  the  opposite  wall  of  such  court  or 
any  other  building  than  one-half  the  height 
of  "the  top  of  such  wall  or  building  above  the 
level  of  the  sill  of  window."     Of  course,  the 
object  of  this  rule  is  to  preserve  a  certain 
angle  of  light.     Several  sections  in  Part  Yl. 
require  amendment  or  redrafting.     The  rule 
which  fixes  the  height  of  party  walls  above 
roof  (section  59)  is  proposed  to  read  at  "  right 
angles  to  the  slope  of  roof,   or  three  feet,  or 
fifteen  inches."      Other  small  literal  errors 


and  omissions  are  corrected.  Thus,  in  section 
02,  it  is  provided  that  not  more  than  two 
stories  shall  be  constructed  in  the  roof 
of  any  domestic  building.  The  word 
"  domestic  "  is  proposed  to  bo  deleted, 
so  that  the  rule  should  apply  to  all 
buildings.  An  important  section  as  to  means 
of  escape  from  the  tops  of  high  buildings 
(section  03)  provides  that  every  building  over 
00ft.  in  height  is  to  be  provided  on  the 
floors  above  that  level  from  the  street  with 
a  means  of  escape  in  case  of  fire  for  the  per- 
sons occupying  those  stories,  and  that  no 
such  stories  are  to  be  occupied  until  the 
Council  issue  a  certificate.  The  Surveyors' 
Association  suggest  that  these  "  means  of 
escape  should  be  defined  by  enacting  clauses 
with  dispensatory  powers  to  the  Council,  and 
the  superintendence  of  the  work  placed  under 
the  district  surveyor.'"  The  words,  "such 
means  of  escape  as  can  be  reasonably  re- 
quired," may  admit  of  much  doubt.  Under 
section  64  several  useful  hints  are  given. 
Subsection  4  does  not  specifically  state  the 
height  to  which  the  SAin.  brick  flue  is  to  be 
built  from  any  oven,  furnace,  boiler,  or  close 
fire  used  for  any  trade,  or  for  a  hotel  or  eat- 
ing-house cooking-range.  We  should  think 
one  story  is  intended.  The  rule  should, 
it  is  thought,  include  all  cooking-ranges  ex- 
ceeding 4ft.  in  width.  CHher  improvements 
in  the  wording  of  the  clauses  in  this  section 
are  suggested.  One  substituted  is  to 
the  effect  that  a  flue  shaU  not  be  built 
against  any  party  structure  or  existing  wall 
unless  it  is  suiTounded  with  4.Un.  brickwork 
bonded  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  district 
surveyor.  Eules  for  smoke-pipes  should  be 
framed,  as  many  disastrous  fires  have  arisen 
from  defective  connections.  Section  70  says 
in  every  habitable  room  the  roof  is  to  be 
.Sft.  in  height ;  but  the  height,  it  is  suggested, 
should  be  increased  to  8ft.  6in. 

We  next  come  to  section  74,   relating  to 
the  separation  of  buildings  —  a  most   vital 
question.  The  Association  suggests  the  repeal 
of  this   section,    and  reframes   a  substitute. 
Our  readers  know  well  the  present  section, 
particularly  sub-section    2,    which   provides 
that  in  any  building  which  exceeds  10  squares 
in  area,   used  in  part  for  trade  and  in  part 
a;  a  dwelling-house,  the  two  portions  must 
be  separated  by  fire-resisting  walls  and  floors. 
&c.     There    are    seven    sub-sections   in  the 
suggested    section,    which    is    a    long   one. 
The  first  clause  provides  that  every  building 
shall    be   separated,   either  by  an   e.xternal 
wall,  party-waU.  party-arch,  or  party-floor, 
from  the    adjoining  building  or  buildings. 
(2)  "  If  anv  buUdiug  exceeding  10  S'juares 
in  area  be  divided  into   two   or  more  tene- 
ments, each  having  a  separate  entrance  and 
staircase,   or  a  separate  entrance  from   the 
outer  air,  such  tenement  shall  be  deemed  a 
separate    building,   and  shall  be    separated 
accordingly."     This    clause    will    apply    to 
many  large  buildings  let  out  as  dwellings  or 
offices.  The  next  suggested  clause  (3)  applies 
to  adjacent  buildings  not  in  same  occupa- 
tion, with  openings  on  their  external  walls 
within    5ft.    of    each    other,    and  opposite. 
These  are  to  be  closed  by  fire-resisting  doors. 
Clause    4    (a)  deals    with    separate  sets   of 
chambers   or   dwelling-rooms,    tenanted    or 
adapted  to  be  let  to  different  persons  in  one 
building.     If  it  exceed   three  stories  above 
the  footway,  and  10  squares  in  area,  it  must 
be   separated  vertically  by  walls  and  hori- 
zontally    by     arches     or     floors,     of     fire- 
resisting    niaterials     other   than    wood  ;     if 
such     chambers    or     dwelling  -  rooms    are 
contained     in     a     building    exceeding     25 
squares  in  area,  the  floors  of  lobbies,  corri- 
dors,  passages,   landings,   and  the  principal 
staircases  are  to  be  of  such  materials;  (t)also 
that  in  every  building  exceeding  25  squares 
in  area  containing  sets   of   offices  or  rooms 
(other  than  dwellings)  tenanted  by  different 
persons,  the  floors  and   principal  staircases 
shall  be   of  fire-resisting   materials-    (c)  no 
such    buildings    having    separate    sets    of 


March  4,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


331 


cbambers  or  offices  tenauted  by  dilleront 
persons  sball  extend  to  more  than  JO  squares 
in  area  nor  more  than  2.50,()()()c.ft.  without  the 
•consent  of  the  Council.  Section  o  is  a  modi- 
fication of  section  71  (2).  It  provides  that  in 
■every  building  exceeding  10  squares  in  area 
used  or  constructed  jointly  for  manufacture 
or  trade  and  for  dwellings  shall  be  divided  into 
apart  or  parts  for  these  two  purposes  ;  {Ij)  the 
part  or  parts  used  for  trade  shall  be  separated 
from  the  parts  used  for  dwelling  by  walls  and 
lloors  of  tire-resisting  materials,  and  all  su«h 
walls,  if  more  than  10ft.  in  height,  or  not 
built  in  cement,  shall  be  .S.Un.  in  thickness, 
and  not  less  than  -lin.  in  thickness  ;  (f)  all 
openings  in  the  walls  and  floors  of  fire- 
.  resisting  materials  are  to  be  closed  by  doors 
and  frames  of  such  materials,  the  frames 
bedded  solid  to  wall  or  floor;  (fl)  to  the 
part  or  parts  used  for  dwellings  a  separate 
means  of  approach  to  bo  provided  from 
&  street  or  open  space,  all  staircases 
and  passages  forming  the  approach  to 
be  included  in  the  parts  used  for  dwelling, 
and  be  of  fire-resisting  materials  ;  (il) 
•where  the  building  extends  to  more  than 
.50  squares  in  area,  two  such  means  of 
approach  are  to  be  provided  distinct  from 
each  other.  Tho  other  sub-clauses  provide 
that  the  buildings  used  wholly  or  in  part  for 
trade,  &C.  (wholesale  or  retail),  are  to  be 
subject  to  the  Act  IS!)!,  relating  to  the 
warehouse  class;  and  when  such  building 
is  used  jointly  for  trade  and  dwelling, 
the  owner  is  to  give  notice  to  district 
aiu'veyor,  and  shall  make  such  alterations  as 
may  be  necessary. 

These  proposed  sections  will  be  found  to 
cover  most  classes  of  divided  buildings  to  be 
used  for  tenements,  chambers,  or  dwelling- 
rooms,  or  for  trade  and  dwelling,  and  as 
they  form  one  connected  whole,  much  con- 
fusion will  be  prevented  by  their  adoption. 
Subsection  (5)  appears  to  be  framed  to 
prevent  such  misunderstandings  as  those 
which  often  arise  under  subsection  (I'j  of  the 
existing  Act.  Buildings  devoted  to  either 
trade  or  dwelling  will  be  more  easily  defined, 
and  the  administration  of  the  law  rendered 
also  easier:  thus,  in  separate  sets  of  chambers 
or  dwelling-rooms,  if  contained  in  a  block 
exceeding  L'5  squares,  the  floors  of  lobbies, 
passages,  and  staircases  are  to  be  made  fire- 
resisting  ;  and  in  similar  buildings  of 
separate  offices,  &o.,  occupied  by  different 
persons,  the  floors  and  principal  staircases 
are  to  be  also  fire-resisting.  And  a  limit  is 
to  be  put  on  the  area  of  such  buildings, 
which  are  not  to  exceed  2o0,0()0  cubic  feet 
without  consent.  Even  in  buildings  con 
taining  separate  chambers  or  dwelling-rooms 
over  three  .-tories  in  height  and  10  squares 
in  area,  provision  is  made  for  fire-resisting 
walls  and  floors. 

The  increase  of  labour  devolving  on  the 
profession  in  the  carrying- out  of  by-laws  is 
also  to  be  noticed,  and  in  this  connection  we 
may  mention  tho  London  County  Council 
By-law  relating  to  the  deposit  of  plans,  &c., 
relating  to  drainage  work  in  the  Metropolis. 
Under  the  Metropolis  Management  .Vets 
Amendment  (By-laws)  Act,  1699,  the  Council 
has  power  to  make  by-laws  with  regard  to 
deposit  of  plans,  sections,  and  particulars  of 
drainage  work.  Section  2  of  the  Act  requires 
persons  about  to  construct,  reconstruct,  or 
alter  tho  pipes,  drains,  &o.,  communicating 
with  sowers,  or  the  traps,  .^-c,  or  apparatus 
connected  therewith,  to  deposit  such  plans, 
&c.,  of  the  jiroposod  reconstruction  or  altera- 
tion as  may  be  necessary  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaiiung  whether  such  construction  or 
alteration  is  in  aocordanoo  with  the  statutory 
provisions  rolativo  thereto.  Tho  by-laws 
are  now  in  force  ;  but,  as  pointod  out 
byMr.Ma.x  Clarke  in  the  R.I.li.A.  J<mr„:,l,  if 
those  by-laws  are  to  be  complied  with  tlie 
architect  will  be  required  to  make  a  comnlete 
set  of  drawings  of  tho  buildin-  for  Uw 
Council,  which  work  cannot  bo  done  for  the 
usual   fees.      If    these    by-laws   aro    to   be 


en  forced  they  will  impose  a  heavy  extra  duty 
and  labour  upon  the  architect  in  the  case  of 
any  sanitary  work  to  bo  approved  by  the 
sanitary  authorit\-.  In  the  construction  of 
a  drainage  system  as  a  whole,  tho  by-laws 
require  the  deposits  of  "  such  plans,  sections, 
and  particulars  of  tho  proposed  construction, 
&c.''  ('laiise  2  reiiuires  that  the  person 
making  application  to  submit  plans  and 
sections  in  duplicate  "on  a  durable 
material  to  a  scale  (except  in  the  case  of  a 
block  plan)  of  not  less  th<in  lin.  to  every  lljft., 
and  must  show  thereon  every  floor  of  any 
building  in  connection  with  which  such  pipes 
or  drainsare  to  be  used,  and  the  position,  form, 
levels,  and  arrangement  of  the  several  parts 
of  such  building,  including  tho  roof  thereof, 
and  the  size  and  position  of  every  drain, 
manhole,  gully,  soil-pipe,  waste-pipe,  venti- 
lating-pipe,  and  rainwater-pipe,  and  of  any 
drain  passing  under  such  building,  and  the 
position  of  every  bath,  water-closet  apparatus, 
slop-sink,  urinal,  lavatory  basin,  sink,  and 
trap  in  connection  with  the  foregoing."  Clause 
3  requires  apiilicant  to  show  the  positions 
of  all  windows  and  other  openings,  the  height 
and  position  of  all  chimneys  belonging  to  the 
building  within  a  distance  of  20ft.  from  the 
open  end  of  a  soil  or  ventilating  pipe ;  and 
clause  4,  to  deposit  at  the  same  time  in 
duplicate  with  the  sanitary  authority  a 
detailed  description  of  the  intended  mode  of 
constructing,  jointing,  and  fixing  any  such 
drain,  manhole,  gully  pipe,  bath  trap, 
and  other  apparatus,  lie  has  also  to 
deposit  a  block  plan  drawn  to  a  scale  of 
lin.  to  22ft.,  and  to  show  thereon  the 
plan  of  buildings  and  properties  adjoining 
affected  streets,  names  of  streets  and  numbers 
of  premises,  levels  of  floors,  yards,  depth  and 
inclination  of  drains,  and  the  form  and 
position  of  every  manhole,  chamber,  gully, 
interoepting-trap,  bend  and  junctions  in  con- 
nection with  a  sewer,  &o.  These  require- 
ments are  exacting  enough ;  but  section  2 
extends  these  requirements  to  works  in 
which  additions  or  reconstruction  or  altera- 
tions to  a  drainage  system  are  to  be 
made.  The  profession  have  a  good  ground 
to  protest  against  these  requirements, 
which,  as  Mr.  Max  Clarke  says,  amount 
to  a  complete  set  of  drawings  of  the 
buildings.  A  block  plan  of  the  site  and 
levels,  with  the  position  of  all  drains,  gullies, 
manholes,  &c.,  ought  to  be  sufficient.  If  so 
complete  a  registration  of  facts  is  necessary, 
it  could  be  made  by  the  sanitary  authority 
officials,  and  a  fee  charged  for  the  same, 
without  giviny  the  architect  so  much 
additional  labour  which  he  cannot  possibly 
in  fairness  charge  for  adequately.  As 
Mr.  Clarke  intimates,  the  client  ought  to 
be  made  aware  of  the  work  required,  as  the 
usual  fees  paid  to  the  architect  are  quite 
inadequate.  A  few  ciuestions  arise  in  con- 
nection with  these  by-laws,  pointed  out  bj' 
the  same  gentleman  -riz..  Why  should  sun 
prints  of  the  drawings  not  be  accepted  by  the 
authorities,  as  they  are  indelible  enough  for 
the  purpose?  Do  these  by-laws  .and  the 
drawings  required  come  within  the  clause  in 
the  Institute  form  of  contract  which  requires 
the  contractor  to  ' '  give  all  notices  and  pay 
all  fees,"  or  "is  it  open  to  the  architect  to 
insert  in  the  specification  that  the  contractor 
shall  include  a  sum  to  cover  the  cost  of  copies 
of  drawings  and  specifications :- "  J[r.  I>dwin 
T.  Hall,  in  another  letter  to  the  Practice 
Standing  Committoo  of  tho  Institute,  asks 
whether  these  by-laws  aro  not "  a  very  onerous 
and  unnecessary  tax  on  cither  the  owner,  the 
architect,  or  the  contractor  of  a  building.'  It 
enables  a  local  sanitary  inspector  to  roi[uire  a 
completo  set  of  drawings  for  tho  mere  purpose 
of  showing  the  drains,  closots,  and  lavatories. 
In  tlio  case  of  a  largo  building,  a  warehouse, 
or  block  of  flats  or  a  hospital,  it  would  be  a 
very  expensive  matter,  as  tho  plans  have  to 
be  supplied  in  duplicate— two  complete  sets 
of  plans,  in  addition  to  a  set  to  be  provided 
for  the  district  surveyor.     Tho  sanio  writer 


justlj' says  :  "The  expense  would  be  much 
greater  where  a  large  existing  building  has 
to  have  a  now  sj'stem  of  drainage  put  into  it, 
as  it  would  mean  tho  measuring  up  of  the 
whole  of  the  old  buihlings  and  preparation  of 
complete  sets  of  drawings  for  no  other  jmr- 
pose  than  this  sanitary  improvement."  These 
comments  are  reasonable  enough,  and  wo  aro 
glad  to  learn  that  the  < 'ouncilof  tho  Ii.I.B..V. 
have  indorsed  the  views  of  these  writers,  and 
a  letter  embodying  their  views  has  been  sent 
to  the  Local  fTovernment  Board,  the  L.C.C., 
and  all  the  borough  councils. 

Such  in  brief  are  a  few  of  the  points  which 
the  profession  will  have  to  discuss  and  con- 
sider during  the  next  month  or  two.  Tho 
leading  societies  may  do  much  to  reconsider 
these  amendments  and  proposals,  and  we 
have  no  doubt  many  of  our  practical  readers 
who  have  perused  the  suggestions  made  will 
have  something  to  say  upon  them.  The  pre- 
sent Building  Act  has  not  given  entire  satis- 
faction either  to  those  who  have  to  administer 
its  provisions,  or  to  those  who  have  building 
interests  at  stake. 


LANDSCAPES   IN   OIL   AND   WATER 

COLOURS. 

AT  the  Modern  Gallery,  17.i,  Bond-street,  an 
interesting  display  of  landscipes  in  oil, 
water  colour,  and  charcoal  by  Jlr.  T.  W.  Allen  are 
on  view.  This  well-knom  painter  of  landscape 
brings  together  many  phases  of  his  art  in  which 
broad  pastures,  rushy  pools,  river  scenes,  lake 
scenery,  and  woodland  aro  happily  introduced 
and  handled  with  much  feeling.  Mr.  Allen  is  a 
master  of  sky  and  atmospheric  effects — his  day- 
breaks and  twilights  exhibit  a  true  instinct  for 
light  and  shadow  tones.  ^Ve  may  mention  "  On 
the  Aruu  "  (11),  a  view  taken  from  the  river 
in  which  there  is  breadth  and  tonality  :  "Across 
the  Heath,"  and  "  Highgate  Woods."  "From 
Darkness  to  Dawn  "  (22)  is  a  charmingly-painted 
scene  with  the  grey  morning  sky  reflected  in  the 
water  and  the  dark  masses  of  trees  in  the  fore- 
ground. "Study  in  Three  Colours"  (21)  is  a 
study  in  sepia,  white,  and  blue:  then  "The 
ileadows,  Haslemere,"  study  in  monochrone, 
and  the  chalk  sketches  (119-139)  show  the 
painter's  power  in  giving  colour  to  his  mono- 
chromes. "The  Summer  Sun"  (41)  is  a  large 
oil  landscape  with  trees  :  the  aerial  perspective  is 
the  strongest  point.  "  Early  Jlorniug,"  a  lonely 
cottage  on  a  heath,  with  water  retlectiug  the  clear 
sky,  is  sympathetic.  "  A  Surrey  Landscape  "  (41) 
is  broad  with  its  rounded  masses  of  foliage. 
"  Sunset  "  (42)  is  effective,  and  we  may  note 
"  Evening  on  the  Broads"  (49),  a  large  upright 
landscape  with  water,  and  a  woman  crossing  the 
stre.am  with  a  child — "  Evening  "  :  "  Daybreak  " 
— a  silhouette  ;  the  large  canvas,  "The  (Queen's 
Sunset,  Jan.,  1901,"  a  river  scene  with  dark 
woods  and  rushy  banks  in  the  glow  of  a  red 
sunset:  "Crey  October  Twilight"  (91),  a  long 
Surrey  landscape ;  "Crooksbuty  Hill"  (113),  with 
distant  hills  and  heath:  "Spring,"  a  large 
mellow-toned  landscape  with  water  and  rush- 
grown  banks.  Several  pleasing  water  colours  are 
shown :  these  comprise  sketches  in  Wales,  at 
Christchurcli,  sands  at  Boscombo,  Surrey  commons, 
and  morning  and  evening  impressions.  The 
exhibition  closes  on  the  19th. 


ROYAL  INSTITUTE  OF  BRITISH 
ARCHITECTS. 

FKl.I.OWSIlICS    .\xn    COMrETITIOXS. 

THE  meeting  on  Slonday  was  presided  over  by 
Jlr.  .\ston  Webb,  K.A.  The  Cold  Medallist 
for  190 1  was  elected  by  acclamation,  so  that  tho 
name  of  M.  Auguste  Choisey,  lion.  Corr.  Jl., 
Inspector-tieneral  in  the  Service  dos  Rents  et 
Chausees,  I'aris,  will  be  submitted  to  the  King  in 
recognition  of  Jl.  Choisey's  literary  contributions 
in  the  art  of  architecture.  The  following  archi- 
tects were  elected  Fellows  of  the  Institute : 
Messrs.  A.  F..  liartlett.  Chancery-lane ;  Thos. 
Cooper,  Itirmingham  :  Banis'erF.  Fletcher,  Kew 
Bridge-street;  S.  F.  Harris,  Northampton; 
Arthvu-  Keen,  (iray's  Inn:  C.  R.  Guy  Mall, 
Kensington ;  F.  ^lanoali  Kent,  rietcrmaritz- 
burg ;  H.  M.  .lohnson.  Market  Harborough ; 
A.  II.  Parker,  Worcester.  Tho  following 
gentlemen  were  elected  Associates  :  II.  W. 
Asman,  Bradford ;  L.  1j.  Bright,  NottinRham  ; 
JI.    N.    Costello,    Sydenham;    II.    W.   Cubitt, 


THE    BUILDING    Is'EWS. 


Maech  4,  1904. 


Charing  Cross ;  W.  L.  Davidge,  L.C.C.  Archi- 
tects Dept. ;  W.  J.  Delbridge,  Greenwich  :  G. 
Dykes,  jun.,  Hamiltcn  ;  H.  T.  Fowler. 
Barrow-in-Furncf  s ;  H.  Griffiths,  London  .School 
Board;  E.  G.  H.  Gunn,  Cricklewood ;  W. 
Hemingway,  Bolton ;  H.  W.  Hobbiss,  Ken- 
sington ;  F.  G.  Johnson,  Newport,  lion.  :  J.  S. 
Lee,  Putney;  H.  B.  Mackenzie,  Architect's 
Dept.,  L.C.C;  I'.  W.  Newman,  Hampstead; 
H.  SI.  Pritchard,  Cardiff;  T.  H.  Robinson, 
Kensington ;  Andrew  Kol'o,  Glasgow :  G.  L. 
Eussell,  Hackney  ;  H.  AV.  Stone,  Taunton  ;  and 
J.  J.  Wood,  Leeds.  Mr.  Glenn  Brown, Secretary 
of  the  American  Institute  of  Architects,  Wash- 
ington, U.S.A.,  was  e'ected  Hon.  Corresponding 
Member. 

The  Presiiif.xt  proposed  a  resolution  on  behalf 
of  the  Council  as  to  the  admission  of  candidates 
for  the  Fellowship.  After  considerable  and  ani- 
mated discussion,  the  motion  was  unanimously 
passed  in  the  following  form  : — "  That  the  neces- 
sary alterations  to  the  by-laws  be  drafted  and 
submitted  to  a  special  general  meeting  to  provide 
that  after  the  31st  December,  1906,  every  person 
desiring  to  be  admitted  a  Fellow  shall  be  required 
to  have  passed  the  examination  or  examinations 
qualifying  him  as  an  Associate,  or  iliall  he 
srhrled  fruiii  ilic  ranks  of  th(  Associates  ;  but  that, 
in  exceptional  circumstances,  the  Council  shall 
have  power  to  dispense  with  such  exami- 
nation or  examinations."  The  only  material 
modificalion  in  the  above,  as  originally  brought 
forward  is,  the  insertion  of  the  words  printed  in 
italics,  introduced  to  make  it  clear  that  the  con- 
stitutional right  of  existing  Associates  shall  not  be 
in  any  way  qualified.  The  second  part  of  the 
proposal,  as  worded  by  the  Council,  led  to  a 
general  concert  of  opinion  as  to  the  necessity  of 
maintaining  the  practice  of  requiring  candidates 
to  submit  drawings  and  photographs  of  their  own 
executed  works  prior  to  being  passed  for  admission 
as  Fellows,  and  that  while  it  is  desirable  to  in- 
clude as  many  practising  members  of  the  profes- 
sion within  the  ranks  of  the  Institute  as  possible, 
it  is  not  wished  to  lower  the  standard  of  suit- 
ability. The  proposal  to  open  the  door  wider 
than  at  present  met  with  much  opposition,  as 
being  liable  to  misunderstanding  and  invidious 
distinctions.  The  rider,  therefore,  following 
upon  the  original  resolution,  was,  in  the  end,  thus 
unanimously  carried:  "  Further,  that  during  the 
intervening  period  every  architect  eligible  under 
the  charter  for  election  who  desires  to  join  the 
Institute  as  a  Fellow  should  be  encouraged  to 
do  so." 

The  next  subject  discussed  concerned  the 
conduct  of  competitions,  and  the  amendments 
brought  forward  by  the  Council  were  earned  in 
the  following  form  :  — 

Clause  2  {a)  to  lead  as  follows  ;  — 

To  draw  up  the  particulars  and  conditions  (as  far  as 
possible  in  accordance  with  the  principles  herein  set 
forth)  as  Instructions  to  Competitors,  and  also  to 
advise  upon  the  question  of  cost  and  the  amount  and 
apportionment  of  the  premium  or  premiums. 
Xof'  .—In  drawing  up  the  Instructions  it  is  desirable  to 
divide  them  into  two  distinct  classes  ; 

(i.)  Cond'aions—i.e.,   those    which     must    be    strictly 

adhered  to. 
(ii.)  Su(i;jt\tilo/is—i.e.,  those  which  are  merely  optional 

or  of  a  suggestive  character. 
Clause  7  ;  Delete  entirely. 

Renumber  clauses  s.  9.  10, 11  as  7,  8,  9.  10  respectively. 
Clause  12  :  Delete  all  first  paragraph  and  renumber  the 
second  paragraph  beginning  'It   is  essential  .  .  ."  as 
clause  11. 

Add. the  following  clause  as  the  new  clause  12  :  — 

The  author  of  the  design  placed  first  by  the  assessor 
or  assessors  should  be  employed  to  carry  out  the  work, 
and  he  should  be  paid  in  accordance  with  the  Schedule 
of  Professional  Practice  as  to  the  Charges  of  Architects 
sanctioned  and  published  by  the  Royal  Institute.  It  no 
instructions  are  given  to  him  to  proceed  within  twelve 
months  from  the  date  of  selection,  or  if  the  proposed 
works  are  abandoned  by  the  promoters,  then  the 
selected  architect  should  receive  payment  for  his 
services  in  connection  with  the  preparation  of  the  com- 
petition drawings  of  a  sum  equal  to  IJ  per  cent,  on  the 
amount  of  the  estimated  expenditure. 

The  debate  on  these  proposals  lacked  evident 
vitality,  and  all  enthusiasm  in  the  questions 
propounded,  which  naturally  might  have  been 
anticipated,  was  entirely  '  wanting.  No  one 
attempted  to  gainsay  the  desirability  of  the 
amendments  brought  forward,  the  most  valu- 
able of  them  being  the  insertion  of  a  more 
exact  definition  of  what  constitutes  conditions 
to  be  strictly  adhered  to,  and  what  require- 
ments are  to  be  taken  merely  as  suggestions,  as 
optional  and  not  essential.  It  is  obvious  that  the 
power  of  an  assessor  must  be  left  as  free  as  pos- 
sible :  but  it  is  equally  certain  that  he  ought  and, 
indeed,  must  be  governed  in  his  decisions  by  the 
conditions  laid  down  for  the  control  of  the  com- 


petitors in  each  case.  AATien  the  assessor  selejts 
a  design  which  does  not  comply  with  the  well- 
defined  requirements  and  stipulations,  he  is  guilty 
of  an  unpardonable  offence  which  should  preclude 
him  from  being  allowed  to  act  in  such  a  capacity 
again,  no  matterwhat  his  position  in  the  Institute 
may  be.  Such  a  fault  on  the  part  of  an  assessor 
doesmore  to  damage  the  proper  conduct  of  the  com- 
petition system  than  anything  else  can  possibly  do. 
Ilis  very  position  makes  this  inevitably  the  case, 
for  while  the  award  of  a  judge  must  be  upheld  by 
common  consent,  this  necessary  support  can  only 
be  insured  and  accorded  when  the  judgments 
themselves  are  strictly  in  accordance  with  the 
facts  and  merits  of  the  competition.  It  is  not  the 
slightest  use  to  disguise  the  truth  of  the  state- 
ment which  has  been  made  that  some  awards 
recorded  during  the  past  year  by  architects  nomi- 
nated through  the  President  of  the  Institute  to 
act  as  competition  assessors  have  been  contrary 
to  the  conditions  and  requirements  of  the  projects 
in  question,  and  when  a  resolution,  such  as  that 
which  was  very  properly  passed  at  the  Institute 
on  Monday,  asserting  that  "the  author  of  the 
design  placed  first  by  the  asses-or  or  assessors 
should  be  employed  to  carry  out  the  work,"  is 
endorsed  by  the  profession  generally,  it  becomes 
incumbent  upon  the  Institute  Council  to  protect 
not  only  the  competitors,  but  the  public,  against 
such  unsatisfactory  award's  as  those  to  which 
reference  has  been  already  made,  and  into  which 
an  inquiry  should  be  instituted,  no  matter  what 
influence  may  be  brought  to  bear  in  the  hope  of 
avoiding  the  consequences  which  might  display 
the  present  method  of  practice  at  a  disadvantage. 
On  the  other  hand,  in  any  event  such  mistakes 
cannot  be  wisely  ignored,  and  they  are  not 
questions  to  be  lightly  put  on  one  side  as 
due  to  the  discontent  of  unsuccessful  com- 
petitors. Neither  is  it  sufficient  to  condone 
an  assessor's  misjudgmen*s  by  reference  to  his 
good  faith  and  status  in  the  profession.  At 
the  present  moment  the  untimely  consequences 
of  an  instance  in  point  illustrates  how  an 
important  competition  started  under  the  most 
auspicious  circumstances  can  be  frustrated 
by  an  assessor's  failure  to  abide  by  the  conditions 
or  the  schedule  of  requirements  which  were  not 
left  optional.  A  design  was  anyhow  chosen  which 
did  not  furnish  what  was  asked  for  ;  this  raised  a 
protest  in  the  professional  Press,  and  although  the 
award  was  adopted  by  the  building  promoters 
they  have  since  found  that  the  plans  eo  accepted 
could  not  be  proceeded  with,  and  an  entirely 
transposed  scheme  is  being  considered,  on  the  lines 
actually  adopted  substantially  by  all  the  other 
competitors  in  the  competition.  It  has  recently 
been  suggested  that  as  in  the  Law  Courts  the 
judgment  of  a  judge  can  be  reviewed  by  a 
properly  constituted  court  of  appeal,  so  in  archi- 
tectural assessors'  awards  some  authoritative  means 
should  be  provided  by  which  a  mistake  of  this 
kind  may  be  rectified.  It  is  certain  that  such  in- 
justice will  not  be  allowed  to  pass  without  notice, 
more  or  less  active,  and  a  way  ought  to  be  found 
for  dealing  with  instances  of  this  kind  without 
making  it  necessary  for  the  competitors  to  take 
action  themselves,  placing  upon  their  shoulders 
the  responsibility  of  demonstrating  the  facts  and 
the  onus  of  appearing  to  be  discontented  with  an 
award  which  theoretically  should  be  acquiesced  in 
and  accepted  in  silence.  To  render  that  whole- 
some condition  of  compliance  possible,  all  awards 
must  be  made  in  such  a  way  as  to  command 
respect.  It  cannot  be  said  at  present  that  this  is 
by  any  means  insured. 

Mr.  H.  Hakdwicke  Laxgston  at  this  meeting 
asked  the  following  question  : — Is  it  in  the  power 
of  the  Council  to  say  whether  it  is  the  intention 
of  the  Registration  Committee,  in  view  of  the 
great  interest  attached  to  the  movement  for  the 
statutory  qualification  of  architects,  to  take  a  poll 
of  the  members  of  the  Institute  upon  the  general 
principle  involved  ': 

The  Chairman-  stated  that  at  present  he  was 
unable  to  answer  the  question,  as  the  C'jmmittee 
had  not  met  yet. 


QUANTITY   SURVEYORS'    ASSOCIATION. 

A  SPECIAL  meeting  of  this  Association  was 
held  on  Wednesday  afternoon  in  the  Throne 
Room,  Holborn  Restaurant,  to  confirm  the  pro- 
posed memorandum  and  articles  of  association. 
Mr.  Walter  Lawrance,  F.S.I.,  the  President, 
occupied  the  chair,  and,  in  opening  the  pro- 
ceedings, said  the  council  had  received,  and  had 
carefully  considered,  a  large  number  of  suggestions 
of  proposed   alterations   in   the  draft  articles  of 


association  which  had  been  sent  out  to  those  who 
had  formed  themselves  into  an  association.  He 
invited  free  discussion  of  these,  and  any  other 
points  which  might  suggest  themselves  to 
members,  so  that  the  basis  of  the  association 
might  be  thoroughly  satisfactory.  Some  dis- 
cussion took  place  as  the  proposed  title;, 
"The  Quantity  Surveyors'  Association  of  the 
United  Kingdom."  Several  members  regarded 
this  as  too  long,  and  on  the  motion  of  Mr. 
Carless,  seconded  by  Mr.  H.  A.  Gate,  the  words 
"of  the  United  Kingdom"  were  omitted  by  a 
unanimous  vote.  In  Article  5,  relating  to  con- 
ditions of  membership,  sub-section  c,  defining 
only  qualified  quantity  surveyors,  received  close 
attention,  and  on  the  motion  of  Messrs.  A.  J. 
Gate  and  W.  Hoffman  Wood,  of  Leeds,  the 
vice-presidents.  "  or  "  weis  substituted  for  '•  and," 
the  sub-section  as  amended  reading  thus  : — "  The 
term  '  duly  qualified  quantity  surveyor '  shall 
mean  one  who  has  been  articled  to  or  trained 
under  a  quantity  surveyor  of  repute,  and  who 
can  produce,  either  by  reference  or  otherwise, 
evidence  of  such  training  and  experience  as 
shall  be  satisfactory  to  the  Council  of  his 
eligibility  for  membership."  The  age  at  which 
chief  assistants  to  quantity  surveyors  should 
be  admitted  to  membership  gave  rise  to  some 
controversy.  In  the  draft  rules  the  council 
proposes  that  a  chief  assistant  must  have  held 
that  position  for  at  least  seven  consecutive  years, 
and  have  attained  the  age  of  twenty-five  years. 
This,  Mr.  T.  J.  Carless  thought,  opened  the  door 
to  men  who  became  chiefs  in  their  office  at  the 
age  of  eighteen  :  he  proposed  therefore  to  alter 
the  limit  of  age  in  this  sub-section  (')  from 
twenty-five  to  thirty  years.  This  was  seconded 
by  Mr.  A.  G.  Cross.  To  it  an  amendment  was 
proposed  by  Jlr.  AV.  R.  Hood,  seconded  by  Mr. 
Edis,  altering  the  limit  of  age  from  twenty-five  to 
twenty-eight,  and  on  a  vote  being  taken  the 
amendment  was  carried.  Mr.  R.  J.  Tollit,  Cam- 
bridge, thought  that  members  ought  to  be  able 
easily  to  make  their  occupation  and  standing 
known,  and  moved,  as  an  addition  to  Article  11, 
that  members  ahould  be  entitled  to  append  the 
distinctive  initials  "  Q.S..A."  after  their  names. 
This  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Kennett,  and 
a  suggestion  that  the  initials  adopted  be 
"  Mem.Q.S..A.,"  having  been  negatived  as  un- 
wieldy, Mr.  ToUit's  motion  was  carried.  To 
Article  13,  giving  powers  to  the  council  to  inves- 
tigate into  and  adjudicate  upon  any  complaint  of 
alleged  inaccuracy  in  quantitie',  the  President 
proposed  the  addition  of  words  requiring  a  deposit 
from  the  person  demanding  an  investigation,  so 
as  to  preclude  the  raising  of  frivolous  complaints. 
This  wa?  seconded  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Gate,  supported 
by  Mr.  Hood,  and  carried  unanimously.  Several 
other  proposed  alterations  were  considered 
and  withdrawn.  The  President  then  pro- 
posed that  the  Memorandum  and  -Articles  of 
Association,  as  proposed  by  the  council,  be 
agreed  to,  and  adopted  subject  to  the  amendments 
just  decided  upon.  This  was  seconded  by  Mr. 
bale,  and  unanimously  agreed  to.  The  President 
congratulated  the  members  on  having  so  satis- 
factorily passed  through  the  preliminary  stages  of 
foundation,  and  referred  to  the  amoimt  of  time 
and  attention  that  had  been  given  to  the  draft 
articles  by  the  council.  Over  200  gentlemen 
had  applied  for  membership,  and  to  each  of  these 
proper-forms  of  application  would  now  be  for- 
warded. He  could  not  close  the  meeting  without 
expressing  in  a  formal  manner  the  warm  thanks 
of  himself  and  the  council  to  the  hon.  secretary 
and  treasurer,  Mr.  F.  B.  HoUis,  for  the  immense 
amount  of  time  and  labour  he  had  given  to  the 
organisation  of  the  Association.  The  vote  of 
thanks  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Hoffman  AVood, 
and  having  been  supported  by  Mr.  E.  D. 
Nixon,  was  carried  by  acclamation.  Mr.  Ilollis 
briefly  responded,  saying  he  was  glad  to  do 
all  in  his  power  for  the  honour  and  advance- 
ment of  the  professions.  Air.  Carless  proposed, 
and  Air.  Edis  seconded,  a  hearty  votes  of  thanks 
to  the  President  and  A'ice-presidents,  and  this 
also  was  carried  with  prolonged  applause.  It  was 
acknowledged  by  the  President  and  by  Messrs. 
Hoffman  Wood  and  A.  J.  Gate,  the  latter 
speakers  urging  the  importance  of  providing  an 
association  solely  devoted  to  the  interests  of 
quantity  surveyors,  and  so  maintaining  the  status, 
honour,  and  corporate  authority  of  the  pro- 
fession. 


The  foundation-stone  of  the  new  church  at 
Eistuey,  a  suburb  of  Portsmouth,  will  be  laid  by 
the  Princess  of  AVales  on  March  16. 


March  4,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


333 


IRISH  BUILDING  STONES.— A'lII. 

KEHKY. 

THE  rocks  in  this  county  are  Coal  JleaSHres, 
Jlillstone  Grit  (o[)6)  ;  Carboniferous  Lime- 
stone :  DM  Red  Sandstone  (34S) ;  Sandstone  Slat'  a, 
and  Conglomerates,  from  7,000ft.  to  10,000ft. 
thick,  known  as  Dingle  lieds  ;  sand  and  sandy 
limestones  of  the  Crogbmarin  beds  ;  shales,  slates, 
and  red  sandstones  of  Ferriters  (_'ove  lieda  ;  rod, 
green,  and  yellow  sandstones  of  the  Smerwick 
beds ;  black,  grey,  and  glossy  slates  of  the 
Annascaul  beds ;  Felstone,  Greenstone,  and 
Diorite.  The  Dingle  Beds  may  be  classed  as 
Upper  Silurian  or  Ijower  (Jld  Red  Sandstone  ; 
the  Croghmarin  sandy  limestones  contain 
'*  Ludlow "  fossils;  tbe  Ferritors  Cove  sand- 
stones hare  Wenlock  fossils,  and  the  underlying 
beds  have  no  fossils,  so  that  most  of  these  rocks 
may  without  difficulty  be  correlated  with  others 
of  more  familiar  names  in  English  geology.  The 
<  lid  Red  Sandstone  here,  as  in  other  districts  in 
Ireland,  is  difficult  of  classification,  for  it  shows 
two  distinct  deposits  unconformable  with  each 
other,  but  both  clearly  "Old  Red"  resting  on 
the  upturned  edges  of  the  Silurian  rocks.  In 
this  county  the  red  sandstones  are  classed  by 
Kinahan  with  the  Carboniferous  or  Lower  Lime- 
stone Shales ;  but  it  is  a  curious  fact  that 
in  the  county  of  CJalway  (at  Oughterard)  this 
so-called  "Old  Red  Sandstone"  is  high 
up  in  the  Burren  Limestone  !  The  rocks  known 
as  the  Dingle  Beds  are  sometimes  called 
Glengariff  Grits  and  the  "Dingle  Group" 
includes  the  so-called  "Old  Red,"  and  are  the 
underlying  Silurian  rocks,  as  they  are  developed 
in  the  Dingle  promontory.  Dingle  is  built  on  the 
Dingle  Sandstones  and  Comglomerates,  overlain 
by  Alluvium;  Listowel:  Carboniferous  Lime  tone, 
Alluvium,  Coal  Measures  ;  Killarney  :  Carboni- 
ferous Limestone,  Coal  Measures ;  Tralee : 
Carboniferous  Limestone.  Coal  Measures  enter 
this  county  on  the  north-east  from  Limerick. 
There  are  no  good  sections  of  these  rocks  to  be 
seen,  but  they  are  destitute  of  workable  coal,  and 
their  total  thickness  is  unknown.  Formerly  the 
Coal  Measure  sandstones  were  more  extensively 
used  than  at  present,  and  there  are  good  building 
atones  in  them,  but  limestone  is  now  preferred 
for  general  use.  At  the  base  of  the  Coal  Measures, 
"  flags,"  or  paving  slabs,  were  raised  ;  but  the 
unbaring  made  the  quarrying  expensive,  and  the 
works  were  abandoned.  Killarney  streets  were 
at  one  time  paved  with  Coal  Measure  slabs 
quarried  at  Beheenagh,  near  Knockacoppul. 
Such  slabs  were  also  quarried  at  Tarbert,  and 
Duagh  Chapel,  near  Listowel,  was  built  with  the 
same  slaty  kind  of  sandstone.  Carboniferous 
Limestone  enters  the  county  from  Cork  ;  passing 
Killarney,  it  forms  the  south  shore  of  Dingle 
Bay ;  from  the  north  shore  it  passes  Tralee 
to  Tralee  Bay  and  the  mouth  of  the  Shannon, 
it  is  also  found  at  both  sides  of  the 
Kenmare  river,  on  the  south  of  the  county. 
The  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  Kerry  is  usually 
remarkable  for  being  cleaved  and  slaty,  whilst 
in  some  areas  it  is  compact ;  on  the  whole,  it  is 
quite  unlike  the  typical  limestone  of  the  Central 
Plain.  At  Kenmare,  and  the  Lakes  of  Killarney, 
slaty  limestone  is  found.  Muckross  Abbey  is 
built  with  it ;  but  further  north  its  character 
changes,  and  the  rock  is  tituer  compact  and 
crystalline  or  calpy.  Black  marble  was  formerly 
quarried  at  Lixuaw,  near  Listowel.  The  Barracks 
and  Bridewell  at  Listowel  are  built  with  this 
stone.  It  was  also  quarried  at  Tralee  for  exporta- 
tion ;  the  quarries  are  not  now  in  work.  Many 
trials  for  black  marble  beds  were  made  in  this 
coun'y,  but  they  were  not  successful,  all  the 
specimens  secured  being  more  or  less  speckled 
with  white,  or  discoloured  in  aome  way.  Some 
of  the  principal  quarries  in  the  Carboniferous 
Ijimestone  are  Quarry  Lodge,  worked  by  the  Larl 
of  Kenmare  with  16  men,  under  his  agent  Mr. 
Maurice  Leonard ;  Ballintogher,  Lixnaw,  Mr. 
Cooke,  6  men  (this  is  a  daik  grey,  free  working, 
earthy  limestone,  the  upper  beds  being  worth- 
less for  building  purposes,  but  the  lower 
are  compact  and  of  good  quality)  ;  Kenmare, 
Jlessrs.  Mansfield  and  Brennan,  a  grey-blue, 
slaty  limestone  quarry — blocks  hard  to  work, 
hut  first-class  weather  stonea.  In  two  quarries, 
liisaviggcen  and  Cahirnagher,  a  compact  grey 
crystalline  stone  is  found,  which  was  much 
used  in  Killarney  for  dressings  and  wallings. 
Rathos,  Tralee,  a  chert/,  coarse  stone,  good  for 
walling  and  quoins,  liallybeggan,  Tralee,  worked 
by  Mr.  F.  B.  llealy  ;  Caheragh,  Messrs.  T.  and 
J.  Burke ;  Cragg,  Kilmurry,  Mr.  1'.  Walsh  ; 
Farn,  Mr.  E.  J.  Langford ;    Sleanus,  Mr,   W. 


Lucid  ;  and  Scrahan,  Mr.  P.  Reidy.  For  the 
information  of  those  who  may  wish  to  examine 
limestones  from  particular  qiuirries,  as  they  are 
used  in  local  buildings,  the  following  list  may  be 
useful.  Ballybunion  chun  h,  Ballybunion  quarry, 
Listowel ;  Tralee  Court  House  and  Canal  works. 
Bally  MacEUigot,  Tralee  :  Listowel  Bridge,  the 
river  Feale  liank  ;  Killarney  Cathedral  and 
Asylum,  Faren,  Kilorglin  ;  Kilgobbin  Church, 
Fenit,  Tralee  ;  Listowel  Bridge,  Listowel ;  and 
Duagh  Pier,  Jlihnard,  AnnatcuU.  It  may  be 
said  of  all  the  buildings  in  this  county  that  the 
stone  used  in  them  was  raised  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  works  ;  and  this  applies  to  bridges 
and  other  engineering  works.  The  Old  Red  rocks 
of  Valentia  are  split  into  slabs,  the  cleavage 
planes  are,  however,  not  sufficiently  well-developed 
to  furnish  good — that  is,  thin — roofing  slate. 
Some  slate  slabs  were  procured  here  which  were 
20ft.  long  by  6ft.  wide.  They  were  much  harder 
than  Welsh  slate,  and,  consequently,  more  ex- 
pensive to  work,  yet  at  one  time  they  were  largely 
exported  to  England  and  America.  There  are 
other  quarries  on  the  mainland  which  furnished 
slates,  but  they  are  rough  and  of  little  use  except 
for  walling.  In  the  Silurian  rocks  there  are 
many  raluible  stonea,  especially  in  the  Upp"r 
series.  The  R.C.  church  at  Dingle  waa  built  with 
a  red  sandstone  from  these  rocks,  quarried  at 
Minnard  ;  it  is  a  good  weather  stone.  Kinahan 
calls  attention  to  an  old  "  bee-hive  "  house  built 
of  fine  -  grained  Silurian  sandstone  without 
mortar,  which  stands  in  the  valley  adjoining  S^ 
Finau's  Bay.  The  structure  is  almost  prehistoric, 
for  the  joints  between  the  stones  are  so  close  that 
it  is  almost  impossible  to  icsert  a  knife-blade  in 
them.  The  Welsh-Xormans,  who  overran  this 
county  and  annexed  it,  erected  some  eccle- 
siastical buildings  here,  and  they  used  sand- 
stone almost  exclusively  for  walling  and 
dressed  work.  The  owner  of  the  Valentia 
Island  Slate  Quarry  is  Sir  M.  Fitzgerald,  Bart. : 
it  is  worked  by  Mr.  Daniel  Evans.  In  the 
Glengaritl  grits  of  Valentia  Island  there  are 
whinstones,  felstones,  and  tuffs  not  put  to  any 
use  ;  in  (ilenflesk  and  near  Lough  Guitane,  there 
are  porphyritic  felstone  tuffs,  which  would 
furnish  excellent  stone  for  decorative  purposea. 

KILDARE. 

The  rocks  here  are  Coal  Measures  ;  Upper, 
Jliddle,  and  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestones 
(3i7),  with  Magoesian  beds  ;  Old  Red  Sandstone  ; 
Shale  beds,  Silurian  beds,  with  Limestones, 
altered  in  places  to  mica,  schist,  ic. ;  granite, 
diorite,  and  greenstone.  Athy  is  built  on  Middle 
Carboniferous  Limestone  ;  Kildare,  Lower  Car- 
boniferous Limestone ;  Maynooth,  Upper  and 
Lower  Limestone,  and  Naas  on  Carboniferous 
Limestone  and  Slate  Rocks  of  Silurian  age.  All 
along  the  eastern  boundary  of  this  county  there 
is  a  belt  of  Lower  Silurian  rocks  about  five  miles 
wide.  In  the  extreme  south  there  is  a  track  of 
granite  nearly  five  miles  in  diameter  which  forms 
part  of  the  Leinster  range,  and  the  rest  of  the 
count)'  (that  is,  more  than  three-fourths  of  it)  is 
occupied  by  Limestone,  except  where  small 
exposures  of  Old  Red  Sandstone  and  Silurian 
rocks  are  found  at  the  Chair  of  Kildare.  Coal 
Jleasures,  of  which  there  is  a  smaU  outlier 
at  Newtown,  west  of  Jlaynooth,  furnish  coarse 
and  fine  sandstones,  but  they  are  not  now  used 
for  building.  The  solid  geology  of  this  county  is 
much  obscured  by  drift  and  bog,  which  cover  the 
Carboniferous  Limestone  so  effectually  that  it  is 
not  an  easy  matter  to  give  a  very  reliable  litho- 
logical  description  of  its  divisions  ;  sections, 
however,  hive  been  obtained  from  which  the 
following  particulars  hare  been  deduced,  and 
thoy  may  be  considered  as  generally  applicable. 
The  upper  Limestone  is  compact  and  free  work- 
ing ;  the  Middle  is  chiefly  made  up  of  the 
Coralline  Fenestella,  and  it  is  amorphous;  the 
Lower  is  a  bedded  shaly  rockin  which  some  of  the 
calcium  carbonate  is  displaced  by  magnesium 
carbonate  so  as  to  make  it  a  dolomite.  The 
enormous  expanse  of  limestone  in  this  county, 
though  worked  everywhere  for  walling  and 
limo-burning,  yields  but  little  stone  suitable  for 
dressed  work.  A  black  marble  (|uarriod  at 
Biston,  near  Rathangan,  was  used  in  Lord 
Muskerry's  iransion  ;  but  though  this  quarry  is 
still  worked,  the  marble  trade  done  in  it  is  a  thing 
of  the  past;  building  st^ne  is  now  raised  there 
by  Mr.  .T.  Fyans  of  Uathangan.  The  Dublin 
Custom  House  docks  wore  built  with  the  calpy 
limestone  quarried  at  Ballymacauly  and  CoUitrs- 
town,  near  Leixlip,  in  the  extreme  north-east  of 
the  county  ;  the  same  stone  was  at  one  time  very 
(xtensively  used  in  other    important   works  in 


Dublin.  Both  quarries  are  now  closed,  and  the 
only  one  of  any  importance  at  present  worked  in 
that  district  is  Donacomper,  nearCelbridge,  which 
gives  employment  to  o  or  6  men.  The  biggest 
()uarry  in  the  county  is  that  at  Carrick,  near 
Carbcrry,  on  the  north-west,  close  to  the  King's 
CVunty  boundary;  it  ie  worked  by  Mr.  J. 
Burnell  with  13  men.  The  granite  of  this  county 
is  grey,  like  that  of  the  main  bulk  of  the  Leinster 
range  ;  it  is  also  very  durable,  especially  when 
obtained  from  the  surface  blocks,  which  are  so 
plentiful  aU  over  the  granite  district  that  they 
suffice  for  all  local  work  without  opening  quarries. 
A  fair  specimen  of  this  stone  may  be  seen  in  the 
porches  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Dublin ; 
they  are  built  with  granite  quarried  at  Dairy 
Farm,  near  Castledermot.  In  the  Silurian  rocM 
there  are  limestones,  grit,  and  sandstones,  used 
for  local  purposes  only.  The  Round  Tower, 
standing  some  distance  from  the  west  front  of 
Kildare  Cathedral,  "  restored  "  by  Street,  is  built 
in  the  lower  part  with  granite  and  above  with 
slate  rocks,  limestone,  and  sandstone :  the 
Norman  doorway,  some  15ft.  from  the  ground, 
is  sandstone,  and  evidently  a  late  insertion. 
The  Round  Tower  at  Kilcullen  is  buUt  with 
slate  rock,  the  dressings  of  the  doorway  being 
granite.  Where  the  main  body  of  any  of  these 
towers  is  of  one  kind  of  atone  and  the  wrought 
dressings  of  another  kind,  especially  in  elaborate 
doorways  and  terminal  crosses,  it  wUl  be  found 
on  careful  examination  that  these  are  compara- 
tively late  additions,  and  conse(|uently  give  no 
clue  to  the  date  of  the  erection  of  the  tower 
itself.  The  smaU  exposure  of  "  Silurian  "  and 
"  Cambrian  "  rocks  found  in  the  low  hills  to  the 
north-west  of  the  Curragh,  known  as  the  "  Chair 
of  Kildare,"  formed  at  one  time  an  island  in  the 
great  limestone  sea.  AU  round  it  are  found 
accumulations  of  Cirboniferous  strata,  known  as 
"  shore  beds."  The  old  limestones  of  the"Chair" 
are  sometimes  burned  for  lime;  but  the  newer 
Carboniferous  rocks  are  preferred  for  building 
work.  None  of  the  grits  or  sandstones  of  the 
"Chair"  are  worked  at  present.  There  are 
140  quarries  shown  on  the  Ordnance  maps  of  this 
county.  Six  were  worked  in  18oS.  At  present 
five  are  scheduled,  and  of  these  two  are  worked 
only  occasionally. 

KILKENNY. 

The  rocks  here  are  Coal  Measures  (336),  Upper, 
Sliddle,  and  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestones 
(207,  268).  Some  of  these  are  altered  to  Dolo- 
mite, Lower  Limestone  Shale,  Old  Red  Sand- 
stone, and  dark  shales  of  Silurian  age  (probably 
"  Bala  "  rocks).  These  are  generally  altered  to 
Mica  Ischists.  The  Igneous  rocks  are  Granite, 
Diorite,  and  Greenstone  ash.  Callan  is  built  on 
Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone,  Magnesian 
Limestone,  and  Calp  ;  Castlecomer  on  Coal 
Measures,  and  Kilkenny  on  Upper  Carboniferous 
Limestone.  The  Castlecomer  coalfield,  which 
lies  in  the  north-east  of  this  county,  furnished 
from  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  the  paving  slabs 
known  as  "  Carlow  Flags."  Up  to  the  time  of 
the  introduction  of  concrete  paving  they  had  an 
extensive  sale  in  the  adjoining  counties  ;  but  the 
trade  has  fallen  off.  The  flags  are  still  worked 
at  Courleigh,  near  Shankill,  by  Mr.  Whiteley 
with  five  men,  and  at  Shankill  by  Mr.  Scanlon 
with  six  men,  and  these  two  quarries  are  the 
only  ones  at  present  in  hand  in  the  sand- 
stone rocks  of  this  county.  Some  of  these 
paving  slabs  could  be  obtained  over  12ft.  square  ; 
but  the  average  sizes  lie  between  7ft.  and 
lUft.  long,  and  2ft.  to  4ft.  wide;  clearing 
away  the  top  soil,  which  is  deep  h'  re,  has  added 
so  much  to  the  cost  of  quarrying  the  slabs  that 
they  can  no  longer  compete  in  price  with  artificial 
stone.  The  quarry  at  Killown,  near  Castlecomer, 
furnished  sandstones  for  the  dressings  of  the  R.C. 
church  there ;  the  same  stone  was  used  in  build- 
ing the  near  wing  to  Wan  lesford  House.  When 
St.  Canice's  cathedral  at  Kilkenny  was  restored, 
a  sandstone  from  CoolcuUen  was  used  for  inside 
work ;  it  is  not  a  good  weather  stf.ne.  .\11  the 
sandstones  described  belong  to  the  same  rocks  as 
those  which  in  England  yield  the  "  York  stones  '' 
—the  great  fault  of  all  such  sandstones  being 
that  they  weather  "  beddy,"  no  matter  how  hard 
and  couipact  they  may  appear  to  be  when  lifted 
off  the  quarry  beds,  "it  will  be  recollected  that 
at  Jfer^tham  and  otlur  places  in  Surrey  the 
Upper  (Jreenaind  was  quarried  for  building  by 
mines  or  galleries  driven  into  beds  of  stone  under- 
lying the  chalk.  There  is  a  tradition  in  this 
country  that  Jerpoint  Abbey  was  built  with  sand- 
stones oh'ainod  here  in  the  same  way.  the 
galleries    having    been    driven   into  the  Lower 


334 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  4,  1904. 


Carboniferous  or  "  C>ld  Red  "  rocks.  Kilkenny  is 
celebrated  for  its  black  marble,  the  working-  of 
which  is  in  the  hands  of  Jlr,  R.  CoUes,  the 
skilled  and  courteous  manager  of  the  Kilkenny 
ilarble  Mills,  now  worked  by  the  Irish  Marble 
Company.  The  black  marble  is  obtained  from 
the  Carijcniferous  Limestone  at  Butler's  Grove, 
near  Gowran,  the  black  fossil  or  "  Kilkenny 
marble  '"  is  quarried  at  Archer's  Grove,  near  the 
town  of  Kilkenny,  and  the  grey  limestone  from  a 
quarry  on  the  road  between  Kilkenny  and  Fresh - 
ford.  The  Kilkenny  ilarble  Mills  are  the  oldest 
marble  works  in  Great  Britain  or  America.  They 
were  established  in  1730  by  William  Uolles,  the 
original  inventor  of  machinery  for  the  manu- 
facture of  marble,  and  the  first  who  applied  power 
to  that  manufacture.  Referring  to  this  industry 
in  his  "Survey  of  the  County  of  Kilkenny," 
published  100  years  ago,  Tighe  said  :  "  The  most 
important  quarry  in  the  limestone  district  is  that 
which  produces  the  Kilkenny  marble.  It  is 
called  the  black  quarrj',  and  lies  half  a  mile 
south  of  the  town,  near  the  right  bank  of 
the  river  ;  the  strata  dip  rather  more  than  they 
do  generally  in  the  limestone  quarries  of  this 
county.  Some  of  the  beds  incline  so  rapidly  as 
to  be  difficult  of  access  on  the  other  side,  and  not 
to  be  approached  at  all  without  removing  the 
■water.  Each  bed  varies  from  the  other  in  shades 
and  in  quality,  but  neither  the  thickness  of  the 
strata  nor  goodness  of  the  stone  depend  on  their 
relative  position.  I  Iver  the  black  quarry  there  is 
in  most  places  about  2  3ft.  of  clay  and  gravel. 
Each  of  the  strata  of  marble  is  known  by  its  par- 
ticular appellation  :  the  Half-Moon  and  the 
Bottom  Bed  are  reckoned  among  the  best.  The 
former  are  so  called  from  the  number  of  impres- 
sions of  bivalve  shells  which  it  contains,  the 
section  of  the  spaces  they  occupied,  now  filled 
with  white  spar,  being  more  or  less  laminated. 
The  black  bed  and  the  silver  bed  are  esteemed. 
A  kind  of  flaw  sometimes  appears  in  the  stone, 
which,  from  its  irregularly  indented  figure,  is 
styled  by  the  workmen  a  '  skull,'  as  it  resembles 
the  section  of  the  cranium."  The  decorative 
building  stone  commonly  called  marble  is, 
strictly  speaking,  crystalline  limestone,  and  in 
all  Metamorphic  areas  limestones  become  dis- 
tinctly crystalline,  the  grains  of  calcite  some- 
times attaining  a  diameter  of  -^in.  When 
the  alteration  is  accompanied  by  crushing,  the 
crystals  are  very  small,  and  the  grain  of  the 
marble  is  micro- crystalline.  Statuary  marble  is 
a  crystalline  mass  of  pure  calcite,  anj'  earthy  or 
other  non-calcareous  matter  which  existed  in  the 
original  rock  having  been  removed  by  meta- 
morphism  and  crystallisation.  Black  marble 
yields  as  white  a  lime  as  statuary,  for  the  organic 
matter  which  occasions  the  black  colour  is  burned 
out  in  the  kiln.  Many  marbles  are  composed 
wholly  of  the  remains  of  the  hard  parts  of 
animals  and  vegetables,  and  sections  of  those  are 
seen  on  the  polished  surface  of  the  block.  It  is 
quite  clear  that  all  the  soft  parts  of  either  animals 
or  plants  cannot  be  preserved  as  fossils,  for  they 
resolve  themselves  into  gases  and  disappear.  A 
knowledge  of  the  fossils  found  in  any  formation, 
and  which  are  peculiar  to  it,  serves  to  determine 
the  geological  age  of  any  stone  obtained  from  it. 
Portland  stone  may  be  recognised  yards  away  by 
its  fossils,  which,  being  harder  than  the  matrix 
in  which  they  are  imbedded,  stand  out  in  relief 
when  the  block  is  at  all  weathered.  Pecteu,  for 
example,  a  thin  crescent-shaped  shell  in  section, 
is  one  of  the  commonest  in  the  Portland  Whit 
Bed,  and  its  presence  is  a  guarantee  that  the 
stone  is  one  of  the  Portland  series. 

AVhen  a  shell  is  deposited  in  any  but  a  pure 
limestone  mud,  it  must  be  destroyed,  for  the  shell 
is  carbonate  of  lime  and  clay,  and  sandstone  will 
attack  it.  In  some  eases  silica  destroys  a  shell, 
and  then  takes  its  place  acquiring  its  exact  shape ; 
but  what  usually  happens  is  that  the  shell  com- 
pletely disappears,  and  if  any  fossil  form  results 
from  this  action, it  is  merely  a  natural  cast  of  the 
original  shell.  In  many  of  the  fossils  of  the 
Margate  Chalk,  the  carbonate  of  lime  in  the 
original  shell  has  been  replaced,  molecule  by 
molecule,  by  a  totally  different  substance,  namely 
flint,  and  this  substitution  is  so  perfect  that  a 
microscopic  examination  of  the  flint  shell  would 
show  exactly  the  same  structure  as  the  original 
shell.  In  this  connection  it  may  be  well  to  point 
out  that  onyx  is  a  chalcedony  composed  of 
differently-coloured  layers,  and  thus  chalcedony 
Itself  is  a  mixture  of  crystalline  and  amorphous 
silici  (SiOJ  showing  under  the  microscope  an 
extremely  delicate  fibrous  structure.  The  orna- 
mental   stones    used    in    building   and    known 


as  Mexican  or  Algerian  onyx,  are  really  onyx- 
like marbles:  they  are  true  marbles,  as  they 
contain  nothing  but  carbonate  of  lime  [Ca.O,CO,) 
with  a  trace  only  of  metallic  oxides  as  colouring 
matter.  Anyone  interested  in  Kilkenny  marble 
may  see  some  fine  specimens  in  panels  at  the 
Brompton  Oratory.  Xotwithstanding  the  great 
expanse  of  limestone  in  this  count}',  forming  as 
it  does  part  of  the  great  central  plain,  there  are 
few  quarries  in  it  for  building  stone,  and  these 
are  not  extensively  worked.  The  principal  are 
Dunkitt  and  Granny,  near  Waterford ;  Butlers, 
near  Callan  ;  and  Flagmount,  near  Gowran. 
I'alpy  stone,  or  boulders  from  the  drift,  are 
generally  burnt  for  lime  in  this  county ;  it  is 
extensively  used  for  building  in  Dublin.  The 
dressed  work  in  nearly  all  the  old  buildings  in 
this  county  is  of  sandstone,  but  in  later  years 
limestone  was  used.  The  doorway  of  Killeshin 
Church  is  of  the  local  sandstone,  as  also  the 
diessed  work  in  Jerpoint  Abbey.  On  all  these 
stones  the  chisel-marks  are  still  fresh  after  ex- 
posure to  the  weither  for  over  700  years.  There 
are  no  quarries  now  worked  in  the  Lower  Car- 
boniferous or  ' '  Old  Red  ' '  rocks ;  but  good  weather 
stonesmay  beprocuredfromthem.  The  underlying 
Silurian  grits  and  sandstones  are  used  for  rough 
walling,  but  thej*  are  too  splintery  for  dressed 
work.  Killarney  granite  occurs  iu  outliers  :  it  is 
not  a  good  weather  stone  ;  it  ia  frequently  found 
in  loose  blocks  lying  on  the  surface,  and  here  it  is 
decayed  to  a  considerable  depth.  Elvans  are 
obtained  from  veins  in  the  granite  districts  : 
whinstones  also  occur  as  intrudes,  both  are  used 
for  road  metal  and  rough  walling.  AVhen  the 
Silurian  rocks  are  in  contact  with  granite  they 
are  altered  to  schisto,  which  are  also  used  for 
rough  walling.  There  is  a  slate  quarry  in  this 
county  (near  Carrick-on-Suir)  ;  it  was  originally 
opened  and  developed  by  the  late  Mr.  Alexander 
Colles,  of  the  Kilkenny  marble  works,  who  dis- 
posed of  his  interest  in  it  to  a  company,  the  com- 
pany made  it  over  to  their  managing  director,  the 
late  Jlr.  Wm.  Slercer,  who  failed  to  work  it 
profitably,  and  it  was  closed.  A  company  was 
recently  started  to  work  the  same  quarry,  and 
they  employ  about  40  men  in  executing  the  orders 
which  they  receive.  The  slate  is  of  a  dark  blue 
colour,  coarse,  but  hard  and  heavy  ;  the  strata 
are  much  cut  up  \>j  faults,  which  make 
the  working  expensive.  The  quarry  is  in  Silurian 
rocks,  which  outcrop  along  the  valley  of  the 
Lingaun.  It  is  known  as  Inch  or  Ormond. 
king's  eovxTY. 
The  rocks  in  this  county  are  Carboniferous 
Limestone  (255,264,271),  some  of  which  is  Dolo- 
mite ;  Old  Red  Sandstone,  Lower  Silurian,  Green- 
stone ;  Diorite ;  and  Ash  of  Croaghan  Hill. 
Banagher,  Birr,  and  Tullamore  are  built  on 
Carboniferous  Limestone.  More  than  nine-tenths 
of  this  county  are  occupied  by  Carboniferous 
Limestone  ;  but  it  is  usually  covered  with  a  great 
head  of  drift  or  bog.  The  lower  limestones  are 
bedded  ;  but  this  character  is  lost  in  others  of  the 
Fenestella  type  as  they  range  upwards,  where  the 
base  of  these  limestones  can  be  seen,  as  in  the 
adjoining  counties,  resting  on  granite.  The  stone 
is  nearly  always  a  dolomite.  The  quarry  at 
Ballyduff,  near  Tullamore,  is  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  limestone  quarries  in  Ireland.  It  is 
worked  by  ^Ir.  W.  Kennedy  with  15  men.  The 
stone  was  used  in  the  restoration  of  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral,  Dublin ;  in  the  new  R.C.  church, 
Monasterevan ;  the  dressings  of  the  Kildare  Street 
Clubhouse,  Dublin,  and  numerous  other  places. 
Mr.  A.  V.  Ashe,  C.E.,  who  is  well  acquainted 
with  the  building  ■  stones  of  the  district,  has 
pointed  out  that  the  Ballyduft  stone  when  polished 
is  of  a  clouded  grey  or  dove-colour,  and,  there- 
fore, a  true  marble  well  worthy  of  the  attention 
of  the  architect.  This  gentleman  has  also  drawn 
attention  to  the  highly  fossUiferous  crinoidal 
marble  of  Clonmacnoise,  which  was  formerlv 
worked  into  mantelpieces  and  ornamental  slabs  at 
the  Killaloe  marble-works,  but  which  is  at  present 
wholly  neglected.  Near  Banagher  the  limestone 
is  a  flaggy  dark  blue  stone  hard  to  work.  It 
was  used  iu  the  Shannon  Navigation  Works  and 
in  all  the  local  buildings.  Near  Birr  the  lime- 
stone ,is  grey,  compact,  semi  -  crystalline,  and 
comparatively  easy  to  work  :  it  is  much  used 
locally.  At  Clonmacnoise  there  are  several 
small  detached  buildings  known  as  the  "Seven 
Churches,"  all  built  with  limestone,  in- 
cluding the  round  towers.  The  door-jambs 
are  in  some  cases  polished  to  show  that  the  whole 
of  the  material  used 'in  the  walling  and  dressings 
is  marble.  The  X'pper  Eglish  stone  is  a  grey 
limestone,   easily   worked,    and   a   favourite  one 


with  builders  in  Birr ;  though  that  town  is 
eighteen  miles  from  the  quarry,  the  extra  cost 
of  carriage  is  more  than  saved  in  the  labour  on 
the  stone  when  used  for  dressings.  At  Killane, 
near  Edenderry,  there  is  a  grey,  compact  lime- 
stone, easy  to  work.  At  present  six  limestone 
quarries  are  in  work  here,  that  at  Ballyduff  being 
the  most  extensive.  Sandstone  quirried  in  the 
"Old  Red"  rocks  is  obtained  .at  Kinitty,  Gur- 
teen,  and  in  various  places  along  the  sides  of 
Slievebloom.  Most  of  these  quarries  yield  flag- 
stones for  local  use  only.  It  is  a  curious  fact  that 
the  old  Celtic  crosses  at  Clonmacnoise  are  worked 
out  of  fine-grained  quartzose  sandstone,  though 
the  whole  district  is  on  limestone ;  but  all  over 
Ireland  the  very  early  dressed  work  was  executed 
iu  sandstone,  though  limestone  of  first-class 
quality  existed  in  unlimited  quantity  on  the 
spot.  The  sandstones  are  found  iu  the  south 
and  south-east  of  the  county  coming  in  from  the 
(riaeen's  County  and  Tipperary,  at  present  none 
of  these  sandstones  are  much  used  for  building, 
the  dressed  work  even  in  sandstone  localities 
being  in  limestone.  Croaghan  Hill,  a  few  miles 
north  of  Phillipstown,  is  made  up  of  igneous 
rocks  interbedded  with  limestones  of  the  Lower 
and  calp  divisions  ;  melaphyres,  eurites,  fel- 
stone,  and  tuff  are  common  in  it.  On  the  top  of 
Croaghan  Hill  the  bare  crags  and  bosses  of  rock 
are  ash  of  a  greenish  hue,  with  fragments  of  trap 
and  limestone  imbedded  in  a  calcareous  paste. 
The  trap  rocks  found  here  would,  if  crushed, 
make  much  better  paving  slabs  with  Portland 
cement  than  any  of  the  limestones  of  this  county, 
or  even  the  granites  which  are  generally  used  for 
the  purpose.  The  I'pper  limestones  in  this  county 
are  fairly  represented  in  the  Ballyduff  Quarry 
and  in  the  railway  cutting  through  rock  at  Tulla- 
more railway  station  :  the  Middle  Limestones  are 
seen  in  some  small  quarries  about  two  miles  east 
of  Tullamore  and  at  Odiums  Bridge,  where  they 
are  thin  bedded,  dark,  compact  stones  with  shale 
partings  between  the  beds;  another  Lower  Lime- 
stone, which  are  dolemitic  in  places,  occurs  at 
Mount  Briscoe  and  in  the  hiU  to  the  south  of  it ; 
everywhere  the  I'pper  Limestones  furnish  the 
best  building  stone.  There  are  114  quarries 
shown  on  the  Geological  Map  of  this  county  ;  at 
present  11  only  are  worked.  In  the  17th  century 
Birr  furnished  much  of  the  window  and  drinking 
glass  used  in  Dublin;  there  are  no  glassworks 
in  the  county  at  present. 


The  rocks  of  this  county  are  Millstone  Grit, 
"  Yoredale "  sandstone  (307),  and  shale  with 
Ironstone  :  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  Car- 
boniferous Limestone  (321)  with  magnesian 
limestone  and  sandstone  ;  Old  Red  Sandstone  : 
Lower  Silurian :  Serpentine,  Mica  Schist,  and 
Gneiss — all  probably  altered  Silurians ;  Pre- 
Cambrian,  and  Diorite.  Carrick-on-Shannon  is 
built  on  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  ;  Manor 
Hamilton  on  a  gneissose  rock,  Magnesian  Lime- 
stone, Calp,  and  .\lluvium.  .Vll  the  building  stones 
of  this  county  are  Carboniferous  limestones  or 
sandstones.  The  prevailing  character  of  the 
limestone  is  : — Hard  to  work,  calpy,  impure,  and 
dark-coloured.  Dressings  are  therefore  obtained 
fromlimestone  rocks  of  higher  quality  found  in  the 
adjoining  counties.  The  R.C.  church,  Carrick- 
on-Shannon,  was  built  with  Carricklevy  stone  ; 
that  quarried  at  Carrick  Slavin  was  used  in 
Carrick  Bridge.  There  are  limestone  quarries 
near  Drumsna  and  other  towns,  but  they  are  of 
local  interest  only.  Between  Dromod  and 
Drumsna  there  are  several  quarries  in  "the  Car- 
boniferous Sandstone,  which  furnish  white 
quartzose  hard  stones  in  large  blocks.  Some  of 
the  most  important  are  Greenan,  Farrow  Bar, 
Cloonmorris,  Curnaghan,  KiUea,  and  Glenfarn. 
Of  these.  Farrow  Bar  is  the  only  one  in  work  at 
present,  and  it  gives  employment  to  four  men. 
There  are  no  less  than  287  quarries  shown  on  the 
map  of  this  county.  The  rough  slates  which  are 
found  in  the  other  SUurian  rocks  and  Coal 
Measures  are  only  used  for  walling  locally.  The 
supposed  Cambrian  or  Pre-Cambrian  rocks  coming 
into  this  county  on  the  west,  from  Sligo,  are 
green  quirtzites  and  schists,  suitable  for  paving, 
rough  walling,  and  road  metal  only. 


STEEL     CONCRETE. 

THE  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers 
have,  for  some  time,  cousidered  the  import- 
ance of  investigating  the  subject  of  "concrete 
and  steel  construction,"  and,  we  believe,  have 
appointed  a  committee  to  thoroughly  discuss  the 


MARfir  4,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


385 


subject  and  deduce  some  general   rules  for  the 
engineer's  guidance  in  design  and  construction. 
There    have  been   many  failures  reported  :    but 
these  have  been  owing  to  incompetency  ami  inex- 
perience.    Two  of   the    earlier   pioneers  in  this 
field  of  construction  were  Jlonier  and  Ransome, 
whose     methods    are    known    to   all   engineers, 
and    whose    systems    have     been     largely    and 
fuccessfuUy     employed     in    both     France     and 
California.     Since     this    time    the    question    of 
reinforced     concrete    has    been    discussed     with 
more  or  less  zeal ;  and  many  systems  have  been 
introduced.     The  scarcity  of  steel  for  structural 
purposes  gave  renewed  interest  to  the  combina- 
tion as  one  of  the  best  means  of  economising  the 
inetal.    The  combination  of  steel  and  concrete  was 
at  once  recognised  as  a  solution,  and  there  was  a 
great  demand  and  a  corresponding  rush  to  supply. 
In  a  paper  on  this  subject  in  the  Jiuff/nrcri it f/Jiccorri, 
.  Mr.  Ross   Francis   Tucker,  M.Am. Soc.C.E,,  says 
truly  enough,  "  there  came  forth  rods  and  bars, 
sheared  metal  and  wire  mesh  in  great   variety, 
each   with  its  formula',   tables  of   sizes,   records 
of  tests,  references,  and  authorities,  until  one  was 
bewildered  with  data."     Many  firms  introduced 
systems   in  which  bars  and    meshes  were  used, 
and  the  young,  inexperienced  engineer  was  en- 
gaged  to   conduct    these    undertakings   without 
suthcient  technical  knowledge.     As  llr.  Tucker 
observes,    these    novices    in  engineering   solved, 
to     their    own    satisfaction    and    that    of  their 
firms,    the     most     difficult     problems     of     long 
spans   and  building  slabs   composed  of  concrete 
and  steel  in  the  form  of  bars  and  mesh .     They 
tested  these  with  loads  that  were  far  in  excess  of 
their  tensile  capacity,     "  The  tensile  reinforce- 
ment was  ridiculously  out  of  proportion  to  the 
compressive  area,  and  as  for  shearing  resistance, 
that  was   omitted    entirely."       Little   care   was 
given  to  bearings  or  the  selection  of  materials. 
The  mi.xing   of   the  ingredients  of  the  concrete 
and  the  tamping  were  done  anyhow,  and  the  im- 
bedded metil  tied  together  with  bits  of  Xo.  16 
tie-wire.     Concrete  making  has  been  often  left  to 
unskilled    hands    who  have   had  no  experience. 
The  weather  and  temperature  are  elements  in  the 
making   of   concrete.     In    hot   weather,    as   this 
writer  says,   shade  and  water  are  necessary  ;  in 
cold  weather,  shelter  and  warmth.     When  once 
moulded  or  tamped  in  position  it  should  be  left 
undisturbed.      The    same  author  observes  there 
has  been   no  general    advance   since   Ransome's 
work,  though  details  have  been  improved  ;  there 
have  been  many  rivals  to  the  twisted  bar,  but  no 
material  progress  in  design  over  the  work  of  a 
decade  or  two  ago  is  seen.     "  What  we  need," 
says   ilr.  Tucker,    "  is   skilful    and   responsible 
application  of  the  data  on  the  actual  construc- 
tion."    It  is  shameful,  he  says,  that  a  concrete 
beam  should  fail,  whatever  the  type  of  bar  used  ; 
and  no  less  shameful   that    "such   an  excellent 
material  as  expanded  metal  "  should  be  subjected 
to   the    disgrace    of    a   collapse,    because   of   the 
endeavour  of   some    "agent"   to    "  outspan   his 
competitor."     The  busy  engineer  is  at  the  mercy 
o£  these  irresponsible  agents  :  he  has  no  time  to 
make  his  own  experiments  ;    he  has  to  rely  on 
data  and  results  published  by  firms,     t^ne  thing 
this  writer   says   he    should   do,  and  that  is  to 
insist  "  that  skilled  and  experienced  firms  shall 
do  his  work."     The  committee  to  be  appointed 
by   the    American    Society   of    Civil    Engineers 
will   be    accomplishing  a   useful   work    for    the 
profession  if  they  published  data  and  rules  that 
could    be   relied   upon  on   the    design  and   con- 
struction of  steel  concrete  structures.     AVo  have 
already  hinted  in  these  pages  the  importance  of 
such  investigations  for  other  building  materials 
and  systems,  suoh  as  those  used  for  fire-resisting 
construction,  floors,  and  beams.     The  real  ascer- 
tained strength  of  every  type  of  bar  and  mesh  and 
its  proper  proportion  to  the  concrete  mass  ought 
to  be  easily  found  out    and   recorded,   the  safe 
limits  of  each  in  various  kinds  of  construction. 
Similar  data  and  rules  should  be  ascertained  about 
the  making  and  use  of  concrete,  the  proportion  it 
should  bear  to    tensile    reinforcement,  the  best 
means  of   preventing  eliding  of  the  bars  under 
stress,  their  connection,  the  protection  of  steel  from 
corrosion,    and     tho     results     of     tests     on    the 
subject     under     different     conditions      of      tho 
.atmo.-ipheie.     A  good   deal  has    yet    to    be  dis- 
covered as    to    the    action    of   cement  on  steel, 
and  tlio  value  of  protecting  the  steel  by  painting 
or   othcrwiBo.     Much    has    been  written   on  all 
these  mutters,  and  tests    and    data    innumcrabli' 
have    been    published  ;    but    they    are    wiiliout 
authoritative  sanction.     A  committee  of  experts 
who  have  the  means  of  conducting   a  series  of 


experiments  extending  over  a  lengthened  period,    high-class  woods,  that  thfir  colour  should  im- 
and  with  every  variety  of  concrete  and  steel,  can    prove  with  age ;  it  militates  against  value  when 


arrive  at  results  which  may  be  taken  as  con- 
clusive. The  absence  of  commercial  interests  in 
certain  systems  and  materials  is  essential  to  a 
reliable  result. 


MAHOGANY  AND  OTHER  FANCY  WOODS 
AVAILABLC;  FOR  CONSTRUCTIVE  AND 
DECORATIVE  PURPOSES.* 

By  Fkaxk  Th'faxv. 

THE  needs  of  general  building  are  in  the  main 
well  provided  for  with   soft  woods  ;  but  our 
purview  is  that    of    something  beyond   a   m-re 
granary,  so  that   it  is  necessary  to  consider  the 
varied  requirements    of   the  architect,   engineer, 
and  naval  constructor  ;  also  the  railway  carriage 
and    coach    builder,  the    needs   of    the  cabinet- 
maker    and     shopfitfer,    followed     by   those    of 
the    silversmith    and     cutler.      The    makers    of 
fancy    knick-knacks    can    utilise   many    beauti- 
fully  fine    woods,    which  on    account    of    tbeii' 
small  sizes  are  not  adapted  for  large  constructive 
purposes.     To  draw  a  strict  line  betwixt  what  is 
construccive   and   what   is    decorative    might   be 
arbitrary:  thus  the  companion-way  of  a  modern 
steamer   may    be    fittei    with   the    finest  fancy 
woods,  and   whilst   the   work   is  primarily  con- 
structive, it  becomes  essentially  decorative.     In 
furniture  —  domestic   or   otherwise  —  apart  from 
the  utility  of  the  article  required,  the  idea  is  to 
embellish — in  other  words,  to  make  it  decorative  : 
hence  the   demand   for   high-class   fancy  woods. 
When  considering  what  particular  wood  to  use  in 
any  prospective  undertaking,  if  the  result  is  to  be 
satisfactory,  the  choice   demands  much  thought. 
To  judge  "from  many  years  of  observation,  it  is 
extremely  doubtful  if   wood,  as   an  aid  to  con- 
structive and  decorative  art,   is  appraised  at  its 
proper  value   in  flrit-dass  buildings.     Too  fre- 
quently   architects     embody    in     their    original 
designs   some   charming    features    of    woodwork 
only  to  find,  when   the    tenders    are  submitttd, 
that  the    gross    cost    of    the    entire   building  is 
beyond    the   ideas   of   the   principal   or  building 
committee.     Then  commences  the  paring  down, 
which  usually  results  in  the  exclusion  of  high- 
class  woodwork  ;  this  can  only  be  compared  to  a 
lady  ordering  a  silk  gown,  and  accepting  it  with 
cotton  trimmings.     In  the  North,  there  is  at  the 
present    moment    a    Roman     Catholic  cathedral 
being  erected,  where  the  woodwork    is   of  verj- 
ordinary   soft   wood,  not   in   harmony  with  the 
richness  of  the   stonework.     AVith   reference   to 
the  proposed   Liverpool    Cathedral,   it   is   to   be 
hoped  that  the  architect  and  building  committee 
will  avoid  the  repetition  of  such  a  blunder  as  the 
cutting  down  of  wood  at  the  expense  of  stone. 
With    further    reference     to     the    "  choice    of 
woods,"  what  can  be  more  incongruous  than  a 
mahogany   pulpit    in    a    Gothic  bulding,   or   to 
see  drawing-room  furniture  made  of  oak  'r  Certain 
woods  are  unsuitable  for  Chippendale  or  Sheraton 
furniture  ; — for  these  styles,  Spanish  mahogany  is 
decidedly  most  suitable.     Obviously  it  would  be 
impossible  to  classify  all  woods  and  define  their 
adaptability  for  each  specific  style  and  purpose,  but 
possibly  the  suggestions  named  will  insure  some 
little  attention.     Apart  from  style,   there  is  also 
the  question  of  the  utility  of  a  given  wood  for  a 
specific  purpose  ;  thus,  in  the  introduction  of  fine 
woods  into  the  fittings   and   furniture  of  public 
buildings,    offices,    hotels,    and   steamers,    where 
hard   wear   has   to   be   withstood,    the    architect 
should  seek   to  procure  such  woods  as  will  not 
readily  indent  or  absorb  the  dirt  and  smoke  inci- 
dental to  the  places  named.    To  avoid  these  objec- 
tions, it  is  necessary  to  choose  woods  containing 
most  of  the  essential  features  which  give  fancy 
woods  their  value.  Briefly  summarised,  the  salient 
features  of  what  is  required  of  any  fancy  wood  is 
that  it  shall  possess  more  or  less  of  th*!  follow-ing 
attributes :  — Hardness    of    surface,    but   it  must 
not  be  of  such  hardness  as  to  render  it  potty,  or 
brittle,    so  as  to  be  too  difficult  to  tool ;  even- 
ness  of   texture,    that   is    an    absence   of  undue 
variation   of    alternate  layn's  ;  cohesion  of  fibre, 
along  with   an   absence  of  resinous  galls.     It  is 
also  necessary  that  tho  wood  sh'  uld  season  more 
or  less  readily,  without  a  ♦cndency  to  tear  itself 
into  shreds,  or  to  twist  and  warp  when  seasoned  ; 
nor  should  it  swell   and  shrink  with  every  slight 
variation  of  atmospheric  contlitions.     Colour  and 
figure   are    punts    which    allow    a   considerable 
latitude  of  choice ;  it  is,  however,  desirable,  in 


they  fade,  go  bUck,  or  become  lifeless.  In 
cabinetmaking,  glue  plays  an  important  part : 
any  wood  which  will  not  take  glue  is  worthless 


A  paper  rotid  before  tlie  Society  of  Arts. 


for  this  class  of  work.     It  is  also  essential  that  a 
fancy  wood  should  be  c  <pable   of  yielding  a  fine 
surface  when   polished  ; — a   wood   which   unduly 
absorbs  polish  is  discounted.     Many  woods  which 
possess  the  attributes  named  lack  size  ;  but  those 
which  have  the  essentials,  combined  with  length 
and  width,   are    invaluable    in  constructive  and 
decorative  art.      An    important    point     for    the 
architect,   before    stipulating  for  any  particular 
wood,     is     to     leatn     if    its    specification     will 
yield  the  sizes  required  ; — an  iron  girder  can   be 
made  to  any  size,  but  the  length  and  depth  of  an 
oak  beam  is  limited  to   what  the  tree  will  yield. 
Having  thus  enumerited  the  features  of  the  wood 
in  general,  it  is  now  desirable  specifically  to  name 
those  woods  which   are   on   the   market,  and  in 
doing  this,  to  give,  as  far  as  possible,  the  peculiar 
characteristics  of  each.     Perhaps  it  will  simplify 
the  classification  to  ignore  all  botanical  distinc- 
tions   and    genera ;    merely    giving    their    well 
recognised  commercial  names.     Recognising  the 
fact  that  each  wood  has  its  own  special  utility,  and 
that  no  one  wood  is  for  every  purpose  an  absolute 
premier,  there  are  three  distinct  woods,  namely, 
mahogany,  oak,  and  teak,  each  possessing  many 
important  characteristics  so  as  to  justify  the  ex- 
p?nditure  of  labour  in   their  manipulation,  and 
rank  them  as  leading  fancy  woods.     M  ihogany, 
if  placed    first,  must  not  take  that  place  to  the 
disparagement     of     either    oak    or    teik.      The 
commanding   position    of   mahogany  is   not  due 
to   any  mere   freak   of   fashion,  but    to  its  own 
intrinsic  merits,   along   with    the    abundance  of 
supply.     Thirty  feet  is  not   an  unusual   length, 
and    the    squares    range    from    12in.    to    oOin. 
Mahogany    seasons    readily,    with     an     absence 
of  splitting  and    checking,     iluch  of    it  is  firm 
grown  wood,  not  too  difficult  to  tool.     It  stands 
when   wrought,   and   is   practically  non-inflam- 
mable ;  it  is  cap\ble  of  a  high  finish  in  polishing, 
and,  as  a  groundwork  for  paint   it  is  without  an 
equal.     Broadly,  it  can  with  advantage   be  used 
for  almost   every  purpose   of   high  constructive 
and   decorative   work.     The   range  of  sizes  and 
quality,  the  variety  of  colour,  and  the  diversity  of 
figure   (or  absence  of   figure   if   so  required)  is, 
indeed,    marcellous.     Whilst  special   logs   fetch 
high  prices,  the  average   value  does  not  exceed 
that  of  waney  pine  ;  hence  the  range  of  purposes 
to  which  it  can  be  applied.     JIahogany  is  defec- 
tive in  colour  when  its  paleness  approaches  that 
of  birch,  or  it  may  be  too  highly  coloured  ;  it  is 
considered  good  when  betwixt  the  two  extremes — 
that  is  to  say,   of    a    bright    ruby  appearance. 
Grain  or  texture  :    Wood  of  good  quality,  when 
firmly  grown,  should  be    fine    and   free  in   the 
working,  without  being  too  hard.     Figure  :    A 
log  handsomely  figured,  if  of  good  colour  and  tex- 
ture,   commands     in    price   shillings   as   against 
pence  for  ordinary  wood.    The  selection  for  figure 
affords  considerable  scope   for   the  judgment  of 
buyers.     The    different    figures   are   technically 
known  as    "roe,"   "mottle,"    "cross  mottle," 
"  dapple,"  "  fiddleback,"  and  "plum  pattern," 
along  with  "  curls,"  but  the  latter  are  not  much 
sought  by  Englishbuyers.  Inthemain.botanically, 
our  mahogany  supplies  are  the  same  :  hut  there  is 
a  great  range  of  quality,  especially  in  the  African 
shipm^ts.     As  to  the  classification  of  the  various 
imports,  it   would  be  misleading  to  say  that  one 
district  yields  all  good  and  other  districts  all  bad  : 
but,  speaking  generally,  the  imports  of  Spanish 
mahogany — that  is,  St.  Domingo  and  Cuba  wood 
—possess  the  finest  texture,  and  have,  in  a  marked 
degree,  those  chemical  constituents  which  cause 
the  wood  to  mellow  and  improve  in  colour  with 
age,  giving  them  a  charm  which  is  distinctively 
tlieir   own.      Tho   supply   from   St.    Domingo  is 
now  insignificant,  and   consists  chiclly  of  small 
chairwood.      The     Cuban     shipments,    notwith- 
standing a  great  quantity  of  small  wood,  afford  a 
good  range  of  sizes  which  fit  them  for  the  highest 
purposes    of    constructive     and    decorative    art. 
Tho    wood    is    of    firm,    silky   texture,    without 
being  too  hard,  and  wMien   wrought  there  is  no 
tendency  to   warp.      Much   of  it  is  only  slightly 
figured  ;     when    richly     figured,    it    commands 
high  prices.     It  would'  be  difficult  to  give  rules 
to   enable   tho    layman    to    distinguish   Spanish 
mihogany    from   "other    varieties :    but    it.s  silky 
texture,  "with    small   white    specks   in    tho   bait 
(whilst  the  specks  in  bay  wood  iitv  usually  black), 
arc  useful  as  guides,     .\nother  feature  of  Spanish 
wood  is  its  intense  coldness  of  touch  compared 


336 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


March  4,  1904. 


■with  bay  wood.     The  next  mahogany  in  order  of 
merit  is  Honduras  bay  wood,  especially  the  ship- 
ments from  Belize  and  Trujillo.     These  come  in 
larger    sizes    than    .Spanish    wood  :    hence  their 
greater    adaptability    for    larger    work.      Their 
silky   texture,    along    with    a    general    freedom 
from  serious  heart  shakes,  causes  the  wood  to  be 
much  appreciated.     In   point  of  size,  Honduras 
wood  is  excelled  by  the  Tabasco  shipments  :  the 
latter   also     yields    6ne-textured,    good-coloured 
wood,  but   the   heart    shakes    are   usually  more 
serious.     Mexican   shipments   are    much    softer, 
and  frequently  contain   corky   heart   wood,  but 
the  suppUes  to   this  country  are  practically  nil. 
Nicaraguan  mahogany,    chiefly   shipped    in  the 
round,  is  of  mild  texture  :  but  the  supply  is  insig- 
nificant, and  is  controlled  by  a  Boston  syndicate. 
Panama  mahogany,  whilst  it  is  of  good  texture, 
is   subject  to   worms,   and    it    comes   in  such  a 
shockingly    battered     condition     that     it     only 
realises    low  prices,   and   the   shipments  are  too 
erratic  to  gi^•e  it  a  place.     From  Guatemala  there 
is  a  nice  quality  of  mahogany  shipped,  but  the 
heart  shakes    are    serious.      The     Costa    Rican 
.and    Colombian    shipments    are    so   variable    in 
quality,    and    the    shipments    too    uncertain   to 
enable  them  to  be  ranked  as   standard  imports. 
Unfortunately,    whatever    may    be    the    merits 
of    the    mahogany    shipped    from    the    Central 
American  ports  the  quantities  arriving  in   this 
country  are   diminishing.     But  this  is  compen- 
sated by  the  development— especially  into  Liver- 
pool— of  the  African  mahogany  business.  Although 
the  character  of    this  wood  varies,  it  embraces 
timber    which    contains,    in    a  marked  degree, 
those  characteristics  which  make  for  value.     The 
quantity  received  ie  simply  enormous,  represent- 
ing the  product  of  different  districts ;  the  wood 
of  each  has  its  own   utility,  but    probably  the 
following  classification  wiU  meet  the  approval  of 
experts: — Lagos  wood,  in  colour  and  silkiness  of 
texture,  more  closely  approximates  to  the  Tabasco 
shipments,   but  in    size    it    is    generally  small. 
Benin  wood  affords  an  excellent  range  of  sizes, 
and    the    logs    are    well    scjuared.      The   wood, 
having  a  splendid    texture,    commands    a   lead- 
ing position.     Axim  and  Assinee  wood  is  usually 
well   squared,    and    yields  enormous   sizes  ;  the 
colour  is  generally  good,  but  the  texture  is  softer 
than  other  shipments ;   it  is  also  found  that  the 
logs  are  more   or   less  liable  to   cross  fractures, 
which  cannot  be  seen  until  the  logs  are  cut  into. 
Bathurst  wood  represents  the  hardest  mahogany 
from  Africa,  but  the  sizes  are  somewhat  small. 
There  are  other  African  ports  from  which  good 
merchantable  timber  is  shipped,  which,  however, 
does  not  require  any  special  notice  ;  but  Gaboon 
wood  is  very  Uttle  better  than  birch  in  colour  and 
texture,  and,  as  a  furniture-wood,  it  should  be 
avoided.      Sapeli    wood    comes    in    fine,    large, 
well-squared  logs,  but  is  scented  like  cedar,  the 
colour  and  texture  being  extremely  variable  ;  it  is 
certainly  not   growing   in   favour   with   buyers, 
aome  of  whom  doubt  if  the  wood  is  in  reality  a 
mahogany.     There  can  be  no  doubt  that  African 
mahogany   is  a  most   desirable   addition   to  our 
stock  of  furniture- woods,  and  if  properly  selected 
wiU  hold  its  own,  and  the  mere  fact  that  figured 
logs  sell  at  prices  ranging  from  5s.  to  l'2s.  6d.  per 
foot  of  inch  is  sufficient  to  show  how  highly  it  is 
appreciated.      I'assing   to  'Asiatic  mahogany,   it 
lacks  the  brightness  of   colour  which  is  usual  in 
other  varieties.     Of  Australian  mahogany,  occa- 
sionally smaU  sample  shipments  are  made  ;  whilst 
the  wood  is  deeply  coloured,  it  is  very  dense,   and 
has   a    tendency   to   split  in    seasoning.      It   is 
doubtful,    even   if    nursed   under   a  preferential 
tariff,  that   buyers   would    take    kindly  to  it  so 
long  as  they  can  obtain  suppUes  from  the  true 
mahogany  belt. 

{To  be  concluded.) 


Butlbins  JnUlUgmct 


A  massive  silver  salver  has  been  subscribed  to  by 
a  number  of  members  of  the  Bristol  Master  Builders' 
Association  for  presentation  to  Mr,  William  Church 
in  recognition  of  his  long  and  continuous  services  to 
the  association.  Unfortunately,  Mr.  Church's  health 
precludes  the  possibility  of  the  presentation  to  him 
being  a  public  one,  aud  it  will  therefore  be  made  at 
his  residence  by  a  small  deputation. 

A  special  report  issued  by  the  general  purposes 
committee  of  the  West  Bromwich  Corporation 
recommends  for  adoption  plans  prepared  by  the 
borough  surveyor  for  the  extension  of  the  present 
office  accommodation  at  the  public  buildings.  The 
scheme  formulated  is  designed  with  the  view  of 
supplying  the  needs  of  the  town  clerk's,  borough 
treasurer's,  borough  surveyor's,  and  gas  depart- 
ments.   The  estimxted  cost  of  the  schema  is  i;2,.300. 


Acton-. — On  Saturday  last  a  new  boys'  ele- 
mentary school,  built  in  Osbome-road,  Acton, 
was  opened  by  the  chairman  of  the  district 
council,  Mr.  A.  W.  W.  King.  It  bus  been 
erected  from  designs  by  Mr.  E.  Monson, 
F.R.I.B.A.,  of  Acton,  the  quantity  surveyor 
being  Mr.  F.  T.  W.  Miller,  A.R.I. B.A.,  also  of 
Acton,  and  the  builder  Blr.  Blackmore.  The 
accommodation  provides  places  for  725  pupils  on 
two  floors,  the  elder  scholars  being  on  the  upper 
floor  with  separate  staircases. 

Bristol. — The  Archdeacon  of  Bristol  dedicated 
the  south  chapel  at  St.  Agnes  Church  last 
week.  The  work  which  has  been  carried  out  at 
the  church  includes  a  carved  oak  screen,  set  in 
the  three  niches  which  divide  the  south  chapel 
from  the  rest  of  the  church,  and  a  carved  oak 
reredos.  The  altar  piece  is  an  Arundel  produc- 
tion of  Perugino's  picture  of  the  "  Adoration  of 
the  Cross."  The  altar  stands  on  a  step  of 
marble  mosaic.  The  designs  for  all  the  work 
except  the  frame  of  the  picture  are  by  Mr.  W. 
W.  Wood  Bethell,  of  St.  Leonard  s-on-Sea, 
architect  of  the  church,  and  the  carving  has  been 
executed  by  Messrs.  Wilmut  and  Sons,  of  Mont- 
pelier.  There  were  also  dedicated  at  the  same 
time  two  stained-glass  clerestory  windows. 

Heuefouii. — The  Archb-shop  of  Canterbury 
has  consented  to  dedicate  the  restored  weat-end 
of  the  nave  of  Hereford  Cathedral  on  Jlarch  25. 
The  west  window  was  erected  as  a  memorial  to 
Queen  Victoria  by  8,000  women  of  the  diocese, 
and  unveiled  by  Princess  Henry  of  Battenberg 
in  1902.  It  was  then  felt  to  be  desirable,  if  not 
absolutely  necessary,  to  carry  on,  in  accordance 
with  Mr.  J.  Oldrid  Scott's  design,  a  further 
renewal  of  the  west  front,  the  pinnacles  and 
upper  part  of  which  had  been  rendered  insecure 
by  the  earthquake  of  1896,  while  the  whole 
fai;ade,  as  rebuilt  by  Wyatt  in  1786,  was  indisput- 
ably unworthy  of  the  rest  of  the  cathedral.  In 
order  to  start  this  work,  the  dean  and  chapter 
sanctioned  an  expenditure  of  £2,250,  the  adorn- 
ment of  the  upper  section  being  taken  in  hand. 
Now  an  entirely  new  west  portal  with  rich  double 
doorways  into  the  cathedral  has  been  erected,  and 
other  renovation  carried  out,  at  a  further  cost  of 
£5,000.  There  still  remain  the  renewal  of  the 
west  front  of  the  side  aisles,  with  the  addition  of 
massive  turrets,  at  a  further  expenditure  of 
£5,000.  We  illustrated  Mr.  Oldrid  Scott's  design 
in  our  issue  of  Jan.  2,  1903. 

Leeds. — It  is  anticipated  that  the  formal 
opening  of  the  new  Roman  Citholic  Cathedral  of 
St.  Anne,  in  Cookridge-street,  Leeds,  will  take 
place  early  in  April.  The  building,  of  which 
Mr.  J.  H.  Eastwood,  .A.R.I.B..A.,  of  Kensington, 
is  the  architect,  is  rapidly  nearing  completion  ; 
but  the  congregation  will  require  to  move  into  it 
before  the  work  of  erection  is  complete,  as  the 
corporation  are  desirous  of  razing  the  old 
cathedral  to  the  ground  as  soon  as  possible  to 
effect  the  proposed  street  improvement.  The 
sum  of  £46,000,  which  the  congregation  received 
for  the  site  of  the  old  cathedral,  has  now  been 
expended  in  the  erection  of  the  new  edifice,  and 
there  is  still  considerable  work  to  be  done.  The 
erection  of  the  tower,  and  the  high  altar, 
together  with  the  fittings  of  the  cathedral,  are 
still  unprovided  for.  The  tower  alone  will  cost 
£3,000,  and  at  least  another  £1,000  will  be 
required  for  the  high  altar.  We  illustrated  the 
new  cathedral  by  a  double  page  perspective  and 
plan  in  our  icsue  of  Oct.  3,  1902. 

LoNDOK  County  Council. — At  Tuesday's 
meeting  of  this  body.  Captain  Hemphill  (Chair- 
man of  the  Building  Act  Committee),  in  reply  to 
questions  with  regard  to  the  recent  fire  in  Duke's 
Head-passage,  City,  said  that  the  Council  had  no 
power  under  the  London  Building  Act  to  prevent 
the  re-erection  or  alteration  of  narrow  courts  and 
buildings  unless  they  happened  to  be  buildings 
for  the  working  classes,  provided  that  the  build- 
ings existed  before  the  passing  of  the  Act  of  1894. 
In  this  area  there  were  a  large  number  of  ciils-dc- 
si:c,  and  the  Council  had  no  power  or  control  over 
them  on  account  of  the  special  exemptions  given 
to  the  City  uuder  the  Building  Acts.  No  matter 
how  good  oreflicient  the  Fire  Brigade  might  be, 
it  was  impossible  to  save  life  unless  the  buildings 
were  so  constructed  as  to  permit  the  brigade 
properly  to  carry  on  its  work.  Mr.  Burns,  M  P., 
suggested  that  the  iron  posts  at  the  opening  of 
these  narrow  passages  should  be  placed  on  hinges, 


so  as  to  permit  the  fire-escape  to  pass.  Alderman 
AUiston  promised  to  bring  before  the  Common 
Council  this  suggestion.  A  long  discussion  took 
place  over  the  recommendation  of  the  Highways 
Committee  to  pass  over  the  tender  of  Messrs.  W. 
Griffiths  (for  £86,623)  for  that  of  Messrs.  J.  G. 
White  and  Co.  (for  £95,005),  for  the  work  of  re- 
constructing the  Streatham  Cable  Tramways. 
An  amendment  to  the  effect  that  the  matter  be 
referred  back,  so  that  an  independent  engineer 
might  report  on  the  work  carried  out  by  Jlessrs. 
Grifliths,  was  negatived,  and  the  recommendation 
of  the  Committee  was  adopted.  Upon  the  re- 
commendation of  the  Technical  Education  Board, 
the  sum  of  £5,800  was  voted  for  the  purchase  of 
a    bite   in   Lime-grove,    Hammersmith,    for   the 


erection  of  a  technical  institute  within  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Technical  Instruction  Acts. 

TuNBHiDGE  Wells. — Silwood  House,  which 
has  been  converted  into  a  Homn'opathic  Hospital, 
was  reopened  last  week.  The  work  of  remodelling 
the  existing  rooms,  and  designing  the  new 
premises  built  on  to  them,  was  intrusted  to  Mr. 
C.  H.  Strange,  architect.  The  hospital  now 
comprises  men's  and  women's  wards  in  the  old 
part  of  the  building,  and  a  large  ward  and  opera- 
ting theatre  in  the  new  part.  These  rooms,  with 
the  ward  kitchen,  bathroom,  charge  nurse's 
room,  and  conveniences,  are  all  on  the  first  floor. 
The  wards  all  face  south  or  west,  and  overlook 
the  grounds  and  the  common.  There  is  also  a 
private  ward  on  the  ground  floor  where  are 
situated  the  matron's  room,  staff  dining-room, 
kitchens,  &c.  On  the  second  floor  are  the 
matron's,  nurses',  servants'  caretakers'  bedrooms, 
bathrooms,  store-rooms,  &o.  A  patients'  lift  is 
placed  next  to  the  entrance,  and  a  service  runs 
from  the  basement,  through  all  the  floors.  The 
building  is  lighted  throughout  by  electricity,  with 
an  auxiliary  gas  service  for  emergencies,  and 
heated  by  low-pressure  hot  water.  The  out- 
patients' department  is  entirely  separate,  and 
comprises  a  waiting-room,  two  consulting-rooms, 
dressing-room,  dispensary,  &c.  The  amount  ex- 
pended in  building  operations  has  been  £2,250, 
and  the  general  contractors  were  Messrs.  Strange 
and  Sons,  of  Tunbridge  Wells. 

W.VLW0UTH,  S.E.— The  Ecclesiastical  Commis- 
sioners are  about  to  rebuild  the  properties  on  the 
estate  of  22  acres  in  Walworth  which  have 
reverted  to  them  on  the  expiration  of  99  years' 
lease.  The  Commissioners  have  entered  into 
contracts  for  erecting  on  a  portion  of  this  pro- 
perty, at  a  cost  of  £26,850,  51  cottages,  eight 
cottage  flats,  containing  16  suites  of  three  rooms 
and  a  washhouse  each,  and  two  three-storied 
tenement  houses.  On  the  rest  of  the  property 
they  will  go  on  to  build  3i  five-room  and  87 
four-room  cottages,  96  cottago  flats,  489  three- 
room  and  87  two-room  tenements — or  accom- 
modation for  793  families  in  2,447  rooms.  The 
total  cost  will  be  about  £200,000,  and  the  annual 
yield  will  probably  be  a  little  under  4  per  cent. 
The  Commissioners  are  completing  on  another 
estate  in  Mitre-street,  New  Cut,  Lambeth,  a 
large  rebuilding  scheme  of  similar  character.  On 
this  New  Cut  estate  there  are  six  fire-room  and 
23  four-room  cottages  ;  while  there  are  also 
tenement  houses  affording  177  three-room  suites 
and  50  two-room  suites.  Thus  there  will  be  257 
separate  holdings,  making  a  total  of  754  rooms. 
In  both  cases  the  streets  will  be  widened,  and  a 
small  recreation  ground  wiU  be  provided. 

York. — A  quaint  comer  of  York  has  just  been 
restored  through  the  public  spirit  of  Mr.  Frank 
Green,  of  the  Treasurer's  House.  To  make  way 
for  the  new  thoroughfare  of  Deangate,  from 
Minster  Yard  to  Goodramgate,  some  old  houses  in 
the  latter  street  have  been  pulled  down,  leaving 
exposed  the  old  archway  from  Goodramgate  to 
College-street.  This  was  one  of  the  quaintest 
bits  of  the  surviving  old  houses  of  York,  and 
possessed  special  interest  from  the  fact  that  it 
formed  part  of  the  premises  in  College-street 
occupied  by  George  Hudson,  when  the  famous 
railway  king  was  a  linen  draper.  The  archway 
and  the  shop  to  which  it  is  attached  have  been 
purchased  by  Mr.  Frank  Green,  who  has  had  the 
archway  restored,  in  half-timbered  work,  under 
the  supervision  of  Mr.  Temple  INIoore,  the  archi- 
tect employed  in  the  restoration  of  the  Treasurer's 
House,  and  who  has  also  in  hand  the  renova- 
tion and  adaptation  ot  St.  William's  College  for 
Convocation  building*.  The  archway  is  sup- 
ported on  the  southern  side  by  oaken  pillars 
giving  access  to  Deangate,  while  the  open  timber 
work  of  the  story  above  the  arch  retains  all  the 
ancient  features  of  the  building.     The  Ecclesi- 


March  4,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


337 


astical  Commissioners,  who  own  George  Hudson's 
old  house,  some  years  ago  converted  it  into  a 
tenement  dwelling,  and  it  is  now  unoccupied,  and 
presents  a  dreary  aspect. 


COMPETITIONS. 

AiiERDEEy. — Three  plans  for  the  proposed  re- 
construction of  the  town  house  are  on  exhibition 
in  the  county  hall.  Two  of  the  plan^  are  by  Jlr. 
John  Ruit,  city  architect,  and  one  by  Jlr.  A. 
Marshall  Mackenzie,  A, U.S.A.,  of  Aberdeen. 
The  main  ditference  between  the  plans  by  Mr. 
Rust  and  Jlr.  Mackenzie  is  thai-,  the  latter  pro- 
vides for  the  widening  of  Broad-street,  and  the 
former  do  not.  The  alternative  plan  by  Mr. 
Rust  is  estimated  to  cost  .£1;5,000. 

Ac'Tox. — At  a  special  meeting- of  the  district 
council  of  Acton,  the  revised  plans  prepared  by 
Mr.  Hunt,  showing  the  rearrangement  of  the 
whole  scheme,  so  as  to  place  the  Town  Hall  in 
Winchester-street  and  the  Jlunicipal  Offices  in 
High-street,  were  considered,  the  architect  ex- 
plaining his  proposals.  According  to  the  report 
in  the  ^leton  Ji.rpirsx,  it  was  resolved  to  consvilt 
the  officials  as  to  whether  the  new  design  furnishes 
the  accommodation  required  in  the  several  de- 
partments, and  a  sub-committee  of  the  council 
w.as  appointed  to  deal  with  the  new  plans, 
the  members  being  Mr.  A.  W.  W.  King,  the 
chairman  ;  Mr.  Jarratt,  the  vice-chairman,  and 
Messrs.  Cronin,  E.  Monson,  F.R.I.B.A.,  and  Mr 
F.  T.  W.  Miller,  A.R.I.B.A.  It  will  be  remem- 
bered that  the  whole  of  the  plans  submitted  in  the 
late  competition,  with  the  exception  of  the  design 
chosen  by  Mr.  Mac^'ica^  Anderson,  the  advisory 
architect,  placed  the  Town  Hall  and  Public 
Offices  in  the  positions  as  now  revised  by  Mr. 
Hunt.  The  competition  plans  are  all  still  in  the 
hands  of  the  council. 

Caudhf. — The  assessor  appointed  to  adjudicate 
in  the  competition  for  designs  for  the  proposed 
new  school  at  Canton,  jarJiff,  has  awarded  the 
designs  of  Messrs.  James  and  Morgan,  of  Charlfs- 
street  Chambers,  Cardiff,  first  place  and  the 
premium  of  £.iO.  The  second  and  third  premiums 
of  £40  and  £30  have  heen  awarded  to  Mr.  J.  H. 
Phillips  and  Mr.  E.  H.  Bruton  respectively.  The 
estimated  cost  of  the  buildings  is  between  £IS,000 
and  £20,000. 

CuTHEUOE. — A  joint  meeting  of  the  town 
council  and  free  library  committee  was  held  in 
the  town-hall  on  Jlonday,  at  which  the  plans  for 
the  new  Carnegie  library,  prepared  by  ilessrs. 
Butterworth  and  Duncan,  Rochdale,  and  Mr. 
Sandback,  Blackburn,  were  reconsidered,  the 
number  of  competitive  designs  having  been 
already  reduced  to  two.  Those  of  the  former  firm 
were  unanimously  accepted.  The  selected  design 
shows  a  building  of  Yorkshire  dressed  stone,  in 
the  Renaissance  style.  The  end  facing  Castle- 
street  is  a  segment  of  a  circle,  and  carried  forward 
in  the  form  of  a  tower,  rising  .iOft.  hi^h.  The 
building  is  three  stories  high  from  York- street. 
The  entrance  will  be  from  Church-street,  adjoin- 
ing the  present  library.  A  short  vestibule  gives 
access  to  a  circular  hall,  which  will  be  one  of  the 
features  of  the  building.  The  architects  give  an 
accommodation  for  15,000  books  iu  the  lendin"- 
library. 

Eroixcton-.— The  competitive  designs  for  the 
free  library  and  c  uncil  rooms  are  on  exhibition 
at  the  Public  Hall,  Erdington,  liirmingham, 
to-day  (Fri.)ay),  between  the  hours  of  10  a.m.  a-jd 
9  p.m.     Thirty-bix  designs  have  been  sent  in. 

Kirkcaldy. — The  competitive  design,  by  Mr. 
Forbes  Snith,  A.R.I.B.A.,  architect,  to  the 
Dysart  Burgh  .School  Board,  has  been  placed  first 
by  the  as-cssor,  and  accepted  by  the  Kirkcaldy 
Burgh  School  Board,  for  an  elementary  school  o'f 
two  stories  toaccoinraodate  1,000  pupils,'  including 
cookery  and  laundry  departments. 

Wa?<i;iiki.I)  — For  the  proposed  free  library  81 
competitive  designs  have  been  received  by'  the 
city  council  of  Wakefield. 

WixiisDR.— The  town  council  have  awardid  fo 
'Mr.  Hickmott,  of  St.  Stephen's  Chamhnrs.  liriitiil, 
the  pvoiuium  of  twenty  guineai  for  the  best  frontal 
elevation  for  the  now  police  and  fire-brigade 
stations  which  it  is  proposed  to  erect  in  St. 
Leonard's-road.  The  cost  of  the  proposed  stition 
will  be  about  £10,000,  exclusive  of  i;i,.500fora 
site. 

The  post-office  in  Cumberfjate  at  Peterborough  is 
about  to  be  enlarged  and  exteudoi  at  a  cost  of  over 
£20,000. 


PBOFESSIONAL   AND   TBASB 
SOCIETIES. 

BiiLiiiNT,  Bv-LAw  Kiu'oKM  ASSOCIATION. — The 
first  annual  meeting  of  this  association  was  held 
at  (rrosvenor  House  on  Jlonday.  In  the  absence 
of  the  Duke  of  Westminster,  Sir  William  Chance 
presided.  The  financial  statement  for  the  year 
showed  an  income  of  £128  and  a  balance  of  £13 
after  the  meeting  of  all  liabilities.  The  object  of 
the  association  is  to  secure  that  official  control  of 
private  buildings  shall  not  extend  beyond  the 
demands  of  public  health  and  safety,  and  thus  to 
prevent  encroachments  on  individual  liberty. 
The  report  in  one  of  its  paragraphs  says  : — ■ 
"  From  the  first  the  association  has  recognised 
the  necessity  for  building  regulations  in  places 
where  the  interests  of  public  health  and  safety 
demand  them  ;  but  in  many  cases  the  existing 
by-laws  and  regulations  have  gone  beyond  this 
need.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  in  some 
cases  the  interference  with  individual  liberty  has 
become  intolerable,  and  the  Local  Government 
Board  seems  itself  to  have  realised  this  by  issuing 
modified  model  by-laws  for  rural  districts."  The 
chairman  proposed  the  adoption  of  the  report, 
and  this  was  seconded  by  Lord  Hylton,  who 
spoke  of  his  own  experience  of  oppressive  by-laws 
which  greatly  interfered  with  the  building  of 
better  cottages  in  rural  districts.  Speeches  were 
also  delivered  by  Sir  Edmund  Verney,  Mr.  Mark 
H.  Judge,  Mr.  Martineau,  Mr.  Shallcross,  Mr. 
Storey,  Mr.  Clough,  Mr.  Thackeray  Turner, 
Mr.  il.  G.  Willink,  Mr.  Martin,  and  Mr.  R.  A. 
Read,  hon.  secretary.  The  report  was  adopted, 
and  the  council  for  the  year  elected. 

Crewe  Master  Bitlders'  Associatiox. — The 
members  of  the  Crewe  and  District  Master 
Builders'  Association  dined  together  on  Wednes- 
day week  at  the  Imperial  Hotel,  Crewe,  on  the 
occasion  of  the  seventh  anniversary.  The  chair 
was  occupied  by  the  president  of  the  association, 
Jlr.  W.  jlicklewright,  and  he  was  supported  by 
the  vice-president,  Jlr.  J.  Jervis ;  treasurer,  Jlr. 
J.  ^\'illiams  ;  the  secretary,  and  about  one  hun- 
dred members  and  visitors.  The  toast  of  "The 
Lancashire,  Cheshire,  and  Xorth  Wales  Building 
Trades  Employers'  Federation"  was  proposed  by 
Jlr.  J.  H.  Jervis.  Jlr.  George  L.  Drew,  of 
JIanchester,  in  responding  to  the  toast,  referred 
to  a  scheme  of  insurance  which  the  Federation 
had  in  view,  and  which  was  intended  to  minimise 
the  difficulties  which  builders  had  experienced 
since,  the  passing  of  the  Workmen's  Compensation 
Act.  The  number  of  builders'  organisations 
throughout  the  country  numbered  something  like 
850,  and  in  the  Northern  centres  alone  they  had 
upwards  of  3,500  members.  The  estimated  wages 
paid  by  those  members  to  their  employees  ex- 
ceeded seven  millions  a  year.  This  meant  a  large 
amount  paid  in  premiums  to  insurance  societies, 
and  it  was  in  order  to  provide  better  means  of 
insurance  for  the  benefit  of  those  members  that 
the  Federation  had  taken  up  the  matter.  "The 
JIunicipality  and  Town  and  Trade  of  Crewe" 
was  proposed  by  Jlr.  E.  G.  Smith.  Councillor 
Jervis  and  Jlr.  G.  Eiton-Shore,  borough  engi- 
neer, responded.  Jlr.  J.  Jervis  proposed  "  The 
Honorary  Members  and  Guests,"  and  Jlessrs. 
\V.  Vr.  Badham  and  H.  W.  G.  Garnett  responded. 
Mr.  G.  Jlorgan  was  intrusted  with  the  toast  of 
"  The  President,"  and  Mr.  Jlicklewright  acknow- 
ledged the  compliment. 

Devox  axu  Kxeter  ARCniTECTi'itiL  Society. 
— A  meeting  of  this  society  was  held  the  other 
day  at  the  College  Hall,  South-street,  Exeter, 
when  a  lecture  on  the  "  Eighteenth  Coutury 
.Vrchitecture  of  bath"  was  delivered  by  Jlr. 
.Mowbray  A.  Green,  A.K.l.B.A.,  of  Bith,  illus- 
trated by  lantern  slides.  In  the  lllth  century, 
Uith  was,  the  lecturer  pointed  out,  but  a  small 
city,  and  mostly  contained  within  its  ancient 
w.alls  which  surrounded  it  roughly  iu  the  form  of 
a  circle  of  about  l,200fr.  diameter.  A  century 
passed  before  the  use  of  the  mineral  water 
brought  the  city  into  repute,  but  about  lOSJ 
much  was  done  to  improve  the  buildings,  and  the 
visit  of  (iueen  Anne  and  the  Prince  of  Djumirk 
in  1702  and  1703  caused  a  large  inllux  of  visitors. 
Dining  the  first  twenty  yeai-s  of  the  century. 
Trim-street,  Broad-slreet,  Green-street,  part  of 
Chapel- court,  Westgate-s'.rc st,  St.  James's -street 
South,  and  part  of  (trange-grove  wore  rebuilt, 
soiuo  of  theui  being  without  the  city  walls. 
NVidcoinbe  House  also  belongs  to  this  period 
(1727).  It  was  now  thit  the  older  .fohn  Wood 
came  to  Bath  and  embarked  upon  largo  building 
schemes,  such  as  St.  .lolm's  Hospital,  Chandos 
Buildings  and  Allen's  Town  House;   while  John 


Strahan,  of  Bristol,  laid  out  Ivingsmead-srjuare, 
Kingsmead-street,  Avon-street,  and  Beaufort 
Buildings.  In  1728  Wood  began  (iueen-sriuaro 
and  Bay-sfreet  on  the  north  west  of  the  city, 
some  of  his  best  work  being  found  here.  Prior 
Park,  that  magnificent  mansion  on  the  northern 
slopes  of  (^oombe  Down,  followed  in  1735,  the 
north  and  south  parades  on  the  site  of  the  Old 
Orchard  in  1740-43,  and  several  villas  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  city,  chiefly  Balcombc 
Brook  at  Bradford-on-Avon  in  1734,  and  Titan, 
Barrow  Loggia  at  Bathford,  1748.  The  original 
plans  and  contract  for  the  latter  are  extant,  and 
are  of  extreme  interest  as  showing  how  the 
specifications  were  incorporated  with  the  plans, 
the  description  of  the  carrying  out  of  each  room 
being  written  on  the  plan  within  the  walls  of 
that  room.  The  Mineral  Water  Hospital  was 
begun  in  1738,  and  the  Circus  in  1734,  the  latter 
being  the  design  of  the  elder  Wood,  though 
carried  out  by  his  son,  who  ably  followed  his 
father's  work,  and  who,  in  1767,  began  the 
Crescent,  which  wds  completed  about  eight  years 
afterwards.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  (iueen- 
square.  Gay-square,  the  Circus,  and  the  Crescent 
were  all  part  of  a  great  scheme  which  the  elder 
Wood  had  contemplated  before  his  death  in  1754. 
In  1769  the  younger  Wood  began  the  assembly 
rooms,  an  exceptionally  well-planned  suite  of 
rooms  costing  £20,000,  a  sum  of  money  which 
would  not  cover  much  more  than-one  third  of  the 
cost  of  such  a  building  at  the  present  day. 
Alfred-street,  Prince's  Buildings,  and  Y'ork 
Buildings  were  alto  the  work  of  Wood,  who  died 
at  Batheaston  in  1781.  Of  the  buildings  which 
belong  to  the  latter  part  of  the  century,  Milsom- 
street,  begun  about  1760,  was  probably  the  work 
of  Robert  Lightholder,  who  built  the  octagon 
chapel  there  in  1767.  The  town  haU  and  markets 
wera  the  work  of  Thomas  Baldwin  in  1775,  the 
banqueting  hall  being,  if  anything,  finer  than  the 
ballroom  in  the  assembh"  looms.  In  the  last  two 
decades  of  the  century  Baldwin  built  largely  on 
the  I'ulteney  estate  on  the  other  side  of  the  river, 
and  was  also  concerned  with  much  of  the  design 
for  the  new  pump-room,  the  north  colonnade, 
and  the  fa<,'ade  of  the  King's  bath,  ha\ing  been 
erected  by  him  in  1786  and  1788  respectively. 
He  was  employed  in  Cheap-street,  where  the 
front  wall  of  the  houses  has  a  colonnade  under, 
the  Cross  Bath,  and  in  other  improvements  con- 
sequent upon  the  City  Act  of  1789.  Towards  the 
end  of  the  century  building  had  increased  enor- 
mously, and  among  the  numerous  architects  and 
builders  John  Palmer  is  most  conspicuous,  he 
having  designei  St.  James's-squire,  Lansdown- 
crescent,  and  many  other  buildings,  while  his 
facade  to  Kensington  Chapel  in  1797  is  one  of 
his  best  works.  Generally  speaking,  the  styles  of 
the  century  may  be  divided  into  three  groups — 
that  of  the  first  25  years,  when  the  houses  had 
gabled  roofs  and  fa(,Mdes  with  large  sash  windows, 
surrounded  by  boleclion  mouldings,  and  when 
the  interiors  were  panelled  in  wood  almost 
throughout,  .and  the  rooms  small  and  comfortable  ; 
the  next  50  years,  wht-n  the  work  was  modelled 
upon  the  strictly  Classic  Palladian  manner  with 
rusticated  basements,  two-storied  orders,  a  crown- 
ing cornice  and  parapets  with  Jtansard  roofs, 
while  the  interiors  became  spacious  and  dignified, 
and  plasterwork  was  brought  into  general  use  ; 
and  the  last  25  years,  when  the  free  manner  of 
Robert  Adam  came  into  vogue,  and  the  strong 
methods  of  the  earlier  work  gave  way  to  detailed 
and  abundant  decoration. 

NoTi'ixGuAM  JIasteii  Bvilders'  Associ.^tios. 
— The  annual  dinner  of  this  association  took 
place  on  Thursday  night  in  last  week  at  the 
-Vlbert  Hotel,  Derby-road,  Nottingham.  Jlr.  1'. 
II.  Fish  (president)  occupied  the  chair,  and  Jtr. 
.1.  Wright  (hon.  secretary)  the  vice-chair.  Tho 
loyal  toast  having  been  given  from  the  chair  and 
suitably  honoured,  Jlr.  Vickers  proposed  "  Tho 
Mayor,  Jtagi-trates,  and  Corporation  of  N'otting- 
h  im."  Tho  Mayor,  Cjuncillor  .V.  Pa;?e,  acknow- 
ledged tho  toast.  Jlr.  W.  E  Ig.ir  proposed  "Tho 
.Vrchitects."  Messrs.  E.  K.  Sutton  and  W.  C. 
lUckson  replied.  Jtr.  E.  Fox  propxsej  "  Success 
to  tho  Federation  and  tho  Xottinghim  Jlister 
Builders'  Association,"  to  which  Jlr.  J.  Dickia-  ^ 
son  and  the  chairmin  replied.  Oth'jr  toasts 
followed. 

I  .EEIIS  AXn  YoRKSniltE  .VRCHITECTl-RALSliriETY. 

— Befo'c  the  members  of  tho  L-^cds  and  York- 
shire Architectural  Sjcioty,  on  Thursday  night 
in  last  week,  Jlr.  Butler  Wilson  presiding, 
a  paper,  entitled  "Tho  K)manosque  Churches  of 
Auvergno,"  was  read  by  Jlr.  W.  H.  Bidlakc, 
JI..V.,  A.R.I.B.A.    The  lecturer  observed  that 


338 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  4,  1904. 


France,  during"  the  period  when  the  Itomanesque 
style  was  in  vogue,  might  he  regarded  as  having 
comprised  several  architectural  districts,  and  of 
these  none  is  more  distinct  than  that  of  Auvergne. 
The  chief  interest  in  these  buildings  lay  in  the 
intermediate  position  they  occupied  between  the 
ancient  Koman  buildings  in  the  south  of  France 
and  the  fully-developed  Gothic  cathedrals  of  the 
Korth.  The  paper  was  illustratedby  many  lantern 
Tiews.  IMr.  H.  S.  Chorley  proposed,  and  Mr. 
G.  B.  Bulmer  seconded,  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the 
lecturer. 

LoxDON  JIasteu  Bi  iLTiEUs'  ASSOCIATION. — The 
thirty-second  annual  meeting  of  this  association 
was  held  on  Thursdaj  afternoon  last  week,  Feb. 
25,  at  the  Board  Rooms,  31,  Bedford-street, 
W.C,  Mr.  Ernest  J.  Brown,  the  retiring  presi- 
dent, in  the  chair.  The  executive  council  in 
their  annual  report  stated  that  the  decline  in  the 
volume  of  building  operations,  mentioned  in  the 
last  report,  had  continued  through  the  past  year, 
which  was  generally  admitted  to  have  been  the 
worst  experienced  by  the  Trade  during  the  last 
decade.  The  council  viewed  with  much  concern 
the  schemes  advocated  by  certain  public  bodies  to 
remedy  slackness  of  employment.  The  schemes 
jiointed  to  an  unreasonable  extension  in  municipal 
undertakings  antagonistic  to  the  legitimate 
interests  of  individual  traders,  and  calculated  to 
increase  to  a  very  great  extent  the  cost  of  produc- 
tion. The  Association's  new  subscription  rule 
was  working  most  satisfactorily,  with  the 
risult  that  substantial  additions  had  been 
made  to  the  reserve  fund  during  the  past  year. 
Ko  trade  disputes  of  any  great  significance  had 
occurred  during  the  year,  and  the  council  noted 
with  much  gratification  the  increasing  usefulness 
of  the  conciliation  boards  in  settling  minor  difli- 
culties,  and,  at  the  same  time,  in  affording  op- 
portunities to  employers  and  workmen  to  better 
understand  and  appreciate  each  other.  It  was  to 
be  regretted  that  the  plasterers'  and  plumbers' 
societies  were  endeavouring  to  force  London 
employers  to  pay,  on  their  country  jobs,  the 
London  rate  of  wages.  This  the  council  was 
determined  not  to  countenance.  The  efforts  of 
organised  labour  to  alter  the  law  with  reference 
to  the  liabity  of  trade  uoion  funds  to  pay  damages 
for  injuries  inflicted  by  their  officials  on  employers 
had  received  the  attention  of  the  council,  who 
will  carefully  watch  all  Parliamentary  proceed- 
ings relating  to  this  matter.  During  the  year 
close  attention  had  been  given  to  all  Bills  before 
Parliament  affecting  the  building  trade.  Mr. 
William  Shepherd,  the  representative  of  this 
association  on  the  employers'  Parliamentary 
council,  had  consented  to  give  evidence  on  behalf 
of  this  association  before  the  Royal  Commission  on 
trade  disputes.  The  councilwouldcontinueto  oppose 
thepassing  of  the  l^Iumbers"  Registration  Bill.  The 
L.G.C.  Proposed  Building  Act  (Amendment)  Bill, 
mentioned  in  the  last  report,  met  with  so  much 
opposition  that  it  was  eventually  withdrawn. 
The  L.C.C.,  however,  proposed  to  bring  in 
another  Bill  next  session,  and  had  invited  this 
association  to  forward  an  expression  of  its  views 
on  the  London  Building  Acts  generally.  The 
council  prefered  to  wait  for  the  draft  of  the"  L.C.C. 
Proposed  Bill  before  expressing  its  views  on  the 
subject.  An  agreed  form  of  contract  had  been 
settled  by  the  lioyal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects, the  Institute  of  Builders,  and  the  Xational 
Federation  of  Building  Trade  Employers.  Re- 
cognising the  reasonable  objections  raised  by 
members  of  this  association  against  the  present 
winter  working  hours,  the  council  held  a  confer- 
ence with  the  repre-sentatives  of  the  various  trade 
unions,  with  a  view  to  making  other  arrange- 
ments of  a  more  satisfactory  character.  I'n- 
fortunately  the  conference  did  not  result  in  an 
agreement,  one  of  the  chief  objections  raised  by 
the  trade  unions  being  that  the  proposed  altera- 
tions wonld  involve  trade  union  secretaries  in 
many  disputes  with  builders  who  were  not 
members  of  this  association.  During  the  past 
year  42  council,  committee,  conciliation  board 
meetings,  and  conferences  had  been  held,  at 
which  the  attendances  of  the  members  of 
the  council  had  been  exceptionally  large. 
This  report  was  approved  and  adopted,  and  the 
audited  accounts  and  balance  sheet  for  the  year 
1903  were  received,  approved,  and  adopted.  The 
following  elections  were  made '  President,  Mr. 
James  Carmichael;  senior  vice-president,  Mr. 
Fredk.  Higgs  (Messrs.  F.  and  H.  F.  Higgs)  ; 
junior  vice-president,  Mr.  J.  W.  Lorden,  J. P. 
(Messrs.  Lorden  and  Son)  ;  hon.  treasurer,  Mr. 
W  .Higgs  (Messrs.  Higgs  and  HiU,  Ltd.)  ;  hon. 
auditor,  Mr.  Archibald  B.  Howard  Colls  (Messrs. 


Colls  and  Sons).  For  the  eight  vacancies  on  the 
executive  council  there  were  twelve  nominations. 
A  ballot  was  taken,  and  after  a  very  close  compe- 
tion  the  following  gentlemen  were  elected  members 
of  the  executive  council  for  the  coming  year :  3Ir. 
F.  G.  Minter,  Mr.  E.  S.  Rider  (Messrs.  T.  Rider 
and  Son),  Sir.  L.  Whitehead  (Messrs.  L.  White- 
head and  Co.,  Ltd.),  Mr.  G.  Appleton  (Messrs. 
Turtle  and  Appleton),  Mr.  W.  Hammond,  Jlr. 
W.  G.  Sheldon  (Messrs.  John  Cireenwood,  Ltd.), 
Mr.  Henry  Wall  (iilessrs.  H.  AVall  and  Co.), 
Mr.  F.  S.  Bywaters  (Messrs.  G.  H.  and  A. 
By  waters  and  Sons).  A  hearty  vote  of  thanks 
was  given  to  the  outgoing  president,  Mr.  Ernest 
J.  Brown,  for  the  extremely  successful  manner  in 
which  he  had  conducted  the  business  of  the 
association  for  the  past  year. 


CHIPS. 

A  collection  of  135  etchings,  illustrating  laud- 
scapes,  seapieces,  and  street  sceues,  by  the  late  Felix 
Buhot  (1847-98),  has  just  been  presented  to  the 
British  Museum  by  his  widow. 

The  sales  at  the  Mart  last  week,  as  registered  at 
the  Estate  Exchange,  amounted  to  £91,7!U,  and  for 
the  corresponding  week  of  last  year  to  £143,431. 

The  Stretford  Education  Committee  on  Friday 
night  adopted  plans  for  a  new  school  at  Gorse  Hill 
which  will  accommodate  800  children,  and  cost 
£12,500.  This  works  out  at  £15  123.  (id.  per  head 
per  child,  and  the  Board  of  Education's  economical 
rate  is  £16  per  head.  A  similar  school  is  being 
erected  at  New  Moston  at  the  rate  of  £1S  53.  per 
head. 

The  new  science  building  in  connection  with  King 
Edward  VI.  Grammar  School,  Louth,  was  onened 
on  Feb.  25  by  Mr.  W.  Embleton-Fox,  chairman  of 
the  Lindsey  County  Council. 

The  county  council  of  Middlesex  have  decided  to 
purchase  the  offices  of  the  National  School  Society 
at  Westminster  for  £22,(100.  There  is  a  lease  of  26 
years,  held  from  the  Crown,  and  the  offices  almost 
adjoin  the  Guildhall,  Westminster. 

Owing  to  ill-heallh,  Mr.  A.  J.  Colhn,  chief 
engineer  to  the  Cambrian  Railways  Co.,  has  been 
obhged  to  resign  his  position. 

The  Jru-ish  Chromch  publishes  the  following  list 
of  charitable  bequests  of  the  late  Mr.  Barrow 
Emanuel,  architfct,  who  died  a  fortnight  ago  :  — 
£300  to  the  Jewish  Board  of  Guardians,  £100  to  the 
Jews'  Hospital  and  Orphan  Asylum,  £100  to  the 
Jewish  Home,  £100  to  the  London  Hospital,  £20  to 
each  of  20  institutions  "  in  memory  of  his  dear 
brother,  Edward  Janverin  Emanuel." 

The  partnership  heretofore  subsisting  between 
R.  Saunders  and  H.  T.  Chalcraft,  architects  and 
surveyors,  Bishopsgate-street  Within,  E.G.,  under 
the  style  of  Edward  Saunders  and  Son,  has  been 
dissolved. 

On  Thursday  in  last  week  a  new  hospital  for 
women,  erected  ou  Connaught-r^ad,  near  the  West 
Park,  AVolverhamptoii,  was  opened.  The  site  was 
given  by  Mr.  J.  L.  Gibbons,  and  the  buildiogs  cost 
£11,400.  On  the  ground  floor  are  the  matron's 
quarters,  the  nurses'  dining-room,  offices,  board- 
room, nurses'  bedrooms,  and  four  two-bed  wards, 
and  on  the  first  floor  there  are  also  four  two-bed 
wards,  the  operating  theatre,  and  the  ansesthetising 
room. 

£4,762  has  been  fixed  by  the  arbitrator  as  the 
present  value  of  the  existing  tramways  in  Hove  and 
Portslade,  which  the  local  authorities  have  power  to 
acquire  under  the  Traction  Company's  Act.  The 
local  authorities,  who  had  offered  much  less  than 
half  this  amount — namely,  £1,785— pay  costs,  and 
will  also  have  to  refund  all  moneys  spent  by  the 
company  in  reconstructing  for  electric  traction. 

The  Local  Government  Board  have  sanctioned 
loans  to  the  Sutton-in-Ashfleld  Urban  District 
Councils  amounting  to  £22,550  for  purposes  of 
sewerage  and  sewage  disposal. 

Nearly  two-thirds  of  the  earthwork  and  bridges 
of  the  West  Riding  lines  of  the  Midland  Railway 
are  now  completed.  Twelve  out  of  the  twenty-one 
arches  in  the  Crigglestone  "S'laduct  have  been 
turned,  and  the  Viaduct  at  Horbury  is  completed 
with  the  exception  of  the  parapets.  Good  progress 
has  also  been  made  with  the  Crigglestone  Tunnel. 
A  fair  start  has  been  made  with  the  Dewsbury 
branch. 

A  meeting  of  the  St.  Paul's  Ecclesiological  Society 
was  held  on  Wednesday  night  at  the  Chapter  House 
E.C.,  when  Mr.  Andrew  Oliver  read  a  paper  on 
"  French  Cathedrals  and  Churches,"  illustrated  by 
lantern  views. 

The  improvements  and  extension  of  the  waterside 
accommodation  which  the  London  and  South- 
Western  Rxilway  are  carrying  out  at  Richmond 
Walk,  Devonport,  are  rapidly  approaching  com- 
pletion.   The  work  will  be  finished  during  March. 


TO    CORRESPONDENTS. 

["We  do  not  hold  ourselves  responsible  for  the  opinions  of 
our  correspondents.  All  communications  should  be 
drawn  up  as  briefly  as  possible,  as  there  are  many 
claimants  upon  the  space  allotted  to  correspondents.] 

It  is  particularly  requested  that  all  drawings  and  all 
communications  reBpectin^  illustrations  or  literary  matter 
should  be  addiessed  to  the  EDITOIl  of  the  Buildinq 
News,  Clement's  House,  Clement's  inn  Passage,  Strand, 
W.C,  and  not  to  members  of  the  staff  by  name.  Delay 
is  not  unfrequently  otherwise  caused.  AU  drawings  and 
other  communications  are  sent  at  contributors'  risks,  and 
the  Editor  will  not  undertake  to  pay  for,  or  be  liable  for, 
unsought  contributions. 

Cheques  and  Post-office  Orders  to  be  made  payable  to 
Thb  Stband  Newspaper  Cojipasy,  Limited. 

Telegraphic  Address  : — *'  Timeserver,  London." 
Telephone  No.  1633  Holbom. 

NOTICE. 

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few  bound  volumes  of  Vols.  XXXIX.,  XLI.,  XLVI., 

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—P.  W.  and  Son.— L.  T. 


"BUILDINCJ  NEWS"  DESIGNING  CLUB. 

SIXTU    LIST   OK    SUBJECTS. 

A  Lych  Gate  in  timber  and  an  alternative  one  in  stone, 
suitable  lor  a  country  churchyard.  The  timber  erec- 
tion (A)  is  to  be  designed  for  execution  in  sawn  oak  : 
not  a  copy  of  an  old  example,  but  set  out  on 
the  old  Hues  without  any  turned  balusters  or  need- 
lessly delicate  moulded  work.  The  Lych  Gate 
is  to  comprise  two  openings  or  gates  under  one 
broadlv  -  treated  roof  or  canopy,  which  should  be 
shingled  or  tiled.  One  gate  is  to  bt  wide  enough 
for  funerals,  when  the  body  will  be  can-ied  under- 
hand on  a  bier,  and  the  other  gate  or  wicket  is  for 
ordinary  use  every  day.  The  height  out  to  out  must 
not  exceed  20ft.,  and  the  g^eate^t  projection  outside  the 
5ft.  stone  wall  of  the  churchyard  towftrds  the  road  shall 
not  be  more  than  5ft.  The  timber-work  is  to  rest  on  a 
wrought  stone  base.  The  stone  Lych  Gate  (B)  is  to  be 
adapted  to  hard  masonry  without  any  floral  carving, 
and  only  a  little  ornament,  which  must  be  simple, 
though  a  crucifi.x  in  a  mural  panel  not  more  than 
3ft.  6in.  high  may  be  introduced.  The  roof  to  be  of 
timbering,  and  covered  with  stone  slates,  or  reed  thatch. 
The  same  general  conditions  given  f  jr  the  timber  erec- 
tion are  to  apply  in  the  matter  of  size.  i:c.,  to  this. 
Each  design  is  to  be  provided  with  a  resting  stage  for  the 
coffin  should  the  procession  have  to  wait  for  the  priest. 
Both  designs  must  be  drawn  on  the  one  sheet  of  paper 
24in.  by  ISin.  as  usual.  The  scale  to  be  i^in.  to  the  foot,  but 
some  parts  and  sketches  of  framing  may  be  larger.  A 
view  is  suggested  as  a  key  sketch  in  each  case  with 
plan,  side  and  front  elevations,  and  if  space  allows  a 
tection  of  both  designs.  The  site  faces  south,  and  is 
practically  level,  though  the  ground  falls  away  in  front 
towards  the  road.  Drawings  must  be  delivered  to  the 
BoiLoiNG  News  office  not  later  than  Saturday,  April  2. 

Drawings  Received.—  "  Hereward,"  "  Novocastria," 
"  Lyric,"  "  Bulldog,"  "  Loidis,"  "  Beta,"  "Marcus." 


Maech  4,  1904. 


THE    BUILDlTilG    NEWS. 


339 


— •-♦♦ — 

COMPETITIUN    FUK    FREE    I.UIKAICV, 
MALVERN. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Builddjo  News. 

Sir, — The  Committee  disapproves  of  the 
existing  conditions  of  the  above,  hut  is  en- 
deavouring to  obtain  a  revision  of  the  same. 

Reasons  :  The  successful  competitor  is  to  pre- 
pare working  drawings  and  specification  ;  if  the 
contractor's  estimate  exceeds  the  stipulated  sum, 
the  council  reserve  the  right  to  discard  the  design, 
in  which  case  only  half  the  pn-mi/oii  will  be  paid, 
and  no  other  compensation  given. 

The  council  do  not  bind  themselves  to  select 
any  of  the  designs. 

Keaders  are  requested  to  abstain  from  com- 
peting unless  they  receive  a  further  communica- 
tion to  the  effect  that  the  conditions  have  been 
satisfactorily  revised. 

It  is  suggested  that  a  letter  might  be  written 
to  the  promoters,  pointing  out  the  above 
objections,  with  the  object  of  strengthening  the 
action  of  the  society. — 1  am,  &c., 

Hr.xitY  A.  Sail,  Hon.  Sec. 

Competition  Reform  Society,  10,  Oray's  Inn- 
square,  London,  W.C.,  Feb.  29. 

COMPETITION    FOR    ISOLATION 
HOSPITAL,  BARNET. 

Sir,  —  The  Committee  disapproves  of  the 
existing  conditions  of  the  above,  but  is  en- 
deavouring to  obtain  a  revision  of  the  same. 

Reason':  No  professional  assessor. 

Readers  are  requested  to  abstain  from  com- 
peting unless  they  receive  a  further  communica- 
tion to  the  eiiect  that  the  conditions  ha\  e  been 
satisfactorily  revised. 

It  is  sugested  that  a  letter  might  be  written 
to  the  promoters,  pointing  out  the  above 
objections,  with  the  object  of  strengthening  the 
action,  of  the  society. — 1  am,  kc,, 

Hemiv  a.  Saul,  Hon.  Sec. 

Competition  Reform  Society,  10,  Ciray's  Inn- 
square,  London,  W.C.,  Feb.  24. 


CORNER  BUILDINGS. 
Sir,— Jlr.  White's  paper,  reported  in  your 
magazine  last  Friday,  did  not  contain  any"  de- 
tailed reference  to  the  diversified  crop  of  domical 
angle  treatments  which  seem  to  be  taking  the 
world  by  storm  just  lately,  the  last  instance  being 
those  at  the  Savoy  Hotel  new  wing  in  the  Strand, 
where,  in  the  matter  of  skyline.  Mr.  CoUcutt,  the 
architect,  has  been  eminently  successful :  but  the 
domes  referred  to  have  a  very  superimposed 
appearance,  owing  to  the  lower  parts  of  the 
facades  being  built  up  of  steel  construction, 
resting  as  it  were  on  taU  stilts,  which 
sets  one  wondering  whether  the  domes  in  this 
case  grow  any  more  out  of  the  internal  con- 
trivances of  the  premises  than  the  domical  corner 
does  at  the  Scottish  Amicable  Life  Assurance 
Building  erected  in  Manchester,  and  illustrated 
in  the  Biildi.xu  News  for  Feb.  .5,  from  the 
designs  of  Jlessrs.  Heathcote  and  Sous.  That 
imposing  corner  block  struck  me  at  the  time  as 
worthy  of  comment,  for  the  cup  da  certainly  has 
no  relation  whatever  to  the  plan.  The  Boar's 
Head,  Leigh,  given  in  your  paper  for  Feb.  12, 
hasanother  domical  angle  arrangement  which,  only 
on  a  minor  scale,  repeats  the  same  sort  of  thing", 
irrespective  of  what  happens  on  the  ground  floor. 
Is  this  what  Mr.  White  was  commending,  or 
what  Jlr.  Lovegrove  was  objecting  to  in  the 
discussion  r— Yours,  &c.,       The  Couxek  Max. 


THE  S.WING  (;-)  IN  NOT  EMPLOYING 
AN  ARCHITECT. 
Sir, — I  see  in  the  Timrx  summary  issued  on 
Jlonday  on  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners' 
enterprises  for  the  housing  of  the  poor,  the 
assertion  is  made  that  in  the  ere<tion  of  tenement 
houses,  "  no  scheme  can  be  run  "  from  plans  pre- 
pared^by  "  fashionable  architects  on  a  5  pel  cent, 
basis,"  and  wo  are  assured  that  the  "  II  itre- street, 
New  Cut"  buildings  give  "sulliciont  evidence  of 
the  care  that  has  been  taken  in  tho  matter  of  con- 
struction." This  reference  to  "fashionable" 
architects  ia  misleading  of  course,  and  need  not 
be  discussed  :  but  tho  old  time-worn  .absurdity 
as  to  the  saving  which  is  to  be  made  by  not  em- 
ploying a  qualified  architect  ia  put  forward  again 
and  again  as  if  it  were  gospel  truth,  whereas  the 
facts  are  quite  to  the  contrary.  Tho  saving  by 
employing  a  capable  architect  not  only  more  than 


covers  his  fees,  but  insures  a  result  not  otherwise 
to  be  secured.  The  fallacy  that  it  is  more 
economical  to  do  without  his  serrices  is  no  doubt 
honestly  Ijelieved  in,  by  a  large  number 
of  otherwise  well-informed  people ;  but  they 
always  fail  to  take  into  account  the  cost 
of  establishment  charges  and  salaries  which 
have  to  be  paid,  very  frequently  for  along  time 
after  the  particular  work  referred  to  has  been 
done  with  and  completed.  The  settlement  of 
accounts  mostly  takes  several  months,  and  often 
more  than  a  year  after  the  building  ia  completed, 
so  that  otlicials  must  be  retained  in  order  that 
variations  and  adjustments  may  be  properly  gone 
into  ;  whereas  the  architect  receives  no  more  than 
his  regulation  fee,  and  is  available  whenever,  and 
as  frequently  as,  he  is  required.  In  the  majority 
of  cases,  if  he  is  a  practical  man,  he  will  probably 
so  conduct  this  part  of  the  business  that  his  clients 
will  be  more  than  recouped  for  all  the  architect's 
charges,  and  be  money  in  pocket  besides.  I  could 
give  several  instances  ir  my  own  experience.  All 
this  monej-  advantageis  quite  apart  from  the  differ- 
ence in  merit  in  the  buildings  themselves.  Our 
municipal  bodies  on  all  hands  insist  now  upon  con- 
tractors paying  the  artisans  engaged  on  their  works 
full  Union  wages ;  butat  the  same  time  these  bodies 
beat  down  ([uantity  survej-ors  to  the  utmost  limit, 
and  often  try  to  do  without  employing  architects 
at  all.  The  result  ia  that  the  ratepayera  have  to 
pay  through  the  nose  all  round,  while  the  indi- 
vidual Councillor  poses  as  an  economist  saying 
we  did  so-and-so,  and  saved  the  architect's  feea  r 
That  may  he  so  ;  but  at  what  a  price  r  Now  the 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  are  priding  them- 
selves on  the  same  error  of  judgment.  Th^-,  at 
any  rate,  ought  to  know  better, — I  am,  kc. 

A  Practical  M.vx. 


VENTILATION. 

Siii, — In  the  report  published  in  your  columns 
of  a  paper  read  by  Mr.  David  M.  Nesbit  before 
the  Society  oi  Architects  I  observe  that  a  state- 
ment is  made  to  the  eft'ect  that  the  Plenum  system 
of  ventilation  has  only  been  carried  out  in  the 
Clay  bury  Asylum  so  far  as  regards  the  chapel  and 
recreation  hall. 

I  am  well  acquainted  with  the  history  of  the 
ventilation  of  this  asylum,  as  contained  in  the 
reports  published  by  the  London  County  Council, 
and  the  system  has  always  been  therein  described 
as  the  "  Plenum." 

These  reports  included  a  statement  by  the  Com- 
missioners in  Lunacy,  who  complained  that  the 
air  inlets  were  badly  placed,  and  that  the  system 
of  ventilation  used  was  dangerous. 

The  medical   superintendent  reported  that  :  — 

"  The  system  is  a  vexatious  and  unreliable  one 
....  Everything  is  apparently  done  to  control 
this  system  .  .  .  No  reliance  can  be  placed 
upon  it." 

The  Claybury  Asylum  sub-committee  found 
matters  to  be  so  bad  that  it  reported  to  the 
Asylums  Committee  that  the  system  of  ventila- 
tion was  probably  the  cause  of  much  sickness. 

The  extracts  and  statements  above  made  may 
easily  be  verified  by  anyone  who  will  take  the 
trouble  to  re'er  to  the  London  County  Council 
reports  for  the  last  few  years.  Space  will  not 
admit  of  my  giving  at  length  the  (tii/imtl  com- 
phiints  contained  in  those  reports  respecting  the 
heating  and  ventilation  of  the  asylum. 

There  maj'  be  worse  records  than  the  above  of 
other  artificial  or  mechanical  methods  of  ventila- 
tion ;  but  I  am  certain  that  no  such  disasters 
would  be  possible  in  the  case  of  buildings  venti- 
lated by  a  natural  system,  because  the  air  would 
not  be  brought  in  through  dark  and  lengthy 
underground  passages  that  might  or  might  imf 
be  kept  clean,  but  are  always  liable  to  unavoid- 
able pollution. 

Mr.  Nesbit  admits  in  his  paper  that  the  Plenum 
syiitem  has  received  a  "check,"  as  regards  its 
introduction  into  asylums.  .V  perusal  of  the 
above-mentioned  reports  would  make  many  con- 
eider  it  to  bo  deserved. 

As  Jlr.  Nesbit  states  that  only  the  recreation- 
hall  and  chapt-1  are  treated  by  the  Plenum  system 
in  Claybury  .\sylum,  I  prcsuiuo  that  that  system 
has  now  been  discarded  throughout  tho  other 
parts  of  these  vast  buildings  :  but  I  have  not  seen 
the  asylum  reports  since  l'.l01-2. 

In  any  case  it  is  beyond  all  quibble  that  both 
the  heating  and  ventilation  of  the  asylum  were 
effected — or,  more  correctly  speaking,  attempted 
— by  forcing  in  hot  air  by  propulsion,  a  largo 
fan  being  provided  for  each  block  of  buildings. 

The   following  extract   from  a   report  on   the 


ventilation  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament  speaks 
for  itself  as  to  the  value  of  fan  propulsion,  or 
Plenum  ventilation,  and  may  account  for  the 
failure  at  Clayburv'. 

"  I  naver  yet  knew  of  a  system  of  propulsion, 
pure  and  simple,  that  effected  an  efficient  and  satis- 
lactor}' ventilation  of  any  large  building. ..  .So 
long  as  architects  employ  the  '  I'lenum  '  system 
of  propulsion  pure  and  simple,  colossal  buildings 
like  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  the  London  Law 
Courts,  the  National  Liberal  Club,  i'c,  will  con- 
tinue to  be  notoriously  badly  ventilated  in  every 
sense  of  the  term." 

The  Select  Committee  on  the  Ventilation  of  the 
House  of  Commons  (1003;,  after  receiving  the 
evidence  of  scientists,  experts,  and  others,  reported 
that  they  did  not  approve  of  Plenum  ventilation, 
and  that  they  ' '  cannot  recommend  that  it  ebould 
be  adopted." 

A  Royal  Commissioner  on  ventilation  saya  of 
this  system  :  —  "  Anything  more  pernicious  1 
cannot  ioiagine  ....  such  a  system  is  abomin- 
able." 

It  is  also  stigmatised  as  "  a  menace  to  health," 
and  as  "universally  condemned  by  scientific 
authorities  as  most  pernicious,  contrary  to  niture, 
and — from  causes  which  are  well  known — fatal  to 
health  ;  insidioualy  sowing  the  seeds  of  disease." 

Claybury  Asylum,  and  many  other  large  build- 
ings that  I  could  name,  particularly  hospitals  and 
schools,  are  striking  and  regrettable  instances  of 
the  truth  of  this  serious  indictment  against  a 
system  of  ventilation  that,  in  the  interests  of 
public  health,  should  be  forbidden  by  law.  This 
view  is  supported  by  many  leading  architede, 
one  of  whom  says  : — "  Mechanical  ventila- 
tion can  become  a  positive  evil ;  the  applica- 
tion of  such  a  system  as  this,  however  carefully 
contrived,  to  the  wards  of  a  hospital  is,  in 
my  judgment,  a  mistake,  and  a  mistake  that  may 
be  followed  by  very  grave  consequences." 

Another  architect  says : — "  Plenum  ventilation 
ia  a  hiiije  mistah-c."  I  do  not  indeed  know  of 
any  architect  of  great  repute  or  position  who  has 
continued  to  rely  upon  this  system  after  having 
once  given  it  a  trial.  In  fact,  the  highest  medical 
and  other  competent  authorities  have  protested  so 
much  against  mechanical  ventilation  that 
architects  doubtless  now  feel  they  would  be 
incurring  a  great  responsibility  in  advocating  its 
use. 

The  highest  authorities  not  only  in  this 
country,  but  on  the  Continent  and  in  the  United 
States,  the  birthpUce  of  Plenum  ventilation, 
have  very  emphatically  expressed  their  dis.ap- 
proval  of  that  system,  and  I  understand  that  in 
the  States  the  medical  profession  is  now  unani- 
mous in  the  recommendation  of  natural  methods 
of  ventilation. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  Mr.  Nesbit,  though  a 
manufacturerof  mechanical  ventilating  appliances, 
admits  the  efficiency  of  automatic  or  natural 
ventilation,  stating  in  connection  with  the  venti 
lation  of  theatres  with  the  Plenum  system  that 
"Automatic  ventilation  has  proved  equally  suc- 
cessful " ;  also  "  a  thorough  good  system  of 
extraction  should  be  carried  out";  and  this, 
although  in  direct  opposition  to  the  Plenum 
system,  which  consists  of  propulsion  only  1 

Mr.  Nesbit  further  says  in  reg:ird  to  a  natural 
system,  "  I  would  like  to  say  that  it  is  quite 
possible  to  m.ake  a  satisfactory  installation  which 
will  work  automatically."  This  is  certainly  a 
very  frank  confession,  coming  as  it  does  from  so 
strong  an  advocate  of  mechanical  and,  up  to  now, 
determined  opponent  of  natural  ventilation, 
though  to  rae  it  smacks  somewhat  of  "hedgiog" 
and  of  "  running  with  the  hare  and  hunting  with 
the  hound'',"'  ani  after  such  a  volte-face  it  would 
not  .surprise  mo  to  Ece  ilr.  Nesbit  eventually 
blossoming  out  into  a  fullblown  advocate  of 
natui-iil  ventilation  and  adjuring  tho  I'ienum 
system  and  all  its  works  to  get  behind  him  as  a 
device  of  the  evil  one. 

Mr.  Nesbit  is  unfortunate  in  his  selection  of 
the  "  authorities  "  ho  quotes  as  bring  in  favour 
of  mcchmical  and  Plenum  ventilation. 

Taking   them    in   their  order,    the    first   is   a  * 
New    York    tradesman    ingagod    in    the    same 
line  of  business  as  Mr.  Nesbit  himself,  and  who, 
ha\ing   something   to   sell,   very  naturally  sup- 
ports it. 

The  late  Dr.  Carpenter  is  the  second,  and  he, 
as  everyone  knows,  was  a  strong  advocate  of 
natural"  ventilation,  though  quite  without  pre- 
judice ;  but  Dr.  Carpenter  has  been  dead  many 
years. 

Dr.  Hillings  is  the  third  authority  quoted  ;  but 


340 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  4,  1904. 


the  following  extract  from  "  Hoepital  Construc- 
tion'" indicates  how  that  gentleman  approved  of 
downward  Plenum  ventilation,  to  which  Jlr. 
Nesbit  has  declared  he  pins  his  faith  ; — 

"Surgeon-General  BiUings,  of  the  I'nited 
States  armv,  mentioned  an  experiment  in  the 
Barnes  Ho'spital,  Washington,  where  fresh-air 
inlets  for  warmed  air  were  placed  near  to  the 
ceiling,  and  extraction  outlets  ia  the  floor.  In 
experiment  it  was  found  that  when  warm  air  was 
admitted  near  the  ceiling  there  was  a  difference 
of  10'  in  the  temperature  between  the  floor  and 
the  ceiling,  and  that  the  patients  complained  of 
cold  feet  and  discomfort.  Surgeon-General 
Billings  also  remarks  that  when  the  warm  air  is 
introduced  near  the  ceiling:,  it  is  impossible  to 
vary  the  temperature  at  diiferent  beds,  a  thing 
which  it  is  often  desirable  to  accomplish  in  a 
hospital."     (Sir  Douglas  Galton.) 

Xext  comes  Mr.  Briggs,  an  American  engineer, 
also  deceased  many  years.  He  installed  a  Plenum 
system  at  the  Capitol,  Washington,  which  was 
condemned  as  a  disastrous  failure,  and  finally 
removed. 

Sir  DouglasGalton  follows,  and  tbisi3themanner 
in  which  that  eminent  scientist  expresses  himself 
with  regard  to  Plenum  ventilation  in  "Hospital 
Construction." 

"The  author  visited  a  hospital  recently  in 
■which  the  ventilation  was  by  propulsion.  The 
amount  of  fresh  air  which  was  entering  the  wards 
•was  stated  to  be  at  the  time  at  a  rate  of  over 
5,000  c.f.  per  patient  per  hour,  and  yet  there  was 
a  distinct  feeling  of  relief  and  freshness  on  pasiiog 
from  the  ward  to  the  open  air. 

"  The  system  of  propulsion  for  hospital  ventila- 
tion has  not  found  general  favour  with  hospital 
architects  or  managers  in  this  country. 

"  Experience  would  seem  to  justify  the  hesita- 
tion which  has  been  felt  with  respect  to  artificial 
ventilation. 

"  It  is  far  better  to  trust  to  the  ventilation  of 
nature  -natural  ventilation— than  to  the  artificial 
pumping  in  of  air."  • 

The  last  "authority"  quoted  by  Mr.  Nesbit  is 
a  Massachusetts  Police  Inspector.  The  quality 
of  certain  of  Mr.  Nesbit's  ' '  authorities ' '  in  support 
of  Plenum  ventilation  can  hardly  be  said,  like 
mercy,  to  be  "not  strained,"  and  the  evidence 
given  is  somewhat  ancient,  belonging  more 
properly  to  the  Troglwlyte  or  Palaeozoic  periods 
of  ventilation  ;  though  its  antiquarian  interest  is 
not  disputed. 

I  notice  that  Mr.  Xesbit  has  omitted  to  include 
the  name  of  the  highest  authority  on  the  subject 
in  the  United  States,  Mr.  Divid  Grove,  who 
ventilated  the  new  House  of  Parliament  in  Berlin, 
and  who  says  of  Plenum  downward  ventilation  :  — 
"  The  experience  gained  during  the  forty  years 
of  practical  attention  which  I  have  given  to  the 
subjects  of  heating  and  ventilating  has  proved  to 
me  that  no  system  is  so  good  as  the  up-draught 
system,  this  being  a  natural  one,  and,  if  properly 
arranged,  in  every  way  effective.  It  has  for  a 
long  time  been  a  fuUy  settled  matter  in  my  mind 
that  the  only  way  to  really  ventUate  a  room  ia  to 
let  the  air  take  its  natural  course.  During  the 
whole  of  my  experience  I  have  never  yet  seen  a 
room  in  which  the  down-draught  system  is  used 
■where  the  ventilation  has  been  a  perfect  one ; 
and;  of  course,  in  any  rooms  where  gis  is  burned 
such  a  system  is  entirely  out  of  the  question." 

In  proof  of  the  superiority  of  mechanical 
ventilation  over  natural,  Mr.  Nesbit  cites  certain 
analyses  of  the  air  of  some  Bradford  schools  ;  but 
he  omits  to  state  that  the  so-called  "  natural " 
ventilation  in  the  schools,  against  which  the 
elaborate  and  costly  mechanical  system  has  been 
compared  in  other  schools,  consisted  of  the 
■windows  and  doors  only,  and  that  these  in  cold 
■weather  would  be  closed. 

From  the  way  it  is  put,  Mr.  Nesbit  might  be 
taken  to  imply  that  a  natural  si/stem  of  ventila- 
tion, which  is  quite  a  different  thing,  had  been 
tested  and  found  wanting. 

As  a  eet-off  to  these  so-called  tests,  I  give  the 
following  extract  from  a  published  letter  of  Mr. 
Thomas  Jamieson,  city  analyst  of  Aberdeen  :^ 

"At  the  Public  Health  Congress  a  paper  was 
c  ommunicated  by  Mr.  Russell  and  Dr.  Porter, 
London,  entitled,  '  An  Inquiry  Into  the  Chemical 
and  Bacteriological  Condition  of  Air  in  Board 
Schools.'  Briefly,  it  was  a  comparison  of  the 
efficiency  of  the  artificial  mode  of  ventilation  by 
fans  as  against  the  old  simple  method  of  judici- 
ously opening  windows,  atd  the  remarkable  fact 
was  brought  out  that  in  the  five  results  given,  the 


best  result— that  is  to  say,  the  purest  air— ■n-as  got 
bv  means  of  the  open-window  ventilation.  On 
the  other  hand,  another  result  of  the  same  systeni 
of  ventilation  gave  the  highest  proportion  of 
carbonic  acid,  due,  it  was  suggested,  to  the  cold 
weather,  whUe  the  three  tests  of  the  artificial 
method  gave  intermediate  results.  In  other 
words,  with  the  possible  exception  of  during  cold 
weather  (which  requires  more  evidence  and  in- 
formation), the  open-^window  system  is  capable 
of  giving  better  result^i  thin  the  costly  artificial 
mode  by  fans.  This  outcome  so  fully  coincides 
with  what  I  found  in  Aberdeen,  when  I  was  re- 
quested several  years  ago  to  examine  theairofboard 
schools,  that  I  was  not  surprised ;  but  I  was 
pleased  to  have  the  confirmation,  based  on  actual 
experience,  that  was  given  by  two  delegates  from 
the  Glasgow  School  Board,  who  stated  that  the 
artificial  system  (Plenum)  had  there  been  found 
so  unsatisfactory  that  it  was  not  now  introduced 
into  any  of  the'  new  schools.  I  understand  that 
in  the  "Aberdeen  schools,  in  consequence  of  the 
artificial  system  (Plenum)  being  found  so  unsatis- 
factory, stronger  fans  were  introduced;  but  I  am 
not  aware  that  any  test  has  been  made  to  show 
that  any  improvement  was  thus  effected." ' 

So  much  for  Plenum  ventilation  by  propulsion 
fans.  Extraction  fans  seem  to  fare  no  better, 
according  to  the  following  extract  from  a  paper 
on  "  Ventilation,"  read  before  the  Society  of  Arts 
by  a  well-known  advocate  of  the  Plenum  system  : 

"After  several  tests  in  schools  ventilated 
on  each  system,  it  was  clearly  demonstrated 
that  in  none  of  the  schools  examined  and  venti- 
lated mechanically  by  extraction,  even  in  a  school 
opened  for  a  week  or  two,  was  the  air  found  to  be 
more  pure  than  in  those  examined  and  ventilated 
naturally  without  any  mechanism.  Draughts 
existed  in  the  upper  levels  of  every  room  venti- 
lated mechanically  by  extraction,  while  the  halls 
of  such  buildings  were  generally  f  uU  of  draughts.'" 
I  observe  that  the  greater  part  of  ^Ir.  Nesbit's 
paper  is  devoted  to  an  instructive  dissertation 
upon  the  excellence  of  the  heating  and  ventilating 
appliances  manufac'ured  by  him,  and  an  exposi- 
tion of  the  deficiencies  of  those  of  other  makers 
which  he  (Mr.  Nesbit)  iinnii-s,  evidently  with  the 
object  of  dispelling  any  doubts  that  might  per- 
chance exist  in  the  minds  of  his  hearers  as  to 
their  identity,  and  prevent  a  possible  injustice 
being  done  to  other  and  meritorious  appliances. 

'As  evi  fence  of  the  inefficiency  of  his  competitors' 
ventilating  arrangements,  Mr.  Nesbit  cites  the 
Kew  cowl  tests,  better  known  as  "the  Kew 
farce."  He,  however,  I  notice,  omitted  to 
inform  his  audience  that  the  date  of  the  report 
from  which  he  quoted  was  1877,  and  that  the 
cowls  therein  referred  to  were  now  as  extinct  as 
the  Dodo  ;  also  that  the  Times,  the  medium 
selected  by  the  Sanitaiy  Institute  to  watch  and 
record  the  results  of  the  tests,  pronounced  them 
in  decisive  language  to  be  "  a  complete  farce," 
and  that :  — 

"  The  method  of  testing  was  incorrect,  and 
therefore  the  tests  are  valueless.  Neither  in  the 
ca^e  of  either  the  cowls  or  the  tubes  was  their  true 
values  as  extractors  ascertained." 

Doubtless  Mr.  Nesbit  knew  nothing  of  this,  or 
he  would  have  made  his  hearers  acquainted  with 
the  true  facts,  so  that  they  might  not  be  misled 
or  unduly  prejudiced  against  the  appliances  of 
his  trade  rivals. 

As  an  architect  who  has  devoted  a  good  deal  of 
attention  to  the  question  of  ventilation,  and  as  the 
author — if  I  may  be  permitted  to  mention  it — of 
several  publications  in  which  the  subject  is  dealt 
with,  I  have  invariably  noticed  that  the  exponents 
of  natural  ventilation  systems  consistently  confine 
themselves  to  the  discussion  oi  principles  only, 
and  abs'ain  from  iiamitnj  other  opponents' 
appliances — which  may,  by  some,  be  deemed 
inconsiderate,  as  likely  to  give  rise  to  misunder- 
standings that  might  inflict  unmerited  injury 
upon  reaUy  useful  contrivances. — 1  am,  &c., 

George   H.  Bibbt. 
69,  Queen's-road,  Twickenham,  Middlesex. 
March  1. 


$ntttt0mmutticati0n» 


Q  UESTIOXS. 

[laOiO.l-Ooating  Cistern. —Is  there  any  reason 
why  hot  lime  should  be  used  in  preference  to  oxide  paint 
for  recoating  inside  of  cast-iron  tank  used  for  drinking 
water?— Oxide. 

[12041.1— Discolouration  of  Frieze.— In  a  town 
of  considerable  size,  where  the  stone  used  for  building  is  a 
light  coloured  freestone,  a  good  many  of  the  buildings 
are  finished  at  t.op  with  frieze  and  cornice,  and  over  same 
a  blocking  course  or  parapet.  Behind  the  pirapet  there 
is  geneniUy  a  lead  gutter,  with  drips,  tiashings.  &c.  In 
the  coarse  of  a  year  or  so  the  whole  upper  part  from  tjp 
of  parapet  to  some  3ft.  or  Ht.  below  the  frieze  becomes 
discoloured  and  soaked  with  water,  and  practically  con- 
tinues so  always.  The  cornices,  parapets,  &c.,  have  no 
lead  coverings,  but  are  properly  weathered  and  throated, 
and  I  am  satisfied  that  there  is  no  capillary  attraction 
from  the  lead  gutter.  The  stone,  of  course,  is  porous ;  bat 
the  curious  thing  is  that  in  other  c  jmices.  &c.,  at  lower 
levels  on  the  buildings,  which  are  practically  identical 
with  those  above,  and  equally  exposed,  there  is  no  trace 
of  the  defects  mentioned.  Can  it  be  that  the  top  surface 
of  parapet,  about  15in.  wide,  if  responsible,  owing  to  the 
rain  soaking  into  it?  Can  anyone  who  ha*  had  to  deal 
with  a  matter  of  this  sort  suggest  a  came  for  the  state  of 
affairs  noted,  and  also  a  cure  and  preventive  measures 
for  future  buildings  .'— D.  F.  F. 

[1'2042.] -Sound. —In  a  newly-built  house  the  sound 
ia  found  to  travel  through  the  ceilings  to  the  rooms 
above.  Roughed  and  tongued  fi  joring  is  used  ;  but  for 
economical  reasons  no  pugging  or  special  precautions 
were  taken  to  prevent  sound  travelling.  A  BUg.^stion 
for  an  inexpensive  means  of  minimising  the  inconvenience 
mentioned  would  be  much  appreciated.— Prevention. 

[1204.?.1— Damp  "Walls— iliny  brick  buddings  in 
exposed  positions  have  suffered  recently  from  damp 
caused  by  drifting  rain  being  blown  against  the  walls 
!Uin.  thick;  so  that  it  penetrat«s  the  walls  and  internal 
pla^t«ring.  There  are  waterprofiog  solutions  on  the 
market,  but  I  am  told  that  none  of  them  are  permanent. 
■Would  some  of  your  readers,  from  their  own  experience, 
suggest  an  outside  permanent  remedy,  and  state  where 
used  !  ■WTiat  is  desired  is  something  which  will  not  alter 
the  colour  of  the  bricks,  which  are  London  picked  yellow 
stocks. -E.  "«■. 


The  memorial  atone  of  the  Masonic  Temple  at 
Kilbumie,  N.B.,  was  laid  on  Saturday  by  Major 
William  Mure  of  Caldwell,  R.W.P.G.M,,  Ayrshire. 
The  building  is  two  stories  in  height,  and  has  a 
frontage  to  Newton-street  of  33tt.,  and  is  built  of 
white  freestone,  the  side  and  back  walla  being  of 
brick.  The  ground  floor  contains  two  dwelling- 
houses,  caretaker's  house,  committee-room.  Sec.  On 
the  upper  floor  is  the  lodge-room,  40ft.  by  30ft., 
with  lantern-lighted  roof. 


CHIPS. 

At  Hoarwithy  Church,  on  Tuesday  week,  the 
Yen.  Archdeacon  Stanhope  dedicated  five  stained- 
glass  windows,  in  the  apse,  in  memory  of  the 
late  Rev.  William  Poole,  who  died  on  March  6, 
'902.  The  work  has  been  executed  in  the  studio  of 
Mr.  H.  G.  Murray,  of  Carohne-street,  Eaton- 
square,  London,  from  the  design  of  Mr.  J.  P. 
Seddon,  the  architect  of  the  church. 

Messrs.  Robinson  and  Co.,  Belfast,  are  proceed- 
ing with  the  work  of  carving  and  preparing  the 
memorial  to  be  erected  at  Euniskillen  to  perpetuate 
the  memory  of  oftijers,  non-commissioneJ  officers, 
and  men  of  fne  Inniskillings  who  died  in  battle  or 
from  disease  or  wounds  during  the  South  African 
war.  The  site  for  the  memorial  is  at  the  entrance 
to  the  town,  being  adjacent  to  EoniskUlen  Fair 
Green. 

In  the  course  of  the  past  half-year  the  Great 
Eastern  Co.  have  expended  £13,0S1  upon  a  light 
line  in  course  of  construction  between  Kelvsdoa, 
Tiptree,  and  ToUesbury. 

The  Mersey  Docks  and  Harbour  Board  have 
decided  to  fill  up  the  George's  Ferry  Basin  and  pave 
the  site  of  the  same  at  an  estimated  cost  of  £4,500, 
and  also  to  provide  an  additional  bridge  for  foot 
passengers  at  the  George's  Landing  Stage,  wider 
than  any  now  in  use,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  £6,500. 

Daring  the  past  half-year  the  Great  Northern 
Company  of  Ireland  has  let  a  contract  for  an 
extension  of  its  system  from  Billyroney  to  Cistle- 
wellan-,  and  the  works  are  making  satisfactory 
progress. 

It  is  proposed  by  a  committee  representing  the 
county  to  erect  a  memorial  in  the  city  of  York  to 
all  the  Yorkshiremen  who  fell  in  the  war  in  South 
Africa,  and  Mr.  Frank  Green,  of  the  Treasurer's 
House,  York,  the  hon.  secretary,  has  applied  to  the 
York  Corporation  for  permission  for  the  memorial 
to  be  erected  on  the  triangular  space  at  the  west 
end  of  St.  Michael-le-Belfrey  Church,  immediately 
to  the  south  of  the  south-west  tower  of  the  minster. 
The  memorial,  which  has  been  designed  by  Mr. 
G.  F.  Bodley,  R.A.,  will  take  the  form  of  a  Uueen 
Eleanor  Cross.  The  site  belongs  to  the  dean  and 
chapter,  whose  permission  will  have  to  be  obtained. 
A  builder's  labourer,  named  George  Bailey,  was 
killed  on  Friday  by  falling  from  the  central  tower 
of  Rochester  Cathedral.  Bailey  was  in  the  employ 
of  the  contractors  for  the  reconstruction  of  the 
tower,  and  was  assisting  to  erect  the  scaffolding, 
when  a  rope  he  was  fixing,  and  upon  which  his 
weight  was  thrown,  suddenly  snapped,  precipitating 
him  to  the  ground.  BiUey  leaves  a  wife  and  four 
children. 

The  memorial  to  the  late  Duke  of  Richmond  and 
Gordon  wiU  take  the  form  of  filling  with  stajned 
glass  the  east  window  of  Chichester  Cathedral, 
beneath  which  the  late  Duke  and  many  members  of 
his  family  are  interred. 


:\rARCH  i,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIXri    ^EWS. 


H 


CONTENTS. 

An  Architect's  Wiiliiiciitioa     

Bnilding  Leji*laiion    

Landscapes  ill  Oil  ami  Water  Coloars 

Boyal  Institute  of  lititish  Architects     

<iuantitj'  Suvcevors'  A9)»<"»ciation     

Irish  nuildins  Stones.— VIU 

Steel  Concrete ,., 

Mahogany  and    Other  Fancy   "Woods  available 

(  mstructive  and  Decorative  Purposes       

Bxiildin?  Intelligence   

Competitions   

±^fessional  and  Trade  Societies     

Correspondence       

Jntercommiinication     

The  BriLuiN-G  News  Directory 

Our  Illustratiftna    

Engiseerinf?  Xotes 

I-e^  Intelligence 

Statues,  Memorials,  &o 

Stained  Glass 

Water  Supplv  and  Sanitary  Matters      

Our  OIBce  Table     

"'■(eetings  for  the  Ensuing  Week      

Latest  lYices 

Tenders      .  

List  of  Competitions  Open 

List  of  Tenders  Open   


...  329 
...  3.9 

...  s:); 
...  xu 

...  .1.12 
...  313 
...  s:ii 
for 

...  .135 
...  3?!', 
...  317 
...  f.17 

...  ;«;i 

...  310 

...  IV. 

...  .111 

...  I'M 

...  .liJ 

...  Slil 

...  3lil 

...  361 

..  31U 

...  3t;i 

...  3i2 

...  .1-12 

...  .ii;j 

...  3li3 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

XEW  BriLDISOS  FOR  THK  U.\!VERSITT  OF  CAMBTIinr.K.— 
OEO.\S'  !.V  KISg'S  college  CHAPEL,  CAUDRIDGE. — .^N" 
IDEAL  MEDI.EVAL  CITT.— SECOND  PF.EMIATED  DESIGN  FOR 
FREE  LIBRART  ASD  TOWS  HALL,  RAWTEXSTALL. — DETAILS 
OF  STOCKFOET  TOWS  HALL.  — HOUSES  AT  PEVBNSEV  BAY. 
—  PROPOSED  VILLAGE  ISS,  SEAn  NEWUAUKET.- TWO 
SPECIUESS  OF   FBESCH   FCRSITtRE. 


<^vix  llhxsixuimxs. 


XEAV    BlILDIXGS    -IT  CAMnRIDGE. 

TnESF.  new  buildings  at  Cambridge,  opened  by  the 
King  on  Tuesday,  have  been  erected  from  the 
designs  of  Mr.  T.  G.  Jackson,  K.A.~  The 
Sedi;wick  Memorial  Museum  has  been  built  partly 
with  a  fund  raised  shortly  after  his  death  to  com- 
memorate -Vdam  Sedgwick,  Woodwarjian  Pro- 
fessor of  Geology  in  the  University  of  Lambridge. 
The  building  stands  on  a  site  purchased  from 
Downing  College  for  university  purposes,  and  is 
an  L  in  plan,  facing  Downiug-stree";  and  Down- 
ing-].lace.  It  contains  on  the  ground  floor  two 
large  lecture  -  rooms,  working  -  rooms,  and  a 
museum  of  comparative  geology.  Two  staircases 
contained  in  projecting  towers  rise  from  storv  to 
story  to  the  tipof  the  building;  but  the  principal 
.entrance  to  the  Great  Museum,  which  occupies 
nearly  the  whole  first  floor,  is  by  an  external 
staircase  in  the  interior  court,  which  divides  it  at 
the  lower  pr-rt  into  two  sweeps,  at  the  foot  of 
which  are  a  pair  of  cave-biars  and  a  piir  of 
primitive  bisons,  forming  the  finish  of  the  balus- 
trades on  either  side.  The  Great  Museum  is 
fitted  with  high  cases  projecting  at  right  angles 
to  the  walls  between  the  windows,  and  table  cases 
elsewhere.  Down  the  middle  are  arranged  the 
great  saurians  and  skeletons  of  extinct  animals, 
and  at  the  south  end  is  a  Board-Room,  with  a 
private  room  for  the  Professor  adjoining.  In  a 
niche  between  two  arches  in  the  centre  of  the 
museum  is  a  bronze  statue  of  Professor  Sedgwick, 
the  last  work  of  the  late  Gnslow  Ford,  R..v! 
The  second  floor  is  occupied  by  numeroue 
museums  and  laboratories,  and  by  a  library  which 
is  handsomely  fitted  with  oak,  for  which  part  of 
,1  gift  of  £2,000  from  Dr.  Latham,  the  late  master 
of  Trinity  Hall,  was  made  available.  The  rest 
of  this  muniticent  gift,  which  was  made  for  the 
purpose  of  decorating  the  buildings  facing 
Downing-street,  ha;  been  used  partly  on  this 
building,  and  partly  on  the  Liw  Library  ad- 
joining. In  the  roof  is  a  great  attic  chamber 
with  a  barrel  ceiling,  which  is  one  of  the  most 
striking  parts  of  the  building,  extending  all 
along  the  Downing-street  front.  The  attfc  of 
the  back  wing  is  occupied  by  various  offices. 
The  builder  is  .Mr.  .Sindall.  of  Cambridge,  and  the 
clerk  of  works  Mr.  Robert  Edwards.  The  carving 
is  by  artists  from  the  staff  of  Messrs.  Farmer  and 
lirindley,  some  of  whom  have  worked  under  Mr. 
Jackson's  dinction  for  very  many  years  past, 
much  to  his  s.atisl'action.  Tlio  firei/roo"t  Hours  and 
other  constructive  ironwork  is  by  .Messrs. 
Iloman  and  Rodgers,  of  London.  The  L;iw 
Library  and  Law  School  adjoining  th')  new 
Geological  Museum,  and  with  it,  are  also 
built  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  T.  G.  Jackson, 
R.A.  The  library  is  erected  from  the  benefaction 
of  the  late  Jtiss  Rebecca  Flower  Squire,  who  left 
£40,000  to  the  Universities  of  Oiford  and  Cam- 


bridge in  ec|ual  raoities.  The  ground  floor  con- 
sists of  a  spacious  vaulted  entrance  to  the  court 
bej'ond,  occupying  three  bays  of  the  five  com- 
posing the  library  proper.  The  three  arches  are 
to  be  filled  with  gates  and  screens  of  fine  iron- 
work. Over  the  central  arch  facing  the  street  is 
a  cartouche,  with  the  figure  of  Alma  Slater 
Cantabrigia,  familiar  t)  lovers  of  the  old  Cam- 
bridge Press,  and  an  inscription  on  the  frieze 
records.  Jliss  Squire's  benefaction,  and  the 
purpose  of  the  building.  To  the  left  of  the 
entrance  is  a  porter's  res'.dence,  and  to  the  right 
a  committee  room  and  a  receiving  and  unpacking 
room  for  books.  On  the  first  floor  is  the  Law 
Library,  li:  by  five  large  niullioned  windows  on 
each  side,  and  surmounted  by  a  lantern  turret  to 
contain  a  clock  and  bell.  The  library  measures 
Soft,  by  31ft.,  and  is  to  be  fitted  with  handsomel)'- 
carved  bookcases,  and  a  gallery,  with  pilasters 
and  arches  at  each  end,  all  of  which  are  of 
wainscot  oak,  and  the  ceiling  is  decorated 
with  moulded  plaster  enrichments.  Above  in 
the  roof  is  a  spacious  store-room  for  books. 
The  Law  School  adjoining  contains  four  classrooaxs 
un  the  ground  floor,  two  lecture-rooms  on  the 
first  floor,  and  one  large  lecture-room  on  the 
second  floor.  There  are  also  two  rooms  for  pro- 
fes-ors.  The  staircase  is  contained  in  a  tower 
facing  the  court  on  the  upper  part  of  which  is  a 
figure  of  Justice  in  high  relief,  by  ilr.  Henry 
Pegram,  A.R..\.  The  several  contractors  and 
clerk  of  works  are  the  same  as  those  for  the  Sedg- 
wick Memorial  Museum.  The  screens  and  gates 
and  other  ornamental  metalwork  in  the  whole 
range  of  buildings  are  by  ilessrs.  Hart,  Son, 
Peard,  and  Co.,  of  London  and  Birmingham, 
from  the  architect's  designs.  We  published  a 
detail  from  Mr.  Jackson's  Royal  Acidemy  draw- 
ing of  the  princip.al  entrance  to  the  Geological 
Museum  in  the  Bi  ildiss  Xews  for  Jan,  3,  1932. 

king's    COLLEGE^CHAPEL    OUG.iX,    CAMBRIDGE. 

Tnis  double-page  plate  is  a  reproduction  from  a 
strikingly  bold  pencil  drawing  by  Mr.  F.  C. 
Mears,  who  deservedly  won  the  Pugin  Travelling 
Studentship  at  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects  this  year.  It  gives  a  view  of  the 
beautiful  organ  in  the  famous  chapel  of  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  and  furnishes  a  good  idea  of 
the  stalls  of  its  well-known  choir. 

.AX    IDE.iL    MEDI.rV.lL    (TTY. 

This  study  of  a  fanciful  architectural  composi- 
tion, by  Mr.  Elward  Tempest,  of  Sheffi-ld,  calls 
for  little  remsrk.  The  quotations  inserted  in- 
dicate the  source  from  which  the  draughtsman 
sought  inspiration. 

RAWTE.\-STA!.!.    PIULIC    liriLDIXGS. 

We  illustrated  the  selected  design  for  these 
buildings  in  the  Biildixg Xews  for  Jan.  S.  1904. 
The  dtsign  by  Jless  s.  Stones  and  Stones,  Black- 
burn, and  W.  Elwardes  Sproat,  Glasgow,  which 
we  publish  this  week,  was  awarded  conjointly 
with  another  design  the  second  place  in  the 
recent  competition.  The  materials  proposed  were 
local  ashlar  stone  for  the  wal  ing,  with  dressings 
of  Yorkshire  stone.  The  roofs  to  be  slated  with 
grey  Carnforth  slates.  The  library  is  arranged, 
as  is  in  the  authors'  opinion  best,  all  on  one 
floor.  Supervision  is  complete  by  this  arrange- 
ment, and  the  convenience  of  the  public  better 
ser.ed  than  by  a  library  occupying  two  floors. 
[We  shall  shortly  illustrate  the  other  second 
premiated  design.] 

STOCKlMRT      TOWN      HALI.      AND      Ml  XICIrAL 
llUILmXGS. 

The  week  before  last  we  gave  view,  plans,  and 
elevations  of  the  selected  des'gn  for  the  new 
Town  Hall  and  Municipal  Buildings  to  be  erected 
at  Stockport.  To-day  we  publish  a  detail  of  the 
main  front,  showing  one  of  the  principal  pedi- 
mented  pavilions  and  section  of  the  facade.  Mr. 
.V.  Brumwell  Thomas,  of  Westminster,  is  the 
architect. 

HOISES,    PEVE-NSEV    IHY,    SISSKX, 

These  residences  arc  being  built  of  concrete 
made  from  the  beach  and  sand  on  the  site.  The 
plans  show  tho  accommodation,  and  a  feature  is 
made  of  the  verandah  overlooking  the  sea.  Sir, 
Percival  T.  Harrison  is  the  architect. 

PUOPOSEn    VILLAGE    INX,    XEWM.VKKET. 

This  hostelry  is  to  be  built  for  Lord  F.IIosmere  on 
the  S;etchworth  Park  Estate,  near  Newmarket, 
The  plinth  will  be  in  red  brick  and  roughcast 
above,  and  the  roofs  are  of  reed  thatching.     The 


architects  are  Messrs.  Ue;iton  and  <  ;ibb.  of  New- 
market. 

TWO   SPECIMEXS   OE    FBENXH    I  fllXITlUB. 

Me.s=u.<:.  Robixsox  .ixi)  Fisher  have  had  on  view 
this  beautiful  old  Louis  XIV.  Commode,  with  fine 
j  ormolu  mounts,   which  we  illustrate  to-day,  and 
'  some  other  good  choice  pieces  which  will  be  sold 
;  on  the  lllhinst.  at  King-street,  .St.  Jaraes's.  The 
character  of  the  work  is  of  the  same  kind  as  the 
famous  pieces  which  constitute  the  Jones  collec- 
tion at  South  Kensington. 


CHIPS. 

Mr.  H.  W.  Taylor,  A.M.I.C.E.,  of  Newcestle  and 
Birmingham,  has  been  engaged  by  the  Egremont 
Urban  District  Council  for  the  extension  and  im- 
provement of  the  town's  waterworks. 

An  appeal  is  being  made  for  funds  to  enable  the 
restoration  of  the  church  of  St.  Ann,  Manchester, 
the  oldest  in  the  city  with  the  exception  of  the 
cathedral,  to  be  undertaken.  Mr.  Paul  Waterhouse, 
F.R.I.B.A.,  is  the  architect  to  the  fabric.  St.  Ann's 
was  consecrated  in  17 1-. 

The  Fourth  Report  of  the  Commissioners  ap- 
pointed in  1S95  to  inquire  into  the  treatment  and 
disposal  of  sewage,  and  the  pollution  of  tidal  waters, 
with  especial  reference  to  contamination  of  shell 
tisb,  is  now  issued.  The  volume  consists  of  minutes 
of  evidence. 

In  the  case  of  the  application  made  on  behalf  of 
Anton  Wilhelm  Peterson,  Kibblesdale  -  road, 
Hornsey,  X.,  Morninston-crescent,  Camden  Town, 
X,W,,  carrying  on  business  with  William  Anttll, 
William  Henry  and  Ernest  Augustus  Young  as  W. 
Antill  and  Co.,  builders,  the  bankrupt  has  been 
discharged  conditionally.  In  that  of  George  Rich- 
mond Hops  Wales.  Cassland-road,  South  Hackney, 
anl  Giscoyne-road,  South  Hjckney,  X.E  ,  builder, 
the  order  of  discharge  has  been  suspended  for  three 
years,  ending  Feb.  "2,  lilD7. 

Among  the  recent  gifts  to  the  Fme  Arts  Academy 
at  Bristol  are  two  water-colour  drawings  by  the 
late  James  Curnock,  entitled  "  Mother  and  Child," 
and  "  Xews  from  Abroad,"  both  tine  figure  studies, 
very  characteristic  of  this  artist's  work.  The  per- 
manent collection  of  the  A'a-lemy,  uow  possesses 
several  works  by  James  Curuock,  who  was  one  of 
the  artists  actively  concerned  in  the  foundation  of 
the  .\cademy. 

The  urban  district  council  for  Wallasey  have 
raised  the  salary  of  Mr.  J.  H.  Crowlher,  the  water 
engineer,  by  £'.i  a  year,  and  that  of  Mr.  W.  H, 
Travers,  their  engineer  and  surveyor,  by  f.'iO  a 
year. 

An  adjudication  in  bankruptcy  has  bwn  made  in 
the  case  of  William  Henry  Arber,  S  ickville-street, 
Piccadilly,  W.,  aud  Brondesbury-road,  Kilburn, 
X.W.,  architect  and  surveyor. 

Great  interest  has  been  aroused  by  the  announce- 
ment, as  the  result  of  a  prolonged  series  of  experi- 
ments, of  a  method  of  so  treating  timhfr  as  to 
secure  even  from  soft  wood  a  largely-increased 
toughness  and  hirdness.  The  treatment  to  which 
the  timber  is  su'ijected  is,  roughly  speaking,  that 
of  saturation  at  boiling  point  with  a  solution  of 
sugar,  the  water  being  afterwards  evaporated  at  a 
high  temperature.  The  result  is  to  leave  the  pores 
and  interstices  of  the  wood  filled  in  wilh  solid 
matter,  and  the  timber  vulcanised,  preserved,  and 
seasoned. 

There  has  just  arrived  at  the  pirish  church  of 
Hucknall  Torkard  a  marble  bust  of  Lord  Byron, 
whose  remains  are  interred  in  the  chancel.  A  few 
months  ago  four  marble  slabs,  bearing  the  opinions  of 
notable  scholars  on  Lord  Byron,  were  forwarded 
to  adorn  the  walls  of  the  church.  These  are  the 
gifts  of  S>  J.  G.  Tollemache  Sinclair.  Bart.  The 
liust,  which  is  from  the  chisel  of  Mr.  John  .Vdams- 
Acton,  gives  a  profile  view  of  Lord  Byron.  It 
rests  on  a  large  piece  of  polished  marble,  bearing  a 
suitable  inscription. 

The  urban  district  council  of  Kingstown  hove 
received  the  sanction  of  the  Local  Government 
Board  for  Irelind  to  a  loan  of  .^7,500  to  enable 
them  to  proceed  with  their  artisans'  dwellings 
building  schema. 

Royal  .\cade5iy  Exhikitiox.— The  day  fixed  for 
the  receipt  of  architects'  drawings  at  the  Royal 
Acjidemy  this  year  is  Friday,  March  J.i.  X'o 
exhibitor  (who  is  not  a  memtier  of  th^  .Vcidemy) 
can  submit  more  than  lni;<'  woiks.  This  a  new 
rule  this  year.  We  fhiU  be  happy  to  receive  and 
deliver  drawings  for  our  readers  as  in  former  years  ; 
but  their  works  must  reach  us  carriage  paid,  and  be 
accompanied  by  the  required  labels  and  letter  to  the 
secretary  giving  a  list  of  drawings  sent.  We  shall 
be  glad  to  reproduce  suitable  drawings  iHrfore  they 
arc  sent  to  Burlington  House,  so  that  our  illustra- 
tions of  them  may  be  given  after  the  opening  of  the 
exhibition  in  May. 


o^ 


42 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  4,  1904.^'^ 


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1G.  March,  1904. 


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Pk..^  T..v,....-,v.  J  ff.rL._.„j  I., 


March  4,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


359 


Proposed  Village    Inn    near  Newmarket 


Heatonano    Gibb    KS.A. 

Architccts 


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300 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  4,  1904. 


^uginctritts  i^ates. 


PEiirn. — .V  meeting  of  the  Special  Tramway 
Eeconstruction  Committee  o£  the  Perth  Town 
Council  has  been  held  to  consider  the  report  by 
Messrs.  Kincaid,  Waller,  ManvUle,  and  Dawson, 
London,  the  consulting  engineers.  The  engineers 
estimate  the  cost  of  reconstruction  at  £16,000. 
In  addition  to  this  there  has  to  be  added  £21,000, 
the  price  already  paid  for  the  tx'amways,  and 
along  with  the  engineers'  fees  and  I'arliamentary 
■expenses  tlie  total  cost  will  be  about  £70,000. 
The  engineers  further  recommended  that  the 
tramway  line  be  extended  on  the  north  side  of 
the  city  to  Dimkeld-road  at  a  cost  of  £4,500. 
The  report  recommends  that  the  gauge  should 
remain  the  same,  but  that  a  number  of  additional 
passing  places  will  requ're  to  be  added.  The 
present  concrete  under  the  rails  will  require  to 
be  strengthened,  and  the  present  rails  lifted  and 
heavier  ones  put  down.  When  the  extensions 
that  will  be  necessary  at  the  electric  station  owing 
to  the  reconstruction  and  the  extension  of  the 
tramways  proposed  hare  been  completed,  along 
■with  the  additional  extra  expenditure  that  will 
arise,  the  reconstruction  scheme  and  purchase  of 
tramways  will  have  cost  Perth  ratepayers  close 
on  £100,000. 

Small  Hi-.ath,  EiitMiN-GH.4>r. — Rapid  progress 
is  being  made  with  the  new  public  bridge  across 
the  Great  Western  Railway  line  at  Small  He  ith, 
and  it  will  be  ready  for  opening  by  the  earlj-  part 
of  the  summer.  The  bridge  is  to  consist  of  six 
spans,  and  three  of  these  are  already  in  position, 
the  temporary  supp- rt  having  been  withdrawn 
this  week  from  under  the  third  one,  which  crosses 
the  mainline  of  the  Great  Western  Railway.  This 
girder  is  I'JOft.  long,  and  great  care  had  to  be 
exercised  in  carrying  out  the  work  of  lowering  it 
on  to  its  permanent  bed,  which  is  between  Sft. 
and  10ft.  lower  than  the  level  at  which  it  rested 
when  on  the  temporjry  girders.  The  main 
girders  of  another  span,  the  one  to  go  next  to 
5lontgomery-street,  have  already  been  built  on 
the  ground,  and  will  be  raised  shortly  into 
position.  The  span  to  go  next  to  the  one  across 
the  main  railway'  line  will  be  lOOEt.  long.  The 
materials  for  this  part  of  the  work  have  already 
been  delivered,  and  as  soon  as  the  temporary 
girders,  which  were  used  in  the  construction  of 
the  120ft.  span,  have  been  slung  across  to  the 
next  buttress,  the  work  of  riveting  the  various 
parts  of  the  new  span  together  will  be  proceeded 
with.  The  component  parts  of  the  sixth  span 
have  been  despatched  to  Birmingham  during  this 
week.  The  undertaking  w.is  commenced  in  the 
summer  of  1901,  and  the  estimated  cost  is  £19,000. 
This,  however,  includes  the  expense  of  pulling 
down  several  houses,  and  making  a  new  road 
between  Bolton-road  and  Cooksey-road,  in  order 
to  provide  an  approach  to  the  bridge,  which  will 
form  another  and  nearer  main  connection  between 
Small  Heath  and  Sparkbrook. 

The  annual  general  meeting  of  the  subscribers 
and  donors  to  the  Architects'  Benevolent  Society 
will  be  held  in  the  rooms  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects,  at  9,  Conduit-street,  Hanover- 
square,  W.,  on  Thursday  next,  March  10.  The 
president,  Mr.  Aston  Webb,  R.A.,  will  take  the 
-chair  at  five  o'clock. 

The  Lancashire  Asylums  Board  at  their  last 
meeting  approved  the  plans  of  the  new  isolation 
and  fever  hospitals  for  men  at  Laucaster  Asylum, 
the  former  to  contain  fifty  beds  and  the  latter  four, 
at  a  total  cost  of  £22,000,  or  about  £t00  per  bed. 

The  Thames  Conservancy  Board  discussed  on 
Monday  the  pollution  of  the  river  by  sewage  from 
the  various  forts  on  the  banks  of  the  lower  river, 
and  on  the  recommendation  of  a  committee 
resolved  to  serve  notices  on  the  War  Office 
authorities  with  a  view  to  legal  proceedings. 

Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie  recently  had  offered  funds 
for  the  erection  of  a  Duildmg  to  contain  the  books  of 
the  Leigh  Richmond  Library  iu  fona.  The  offer  has 
been  accepteci ,  and  the  building  will  ba  proceeded 
with. 

The  Ediuburgh  Town  Council  at  their  meeting  on 
Tuesday,  after  much  discussion,  confirmed  a  previous 
resolution  to  procure  plans  and  estimates  for  the 
erection  of  the  Usher  Hall  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
£145,000.  They  also  sanctioned  expenditure  to  the 
amount  of  £4,000  on  reconstructing  sewers,  and 
about  £14,000  in  repaving  streets,  including 
<iueensferry- street  and  North  Bridge-street,  which 
are  to  be  laid  with  wood  blocks.  It  was  stated  that 
the  average  expenditure  on  repiving  for  the  last 
four  years  had  been  £9,000. 


liBOAL   INTELLIGENOB. 

Appdetioxinc,  Pavixg  Expenses  in  Cases  of 
Change  of  Ownership. — Millwaed  v.  Balby- 
wiTii-HEXTnoEPE  Ukban  Disteict  Cotjxcil.— In 
the  King's  Bench  Division,  on  Monday,  judgment 
was  given  by  the  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  England, 
Mr.  Justice  Wills,  and  Mr.  Justice  Kennedy  in  a 
case  stated  by  the  j  uotices  of  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire  sitting  at  Donoaster,  before  whom  a  com- 
plaint had  been  preferred  by  the  respondents  against 
the  appellant  under  the  Public  Health  Act,  1S75, 
for  nonpayment  of  £45,  paving  expenses  in  respect 
of  Carr  Hdl-road,  Bilby.  On  June  8,  1S99,  the 
respondents  served  notice  on  all  the  owners  (includ- 
ing the  appellant)  of  premises  fronting  such  jiarts 
of  Carr  Hill  as  required  to  be  paved,  requiring 
them  to  have  the  work  done.  The  notices  were  not 
complied  with,  and  the  respondents  executed  the 
works,  which  were  completed  on  December  4,  1901. 
On  March  20,  19U2,  the  appellant  sold  the  premises, 
which  were  conveyed  to  the  purchstser  on  April  25, 

1902.  The  respondents'  surveyor  duly  apportioned 
on  the  appellant  and  his  premises  £45  as  the 
proportion  due  from  the  appellant.  Written  notice 
of  such  apportionment,  dated  Nov.  8,  19L)2,  was,  on 
Xov.  24,  19112,  served  personally  on  the  appellant  hy 
the  respondents,  in  accordance  with  the  Public 
Health  Act,  1S75,  section  257,  and  the  appellant  did 
not,  within  three  months  from  the  service,  dispute 
the  same  by  written  notice.  On  May  20,  190o.  a 
formal  demand  in  writing  for  payment  of  the  £45 
was  personally  served  by  the  respondents  on  the 
appellant  in  accordance  with  the  Public  Health  Act, 
1S75,  section  257-  It  was  contended  on  the  part  of 
the  appellant  that  by  law  the  appellant  was  re- 
quired to  be  the  owner  of  the  premises  both  on 
Dec.  4,  1901,  when  the  work  was  completed,  and 
also  on  May  20,  1903,  the  date  of  the  demand,  and 
that  as  the  appellant  was  not  the  owner  on  May  20, 

1903,  the  complaint  ought  to  be  dismissed.  On  the 
part  of  the  respondents  it  was  contended  that  the 
appellant  was  not  required  by  law  to  be  the  owner 
of  the  premises  both  at  the  date  of  the  completion  of 
the  works  and  at  the  date  of  the  demand,  but  that 
by  virtue  of  the  Public  Health  Act,  1875,  section 
257,  the  apportioned  expenses  were  summarily 
recoverable  from  the  person  who  was  the 
owner  of  the  premises  at  the  time  when  the 
works  were  completed.  The  justices  were  of  opinion 
that  the  appellant  was  liable  to  pay  the  £45  to  the 
respondents,  and  they  made  an  order  accordingly. 
The  following  cases  were  cited  during  the  course  of 
the  argument:  —  '*  Queen  v.  Swindon,"  "In  rr 
Bettesworth  and  Richer,"  "  AVest  v.  Dowmau," 
"  1)1  r-  Boor,"  "  Hornsey  v.  Monarch  Society," 
"Stock  V.  Meakin,"  and  "Siirtees  v.  Woodhouse." 
Sections  150,  213,  214,  and  257  of  the  Public  Health 
Act,  1875,  were  also  referred  to.  The  Lord  Chief 
Justice,  in  giving  judgment,  said  that  if  the  matter 
was  ris  iiitnira  he  should  have  great  difficulty  in 
coming  to  the  conclusion  expressed  in  "  Queen  v. 
Swindon,"  that  an  owner  in  order  to  be  liable  must 
be  the  owner  at  the  time  of  the  demand.  If  section 
257  was  looked  at,  the  person  to  pay  was  clearly 
designated  ;  but  where  there  had  been  a  clearly  ex- 
pressed opinion  iu  a  decision  which  was,  in  ordinary 
circumstances,  binding  on  this  Court,  then,  unless 
they  could  see  that  the  judgment  had  proceeded  on 
a  mistake  of  fact  or  that  the  particular  opinion  was 
au  obifi)-  tUcf'ftn,  ihey  ought  not  to  draw  fine  dis- 
tinctions. It  was  impossible  to  say  that  the  opinion 
expressed  in  "Queen  v.  Swindon''  was  a  mere 
o'iitn-  dictum,  and  if  that  decision  was  to  be  varied 
it  must  be  done  by  the  Court  of  Appeal.  This  Court 
was  bound  by  that  decision,  and  the  appeal  must 
therefore  be  allowed.  Mr.  Justice  Wills  and  Mr. 
Justice  Kennedy  delivered  judgment  to  the  same 
effect.     Leave  to  appeal  was  given. 

Compensation  to  London  Watee  Companies. — 
The  Water  Compensation  Court  gave  its  award  on 
Friday  in  the  claim  of  the  Water  Board  for 
£225,810,  in  respect  of  waterworks  transferred  by 
the  Lambeth  Company  to  the  Corporation  of 
Croydon  and  loss  of  right  of  supply.  The  Court 
decided  that  the  corporation  should  pay  to  the 
board  £225,810,  the  transfer  from  the  board  to  the 
corporation  of  the  waterworks  and  plant  to  take 
place  on  June  24,  1904.  The  arbitrators  added 
stipulations  as  to  the  terms  on  which  the  Board 
should  supply  water  to  the  Corporation,  and  direct- 
ing that  these  terms  might  be  revised  at  the  end  of 
thirty  years  and  every  ten  years  thereafter. 

Railway  Cakeiaoe  foe  Timbee. — In  the  King's 
Bench  Division,  on  Friday,  Mr.  Justice  Channell 
heard  the  actions  of  the  Midland  Railway  Co.  v. 
Alcott  and  the  Cheshire  Lines  Committee  v.  Alcott. 
Mr.  Xoble,  for  the  companies,  said  the  actions  ware 
brought  against  Mr.  Edward  Alcott,  a  timber 
merchant  of  Liverpool,  and  the  first  one,  by  the 
Midland  Co.,  was  to  recover  £232  14s.,  balance  due 
on  the  carriage  of  timber  between  Liverpool  and 
other  places  between  March  1,  1899,  and  October  31, 
1900.  The  claim  was  under  section  4  of  the  Rail- 
way Laud  Traffic  Act,  which  provided  that  disputes 
between  railway  companies  might  be  referred  to  the 
Railway  and  Canal  Commission.  This  dispute  had 
been  so  referred,  but  the  matter  had  not  been  pro- 
ceeded with,  and  it  now  came  before  his  lordship, 


and  was  practically  undefended.  He  called  Mr. 
W.  E.  Adey,  chief  manager  of  the  Midland  Rail- 
way, who  produced  accounts  and  books  showing 
the  amount  stated  above  to  be  due.  His  Lordship 
gave  judgment  for  the  sum  claimed,  the  defendant 
not  appearing.  The  second  action,  by  the  Cheshire 
Lines  Committee,  against  the  same  defendant,  was 
for  £424  odd,  and  judgment  was  also  given  for  the 
pla  ntiff  company. 

London  AVatee  Companies'  AKnrrEATiON. — In 
the  Court  of  Appeal,  on  Wednesday,  the  Master  of 
the  Rolls  and  Lord  Justices  Romer  and  Mathew 
gave  judgment  in  the  appeal  by  the  New  River 
Company  against  the  decision  of  the  Metropolitan 
Water  Arbitrators  on  four  questions,  the  chief  of 
which  was  whether  the  company  was  subject  to  a 
limitation  in  respect  of  dividends  to  10  per  cent,  per 
annum.  Their  Lordships  unanimously  allowed  the 
appeal.  Leave  was  given  to  the  Water  Board  to 
appeal  to  the  House  of  Lord?,  and  to  the  appellant 
company  and  the  other  water  companies  con- 
cerned to  appeal  on  the  question  of  liability  to 
the  sinking-fund,  on  which  their  Lordships  gave  a 
decision  recently  in  favour  of  the  contention  of  the 
Water  Board. 

A  FcLnAM  Akuiteation. — A  claim  brought  by 
the  vicar,  trustees,  and  churchwardens  of  All 
Saints',  Fuihara,  against  the  London  County 
Council  for  compensation  for  the  compulsory 
acquirement  by  the  latter  body  of  the  freehold 
properties  Nos.  22,  50  to  72  (even  numbers  in- 
clusive). High-street,  Fulhira,  was  down  for  hearing 
yesterday  at  the  Sheriff  s  Court,  Red  Lion-square, 
when  the  jury  gave  a  verdict  by  consent  for  €5,900. 
The  professional  witnesses  retained  on  behalf  of  the 
council  were:  Mr.  James  Green,  F.S.I.  (Weatherall 
and  Green),  Mr.  Glasier,  F.S  I.  (Messrs.  Glasier  and 
Sons),  and  Mr.  Frank  Boyton  (Messrs.  Boyton, 
Pegram,  and  Buckmaster) ;  whilst  those  for  the 
claimants  were :  Mr.  Bousfield,  F.S.I.  (Messrs. 
Edwin  Fox  and  Bousfield),  Mr.  Arthur  W.  Taylor, 
F.S.I.  (Messrs.  A.  W.  Taylor  and  Co.,  Putney), 
and  Mr.  Botterill,  estate  agent,  Fulham. 


CHIPS. 

The  Grimsby  Srect  Tramways  Company  have 
offered  to  sell  their  electric  power  station  at  Clee- 
thorp^s  ti  the  Cleethorpes  Urban  District  Council 
for  £19,003. 

At  Wednesday's  meeting  of  the  Derby  Town 
Council,  it  was  reported  that  the  Belgian  contract 
for  rails  for  the  new  electric  tramways  had  been 
cancelled  and  that  a  new  one  on  identical  terms  had 
been  entered  into  with  the  North- Eastern  Steel 
Company  of  Middlesbrough.  The  announcement  was 
received  with  applause,  the  delay  in  the  delivery  of 
the  foreign  rails  having  caused  widespread  dissatis- 
faction. AVhen  originally  accepted,  the  contract  was 
£1,200  below  the  lowest  Euglish  tender,  but  several 
lots  had  failed  to  come  up  to  specifications. 

An  appeal  is  being  made  to  raise  the  necessary 
funds  for  improving  the  organ  in  Rochester  Cathe- 
dral, which  18  at  present  in  a  very  unsatisfactory 
condition.  Messrs.  Walker  are  ready  to  execute  the 
necessary  work,  retaining  all  the  old  pipework  it  is 
possible  to  retain,  and  in  particular  all  the  excellent 
work  of  Green,  to  which  the  organ  l:irgely  owes  its 
fame,  for  the  sum  of  t:i,.594  lOj. 

Mr.  James  Divis  Cooper,  the  veteran  woo  J  en- 
graver, has  died  at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty-one. 
Educated  at  the  City  of  London  School,  he  became 
the  pupil  of  Whymper,  and  rose  quickly  to  the  head 
of  his  profession.  With  him  originated  the  idea  of 
blending  illustration  and  type— among  the  works 
brought  out  in  this  manner  being  Washington 
Irving'"  "  Old  Christmas  "  and  "  Bracebridee  Hall," 
sndintheiehe  was  ably  assisted  by  the  lat^  Randolph 
Cildicot. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  into  an 
application  by  the  Birmingham  Tame  and  Rea 
Drainage  Board  for  sanction  to  borrow  €14.000  to 
carry  out  certain  works  will  be  held  at  Council 
House,  Birmingham,  by  Colonel  Slack,  RE.,  on 
Thursday  next,  the  10th  inst. 

St.  Birnabas  Church,  Rock  Ferry,  was  conse- 
crated by  the  Bishop  of  Chester  on  St.  Matthias's 
Diy.  'The  new  church  provides  accommodation  for 
600  persons.  The  architects  were  Messrs.  Grayson 
aadOald,  of  Liverpool,  and  the  builder  was  Mr. 
Richard  Allen.     The  cjst  was  £4,250. 

Princess  Christian  visited  Windsor  on  Saturday 
for  the  purpose  of  opening  the  Medical  and  Surgical 
Home  she  has  founded  in  connection  with  the  Dis- 
trict Nurses'  Establishment  in  the  Clarence-road,  as 
a  memorial  of  her  son,  the  late  Prince  Christian 
Victor  of  Schleswig-Holstein.  who  died  at  Pretoria 
during  the  South  African  War.  The  contractor 
was  Mr.  Hollis. 

The  Home  for  Chronic  Invalids,  Wellington,  New 
Zealand,  is  being  warmed  and  ventilated  by  means 
of  Shorland's  double-fronted  patent  Minchester 
stoves  with  descending  smoke-flues  and  Minchester 
grates,  the  same  being  suppliei  by  Messrs.  E.  H. 
Shorland  and  Brother,  of  Manchester. 


March  4,  1904, 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


861 


STATUES,    MEMOKIALS,    &c. 

The  Glaustone  Memorial  fok  Hawaeden.— 
The  monument  to  the  late  Mr.  and  Mra.  Gladstone, 
given  by  Mr.  Henry  Gladstone  to  Hawarden  Church, 
was  on  view  on  Thursday  at  No.  2,  Turner's 
Studios,  Glebe-place,  King's-road,  Chelsea— the 
studio  of  .Sir  William  B.  Kiohmond,  to  whom  the 
work  has  been  intrusted.  As  yet  the  memorial  is 
only  in  the  plaster-cast  stage,  and  subject  to  altera- 
tions before  attaining  its  completed  condition  in 
white  marble.  It  represents  the  robed  figures  of 
Mr.  and  Mra.  Gladstone  reposing  side  by  side  on  a 
suitable  base,  with  the  crucifix  resting  partly  on 
each,  and  an  angel  form,  with  enfolding  wings  and 
arms,  bending  over  their  heads.  Around  the  base 
are  a  number  of  symbolic  representations — a  group 
representing  Education  at  the  head,  one  devoted  to 
the  Crucifixion  at  the  foot,  and  various  figures  or 
groups  at  the  sides  and  the  angles.  The  side  and 
angle  representations  include  the  patron  saints  of 
England  and  Wales,  Scotland  and  Ireland— St. 
George  and  St.  David,  St.  Andrew  and  St.  Patrick. 
On  the  side  next  to  Mr.  Gladstone  expression  is  also 
given  to  his  favourite  Homer,  as  well  as  to  Dante ; 
while  on  that  next  to  Mrs.  (iladstone,  who  reposes 
by  the  husband's  left,  there  is  a  group  representing 
Motherhood.  The  memorial  will  remam  in  Sir 
William's  studio  until  completed  and  ready  to  be 
cemoved  to  the  church  at  Hawarden. 

■The  Xatal  Memokial  at  DEVOxroET  Paek.— 
This  war  trophy,  upon  a  massive  base  of  grey 
Dartmoor  granite  on   the  highest  part  of  Davon- 

Sort  Park,  overlooking  Keyham  Yard  and  the 
[amoaze  was  unveiled  on  Friday.  The  concrete 
foundations,  resting  upon  the  solid  rock,  and  the 
lower  steps  are  in  situ.  The  formal  unveiling  by 
the  naval  authorities  and  the  handing  of  the  whole 
to  the  mayor  and  corporation  for  safe  custody  will 
take  place  to-morrow  (Saturday)  at  noon.  The 
psdestal  is  large  enough  to  carry  the  widely  spaced 
wheels  of  the  eun.  Below  are  three  recessed 
panels,  around  which  are  gables  carved  in  the 
granite.  Upon  the  central  one  on  a  slab  of 
white  marble  is  the  record  that  the  "Pom- 
pom seen  above  was  captured  from  the  Boers 
and  has  been  placed  there  for  all  time  by  the 
officers  and  men  of  H.M.S.  JJons,  in  honoured 
memory  of  their  shipmates  who  lost  their  lives  in 
the  South  African  War."  The  flanking  panels 
give  the  names  and  ratings  in  full  of  the  five 
ofiicers  and  nine  other  brave  fellows  who  fell.  The 
vhole  will  be  protected  by  low  granite  posts,  con- 
nected by  a  continuous  light  iron  railing.  The 
whole  work  of  the  creation  and  erection  of  this 
memorial  has  been  intrusted  into  ths  hands  of 
Messrs.  Harry  Hems  and  Sons,  of  Exeter,  and  the 
placing  in  position  of  the  masonry,  &c.,  has  been 
carried  out  by  them  under  the  professional  direction 
of  Mr.  J.  F.  Burns,  the  borough  surveyor  of  Daven- 
port. 

■ ■     ^    I  — . 

The  Leigh  Infirmary  Committee  have  decided  to 
issue  the  specifications  and  quantities  for  the  work 
of  erecting  the  building  towards  the  end  of  this 
month.  It  has  been  finally  decided  to  erect  a  build- 
ing capable  of  easy  extension,  to  hold  at  first  30 
beds— 15  for  men  and  the  remainder  for  women 
and  children,  and  the  total  estimated  cost  is 
£1"),000. 

In  accordance  with  the  Standing  Orders  of  Par- 
liament, estimates  have  been  deposited  on  behalf  of 
the  London  County  Council  showing  the  cost  of  the 
whole  of  their  tramway  extensions  which  'hey  pro- 
pose to  ask  Parliament  to  sanction  this  Session.  The 
total  estimated  cost  is  £1,729,845,  of  which  £(557,300 
will  be  expended  in  widening  streets  for  the  laying 
down  of  the  proposed  tramways. 

As  the  result  of  a  recent  deputation  to  the  art 
schools  of  France,  the  Directors  of  the  Glasgow 
School  of  Art  have  appointed  M.  Adolphe  Giraldon, 
a  Parisian  well  known  in  artistic  circles,  to  take 
charge  of  the  design  and  decorative  department  of 
the  school. 

Lord  Monkswell,  chairman  of  the  London  County 
Council,  presided  on  Saturday  in  the  hall  of  the 
Paddington  Technical  Institute  in  Saltram-crescent 
at  the  opening  of  that  institution.  The  technical 
education  work  hitherto  carried  on  by  Weathourne 
Park  Chapel,  the  (iueen's  Park  Congregational 
Church,  and  the  Kilburn  Anglican  Sisterhood,  has 
been  taken  over  by  the  London  County  Couucil. 
The  premises  have  been  acquired  from  the  Kilburn 
Sisters  for  a  sum  of  t'15,000,  and  re-equipped. 

The  Preston  Town  Council  have  decided  to  accept 
the  tender  of  £19,785  for  the  erection  of  a  new 
warehouse  at  the  Albert  Edward  Docks.  The  ware- 
house will  be  275ft.  in  length  by  a  width  of  .S2ft. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Walsham  How  memorial  fund 
general  committee,  held  at  Wakefield  on  Friday 
the  bishop  presidnig,  a  sub-committee  was  appointed 
to  receive  tenders  for  wiring  the  cathedral  through- 
out for  the  purpose  of  electric  lighting. 

The  West  Penrith  Rural  D.strict  Council  have 
resolved  to  spend  £2,001)  in  providing  a  water  supply 
lor  the  parish  of  Uny  Leiant. 


^ 


STAINED    GLASS. 

Westbuey-on-Tey.m,  Beistol.  —  On  Monday, 
Feb,  22,  a  three-light  window  was  dedicated.  The 
subject  treated  is  "The  Angel  at  the  Tomb."  In 
the  foreground  the  Angel  guards  the  tomb  and 
addresses  the  women,  while  in  the  middle  distance 
three  Apostles  just  seen  in  the  gloom  are  entering 
the  garden  of  Joseph  of  Arimathea.  Tne  work  has 
been  designed  and  executed  by  Messrs.  Percy 
Bacon  and  Brothers, of  11,  Newmau-street, London, 
W.,  and  is  their  second  window  in  this  church. 


WATER  STJPPLT  AND  SANITARY 

MATTERS, 

Hoesell. — A  scheme  for  the  sewerage  and  sewage 
disposal  of  Horsell,  Surrey,  has  tjeen  prepared  by 
Messrs.  Elliott  and  Brown,  of  Nottingham.  It  is 
proposed  to  purify  the  sewage  by  means  of  septic 
tanks  and  percolating  filters,  the  effluent  being 
finished  off  by  filtration  through  land.  The  cost  of 
the  works  is  estimated  at  £19,070. 


CHIPS. 

The  chairman  of  the  Stourbridge  Urban  Council 
laid  the  foundation-stone  on  Friday  of  the  Technical 
Institute,  School  of  Art,  and  Free  Library.  The 
free  library  is  aided  by  a  gift  of  £3,000  fi'om  Dr. 
Andrew  Carnegie.  A  joint  building  will  be 
erected  for  these  separate  purposes,  and  a  site  has 
been  secured  at  the  junction  of  Hagley-road  and 
Churoh-street.  The  plans  are  the  work  of  Mr. 
Woodward,  town  surveyor.  Including  cost  of  site, 
the  outlay  wJl  be  about  £11,000, 

There  was  a  large  gathering  at  Carpenters'  Hall 
on  Thursday  evening  in  last  week  on  the  the  occa- 
sion of  the  lecture  Professor  Schliek  gave  on  "  The 
Forestry  Problem."  The  Earl  of  Harrowby  pre- 
sided. Following  the  lecture,  which  was  illustrated 
by  lime-light  pictures,  Mr,  Needham  Smith,  a  Past 
Master,  announced  that  the  Carpenters'  Company 
had  offered  prizes  for  essays  on  forestry,  and  the 
first,  of  the  value  of  £20,  had  been  awarded  to  Mr. 
A.  C.  Forbes,  of  Longleat,  Warminster,  the 
residence  of  the  Marquis  of  Bath. 

A  banquet  to  inaugurate  the  new  buildings  of  the 
Royal  Glasgow  Institute  of  the  Fine  Arts  took  place 
on  Friday  night  in  the  galleries,  in  Siuchiehall- 
street.  Sir  John  Stirling  Maxwell,  president  of  the 
institute,  presided  over  a  company  numbering 
upwards  of  220. 

A  meeting  was  held  at  the  Concert  Hill,  Black- 
heath,  on  Saturday,  in  ai  I  of  the  fund  for  the 
restoration  of  the  ancient  tower  of  St.  Nicholas's 
Church,  Deptford,  which  dates  back  to  the  middle 
of  the  12ch  century.  The  Bishop  of  Southward 
presided,  and  Mr.  Randall  J.  Fox  delivered  an 
address  on  "  Deptford  and  the  British  Navy  under 
the  Tudors  and  Early  Stuarts,"  The  restoration 
has  been  under  consideration  for  many  years. 
There  are  records  in  the  parish  vestry  showing  that 
a  petition  was  presented  to  Parliament  in  1710  for 
the  restoration  of  the  "  old  steeple,"  and  during  the 
past  20  years  the  tower  has  been  in  such  a  condition 
as  to  prevent  the  ringing  of  the  bells  (a  peal  of  eight, 
dated  1701),  The  sequestration  of  the  benefice  has 
made  the  task  of  raising  the  sum  of  £1,400  required 
unusually  difficult,  but  £900  has  already  been  raised. 

The  opening  of  the  newly- constructed  electric 
tramway  line  by  the  Halifax  Corporation  from 
Hove  E  Ige  to  the  George  Hotel,  in  the  centre  of  the 
borough  of  Brighouse,  took  place  on  Saturday. 

Mr.  Wm.  Wealands  Bell,  a  well-known  builder 
at  Sunderland,  was  addressing  a  congregation  at  a 
local  Primitive  Methodist  chapel  after  the  evening 
service  on  Sunday,  when  he  staggered  and  fell  dead. 

At  the  annual  court  of  the  corporation  of  King's 
College  Hospital  on  Friday,  Lord  Methuen  pre- 
siding, the  report  stated  that  considerable  progress 
had  been  made  in  the  collection  of  the  sum  of 
£300,000  estimated  to  be  required  for  the  removal 
of  the  hospital  to  the  new  site  at  Denmark  Hill, 
upwards  of  £100,000,  including  the  value  of  the 
site,  having  been  paid  or  promised. 

A  deputation  introduced  by  Mr.  Geoffrey  Drage 
waited  on  Mr.  Walter  Long  at  the  House  of  Com- 
mons on  Friday  to  draw  attention  to  certain  grave 
evils  in  regard  to  the  housing  of  the  working  classes 
in  rural  districts.  In  reply  to  the  representations 
made  to  him,  Mr.  Long  expressed  his  willingness  to 
try  to  introduce  a  Bill  this  session  to  amend  the 
Public  Health  Act,  but  pointed  to  the  fact  that  the 
local  authorities  are  already  possessed  of  powers 
enabling  them  to  deal  with  the  worst  evils  com- 
plained of. 

In  the  case  of  applications  on  behalf  of  Simuel 
Taylor  Harvey  and  .lohn  Allen  Taylor  Harvey 
(trading  as  Allen,  Harvey,  and  Co.),  Brockley, 
Kent,  builders,  the  order  of  discharge  from  bank- 
ruptcy of  Samuel  Taylor  Harvey  has  heensuHponded 
for  seven  years,  ending  Jan.  22,  1911.  The  dis- [ 
charge  of  John  Allen  Taylor  Harvey  has  been  sus- 
pended for  two  years,  ending  Jan.  22,  190U,  | 


— •-»-* — 

Amoxc^  the  fifteen  gentlemen  recommended  by 
the  Council  of  the  Royal  Society  for  election  to 
membership  of  that  body  are  Major  S.  G.  Bui- 
rard.  Director  of  the  Trigonometrical  Survey  of 
India,  who  has  made  numerous  corrections  in 
older  determinations  of  latitude  and  longitude, 
and  fixed  those  of  other  jjlaces  in  India  and  adja- 
cent countries,  besides  important  modificatioim  on 
the  action  of  the  Himalayas  on  the  plumb-line  ; 
and  Dr.  A.  C,  Dixon,  Professor  of  Mathematics 
at  Queen's  College,  Belfast,  author  of  numerous 
papers  on  diflicult  questions  in  pure  mathematics. 
The  list  also  includes  Dr.  J.J.  Dobbie,  Director 
of  the  Science  and  Art  Museum,  Edinburgh  ;  Mr. 
T.  II.  Holland,  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey 
of  India,  and  author  of  numerous  papers  on  the 
geology  of  that  country ;  Dr.  A.  Muirhead,  dis- 
tinguished as  an  electrical  engineer,  especially  in 
submarine  cable  telegraph  work  ;  and  Professor 
W.  W.  Watts,  Assistant  Professor  of  Geology  in 
the  University  of  Birmingham,  and  secretary  of 
the  Geological  Society. 

An  important  work  on  English  and  Scottish 
wrought  ironwork,  prepared  for  press  by  Mr. 
Bailey  Scott  ^lurphy,  will  shortly  be  published. 
The  volume,  which  will  be  imperial  folio  in  size, 
will  consist  of  SO  plates  of  the  best  examples  of 
the  craft  to  be  found  in  the  two  countries,  with 
descriptive  text.  The  selection  of  plates  com- 
prises all  classes  of  work,  such  as  entrance-gates, 
railings,  grilles,  screens,  hanging  signs,  brackets, 
sword  rests,  tomb  rails,  and  the  like,  while  com- 
plete records  will  be  found  of  the  magnificent 
ironwork  at  Drayton  House,  in  Northampton- 
shire, and  at  Belton  House,  in  Lincolnshire,  both 
of  which  houses  are  rich  in  ironwork  of  a  par- 
ticularly fine  type.  The  colleges  at  Oxford  and 
Cambridge,  Hampton  Court  Palace,  the  Cathedrals 
of  Ely  and  Winchester,  Beverley  and  York 
Minsters,  Bath  Abbey,  and  many  houses 
scattered  over  England  contribute  examples, 
while  those  from  Scotland  will  include  Caroline 
Park  House,  Granton,  the  Old  Town  Hall, 
Dumfries,  Holy-rood  Palace,  and  Hopetoun 
House,  Linlilhgowshire. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSTJINO  WEEK. 

Fbiday  (to-uay1. — Architectural  Association.  Special 
Meeting  to  consider  desirabihty  or  other 
use  of  change  of  day  for  meeting.  7  p.m. 
Ordinary  meeting  ;'*  Schools,"  by  John  W. 
Simpson,  F.E.I. B.A.    7.30  p.m. 

Satuedat  (to-mobbow). — Architectural  Association  Visit 
to  the  Sivoy  Hotel.    *2.3)  p  m. 

MoxDAV.— Society  of  Engineer..*.  "  Water  Supply  Works 
at  Penzance,"  by  Frank  Latham  R  >yal 
United  Service  Institution,  Whitehall. 
7.30  p.m. 

Society  of  ,\rt9.  "  Recent  .\dvances  in 
Electro-Chemistry."  Cantor  Lecture  No.  1 , 
by  Bertram  Blnunt.  F.I.C.    S  p  m. 

Liverpool .VrchitecturalSociety.  "Notes 
on  Liverpool  Cathedral,"  by  0.  Gilbert 
Scott. 

Surveyors*  Institution.  "The  L%nd 
Purchases  for  the  new  Naval  Baiw  at 
Eosyth,  Firth  of  Forth,"  by  Thos.  Binnie, 
F.S.I.    8  pm. 

Glasgow  Royal  Philosophical  Society. 
Annual  Meeting.  "  S  une  Old  Qlt-sgow 
Buildings."  by  Alexinder  Gardner,  hon. 
sec.    B  p.m. 

Tuesday.— Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  "The  Er.'C- 
tion  of  Iron  Bridges,"  by  Russell  Soott 
Scholefleld,  .\s..,w..M.Inst.C.E-    S  p.m. 

Institute  of  Builders.  Sub-Contractors' 
Conditions  of  Contract  Committee  Meet- 
ing at  4  p.iu  ;  Conditions  of  Contract 
(fullj  Committee  Meeting,  4.33  p.m. 

Wednesday.— Societv  of  Arts.  "  Mechanical  Piano 
Players,"  by  J.  W.  Cowirvl.    S  p.m. 

Edinburgh  Architectural  .\ss>ciition. 
"  The  Religious  In-'piiation  of  Ilistorioal 
Architecture,"  by  Kev.  Diig*ld  Butler, 
M  A.    8  p  m. 

Northern     Architectural    Association. 
.\nnual  Meeting.    7..1)p.m. 
TuviBSDAV.— Society  of  Arts.     "China  Grass,"  by  Frank 
Birdwood.    4.30  p.m. 

Carpenters'  Hall  fjecture-s.  "  Archi- 
tectural Develop  nent  during  ibo  Nine- 
teenth Century,  bv  Prof.  F.  M  Simpson, 
F.RI.B.A.    8  p.m. 

ShelUeM  Society  of  Arcliit«t«  and 
Surveyors.  "  Worksop  and  Neighbour- 
hood,'" by  J.  R.  WigfuU,  A.U.I.  B.A. 
8  p  m. 

Architects'  Benevolent  Society,  n.  Con- 
duit-street, W.    5  pm. 

FiupAv.— Glasgow  .Vrchiteotuial  l''ngineer.<'  S  >ciety. 
"Sewage  liisposal  of  t  ouutry  Houses," 
by  Jiiines  I.  Little,    s  p  in. 

Institution  of  t^ivil  Fnginecrs.  "The 
Preiuiuiu  Systt'm  of  Payment  for  Liboiir," 
by  W.  U.  Banister,  Stud.Inst.C.E.  9  p.m. 


362 


THE  .BUILDING    NEWS. 


Mabch  4,  1904. 


LATEST    PRICES. 


IRON,    &0 

Per  ton 

Kolled-Iron  Joists,  Belgian £5  10 

Eolled-Steel  Joists,  EngKsh   6  10 

Wrought-Iron  Gii'der  Plates  7    0 

Bar  Iron,  good  Staffs.. 6    5 

Do.,  Lowmoor,  Plat,  Bound,  or 

Square    20    0 

Do.,  Welsh  6  15 

Boiler  Plates,  Iron — 

South  Staffs 8  15 

Best  Snedshill 9  10 

Angles  lOs.,  Tees  20s.  per  ton  extra. 
Builders*  Hoop  Iron,  for  bonding,  &c.,  £7  7s.  6d. 
Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  galvanised,  £12  to  £13  per  ton. 

Galvanised  Corrugated  Sheet  Iron — 

No.  18  to  20.  No.  22  to  24. 


n. 
0 
0 
0 
0 

to 

f» 
»l 

Per  ton. 
£5  15  0 

6  12  6 

7  5  0 

8  10  0 

0 
0 

;; 

20  0  0 
6  17  6 

0 
0 

»l 

8  15  0 

9  10  0 

6ft.    to    8ft.   long,   inclusive     Per  ton. 

gauge £11  15    0 

Best  itto 12    5    0 

Per  ton. 


Cast-iron  Columns £6  10 

Cast-iron  Stanchions 6  10 

BoUed-Iron  Fencing  "Wire  8    0 

Eolled-Steel  Fencing  Wire 6    5 

„         „           „        Galvanised.  7  15 

Cast-iron  Sash  Weights  4  12 

Cat  Clasp  Nails,  Sin.  to  6in 9    5 

Cut  Floor  Brads 9    0 


to 


Per  ton, 
£12  0  0 
12  10  0 
Per  ton. 
£8  10    0 

8  10 

8    5 

6  10 

8  0 
4  12 

9  5 
9    0 


Wire  Nails  (Points  de  Paris)— 

6  to  7      8       9       10       11       12       18       14      15     B.W.G. 

8/-      8/6     91-    9/6      9/9    10/6     11/3    12/-   13/-   per  cwt. 

Cast-Iron  Socket  Pipes — 

Sin.  diameter    £5  15    0    to  £S    0    0 

4in.  to6in 5  12    6    „        5  17     6 

7in.  to  24in.  (all  sizes)  6    7    6,,       6  10    0 

[Coated  with  composition,  53.  Od.  per  ton  extra ;  turned 
and  bored  joints,  53.  Od.  per  ton  extra.] 

Pig  Iron—  Per  ton. 

Cold  Blast,  liUeshaU    105s.  Od.  to  112s.  6d. 

Hot  Blast,  ditto  65s.  Od.  to    70s.  Od. 

Wrought-Iron  Tubes  and  Fittings — Discount  off  Standard 

lists  f.o.b.  (plus  5  per  cent.)  : — 


Gas-Tubes 

WateivTubes  

Steam-Tubes    

Galvanised  Gas-Tubes  

Galvanised  Water-Tubes 

Galvanised  Steam-Tubes 

lOcwt.  casks. 
Per  ton. 

Zinc,  English  (London  mill) " £24    0    0 

Do.,  Vieule  Montague 27    5 

Sheet  Lead,  31b.  and  upwards  ...     1.3  l.~> 
Lead  Water  Pipe  (F.O.E.  Lond.)    14    5 

Lead  Barrel  Pipe   15    2 

Lead  Pipe,  Tinned  inside  16    2 

„       „         „       ,,  and  outside    17  12 

Composition  Gas-Pipe 16    2 

Soil-pipe  (Sin.  and  6in.  extra)  ...     16    2 

Pig  Lead,  in  Icwt.  pigs.. 10  16 

Lead  Shot,  in  281b.  bags 15    0 

Copper  Sheets,  sheathing  and  rodB    70    0 
Copper,  British  Cake  and  Ingot...     59  10 

Tin,  Straits  126    7 

Do.,  English  Ingots  128    0 

Spelter,  Silesian 21  17 


...  87}f.o. 
...  62J   „ 
...  57J   „ 
...  55     „ 

...  50     „ 

...  45     „ 

5cwt.  casks. 
Per  ton. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
0 
0 


to  £25  10 

„  27  15 

„  13  15 

„  14     5 

„  15    2 

„  16    2 

„  17  12 

„  16    2 

„  16    2 

„  10  17 

„  15    5 

„  70    5 

„  GO    0    0 

„  126  17    6 

„  126  10    0 

„  22    0    0 


TIMBEK. 


Teak,  Burmah per  load 

„    Bangkok 

Quebec  Pine,  yellow „    ... 

„    Oak „    ... 

„    Birch  „    ... 

„    Ehn 

„    Ash „    ... 

Dant^o  and  Memel  Oak      „    ... 

Fir 

Wainscot,  Eiga  p.  log  ...      „    ... 

Lath,  Danlsic,  p.f „     ... 

St.  Petersburg 

Oreenheart  „    ... 

Box „    ... 

Sequoia,  U.S. A per  cubefoot 

Mahogany,  Cuba,  per  super  foot 
lin.  thick  

„  Honduras  ...      „    ... 

„  Mexican „    ... 

„  African 

Cedar,  Cuba    „    ... 

„  Honduras    ,    ... 

Satinwood „    ... 

Walnut,  Italian „    ... 

„      American  (logs)      


;»  15  0 
a   0   0 

3  5    0 

6  0  0 

4  0  0 
4  0  0 
3  15  0 

2  10    0 

3  0 
2  7 

4  0 
4  0 

7  15 
7  0 
0  3 


to  £18  0 
„  16  0 
„  6  5 
„  7  10 
„  6  0 
„  8  10 
„  7  10 
..6    0 


0  10 
0    3 

a  1 


8  .. 
4  ., 
3i  „ 
3  „ 
81  „ 


0  0    8 

0  0  7j 

0  0    5 

0  0  5i 

0  0  3J 

0  0  Si 

0  19 

0  0  7J 

0  3     1 


STONE.* 

Darley  Dale,  in  blocks per  foot  cube  £0    2    3 

Bed  Mansfield  ditto 0    2  4} 

Hard  York  ditto    ,     ...     0    2  10 

Ditto  ditto  6in.  sawn  both  sides,  landings, 

random  sizes per  foot  sup.    0    2    8 

Ditto  ditto  Sin.  slabs  sawn  two  sides, 

random  sizes .,    ...    0    1    3 

•  AU  F.O.E.  London. 
Bath  Stone,  delivered  on  rail  at  quairy  stations 

per  foot  cube  £0    10 
Delivered  on  road  waggons,  Paddington 

Depot ,    ...    0    1  6J 

Ditto       ditto       Nine  Elms  Depot  ,    ...    0    1  8i 

Portland  Stone,  in  random  blocks  of  20ft.  average  :— 

Brown         White 
Whit  Bed.   Base  Bed. 
Delivered  to  railway  depot  at  the 

quarry per  foot  cube  £0    1    5i  ...  £0    1  7i 

Delivered  on  road  waggons  \ 

at  Paddington  Depot    ...  f  n    o    i  o    «>  oi 

Ditto    Nine  Elms  Depot ..  (    u    i    l     ...    v    i  ii 

Ditto    Pimlico  Wharf 1 

OILS. 

Linseed   per  tun  £17    5    0    to  £17  10    0 

Eapeseed,  English  pale  ...    ,,    ...    23  15    0    „     25  15    0 

Do.,  brown 22  10    0    „      22  15     0 

Cottonseed,  refined „    ...    19  10    0    „     2110    0 

Olive,  Spanish  „    ...    31  10    0    „     81  15    0 

Seal,  pale  „    ...     28    0    0    „     30    0    0 

Cocoauut,  Cochin „     ...     23    0    0,,      30    0     0 

Do.,  Ceylon   2fi    0    0    „      26  10    6 

Palm,  Lagos „    ...    28    0    0    „     28  10    0 

Oleine „     ...     17     5    0    „      19    5     0 

Lubricating  U.S per  gal.     0    7    0,,       080 

Petroleum,  refined „     ...      0    0    5},,       0    0    0 

Tar,  Stockholm perbarrel      16    0,,       160 

Do.,  Archangel „     ...       8  19    8    „        10     0 

Turpentine,  American  ...per  tun    87    0    0    „     87    6    0 


w     > 


Deals,  per  St.  Petersburg  Standard,  120— 12ft.  by  IJin. 
by  llin.  :— 

Quebec,  Pine,  1st  £22    0  0    to  £29    5  0 

„              2nd 18    5  0    „  23  10  0 

„             3rd  11  15  0    „  14    0  0 

Canada  Spruce,  1st 11    0  0    „  15    0  0 

„           2nd  and  3rd   9    0  0,,  10  10  0 

New  Brunswick 8    0  0,,  9  15  C 

Eiga    7  10  0    „  8  10  0 

St.  Petersburg 8    0  0,,  16  10  0 

Swedish 11     5  0    „  19  10  0 

Finland 9    0  0,,  10    0  0 

White  Sea 1110  0    „  19  10  0 

Battens,  all  sorts   6  10  0    „  14    0  0 

Flooring  Boards,  per  square  of  lin. : — 

Istprepared £0  12  6    „  £0  18  6 

2nd  ditto   Oil  6    „  0  15  6 

Other  quaWies    0    5  6,,  0  13  6 

Staves,  per  standard  M  : — 

U.S.,  pipe £37  10  0    „  £45    0  0 

Memel,  cr.  pipe  220    0  0    „  230    0  0 

Uemel,  brack 190    0  0    ,.  200    0  0 


CHIPS. 

The  Wilts  ArchoiDlogicil  Society  will  hold  their 
annual  meeting  at  Warminster  this  j'ear. 

Colonel  W.  Langton  Coke  held  an  inquiry,  on 
Friday,  on  behalf  of  the  Local  Government  Board, 
at  the  town-hall,  Burton-on-Treut,  into  the  appli- 
cation of  the  corporation  to  borrow  £4,05.5  for 
works  of  public  improvement. 

Halifax  Town  Council  decided  on  Wednesday  to 
erect  a  public  elementary  school  at  Salterhebble, 
to  accommodate  550  children  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
,fll,l57. 

The  wardens  of  St.  Thomis's  Church,  RadclifFe, 
have  purchased  the  nave  organ  from  York  Minater. 
Tile  purchase  price  was  £150,  and  the  improvements 
and  removal  will  necessitate  a  further  expenditure 
of  £1)00. 

The  Leeds  Tramways  Committee  have  resolved  to 
proceed  with  the  construction  of  the  whole  of  the 
Hyde  Park-road  and  Belie  Vue-road  tramways. 

The  Sutton  Coldfield  Town  Council  have  received 
the  sanction  of  the  Local  Government  Board  to  the 
appropriation  of  £4,150.  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of 
the  old  town-hall  and  offices  in  Mill-street,  towards 
the  cost  of  the  erection  of  the  new  town-hall,  and 
to  the  borrowing  of  £4,0S6  for  the  same  purpose. 
Further,  the  corporation  have  received  the  formal 
approval  of  the  Local  Government  Board  to  the 
appropriation  of  land  adjoining  the  council  house 
for  the  purposes  of  a  fire-brigade  station,  and  the 
Board's  sanction  to  the  borrowing  of  £1,920  to  cover 
the  cost  of  its  erection. 

The  Poplar  Borough  Council  have  decided  to 
construct  '227  manholes  for  the  Bow  sewers,  the 
estimited  cost  of  which  is  £2,000. 

The  Rural  District  Council  for  Broxboume  has 
received  sanction  from  the  Local  Government 
Board  to  the  borrowing  of  £6,250  for  the  Brox- 
boume aui  Wormley  water-supply  scheme. 

The  Paddington  guardians  have  adopted  plans 
for  an  extension  of  the  workhouse  at  an  expenditure 
of  £36,006. 

It  has  been  just  decided  that  the  Berlin  Overhead 
and  l^uderground  Electric  Railway  shall  be  ex- 
tended as  far  as  the  Grunewald,  the  enormous 
private  park  and  game  preserve  which  the  German 
Eaiperor  recently  presented  to  Berlin  to  be  con- 
vertel  into  a  people's  park. 

The  new  Wesleyan  College  in  the  Djrwent  Valley 
between  Chatsworth  and  Hithersage,  not  far  from 
Eyam,  has  been  opened  this  week.  Hulmo  Cliff 
College  was  for  more  than  twenty  years  under  the 
superintendence  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Guinness  as  a 
branch  of  the  East  London  Institute  for  Home  and 
Foreign  Missions.  In  the  grounds  of  twenty  acres 
there  are  a  chapel  and  an  observatory,  and  there  is 
also  included  in  the  property  a  small  farm.  The 
Wesleyan  body  have  secured  this  property  for 
,£7,500,  and  au  additional  £2,000  ia  being  expended 
in  renovation  and  furnishing. 

A  memorial  window  has  this  week  been  placed  in 
the  chantry  of  the  Holy  Trinity  in  St.  Audrew's 
Church,  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  The  window  has  four 
lights,  and  the  subjects  are  the  four  great  Archangels. 
The  work  was  designed  and  executed  by  Mr.  G.  I. 
Baguley,  of  Newcastle. 


W.  ((.  LiSCELLES  aiid  Co., 

121,  Banbill  Row,  London,  E.C. 

TELEPHONE   Ns.  1365. 

HIGH-CLASS  JOINERY. 

LASCELLES'  CONCRETE. 
Conservatories  &  Greenhouses. 

WOODEN    BUILDINGS. 

BANK,  OFFIOB,  «  SHOP  FITTINOB. 

OHURCH  BENCHES  &  PULPITS. 

MSTIMATMB    OIVMN   ON    AmiCATIOy. 


WM.  OLIVER  &  SONS,  Ltd., 

MAHOGANY,    WAINSCOT,    WALNUT, 

TEAK,  VENEER,  and  FAMOYWOOD 

MERCHANTS, 

120,   BUNHILL  ROV^,   LONDON,   E.C. 

The  most  extensive  Stock  of  every  kind  of 
Wood  In  Planks  and  Boards,  dry  and  fit  for 
Immediate  use. 


TENDERS. 

J,*  Correspondents  would  in  all  cases  oblige  by  giving 
the  addresseji  of  the  parties  tendering— at  any  rate,  of  the 
accepted  tender  ;  it  adds  to  the  value  of  the  information. 

B.SBKiNii.— For  erecting  a   centrifugal    pump   at  (lie 

Barking  sewage  outfall,  for  the  London  founty  Council : 

Tacgyes  and  Co.,  Ltd.  (accepted)...         £(>3    0    0 

B.iTTERSF.A,  S.W.— For  supplying  and  fixing  a  steam 

turbine  dynamo  at  the  central  generating  station,  for  the 

borough  council :  — 

Parsons,  C.  A.,  and  Co.  (accepted).    £4,893    0    0 

BosTox,  LiscoLNsniRE.— For  adding  science  buildings 
to  the  grammar  school  ; — 

Parker,  H.  W.,  and  Son.  Boston  ...    £1.'213     0    0 

(Accepted  ;  lowest  of  seven  tenders  received,  the  highest 

being  £1,005.) 

Beaxdon,  NoBi-OLK.— For  the  supply  of  oil-engines  and 

puniping-plant  at  the  Brandon  works  of  water  supply, 

for  the  Thetford  Eural  District  Council :  — 

Campbell  Gas  Engine  Co £603    0    0 

(Recommended  for  acceptance.) 

Bbomt.ey,  E.— For  heating  apparatus  at  Devons-road 
new  School,  for  the  London  School  Board  :  — ^ 

Stevens  and  Sons       

Way.  J.  and  F.  

Cannon,  W.  G.,  and  Sons 

Yetton,  J.,  and  Co 

Richmond.  J.,  and  Co.,  Ltd. 
Wontner-Smith,  J.,  Gray,  and  Co. 

Fraser,  J.,  and  Son    

Werner,   Pfieiderer,    and   Perkins, 
Ltd.,  Regent-sq.,'W.C.  (accepted)         663    0    0 

Catfuro.— For  special  school  for  60  mentally  defective 
children  io  Plassy-road,  for  the  London  School  Board  :  — 
Bowyer,  J.  and  C.  lacceptedi  .    £3,4S7    0    0 

(Accepted  in  lieu  of  tender  by  W.  Akers  and  Co., 

amounting  to  £3,111). 
Featherstoxe,  Yorkshire.— For  the  erection    of  new 
club  and  institute.    Mr.  W.  Hamilton  Framley.  architect  ; 

Milson,  Di.-son,  and  Son      £;,077    0    0 

Walker  and  Ward     2..W1  15    0 

Mason,  M.  (accepted)  2,402    5    0 

Fe  iTuERSTOSE,  YORKSHIRE.— For    pulUog-down    and 

rebuilding    part    of    the    present    Primitive  Methodist 

church.     Jlr.  W.  Hamilton  Framley,  architect :—  J 

Daraton,  G.  (accepted  as  amended)       £630    S    0 

Hack.vey,  N.E.— For  halls  and  other  improvements  at 

"  "      "     Kingsland-road,    for    the  London 


900 

0 

0 

760 

0 

0 

7. "15 

0 

0 

7:« 

0 

0 

720 

0 

0 

706 

1.5 

0 

689 

0 

0 

£12,890 

.  12,838 

.  12,862 

.  12,830 

.  12,819 

.  12,724 

.  12,659 

.  12,630 

,  12  531 

.  12,559 

.  12,459 

.  12,201 

.  12,079 

.  11,651 


Shap-street    School, 
School  B-ard  :  — 

Williams,  G.  S.  S.,  and  Son 

Clarke  and  Bracey 

McCormick  and  Sons. 

Porter,  A.  

Giegar,  W.,  and  Son 

Dabbs,  W.  M 

Roberts.  L.  H.  and  E 

Grover,  J.,  and  Son 

Wood,  F.  andF.  J 

Dealing,  C.  and  Son 

Lawiance,  E.,  and  Sons 

Treasure  and  Son 

Miskin,  O.,  and  Sons 

Chessum,  J.,  and  Sons,  Bow,  E." . 

*  Accepted. 
Hacksey,  N.E.— For  building  a  refreshment    room  at 

Victoria  Park  (which  work  had  been  retuwd  by  toe 
Works  Depirtment  at  the  architects  estimate  of  £318), 
for  the  London  County  Council :  — 

Tucker.  W.  D. .  Tottenham 

Jarvis,  J.,  and  Sons,  Hackney-road 

WooUaston,  R.,  and  Co.,  Bow 

Jones,  E.,  Stoke  Newington 

Dean,  E.  A.,  and  Co.,  Croydon     ... 

King,  P.,  and  Co.,  Waltham  Cross 

Calnan,  M.,  and  Son,  Commercial- 
road  East       

Kind,  S.,  Leytonstone  

Cons  and  Smith,  Stamford  Hill     ... 

Foster  Bros.,  Xorwood 

Thorne,  F.  and  T,  Isle  of  Dogs    ... 

Sharpiogton.  T.  G.,  Nunhead 

Pearce,  T.,  Thornton  Heath* 

*  Accepted. 

{Cuntiniied  o»  page  XVJII.) 


£481  17 

5 

417  0 

0 

383  16 

9 

380  2 

0 

377  7 

4 

377  0 

0 

350  0 

0 

.330  0 

0 

340  15 

0 

313  10 

(> 

313  0 

0 

308  0 

0 

304  10 

0 

Makch   4,  1904. TnE    TiTTILDIKG    NEWS. 363 

LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


Billericay— Two  Semi-Detached  Cottages  £3  Ss C.  E.  Lewis,  Clerk,  The  Union  House.  Billericay Mar.    8 

Sutton,  St.  Helens— Public  Libar-y  (£2,500  limit)    £20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  TownCUrk,  Town  Hall,  St.  Helens  31 

Vienna— Machinery  to  Lift  lioats 100,000,  75,000,  and  50,000  kronen   ...  The  Austro-Hungarian  Con.-Oen,  22,  Laurence- Pounteney-lane,E.C.    „     31 

Tipton-Free  Library  :£5,000)  and  Town  Hall  (£3,500)  (Local 

Architects  onlyi    £50,  £20,  £10    W.  H.  Jukes,  Surveyor.  Tiptnn,  Staff-i „     31 

Eccleslon,  St.  Helens-Public  Library  (£2,500  limit) £20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  Town  Clerk.  Town  Hall,  St.  Helens  31 

Perth— Isolation  Hospital  (.iiibods)  (£11,000  limit,    30gs,  2ng8,  and  lOgs  John  Begg.  Town  Clerk.  Perth _ April  6 

Malvern— Free  Library.  Graham-road £3-,  £20,  £10   H.  L.  Whatley,  Clerk,  Council  Otiices,  Malvern ,       8 

NewMistle-on-Tyne— Grammar  School  (J.  Bilson,  F.E.LB.A., 

F.S.A..  Assessor' £100,  £50,  £25 Horace  J.  CriJdle,  Solicitor.  2.  Collingwood-st.,  Newcistle-on-Tfne    ,.     80 

Baraet-Hospital (i.  D.  Byfleld.  Clerk.  16.  High-street.  Barnet May    9 

Haverfordwest -Meat  Market  (£2,0C0  limit) 20g3 R.  T.  P.  Williams.  Town  Clerk.  Haverfordwest .- — 

Hoibury— Free  Library    Arthur  E.  Raddiffe,  Engineer,  U.D.C.  Offices,  Horbury    — 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 

— *-^ — 

BTTILDINQS. 

Winlaton- Hebujldmg  (  n-wu  ana  Cannon  Inn Exors.  of  late  G.  Parker J.  G.  Crone,  Architect.  21,  Grainger-street  West,  Newcastle    3Iar.   5 

Aberijavenny-Additibns  to  Schools School  Board  E.  A.  Johnson.  F.R. LB. A..  Abergavenny  i*  5 

Thornhill- Adm-nitration  Buildirgs,  Bunkers  Hill     Urban  District  Council    S.  W.  Parker.  Surveyor.  Thomhill.  Yorks  .* „  5 

Flamborough— Repairing  and  "Decorating  Wt^sleyan  Chapel Samuel  Dyer.  Archit^t.  29,  Quay-road.  Bridlington  ,i  5 

Cardiff— Con  vei-tine  Play  Shed  into  Gymnasium.". Guardians Edwin  Seward,  F.  R.I.B.A..  Ciueen's  Chambers,  Cardiff ,,.  5 

Winlaton— Rebuilding  Crown  and  Cannon  Tnn    Late  G.  Parker's  Executors J.  G.  Crone.  Architect.  21,  Gr.ainger-street  West,  Newcastle ,  5 

Braintree— Repairs  to  Manor-sfrfet  Council  Schools Ks-^ex  Education  Committee John  Gleave.  Clerk.  Vestrv  Hall,  Braintree *,  5 

Stratford-on-Avon-Delaibed  Villa Mrs.  F.  H.  Hastings E.  G.  Holtom,  Architect.  .58.  Henley-street,  Stratford-on-Avon „  5 

Millom— Two  Hou.=es,  Settle-street  Settle  and  Brundrit,  AA.R.I.B.A..  Ulverstan ,  5 

Forest  Hill,  S.E.— Repairs  to  Public  Baths    Lewisham  Borough  Council  The  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Catford.  8.E 7 

Londonderry- Improvements  to  Premises,  Foyle-street  Patrick  0' Kane J.  P.  M'Grath,  Architect.  Foyle-street.  Londonderry „  7 

Birmingham— Electric  Power  Station  at  Saltley  Drainage  Board  and  Corporation J.  D.  Watsnn.  A.M.I.C.E..  Engineer,  Tyburn,  near  Birmingham 7 

Lightcbffe— Residence  and  Lodse  Cottage Walsh  and  Nicholas,  Architects,  Museum  Chambers,  Halifax 7 

Hull— Carnegie  Public  Library,  West  Park  Public  Libraries  Committee  Joseph  H.  Hirst,  City  Architect.  Town  Hall,  Hull  , ,  7 

Burtonport- Teacher's  Residence J.  Pinkerton.  Shipquay-street.  Londonderry  i,  7 

Ladywell.  S  E.— Rerairs  to  Public  Baths Lewisham  Borough  Council  The  Surveyor.  Town  Hall,  Catford.  S.E :....'. ,  7 

Cartmel  Fell-Repairs  to  Barn  and  Shippon.  Hodge  Hill Miles  Higgin-Birket Geo.  L.  Hogaarth.  Architect,  Kendal    ,  7 

Leeds- Boiler-house  at  Kiikstall-road  Baths  The  City  Engineer's  Office,  Leeds  <•  7 

Southall-Truck  Shed  at  Sanatorium  Southall-Norwood  U.D.C Reginald  Brown.  A.M.I.C.E..  Public  Offices,  Southall ,  8 

Hertford-Towerto  All  Saints'  Church  Au.sten  and  Palfy,  Architects.  Lancaster ,.  8 

Dalton.  Rothfrham-Stcres    Masborongh  Pioneers' Society H.  L.  Tacon.  F.I.A.S.,  Architect,  11,  Westgate,  Rotherham  „  8 

Abersoth-Villa  , EUis  F.  White,  Architect.  27.  Bangor-street.  Carnarvon „  8 

Cark-in-raitmel-We«leyan  Church Trustees    Sames  and  Hensbaw.  Architects,  Abbey-road,  Barrow  i.  8 

Bridgwater- Reconstructing  Various  Properties Town  Council W.  T.  Baker.  Town  Clerk.  King-square,  Bridgwater „  8 

Dowlais- Rebuilding  Tredegar  Arms  and  Two  Cottages  The  Tredegar  Arms,  Dowlais.  Wales ,.  8 

Abergavenny- Additions  to  Woodstock  House Dr.  Lloyd E.  Foster.  Architect,  Bella  Vista.  Abergavenny „  8 

nalsall-Extensien  fif  Boiler  House    Corporation Alex.  Wyllie,  Boro' Elec.  Eng..  Wolverhampton-street,  Walsall  ...    „  8 

Bromley,  Kent  -  Refuse  Destructor  The  Borough  Engineer.  Municipal  Offices.  Bromley.  Kent    ,.  8 

Southall-Addilions  to  Fire  Station Southall-Norwood  U.D.C Reginald  Brown.  A.M. LC.E.,  Public  Offices.  Southall S 

Bridlington— Dttached  Residence,  Cardigan-road  Mrs.  Bentley   J.  Eamshaw.  Architect.  Carlton  House,  Bridlington „  8 

Hahfax-Two  Houses Walsh  and  Nicholas.  Architects.  Museum  Chambers.  Halifax „  S 

Edinburgh- Two  Tenements,  Queen's-place Magistrates  and  Council Thomas  Hunter,  W.S..  Town  Clerk,  City  Chambers,  Edinburgh 9 

Oxford— Works  and  Repairs   Two  Years)  War  Department The  Royal  Engineer  Office.  41.  Charing  Cross,  S.W „  9 

Hull-Cahmen's  Shelter.  Wellington-street  Hackney  Carriage  Committee   Joseph  H.  Hirst,  city  Architect,  Town  Hall.  Hull „  9 

Bethnal  Green.  N.E-Repairs  to  Xos.  62-68,  Fuller-street Wm.  Buck,  Surveyor.  Novth-.street.  Horsham   9 

Enfltld— Cowsheds  at  Cha.=e  Farm  Schools Edmonton  Union  Guardians T.  E.  Knightley.  Architect,  106,  Cannon-street,  E.C ,.  9 

London— Works  and  Repairs  (Two  Years)  War  Department  The  Royal  Engineer  Office,  41,  ChaiinsCross,  8.W „  9 

Middlesbrough- Wesleyan  Church,  Linlhnrpe-road W.  J.  Morley  and  Sons  Architects.  2i;9.  Swan-arcade,  Bradford „  9 

^Whitehaven-Altering  Building  at  Oak  Bank R.  Shaw    J.  S.  Stout.  36,  Lowtber-street.  Whitehaven  ,  9 

Hull— Cabmen's  Shelter,  Nelson-street    Hackney  Carriage  Committee  Joseph  H.  Hirst,  City  Architect.  Town  Hall.  Hull   ,  9 

Edmburgh- Branch  Library.  Morningside-road E.  Morham,  City  Architect,  Public  Works  Office,  Edinburgh „  9 

Alvaston,  Nantwich— Infectious  Diseases  Hospital    Nantwich  Joint  Hospital  Board  C.  E.  Devonport,  Architect,  N.intwich  «  W 

Cambois- Mechanics'  Institute  T.  Tulip,  Architect,  Whinney  HiU.  Choppington  „  10 

St.  James  Iiefping-Threc  Cottages Mrs.  Soames  The  Horse  and  Groom,  St.  James  Deeping,  Lines ,.  1" 

Kirkmichael-Cottage  at  West  Dunidea John  Leonard,  Architect.  Pitlochry,  N.B ,.  10 

Meath— Two  Labourers'  Cottages Rural  District  Council Thomas  Dowdall,  Clerk,  Meath,  Ireland  >,  W 

Fairwater,  Carditf-Two  Semi-detached  Cottages  W.  Beddoe  Rees.  A. R.I.B,  A.,  37,  St.  Mary-street,  Cardiff    ,  H 

OeatorMoor-Six  Houses  M.  W.  Coulthard,  Cleator  Moor,  Cumberland    11 

Walton-le-Iiale-^^  orks  at  St.  Leonard's  Church  Building  Committee The  Vicarage.  AValton-le-Dale,  ne.ar  Preston ,i  11 

Dewsbury-Seven  Terrace  Houses John  Kirk  and  l=ons.  Architects,  Dcwsbuiy ,•  H 

Blackwood- Fifty-tive  Houses   Osborne  Building  Club  No.  2    James  and  Morgan,  Architects,  Charles-street  Chambers,  Cardiff  ...    „  12 

Middleton-in-Teesdale-Renovating  P.M.  Chapel  Rev.  J.  strong.  The  Manse,  Middleton-in-Teesdale ,.  12 

Tiverton— Bull. lings  for  Electricity  Works    Town  Council J.  Siddalls.  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Tiverton  I'i 

Bedwas-Twenty-.seven  Houses Building  Club  Trustees  G.  L.  Watkins.  Architect.  Station-terrace.  Caerphilly    „  12 

«  rexham-Five  Houses,  Ruabon-road  H.  B.  Martin.  Plumber.  S.  Penybryn,  Wrexham  ,  12 

Enniskillen— Coal  Store Gt.  Northern  (Ireland)  RailwayCo  ..  W.  H.  Mills.  Engineer-in-Chief,  Amiens-street  Terminus.  Dublin  ..    „  14 

Rhyl— Temporary  Pavilion Royal  National  Eisteddfod Darbyshire  &  Smith.  P.R.I.B.A.,  17,  Brazenose-stieet,  Manobester.    „  H 

Victoria  Bridge-Station  Gt.  Northern  (Ireland)  RailwayCo  ..  W.  H.  Mills,  Engineer-in-Chief,  Amiens-street  Terminus,  Dublin  ..    „  14 

Romford-Enginc  shed  and  General  Dtpot    Rural  District  Council Edwd.  G.  Boden,  Surveyor,  Victoria  Chamberi,  Romford 14 

■i\  altnamstow-Isolation  Stables  at  Low  Hall  Farm Urban  District  Council    G.  W.  Holmes.  A.M.I.C.E..  Town  Hall,  Walthamstow 14 

Belfast-Extfn^ion  of  Porter  Warehouse  Gt.  Northern  (Ireland)  RailwayCo  ..  W.  H.  Mills,  Engineer-in-Chief,  Amiens-street  Terminus,  DubliD  ..    „  14 

Cleethorpes- Fire  Station.  Poplar-road Urban  District  Council    '. E.  Rushton,.C.E..  Surveyor.  Poplar-road.  Cleethorpes  „  14 

Brighton— Additions  to  Municipal  Technical  School  Education  Committee  Tlie  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Briijhtou ..  M 

Portadown-BuiWing  for  Parcels  Qt.  Northern  (Ireland)  RailwayCo  ..  W.  H.  Mills  Engineer-in-Chief,  Amiens  street  Terminus,  Dublin...    „  14 

Buncrana— Assembly  Hall  Rev.  Hugh  M'Menamin.  P  P.             .  Edward  J.  Toye.  Architect,  20.  Great  Jamej-street,  Londonderry  ...    „  14 

Camckmarross- Extension  of  Goods  Store    Gt.  Northern  (Ireland)  Railway  Cj   .   W.  H.  Mills,  Engineer-in-Chief,  Amiens-.street  Terminus,  Dublin  ..    „  14 

Kurtonport— Additir.ns  to  Hotel    John  Sweeney  .  Edward  J.  Toye,  Architect.  '20.  Great  .Tanies-street,  Londonderry 15 

Rotherliam— Altirins  Cookery  Centres  Education  Committee  J.  Platts.  Architect,  High-street,  Rotherham  15 

Southampton-  .\il.litional  Pavilon  at  Isolation  Hospital Corporation A.  Crowther,  Borough  Engineer.  Municipal  Offices,  Southampton 15 

Chippenb.im-Kiiliirging  Sorting  Office  at  Station U.M.  Commissioners  of  Works    The  Secretary,  H.M.  Ofhce  of  Works,  Storey's-gate,  S.W 15 

bedgefleld-liathinnm  at  Workhouse  J.  stones.  Surveyor,  Sedgedeld,  Durhiiu 1« 

Midilleton,  I.ai.^     .V.lditions  to  Old  Boar"sHead  Inn Corporation W.  Welburu,  lioro'  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Middleton,  Lanes  ,.  16 

Lichfield- hnl.iruoment  of  Post  Office H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storcy's-gate,  S.W „  16 

Audenshaw- Cemetery  Chapel  Urban  District  Council    Thomas  George  and  Son,  Archt.s.,Staraford-st.,  .-Witon-under-Lyne    „  16 

Oreat  Float.  Bnkcnhead -Additions  to  Purifier  House Wallasey  Urban  District  Council H.  W.  Cook,  rl.-rk.  Public  OiBccs.  Hgivmout.  I'lieshire 17 

Hnrbiton-Bapti.^^t  Chapel,  Balaclava-road Alfred  Mason.  Architect,  Broughton  Chambers,  Surbiton 1" 

Jinsbury  Park.  N. -Sorting  Office H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  U.M.  Office  of  Works,  St  ucy's-gate,  S.W 1? 

Weston-sup.r-llare  -  Warehouse,  Station-road  Lalondc  Bros,  and  Parham    .  ...          Hans  Price  ,\;  W.  Jane,  Archt-s,  Wateiloo-pl.  Weston-super-Mare.    „  18 

Isle  of  Wight    roa.stguard  Buildings  at  Sea  View  Admiralty    The  Director  of  Works  Dept.,  21,  Northuraberlind-avenue,  W.C 18 

Branksome-litting-up  Public  Library  S.  J.  Newman.  F.R.I.B.A.,  Council  lluddiiigs,  Kr.mksome,  D.irset ..    „  18 

Alcleniey.  Chiinn.a  Islands-Signal  Station  Admiralty The  Director  of  Works  Dept,.  21.  N.ictliumberland-avenue,  W.C 18 

OuItcin-lin-hacapeStaircasesat  Workhouse Mulford  and  Lothingland  Guardians  R.  .Scott  Cockrill.  A.R.I.B.A..  Crosslev  ll.iuse.  Lowestoft „  19 

w    ."iT'^'il     1,     ■,• Select  Vestry  W.  J.  Fennell.  M.U.I.A.I.,  2,  Wellingtcui-place,  Belfa~t    21 

west  Jlcath  -1  avihons  at  Infectious  Diseases  Hospital  King's  Norton  and  Northfield  U.D.C.  Ambrose  W.  Crosst.  A.M.I.C.E..  '23.  Valentine-road.  King's  Heath  ..     „  SI 

Orangctown-Subway  &c „  Eston  Urban  District  Council    C.  McDermid.  Surveyor,  CotincilOffieci,  Orangetown.  R.S.O.,  \orki    „  K 

Mctoria  1  ark.  N.L  -Casual  WardsatWaterloo-rd  Workhouse  Bethnal  Green  Board  of  Guardians  ..  W.  A.  Finch,  Architect,  76,  Finsbury-piveinent.  EC .^ 23 

i.ame  Head  near  Plymouth-Coastguard  Buildings Admiralty The  DirecUir  ot  Works  Dept.,  21.  N..rlliiimberlii.d-avenue,  W.C 25 

KUUnane-Lonvent     gt.  Paul's  Convent  Committee Brian  E.  F.  Sheehy,  .\rchitcct.  .i7.  George-street.  I,imeriok 2o 

uarlancls-Additions  to  Joint  Counties  Asylum  Asylum  Committee   O.  Dale  Oliver.  F.U.I.H.A.,  I,owlher-strcet,  Carlisle  28 

jairkcrihead-Sanitary  Towers  at  Workhouse   Guardians Kdniiind  Kirby,  F.R.I.B.A.,  .'),  (Xmk-stiwt,  Liverpool ,  28 

S'^i'i    r  ,n,  1^     ''■'t;"'''''^' Presbyterian  Church  of  Wales Ilabershon.  Fawckner.  and  Groves,  .Vrchiloets,  U  Pearl-st.,  Cardiff      — 

uellast— Thirteen  Houses  at  Stranmillis    Robt.  A.  Boyd,  Architect,  22,  Lombard-street,  Belfast  — 


364 THE    BUILDING    KEWS. March  4,  1904. 

'BTJJZ.UXNaS— continued. 

Ppringwell,  Gateshead— Schools Usworth  School  Board 8.  Wilkinson,  Architect,  80,  Mosley-street,  Newcastle-on-Tyne  — 

Lowestoft— Free  Library G.  W.  Lei^hton.  Architect,  6.  Princes-street,  loswich     — 

Fiscbley,  N.— Six  Houses R-  T.  Tasker,  3S,  John-street,  Bedford-row,  W.C — 

Llantwit  Major— Shop  and  Two  Houses : B.  Jones,  Typpica,  Hopkinstown.  near  Pontypridd  — 

Chudleigh  Kniphton— Vicarage • Edmund  Sedoin^,  Architect.  11.  Queen  Anne-terraoe,  Plymouth — 

Leigh— Ward  at  .istley  Sinatorium Travers  and  Ramsden,  Architects.  Leigh,  Lanes  — 

Glasgow— Parcel  Post  Office,  Waterloo-street  H,M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's-gate,  S.W — 


ELECTRICAL    PLANT. 

Caerphilly— Free  Wiring Urban  District  Council    Wm.  Spickett,  Clerk,  Council  Offices,  Caerphilly  Mar.  7 

Caterham— Fire  Alarms  and  Telephones  at  Asylum  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board W.  T.  Hatch,  M.I. C.E.,  M.I. M.E.,  Embankment,  E.C „  8 

Shoreditch.  E.C.—  Cablesand  Sundries  •. Borough  Council    H.  M.  Robinson,  Town  Clerk,  iild-street,  E.C ,  8 

Hackney.  N.E.— Electric  Light  Fittings Guardians W.  A.  Finch,  Architect,  76,  Finsbury-pavement,  E.C „  9 

Manchester— Wiring  Alterations  Electricity  Committee  F.  E.  Hughes,  Secretary,  Electricity  Dept ,  Town  Hall,  Manchester    ,,  10 

Manchester— Feeder  Cable  (5,000  yards  of  lin.)    Electricity  Committee  F.  E.  Hughes,  Secretary.  Electricity  Dept.,  Town  Hall,  Manchester    ,,  10 

Ballinasloe-Two  Electric  Motors Lunatic  Asylum  Joint  Committee  ...  J.  Smith,  M.I. C.E.,  Ballinasloe,  Ireland      „  12 

Kilmarnock  -Plant Corporation Kennedy  &  Jenkin.  Engineers,  17,  Victoria-st.,  Westminster,  S.W..    „  14 

Stepney— Plant Stepney  Borough  Council  Arthur  Wright,  Electrical  Engineer,  i!7,Oaborne-st.,Whitechapel,E.    „  14 

Egremont- Alternating-Current  Transformers    Wallasey  U.D.C J.  A.  Crowther,  Sea  View-road,  Liscard   „  16 

Gainsborough— Telephones,  &c Urban  District  Council R  W.  Fraser,  Electrical  Engineer,  Gainsborough  16 

Londonderry— Plant  at  Lunatic  Asylum R.  ^^  Macrory.  Consulting  Engineer.  Strand,  Londonderry „  17 

nford-Plant Urban  District  Council    A.  H.  Sh%w,  M.I.E.E.,  Electricity  Works,  Ley-street,  Ilford  „  22 

ENGINEERINa. 

Kidderminster— Water  Supply  Works Willcox&  Raikes.  Engs.,  63.  Temple-row,  Birmingham Mar.  5 

Coventry— New  Tramways  (8|  miles)  New  General  Traction  Co,,  Ltd I.  E.  Winslow.  Engineer,  30.  Bishopsgate-street  Within,  E.C „  & 

Thame— Well    Urban  District  Council    Tohn  Taylor,  Sons,  i:  Santo  Crimp.  27,  Gt.  George-st.,  Westminster    ,,  .'> 

Padstow — Water  Supply J.  P.  Tom.  Chairman  of  Managers.  Dennis,  Padstow  ,,  5 

Manchester— Sawdust  and  Shaying-Collecting  PUnt Tramways  Committee J.  M.  M'Elroy,  Man.,  Tramways  Dept ,  55.  Piccadilly,  Manchester..    „  5 

Leeds— Boilers,  &c Guardians Thomas  Winn  and  Sons,  Architects.  92,  Albion-street.  Leeds  ,,  5 

Cheadle — Steam  Fire-Engine Urban  District  Council    E.  Sykes,  C.E.,  Surveyor,  High-street,  Cheadle.  near  Manchester  ...    „  7 

Whitchurch— Little  Town  Bridge W.  J.  Taylor,  County  Surveyor,  The  Castle,  Winchester  ,  7 

Dartford— Heating,  &c.,  Hospital,  Bow  AjTow-lane Joint  Hospital  Committee Robert  Mardant,  A.R.I. B. A.,  28,  Theobalds-road,  W.C „  7 

Brigg— Lock  Gates Ancholme  Navigation  Commissioners  Alfred  Atkinson,  C.E.,  Brigg,  Lines ,,  8 

Warminster— Circular  Reservoir  (200,000  gallons)  Wilcox  and  Raikes,  Engineers,  63,  Temple-row,  Birmingham  „  8 

Wellington,  Salop— Water  Supply Urban  District  Council    G.Riley.  Surveyor,  45.  Walt  er-street,  Wellington,  Salop „  9 

Carmarthen— Stone  Bridge  at  Llandowror  Village  ....^ Rural  District  Council Rowland  Browne,  Clerk,  7,  Hall-street.  Carmarthen „  H 

Tweedmouth— Borehole Berwick-upon-Tweed  San.  Authority  K.  Dickinson,  Borough  Surveyor.  Berwick-upin-Tweed „  12 

Glasgow- Two  Filter-Beds  Corporation J.  R.  Sutherland,  Engineer,  45  ,Tohn-stroet.  Glasgow „  12 

Homsey  and  Wood  Green- Light  Railways Middlesex  County  Council H.  T.  Wakelam.  M.I.C.E.,  Middlesex  Guildhall, Westminster.  S.W.    „  1* 

Aston  Manor— Boilers,  &c Corporation T.  J.  Ballard,  Elec.  Eng.,  Chester-st.,  Aston  Manor,  Birmingham  ..     „  14 

Tottenham  and  Edgware-Light  Railways Middlesex  County  Council H.  T.  Wakelam,  M.I.C.E.,  Middlesex  Guildhall. Westminster,  S.W.    „  14 

New  Mill— Pipe  Laying Urban  District  Council    C.  H.  Marriott.  Son.  it  Shaw,  Church-street  Chambers,  Dewsbury...    „  15 

Avoch— Pier  and  Breakwater .Tames  Fraser.  Civil  Engineer,  Inverness  „  15 

Deptford,  S.E.— Caloriflers Borough  Council    Vivian  Orchard,  Town  Clerk,  20.  Tanner's  Hill,  Deptford,  S.E „  15 

Manchester-Boiler  at  Baths,  Pryme-street  Corporation The  City  Architect,  Town  Hall,  Manchester  15 

Fauldhouse-Rescrvoir Bathgate  District  Committee P.  Campbell  Hart.  C.E..  134,  St.  Vincent-street,  Glasgow „  15 

Londonderry — Heating  New  Buildings  at  Gransha Lunatic  Asylum  Committee  M.  A.  Robinson,  CK  ,  Richmond-street,  Londonderry   „  17 

Great  Float,  Birkenhead— Purifiers  Wallasey  Urban  District  Council    ...  J.  H.  Crowther,  Engineer,  Egremont.  Cheshire  ,  17 

Brsnksome-  Heating  Apparatus  at  Public  Library , H.  J.  Newman.  F.RI.B.A.,  Council  Buildings.  Branksome  „  1ft 

Rugby- Tank,  FUters,  4:c Urban  District  Council    D.  G.  Macdonald,  A.M.I. C.E..  Surveyor.  Rugby  ,,  1* 

Harrogate  -  Sewage  Purification  Works Corporation E.  Wilson  Dixon,  M.I.C.E,,  Engineer.  .5,  Prospect-cres,,  Harrogate    „  1» 

Portadown  and  Banbridge— Waterworks  Joint  Board R.  H.  Dorman  and  J.  H.  H.  Swiney,  MM, I. C. 15..  Armagh  21 

Grangetown— Steel  Girder  Bridge Eston  Urban  District  Council  C.  McDermid.  Dist.  Sur.,  Whitworth-rd.,  Grangetown,  R.S.O.,York3    „  22 

Chelmsford— Waterworks Corporation C.  Brown,  A.M.I.C.E,.  16.  London-road,  Chelmsford  ,,  28 

Rugby- Refuse  Destructor ; Urban  District  Council    D.  G.  Macdonald.  .\,M,I.C.E.,  Surveyor.  It'igby „  2S 

Carlisle- Stone  Bridge  at  Powbeck    Rural  District  Council Joseph  Graham,  Engineer,  B^nk  Chambers,  Bank -street,  Carlisle 31 

Adelaide— Trans-Continental  Railway H.  AUerdale  Grainger,  Agent-General,  Threadneedle  House,  E.G....  April  1 

Cavan.  Ireland— Road  Roller  County  Council  W.  Finlay,  Secretary.  County  Council,  Court  House,  Cavan „  15 

Port  Natal- Coaling  Plant Natal  Government Charles  J.  Crofts,  M.I.CE.,  Harbour  Dept.,  Durban,  Natal „  25 

Stranorlar— Two  Locomotives    Donegal  Railway  Co The  General  Manager,  Stranorlar,  Co.  Donegal — 

Ipswich- Sinking  Artetian  Well  (150ft.  to  170ft.)  R.  and  W.  Paul,  Ltd.,  Ipswich — 

FENOINO    AND    WALLS. 

Hither  Green,  S,E.— Post  and  Rail  Fencing  at  Cemetery Lewisham  Borough  Council  The  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Catford,  S.E Mar.   7 

Weston-super-Mare— Ornamental  Cast-iron  Railing Urban  District  Council    Hugh  Nettleton.  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Weston-super-M*re ,  S 

Smethwick— Fencing  Lewisham  Park  ...    Corporation     C.  J.  Fox  Allin.  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall  Smethwick ,,  12 

Bracebtidgc  Heath— Wiought-lron  Hurdle  Fence Asylum  Visiting  Committee  E.  B.  George,  Clerk  of  Asylum,  Bracebridge  Heath — 

FURNITURE    AND    FITTINGS. 

Wimbledon— Forty  Glazed  Doors  to  Bookcases    Public  Library  Committee Henry  W.  Bull,  Librarian,  Wimbledon Mar.   & 

Barrow-in-Furness- Chairs  (350)  at  Technical  School    A.  Hawcridgc,  Dir.  of  Educition,  Town  Hall,  Barrow-in-Furness 5 

Bridlington— Furniture  for  New  Sanatorium    Sanitary  Committee E.  Matthewman,  Town  Clerk,  Towa  Hall,  Bridlington  „  16 

PAINTING. 

Wakefield- Infectious  Diseases  Hospital    Corporation The  Sanitary  Inspector.  Town  Hall.  Wakefield Mar.   5 

Bayswater,  W.—Westbourne-giove  Chapel  T.  W.  Ferryman,  Surveyor,  33.  Chancery-lane,  W,C „  5 

Forest  Hill,  S.E,— Public  Baths Lewisham  Borough  Council  The  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Catford,  S.E „  7 

Abergavenny-Castle-street  School  School  Board  E.  A.  Johnson,  F.R.I. B. A.,  Abergavenny    ,  7 

Ladywell.  S.E.- Public  Baths Lewisham  Borough  Council  The  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Catford.  S,E 7 

Daiton-Stores Masborough  Pioneers'  Society  H.  L,  Tacon,  F.I.A.S.,  Architect,  11,  Westgate,  Rotherham    „  8; 

Leith-Fish-House,  Stores,  and  Offices  Harbour  Commissioners Noel  Paton,  W.S.,  Clerk,  Tower-place,  Leith „  9 

Middlesbrough— Wesleyan  Church   W.  J.  Morley  and  .Sons.  Architects,  260,  Swan-arcade  Bradford ,,  » 

Edinburgh-Two  Tenements,  Queen's-place Magistrates  and  Council Thomas  Hunter,  W.S.,  Town  Clerk,  City  Chambers,  Edinburgh „  9 

Dewsbury— Seven  Houses - Tohn  Kirk  and  Sons,  Architects,  Dewsbury ,,  11 

Middleton-in-Teesdale-P.M.  Chapel  The  Rev.  J.  Strong,  The  Manse,  Middleton-iu-Teesdale „  12 

PLTJUBINa    AND    QLAZING. 

Lightchffe-Residence  and  Cottage  .  Walsh  and  Nicholas,  Architects,  Museum  Chimbers.  Halifax Mar.   7 

Shoreditch.  E.C— Plumbing  Work  (One  Year)   Borough  Council    H.  Mansfield  Robinson,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Old-street,  E.C  ...    „  S 

Halifax— Two  Houses Walsh  and  Nicho'as,  Architects,  Museum  Chambers,  Hahfix ,  8 

Edinburgh-Branch  Library,  Morningsiae-road R.  Morham,  City  Architect,  Public  Works  Office,  Elinburgh  9 

Kirkmichael  -  Cottage  at  West  Dunidea. John  Leonard,  Architect,  Pitlochry,  N.B ,,  10 

ROADS    AND    STREJITS. 

Thoinhill— Kcrbing  and  Flagging  Wells-road Urban  District  Council P.  W.  Parker,  Surveyor,  Thornhill,  near  Dewsbury Mar.   5- 

Holywood  -  Road  Works,  ic Urban  District  Council    J.  H.  Barrett,  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Holywood     

Bradfleld— Road  Repairs  : Rural  District  Council John  Forrester,  District  Surveyir,  Tlieale,  near  Reading  

Handsworth— Making-up  Park-lane    Urban  District  Council    B.  Powell,  Surveyor.  Couacd  Offise^,  Woodhouse 

Hebburn— Street  Works Urban  District  Council    H.  Paterson,  Surveyor,  Argyle-street,  Hebburn    '.r,',;  ■» 

Abergwynfi— Private  Street  Works  Glyncorrwg  Urban  District  Council  ..  W.  P.  Jone',  Surveyor.  Council  Offices,  Cymmer,  Port  Talbot 

Bootle,  Lanes— Road  Improvement  Works   Corporation The  B  rjugh  Engineer's  Office.  Bootle.  Laucs  

Ayr— Causewaying Corporation John  Young.  T.iwn  Surveyor.  Town  BuiMings.  Ayr  ..,..  

Croydin— Road  Repairs   Town  Council The  Bnrough  Road  Surveyor's  ():K;e  Town  Hall,  Croydon     ......^. 

Hammersmith,  W.— Paving  Works    Borough  Council    J.  Mair.  M  I.C.E.,  Boro'  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Hammersmith,  W. 

Dewsbury— New  Street  off  Moor-End-lane C.  H.  Marriott,  Son,  and  Shaw,  Civil  Engineers.  Dewsbury 

Audenshaw- Street  Improvement  works Urban  District  Council    W.  Clough,  Surveyor,  2.  Guide-lane.  Audenshaw 

Poole-  Making-up  Mentone,  Tennyson,  and  Clarence-roads  ...  Town  Council John  Elford.  Borough  Surveyor,  P.iole,  Dorset 

Havant-Ncw  Roads Major  Stubington A.  E-  Stallard,  F.S.t.,  Surveyor,  West-street.  Hivant   ,.._....., ....^. 

Eahng,  W.— Making-up  Roads  Town  Council Chailes  Jones.  M  ICE.,  Borough  Eogioeer,  '1  own  HaU,  EaUng.W. 

Poolc-Making-up  Woodside-road   , Town  Council John  Elford.  Borough  Surveyor,  P  io!e,  Djr.<et 

Okehampton-New  Road Rural  District  Council S.  Hooper,  District  -.urvcyor,  Biddicombe,  Hatherleigh 

Braithwaite— Widening  Road Cockermouth  Rural  District  Council.  J.  B.  Wilson,  A.M.I.C  E.,  U,  Mtin-jtreet.  Cockermouth 

Kiveton  Park— Slag  for  Roads   Rural  District  Council.. 1.  P.  Evans,  Surveyor.  Kiveton  Park,  Sheffield 

Highgate,  N.-Road  Works  Town  Council E.  J.  Lovegrove,  Boro' Eng.,  Muoi.fipul  OlUcei,  Highjate,  N, 


Fehxstowe-Concrete  Paving  (4  5C0  square  yards)   Urban  District  Council    J.  B.  Jennings.  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Felixstiwe    ,^  ,. ■  ■■  -. 

Fulham,  S.W —Making-up  Woodlawn-road Borough  Council    F.  Wood,  A.M  ICE..  Boro'  Surv.,  Town  Hill,  Fulhim,  S.W 

Newbury— Highway  Repairs  (One  Year)    Rural  District  Council H.  8.  Talbot,  District  Surveyor,  I'olJ  Ash.  Newbury .._..... 

Newport,  Mon.— Road  Togarmah  Rees.  M.I.C.E.,  Corn  Exchange  Chmbrs.,  Newpirt,  Mon. 

Grangetown,  Yorlis— Road  Works Eston  Urban  District  Council   C.  McDermid,  Dist.  Sur.,  CouQcil  OffiMS.  Gcangetowo,  R,8  ().,\ork3 

Armlcy,  Leeds-New  Streets  Albion  Allotments  Soc.  Directors    ...  Thomas  Winn  and  Sons,  Architects,  92,  Albioa-street,  L-;elj .. 


March  11,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


305 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERING  JOURNAL. 

VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  2566. 
•-♦-• 

FRIDAY,  MARCH  11,  1901. 


BUILDING   PROBLEMS. 

TO  keep  abreast  of  tlie  problems  of  modem 
building  in   planning  and  construction 
is    no  easy  matter :    it   requires  a  continual 
effort  of  the  mind.     The  day  of  few  typos  and 
self-contained    buildings   has  gone  by,   and 
the  architectural  profession  have  now  to  make 
themselves  acquainted  with  a  number  of  new 
types  and  commercial  problems.    These  can 
only  be  adequately  acquired  by  the  examina- 
tion and  study  of  existing  buildings,  by  the  aid 
■of  treatises  or  Blue-books  and  rules  of  Govern- 
ment  departments,    or    the    illusti-ated  ex- 
amples given  in   the   professional  journals. 
A   groat   deal    more    must    be   learned  by 
consultation    with   ^such    people    as     muni- 
cipal    officials,     the     masters    and  matrons 
of    unions,   the    medical    staff   and    nurses 
of  hospitals,  and   head-masters   of   schools. 
There    is    always    something   wanted   in   a 
conventional  plan  :   the  experience  of  those 
who    are    in     daily    touch    and    communi- 
cation with  clerks,  officials,  public  librarians, 
nurses,  patients,  pupils,  and  others  can  sug- 
gest a  departure  or  a  modification  of  arrange- 
ment, or  some  detail  of  great  value  to  the 
architect.     Let  us   take  a  few  of  the  kinds 
of  buildings  which  just  now  perplex  him.    In 
our  large  towns   there  is  a  class  of  structure 
in   demand  for  which  no  old  types  can  be 
found.      To    take    the  humblest    dwellings 
for  the  labouring  class.     The  old-fashioned 
self-contained  dwelling  does   not  aSord  the 
best  kind  of  plan   suitable  for  the  modern 
working  man  and  his  family  in  a  large  town. 
The  great  value  of  building  sites  necessitates 
a  restricted  area,  a  more  compact  tenement 
with  less  space  lost  in  entrances  and  passages, 
kitchen,  and  conveniences.  And  this  tendency 
towards  compactness  in  planning  has  reached 
to  the  smaller  class  of  dwellings  in  our  towns, 
for    the    City   clerks    and    others   of   small 
means.     The  commodious  halls  or  passages 
and  kitchen  offices  are  no  longer  necessary. 
Builders  of  this  class  of  property,  with  the 
object  of  getting  a  few  more  houses  into  a 
street,  reduce  these  parts  of  the  house  to  the 
smallest   limit,  the  entrance  passage  being 
often  scarcely  wide   enough  to  admit  more 
than  one  person  at  a  time,  and  the  rooms 
and  kitchen   offices  have  suffered  also.      In 
some  houses    rented  at  from   £30   to  £40, 
the   back   room   is  so     contracted    that    the 
table  has  to  be  very  small    or  placed  close 
to  the  inner  wall  to  give  the  occupants  of 
the  room  moving  space.     The  kitchen  offices 
are  reduced  to  a  mmimum,  being  not  much 
more    than    a    passage    room.      The  tenant 
rightly   complains   of   this   stinted  arrange- 
ment.    In  the  dciiiiestic  offices,  indeed,  the 
greatest    eco!iomy   is   practised,    the    object 
being  to  make  the  kitchen  just  large  enough 
for  the  kitchen  range  or  stove,  a  table  and  a 
dresser   only  sufficient  for   the  wife  or  one 
servant.      A    larger    kitchen    and    scullery 
means,    of  course,    more   labour  in  keeping 
tidy  and  clean,  and  this  economy  of  living  is 
now    regarded    as    the    virtue    of    a    well- 
arrangod  plan.     The  equipment  must  be  just 
sufficient  for  the  wants  of  a  tenant.     (»nly 
those   who   havo   made    themselves  familiar 
with  th(r   requirements   of   small  tenements 
and  houses  in  our  towns  are  able  to  do  this 
sort  of  work     it  is  a  special  education.     But 
there  is  a  particular  problem  of  even  greater 
importance  in  our  crowded   cities-  the  pro- 
vision   of    dwellings    in    associated    blocks, 
in  which  a  number  of  tenements  are  com- 
prised  on   each    floor,    more    or    less    self- 
contained,    and    having     a     common    stair 
approach  from  the  street,  or  each  sot  of  tene- 


ments its  own  entrance  and  staircase.    There 
are  two  or  three  well-defined  structures  of 
this  class,  which  the  architect  is  called  upon 
to  study.  The  first  is  a  block  of  several  stories, 
divided  into  two  or  more  tenements.     Many 
largo  buildings  in  London  once  in  one  occupa- 
tion are  so  divided,  but  without  the  necessary 
conditions  for  safetj'  in  case  of  fire.     One  of 
these  ought  to  be  that  each  tenement  should 
bo  separated  from  the  others  by  party-walls 
and    floors    of    fire  -  resisting  construction. 
Another  condition  is  that  a  separate  entrance 
to  each  set  of  rooms  should  lead  direct  from  the 
street,  and  that  these  approaches  should  also 
bo  fire-resisting.  Under  the  proposed  London 
Building  Act  Amendments  Bill  these  condi- 
tions of  security  must  bo  observed.  It  is  need- 
less to  say,  many  such  divided  blocks  are  to  be 
seen  in  London  without  separate  entrances 
and  without  party-walls  or  floors.     The  sug- 
gestions made  by  the  District  Survej'ors' Asso- 
ciation comprise  buildings  of  this  class,  and, 
as  we  showed  last  week,  impose  fire- resisting 
party-walls  and  floors  and  separate  entrances. 
Unfortunately,  perhaps,  an  arbitrary  area  is 
laid  down — ten  squares.     Within  this  limit 
the  builder  may  do  as  he  pleases ;  but  directly 
it  is  exceeded  even  by  an  inch  or  foot,  the 
above  conditions  have  to  be  obeyed.     Such  a 
limit  of  area  appears  unreasonable,  for  there 
is  quite  as  much  danger  from  fire  in  a  building 
under  ten  squares  ;  or,  say,  a  building  of  20ft. 
frontage  and  .50ft.  depth,  as  there  is  in  one 
a  trifle  above  this  area,  and,  logically,  instead 
of  area,  the  test  should  be   one  of  use.     A 
building  so  divided  into  tenements  for  human 
habitation  ought  to  be  placed  under  the  same 
restrictions,  whatever  its  area  may  be.     But 
as  a  limit  of  area  is  convenient,  a  much  lower 
limit   would  be  desirable ;  perhaps  it  would 
be  better  to  provide  that  private  dwelling- 
houses     of    certain     dimensions     might   be 
exempted.     Height  is  a  determining  element 
of  importance,  quite  as  much,  if  not  more 
urgent,  than  area,  and  an  ordinary  dwelling- 
house  of  more  than,  say,  three  or  four  stories, 
ought  to  come  under  certain  restrictions  if 
divided  into  tenements.     There  is  a  second 
class  of  buildings,  comprising  separate  sets 
of    dwelling-rooms    tenanted    by  different 
persons,    of    several   stories   in  height,    and 
of    considerable     area,     which     are     built 
without  party-walls   or  partitions   or  floors 
of    fire  -  resisting     materials,      or    separate 
entrances  or  staircases.     This   sort  of  build 
ing  forms    an   even   more    dangerous  class 
than  the  preceding.     It  is  proposed  that  the 
amended, Act  should  requiresuch  a  building, 
if  over  three  stories  and  ten  squares  in  ai-ea, 
to   have   walls   and    floors   of    fire-resisting 
materials  to  separate  the  sets  of  rooms  ;  and 
that  if  the  building  exceeds  'lo   squares  in 
area,  the  floors  of  lobbies,  corridors,  landings, 
and  principal  staircases  are  to  be  constructed 
of   the   same   materials.      Buildings  of  this 
kind  exceeding  "25  squares  containing  sepa- 
rate sets  of  offices  (not  dwellings)  tenanted 
by  drfferent  persons  are  suggested  to  have 
tlie  floors  and  principal  staircases  fii'e-resist- 
iug.     All  such  buildings  containing  separate 
rooms  or  oHices  are  not  to  exceed  50  squares 
in  area  nor  to  have  more  than  250,000c.ft. 
without  written   consent.      These  proposals 
appear    to     be    reasonable  ;    but    the  arbi- 
trary  limits   of   area    proposed  still  leave  a 
large  number   of   buildings  between  the   10 
squares  and  tho  2.5  squares,  without  fireproof 
corridors,  landings,  and    staircases,    though 
they  havn  equal  risks  with  those  which  exceed 
tho  area  limit. 

Tlien  there  is  a  third  class  of  building 
jointly  used  for  trade  or  manufacture,  and 
for  dwelling  purposes.  Tlioy  form  a  very 
large  class  of  structure  in  Ijondon  and  our 
great  towns.  ( Jriginally  many  of  those 
buildings  wcro  intended  for  manufacturing 
purposes  or  for  dwellings  ;  in  course  of  time 
they  became  divided  for  both  purposes,  but 
no  provision  was  made  to  structurally  adapt 
or  separate  tho  parts  used  for  both  ;  no  party- 
walls  or    firo-rosisting     flooi's    divided    the 


dwelling-rooms    from    the    parts    used    for 
manufacture  or  trade.    Hence  a  very  danger- 
ous  kind   of   property    sprang  up   and  still 
exists.     The  Lonclon  Building  Act  deals  with 
this  class  of  building  under  one  of  its  sections  ; 
but  only  those  which  exceed  a  certain  area 
(10  squares),  and  therefore  it  is  powerless  to 
control  buildings,  new  or  old,  which  do  not 
exceed  the  area.     We  are  not  referring  to  tho 
warehouse  class  of    property,   which  relates 
to  all  buildings   used   for    trade   or  manu- 
facture, when   they   exceed  2.3O,O0Oc.ft.,  as 
for  these  a  special  set  of  rules  exists  in  the 
Act.  For  this  smaller  class  of  building,  then, 
which  has  been   converted  into    trade  pre- 
mises with  dwelling- rooms  '  above,  there  is 
an  urgent  need  for  something  to  be  done  to 
render  the  lives  of  those  who  work  and  sleep 
on  the  premises  safe.     The  Act  provides  walls 
and  floors   to  separate  the  dwelling  portion 
from    that    used    for    trade,    and    that    the 
passages,  staircases,  and  means  of  approach  to 
the  dwelling  part  are  to  be  of  fire-resisting 
materials.     But  this  does  not  go  far  enough : 
the  part  used  for  dweUing  ought  to  be  pro- 
vided   with    a   separate   entrance  from   the 
street,    from   that,  part  used  for  trade,  and 
that  this  entrance  and  the  passage  and  stair- 
case connected  with  it  .should  be  fire-resist- 
ing.    How  to  make  a  distinct  entrance  and 
approach  is   a  problem  for  the  architect :  in 
most  cases  it  would  take  the  form  of  a  long 
passage  .at  the   side    of    the   trade  part   of 
premises,  or  would  form  a  central  corridor 
to  a  common  hall  behind  the  shop,  where  the 
staircase  would  be,  so  as  to   form   a  direct 
communication    from    the    upper  dwelling- 
house   to  tho  street.     A    better    and    more 
architectural  way  is  to  form  a  tower  at  one 
end  or  at  both  ends  of  the  building,  which 
could    be  made    features    in    the    external 
elevation.     These  would  form  separate  and 
direct    staircase    communication    from    the 
dwellings  and  street,  or  (■«•(>  verm  :  the  stairs 
and  landings  would  be  inclosed  in  the  brick 
walls  of  the  tower,  and  at  each  story  of  tene- 
ments a  doorway  would  open  into  the  passage 
leading  to  the  several  sitting  and  bed-rooms. 
A  fire-resisting  door  should  be  provided  in 
the  inner  doorways,  so  as  to  close  in  emer- 
gency.    The  trade  part  of  the  premises  would 
also   have   its   separate   entrance.     External 
staircases  might  in  some  cases  be  adopted, 
and   be   made   architectural   in   the   case   of 
small  blocks  of  dwellings  with  shops  below, 
though  we  have  not  seen   many   successful 
attempts   to   do    this.       The  common   stair- 
case of    the    ordinary    block    of    labourers 
flats,    open     in     front    with    each    landing 
forming    a    balcony,    is    certainly    not   an 
attractive    mode     of   giving    access    to  the 
stories     above.       The     architect    has    hero 
the  opportunity.       Any  amendment  of  the 
Act    will    make    it    necessary   to    construct 
separate    entrances     and     staircases    to    all 
dwelling-rooms  iu  buildings  jointly  used  for 
trade  and  dwelling  when  tho  area   exceeds 
10  squares.     I'ublic  safety  or  means  of  escape 
in  cases  of  fire  demand  such  a  provision,  and 
existing   buildings    which    come   under   the 
area  limit  will  have  to  be  almost  rebuilt  if 
the  section  is  made  retrospective. 

The  housing  experiments  which  have  been 
made  in  different  I-ondon  districts  present  a 
large  field  for  investigation  and  study.  To 
take  only  tlio  simplest  form  of  tenements  or 
cottage  flats.  Experiments  in  building  have 
shown  that  objootions  exist  to  flats  witli 
convmon  entrances  and  staircases,  and  back- 
yards. Tho  I'mglish  labouring  class  prefer  a 
separate  ontriinci\  stairs,  and  yard,  and  such 
cottage -flats  may  be  -seen,  we  believe,  at 
Richmond,  and  in  many  suburbs.  On 
tho  ground-floor  tliero  is  a  living-room,  bod- 
room,  and  scullery,  let  at  Is.  (id.  per  week  ; 
on  tho  upiier  floor,  living-room,  two  bed- 
rooms, scullery,  at  js.  (id.  per  week.  The 
"cottage  flat"  is  really  a  two-story,  self- 
contaiiiod  block,  witli  a  ground-floor  and  a 
floor  above,  separately  lot  as  flats.  Extern- 
ally   the  J     resemble"    two -story     teuement 


366 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  11,  1904. 


houses,  but  with  separate  entrance  and  stairs,  ' 
each  occupied  by  a  separate  family.  Several 
types  of  these  cottage  flats  may  be  seen  in 
provincial  towns  :  some  have  separate  front 
entrances  and  back  stairs,  with  separate 
yards,  and  the  average  cost  has  been  about 
£67  per  room,  and  thej'  are  rented  at  from 
3s. .  to  OS.  per  week.  The  average  flat 
contains  about  three  rooms.  In  Birming- 
ham this  type  of  dwelling  has  also 
been  found  a  success.  The  Milk-street 
cottage  flats,  described  in  Mr.  W.  Thomp- 
son's useful  manual,  "  The  Housing 
Handbook,"  consists  of  sixty-one  two-story 
cottage  flats  built  at  a  cost  of  £10,200  on  a 
cleared  site  under  Part  1  of  the  Act  of  1890. 
They  are  of  red  brick  with  slate  roofs,  and 
arranged  in  four  terraces,  about  half  con- 
sisting of  living-rooms,  13ft.  by  14ft.,  bed- 
rooms 12Aft.  by  9ft.,  and  the  larger  half  of 
cottages  containing  living-room  13ft.  4in.  by 
14ft.,  one  bedroom  Uft.  8]ft.,  aid  one  of 
Oft.  square.  Some  of  the  cottages  on  ground 
floor  have  a  shop  with  a  living-room  and  two 
bedrooms.  In  this  scheme  there  are  a  few 
dwellicgs  with  four  rooms,  others  with  three 
rooms,  so  as  to  make  the  most  of  the  ground. 
There  is  economy  in  the  plans ;  there  is  a 
.ommon  staircase  to  the  upper  flat,  and  the 
jedrooms  of  two-room  tenements  on  each 
flat  overlap  the  three  -  room  tenements. 
Externally,  however,  there  is  much  required. 
These  houses  are  all  under  a  level  roof,  and 
with  flat  fronts  and  backs,  which  give  them 
a  very  monotonous  effect  in  long  lines. 

Then  building  regulations  increase  the  cost 
of  building  in  districts  near  London.  At 
Iloriisey,  for  example,  we  are  told  that  the 
cost  of  carrying  the  party-walls  through  the 
roof  as  required  by  the  bj--laws  makes  an 
addition  of  £10  more  per  house  than  that  of 
similar  houses  at  Manchester  or  Richmond, 
A  very  necessary  check  to  arrest  firo  is  the 
party-waU  so  carried  up,  and  we  like  it  bettor 
for  artistic  reasons  than  the  continuous  level 
roof,  whatever  advantages  it  may  have.  But 
there  are  unnecessary  restrictions,  as  in  the 
increased  thickness  of  walls  required  when 
the  space  in  the  roof  is  utilised  for 
an  attic,  and  in  the  by-laws  requiring 
a  greater  thickness  for  concrete  than  for  brick 
walls.  CJoncrete  walls  4in.  thick  stiffened 
by  bars  or  rods  can  be  made  quite 
strong  enough  for  outbuildings ;  but  the 
by-laws  in  force  compel  them  to  be 
of  brick  9in.  in  thickness.  Unfortunately 
for  architectural  design  and  jilanning, 
the}-  cost  more  than  plain  unbroken 
walls  and  level  roofs.  The  cost  of  angles  and 
breaks  in  the  brickwork,  roof  variety  and 
features,  artistic  materials,  add  to  the  ex- 
pense a  little ;  but  what  is  the  extra  cost 
when  set  against  gi-eater  attractiveness  of  a 
row  of  dwellings  which  draw  instead  of  repel 
would-be  tenants  'i  In  rural  districts  there 
is  nothing  to  prevent  self-contained  cottages 
or  cottage  flats  being  erected  with  gardens 
between  them,  which  can  be  aiTanged  on 
new  estates  on  the  system  suggested  by 
Mr.  Unwin,  and  noticed  by  us.  The 
houses  are  placed  alternately  front  and 
back,  by  which  better  sunlight  and  more 
pleasing  results  are  obtained  for  every 
liouse  without  extra  cost.  The  building 
of  several  stories  in  one  block,  by  which 
municipalities  seek  to  reduce  the  cost  per 
room,  has.  we  have  shown  before,  not  been 
always  economical.  These  tall  blocks  cost  at 
least  £40  more  per  room  than  low  two  or 
three-storied  buildings,  and  are  open  to  other 
obvious  objections  to  safety  in  case  of  fire  or 
disease.  As  Mr.  Thompson  says,  the  standard 
of  comparison  is  the  cost  per  room,  and  he 
gives  the  result  as  to  various  types.  "With  land 
costing  less  than  £10,000  an  acre  it  is  doubt- 
ful economy  to  get  an  extra  number  of  rooms 
to  the  acre  by  tall  dwellings.  Again,  a  large 
building  divided  into  a  great  number  of 
separate  dwellings  costs  more  per  square  than 
a  building  with  a  smaller  number.  It  is 
shown  that    cottage   flats    and   cottages  are 


cheaper  to  build  than  block  buUdings. 
Other  things  being  equal,  a  small  room  costs 
more  per  square  foot  than  a  large  one. 
These  are  results  verified  by  experience. 
Other  problems  arise  in  the  case  of  suburban 
dwellings  and  model  villages  such  as  those  of 
which  we  have  examples  at  Port  Sunlight 
and  at  Bournville.  interesting  from  an  ex- 
perimental point  of  view.  Then  we  have  the 
bungalow  type  of  one-story  dwellings  as  put 
up  at  Eynsford,  in  Kent.  The  by-laws  of 
rural  districts  exempt  wooden  houses  from 
certain  regulations,  but  on  these  we  need  not 
now  dwell,  except  that  they  supply  a  need 
for  agricultural  labourers  in  country  districts 
and  at  seaside  resorts.  They  solve  the  diffi- 
culty of  housing  the  agriculturalist  at  a  cost 
he  can  afford,  especially  when  a  large  piece 
of  garden  ground  is  attached  to  the  bunga- 
low. In  this  class  of  single-story  buildings, 
quite  detached,  there  is  the  opportunity  for 
using  concrete  and  such  materials  as  Ural- 
ite,  corrugated  iron,  and  matchboarded 
linings.  In  these  and  in  the  planning 
and  design  of  cottages  and  cottage  flats 
the  architect  can  exercise  a  great  deal  of 
ingenuity  in  economical  arrangement.  In 
the  provision  of  entrance  and  stairs  to  the 
upper  rooms,  and  in  the  combinations  of 
bath,  copper,  and  kitchen  range  for  a  work- 
man's cottage  there  is  plenty  of  scope.  In 
the  picturesque  cottages  built  at  Leek  in 
Staffoidshire  the  latter  combination  has  been 
devised,  and  has  been  adopted  at  Manchester, 
Sheffield,  Battersea,  Hornsey,  and  other 
places.  The  heat  is  generated  by  the  kitchen 
fire  for  heating  the  washing  boiler  and  bath, 
saving  fuel  and  space.  These  are  only  one 
or  two  details  of  this  class  of  dwelling  that 
are  worth  the  architect's  attention  if  economy 
is  to  be  sought  for.  External  design  has  not 
yet  received  the  attention  it  deserves  at 
the  hands  of  men  who  have  a  grasp  of  the 
problem  in  its  economical  aspect. 


QUANTITY  SURVEYORS. 

THERE  is  a  reasonable  and  increasing 
desire  among  professional  men  to  im- 
prove their  statu.s.  In  certain  special 
branches  of  practice  this  tendency  is  strong  of 
co-operating  together  in  maintaining  their 
independence  and  position ;  in  fact,  the  whole 
tendency  of  professions  is  towards  segrega- 
tion. Engineers  and  surveyors  of  different 
kind  have  adopted  this  plan  of  dissociating 
themselves  from  other  branches  of  their 
profession;  and  lately  we  have  had  quantity 
surveyors  forming  themselves  into  a  body, 
and  confirming  their  articles  of  association. 
A  good  ground  exists  for  setting  themselves 
apart  as  a  professional  class.  The  building 
surveyor  represents  a  large  and  important 
section  of  the  profession  who  devote  them- 
selves to  questions  more  or  less  related  to 
building ;  and  those  who  practise  in  taking 
out  quantities  ought  to  possess  a  very  large 
and  intimate  knowledge  of  building  con- 
struction, materials  and  their  market  values, 
and  know  something  of  architectural  design. 
Very  rough  pencil  and  unfinished  drawings  of 
a  building  are  often  put  into  the  hands  of 
the  quantity  surveyor,  and  unless  he  is 
able  to  interpret  the  architect's  meaning 
— such,  for  instance,  as  any  particular 
detail  or  moulding — differences  of  tendering 
will  be  the  result,  and  much  disgree- 
ment.  But  how  few  quantity  surveyors 
know  much  about  detail,  unless  they  are 
imbued  with  the  architect's  work  !  "We  have 
known  and  heard  of  some  strange  mis- 
takes. Of  course,  for  the  marginal  sketches 
mide  in  bills  of  (juantities  the  architect 
should  be  responsible,  though  they  are  often 
drawn  by  the  surveyor,  as  nearly  as  he 
can  understand  them  from  the  drawings. 
Our  point  is  that  a  competent  surveyor  should 
be  trained  in  architectural  detail,  and  be  able 
to  realise  the  desigu  that  he  has  to  work 
from.     Again,  the  class  of  men  from  whom 


quantity  surveyors  spring  are  not  always-- 
qualified  for  their  special  vocation.  They  form 
a  miscellaneous  class — foremen  of  carpenters 
and  joiners,  builders'  clerks,  architects  who 
have  drifted  away  from  the  profession,  and 
we  have  known  men  of  other  businesses  who 
have  had  a  smattering  of  building  and  have- 
taken  up  the  business  of  getting  out  quan- 
tities. The  newly-established  Association? 
would  alter  this  state  of  things,  and  would 
endeavour  to  improve  the  training  of  the 
quantit}'  surveyor  and  his  status  as  a  profes- 
sional man.  Article  5  of  the  new  Assooiatioi> 
relates  to  conditions  of  membership  ;  sub- 
section a  defines  qualified  quantitysurveyors. 
The  point  was  one  of  those  discussed  at  a 
special  meeting  last  week,  a  report  of  which 
we  gave  (p.  332  nnle).  The  sub-section  as- 
amended  reads; — "The  term  'duly  quali- 
fied surveyor '  shall  mean  one  who  has- 
been  articled  to,  or  trained  under,  a  quantity 
surveyor  of  repute,  and  who  can  pro- 
duce, either  by  reference  or  otherwise, 
evidence  of  such  training  and  experience 
as  shall  be  satisfactory  to  the  Council  of  his- 
eligibility  for  membership."'  This  is  a. 
desirable  condition,  and  will,  if  strictly  en- 
forced, "weed"  a  large  number  of  men 
who  "take  out"  quantities.  The  architect 
of  a  building,  large  or  small,  looks  for  a 
qualified  quantity  surveyor,  as  so  much 
depends  on  a  correct  bill,  and  the  architect'^ 
reputation  is  associated  with  the  appoint- 
ment We  believe  this  condition  to  be  on& 
of  the  most  important,  and  is  a  sufficient 
niisdit  d'elir  for  the  existence  of  an  associa- 
tion. Unless  the  surveyor  is  trained,  and 
knows  all  the  trades  of  building,  the  archi- 
tect has  no  guaiantee.  No  doubt  it  is  one 
reason  why  many  architects  get  out  their 
own  quantities,  or  employ  a  surveyor  to  do 
it  for  them  under  their  own  supervision.  A 
great  deal  of  the  "wide"  tendering  we 
have  is  clearly  due  to  the  imperfect  and 
rough  bill  of  quantities,  ("'ne  builder  of 
little  reputation  hazards  all,  and  puts  in  a 
tender  strictly  in  conformity  with  the  quan- 
tities ;  more  responsible  firms  do  not  know 
what  is  really  intended,  and  add  a  per- 
centage to  cover  inadequate  description  or 
defects.  A  correct  and  full  bill  commands 
respect,  and  the  items  are  priced  at  fair  rates. 
No  percentage  is  added,  or  a  very  little.  In 
this  manner  the  architect  will  benefit  by  ac 
association  whose  members  are  all  duly 
qualified  men.  In  the  draft  rules  the  age  at 
which  chief  assistants  to  quantity  surveyors 
should  be  admitted  members  was  twenty-five 
years,  and  that  they  should  hold  the  position 
for  at  least  seven  consecutive  years ;  but  this 
limit  has  been  altered  to  twenty-eight  years, 
which  seems  to  be  a  fair  age  for 
admission.  The  meeting  also  confirmed 
the  suggestion  that  members  should  be  able 
to  append  the  distinctive  initials  "  (i.S.A." 
after  their  names.  "We  believe  in  the  not 
distant  future  qualified  quantity  surveyors 
will  be  registered  as  licensed ;  at  any  rate,  it 
is  quite  necessary  that  competent  quantity 
surveyors  should  be  known  by  some  dis- 
tinctive title,  as  it  is  one  of  -those  vocations 
which  can  so  fundamently  and  directly  be 
tested  by  examination,  even  more  so  than 
the  architect's.  The  accuracy  of  quantities 
is  a  matter  which  may  well  occupy  the 
attention  of  a  corporate  society.  At  present 
there  is  much  that  is  unsatisfactory.  Many 
quantity  surveyors  are  unmethodical  in 
their  work.  Measuring  from  working  xiraw- 
ings  demands  more  c;ireful  attention  than 
measuring  from  a  building,  and  for  this 
end  it  is  essential  that  the  surveyor  should 
thoroughly  study  and  grasp  the  whole  of 
the  drawings  before  he  begins  his  labour. 
Scarcely  two  surveyors  pursue  the  same 
method  or  order  of  "  taking  off  ''  the  items  : 
one  adopts  his  own  mode,  another  has  no 
system  and  very  little  experience.  The 
custom  of  measuring  the  work  "fuU'  to  allow 
for  omissions  is  an  undesii-able  plan,  and 
leads  to  very  random  results  ;  it  indicates  a 


March  11,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


;67 


want  of  knowledge  of  the  methods  of  taking 
labour,  as  in  mason's  work,  where  consider- 
able divergences  of  practice  are  followed 
Thus  to  take  oibe  stone  "including  all 
labour,''  instead  of  separating  the  cube  stone 
from  the  "  labours"  upon  it,  is  a  plan  often 
adopted.  The  builders  have  to  make  a 
guess,  the  consequence  of  which  is  variations 
in  tendering  to  an  extent  which  defies 
investigation.  Those  in  the  trade  who  know 
the  surveyor's  allowances  have  the  advantage 
while  others  who  do  not,  put  down  prices 
either  too  full  or  inadequate.  In  all  these 
matters  the  Association  may  wisely  regulate 
the  practice,  and  endeavour  to  make  the 
method  of  taking  off  more  uniform  than  it 
is  at  present.  It  would  be  of  value  to  the 
profession  if  a  set  of  rules  could  be  framed 
which  every  member  would  adhere  to,  so  that 
a  uniform  basis  of  measuring  could  be  fol 
lowed.  Article  13  gives  power  to  the  Council 
of  the  Association  to  investigate  and  adjudi 
cate  upon  any  complaint  of  alleged  inaccuracy 
in  quantities.  The  Council  would  be  well 
within  their  rights  in  undertaking  such  a 
duty  if  safeguarded  by  the  President's  sug- 
gestion that  the  person  demanding  the  in- 
vestigation should  make  a  deposit  to  prevent 
any  frivolous  complaints.  We  leave  our 
readers  to  peruse  the  report  of  the  proceed- 
ings and  the  memorandum  and  articles  of 
Association  as  proposed  and  agreed  to.  Of 
course,  there  wUl  be  dissentients.  Many 
surveyors  of  high  repute  have  stood  aloof ; 
they  are  averse  to  any  proposal  to  tie  the 
hands  of  the  profession,  or  to  make  regula- 
tions of  a  binding  nature.  They  adopt 
systems  of  their  own  which  are  above  sus- 
picion, with  which  leading  architects  are  well 
satisfied.  But  the  exceptions  prove  the  rule. 
The  rank  and  file  of  those  who  prepare 
quantities  are  not  authorities.  In  most  cases 
they  have  had  no  special  training,  and  any 
attempt  to  bring  these  into  line  must  be  of 
advantage  to  the  whole  body  of  practitioners. 


THE  ARCHITECTUKAL  ASSOCIATION. 

THE  fortnightly  meeting  of  thii  Association 
was  held  at  9,  Conduit-street,  W.,  on 
Friday  evening,  the  President,  3Ir.  Henry  T. 
Hare,  F.R.I. B.  A.,  occupying  the  chair. 

J'UoroSED    CHANGE   OF   MEETING    XIGHT. 

Prior  to  the  ordinary  meeting,  a  special  one 
was  held  to  consider  the  desirability,  or  otherwise, 
of  changing  the  day  on  which  the  gatherings  are 
held.  The  President  mentioned  that  Friday  was 
an  inconvenient  evening  to  many  architects  who 
desired  to  go  out  of  town  for  the  week-end,  and 
the  Committee  would  be  pleased  to  know  if  any 
other  day  would  better  suit  members  generally. 
Mr.  J.  Osiioi'NE  Smith  thought  the  present 
arrangement  worked  well:  >iut  Mr.  Walter 
MiLLAKi)  and  others  regarded  it  as  far  from  con- 
venient. ■Jlr.W.H.SETH-SMiTH,  Past-President 
pointed  out  that  not  only  did  Friday's  meeting 
preclude  members  from  taking  a  week-end  holiday 
but  many  architects  made  it  a  custom  to  visit 
chents  and  works  in  progress  in  thecounlryon 
Saturdays  Ho  suggested  that  the  meetings  be 
?H_'"^r?  °,  "y  evenings  alternately  with  those 
of  the  R.I.K.A.  Mr.  Auxold  Mitchell  sup- 
ported the  change  to  Mondays,  and  Mr  F 
LisHMAN  while  approving  of  the  alteration! 
asked  it  the  Council  of  the  Institute  would  be 
willing  to  lend  the  room  on  Mondays.  The 
1  resideut  said  the  Council  had  not  yet  been 
oihcially  approached,  as  the  matter  was  not  ripe, 
hut  he  had  no  reason  to  expect  that  any  difficultv 
would  be  raised.  After  some  further  discussion  it 
was  agreed  that  an  opportunity  should  be  given  to 
niembcrstofixpresstheir  wishesonthe  votingpapera 
about  to  bo  issu.'d  for  the  election  of  the  Clommittee 
Messrs.  ,1.  F.  IJlakiston,  E.  H.  Gandy,  and  J  W 
Fair  were  elected  to  membership.  The  Pui-si- 
DENT  announced  the  following  further  don.itions 
to  the  Aew   Premises  Fund  :— Messrs.   William 

^,°m''\,"',',  ""••  ■''™°''  ''•  I'earson,  tlO  lOs. ; 
\\.  1.  W  alktr,  tr,  58. :  H.  V.  Shebbeare,  £2  '.'s  • 
and  (1.  lio.v,  il  Is.  He  remarked  that  while  a 
number  of  members  responded  to  the  appeal  of  the 
Oommitlce  to  double  the  annual  subscription  lor 
the  present  session,  there  was  very  mnny  had  not 


c'oae  so.  He  trusted  th  it  all  the  members  would 
see  their  way  to  helping  in  this  mode,  as  then 
there  would  be  no  dithculty  in  meeting  the  outlay 
on  the  new  buildingi  in  Tutton-street.  On  the 
mo'ion  of  Mr.  D.  C  Davies,  votes  of  thanks  were 
awarded  to  Mr.  G.  F.  Bodley,  R.A.,  for  conduct- 
ing a  pari  y  of  Members  over  Holy  Trinity  Church, 
Kensington,  on  Feb.  20,  and  to  Mr.  Aston 
Webb,  R.A.,  P.R.I. B. A.,  for  allowing  a  party  of 
Members  to  visit  the  Royal  College  of  Science, 
Kensington,  and  to  Messrs.  Ptacock  and  Dowce 
for  conducting  the  visitors  over  the  works.  Mr. 
H.  Tanner,  ,Iun..  Hon.  Sec,  announced  that  a 
meeting  of  the  Discussion  Section  would  take 
place  on  Wednesday,  the  16th  inst.,  when  Mr.  P. 
L.  \V''aterhou8e  would  read  a  paper  on  "  Practice 
in  the  Colonies  "  :  and  that  a  meeting  of  the 
Camera  and  Cycling  Club  will  be  held  on 
Tuesday,  the  22ud  inst.,  when  Mr.  F.  R.  Taylor 
would  read  a  paper  on  "The  Excursion  of  the 
A. A.  Camera  and  Cycling  Club  in  190-3." 

THE    HOUSE    LIST  OF    NOMINATIONS 

for  Officer)  and  Council  for  the  forthcoming 
Session,  1904-5,  was  read  by  the  President,  who 
stated  that  at  the  next  meeting,  on  Friday, 
April  22,  any  fresh  names  might  be  handed  in  on 
nominations  bearing  two  signatures.  The  Com- 
mittee's list  was  as  follows  : — President,  E.  Guy 
*Ddwber  :  Tice  -  Presidents  (two)  :  Arthur  T. 
Bolton  and  James  S.  *Gibson  ;  Committee  (ten  to 
be  elected  :  seventeen  nominations)  :  R.  S.  'Bal- 
four, G.  B.*Car7ill,  Walter  Cave,  F.C.Eden, 
Henry  T.  *Hare,  Arthur  Keen,  F.  Lishman, 
Arnold  *Mitchell,  John  *Murray,  D.  B.  Niven, 
W.  A.  *Pite,  J .  Maclaren  *Ro8S,  W.  Howard 
*Seth-Smith,  W.J.  Tapper,  A.  Brumwell  Thomas, 
A.  Needham  Wilson,  and  E.  W.  Wimperis ; 
Hon.  Treasurer,  Francis  *Uooper  :  Hon.  Secre- 
taries :  Louis  *Amb]er  and  H.  *TaDner,  Jun. ; 
Hon.  Librarian,  W.  A.  S.  Pettit ;  Hon.  Assistant 
librarians  :  Edwin  Gunn  and  C.  M.  Crickmer. 
[An  asterisk  (*)  against  a  name  signifies  a  member 
of  the  present  Committee.] 

SCHOOLS. 

The  following  piper  on  this  subject,  illustrated 
by  some  sketch-plans  drawn  to  very  large  scale, 
and  by  some  photographs  of  existing  buildings, 
the  latter  lent  by  Mr.  Philip  A.  Robson,  was  read 
by  Mr.  J.  W.  Simpson,  F.R.I.B.A.  ;— 

N.iTIONAL    AND    BRITISH    SCHOOLS. 

In  your  sketching  expeditions  through  country 
districts  you  have  no  doubt  come  across,  and 
perhaps  passed  as  unworthy  of  attention,  little 
single-story  brick  buildings  of  hideous  design 
garnished  with  cement  travesties  of  Gothic 
gables  and  windows.  Over  the  doorway  is  the 
inscription  "  ^,'ational  School"  or  "British 
School."  It  is  a  safe  wager  that  it  you  stop  and 
question  the  first  six  architects  cycling  by  on 
their  quest  of  tit-bits  to  measure,  no  one  of 
them  will  be  able  to  interpret  to  you  the  signifi- 
cation of  those  legends.  Yet  it  is  from  these 
buildings  that  the  modern  type  of  elementary 
school  has  been  developed.  They  were  erected 
by  two  societies,  the  "National  Society," 
founded  by  Dr.  Andrew  Bell,  and  the  "  British 
and  Foreign  Society,"  by  Joseph  Lancaster. 
The  first  Lancasterian  school  was  opened  in  1798, 
the  National  Schools  dating  from  somewhat 
earlier.  They  were  at  first  mainly  supported  by 
private  subscriptions,  and  the  term  "Charity 
School"  grew  to  be  a  more  or  less  invidious 
epithet  of  distinction  from  the  richer  "  Grammar 
School." 

THE    HELL    .\N0     LANCASTER     ELEMENT.IRY    SCHOOLS 

were  the  first  to  be  planned  on  a  scientific  basis  of 
relation  between  the  system  of  teaching  and  the 
building.  The  method  was,  shortlv,  as  follows  :  — 
One  master  had  the  entire  control  of  the  school. 
The  number  of  scholars  was  unlimited  ;  Lmcaster 
is  reported  to  have  said  that  ho  would  not  hesitate 
to  place  as  many  as  1 ,000  under  a  single  master 
in  one  room,  though  it  U  not  recorded  that  he 
ever  actually  did  so.  The  building  consisted 
merely  of  one  room,  of  oblong  form,  and  of  suit- 
able size  for  the  number  it  had  to  hold.  The 
master's  desk  was  upon  a  raised  platform  at  one 
end,  and  the  scholars  sat  facing  him  at  long  desks 
placed  transversely  to  the  long  axis.  On  each  side 
of  (he  desks,  and  the  whole  length  of  the  room, 
w.as  an  alley  or  gangway  .')ft.  or'  lift.  wide.  The 
floor  was  inclined  from  the  master's  desk  to  the 
further  end,  where  the  highest  class  was  placed. 
The  whole  school  was  divided  into  small  cUsses 
according  to  attainments;  the  feature  of  the 
system  being  that  every  class  was  taught  by  other  J  Catholic  scholars. 


scholars,  who  had  themselves  reached  a  slightly 
greater  degree  of  proficieocy  than  those  they 
taught.  These  "  monitors,"  as  they  wera  called, 
occupied  the  side  gangways  already  referred  to, 
and  formed  their  little  classes  into  semicirclea  for 
reading  and  so  on.  No  special  arrangements 
were  insisted  on  as  to  lighting,  the  windows 
being  generally  at  both  ends  and  on  one  side. 

THE   STOW    PCPIL    TEACHER   SYSTEM. 

The  system  of  monitors  became  discredited  as 
matters  advanced,  and  their  place  was  taken, 
about  1S2G,  by  "  pupil  teachers,"  under  the 
development  of  the  methods  of  Mr.  David  Stow, 
of  Glasgow.  These  "pupil  teachers,"  I  may 
perhaps  mention,  arc  drawn  from  the  ranks  of 
the  scholars,  as  were  the  monitors  ;  but,  although 
themselves  still  under  training,  are  professional 
teachers  who  have  reached  a  definite  age  limit 
and  passed  a  certiin  qualifying  examination.  The 
school-house  plan  was  modified  under  the  "Stow  " 
system,  but  the  principle  of  immediate  supervision 
by  the  master  remained.  The  schoolroom  was 
etui  the  simple  oblong  plan,  though  as  much  as 
28ft.  or  30ft.  in  width.  A  very  large  stepped 
gallery  occupied  the  end  fur  best  from  the  door, 
capable  of  seating  quite  two-thirds  of  the  pupils. 
This  was  used  for  collective  lessons,  and,  the 
buildings  being  designed  in  most  cases  for  use 
as  Sunday-schools,  was  considered  of  great  im- 
portance, not  only  for  efficient  supervision,  but  as 
being  well  suited  to  the  purposes  of  religious  in- 
struction. A  row  of  long  desks  was  placed  against 
each  of  the  side  walls  for  writing  lessons,  and  one 
or  two  separate  classrooms  were  provided  at  the 
end  of  the  rooai  opposite  the  gallery,  each  with 
its  own  gallery. 

VOUNTARV    SCHOOLS    OF    SIXTY    YEARS    AGO. 

The  "  pupil  teacher  "  system  proved  successful, 
and  the  plan,  with  minor  modifications,  remained 
pretty  much  on  these  lines  until  the  Committee  of 
Council  on  Educatioa,  mentioned  above,  began  to 
organise  matters  about  1840  and  onwards.   In  the  ' 
early    schools,    you    will    observe,   simultaneous 
teaching  was  the  aim  of  the  plan  :  now,  as  pupil 
teachers  became  fairly  efficient  they  were  found 
capable  of  instructing  separate  classes  with  advan- 
tage, though,  being  young,  they  required  super- 
vision   at    their    work,    and    the    help    of    the 
master's    authority.     Therefore,    note    hov   the 
problem  has  varied  its  conditions.  What  was  now 
wanted    was   a    series  of   classes,    all   Eeparately 
taught,  yet  all  under  one  controlling  eye.     The 
gallery    and    Lancaster   plans,    where   the  seats 
were  placed  at  right  angles  to  the  long  axis  of  the 
room,  were  no  longer  suitable.     The  reason  for 
their  compact  grouping  had  disappeared,  and  they 
did  not  permit  clasjcs  to  be  effectively  isolated  one 
from  another.     Accordingly,  the  seats,  instead  of 
being  placed  at  right  angles  to  the  long  axis,  were 
now  put  parallel  thfreto,   and   some  three  rows 
dtep  of  desks  only  used,  so  that  a  young  teacher's 
voice  might  easily  reach  the  scholars.     As  it  was 
clearly  inadvisable  to  have  classes  seated  face  to 
face,  they  were  placed  side  by  side  ;  the  rooms  were 
reduced  in  width,  leaving  room  only  for  the  class 
to  be  called  out  in  front  of  the  desks  and  grouped 
aroimd  the  teacher.     Here,  then,  at  last  we  have 
our  old  friend  the  long  schoolroom,  ISft.  or  so  in 
width,   having  seats  on  one  side  only  and  cross- 
lighted.     The  classes    were    generally   separated 
by  a   curtain,    and  the  room  was  verj-  often  an 
|_  or  X  in  shape,  so  that  the  master  could  readily 
overlook  all  that  w.as  going  on  from  the  inter- 
section of  the  arms,     .\lthough  there  was  gene- 
rally  a    classroom    to    each   department,   where 
a   special  class  could  bo  taken,  there  is  no  hint 
as  yet  of  the  classroom  plan  .as  now  understood. 
This   mention    of   "departments"  reminds   one 
that  boys  and  girls  were  by  this  time  generally 
separated  instead  of  mixed,  as  in  the  older  and' 
smaller  schonls.  where  considerations  of  expense 
did  not  allow  of  both  a  master  and  mistress  being' 
engaged.     This  was,  however,  by  no  means  uni- 
versal.    Such,  then,  was  the  type  of  el-mentary 
school-building  which  prevailed  up  to  the  time  of 
the  motnontous  Act  of    1870,   which  established 
school  boards.     It  may  be  noted,  before  leiving 
this  part  of  my  subjeet,  that  the  schools  up  to 
this  date  open    to  tho  working   causes   and  the 
masses   of  the   labouring   population   were  what 
were    afterwards    called    "Voluntary"   schools. 
That     is,    they     were    maintained     by    private 
oU'ort,    supplemented    by   Parliamentary  grants. 
(If   these,    the    "National"    or   Church   schools 
counted  in  ISfi9   upwards  of  808,000  children,  as 
linst  217,000   Dissenting  and  68,000   Roman 


368 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS, 


March  11,  1904. 


JIOAUI)    SCHOOLS. 

School  board?  being  now  established,  attention 
■was  directed  to  the  various  Continental  schools, 
and  their  relative  merits  were  compared  with  the 
type  developed  from  the  "pupil  teacher ' '  system 
of  this  country.  It  is  impossible  for  me  to  dwell 
at  any  length  on  foreign  educational  methods  ;  it 
will  suffice  for  my  purpose  to  state  generally  that 
those  of  Prussia  were  found  to  be  at  once  fairly 
representative  of  those  of  Europe,  and  in  a  very 
high  condition  of  efficiency.  The  conditions  of 
entrance  and  study  in  these  I'russian  schools 
render  necessary  much  greater  isolation  of  the 
class  than  with  us.  A  classroom,  in  fact,  as  has 
been  well  observed,  incloses  within  its  four  walls 
a  little  school  in  itself.  This  implies  naturally  a 
highly-trained  teacher  in  charge  of  the  class,  who 
is  equal  to  maintaining  discipline  without  the 
constant  moral  support  of  the  head  master.  It  is 
typical  of  our  national  methods  that,  while 
approving  and  accepting  the  type  of  plan  thus 
evolved,  we  rejected  the  method  of  which  it  was 
the  logical  result.  It  seems  to  have  been  thought 
that  if  every  class  were  taught  in  its  own  room, 
better  and  more  rapid  progress  would  be  made  by 
the  scholars.  At  the  same  time,  it  was  desired  to 
retain  the  greater  economy  of  teaching  power 
given  by  grouped  classes.  It  is  also  typical  of 
our  national  methods  that,  after  a  trial  school  had 
been  built  which  was  considered  more  or  less  a 
failure  at  the  time,  we  gradually  evolved  a 
combined  "classroom"  and  "pupil  teacher" 
system  of  our  own,  which  has  proved  verj-  satis- 
factory. This  trial  school  was  built  in  1872  by 
the  London  School  Board  in  Ben  Jonson-street, 
Stepney,  and  marks  a  most  important  step  in  the 
development  of  our  elementary  school  planning. 
It  was  erected  from  the  designs  of  our  late  friend 
Professor  T.  Roger  Smith,  and  you  are,  no  doubt, 
familiar  with  its  lines  from  published  descriptions 
and  illustrations. 

THE   PRUSSIAN'    CLASs'ftoOM    PL.VN, 

already  alluded  to,  contained  no  hall  for  collective 
teaching  and  assembly,  though  an  e.xamination 
hall  was  frequently  attached  to  a  school,  as  often 
as  not  on  the  top  floor,  being  used  perhaps  three 
or  four  times  in  a  year  for  examinations  or  public 
functions.  Mr.  Roger  Smith's  plan,  however, 
retained  the  assembly-hall  or  large  schoolroom  of 
English  tradition,  and  added'  classrooms  opening 
out  from  it  on  three  sides.  It  was  a  remarkable 
plan,  and  has  greatly  influenced  subsequent  school 
development.  And  I  venture  to  draw  your  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  it  was  the  outcome  of  com- 
petitive design.  Since  then  the  classroom  system 
has  steadily  gained  in  favour,  and  the  corollary 
of  additional  trained  teachers  has  been  accepted 
as  necessary.  The  assembly  hall,  after  being 
abandoned  for  a  considerable  period  as  extrava- 
gant, during  which  time  the  long  schoolroom  was 
made  to  serve  its  purpose,  has  been  reverted  to. 
In  short,  the  type  of  elementary  school  plan 
deduced  from  the  Act  of  1870  has  been,  with  local 
variations,  formulated  for  some  time  past  on  the 
lines  with  which  we  are  all  fairly  well  acquainted. 
Those  of  my  audience  who  are  acquainted  with 

THE  >;ew  edvcation  act 

•of  1902  wUl,  perhaps,  pardon  me  if,  before  pro- 
ceeding further,  I  invite  you  to  glance  at  the 
principal  provisions  it  contains  affecting  our  work 
as  architects.  The  Bill  consists  of  four  parts  and 
four  schedules.  The  first  part  constitutes  the 
new  local  education  authorities,  who,  as  you  are 
aU  aware,  supersede  the  old  school  boards,  and 
are  endowed  with  wider-reaching  powers  and 
duties.  The  essential  matter  of  part  2,  from  our 
standpoint,  is  contained  in  the  opening  words:  — 
"  (1)  The  local  education  authority  shall  consider 
the  educational  needs  of  their  area,  and  take  such 
steps  as  seem  to  them  desirable,  after  consultation 
with  the  board  of  education,  to  supply  or  aid  the 
supply  of  education  other  than  elementary,  and 
to  promote  the  getieral  co-ordination  of  all  forms 
of  education."  It  proceeds  to  deal  with  the 
concurrent  powers  of  smaller  boroughs  and  urban 
districts,  the  raising  of  r.ates,  and  the  religious 
instruction  bogey,  with  which  matters  I  need  not 
trouble  you.  I'art  3  confers  upon  the  new  authori- 
ties the  powers  and  duties  of  the  school  boards, 
which  the  Act  abolishes,  and  proceeds  to  direct 
that  they  "shall  also  be  responsible  for  and 
have  the  control  of  all  secular  instruction  in 
public  elementary  schools  not  provided  by 
them."  It  further  requires  them  to  "maintain 
and  keep  efficient  all  public  elementary  schools 
within  ttieir  area  which  are  necessary,"  deals 
with  their  management,  the  use  of  buildings  out 


of  school  hours,  endowments  and  grants,  and 
contains  a  form  of  exorcism  for  spiritual  troublers 
of  the  peace  in  elementary,  as  part  2  already  has 
for  higher,  education.  There  is  in  section  7,  sub- 
section (d),  a  direction  as  to  the  upkeep  and  repair 
of  non-provided  schoolhouses,  which  should,  in 
the  case  of  impecunious  managers  and  a  close- 
fisted  authority,  "  breed,"  as  Jlrs.  Lirriper  put  it, 
"  fruitful  hot  water  for  all  parties."  It  is,  how- 
ever, a  little  bit  of  sugar  for  the  surveyors  rather 
than  for  us,  and  I  pass  it  by.  An  interesting 
provision  is  that  of  sections  S  and  9,  by  which  a 
local  authority  is  bound  to  give  three  months' 
public  notice  of  its  intention  to  build  a  new  school 
or  substantially  enlarge  an  existing  one.  During 
this  period  certain  interested  parties,  or  even  ' '  any 
ten  ratepayers  in  the  area,  "may  appeal  to  the  Board 
of  Education,  and  challenge  the  proposed  school 
as  unnecessary.  Decision  as  to  the  validity  of 
such  a  challenge  rests  with  the  Board  of  Education. 
It  would  seem  that  this  provision  may  very  much 
hamper  an  education  authority  in  its  negotiations 
for  a  site.  It  is  clear  that  the  notice  should  be 
given  at  the  very  outset  of  the  scheme,  and  before 
obtaining  the  approval  of  the  Board  of  Education. 
Otherwise  the  latter  might  be  required  to  arbitrate 
in  a  matter  which  they  had  already  prejudged. 
Should  the  Board,  after  holding  a  local  inquiry, 
be  satisfied  as  to  the  propriety  of  the  proposal,  the 
Local  Government  Board  has  then  to  be  applied 
to  for  their  sanction  to  borrow  money  to  acquire 
the  site  in  question.  By  this  time  the  ground 
may,  at  any  rate  in  the  owner's  opinion,  have 
greatly  increased  in  value,  or  be  no  longer  in  the 
market.  I  cannot  conceive  of  private  negotia- 
tions being  carried  on  effectively  where  so  long  a 
period  must,  and  an  indefinite  time  may,  elapse 
before  the  transaction  can  be  completed.  Of 
course,  there  are  compulsory  powers  to  fall 
back  on,  but  these  do  not  furnish  the  most 
speedy  nor  the  most  economical  means  of  ac- 
quiring property  for  public  purposes.  Some  pro- 
visional means  of  ear-marking  a  site,  pending  the 
possible  delays,  would  appear  to  be  needed,  such 
as  a  short  lease  with  option  to  purchase  in 
a  given  time  and  a  forfeit  for  non-completion. 
I  mention  this  matter  because  pretty  complete 
sketch  plans  and  estimates  will  be  required 
by  an  inspector  holding  such  an  inquiry  under 
the  Act.  lie  is  especially  directed  to  inform 
himself  on  the  question  of  economy  of  the  rates, 
and  the  drawings  would  have  to  be  prepared 
at  an  earlier  period  of  the  scheme  than  heretofore. 
With  the  general  sections  of  part  4  I  need  not 
trouble  you,  though  you  should  note  that  section 
22,  subsection  (2),  limits  the  ago  of  elementary 
scholars  to  sixteen  ySars.  The  four  schedules, 
too,  chough  interesting  to  all  engaged  in  educa- 
tional work,  do  not  come  within  our  ken  to-night. 
You  will  not,  I  trust,  consider  that  this  cursory 
and  superficial  comment  on  the  Act  exceeds  the 
limits  of  the  subject  on  which  I  have  been  bidden 
by  your  president  to  discourse  to  you.  The  Act 
is  in  itself,  as  I  have  shown,  of  primary  import- 
ance to  every  architect  engaged  in  designing 
schools,  and  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  it  is, 
for  all  that,  but  the  corollary  and  completion  of 
a  round  dozen  of  previous  enactments  still  in 
existence.  Some  of  these  it  varies  slightly,  and 
others  widely,  but  all  require  to  be  read  and 
studied  in  conjunction  with  it  if  its  full  import  is 
to  be  seized.  As  I  have  shown  you,  our  present 
system  of  elementary  education,  and  consequently 
of  elementary  school  architecture,  has  been 
founded  on  the  parent  Act  of  1870,  and  its  sub- 
sequent emendations. 

{To  be  concluded.) 


Mr.  Philip  A.  Roiisojr,  in  a  communication 
read  by  5Ir.  H.  Tanner,  Hon.  Sec,  said  there 
were  two  vital  points  which  govern  all  school 
planning: — (1)  The  unit,  which  is  the  child: 
(2)  the  aspect,  or  north  point.  The  latter  (being 
easily  spoken  of,  I  take  first)  simply  consists  in 
this  northern  climate  of  ours  in  giving  each  unit 
as  much  sun  as  possible.  Every  classroom, 
except  those  used  for  art  purposes  or  science, 
should  receive  the  sun's  rays  during  some  part  of 
the  day.  With  regard  to  the  unit,  unless  it  is 
duly  regarded,  the  planning  must  be  bad,  and, 
therefore,  the  design  bad.  In  elementary' 
National  schools  the  five-seated  long  desk  has 
been  rather  a  favourite,  because  at  times  of  en- 
tertainments the  desks  were  removed  into  a  class- 
room or  rooms,  and  by  sliding  a  partition  a 
good-sized  hall  was  often  available,  ready 
seated.  And  for  the  same  reasons  stepped 
galleries  were  avoided.  In  Board  schools  dual 
desks  reigned  supreme  ;  in  higher  schools  single 


desks,  with  ISin.  gangways,  are  preferred.  Hence 
we  should  see  that  to  be  an  economical  planner 
we  must  study  the  unit  and  the  seating  first. 
Personally,  he  thought  all  these  systems  bad, 
and  that  single  desks  arranged  dually,  but  with, 
say,  a  6in.  gap  between,  would  be  far  better  for 
all  purposes.  So  we  should  get  an  ISin.  gang- 
way, one  2ft.  desk,  a  Gin.  space,  another  2ft. 
desk,  and  then  another  gangway,  i-c.  Having 
settled  your  seating  arrangements,  it  was  well  to 
consider  annual  maintenance :  (1)  IS'^umber  of 
teachers  and  "pupil  teachers."  (2)  size  of  class- 
rooms, (3)  whether  a  central  hall  is  required. 
Owing  to  its  excessive  cost  outweighing  the  ad- 
vantages, the  central  hall  had  latterly  come  rather 
into  disfavour,  and  a  compromise  had  been  made 
by  having  a  central  hall  corridor — anything  from 
12ft.  to  20ft.  wide — which  answers  all  purposes. 
The  Board  of  Education's  latest  production  (in 
the  way  of  rules)  was  unfortunately  law,  and, 
therefore,  had  to  be  noticed,  or  he  should  prefer 
not  to  ;  but,  as  a  new  edition  was,  be  understood, 
in  the  printers'  hands,  he  would  but  comment  on 
one  curiosity  in  the  current  issue  :  Given  a  school 
of  150  with  a  first  floor  [i.e.,  say  with  seventj' 
children  upstairs)  there  must  be  two  stair- 
cases 4  ft.  wide  per  flight,  or  one  staircase 
for  every  thirty-five  children.  Let  us  trust 
the  new  issue  may  prove  a  help  and  not 
a  hindrance  to  the  proper  planning  of 
schools.  With  regard  to  Mr.  Simpson's  remarks 
about  latrines,  to  connect  these  with  the  school 
buildings  by  covered  ways,  this  was  surely  hardly 
necessary,  and  also  wasteful  of  playground  space. 
Moreover,  it  hardens  children  to  be  about  in  the 
open  air,  and  has  a  tendency  to  decrease  con- 
sumption, which  arises  not  from  hereditary  disease, 
but  from  unsuitable  food  and  want  of  fresh  air. 
We  shall  be  heating  the  corridor  to  the  Utrines 
next !  Also,  is  it  wise  to  render  the  school 
buildings  hopelessly  at  variance  to  the  rough 
home-life  of  the  average  child  r  In  most  towns 
you  see  them,  after  hours  in  any  weather,  without 
coats,  playing  in  the  streets.  It  seemed  to  him 
that  schools  must  gradually  improve  as  the  homes 
improve,  always  keeping  a  little  ahead  and 
being  an  education  in  themselves,  but  not  an 
unattainable  ideal,  as  some  schools  are  now, 
making  the  child  discontented  with  his  home- 
life.  And,  remember,  if  you  sacrifice  the  proper 
home-life,  you  sap  the  very  inmost  vitality  of 
England.  Do  not,  therefore,  make  your  schools 
ridiculously  luxurious  ;  rather  give  them  such  a 
thing  as  a  small  swimming-bath  for  a  district 
than  cover  the  ways  to  the  latrines  in  all  the 
schools  in  that  district.  Now  a  word  or  two 
on  design.  By  far  the  majority  of  schools  all 
over  England  have  bad  elevations.  This  was  not 
as  it  should  be,  and  it  was  tor  you  to  remedy. 
The  President  of  the  R.I.B.A.  had  courageously 
asked  them  not  to  neglect  imaginative  literature. 
He  ventured  to  suggest  that  musi;  was  even 
better  still  as  a  stimulator  to  the  imaginative 
faculty.  To  use  the  words  of  a  great  critic, 
"  Music,  then,  not  poetry,  as  was  so  often  sup- 
posed, is  the  true  type  or  measure  of  consummate 
art.  Therefore,  although  each  art  has  its  incom- 
municable element,  its  untranslatable  order  of 
impressions,  its  unique  mode  of  reaching  the 
imaginative  reason,  yet  the  arts  may  be  repre- 
sented as  continually  struggling  atter  the  law  or 
principle  of  music,  to  a  condition  which  music 
alone  completely  realises;  and  one  of  the  chief 
functions  of  a'Sthetic  criticism,  dealing  with  the 
concrete  productions  of  art,  new  or  old,  is  to 
estimate  the  degree  in  which  each  of  these  pro- 
ducts approaches  in  this  sense  to  musical  law." 
Let  each  of  us,  therefore,  try  to  make  our  plans 
right  ;  it  wUl  then  be  the  easier  to  make  our 
designs  "  frozen  uiusic." 

Mr.  JoHX  Slater,  in  proposing  a  vote  of 
thanks  to  the  lecturer,  observed  that  he  was  lost 
in  admiration  at  Jlr.  Simpson's  courage  in 
taking  so  large  a  subject  as  his  topic  :  but  he  had 
given  them  an  exceedingly  instructive  lYs/oit:'  of 
the  development  in  this  country  of  the  elementary 
schools.  Ttie  Prussian  system  of  day  schools  was 
undoubtedly  the  best  yet  devised,  and  it  was 
interesting  to  notice  the  difference  in  methods 
between  the  schools  of  that  kingdom  and  those  of 
England.  The  reaction  against  the  strictly 
classical  curriculum  began  in  Prussia  much 
earlier  than  it  did  in  this  country,  and  so  far  back 
as  179S  a  leaving  certificate  was  granted  to 
scholars  on  the  completion  of  their  school  life,  a 
reform  not  yet  adopted  in  England  in  public 
elementary  schools.  He  could  not  agree  with  Mr. 
Simpson  and  his  criticisms  of  left-hand  lighting 
for  schools ;  it  was  certainly  the  very  best  for  the 


March  11,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


3G9 


students  themselves,  and  the  objections  raised  on 
the  teachers'  behalf  had  not  much  in  them.  He 
concurred  in  the  views  of  the  lecturer  that  the 
height  of  modern  classrooms  was  much  too  great. 
The  additional  cubic  space  was  costly  and  un- 
necessary, and  introduced  difficulties  in  the  way 
of  ventilation,.  A  great  desideratum  was  to  make 
the  main  hall  beautiful  so  as  to  educate  the 
children's  taste,  and  on  this  point  he  strongly 
dillered  from  Jlr.  P.  A.  Kobson,  for  he  held  that 
a  higher  standard  should  be  set  before  the  scholars 
than  they  had  in  their  home  lives. 

Mr.  J.  O.siiouNE  Smitu  seconded  the  vote  of 
thanks,  remarking  that  so  suggestive  and  practical 
a  paper  had  proved  most  useful  at  this  critical 
period  in  the  history  of  public  education.  Archi- 
tects were  beginning  to  see  that  any  attempt  to 
lay  down  hard  and  fast  rules  as  to  the  planning  of 
public  elementary  schools  was  unnecessary  and 
unwise.  The  planning  of  schools,  both  of  the 
higher  and  lower  grades,  must  depend  upon  the 
methods  adopted  in  teaching.  The  evolution  of 
school  building  of  late  years  had  been  remarkable, 
and  the  difference  between  those  now  being 
designed  and  the  dull,  dreary,  and  interesting 
schools  of  a  generation  since  was  very  remark- 
able. The  present  tendency  was  to  make  the 
windows  of  schools  much  too  large,  and  to  provide 
an  unnecessary  amount  of  cooling  and  chilling  to 
all  surfaces  duringthe  colder  months.  Formerly, 
architests  were  advised  to  give  a  north-eastern 
light  to  classrooms,  but  now  the  endeavour  was  to 
devote  the  sunny  side  of  a  site  to  classrooms.  It 
was,  he  held,  a  mistake  to  entirely  surround  a 
central  hall  with  rooms  for  teaching.  The  left- 
hand  lighting  was  undoubtedly  the  best  for 
scholars.  Speaking  of  eccentric  planning,  he  once 
saw  a  school  in  which  the  pupils  were  seated  with 
their  backs  to  the  master  I 

Mr.  W.iLTEK  JIiLLARD  Urged  that  the  architect 
should  not  be  born,  but  made,  and  that  experience 
was  as  necessary  as  originality  in  the  planning  of 
school  buUdings. 

The  Pkesiuent,  in  putting  the  vote  of  thanks  to 
Mr.  Simpson,  expressed  a  hope  that  the  Board  of 
Education  would,  in  future,  be  administered  with 
more  elasticity.  There  was  also  a  tendency  in 
Government  Departments  to  adhere  to  hard  and 
fast  regulations,  for  the  more  rigid  the  code  was 
made,  the  less  intelligence  was  needed  en  the  part 
of  officials  to  administer  them.  Mr.  Simpson's 
suggestions  for  greater  economy  in  planning  and 
for  providing  more  variety  and  beauty  in  our 
elementary  schools  would  be  indorsed  by  all 
architects.  Especially  practical  was  Mr.  Simpson's 
proposal  to  reduce  the  height  of  classrooms,  and 
80  eliect  a  reduction  in  cost  without  loss  of 
efficiency.  No  classroom  ought  to  be  as  much 
as  16ft.  in  height.  A  safe  rule  was  that  the  more 
elementary  the  class  of  school,  the  larger  might 
be  the  classroom,  and  vice  eersd. 

Mr.  Simpson,  in  reply,  said  he  had  been  a  little 
misapprehended  in  his  remarks  on  left-hand  light- 
ing. He  did  not  depreciate  its  advantages,  but 
suggested  that  it  should  not  be  made  a  fetish, 
and  that  circumstances  might  arise  in  which  left- 
hand  lighting  could  not  be  adopted.  He  would 
be  a  very  brave  architect  who  sent  in  a  competi- 
tive plan  that  did  not  show  lefi-hand  lighting, 
but  it  was  not  absolutely  essential,  and  had  some 
disadvantages.  He  indorsed  Mr.  Osborne  Smith's 
views  as  to  the  value  of  sunny  classrooms. 


MAHOGANY  AND  OTHER  FANCY  WOODS 
AVAILABLE  FOR  CONSTRUCTIVE  AND 
DECORATIVE  PURROSES.* 

By  FuANK  TiFF.\xv. 

{Coiidiidnl  from  pugt   336.) 

OAlv  is  the  king  of  hardwoods  grown  in 
the  temperate  zone.  The  different  varieties 
are  so  diversified  in  colour,  density,  and  size 
that  it  wouM  be  impossible  within  the  limits 
of  this  paper  to  bring  out  all  the  attributes  of  a 
wood  wluch  enters  so  largely  into  heavy  con- 
structive work,  such  as  bridges,  roof.s,  and  the 
under-p.-irts  of  rolling  stock,  all  of  which  are  sub- 
ject to  strains  and  stresses  requiring  a  tensile 
strength  and  a  llexiliility  not  oiiuiiUed  by  any 
wood  known,  even  if  its  specific  gravity  is  -10  or 
50  per  cent,  greater.  For  churcli  and  other 
interior  fittings,  or  for  furniture,  whether  re- 
quired for  hard  wear  or  for  theliighcst  decorative 
art,  oak  stands  unrivalled  ;  but  the  variety  must  be 
considered  in  relation  to  the  purpose  for  which  it  is 
intended.  For  fine  work   with  intricate   details, 

•  A  paper  read  beforethe  Society  of  Aiti. 


possibly  the  best  available  is  the  Austrian  wainscot, 
which,  owing  to  its  large  mild  growth,  seasons 
without  unduly  checking  and  splitting  ;  its  even- 
ness of  colour  renders  it  invaluable.  Crown  logs 
are  imported  in  billet  form,  clear  of  heart,  and 
should  have  deej)  sides  and  a  narrow  sole,  other- 
wise they  yield  too  much  wood,  narrow  and 
without  figure.  Wainscot  oak  from  Lebau  and 
Odessa  is  of  smaller  growth  and  of  a  more  dense 
nature,  hence  more  apt  to  split  and  check,  nor 
can  it  be  produced  as  clear  of  heart,  as  is  not  only 
desirable  but  necessary  ;  it  should  be  avoided  in 
iirst-class  work.  The  American  equivalent  term 
for  "wainscot"  is  "quartered,"  and  by  this 
system  of  conversion,  all  the  boards  or  planks  show 
the  figure  on  the  face ;  the  wood  is  shipped  square 
edged,  one  edge  with  the  sap  on ;  the  lange  of 
width  varies  from  3in.  to  l.Sin.,  hut  anything 
above  Siin.  average  is  special.  There  are  so 
many  dealers  here  in  cheap  lines,  that  unless  one 
knows  the  source  of  supply  there  is  no  guarantee 
as  to  evenness  of  colour  :  but  the  right  stock  is 
obtainable  from  reputable  importers.  The 
uniformity  of  colour  and  the  excellence  of  quality 
of  the  best  imports  from  the  States  cannot  be 
surpassed  by  European  wood.  Taking  now  the 
heavy  oak  trade,  let  us  for  a  short  time  return 
to  European  shipments.  From  Odessa,  Dantzig, 
and  Stettin  are  received  partially-squared  butts 
and  logs  6ft.  to  30ft.  long,  12in.  to  22in.  deep  ; 
these  yield  good  tough  wood,  some  clean  and  much 
that  is  rough,  yet  it  is  useful  for  heavy  construc- 
tive work  not  requiring  elaborate  manipulation. 
Formerly,  fine  handsome  well-squared  logs  were 
shipped  from  Quebec.  The  States  now  send  hewn 
logs,  which  are  useful  for  general  work  and 
waggon  building  ;  but  the  Southern  States  oak 
has  a  great  tendency  to  check,  and  shoul  d  not  be 
employed  in  work  requiring  a  high  finish.  There 
is  also  an  enormous  trade  done  in  scantling  planks 
and  board,  some  good  and  much  indifferent ;  but 
the  capacity  of  our  general  market  is  great. 
There  is  what  is  known  as  Red  Oak,  a  porous 
wood,  extremely  useful  for  many  purposes  ;  and 
it  is  surprising  that  it  is  not  more  appreciated  in 
this  countr}'.  In  naming  English  oak  the  last, 
it  is  not  because  its  merits  are  the  least.  From 
a  patriotic  view  it  occupies  a  very  high  posi- 
tion, and  it  yet  remains  to  be  proven  whether  the 
costly  armour-clad  vessels  will  do  the  country 
better  service  than  the  ships  of  oak.  English 
oak,  by  its  density  and  toughness,  is  especi- 
ally applicable  to  work  requiring  strength.  For 
vehicular  construction  it  is  second  to  none ;  but 
neither  the  quantities  nor  the  sizes  available 
would  touch  the  fringe  of  our  necessities.  In 
seasoning,  especially  thick  stuff,  it  is  apt  to 
check  and  warp,  and  at  the  best  it  is  a  tedious 
process.  Whether  English  brown  oak  is  a 
variety,  a  freak,  or  the  result  of  old  age,  time 
will  not  permit  of  consideration  ;  but  for  absolute 
beauty  there  is  no  wood  with  which  to  compare 
it.  Its  knotty  gnarled  grain  causes  an  endless 
variety  of  shade  and  colour  ;  but  to  bring  out  the 
best  results  all  flat  work  should  be  used  in  the 
veneer.  The  present  price  of  labour  makes  such 
work  costly,  but  the  result  would  be  better. 
Teak  :  Had  this  wood  been  available  when 
Solomon  built  his  temple  at  Jerusalem,  probably 
with  his  wealth  he  would  have  preferred  it  to 
the  cedar  of  Lebanon ;  it  is,  however,  used  in 
the  Pagodas  of  the  East,  and,  as  a  preferential 
treatment  to  our  greatest  dependency,  it  is  to 
be  hoped  that  it  will  be  the  one  wood  used 
throughout  in  the  building  of  the  great  cathedral 
of  Liverpool.  Teak,  whilst  it  is  not  difficult 
to  tool,  contains  an  essential  oil  which  renders 
it  imperishable ;  as  it  resists  the  alternations  of 
damp  and  dryness,  heat  and  cold,  there  is  in 
it  an  ab.sence  of  swelling  and  shrinking  or  warp- 
ing, so  that  the  architect  has  at  his  disposal  an 
excellent  wood  either  for  external  or  internal 
fittings.  In  high-class  work  there  is  hardly  any 
purpose  to  which  it  could  not  with  advantage  be 
applied.  Its  general  uniformity  of  colour  and 
grain  is  uniiiuo.  Considering  the  many  high 
essentials  found  in  teak,  and  the  remarkably  fine 
sizes  obtainable,  both  in  logs  and  planks,  and  the 
freedom  from  defects  in  the  latter,  it  is  by  no 
moans  a  dear  wood  for  good  work.  The  best 
shipments  are  from  Moulnein  and  Rangoon  ;  the 
Java  wood  is  too  liurd  and  gritty  for  work  with 
much  detail.  Having  spoken  somewhat  at  length 
on  what  are  undoubtedly  the  three  loading  fancy 
wood*,  let  us  briefly  place  in  alphabetical  sequence 
the  minor  fani-y  woods  and  hard  woods.  ^  [inhinpm^ 
an  Ivistern  product,  whoso  liotanical  position  is 
not  well  defined,  can  only  bo  used  in  veneers 
which  form  extremely  pretty  panels.     It  is  useful 


in  highly  decorative  work.     In  appearance  it  is 
not  unlike  brandy-enap,  but  with  more  variega- 
tion of  colour  and  figure.     A^h, — .Most  varieties 
are  close  tough  wood,   and  it  is  used  chiefly  in 
vehicular  framework,  but 'has  neither    life   nor 
colour   to    recommend    it    as  a  furniture  wood. 
Quebec  Ash,  being  of  a  milder  texture,  was  for  a 
time  used  in  moderate-priced  bedroom  furniture, 
but  its  increased  cost  and  the  difficulty  of  getting 
it  free  from  discolouration  causes  it  to  fall  into 
disuse.      Hungarian    Ash    is    frequently  richly 
figured,  but  its  varying  grain,  unless  special  care 
is  taken  in  laying  the  veneer,  allows  the  glue  to 
discolour  it ;  this,  with  the  cost  of  labour,  puts  it 
out  of  the  running.     Beech,  whilst   it  is  a  useful 
material,  it  cannot  be  classed  as  a  furniture  wood, 
unless  it  be  for  cheap  chairs.     Birch  was,  for  a 
time,  in  vogue  for  bedroom  suites,  when  every- 
thing was  veneered  ;  it  is  now  only  used  in  cheap 
chairs,  and  the  frames  for  stuffed  chairs,  and  for 
other  purposes  requiring  hard  wear  it  is  a  useful, 
cheap  wood.  Black  Ebony  :   Of  the  may  varieties, 
the  largest  comes  from  Ceylon  ;   then  there  are  the 
shipments  from  East  India  Calabar,  Madagascar, 
and  Mauritius  ;  logs  come  in  the  round,  I'jin.  to 
3ft.  and  longer.     The  wood  is  extremely  dense, 
and  is  highly  suitable  for  small  ornamental  work. 
When  applied  to  decorative  fittings,  it  is  chiefly 
used  in  veneers  and  mouldings  in  relief.     Black- 
wood,   from    East    Africa,   is    used    largely   in 
musical  instruments.     Boxwood  is  essentially  an 
engraver's  and  rule-maker's  material,  but  it  is 
suitable    for    small    decorative    panels,    and   for 
handles  and  shuttles  where   an  extreme  hardness 
is  required  ;  in  colour  in  is  similar  to  satinwood. 
It    is    imported    in    the    round,    3in.    to    12in. 
diameter.      The    best    comes    from    Persia    and 
Kuysna ;   that  from  the  West  Indies  is  inferior. 
Brazilwood  is  used   for  violin  bows.     Brigalow, 
an  acacia  from  New  South  Wales,  is  an  extremely 
hard,   heavy,   dark-coloured  wood,  which  smells 
more  or  less   of   violets  :    it  is    used  for  small 
ornamental    turnery    and    fancy   tobacco    pipes. 
Californian    Redwood    or   Sequoia  :    One  would 
hesitate  to  rank  this   as  a  furniture  wood ;  it  is 
a  poor  material  for   dovetailing,  being  short  in 
the  grain,  and  a  great  absorbent  of  polish.     Con- 
sidering the  flitches  it  yields,  it  is  a  pity  that  it 
cannot  take  a  better  position,  as  the  wood  is  so 
remarkably  clean,  but  it  lacks  a  cohesiveness  of 
fibre.     Canarywood  :  This  is  distinctively  a  hard 
wood  ;  and,  whilst  not  a  first-class  fancy  wood, 
it  is  extremely  useful   for   the   inside   parts  of 
fittings   and   furnitiure.     The    best   qualities   are 
cleaner   than   yellow   pine,   and  the  evenness  of 
its  texture  renders  it  suitable  for  staining  ;  the 
lower  grades  are  largely  used  for  cheap  furniture. 
Cedar  hardly  comes  within  the  category  of  fancy 
woods,  nor  is  it  a  hardwood  ;  its  character  varies, 
some  being  very  mUd  textured  :  it  was  formerly 
used  for   the  inside  parts  of    furniture.     Pencil 
Cedar,  of  a  deep  red  colour,  with  a  pungent  smell, 
was    formerly  appreciated  as  a  moth-destroyer, 
but  it  is  now  almost  impossible  to  get  it  in  sizes 
for  constructive  purposes.     Chestnut  in  character 
is  something  betwixt  ash  and  oak,  lacking  the 
medullary    rays    of    the    latter,    and     is    much 
softer  ;     it    is     subject    to     ring    shakes    and 
the    ravages     of    the    pin-worm  :     it     has    no 
beauty   to   reccommend  it  as  a  furniture  wood. 
imports.     In  closeness  of  grain  and  colour  it  is 
not  unlike  satinwood,  but  it  is  variegated  with 
many  dark    streaks.      It  is,  however,   a   useful 
fancy  wood  for  knick-knacks.     Padouk  is  shipped 
from   the  Andaman  Islands  in    fair-sized  hewn 
logs  :  is  of  a  deep  red  colour,  which  fades  with 
exposure.     It  will  not  take  glue.     When  wrought 
it    stands   well,  but  it   is   costly  to  manipulate. 
Whore  extreme  hardness   is  required,  it  makes 
a    good    counteitop,     but    the    general    run  of 
lengths   are   too    short.       It   is   also  a  splendid 
wood    for    gun-carriages,    &c.       Partridgewood 
is    occasionally    used      for    furniture,    also   for 
fancy     knick  -  knacks      and      walking  -  sticks. 
Ivingwood  or  N'ioletwood  is  used  for  ornamental 
handles  and  similar  purposes.      Lancewood  is  a 
splendid  material  for  shafts,   but  it  hardly  comes 
within  the  scope  of  our  observations.     Letter  or 
Snakewood,   a  fine  ornamental  timber,  which  ia 
used   for   fancy  walking   sticks,    >Vc.     Lignum- 
vita',  without  doubt,  the  hardest  product  of  the 
tropical  forest,  is  invaluable  for  many  purposes, 
but  for  decorative  work  it  is  too  difficult  to  tool, 
and  it  has  no  beauty.      Jarrah  :  A  hard  douse 
wood  of  no  beauty  in  appearance :  considering 
the  largo  sizes  to  which  it  grows,  it  is  a  pity  that 
its  uses  in  this  country  do  not  appear  to  be  avail- 
able for  much  beyond  that  of  a  paving  material, 
for  which  it  is  undoubtedly  fitted,  as  it  can  be 


370 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  11,  1904. 


obtained  clear  of    sap ;    but  this  is   hardly    the 
time  to  discuss  the  relative  merits  of  hard  wood 
paving.     Karri:  Asimilar  wood  to  Jarrah,  but  of 
much  greater  tensile  strength  ;  to  a  small  extent 
it  is  being  used  for  the  under  parts  of  rolling 
stock,  but  whether  it  will  be  found  to  possess  or 
retein    that   flexibility   so  characteristic  of    oak 
remains  to  be  proven,  and  its   great  weight  adds 
materially  to  the  dead  load  of  the  train.     There 
is  nothing  in  its  appearance  to  command  it  for 
general  purposes.    Maple  is  too  insipid  in  appear- 
ance for   furniture,    ic,    unless  we   except   the 
bird's-eye    variety.     Its    chief   uses  are  for  the 
interior  of  tramcars.     Plain  hard  maple  makes  an 
excellent  factory  or  ballroom  floor,  as  it  dots  not 
shell    in   the   grain.     It  is  used   in   machinery, 
and  for  washing-machine   rollers.       Myallwood 
is   used   for  purposes    similar  to  that  of  brig*- 
low.     Olivewood  does  not  enter  largely  into  use. 
Cocobolowood  is  imported  in  small  diameters  ;  the 
■wood  ij  dense,    and   is    used   in   fancy  turnery. 
Greenheart,  from  British  Guiana,  is  shipped  in 
hewn  logs,    I2in.   to   20in.   deep,   20ft.   to  40ft. 
long.     Its  chief  use  is  in  dock-gate  construction ; 
it  is  long  in  the  fibre  and  dense  in  texture,  but 
there  is  nothing  in  its  colour  and  appearance  to 
justify  its  adoption  in  general   work,  and  it  is 
difiicult  to   tool.      Curupay,    like   most    of    the 
South  American  woods  is  extremely  hard,  heavy 
and   potty,    it   is    neither    a    mahogany    nor    a 
rosewood ;     when    an     occasional     consignment 
arrives    it    is    generally    neglected    by    buyers. 
Hickory,    whilst    a    good    wheelwright's    wood, 
has   no   feature    to    commend   it   for   furniture. 
Rosewood,    thirty    years    ago,    was    considered 
a  first-class  drawing-room  furniture  wood,  but  it 
has  fallen  into  disfavour,  although  it  is  still  used 
for  pianoforte  cases.      As  a  wood  it  is  costly  and 
the  sizes  small,  and   is  difiicult  to  work.     When 
newly  worked  it  possesses  a  dark  and  frequently 
richly    variegated   figure,    but   fades   with  age, 
becoming  very  lifeless.      As  a  moulding  wood  in 
relief  it  is  very  effective.      Sabicu,  a  hard  dense 
wood  shipped  from  Cuba  and  the  West  Indies, 
occasionally  from  Africa,  is  used   oy  naval  con- 
structors, and  where  hardness  is  a  desideratum,  it 
makes  a  capital   countertop,   but  for  work  with 
much  detail  there  is  nothing  in  its  appearance  to 
■  justify  the  labour.      Satinwood  is  probably  the 
gem  of  the  forest,  but  the  quantity  available  is 
small,   and  where  used  the   style   should   be  so 
arranged  to  adapt  it  to  the   sizes  available.     In 
texture  and  figure  it  is  closely  allied  to  Spanish 
mahogany,  but  the  colour  is  of  a  pale  lemon  tint. 
Its  appearance  when  finished  justifies  any  labour 
which  may  be  necessary.     Sycamore  is  white  in 
colour,   and    whilst   it   is  a  good  kitchen  wood, 
there   is   nothing   to  recommend  it  as  a  general 
■furniture   material.     Thuya   is   the   burr  of  the 
cedar  and  makes  an  excellent  veneer  for  panels 
and  inlaying,  but  the  colour  and  figure  is  not  so 
fine  or  rich  as  that  of  amboyna.     Tulipwood,  a 
small  fancy  wood  used  in  veneers  and  inlaying. 
Walnut,  up  to  the  seventies,  when  veneering  was 
in   vogue,  and   the   hours  of   labour  longer  and 
wages  lower,    Italian,    Circassian,   and    English 
walnut  was  largely  used  by  the  cabinet-maker ; 
the   burrs   of   the   two  former   yield   pretty  and 
varied    figures  ;      the   pianoforte  -  case    makers 
still    use    it    largely.     With    the    change    of 
style     in     domestic     furniture,    and     the     more 
general    adoption    of    fancy    woods    in    general 
fittings,  there  arose  a  demand  for  black  walnut ; 
its  large   mild    growth    lent   itself   to    the    new 
need,  but  owing  to  the  depletion  of  supplies  it 
is  now  difficult    to    get    logs  clean  and  suitable 
for  large  work  ;    there   is   no    doubt   that  for  a 
while  walnut  will  continue  to  arrive,  but  it  will 
be  chiefly   ill-grown   harsh  small  wood.     There 
is  a  quantity  of   low   grade  timber  arriving  for 
the   cheap    furniture    trade,  but    the    few   large 
and   prime   logs    and    first-quality   lumber   will 
always  command   high   prices,  and  it  is  not  an 
economical   wood   to   convert   and   manufacture. 
The  colour  and  coarseness  of  texture  and  general 
pettiness   of   thi   South   American    and   Corinto 
walnut  render  them  unsuitable  for  this  market. 
Satin-walnut  (so-called)  is  in  reality  a  gum-wood 
and  is  used  for  cheap  bedroom  suites.     Whether 
it  will  prove  to  be  a  good  paving  material  you 
have  in  this  city  an  opportunity  of  ascertaining. 
White  walnut,  or  butternut,   is  a  mild-textured 
■wood ;  but  in  colour  too  insipid,  aud  the  supply 
very  insignificant.     Yew-tree,  on  account  of  its 
flexibility,  is  used  for  archer's  bows  ;  occasionally 
the  trees  yield  a  flne   figured   burr  suitable  for 
panels.     Zebrawood,    a   tropical   product,   as   its 
name  implies,  is  stripy  in  colour,  and  is  used  for 
inlaying.     Incideutally  it  may  be  mentioned  that 


apple,  cherry,  and  pear  are  close,  even-textured 
woods,  which  may  occasionally  be  obtained  for 
carved  panels ;  they  are  also  useful  for  ebonised 
veneers  and  mouldings.  It  is  not  for  one  moment 
claimed  that  the  list  given  represents  all  the 
fancy  woods  ;  but  the  endeavour  has  beeo  to  keep 
within  the  title  of  the  paper.  Comparing  the 
woods  enumerated  with  a  good  botanical  guide, 
one  cannot  fail  to  notice  the  limited  range  of 
woods  which  have  commanded  a  pcsition. 


THE   ENGLISH   WORKM.OC    OF  THE 
MIDDLE  AGES. 

A  LECTURE  on  this  subject,  illustrated  by 
about  forty  lantern   views,    was  delivered 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Carpenters'  Company 
by  Mr.  Charles  K.   Ashbee,  at  Carpenters'  Hall, 
London  WhU,  on  Thursday  evening  in  last  week. 
Viscount  Dillon,  F.S.A.,  occupied  the  chair,  and 
the  hall  was  crowded.     There  are,  the  lecturer 
remarked,  three  essential  points  which,  in  study- 
ing the  life  of  the  Middle  Ages,  we  have  to  keep 
in  mind,  three  pivots  upon  which  life  hinged.     It 
was  (fristocrtific,   it  was   rclit/ioKS,  it  was  ffsfhrtic. 
These  three  conditions  of  life  are  so  outside  our 
experience  nowadays  that  we  may  find  difiiculty 
in   fully  realising   them.     Let  me  endeavour  to 
explain  them  more  fully.     In  the  first  place,  life 
was    aristocratic.     The    feudal  system,  with  its 
barons  and  kings  at  one   end,  and  its  serfs,  who 
were  tied  to  the  soil  at  the  other,  implied  an  aristo- 
cracy, and  so  did  the  privileged  town  engirt  by 
its  four  walls.     About  the  former  I  do  not  pro- 
pose  to    speak,    about    the   latter   I    shall  have 
plenty  to  say ;  but  in  order  to  appreciate  what 
sort   of  man  the  Mediaeval  was,  you  are  to  re- 
member that  he  belonged  to  an  exclusive  society 
of    his    own,    girt     round     with    charters    and 
privileges,   a  society  democratic  and  coUectivist 
within  itself,  but  exclusive,  and  often  impossible 
of   access  to  the   outside  world.     In  the  second 
place,  life  was  reUgioiis,  and,  being  that,  I  mean 
that  the  conduct  and  actions  of  men  were  swayed 
by  supernatural  and  ultra -rational  considerations 
in  a  way  that  it  is  difficult  for  us  nowadays  to 
realise ;     faith,    belief,     superstition,     whatever 
names  we  like  to  give  to  the  forces  that  acted 
upon  the   human  mind,  swayed   society  as  one. 
Men  are  religious  nowadays,  but  their  religion  is 
personal.     The  religious  Hindoo  says  of  us  white 
men  that  we  have  each  our  own  God ;  and  it  is  just 
such  a  saying  that  the  Englishmen  of  the    Hth 
century  would  have  used  of   the  citizens  of  the 
19th    century  —  Birmingham     or    Philadelphia. 
But  the  England  of  the   Hth  century  had  only 
one  God  for  everybody  ;  the  outward  and  visible 
expression  of  that  God  was  the  Church,  the  great 
hierarchy  of  the  Middle  Ages  then  at  its  height. 
Finally,   life   was   irsthctic.     That   I   find   more 
difficult  to  define  ;  but  it  implied  an  uaderatind- 
ing  and  an  enjoyment  of   (all)  those  qualities  in 
our    nature    that    are    the    outcome    of    leisure 
and     imagination  —  the     love    of    music,     the 
love     of    form,    the    love    of     colour,    and    his 
artistic  element  of  life   found  its  highest  expres- 
sion   in    architecture — in   the   art  of  the   eccle- 
siastical   builder.      The    very     best     men,    the 
greatest  minds,  the  finest  genius  of  the  workshop, 
at  least  in  England,  went  into  building,   every- 
body understood  and  appreciated ;  it  was  the  popular 
art.     It  is  impossible  to  find  a  parallel  with  our 
own  time,  because  modern  interests  are  so  mani- 
fold and  varied  ;  but  if  we  imagine  for  a  moment 
anything  that  had  to  do  with  letters   and  reading 
effaced    from    our     lives  —  newspapers,    books, 
lectures,   penny    post — and    substituted    instead 
building,  with   its   subordinate    arts,   sculptured 
stories,  painted   stories,  woven  stories,  stories  in 
hammered   metal   and   carved    wood,    stories   in 
stained-glass — we  should  get  some  slight  notion, 
perhaps,   of   the    absorbing    importance    of    the 
builder's  art  in  the  Middle  Ages.     The  builders' 
art  was  the  great  occupation,  and  the  Church  upon 
which  it  depended   (and  which  it  expressed)  was 
the  great  profession.     In  painting  my  picture  of 
the  llediinval  workman  then,  I  shall  make  him  a 
mason,  because,   not   only   was  that  the  popular 
occupation,  but  the  Mediaeval  mason  in  Eng'and 
has,  before  all  other  workmen,   left  the   noblest 
mark  of  building,  and  other  trades  and  occupa- 
tions  ranked   themselves   beside,    and    modelled 
themselves,     upon    the     masonic     organisation. 
Now,  first  let  me  try  and  give  you  some  notion 
of  what  the  Mediaeval  state  was  like.     Instead 
of  a  vast   empire   with   its   millions,    you   must 
imagine   our   little    mother  island  thinly  popu- 
lated, with  here  and  there  what  we  should  call 


villages  surrounded  with  walls.     Those  were  the 
Mediaeval  towns.     Inside  each  little  town  there 
was  a  little  democracy,  and,   speaking  generally, 
what  the  democracy  hinged  upon  was  the  guild 
or  trade  union.     1  call  it  a  trade  union  for  con- 
venience'  sake ;    it   was  really  much    more.     It 
exercised  all  those  fuactions  exercised  to-day  by 
magistrate,    employer   of   labour,   town   council, 
labour    bureau,    union    and    factory    inspector, 
benefit,  social,  and  burial  clubs,  and  public  school. 
There   might   be   one — there   might  be   many — • 
guilds  in  a  town  :  that  depended  on  its  size  ;  but 
every  able-bodied  citizen  belonged  to  some  guild 
or  other,  and  these  guilds  were  for  the  most  part 
religious  in  characttr,   and   as   the  towns  grew 
they  differentiated  into  trades.     The  guilds  col- 
lectively governed  the  towns  by  representation, 
and  every  townsman  was  able,  through  the  guild, 
to   rise   to   the   top   and  take    his   share   in  the 
government  of  the  town.     As  you  may  suppose, 
in  so  Lilliputian  a  state  of  society  nothing  like 
our  great  factories  existed.     The  workshop,  no 
matter  what  the   occupation,    was   tiny,     'rhere 
was  the  master :    he   wore  no   top-hat   in   those 
days,  but   worked   in   his   apron,   together  with 
his    two    or    three    journeymen     and    his    two 
or  three  'prentices,    who   also  did  him  personal 
service,  and  both  'prentices  and  journeymen  could 
in  their  turn    become    masters.     The  different 
masters  represented   their   various  workshops   in 
the  guild.     The   guild   legislated   for   the   whole 
trade  or  group  of  workshops,   and  the  different 
guilds  together  governed  the  town.  The  idea  of  the 
whole  was  the  maintenance  of  the  highest  possible 
standard  of  life  to  the  citizens.    Roughly  speaking, 
that  was  the  industrial  organisation  of  the  English 
town  in  the  Middle  Ages.     This  organism  was 
one  of  spontaneous   growth.     It  was  dependent 
for  its  effectiveness  upon  the  power  of  the  citizens 
for  voluntary  association.     Now  I  propose  to  let 
one  of  these  guilds  speak  for  itself,  and  as  I  told 
you  I  shall  choose   the   masons.     In   1388   King 
Richard  II.,   in  his  Parliament  at  Cambridge, 
summoned  the  masters  and  wardens  of  all  guilds 
and   fraternities   to   supply   the   details   of   their 
origin,  their  charters,  and  possessions,  and  the 
masons  soon  after  left  a  notable  record  of  them- 
selves in    the  famous    rules  and  duties  of  the 
masons.     The  masons  were  told  in  verse,  which 
was  doubtless  recited  at  the  large  meetings,  how 
geometry  was  discovered  in  Egypt  by  the  learned 
clerk  Euclid,   and  King  Athelstan,  who  "loved 
thy  craft  full  well,"   gives  before  the  great  con- 
clave of  his  knights  and  barons  the  15  articles  for 
the  master   and   the  15   points   for   the   appren- 
tice.    So    fine    an    insight    into    the    Mediaeval 
workshop    do    they    give — its    customs   and   its 
conditions — that  I  would  go  into  them  in  some 
detail.     It  is  probable,  arguing  from  the  analogy 
of  the  ritual  of  Freemasonry,  which  may  be  traced 
back  to  its  connection  with  Mediaeval  craftsman- 
ship in  the  17th  century,   that  those  articles  and 
points  were  meant  for  commission  to  memory  and 
recitation  —  a  sort    of    Memoria  Technica  of  a 
mason's    duties — at    the  lodge    meetings.      The 
master's   first    article    is    that  he    "be  stedfast, 
trustye,  and  trewe,"  and  upright  as  a  judge.  The 
insistence  upon  the  character  and  genuineness  of 
workmanship  which  I  shall  show  was  the  guild's 
first    consideration  in  its    legislative  action,  has 
its  counterpart  in  the  first  of  its  moral  rules — the 
character  and  trustworthiness  of  the  craftsman. 
The  second  article  points  to  the  master's  duty  to  the 
whole  organisation   "  he  most  been  at  the  general 
congregacion,"   and  know   where  "  yt  schale  be 
holde."     The   organisation,   as    is   inevitable  in 
the  operations  of  the  builder,  has  no  fixed  head- 
quarters,  the  general  congregacion  moves  about 
from  place  to  place,   doubtless  where  the  job  is 
greatest,  or  the  lodge  for  the  time  being  strongest. 
It  is  the  master's  duty,  therefore,  to  inform  himself 
of  its  meetings.     The  third  article  insists  on  the 
7  years  apprenticeship.      The   next  two  articles 
are  significant :  they  represent  the  exclusive  side 
of  the  guild  system,  and  accentuate  the  fact  which 
we  cannot  too  often  bear  in  mind,  how  the  in- 
stitutions of  self-government  in  the  Middle  Ages 
are  obtained  through   special  privileges  granted 
to  special  bodies,  and  their  insertion  in  the  poem 
further  reminds  us  that  its  date  is   1388,  and  the 
civic  aristocracy  of  the  guilds  is  now  formed. 

No  bondsman  prentys  make, 


Zet  in  the  lodge  he  were  y-take. 
The  prentes  be  a  lawful  blod, 

And  hive  bis  lymes  hole. 

Lame  men  may  do  for  goldsmiths,  but  they  can- 
not mount  scaffoldings.     The  city  at  the  close  o 


March  11,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


371 


the   nth   century  is  strong,  and   can  pick  and  I 
choose,  and  the  mason,  as  we  fhall  see,  was  to 
hold  his  head  high  among  his  fellow  craftsmen. 
The  sixth  article  I   interpret  as  a  wage  clause  : 
the  master  is  not  ••  to  take  of  the  lord  (i.e.,  the 
employer)    for    his    prentyse,    also   much  as  his 
fellows  " — in  other  words,  a  clause  against  under- 
cutting by  boy  labour — there  shall  be  no  pitting 
of  even  the  best  trained  apprentice  against  our 
fellow  mason — at  least,  as  far  as  wages  go.     The 
next  article  explains  itself,  and  is  only  another  of 
the  many  illustrations  of  the  intertwining  of  the 
Christian   inonilc   with   the    details  of  workshop 
reguUtion,   "  schal  no    thef  accept,"  "lest  hyt 
wolde    turne    the   craft   to   schame."     The   8th 
clause  gives  the  master  a  free  hand  over  his  own 
workshop  for  the  sake  of  the  craft,   "  Any  mon  of 
the  crafte,  be  not  also  perfyt  he  may  him  change," 
and  we  shall  see  subsequently  to  what  end  the 
incompetent  workman  comes.  The  ne.xt  six  articles 
insist    in   their   simple  and  direct  manner  upon 
the  necessities  of   co-operation   and  competence. 
"  No  werke  he  undertake,  but  he  cuuld  both  hyt 
end  and  make,"    says    the    'Jth   and    the   10th. 
*'  There  shall  no  mayster  supplante  other,  but  be 
as  systur   and   brother."     The    llth   appears  at 
first  sight  to   repeat   the   9th,   but  really  points 
not    at    the    mason's     duty     to    his    employer, 
but    at    his    duty    to    himself,  the  chaiacter  of 
the    man.      He    should    be    "  bothe    fayre   and 
free,"    and     "  techyt    of     his     mystery."      No 
words    in    the   English  language  are  subject  to 
such  constant  change  as  the  perpetual  epithets 
"  fair  "  and  "  free."     We  can  only  guess,  there- 
fore,   what   exact    significance   was   attached   to 
them  by  the  mason  of  the  Hth  century.     "  Shall 
not  his  fellows  work  deprave,"  but  "hyt  amende," 
says  the  ne.xt — a  hard  rule,  perhaps,  for  an  artist 
to  observe  ;    and  for  his  prentice  he  shall  so  teach 
him   in   all   the    details   of   his   craft,   "  that  he 
withynne  hys  terme,  of  hym  dyvers  points  maj' 
learne."     The  last  article  strikes  the  dominant 
note   of   the   Medi^ural    workshop,    he   shall   do 
nothing  "that  wolde  turn  the  crafte  to  schame." 
Such  was  the  code  of  moral  rules  and  duties  to 
which  the  master-mason  was  to  shape  his  con- 
duct :  and  the  work  that  he  has  left  to  us  in  every 
English  town  testifies  to  the  fact  that  in  so  far  as 
great  workmanship  is  indicative  of  conduct  and 
discipline,  he  did  not  fall  far  short  of  his  code. 
King  Athelstan,  who  spoke  at  the  outset,  sets  his 
impninatiir  to  the  whole  at  the  close,  and  says  :  — 

These  statutes,  that  I  have  here  found. 
I  wish  they  be  holden  through  my  bond. 
For  the  workshop  of  my  royalty, 
That  I  have  by  my  dignity. 

There  is  more  matter  of  a  Biblical  nature  to 
follow,  Noah  and  Nebuchadnezzar,  and  other 
potential  founders  of  masonic  tradition,  till  we 
come  to  the  common  voice  of  the  monk  and  the 
mason.  We  seem  to  see  them  labouring  at  the 
lodge  of  the  monastery  together ;  master  mason 
and  fatherly  abbot— the  one  fills  in  the  little  de- 
tails of  life  for  the  other, 

To  the  church  door,  when  thou  dos't  come. 
Of  the  Holy-water  there,  take  thou  some. 


In  church  say  Pater  Noster  and  Ave, 

and  to  kneel  on  both  their  knees,  and  thu5  their 
prayers  to  end — 

Amen  !  Amen  I  so  mote  it  be. 

Now,  Bwete  lady,  pray  for  me. 

The  closing  lines  of  the  poem  cast  a  yet  clearer 
light  upon  the  social  life  of  the  masons.  They 
tell  of  whit  manner  of  men  they  were  in  person 
and  presence  ;  their  behaviour  to  their  superiors 
at  table  or  when  meeting  them,  and  of  the  little 
refinements  and  niceties  of  life.  Their  hands  to 
be  clean  at  meals. 

Nor  at  thy  meat  thy  tooth  thou  pick 

Too  deep  in  the  cup  thou  might' at  not  sink. 

Indeed,  the  poem  points  to  a  standard  of  greater 
manliness  and  refinement  among  the  masons  that 
was  probably  above  that  of  other  crafts,  and  cer- 
tainly far  in  advance  of  the  "operative"  of  to- 
day. The  two  last  lines  of  the  -MS.  that  almost 
read  as  if  they  were  to  bo  spoken  in  sjlemn 
chorus,  are  in  the  nature  ef  a  benediction,  and 
instinct  with  the  simple  guild  spirit — 

Amen  !  Amen  I  so  mote  it  be, 
Sjiy  we  to  your  chary  te. 

Thus  much  for  the  aim  of  the  Medi;eval  mason. 
K  we  now  turn  to  some  great  building  in  progress 
(and  I  shall  bIiow  you  some)  wo  shall  see  what 
manner  of  life  he  led  at  his  work.  Tho  fabric 
rolls  of  York  Minuter  [V-ib'))  give  us  a  very  vivid 
picture  of  the  masons  at  work  in  a  great 
monastery.     There  are  the  rules,  doubtless  the 


rules  of  the  whole  craft,  subject  to  the  special 
revision  of  the  Minster  authorities.  The  masons 
rose  in  the  summer  soon  after  sunrise  with  the 
ringing  of  the  Virgin  Mary's  bell,  and  after  early 
work  there  is  breakfast  in  the  fabric  lodge.  One 
of  the  masters  knocks  at  the  lodge  door,  and  they 
all  return  to  work  at  noon.  Between  the  months 
of  April  and  August,  we  learn,  they  sleep  after 
dinner  in  the  lodge,  and  work  is  resumed  till  the 
first  bell  for  vespers,  when  they  rest  to  drink  till 
the  third  bell  for  vespers,  when  work  is  continued 
till  daylight  ends.  A  long  day,  perhaps  ;  but,  as 
we  know  from  other  than  written  records,  not  a 
hard  one.  Men  do  not  do  good  work  when  they  arc 
overworked,  but  they  do  their  best  work  when 
they  work  long  hours  for  the  love  of  it.  The 
mason  was  the  spoilt  child  of  the  Middle  Ages. 
He  worked  for  his  order  and  for  his  t^od.  There 
was  no  fight  for  subsistence — that  was  found  him 
at  the  big  board  of  the  convent ;  there  was  no 
struggle  with  time,  that  was  non-existent.  Were 
the  work  not  finished  this  year,  it  might  be 
finished  in  the  next  year  ; — good  building 
cannot  be  hurried.  At  York,  too,  they  found 
him  in  tunic?,  aprons,  gloves,  and  clogs,  and  he 
got  his  occasional  drinks  and  extra  pay  for  over- 
time. How  big  a  man  the  master  mason  was  we 
have  evidence  in  the  records  of  Bury  (in  1435). 
He  has  £10  a  year  for  himself  (equivalent 
to  about  £200  nowadays)  ;  he  boards  in  the 
convent  hall,  and  has  a  special  servant,  who 
ranks  as  a  yeoman,  also  his  two  robes,  one  for 
himself  of  a  gentleman's  livery,  one  for  his 
servant  of  yeoman's  livery.  At  most  of  the  great 
monasteries,  indeed,  there  were  three  lodges, 
which  in  themselves  were  little  schools  of  craft 
with  thtir  own  rules,  discipline,  and  cus'oms. 
In  the  Canterbury  records  of  the  time  of  .Arch- 
bishop Chiehel)"  we  have  accounts  of  the  liveries 
of  Murray  cloth,  given  annually  by  the  prior, 
Wm.  Molash,  to  the  masons'  staff,  the  majestis, 
the  custos,  the  10  lathami,  or  freestone  builders, 
and  the  three  "aprenticiidelaloygelathamonun." 
It  is  inevitable  that  this  condition  of  life  should 
have  left  its  mark  on  character,  and  produced  a 
definite  tj'pe  of  man.  I  shall  have  more  to  say 
about  the  system  under  which  he  worked  :  but 
you  will  readily  perceive  how  from  an  observance 
of  the  code  of  moral  duties,  of  which  I  have  just 
given  you  the  Calient  features,  certain  defiiite 
traits  were  called  forth,  and  these  traits  may  be 
enumerated  as  follows: — Reverence,  strength, 
and  virility  of  character,  or  reserve  force,  dis- 
cipline, ;e3thetic  sensibility,  the  faculy  for  co- 
operation, and  the  consequent  power  and  deter- 
mination of  resistance  to  any  attempt  at  an 
attack  on  the  liberties  of  his  town  or  his  order. 
Now  these  traits  I  will  ask  you  again  to  bear  in 
mind,  and  also  as  we  go  along,  to  compare  with 
points  of  national  character  at  the  present  day. 
The  Middle  Ages  of  the  time  of  which  I  am 
speaking  had  produced  a  social  condition  that  was 
in  a  measure  set,  or  was  finished,  complete, 
rounded  off,  and  its  institutions  were  modelled  in 
a  sense  of  permanence.  It  is  not  inconceivable 
that  a  similar  crystallising  of  conditions  in  the 
many  changes  of  modern  life  may  call  out  again 
some  of  the  traits  that  gave  his  greatness  to  the 
workman  of  the  Middle  Ages.  Yet  even  so,  we 
still  appreciate  as  abstract  virtues  what  we  have 
allowed  to  slumber  as  concrete  realities. 
Reverence. — Weshouldbe  sorry  to  admit  that  the 
quality  of  reverence  had  quite  gone  out  of  our 
lives  :  perhaps  now  we  see  it  in  literature,  in 
comradeship,  and  in  a  kind  of  unconscious  hero- 
worship  in  democracy,  and  in  individual  religion  ; 
but  of  the  great,  comprehensive  reverence  of  the 
Media'val  workman  there  remains  to  us  but  the 
recollection.  When  we  look  at  Ely  Cathedral 
we  understand  dimly  what  it  must  have  been. 
Strength  and  virility  of  character,  that  is  so 
much  a  fundamental  quality  of  our  race,  that  we 
are  perhaps  right  in  asserting  that  the  colonist  of 
the  New  AN'orld  and  -\ustralia  is  hut  the  Medi;eval 
townsman  over  again  in  another  setting,  though 
the  rellection  is  often  forced  upon  us  a<  to  whether 
tho  civilisation  that  culminates  in  the  great  town 
of  the  loth  will  continue  to  bear  the  same  stock. 
Discipline  we  seem  to  have  let  slide,  or  at  least 
exchanged  for  a  lime  for  the  desire  of  individual 
development.  .Esthetic  sensibility  wo  seem  as  a 
community  to  have  lo.st  entirely,  and  yet  we 
know  that  constantly  it  springs  up  to  warn  us, 
in  individuals,  and  them  we  olten  crucif}'.  Tho 
faculty  for  co-operation  shows  itself  again  in 
modern  trade-unionism  and  workmen's  move- 
ments :  while  the  determination  of  resistance  to 
injustice  has  perhaps  become  a  first  principle 
with     us,     unless     maybe     we    find    it  filched 


away  by  tho  great  Democratic  god  who 
permits  injustice  to  minorities.  But  now 
let  me  give  you  a  picture,  it  I  can,  of  uue 
or  two  of  the  men  produced  under  this  Mediaval 
system.  I  return  to  the  masons,  for  what  was  good 
of  one  industry  was  good  in  others.  Among  the 
great  master  masons  of  that  period  whose  work 
still  remains  to  us,  and  the  record  of  whose  life 
and  doings  as  a  workshop  organiser,  is  Henry 
Yevtie.  This  great  workman  and  artist  died  in 
1400,  and  he  had  been  master  mason  to 
Edward  III.,  Richard  II.,  and  Henry  IV.,  and 
to  this  day  in  England  you  will  see  some  of  the 
finest  of  his  work — perhaps  the  most  beautiful 
tomb  in  Westminster  Abbey — that  of  Richard  II. 
and  his  queen,  is  by  his  hand — the  tomb  with  the 
bronze  elfigy  of  the  courtly,  foppish,  gentlemanly, 
foolhardy,  arrogant  King  rendered  in  likeness,  as 
it  were,  in  illustration  of  Shakespeare's  drawing 
of  him  in  the  play.  The  buildings  of  the 
Charter  House  wtre  by  Vevele,  and  what 
is  left  of  St.  Stephen's  Chapel,  Westminster : 
but  the  most  beautiful  and  well  known  of  his 
remaining  works,  and  one  that  is  associated  with 
the  very  life  and  fibre  of  the  English-speaking 
people,  is  the  roof  of  AVestminster  Hall,  the 
cradle  of  all  the  parliaments  and  national  assem- 
blies of  the  world.  As  might  be  supposed,  it  is 
the  Westminster  records  that  give  us  the  most 
interesting  particulars  of  Y'evele's  life.  In  the 
records  of  brother  John  de  Mordone  ('23  Edw.  iii.), 
who  apparently  had  in  hand  the  building  and 
labour  accounts,  we  find  noted,  "  The  head 
mason's  fee  26s.  8d.,"  and  the  naive  entry, 
"  Nothing  for  his  dress  this  year  because  he 
refused  to  receive  it  on  acccunt  of  the  delay  in 
its  delivery."  Let  it  be  clearly  understood  that 
an  eminent  architect  with  several  contracts  on 
hand  is  not  going  to  be  trifled  with,  and  expects 
a  business-like  observance  of  his  undertakings 
from  the  Westminster  authorities.  Let  it,  there- 
fore, remain  on  record  in  the  Abbey  books  that, 
though  a  thrifty  brother,  John  de  Mordone,  may 
have  carried  over  a  balance  for  furs,  dress,  boots, 
and  the  items  of  a  somewhat  sumptuous  costume 
into  next  half,  he  has  had  a  very  nasty  rebuff. 
A  few  years  later  (1388)  a  more  business-like 
broth"r,  apparently,  knows  better  than  to  dally 
with  the  master,  for  we  have  the  significant 
entry — significant  because  it  shows  the  relation- 
ship in  value  between  payments  in  kind  and  in 
money  between  cost  of  dress  and  salary — "Fee 
to  Master  Y'evele,  chief  mason,  100  shillings  per 
annum,  and  for  his  dress  and  furs  I5s.,"  so  the 
dress  and  furs  amounted  to  15  per  cent,  jnthe 
annual  salary, — house,  board,  and  special  servant 
being,  of  course,  an  extra  charge.  The  record 
of  the  Mediaeval  workman,  and  for  the  most  part 
a  silent  one,  he  made  no  great  splash  in  the  world, 
but  his  work,  that  was  what  proved  the  man. 
He  puts  everything  into  his  work,  his  building, 
his  craft ;  the  joy  of  his  hands.  If  you  want  to 
understand  him,  you  must  look  at  what  he  wanted 
you  to  understand.  It  is  just  so  with  Y'evele. 
We  know  little  about  him  outside  his  workshop, 
and  that  he  would  have  told  us  is  as  it  should 
be.  He  would  be  ready  to  be  judged  by  the 
roof  of  Westminster  Hall,  or  the  tomb  of 
Richard  II.  ;  and  in  so  far  as  the  art  of 
architecture  can  express  humau  qualities,  so 
far  will  you  find  expresseii  the  Medi;eval 
traits  of  character  cf  which  I  have  told  you. 
Y'ou  will  remember  I  said  the  Mediteval  workman 
was  a  silent  man,  and  he  is  little  known  by  name  ; 
sometimes  he  becomes  merely  legendary,  and 
comes  to  us  only  by  tradition,  as  does  Nicholas 
Close,  the  builder  of  our  great  chapel  at  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  to  whom,  for  his  skill.  King 
Henry  \X.  gave  a  coat  of  arms,  and  for  his 
reverence  the  nails  of  the  I'assion  of  Christ. 
Under  the  (Juild  system,  as  you  will  have  noted, 
the  work  was  everything,  the  man  nothing ; 
but  you  will  have  noted,  too,  how  this  went  to 
tho  building  up  of  noble  character,  and  it  was 
these  old  hard-hauled,  peace-loving  forefathers 
of  ours  whose  names  we  still  bear  in  England  and 
America — the  everyday  names  on  shopfronts  and 
l.abour-lists— that  laid  the  foundation  of  our 
world  empire.  But  there  is  one  among  them 
who  occupies  a  peculiar  position,  and  whose  direct 
influence  on  the  shaping  of  national  character 
h:is  been  so  great  that  he  requires  a  special 
place :  moreover,  he  was  the  joint  product 
of  the  builders'  workshop  and  the  democratic 
church  of  the  Knglish  Middle  .\ges,  and  from  our 
workshop  point  of  view  he.  in~a  measure,  sums 
theiu  up.     The   old  story  told  of  W.  of  W.»  is, 

•  .Mob«tIy'8  Life  of  W.  of  W. 


372 


THE    BUILDIXG    N"EWS. 


March  11,  1904. 


that  he  "was  such  a  clever  workman  that  King 
Edward  III.,  to  reward  him,  advised  him  to  50 
into  the  Church  so  that  he  could  make  him  a 
bishop,  and  on  the  whole  that  story  is  true.  He 
started  life  as  a  clerk  of  works  at  Rochester 
Castle,  having  been  trained  as  a  mason,  and  for 
the  literal  excellence  of  his  work,  and  his  capacity 
for  management,  he  passed  from  one  preferment 
to  another.  There  was  a  master  wit  about  him 
too,  that  showed  a  workshop  origin,  you  miy 
say.  When  he  had  completed  the  Windsor  Castle 
buildings,  which  won  him  the  king's  favour,  the 
^tory  ^oes  that  he  carved  on.  the  stone  ' '  Hoc 
fecit  AV.,'"  which  you  may  read  in  one  or  two 
ways.  The  king  read  it  oneway.  "  What  do 
you  mean  :  tTickham  made  this  '  What 
presumption!"  said  the  king.  "Xo,"  said  the 
mason — and  there  was  a  very  homely  relation 
between  kings  and  masons  in  those  days 
— "  you're  reading  it  wrong.  T/iis  made  TTic/c- 
ham,"  and  made  his  fortune,  undoubtedly. 
There  are  two  ways  of  looking  at  W.  of  Wyke- 
ham.  There  is  the  Mediaeval  mason,  and  the 
author  of  some  of  our  finest  English  building — 
the  workshop  Wykeham  ;  and  there  is  the  great 
Bishop  of  Winchester  and  the  Lord  Chancellor  of 
England.  It  is  difficult  to  say  in  which 
capacity  he  is  greatest.  To  me,  he  always 
appeals  most  from  the  workshop  side,  as  the 
builder  of  Windsor,  of  Xew  CoUege,  Oxford,  of 
Winchester,  and  of  the  cathedral  nave,  as  the 
father  of  the  Earlier  English  Perpendicular — 
English  Gothic  at  its  highest  and  most  heroic 
period:  but  there  was  the  statesman  side  of  him, 
too,  and  the  mark  he  left  onEnglish  constitutional 
development.  It  needs  but  to  mention  one  or  two 
of  the  fine  points  in  his  character,  and  you  will 
appreciate  its  modernity — his  gentleness,  his  even 
justice,  his  clear-headedness,  his  generosity,  his 
love  of  doing  everything  in  a  constitutional  way, 
his  hatred  of  aggression  and  war,  and  yet  his 
manliness  in  resistance  to  anything  un  j  us  t  or  i  Qegal , 
or  hurtful  to  the  commonwealth.  It  is  as  a  direct 
influence  of  national  character  that  I  would  have 
you  remember  him,  for  it  is  as  the  founder  of  Our 
two  greatest  educational  institutions  in  England 
that  he  stands  out  to  all  time.  In  New  CoUege, 
Oxford,  he  established  the  first  complete  model  of 
an  English  college  ;  in  Winchester  he  founded  the 
first  great  English  public  school ;  the  whole 
collegiate  system  of  the  English  universities,  and 
every  English-speaking  college  or  public  school 
for  the  last  500  years,  has  owed  its  origin  to 
William  of  Wykeham,  the  Mediajval  mason  of 
the  shop.  To  train  the  soldiery  of  Christ  was  the 
conception  with  which  he  started  his  great  endow- 
ments :  they  were  to  be  for  the  sons  of  poor 
Englishmen,  though  not  necessarily  to  exclude 
the  rich,  and  he  chose  for  them  as  their  motto  the 
famous  words,  the  text  upon  which  his  own  self- 
made  career  had  been  modelled,  and  that  is  still  a 
household  proverb  with  thousands  of  Englishmen, 
and  which  will  doubtless  be  familiar  to  you — 
"Manners  Makyth  Man." 


LIVERPOOL  CATHEDR.\L. 

MEMBERS  of  the  Liverpool  Architectural 
Society  met  on  Monday  evening  in  the 
Law  Library,  Harrington-street,  to  hear  an 
address  on  the  Liverpool  Cathedral  by  Mr.  G. 
Gilbert  Scott,  joint  architect  with  Sir.  G.  F. 
Bodley,  R.A.  A  number  of  drawings  of  the 
cathedral  were  exhibited,  and  these  were  ex- 
amined with  great  interest.  Mr.  John  Woolfall, 
F.R.I.B.A.  (President),  occupied  the  chair. 

Mr.  Gilbert  Scott  said  it  was  a  source  of  very 
great  pleasure  and  confidence  to  him  that  his 
design  had  been  approved  by  eminent  members 
of  the  architectural  community.  There  was  no 
concealing  the  fact  that  the  proposed  erection 
of  a  cathedral  for  Liverpool  was  epoch-making 
in  the  history  of  English  architecture,  because 
they  were  building  a  vast  church,  which  in  point 
of  size  was  not  equalled  by  any  cathedral  church 
in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  which  would  go 
down  to  posterity  as  an  example  of  the  archi- 
tecture during  the  first  half  of  the  20th  century. 
Much  advance  had  been  made  during  the  last  50 
years  in  the  architecture  of  this  country :  but  we 
were  still  far  from  having  a  distinctive  national 
style.  Those  who  clamoured  for  a  new  style  lost 
sight  of  the  fact  that  no  new  style  had  ever  com? 
suddenly  into  existence  and  fljurished.  The 
whole  history  of  architecture  showed  a  slow  and 
gradual  development :  and  was  it  likely  they  were 
going  to  alter  all  of  a  sudden  that  which  had  been 
the  rule  for  thousands  of  years ;-    Was  there  the 


slightest  probability  that  when  a  building  like  the 
Liverpool  Cathedral  was  contemplated  a  new  and 
original  style  would  suddenly  come  into  exist- 
ence— a  style  which  was  not  only  original,  but, 
what  was  far  more  important,  beautiful  r  To 
some  the  latter  seemed  only  a  secondary  con- 
sideration, and  their  frantic  efforts  to  attain 
originality  at  the  expense  of  beauty  would  be 
most  reprehensible,  were  they  not  83  pathetic. 
The  desire  expressed  by  the  committee,  but 
subsequently  withdrawn,  that  the  cathedral  should 
be  a  Gothic  building,  no  doubt  influenced  many 
who,  like  himself,  were  wavering  between  the 
claims  of  CTOthic  and  those  of  other  styles. 
Personally,  he  was  not  a  rabid  Goth,  and  nothing 
annoyed  him  more  than  to  hear  people  remark 
that  no  other  style  approached  the  beauty  of  our 
English  Gi-othic.  No  one  admired  and  loved  this 
beautiful  style  more  than  he  did,  and  although 
he  decided  upon  Gothic,  he  confessed  he  had 
dreams  of  quite  another  style,  or  rather  the 
development  of  a  style.  But  his  ideas  had 
not  had  time  to  mature,  and  he  preferred, 
until  he  was  older,  to  remain  on  safe  ground 
rather  than  court  failure  by  being  too  previous. 
Gothic  could  not  go  much  further.  It  was 
nearly  at  the  end  of  its  tether,  and  before 
very  long  would  die  out  as  completely  as  it 
did  in  the  16th  century.  Whether  the  Liverpool 
Cathedral  would  rekindle  the  flickering  flame 
and  prolong  its  Ufe,  or  whether  this  was  the  last 
flara-up  of  the  Gothic  Revival,  it  was  idle  to 
speculate.  In  preparing  his  designs,  he  decided 
that  solemnity  was  to  be  its  key-note,  and  this 
included  dignity,  grandeur,  and  simplicity.  The 
whole  effect  at  which  he  aimed  was  to  be  pro- 
duced by  the  massing,  grouping,  and  proportion 
of  the  various  parts,  not  by  prettiness  or 
luxuriance  of  detail.  No  amount  of  rich  orna- 
ment could  to  his  mind  equal  the  beauty  and 
charm  of  a  blank  wall  relieved  by  a  touch  of  rich 
detail.  The  lack  of  blank  wall  was,  perhaps,  the 
least  satisfactory  feature  of  our  fine  old  cathedrals. 
In  designing  a  modem  cathedral  the  first 
thought  that  occurred  was  how  to  treat  the 
central  space.  He  felt  convinced  that  the  central 
space  must  be  so  designed  as  to  form  the 
predominating  feature  of  the  cathedral,  both  in- 
side and  out,  and  the  planning  and  designing  of 
this  important  part  was  the  first  difliculty  to  be 
got  over.  He  was  compelled,  however,  to  aban- 
don the  idea  of  treating  a  large  central  space 
satisfactorily :  but  he  still  felt  that  wha'ever 
form  the  central  feature  ultimately  took,  it  must 
above  all  things  be  tho  crowning  feature  of  the 
exterior,  so  that  the  eye  would  be  carried  up  from 
the  less  important  parts,  the  latter  in  their  turn 
giving  scale  and,  as  it  were,  supporting  the 
central  pile.  The  actual  floor  area  of  the  central 
space,  as  now  planned,  was  not  less  than  the  area 
of  the  octagon  at  Ely,  which  fact  helped  them  to 
realise  that  the  space  at  the  crossing  was  not  so 
smaU  as  was  commonly  imagined.  This 
feature  had  been  the  cause  of  a  good  deal 
of  discussion,  many  being  under  the  impression 
that  he  had  infringe!  the  conditions  of 
competition.  There  are  absolutely  no  con- 
dition that  the  central  space  should  be  large  and 
capable  of  seating  3,000  persons — there  was  a 
suggestion,  certainly,  but  no  condition.  Some 
had  remarked  that  the  central  space  would  be 
very  dark :  but  they  had  evidently  not  noticed 
the  four  windows  which  opened  directly  into 
the  central  space.  The  great  windows  at  the 
end  of  the  tower  transepts  would  play  an  im- 
portant part  in  the  lighting  of  this  space.  The 
adoption  of  the  cross  transepts  in  the  nave  and 
choir  was  not  decided  on  only  merely  because 
the  idea  was  novel,  but  originated  from  a  feeling 
that  the  Byzantine  and  Renaissance  form  of  vault- 
ing— namely,  with  domes  and  barrel  vaults,  was  a 
far  more  impressive  and  dignified  way  of  roofing 
a  space  than  the  intricate  and  fanciful,  though 
no  doubt  beautiful  vaultings  of  Gothic  work. 
There  was  a  peculiar  solemnity  and  majesty 
about  the  dome  and  barrel  form  which  was 
entirely  lacking  in  the  Gothic,  and  he  preferred 
the  simpler  and  broader  treatment.  All  the 
mouldings,  &c.,  were  being  designed  by  Mr. 
Bodley,  who  stood  unrivalled  as  a  designer  of 
beautiful  and  refined  Grothic  detail.  The  red 
sandstone  to  be  used  in  the  Liverpool  Cathedral 
lent  itself  to  large  and  simple  mouldings,  and  it 
was  fortunate  that  this  stone  was  especially 
adapted  to  a  type  of  moulding  which  would  be 
thoroughly  in  character  with  the  rest  gf  the  build- 
ing. The  original  intention  of  having  a  great 
western  court,  flanked  by  cloisters,  had  been 
abandoned  owing  to  the  limitations  of  the  site. 


L'nfortunately  there  was  no  direct  approach  to  the 
west  end.  It  they  could  have  arranged  a  fine 
road  leading  from  the  west  front  it  would  have 
been  easy  to  get  such  a  fine  feature  as  suggested, 
with  steps  running  the  full  width  of  the  court 
from  cloister  to  cloister.  Although  the  site  had 
several  faults,  it  was,  on  the  whole,  a  very  fine 
one  ;  it  possessed  a  feeling  of  romance  which  he 
hoped  would  be  increased  when  the  vast  pile  was 
completed.  In  designing  the  cathedral  he  had 
endeavoured  to  impart  a  certain  amount  of  interest 
to  the  building,  taking  care  not  to  ignore  beauty 
in  order  to  insert  a  piece  of  originality.  He  could 
only  hope  that  when  completed  people  would  be 
unable  to  say  of  the  cathedral — "It's  the  same 
old  Gothic;  we've  seen  all  this  before."  If  those 
who  came  to  scoS  remained  to  pray,  and  those 
who  came  to  glance  remained  to  gaze,  his  object 
would  be  achieved,  and  the  labour  expended  on 
the  designs  would  be  repaid  a  hundredfold.  On 
the  motion  of  Mr.  E.  Kirby,  seconded  by  Mr. 
T.  D.  Barn,-,  and  supported  by  Mr.  Richard 
Dart,  C.C.,  a  vote  of  thanks  was  tendered  to 
Mr.  Scott. 


BuiUfing  JIttttllistntt. 


Ley-^iax  Mission',  Citv-uoad,  S.E.  —  The 
Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales  will  open  the  large 
hall  of  the  new  buildings  of  the  Leysian  Mission, 
for  which  the  past  and  present  scholars  of  the 
Leys  School,  Cambridge,  are  responsible,  on 
Monday,  July  11.  The  buildings  are  situated  in 
City-road,  close  to  the  Alexandra  Trust,  and 
almost  at  the  juncture  of  City-road  and  Old- 
street.  The  three  large  settlements,  which  are 
being  erected  for  the  old  boys  of  the  Leys  School, 
for  joung  men  from  the  provinces  who  come  to 
live  in  London  for  the  purposes  of  business  and 
study,  and  the  ladies'  settlement,  will  not  be  open 
until  the  autumn.  The  six  suites  of  clubrooms 
for  the  working  classes  in  this  district,  also  the 
other  departments  connected  with  this  work,  will 
be  open  about  the  same  time.  The  scheme  com- 
prises buildings  containing  over  120  rooms,  and 
costing  upwards  of  £112,000.  The  architects  are 
Messrs.  Bradshaw  and  Gass,  of  Bolton,  whose 
design,  selected  in  competition,  was  illustrated  in 
our  issue  of  April  19,  1901. 


PARLIAMENTAKT   NOTES. 

BcTLDixGS  IS  Hyde  Pakk.— Iu  reply  to  Mr. 
Coghill,  Lord  Baltarres  said  on  Friday  the  build- 
ings in  Hyde  Park  and  Kensington  Gardens  are 
Kensington  Palace,  the  Ranger's  house,  16  lodges, 
the  block  of  administrative  offices,  the  powder 
magazine,  guard-room  and  lodge,  one  police- 
station,  one  pumping- engine  station,  one  refresh- 
ment pavilion,  the  Royal  Humane's  Society's 
receiving-house,  and  sundry  plant-houses,  boat- 
houses,  kiosks,  stands,  shelters,  and  pablic  con- 
veniences. All  of  these  are  required.  The  police 
barracks  occupy  an  area  cf  22,0003q.ft.,  and 
accommodation  is  provided  in  them  for  37  police 
officers  and  prisoners. 

New  Buildisgs  foe  the  ADStrEALrr.  —  The 
more  important  works  provided  for  in  the  Ettimates 
of  1903-4  which  have  been  advanced  are:— At 
Portsmouth  the  barracks  have  been  completed  and 
occupied.  Accommodation  and  storage  for  sub- 
marines his  been  provide!,  and  a  workshop  for  the 
Fleet  Rsserve.  At  Devonport  the  railway  lines 
round  the  main  storehouses  and  the  caisson  for  No.  2 
dock  will  be  finished  in  1901-' :  a  new  jetty  and 
railways  between  No.  2  and  No.  o  sUps  in  the  south 
yard  are  in  hand;  the  dredging  above  Saltash 
Bridge  is  practically  completed.  At  Osborne  tho 
main  buildings  of  the  cadets'  college  will  be  com- 
pleted during  1904-5.  At  Keyham  good  progress 
has  been  made  with  the  dockyard  extension,  and 
similarly  at  Gibraltar  and  Hong  Kong.  The  work 
on  the  dockyard  extension  at  Simon's  Bay  and  Ber- 
muda is  well  in  hand.  The  Admiralty  mole  exten- 
sion and  the  detached  mole  at  Gibraltar  are 
completed,  with  the  exception  of  the  heads  where 
the  batteries  and  lighthouses  are  to  be  placed.  The 
commercial  mole  will  be  brought  into  use  in  a  few 
months'  time.  At  Portland  the  new  breakwaters 
inclosing  the  harbour  are  completed,  except  certain 
work  on  the  heads  now  in  hand.  Good  pcosress 
has  been  made  with  the  construction  of  the  Malta 
breakwater. 

*-^ 

A  statement  has  been  issued  of  the  accounts  for 
the  rebuUding  of  Wednesfield  parish  church,  which 
was  destroyed  "oy  fire  two  years  ago.  The  total 
amount  raised  was  £5,4^7,  and  after  all  expenses 
have  been  defrayed  there  is  a  balance  in  hand  of 
£186. 


March  11,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


373 


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M.  A.  Rawlinga  (Durham).— A.  N.  B. 


"BUILDING  NEWS"  DESIGNING  CLUB. 
Drawisgs  Recrived.— "  Wear,"  "  Tyne,"  "  Ionic." 
"  D'Artagnan."  "  Aurum,"  "The  New  Boy,"  "O.B.," 
'*8axon,''^"  Woodbury,"  "  Young  Michael,"  "Alpha," 
"The  Bondman,"  "Beta,"  "  Here  ward."  "Marcus," 
"Novocastria,"  "Lyric,"  "Bulldog,"  "Cm-ius," 
'*  Loidis,"  "  Tom  "  (Postage  insuHicient),  "  Fena," 
"  Lux,"  "  Adz,"  "  Leo,"  "  Orchid."  "  Hermit," 
"  Crocket."  "  Stoep,"  "  (ireyhound,"  "  Chingachgook," 
"Zigzag,"  "  Kurymedon,"  "Viking,"  "  Yew  Tree  " 
"King's  Pawn."  "Obelisk,"  "Regent"  (Very  late). 
"Pan." 


— •-»-» — 

W  A  K  !•:  F I  ]•:  [.  D     F  I!  E  ]■]     L 1 1?  K  A  K  V 
CUIII'KTIXIOX. 
7\)  tht  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 
Sill, — The    Competition    Reform    Society    are 
doing  most  excellent  service   to  the  profession, 
and  it  is  much  to  be  rt(,'reltea  th:it  their  efforts  do 
not  roceiro  better  support  from  ii  certain  section 
of  it.     The  Wakefield   Free   Library  Committee, 
in  their  recent  invitation  for  competitive  plans, 
did  not  pledge  themselves  to  the  appointment  of 
an  assessor,   and  the  society    very  proporlv  re- 
quested arclutccts  to  abstain  from  entering.  "  I,  at 
any  rate,  have  had  the  satisfaction  of  supporting 
the  society  in  their  action  by  returning  my  copy 


of  the  conditions,  and  yet  I  now  see  that  eighty- 
one  designs  have  been  i-eceived  ! 

Is  it  ijKitr  impossible  to  instil  into  certain 
members  of  our  body  the  smallest  particle  of  esprit 
(le  corpx  /—I  am,  &c.  Melancholia. 


EUDINGTOX     FREE     LIBRARY 
COMPETITION. 

,Snt, — We  inclose  copy  of  a  letter,  which  we 
should  be  glad  if  you  will  publish  in  your  next 
issue. 

The  council  have  a  proposal  under  considera- 
tion for  setting  aside  the  assessor's  award,  and 
giving  the  work  to  the  third  premiated  design. — 
We  are,  &c.,     J.  H.  Vehnon  Cole   j  ^        g 
Oeuald  McMkiiael  I 

Birmingham  Architectural  Association. 
Norwich  l^nion  Chambers,  Congreve-street. 
March  4. 

COMPETITION  FOE  EEDINGTON  FREE  LIBRARY 
AND  MUNICIPAL  BUILDINGS. 

To  the  Borough  Surveyor,  Erdington. 

Sir,— We  are  instructed  by  the  council  of  the  Birming- 
ham Architectural  Association  to  express  regret  that  the 
award  of  the  professional  assessor  is  proposed  to  be  set 
aside,  as  such  a  course  is  unwarranted  in  this  instance, 
and  is  prejudicial  to  the  fair  conduct  of  architectural 
competitions  in  the  future. 

The  members  of  the  council  are  of  the  opinion  that  the 
design  placed  first  by  the  assessor  well  merits  its  position, 
for  the  abilities  shown  in  the  compact  plannmg,  disposi- 
tion of  departments,  and  economy.  Clause  4  of  the 
conditions  issued  to  competitors  states  that  the  work 
would  be  given  to  the  author  of  the  design  placed  first  by 
the  assessor,  subject  to  his  qualifications  being,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  assessor  and  council,  sufficient  to  warrant 
his  being  given  the  work. 

Messrs.  Ashford  and  Gladding  are  Associates  of  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects  (by  examinations 
1893  and  18-^41.  which  alone  is  autficient  guarantee  that 
they  are  capable  of  carrying  out  the  work  successfully. 

Utmost  fairness  cannot  be  too  strongly  urged  for 
competitors  in  public  comp'titions,  and  very  grave  ob- 
jections should  be  brought  forward  before  the  professional 
assessor's  award  is  thrown  aside. 

Many  members  of  the  Council  of  the  Birmingham 
Architectural  Association,  although  unsuccessful,  are 
quite  in  accord  with  the  assessor'-s  verdict. 

A  copy  of  this  letter  has  been  sent  to  the  local  papers. 
—Yours  truly,  J.  H.  V.  Coi.r.  I  „       „ 

Gerai.u  McMicuAEL  I  ■^™-  '"''^'• 

Birmingham  Architectural  Association,  March  4. 


NATURAL   VENTILATION. 

SiK, — As  there  is  no  response  in  your  current 
issue  to  "  M.I.C.E.'s  "  letter,  I  will,  with  your 
permission,  try  to  answer  the  queries  put.  It 
seems  to  be  becoming  somewhat  prevalent  among 
a  certain  class  of  heating  and  ventilating  engi- 
neers to  decry,  in  papsrs  on  their  own  arrange- 
ments read  before  various  societies,  the  special 
appliances  employed  by  natural  ventilation  en- 
gineers, mentioning  the  ixmiry  of  these  appliances. 
The  Manchester  case  referred  to  by  "  M.I.C.E." 
seems  to  be  a  particularly  flagrant  instance, 
especially  when  it  is  considered  that  the  papers 
read  are  usually  distributed  broadcast,  judging 
from  the  numerous  copies  I  receive  from  time 
to  time. 

From  the  number  of  mechanical  engineers  who 
now  employ  natural  automatic  as  well  as  mechani- 
cal systems,  though  at  one  time  there  was  nothing 
too  strong  they  could  find  to  say  against  the 
former,  it  would  appear  as  if  they  had  now  dis- 
covered which  of  these  systems  was  in  greatest 
demand,  and  seemingly  have  had  no  difficulty  in 
accepting  the  principles  they  previously  de- 
nounced. 

I  notice  that  instead  of  attacking,  as  formerly, 
the  piiiiiip/f  of  automatic  ventilation,  it  is  the 
ventilators  of  their  competitors  in  that  branch 
— which  they  take  care  to  ihimc— thai  are  now 
damned. 

I  likewise  have  noticed  that  the  advocates  of 
natural  automatic  systems,  though  aljo  indulging 
in  the  dissemination  of  literature,  presumably  as 
a  corrective  to  that  circulated  by  the  "  oppo- 
sition," abstain  from  iiiimiii;/  their  opponents' 
appliances,  confining  themselves  to  the  elucida- 
tion of  iiriiinplis  only,  and  refraining  from  the 
rather  un-English  practice  of  "  hitting  below  the 
belt." 

I  thought  everyone  acquainted  with  these 
matters  was  aware  that  the  ventilator  models 
issued  by  makers  were  intended  to  domonstiato 
the  piiiiripli  upon  which  the  ventilators  acted, 
and  not  their  actual  extracting  power,  which,  I 
should  say,  it  would  bo  impossible  to  do  on  such 
a  small  scale. 

I  also  thought  that  everyone  know  that  if  you 
blow  straight  across  the  top  of  the  glass  tube 
without  the  model  the  cotton- wool  would  be  raised 
just  the  same,  and  .also — and  this  is  what  the 
gentleman  at  JIanchester  either  did  not  know,  or. 


knowing,  failed  to  s'ate — that  if  the  tube  was 
blown  upon  at  the  slightest  ilouiiicat-'/  angle,  the 
cotton-wool  was  depressed  instead  of  raised, 
indicating  a  down-draught. 

Thia  would  not  happen  when  the  model  was  on 
the  tube. 

Sir  Douglas  Calton  says  of  an  open  tube  as 
an  extractor  : — 

"  (iusts  of  wind  will  sometimes  cause  a  reverse 
action  in  the  tube.  In  hot  weather,  if  the  shaft 
is  colder  than  the  outer  air,  a  down-current  may 
ensue. 

"  In  consequence  of  the  numerous  causes  of 
disturbance  enumerated  above,  this  method  of  ex- 
traction, when  applied  to  a  house,  could  not  be 
relied  on  to  act  on  all  occasions  with  certainty  as 
an  extraction  shaft." 

Sir  Douglas  (ialton  further  says  regarding  the 
ventilator  named  .at  Manchester  : — 

"  Boyle's  (.'owls  are  arranged  with  fixed  blades, 
which  divert  the  direct  action  of  the  wind,  and 
this  causes  them  always  to  assist  the  exhaust :  and 
they,  moreover,  afford  an  area  of  exhaust  con- 
siderably larger  than  the  area  of  the  tube." 

This  is  confirmed  hy  Lord  Kelvin  as  follows  : — 

"I  have  seen  several  different  forms  of  Mr. 
Boyle's  '  air-pump  '  ventilator  in  actual  opera- 
tion, and  have  much  pleasure  in  testifying  to  their 
efficiency." 

7i'»'  the  assertion  that  when  there  is  no  wind 
these  ventilators  are  inoperative,  the  following 
extract  from  a  report  by  Professor  Macquorn 
Rankin,  after  twelve  months'  testing,  would  seem 
to  conclusively  settle  that  p)int : — 

"  There  is  no  time  throughout  the  whole  year 
but  when  there  is  a  sufficient  movement  in  the 
atmosphere  to  cause  the  '  air-pump '  ventilator  to 
act." 

This  report  was  endorsed  by  Professor  Grant, 
who  said  of  the  "  air-pump  "  ventilator  :  — 

"It  is  constructed  on  sound  scientific  principles^ 
acts  in  strict  accordance  with  the  laws  of  Nature, 
and  cannot  fail  to  operate." 

Parkes  says  :  — 

"Incessant  movement  of  the  air  is  a  law  of 
Nature ;  we  have  only  to  allow  the  air  in  our 
cities  and  dwellings  to  take  share  in  this  constant 
change,  and  ventilation  will  go  on  uninterruptedly 
without  our  care.  In  this  country,  and,  indeed, 
in  most  countries,  even  comparative  quiescence 
of  the  air  for  more  than  a  few  hours  is  scarcely 
known.  Air  is  called  '  still '  when  it  is  reallj- 
moving  one  or  one  and  a  half  miles  an  hoar. 
Advantage,  therefore,  can  be  taken  of  this 
aspirating  power  of  the  wind  to  cause  a  move- 
ment of  the  air  up  a  tube." 

Houghton  also  says  :  — 

"  Science  proves  that  there  is  not  a  moment  of 
time  but  when  there  is  a  movement  of  the  air. 
and  that  this  movement  properly  utilised  is 
sufficient  at  all  times  to  change  the  air  ia  a 
building  and  secure  ventilation." 

In  respect  to  "  M.I.C.E.'s  "  query  as  to  how  a 
natural  system  of  ventilation  acts  when  "  the  air 
is  practically  motionless,"  the  following  is  what 
Dr.  .lohn  Ilayward  says,  and  I  think  it  will  be 
admitted  that  he  is  a  sufficiently  good  authority  : 

"That  efficient  ventilation  can  ever  be  auto- 
matic and  costless  may,  perhaps,  appear  absurd  ; 
it  is,  however,  not  S3  absurd  as  it  may  appear. 
This  will  be  evident  by  reference  to  the  natural 
laws  of  atmospheric  pressure,  and  of  its  txpansion 
by  heat.  If,  therefore,  the  inlets  and  outlets  be 
properly  proportioned  and  open,  the  ordinary 
atmospheric  pressure  will  carry  on  the  ventilation 
quite  etliciently,  and  the  whole  hospital  will  bo 
kept  fresh  and  comfortable  by  the  natural  forces 
alone.  There  is  no  fear  that  the  speed  will  not 
be  enough  to  keep  up  efficient  ventilation— it  is 
more  likely  to  be  too  great :  but  there  need  be  no 
tear  of  its  being  too  great,  because  it  is  completely 
under  control,  and  can  be  regulated  to  any 
rate  desired  by  the  valves  at  the  inlets  and 
outlets.  Natural  ventilation  is  certainly  muoll'. 
to  be  preferred  to  any  and  every  artificial  system, 
whether  on  tho  '  Plenum  '  or  vacuum  principle, 
and  it  is,  of  course,  much  less  complicated.  It  is, 
indeed,  comparative  simplicity  itself.  It  also 
involves  very  little  original  outlay  and  com- 
paratively no  permanent  cost  for  mainten.ance. 
Whereas  all  artificial  systems  involve  costly 
original  plant  of  machinery,  as  well  as  hoivy 
permanent  expense  for  maintenance  in  engines, 
engineers,  fuel,  Sec,  and  with  all  they  cannot  be 


374 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  11,  1904. 


made  as  efficient  or  nearly  so  pleasant  atd  he  ilthy 
in  operation." 

I  conclude  wiih  an  extract  from  the  articles 
referred  to  >iy  "  M.I.C.E.,"  which,  with  what 
I  have  already  submitted,  replies,  I  think,  to  all 
'*  M.I.C  K.'s"  queries. 

"  With  scientific  natural  ventilation  are  utilised 
the  powerful  natural  forces  which  are  as  constant 
as  gravity,  and  provide  a  never-failing  motive 
power  to  ventilate  a  building.  It  must  be  con- 
fessed, however,  that  the  reputation  of  natural 
ventilation  has  suffered  a  good  deal  from  the 
.ibortive  attempts  of  ignorant  persons  having 
little  or  no  acquaintance  with  either  the  science 
or  the  practice  of  ventilation,  and  by  the  employ- 
ment of  so-called  ventilating  apparatus  of  crude 
and  unscientific  construction." 

De  Chaumont  says : — 

"It  is  essen'ial  to  the  success  of  a  natural 
;y8tem  of  ventilation  that  both  the  outlet  and 
inlet  ventilators  be  of  correct  construction  and 
fkilful'y  applied.  Where  this  is  not  observed, 
failure  generally  ensues  with  this  form  of  ven 
tilation." — I  am,  &c., 

London,  March  5.  C.  E. 


8iR, — The  articles  on  ventilation  that  appeared 
in  your  January  issues,  consisting  for  the  most 
pirt  of  statements  culled  from  evidence  given  at 
various  times  before  Royal  Commissions  and 
Committees  of  the  House  of  Commons,  are  calcu- 
lated to  give  an  erroneous  conception  of  the 
methods  now  adopted  in  Plonum  ventilation,  and 
the  results  obtained  in  modern  practice  while 
they  incidentally  eulogise  the  "cowl"  at  the 
expense  of  mechanical  systems. 

The  writer  has  had  many  years'  experience 
of  "Plenum,"  "Assisted,"  and  "Natural" 
systems  of  ventilation,  and  has  designed  some  of 
the  largest  Plenum  installations  in  this  country, 
and  the  result  has  taught  him  that,  while  a'l  may 
be  usefully  employed,  none  is  perfect,  and  that 
it  isimpossible  to  effect  the  necessary  change  of 
air  in  a  great  many  cases  without  producing  a 
sensible  motion  that  ill-natured  people  denomi- 
nate "draught." 

As  a  lule,  the  best  results  are  obtained  when 
the  ventilating  engineer's  requirements  are  in- 
corporated with  the  design  of  the  building  ;  these 
requirements  can  be  but  seldom,  and  then  only 
partially,  met  in  existing  structures,  and  when, 
under  unfavourable  conditions,  the  effect  is  not 
all  that  could  be  desired,  the  system  employed  is 
often  unjustly  condemned. 

The  selection  of  a  system  should  be  governed 
by  the  requirements  of  the  building,  structural 
conditions,  and  the  amount  th^j  client  is  willing  to 
expend,  and  no  engineer  would  recommend  a 
single  system  for  all  cases. 

Some  remirks  in  the  evidence  before  alluded  to 
display  misconceptions  of  modern  methods  that 
require  notice. 

There  is  apparently  a  consensus  of  opinion 
against  downward  extraction  of  the  vitiated  air. 
This  is  not  an  integral  feature  of  Plenum  in  this 
country,  and  is  rightly  condemned  on  sanitary 
grounds,  and  the  floor  outlets  should  only  be 
employed  to  remove  the  cooler  air  that  gravitates 
to  the  floor  when  the  building  is  cold  and  empty. 
In  this  way  the  warm  air  is  retained  in  the  room 
until  it  has  imparted  a  portion  of  its  heat  to  the 
walls,  which,  it  the  ceiling  outlets  were  open, 
would  escape  without  doing  much  useful  work. 
While  the  chamber  is  occupied,  the  ceiling  out- 
lets should  be  partially  or  fully  opened,  according 
to  the  number  of  persons  present,  when  the 
products  of  respiration  will  piss  upwards,  and  the 
chamber  will  be  well  ventilated. 

With  downward  extraction  it  is  difficult  to 
prevent  the  atmosphere  of  a  crowded  room  from 
becoming  overheated  from  the  warmth  given  off 
by  the  audience,  and  a  sense  of  "stuffiness  "is 
often  experienced  at  such  times,  accentuated  by 
the  humidity  imparted  to  the  air  by  exudations 
from  the  lungs  and  skin. 

It  is  this  increase  in  humidity  that  often  gives 
rise  to  the  idea  that  the  air  is  impure,  when,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  House  of  Commom,  analysis  proves 
the  contrary— a  feeling  of  lassitude  commonly 
complained  of  being  caused  by  the  saturated  air  in 
contact  with  the  body  arresting  evaporation. 

The  heat  emitted  by  the  audience  in  a  crowded 
room  13  commonly  mora  than  sufficient  to  main- 
tain the  temperature  without  artificial  aid,  and 
when  this  IS  the  case  the  fresh  air  admitted  for 
ventilation  only  requires  sufficient  added  warmth 
to  prevent  sensible  down-draught. 

It  is  impossible  to  determine  the  precise  move- 


ment of  the  bir  in  a  room  ventilated  in  this  way  ; 
but  an  approximate  conception  may   be  formed 
from  obserration  of  actual  results,  and  these  do 
not   greatly  vary   whatever  system    is  adopted. 
The  air  near  the  floor  is  constantly  being  warmed 
by  contact  with  Ihe  audience,  and,   ri~ing,  gives 
place  to  the  cooler  surrounding  air.     When  out- 
lets are  provided  in  the  upper  part  of  the  room, 
the  vitiated  air  will  escape  if  not  chilled  in  its 
passage  upwards ;  but  if  it  comes  in  c  ratact  with 
cold  walls  or  windows  it  quickly  cook,  shrinks, 
and  falls  in  sharply-defined  currents  productive 
of  discomfort.     At  all  times  the  coldest  air  in  the 
building  must  inevitably  find  its  way  to  the  floor ; 
but  in  warm  weather  the  motion  is  more  gentle, 
and  the  descending  air-currents   are   more  dif- 
fusfd  than  in  winter,  and  are  consequently  less 
objectionable.     These  difficulties  have  long  been 
recognised,  and  elaborate  attempts  have  been  made 
from  time  to  time  to  overcome  them,  with  indif- 
ferebt  and  often  disastrous  results.     Double  roofs, 
hollow  walls,  and   doub'e-glazed  windows  have 
been   tried   for   the   purpose    of    preventing  the 
chilling  of  the  air  referred  to  ;  the  fresh  air  has 
also  been  introduced  through  perforations  in  the 
floor,  and  through  interstices  between  the  seats. 
.Such  devices  are,  however,  obviously  incapable 
of  general  adoption. 

As  regards  floor-inlets,  they  have  not  met  with 
much  favour,  for  the  reisoa  that  air  so  intro- 
duced is  liable  to  contamimtion,  and  the  more 
important  one  that  few  people  will  endure  the 
slightest  motion  of  air  in  their  immediate 
vicinity,  lluch  might  be  said  in  favour  of 
bringing  the  fresh  air  up  thrju'h  a  number  of 
small  inlets  contrived  in  permanent  seits  and 
similar  fixtures,  although  there  would  remain  the 
objection  of  the  difficulty  of  keeping  them  clean. 
Such  an  arrangement  must  necessarily  be  limited 
in  its  application,  as  in  most  cases  the  position 
of  the  inlets  is  governed  by  structural  and  other 
conditions. 

Of  several  applications  of  the  Plenum  system 
there  are  two  that  deserve  mention.  One  is  to 
utilise  the  fresh-air  supply  to  carry  the  heat  re- 
quired to  warm  the  glass  and  walls  as  well  as 
that  necessary  for  comfort.  This  necessitates  the 
air  being  warmed  to  a  higher  temperature,  seldom 
less  than  70"  and  often  more  than  90"  Fahr., 
according  to  the  character  and  exposure  of  the 
building.  This  method  produces  steep  tempera- 
ture gradients  indifferent  parts  of  the  room,  often 
accompanied  by  draught.  The  alternative  is  to 
fix  radiators  or  pipes  round  the  walls  and  in  the 
vicinity  of  windows  and  skylights,  to  com- 
pensate the  heat  transmitted  by  them,  warmin" 
to  that  temperature  only  that  may  be  desired  to 
keep  the  room  comfortable.  Of  the  two  the  latter 
system  is  to  be  preferred;  but,  like  most  good  things, 
it  is  more  expensive  than  the  former  to  install. 
It  hss,  however,  the  compensating  advantage  of 
being  less  expensive  in  working. 

Few  persons  appreciate  what  the  cost  of  venti- 
lation is.  When  a  building  is  warmed  entirely 
by  hot  air  the  escaping  vitiated  air  carries  off  the 
greater  part  of  the  heat  imparted  to  it,  and  on  a 
cold  day  this  is  an  expensive  item,  frequently 
amounting  to  double  what  would  be  necessary  to 
warm  the  building  without  ventilating  it.  This 
expense  is  common  to  all  systems  that  provide  for 
warming  the  entering  air,  and  is,  within  certain 
limits,  unavoidable. 

The  question  of  the  best  means  of  exhaustin"- 
the  foul  air  next  deserves  consideration.  It  is 
not  always  sufficient  to  provide  outlets  or  flues 
for  its  escape,  trusting  to  the  pressure  produced 
by  the  Plenum  fans  to  eject  it,  as  it  is  found  in 
practice  that  the  compression  of  the  air  is  a 
npgligible  quantity,  and  altogether  insufficient  to 
produce  a  stable  current  in  the  upcast  flues. 

When  the  exhaust  flues  are  in  inner  walls,  and 
not  exposed  to  cooling  influences,  they  often 
answer  without  any  other  assistance  than  the  in- 
ductive action  of  external  wind  pressure ;  in  the 
absence  of  wind  the  upcast  is  uncertain,  and 
when  there  are  exhaust  flues  on  more  than  one 
side  of  the  room,  those  most  favourably  situated 
sometimes  work  at  the  expense  of  the  others,  while 
the  opening  or  shutting  of  a  door  may  reverse 
the  current. 

When  exhaust  fans  are  provided  to  supplement 
the  Plenum  fans  these  troubles  disappear,  with 
the  advantage  that  it  is  frequently  possible  in 
warm  weather  to  convert  the  installation  into  an 
exhaust  system,  allowing  the  fresh  air  to  enter 
through  open  windows,  and  saving  the  cost  of 
running  the  Plenum  fan. 

Although  Plenum  ventilation  has  not  always 
been  found  satisfactory,  the  system  should  not  be 


of    its  failures,    which   are 
proportion  to 


condemr.ej   because 

certainly   not   more  numerous  in. 

those  of  other  systems. 

One  fruitful  cause  of  trouble  has  been  the  want 
of  a  proper  appreciation  of  the  difficuMes  to  be 
eacountered,  and,  in  th»  past,  the  copying  of 
American  methods,  regardless  of  the  great  differ- 
ence of  climate  in  the  two  countries.  In  New 
lorktheair  is  much  drier  than  here,  rendering 
a  higher  temperature  and  artificially  supplied 
humidity  necessary — devices  which  would  produce 
in  this  country  the  atmosphere  of  a  Turkish  bath. 
The  number  and  disposition  of  the  inlets  and 
outlets,  as  also  the  temperature  and  velocity  of 
the  entering  air,  have  much  to  with  the  success 
or  failure  of  any  system  ;  and  last,  but  not  least, 
the  intelligence  of  the  attendant  who  takes 
charge  of  the  appiratus.  In  view  of  the  lat'er 
uncertain  quantity,  simplicity  of  design  is  the 
greatest  desideratum. 

These  are  all  matters  for  the  engineer  to  de- 
mine,  and  he  will  be  wise  in  confining  the  appli- 
cation of  Plenum  to  buildings  in  course  of  c  )n- 
struction,  leaving  those  who  wish  to  establish  a 
reputation  to  deal  with  old  and  unsuitable  struc- 
tures. 

An  erroneous  idea,  as  shown  by  the  evidence 
referred  to  previously,  is  that  Plenum  requires 
for  its  successful  application  hermetically  closed 
windows  to  secure  a  pressure  in  the  chamber 
sufficient  to  eject  the  vitiated  air.  It  has  been 
previously  stated  that  this  pressure  is  insufficient : 
so  for  sanitary  reasons  such  an  arrangement  is 
undesirable. 

An  open  window  is  the  best  possible  means  of 
ventilating  a  room  in  mild  weather,  and  it  can 
often  be  used  with  advantage  in  Plenum  systems 
for  the  escape  of  vitiated  air,  while  it  is  always 
avaiable  for  ventilation  when  the  apparatus  is  not 
working. 

It  is  contended  on  behalf  of  the  Plenum  system 
that  satisfactory  results  have  been  obtained  by  it 
that  could  not  have  been  secured  in  any  other 
way.  The  advocates  of  so-called  "natural" 
ventilation  have  now  had  more  than  half  a 
century  to  prove  their  professed  ability  to  secure 
similar  results  with  exhaust  wind-cowls  and 
other  devices  that  depend  on  the  uncertain  action 
of  external  wind  pressure,  and  the  want  of  success 
attending  their  efforts,  as  displayed  in  our 
churches,  chapels,  and  schools  has  paved  the  way 
for  the  introduction  of  mechanical  systems, 
which,  it  imperfect,  as  all  our  best  efforts  are,  at 
least  provide  a  sufficient  change  of  air  to  maintain 
a  reasonably  healthful  atmosphere,  and  ameliorate 
the  sense  of  "stuffiness"  commonly  present  in 
buildings  ventilated  only  by  "  cowls." 

It  must  not,  however,  be  inferred,  because  of 
many  failures,  that  natural  ventilation  should  be 
discarded.  When  properly  designed  and  applied 
to  buildings  where  only  a  small  amount  of 
ventilation  is  required,  it  can  often  be  advan- 
tageously and  economically  adopted. 

In  the  case  of  schools  very  fair  results  are 
commonly  obtained  with  ventilating  radiators  and 
open  windows,  which  are  frequently  the  only 
provision  for  the  escape  of  foul  air.  Rooms 
ventilated  in  this  way  are  necessarily  draughty. 
Fortunately,  children  seem  less  susceptible  to 
draught,  and  even  cold,  than  adults  :  at  aU  events, 
they  do  not  complain  so  much,  while  persons 
accustomed  to  the  movement  of  the  air  soon  faU 
to  notice  it.  When  exhaust  cowls  are  used,  the 
trouble  is  that  they  are  only  effective  in  a  wind, 
and  when  applied  to  long  flues  a  breeze  of  six  or 
seven  miles  an  hour  is  usually  necessary  to  over- 
come the  perimeter  friction,  while  in  the  absence 
of  wind  a  down-draught  is  not  uncommon. 

In  conclusiou  the  writer  would  suggest,  wiih 
all  deference  to  the  views  of  others,  that  the 
Plenum  system  should  only  be  adopted  where 
other  and  less  expensive  systems  cannot  reasonably 
be  expected  to  answer. — I  am,  iSrc, 
March  7.  J.  Jeffkeys,  M.I.Mech.E. 


Sir, — Will  your  correspondent,  Mr.  George  H. 
Bibby,  be  good  enough  to  give  the  names  of  any 
school  or  other  building  where  a  satisfactory 
system  of  natural  ventilation  is  in  operation,  and, 
if  possible,  an  analysis  of  the  air  in  such  buildings 
when  in  use  '■: — I  am,  &c., 

HeRHERT  T.    BlCKLAND. 

25a,  Paradise-street,  Birmingham,  March,  7. 


A  new  hotel,  to  be  known  as  the  Victoria,  was 
opened  at  Sidmouth  on  Saturday.  It  has  been  built 
from  plans  by  Mr.  R.  W.  Simpson,  and  contains 
over    .W    bedrooms.    The    outlay    has    bean    over 

£30,000. 


March  11,  1904. 


THE    BUILDlIiJG    NEWS. 


375 


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363 
366 
867 

369 
370 
372 
372 
372 
373 
375 
XI. 
375 
393 
391 
394 
393 
395 
395 
396 
396 
397 
397 
400 
402 


design  to  break  away  from  the  usual  type  of  semi- 
detached houses,  and  at  the  same  time  to  keep  the 
cost  within  reasonable  limits.  The  lower  part  of 
the  walls  is  faced  with  red  Leicestershire  bricks 
with  white  joints,  and  the  upper  part  is  covered 
with  white  roughcast.  The  roofs  are  of  green 
slates,  and  the  central  gable  is  treated  with  half- 
timber.  The  plans  with  the  view  show  the 
internal  arrangements.  Jlr.  J.  C.  I'oyser,  of 
Xottingham,  is  the  architect. 


N.iTIONWI.    I'ROVIXCIAL    BANK    Of 
ABEKYSTWITH. 


EX(iLAN'I), 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

■.JUEEN  VICTORIA  MEMORIAL  xlTIcSEs'  HOME,  ROCHDALE. — 
THE  CHURCH  OF  ST.  OSWALD,  ASHBOURNE.— RAWSTEN8TALL 
PUBLIC  LIBRARY  AND  MUNICIPAL  BUILDINGS.  — COTTAGES, 
BEEST0.1,  NOTTS.— BANKS  AT  ABEEVSTWITH  A.S'D  \VALSALL. 
— RESIDENCE,  BROAD    STREET,  BAN'.iOR. 


©ur  Illttstrati0tts. 


QVEEX    VK-TOUIA    MEMOKI.AL    NURSES 
ROCHDALE. 


HOME, 

(For  description  and  sketch  plans  see  p.  393.) 

THE    CHURCH    OF    ST.    OSWALD,    ASHBOURXE, 
DERBYSHIRE. 

Situated  in  a  small  market  to  wn  near  the  western 
border  of  Derbyshire,  this  beautiful  church  is  very 
little  known  to  those  interested  in  architecture, 
and  although  within  five  miles  of  "  Dovedale  "  it 
has,  to  a  great  extent,  evaded  the  notice  of  the 
tourist.  No  drawing  can  convey  the  peculiar 
charm  this  church  bears.  The  widely  varying 
hues  of  the  red  sandstone  of  which  it  is  built 
give  it  a  richness  and  warmth  which  can  only  be 
depicted  by  the  brush  of  an  arlist,  whilst  its 
position  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  audits  isolation  from 
the  neighbouring  houses,  allow  it  to  be  seen  to 
great  advantage  from  all  points  of  view.  The 
<:ruciform  plan  with  double  transepts  and  central 
tower  is  unusual  for  a  parish  church.  The  chancel 
is  of  exceptional  length,  and  the  single  aisle  of 
great  width  gives  a  unique  effect  to  the  interior. 
The  chancel  and  transepts  are  of  the  Early 
English  period  {ein-n  1220).  The  north  wall  of 
the  nave  is  of  the  Transition  from  Early  English 
to  Decorated ;  whilst  the  nave  arcade  and  south 
aisle  are  Late  Decorated.  The  windows  of  the 
aisle  are  of  a  varied  but  pleasing  design.  The 
reticulated  window  in  the  north  ti  insept  and  the 
Perpendicular  window  in  the  south  transepi  are 
perfect  specimens  of  the  tracery  of  their  respective 
periods,  especially  the  latter.  This  transept  was 
etrengthened,  some  of  the  walls  recased,  and  a 
window  inserted  in  1710,  which  accounts'f or  the 
•Classic  appearance  it  now  has.  The  nave  arcade 
is  good,  and  the  Cokayno  chapel  is  full  of  interest- 
ing monuments  ;  but  the  feature  of  the  interior  is 
the  crossing  under  the  tower,  with  the  four 
massive  piers,  relieved  by  the  graceful  wave 
moulding,  which  continues  round  the  arches  upon 
which  the  tower  and  spire  rest.  Thesa  are  of  the 
Late  Decorated  period,  and  the  spire  ribbed  and 
band«d,  ornamented  with  the  ballllower,  aud 
;)ierced  with  live  tiers  of  lights,  rises  to  a  height 
of  200ft.  This  graceful  finish  to  a  fine  structure 
has  deservedly  won  for  .\shbourne  Church  the 
title  of  "  The  Pride  of  the  Teak." 

Laurence  M.  Gotcii. 

ItA\VTE.\STAI.L      PUIILIC      LIBRARY      AXD     MfXICIl'AL 

orricEs. 
Tins  design,   by  Mr.   A.  T.   liutler,   was  placed 
second  conjointly   with   that   by  Jlessrs.   Stones 
and  Stones  and  \V.   !■;.   Kproat,   which  we  gave 
last  week. 

(OTTAOES,    ST.    Jlllix's    (;Ul)VE,     llEESTDN",    XOTTS. 

This  pair  of  cottages  occupy  a  narrow  site  with  a 
ong  frontage.     .Vn  attempt  was  made    in  their 


The  premises  recently  erected  at  the  comer  of 
Baker-street  and  North-parade,  Aberystwith,  for 
the  National  Provincial  Bank  of  England,  Ltd., 
has  banking  hall  and  manager's  room  on  ground 
floor,  with  strong  rooms  at  a  slightly  lower  level ; 
clerks'  room  and  lavatories  on  mezzinine  over 
same  :  the  upper  floors  being  devoted  to  a  resi- 
dence: for  the  bank  manager.  The  elevations  to 
North-parade  and  Baker-street  have  polished 
grey  granite  to  the  bank  window-sills,  the  upper 
portion  being  built  of  C'efn  stone.  The  con- 
tractors were  Messrs.  Price  and  Sun,  of  Shrews- 
bury, who  also  executed  the  bank  fittings.  The 
architect  was  the  late  Mr.  W.  W.  Gwyther,  of 
Bedford-row,  London,  W.C. 

N.VriONAL    I'ROVIS-CIIL    BANK    OF    EN-GLAXD, 
WALSALL. 

The  building  now  being  erected  in  Park-street, 
Walsall,  for  the  National  Provincial  Bank  of 
England,  Limited,  consists  of  basement  and 
ground  floor  devoted  to  the  purpose  of  the  bank 
and  two  floors  over  intended  to  let  as  oflices  ; 
caretaker's  room  being  on  the  third  floor.  The 
street  front  will  be  of  polished  red  granite  up  to 
the  bank  window-sills,  and  Darley  Dale  stone 
above.  The  contractor  for  the  structure  is  Mr. 
J.  Webb,  of  Handsworth,  Birmingham,  and  that 
for  the  bank  fittings  Mr.  J.  Gallimore,  New- 
castle, Staffs,  and  the  architect,  the  late  \V.  W. 
Gwyther,  of  Bedford-row,  London,  W.C.  The 
premises  are  being  completed  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Mr.  C.  J.  Jones,  who  was  for  many 
years  Mr.  Gwyther's  manager. 

HOUSE,    BROAD    STREET,    BANGOR. 

This  house,  which  is  now  being  erected  for  Dr. 
J.  E.  Thomas,  of  Bangor,  is  faced  up  to  the  first- 
Boor  level  with  Mr.  J.  C.  Edwards's  (of  Kuabon) 
red  bricks  and  terracotta  dressings,  the  upper  part 
being  finished  in  roughcast,  and  the  roof  covered 
with  small  thick  slates.  Messrs.  K.  and  J. 
Williams,  of  Upper  Bangor,  are  the  builders,  and 
Mr.  Richard  Hall,  of  B.angor,  N.W.,  is  the 
architect.  We  shall  give  the  plan  with  a  view 
from  the  road  in  an  early  number  of  the  Building 
News. 


PBOFESSIONAL   AND    TRADE 
SOCIETIES. 

Liverpool  .Architectural  Sot  ietv. — A  meet- 
ing of  this  society  was  held  on  Monday  evening 
at  the  rooms,  Harringlon-strett,  Liverpool,  to 
make  a  presentation  to  Professor  F.  M.  Simpson, 
who  is  about  to  leave  Liverpool  L'niversity  to  take 
up  work  in  University  College,  London.  Mr. 
John  Woolfall,  F.K.'l.Ii.A.  (president),  occu- 
pied the  chair,  and  in  making  the  presentation 
read  an  extract  from  the  annual  report  of  the 
council  of  the  university,  which  stated  that 
Professor  Simpson's  resignation  cf  the  Chair  of 
.■Architecture,  on  his  appointment  to  a  similar  post 
at  University  College,  London,  was  a  serious 
loss,  not  only  to  his  own  department,  but  to  the 
university  as  a  whole.  By  persistent  and 
energetic  effort  he  had  built  up  a  school  of  archi- 
tecture whose  reputation  already  extended  far 
beyond  Liverpool.  He  had  also  secured  for 
architecture  inclusion  among  the  courses  of  study 
qualifying  for  university  degrees,  and  he  had 
been  successful  in  obtaining  due  recognition  of 
the  degree  and  the  diploma  from  professional 
authorities.  They  would,  the  president  added, 
miss  Professor  Simpson's  wide  and  e.xact  know- 
ledge, his  enthusiasm,  his  .sympathy  with  the 
work  of  o'-hers,  and  his  unfailing  loyalty.  He 
had  great  pleasure  in  asking  the  "professor's 
acceptance  of  an  inkstand.  Profesfor  Simpson, 
in  reply,  said  it  had  always  been  a  source  of 
keenest  gratification  that  during  the  nine  years 
he  had  been  in  Liverpool  he  was  on  terms  of 
friendship  with  'the  architects  of  the  city.  He 
hoped  they  would  extend  to  his  su  cesser.  Pro- 
fessor Eeilly,  the  same  friendship  and  support 
which  they  had  given  to  himself. 


Mr.  C.  E.  Davies,  for  the  past  three  years  deputy 
tramway  engineer  to  the  Cardiff  Corporation,  has 
been  appointed  chief  engineer  to  the  Wakefield  and 
District  Light  Railways  Syndicate. 

Mr.  William  Shipp,  M.Inst.C.E.,  deputy  chief 
engineer  of  the  Great  Indian  Peninsular  Railway 
of  India,  died  on  Sunday  last  at  BycuUa,  Maiden, 
Surrey,  aged  oQyears. 

The  new  library,  Nautjffyllon,  Glam.,  is  being 
warmed  and  ventilated  by  means  of  Shorland's 
patent  Manchester  grates,  the  same  being  supplied 
by  Messrs.  E.  H.  Shorland  and  Brother,  of  Man- 
chester. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Carmarthenshire  Education 
Committee  at  the  Guildhall,  Carmarthen,  on  Sxtur- 
day  last.  Professor  D.  E.  Jones  presiding,  Mr. 
William  D.  Jenkins,  M.S. A.,  was  elected  county 
education  architect  at  a  salary  of  £200  a  year  and 
£25  travelling  allowance,  out  of  91  applicants. 

The  Metropolitan  Water  Board,  at  Friday's  meet- 
ing, approved  an  agreement  with  the  Richmond 
Corporation,  whereby  the  latter  pays  the  board  a 
sum  of  t::!j,000  in  respect  of  the  transfer  to  the 
corporation  of  the  right  of  supplying  water  within 
its  limits. 

RovAi,  Academy  ExI^BITI0^^.— The  day  fixed  for 
the  receipt  of  architects'  drawings  at  tlie  Royal 
Academy  this  year  is  Friday,  March  2.).  No 
exhibitor  (who  is  not  a  member  of  the  Academy) 
can  submit  more  than  l/in-c  works.  This  a  new 
rule  this  year.  We  thall  Ij  happy  to  receive  and 
deliver  drawings  for  our  readers  as  in  former  years ; 
but  their  works  must  reach  us  carriage  paid,  and  be 
accompanied  by  the  required  labels  and  letter  to  the 
secretary  giving  a  list  of  drawings  sent.  We  shall 
be  glad  to  reproiiuce  suitable  drawings  before  they 
are  sent  to  Burlington  House,  so  that  our  illustra- 


CHIPS. 

The  sales  at  the  Mart  last  week,  as  registered  at 
the  Estate  Exchange,  amounted  to  £76,123.  For 
the  corresponding  wetk  of  last  year  the  fifures 
were  £99,3.)S. 

On  Wednesday  wetk  last,  the  British  Uralito 
Co.,  Ltd.,  gave  an  exhibition  in  Birmingham  to 
prove  the  fire-resisting  properties  ot  Uralite.  The 
usual  tests  were  adop'.ed,  proving  conclusively  that 
uralite  is  a  good  resister  of  fire,  and  very  suitable 
for  many  purposes  in  puMic  buddings. 

The  first  section  of  the  corporation  tramways  at 
West  Ham  to  be  transformed  from  horse-traction  to 
electric  power  was  opened  last  week  by  the  mayor. 
The  route  length  of  this  the  first  contract  for 
permanent  way  is  9  mdes  3  furlongs  5  chains,  the 
length  of  reduced  single  track  being  10  miles.  The 
work  has  been  Carrie  1  out  under  the  direction  of 
the  borough  electrical  engineer,  Mr.  J.  K.  Bock, 
A.M.I.E.E.,  and  tint  of  the  tramway  manager, 
Mr.  H.  E.  Blain. 

Quartermaster  and  Hou.  Lieutenant  H.  Mitchell, 
Royal  P'ugineers,  has  been  appointed  Third  Assist- 
ant Superintendent  of  Building  Works,  Ordnance 
Factories,  Woolwich. 

A  Local  G^vernra^nt  Bjirl  inquiry  was  held  at 
Cheltenham,  on  Friday,  as  to  sanction  to  the  borrow- 
ing of  £1,132  in  connection  with  the  corporatioa 
electricity  undertaking. 

The  Court  of  Referees  of  the  House  of  Commons 
considered  and  refused  on  Friday  an  application  of 
the  Metropolitan  Electric  Supply  Compiny,  Ltd., 
for  a  locus  stan  ii  against  the  Electric  Lighting  B.II 
promoted  by  the  Marylebone  Corporation. 

In  the  House  of  Commons  on  Friday,  Lord 
Balcarres  said,  in  reply  to  Sir  F.  S.  Powell,  that 
assent  had  bean  given  to  tlie  sclieme  for  devoting 
the  southern  front  ot  the  new  Victoria  anl  Albert 
Museum  to  the  purpose  of  exhibition,  as  originally 
proposed. 

Mr.  G.  Grimwood,  of  Birmingham,  was,  on  Mon- 
day, elected  as  borough  surveyor  of  Monmouth 
from  among  -12  candidates. 

Mr.  H.  Roose  Hoopsr,  Local  Goverument  Board 
inspector,  has  held  an  inquiry  into  the  application 
of  the  Church  Strotton  Urban  1). strict  Council  to 
borrow  the  sum  of  £11, '200  for  the  purpose  of  carry- 
ing out  a  sewerage  schema. 

The  fifth  meeting  ot  the  Session  ot  the  .Auctioneers' 
Institute  will  be  held  at  Himilton  House,  Victoria 
I'.fnbankinent,  this  (Friday^  evening,  when  a  paper 
will  be  read  by  Mr.  Arthur  W.  lirackett  {A  mombar 
of  the  council),  entitled  "  Au'tioiieorsou  Auctiouear- 
ing:  Being  the  Sile-room  i'.xpLnionces  of  Sjme  of 
the  Memtiers  of  the  .Vuetioneers'  Institute."  The 
<;hair  will  be  taken  by  the  President,  Mr.  J.  H. 
Townseiid  Green. 

In  the  case  of  the  application  on  behalf  ot  Sydney 
Knight,  New  ICiiig's-road,  Fulham,  S.W.,  builder, 


tioiis  of  them  may  be  given  after  the  opening  of  the  j  the  order  of  discharge  has  lieeu  suspended  for  two 
exhibition  in  May.  |  years,  ending  January  29,  lOOli. 


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THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


393 


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SELECTED    DESIGN,    VICTORIA    MEMORIAL    NURSES'    HOME. 


(U'KEX   VICTUIUA  JMEMUKIAL  Nl'RSES' 
HOME,   ROCHDALE. 

[with    I.ITHOOUArHIC   ILLISTHATIONS.] 

THE  lioclulalo  District  Nursinp;  Association 
was  founded  in  189(i,  and  is  affiliated  to  the 
ijueen  Victoria  .lubilee  Institute,  whicti  was  in- 
augurated in  1887  by  the  Queen  herself,  when 
she  devoted  .170,000  of  the  Women's  .Tubilee 
I  )lfering  to  provide  trained  nurses  for  the  sick- 
poor  in  their  own  homes.  The  Rochdale  District 
Niirsing  Association  is  supported  entirely  by 
voluntary  contributions,  and  patients  are  also 
encouraged  when  able  to  give  donations,  however 
small,  to  the  general  fund.  Two  nurses  were 
engaged  at  first,  and  their  work  was  so  much 
appreciated  that  it  soon  became  necessary  to  have 
a  third.  A  house  was  then  rented  in  Yorkshire- 
street,  and  this  luis  been  the  nurses'  home  for 
seven  years.     In  .Vpril,  1901,  it  was  decided  that 


a  lociil  memorial  to  Her  late  Majesty,  (iucen 
Victoria  should  be  raised,  and  in  July  a  town's 
meeting,  called  by  the  Mayor,  was  held  in  the 
Town-hall  to  decide  upon  the  form  which  the 
memorial  should  take,  and  after  some  discussion 
it  was  finally  resolved  "That  there  should  be 
a  local  memorial  to  Her  late  Most  Oracious 
Majesty,  <|ueen  Victoria,  and  that  such  memorial 
should  take  the  form  of  the  provision  of  a 
nurse.s'  home  in  connection  with  the  Koch- 
dale  District  Nursing  Association."  Tho  work 
carried  on  by  the  Association  has  grown 
rapidly,  and  has  more  than  trebled  siuco  its 
beginning.  In  lilOl  the  district  of  Castleton  was 
added  (it  has  since  been  incorpcu'ated  in  the 
borough),  and  there  .are  at  present  five  nurses  in 
full  work,  and  it  is  imperative  that  another 
shall  be  engaged  before  very  long  in  order 
to  cope  with  the  increasing  demand.  To  meet 
the    reiiuircnionte   of   the   increased   number    of 


nurses,  the  new  home  will  provide  the  follow- 
ing accommodation  :  In  the  basement — wash- 
cellar  and  laundry,  Larder,  heating,  coal,  and 
coke  cellars,  \c.  On  the  ground  floor  ia  the 
entranco-hall  and  staircases,  2Jft.  by  loft,  and 
lift,  by  l')fl. :  nurses'  sitting-room,  oOff.  by  1.5ft.  ; 
dining-room,  20ft.  by  Lift.  ;  with  superinten- 
dent's room,  waitmg-room,  cloakroom,  kitchen, 
scullery,  pantry,  lavatory,  drug  frtore,  and  cycle 
house,  opening  from  central  corridor  (>ft.  wide. 
Tho  upper  hall  on  tho  first  llcor  and  main  stair- 
cases, similar  to  ground  tloor,  sick-room,  superin- 
tendent's bedroom,  and  eight  nurses'  bedrooms, 
together  with  bathrooms,  lavatories,  w.c.'s,  linen 
stores,  \c.  ;  all  .mtered  from  a  lift,  wide  eontr.il 
corridor  as  before.  Tho  .'econd  floor  h;>s  a 
corridor  Oft.  wide,  four  bedrooms,  boxroom,  and 
cist'rn-rooni.  .\  hand  lift  is  provided  from  base- 
ment to  second  floor.  The  building,  now  iQ 
course  of  erection,  is  on  a  most  admirable  sits 


394 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  11,  1904. 


(formerly  occupied  by  the  grammar-school),  and 
will  command  an  uninterrupted  view  over  the 
park  and  town  square,  being  on  an  elevated 
position,  the  main  front  facing  due  south.  The 
■whole  of  the  building  wiU  be  faced  with  the  best 
quality  Huncott  plastic  bricks,  relieved  with  stone 
dressings  from  Stancliffe  (Juarry,  Barley  Dale. 
The  roof  will  be  tiled.  The  building  will  be 
fitted  throughout  for  electric  lighting.  The  floors 
are  boarded,  with  the  exce))tion  of  the  entrance- 
hall  and  a  portion  of  corridor  on  ground  floor, 
which  will  be  executed  in  cak-wood  block-floor- 
ing. The  opening  windows  will  be  of  wrought- 
iron  casements,  by  Messrs.  Hy.  Hope  and  Sons, 
the  remainder  being  glazed  direct  into  the  ashlar 
dressings.  The  building  is  heated  throughout  by 
open  fireplaces,  in  addition  to  a  system  of  high- 
pressure  hot  water  and  radiators  in  the  corridors 
and  halls.  The  contractors  are  Messrs.  R.  and  T. 
Howarth,  of  Rochdale.  Messrs.  Woodhouse, 
"Willoughby,  and  Langham,  of  Manchester,  are 
the  architects. 


THE  NEW  XAYAL   BASE  IX  SCOTLAND. 

A  PAPER  dealing  with  the  land  purchases  for 
this   important    station    on    the    Firth  of 
Forth,  was  read  at  the  ordinary  general  meeting 
of  the  Surveyors'  Institution  on  Monday  evening 
last,  by  Mr.  T.  Binnie  (member  of  council),  who 
was  responsible  for  the  valuations  on  which  the 
purchases  were  based,  and  whose  determination 
of  the  price  to  be  paid  has  been  somewhat  adversely 
criticised  in  some  quarters.      The  site  chosen  was 
not,  the  author  said,   now  occupied  for  the  first 
time  as  a  naval  base.     When  Scotland  had  a  navy 
of  its  own,  it  was  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  that  its 
great  ships  were  built.      In   1511  there  was  built 
here,  by  orders  of  .Tames  IV.,  the  Gn;i/  Michael, 
an  immense  vessel  in  those  days,  being  240£t.  long 
.and  36ft.  broad  between  the  oaken   walls,  which 
were  10ft.  thick.     After  she  had  cost  £10,000  to 
build,  she  was  launched  and  manned  by  "three 
hundred    marines    to    govern    her,"    six    score 
gunners,   and  one   thousand  men  of  war.      She 
appeared  afterwards  to  have  been  sold  to  the  King 
of  France.     The  site  now  selected  consisted  of  the 
Barony  of  Rosyth  and   the  estate  of  Castlehill, 
comprising    about    1,463   acres,   of  which   1,178 
acres  were  dry  land  and  285  acres  foreshore.    The 
land  extended  along  the   shore  fully  two  miles, 
with   a   maximum    depth    of    a  mile   and  three 
quarters.     It  was  mostly  undulating,   but  at  two 
points  reached  200ft.  above  sea  level,   on  one  of 
which  points  was  a  small  reservoir,  which  would 
probably  be  enlarged  to  supply  the  naval  works. 
The  castle  of  Rosyth  consisted  of  a  tower  or  keep, 
four  stories  high,   built  in  the  15th  century.     A 
branch  of  the  Xorth  British  Railway  runs  within 
100  yards  of    the  property  at  such  a  level  that 
8idings   could    easily    be    made    to   connect   the 
naval    works    with    the    whole    railway   system 
of   the    kingdom.     The  total   rtntal   of   the  two 
properties  was  £1,623,  and  the  purchase  monev 
£122,500.     In  many  quarters  where  the  whole  o"f 
the  facts  had  not  been  known,  great  exception 
was  taken  to  the  price  paid,  and  the  author  laid 
the  facts  before  hisprofessional  brethren  to  explain 
how   the   figures   were   arrived  at.     lu  the  first 
place,  the  farm  rents  were  all  found  to  be  very 
low.     Land  was  let  at  27s.  to  38s.  an  acre,  which 
m  other  parts  of  Scotland  was  rented  at  £3  lOs. 
to  £5.     In  Scotland  agricultural  land  taken  com- 
pulsorily  was  always  valued  at  30  rears'  purchase 
and^  50  per  cent,  added  for  compulsory  sale,  the 
addition  for  building  land  being  only  10  per  cent. 
There  had  been  verv  little  feuing  on  either  of  the 
properties  bought,  but  some  of  the  land  had  been 
valued  at  £20  an  acre  feu-duty.     There  were  also 
aO  acres  of   woods,  and  on  Castland  Hill  a  well 
situated  mansion  house,  and  the  whinstone  was 
of    very    considerable    value.     A    neighbouring 
quarry  let  a  few  years  ago  for  £30  now  yielded 
£oOO  annually.     For  thirty  years  the  Admiralty 
would  be  bound  not  to  work  the  stone  for  selling 
purposes,  but  could  take  as  much  as  they  pleased 
for  Government  works.     After  thirty  years    all 
restrictions  on  the  working  would  cease".     There 
were  probably  no  less  than  50  millions  of  tons  of 
rock  workable,  and  a  pier  or  jetty  from  which  to 
ship   the   stone  could  easily   be    made,    and  the 
Admiralty  would  be  able  to  supply  all  the  dock- 
yards in  Britain  with  road  metal  and  whin»tone 
setts,  besides  having  splendid  material   for  con- 
structing the  new  dock-sand  buildings  at  a  mini- 
mum of  cost.     On  another  part  of  the  property 
were  found  beds  of  sandstone  rock  more  than  .30 
acres    in   extent,    and   easily    accessible.     Stone 
trom  this  quarry  used  in  building  Rosyth  Castle 


400    years    ago    was     still     sharp    and    square, 
and   showed  the  tool-marks    distinctly.     It  was 
estimated  that  a  contractor  working  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood would   willingly   pay  £1,280   an   acre 
royalty,  which  would  fairly  represent  the  value 
of  the  dock  to  the  Admiralty.     Besides  the  1,000 
acres,    which  will  be  the  probable  extent  of  the 
new   docks,    kc,    it    was   calculated  that   there 
would  be  between  400  and  500  acres  available  for 
building  the  houses,  shops,   and  other  buildings 
which  would  he  necessary  for  the  accommodation 
of  those  connected  with  the  Government  works. 
Whether  the  -Admiralty  had  the  power  to  acquire 
land  for  this  purpose,  or  must  leave  houses  to  be 
erected  by  others,  was  still  an  undecided  point  of 
law  ;  but  this  had  not  been  lost  sight  of,  and  its 
decision  would  materially  affect  tha  final  arrange- 
ments.    If   only   two-thirds    of    the    463    acres 
available  were  to  be  feued  by  the  Admiralty  at 
even  so  low  a  rate  as  £20  pei;,acre,  the  annual 
revenue  would  amount  to  well  over  £6,000.  while 
the  interest   on   the   whole  purchase  money  in- 
cluding the  minerals,  would  only,  at  3  per  cent., 
be  a  little  over  £4,000.     Thus,  if  these  estimates 
were  realised,  the  Government  would  get  1,000 
acres  of  site  of  docks  for  nothing,  would  have  a 
surplus  income  of  £2,000,  and  still  have  left  150 
acres  of  land  for  parks,  playgrounds,  schools,  &c. 
The  price  was  a  liberal  one  :  but,  as  he  had  shown, 
the  bargain   was  a  good  one  for  the  purchaser. 
Quite  recently  he  had  seen  tables   showing  the 
result  of   17  arbitrations  regarding  land  acquired 
for  waterworks  in  Scotland,  and  found  that  an 
average  price  of  £59  per  acre  had  been  awarded 
for  1,174  acres,  mostly  hill  pasture  and  moorland, 
let  at  only  a   few  shillings  per  acre  :  while  the 
valuator  appointed  by  the  Court  of  Session  had 
fixed  the  value  of  six  acres  of  glebe  land  imme- 
diately  adjoining    the    Imd    purchased    by  the 
Admiralty,  at  £777  per  acre.     In  face  of  these 
facts  the    price   paid   by  the    Admiralty,   which 
worked  out  at  about  £34  per  acre,  did  not  seem 
exorbitant,  considering  the  complete  adaptability 
of  the  site  to  their  purpose. 

SirJohn  F.  L.  RoUeston,  M.P.  (past-president), 
in  proposing  a  vote  of  thanks,  said  that,  while  he 
agreed  with  the  policy  of  purchasing  this  land, 
he  could  not  quite  think  that  the  "right  course 
had  been  pursued.  It  seemed  to  him  that  a 
better  way  would  have  been  to  decide  what  land 
was  required,  and  fix  the  price  by  arbitration  in 
the  usual  way.  The  explanation  given  to  the 
House  of  Commons  by  the  Government  was  a 
lame  one,  and  led  to  the  conclusion  that  the  price 
was  based  not  only  on  compensation  for  property 
taken,  but  also  included  the  prospect  of  the 
unearned  increment. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Sabin  could  hardly  agree  that  in 
cases  of  a  purchase  by  the  Government  or  a 
large  corporation  arbitration  was  always  the  best 
method  of  settlement.  A  case  in  point  occurred 
to  him.  If  in  1880  Parliament  had  sanctioned 
the  arrangement  which  had  been  satisfactorily 
come  to^  for  the  purchase  of  the  London  Water 
Companies'  interests,  the  result  would  have  been 
infinitely  more  favourable  to  the  ratepayers  than 
was  now  the  case  when  the  matter  was  being 
concluded  by  arbitration. 

In  replying,  and  thanking  the  meeting  for  the 
vote  of  thanks,  Mr.  Binnie  said  that  the  basis  of 
the  valuations  had  been  the  purchase  of  a  fair 
rent  of  the  lands,  with  the  customary  addition 
of  50  per  cent,  for  compulsory  purchase.  The 
reason  for  concluding  a  private  bargain  was  that 
the  vendors  contended  that  the  Admiralty  could 
only,  under  compulsory  powers,  purchase  the 
exact  quantity  of  land  required  for  the  works  ; 
while  it  w.as  very  desirable  that  they  should 
acquire  the  whole  of  the  two  properties.  If  the 
case  had  gone  to  the  Courts,  they  would  probably 
hive  been  prevented  from  doing  this,  and  the 
purchase  would  have  been  very  much  more  costly 
to  thenation. 


Mr.  G.  H.  B.  Matthews,  secretary  of  the 
Technical  Institute,  Tunbridge  Wells,  has  been 
appointed  secretary  to  the  school  of  building  under 
the  London  County  Council,  at  a  commencing  salary 
of  £150  per  annum,  risiug  by  annual  increments 
of  £12  lOs.  to  £200  per  year.  There  were  679 
candidates. 


A  town-hall  is  about  to  be  built  for  the  urban 
district  council  of  Darnel  .at  a  cost  of  £4,250.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  J.  H.  Smith,  of  London.' 

The  Blean  Rural  District  Council  have  appointed 
as  district  surveyor  and  sanitary  inspector  Mr.  J.  J. 
White,  for  the  past  three  years  surveyor  to  the 
Romsey  Rural  District  Council.  There  were  1S5 
appUcants  for  the  post,  rendered  vacant  by  the 
resignation  of  Mr.  V/.  D.  Statham. 


OBITUARY. 

Dr.  Alexaxuf.u  Stiakt  Miuuav,   Keeper  of 
Greek   and   Roman   Antiquities    in   the    British 
Museum,  died  on  Saturday  at  his  oflicial  residence 
in  the  museum  from  an  attack  of  influenza  com- 
plicated by  pneumonia  at  the  age  of  63  years.  By 
a  great  effort  he  delivered  his  lecture  on  sculpture 
to  the  students  of  the  Royal  Academy  on  Monday, 
Feb.  22,  but  his  final  lecture  was  read  for  him  on 
the  following  Thursday  by  Mr.  Arthur  H.  Smith. 
Dr.  Murray  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  George 
Murray,  and   was   born  near  Arbroath,   Forfar- 
shire, on  Jan.  S,  1841.     He  was  educated  at  the 
Royal  High  School  of  Edinburgh  and  Edinburgh 
University,  and  was  also  for  some  time  a  student 
at  the  University  of  Berlin.     In  Febuary,  1867, 
he  was  appointed  Assistant  in  the  Department  of 
Greek    and    Roman   Antiquities   in   the   British 
Museum    under    Mr.    (afterwards    Sir    Charles) 
Newton,     ^\'■hen  Sir  C.  T.  Newton  retired  from 
the  keepership  in  1886,  Mr.  Muriay  was  appointed 
his  successor.     Heat  once  began  that  rearrange- 
ment of  the  Greek  and  Roman  galleries,  which 
has  now  been  completed  in  its  main  lines,  and  by 
which  every  room  has  been  transformed  since  the 
days  of  Newton.     Mr.   JIurray's  tenure   of   the 
keepership  was  also  marked  by  the  issue,  under 
his  editorship  and  superintendence,  of  a  series  of 
catalogues  and  other  publications  dealing  with  the 
collections  of  his  department  and  prepared  by  its 
staff.   He  wrote  "  Manual  of  Mythology  "  (1873), 
a  "  History  of  Sculpture,"  in  two  volumes  (1880, 
1883) ;    a    "  Handbook   of   Greek   Archaeology  " 
(1892),  and  "  The  Sculptures  of  the  Parthenon  " 
(1903).     The  latter  work  is  based  on  a  course  of 
lectures  delivered  to   the  students   of   the  Royal 
Academy.     Almost  alone  among  modern  archico- 
logists,  he  refused  to  accept  the  evidences  for  the 
early   dates   that   are    assigned   to   the   so-called 
Jlycenann    period     of     Greek    antiquity.     Mr. 
Murray   was  Hon.   LL.D.   of   the    University  of 
Edinburgh,  and  a  corresponding  member  of  the 
Prussian  Academy  and  of  the  French  Institute. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the  Royal 
Institute   of   British  Architects,    and   frequently 
took  part  in  the  discussions  of  that  body,  and 
occasionally  gave  lectures  before  the  members. 

The  late  Mr.  S.iMCEL  (iuiCK  Clemexck,  who 
died  at  Horley,  in  Surrey,  on  the  first  of  this 
month,  in  his  S5th  year,  although  living  in  re- 
tirement and  comparative  obscurity  the  last  few 
years,  was  well  known  for  quite  half  a  century  to 
mo^t  of  those  following  the  building  business  in 
the  Jletropolis  in  connection  with  the  late  firm  of 
Messrs.  Kelk  and  Lucas  and  Messrs.  Lucas  Bros., 
and  with  the  w.rk  which  they  have  executed 
there  and  in  various  parts  of  the  kingdom. 
Entering  their  service  in  1845,  he  continued  with 
them  until  they  retired  from  business  about  ten 
years  ago,  and  during  a  period  of  nearly  50  years 
he  had  the  entire  charge  of  most  of  their  large 
contracts,  and  his  thorough  practical  knowledge 
of  every  branch  of  the  building  trade  is  evi- 
denced in  the  works  which  he  superintended  and 
carried  out  for  them.  Amongst  ttie  many  works 
of  which  he  had  the  charge  ma}'  be  enumerated  ; 
Covent  Garden  Theatre  (after  the  fire).  King's 
College  Hospital,  York  Station  and  Hotel,  the 
Exhibition  buildings  of  1862,  the  Exhibition 
buildings  of  1871,  the  Albert  Hall,  the  two 
Alexandra  Palaces,  warehouse  and  buildings  in 
connection  with  Tilbury  Docks,  all  the  stations, 
warehouses,  gooJsheds,  &c.,  on  the  Hull  and 
Barnsley  Railway,  Ciueen  Anne's  Mansion,  West- 
minster, Y)3  Keyser's  Hotel,  Thames  Embank- 
ment, Charing  Cross  Station  and  Hotel,  the 
Westminster  Aquarium,  and  mansions  for  the 
nobility  at  Cleveden,  Clumber,  and  elsewhere. 
To  his  facility  in  all  matters  of  construction, 
especially  carpentry,  the  domes  of  the  1862  Ex- 
hibition testify.  The  timber  framework  upon 
which  the\'  were  built  was  entirely  designed  by 
him,  as  also  the  ingenious  travelling  centres 
or  scaffoldings  for  the  nave  and  transept  roofs. 
Of  the  dome  centring  he  had  a  large  model 
made,  which  may  now  be  seen  in  the  Museum  of 
Models  at  Woolwich  Arsenal,  to  which  it  was 
presented. 

».^ 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  was  held  at 
Birminglam  yesterday  (Thursday)  into  an  applica- 
cation  of  the  Birmingham  Tame  and  Rea  Drainage 
Board  for  sanctiou  to  borrow  £14,000  to  carry  out 
certain  works. 

At  a  general  assembly  at  the  Royal  Society  of 
British  Artists,  held  on  Monday,  the  following  were 
elected  members  : — J.  R.  Bagshaw,  T.  W,  Holgate, 
John  Muirhead,  F.  Mason,  Cyril  Roberts,  and  J. 
Anderton. 


I 


Makch   11,  1904. 


-L. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


)95 


COMPETITIONS. 

C'.usi'i:_xTKUs'  (.'uMiMNv  E>,sAv  l'ii!/i;s.— In  this 
competition,  for  wliich  49  papers  were  tent  in, 
the  first  prize  of  X'JO  has  lieen  awarded  to  Mr. 
A.  C.  Forbes,  Longleat,  VVarmins'er,  and  the 
second  of  £10  to  Professor  W.  R.  Fisher, 
Cooper's  Hill,  Knglefield  Green,  Surrey.  The 
judges  very  highly  commended  the  essays  sent  in 
by  the  following  competitors:— Mr.  T.  licwick, 
Professors  G.  S.  Boulger  and  C.  V,.  Curtis, 
Messrs.  R.  G.  Furbps,  A.  P.  Grenfell,  K. 
Henderson,  G.  X.  Macdonald,  A.  E  Moeran,  A. 
Murray,  Osmond  Smith,  and  Leslie  Wood. 


EuDiNGTos,  BiRMixwiAM.— .Vt  Friday's  meet- 
ing of  the  Urban  District  Council,  the  general 
purposes  committee  reported  that  they  had 
advertised  for  competitive  designs  for  the  erection 
■of  the  public  buildings  and  library,  with  the 
result  that  thirty-five  sets  of  plans  were  sent  in. 
ilr.  William  Henman,  of  Birmingham,  the 
assessor,  reported  that  in  the  matter  of  conv,  nient 
arrangement  of  the  several  departments  of  the 
buildings,  there  was  not  one  of  marked  excellence 
in  plan,  and  by  far  the  majority  of  the  competi- 
tors were  totally  lacking  in  appreciation  of  the 
details  of  the  requirements  of  such  buildings.  He 
considered  that  the  plans  of  competitor  Xo.  5 
(which  turned  out  to  be  those  of  Messrs.  W.  H. 
Ashfordand  Glading,  Birmingham),  whilst  not  so 
imposing  in  architectural  design  as  fome  of  the 
others,  were  well  laid  out,  and  should  be  awarded 
the  first  prize  of  X50.  He  further  considered 
that  the  plans  sent  in  by  competitor  >ro.  11 
(Messrs.  Crouch,  Butler,  and  Savage,  of  Birming- 
ham) should  be  awarded  the  second  prize  of  £30. 
To  the  plans  of  set  Xo.  9  (Mr.  J.  P.  Osborn, 
Birmingham),  he  awarded  third  prize  of  £20.  The 
committee,  after  further  examination  and  con- 
sideration of  the  plans,  recommended  that  Mr. 
Osborn  (the  winner  of  the  third  prize)  be  invited 
to  attend  upon  tbem  for  the  purpose  of  discussing 
suggested  alterations  and  modifications  in  the 
plans  prepared  by  him.  After  some  discussion  it 
was  decided  to  consider  the  matter  in  committee 
of  the  whole  council,  which  ultimately  decided 
to  endorse  the  recommendation  of  the  committee. 
This  decision  to  override  the  assessor's  recom- 
mendation for  first  and  second  places  has  called 
forth  a  warm  protest  from  the  Birmingham 
Architectural  Association,  and  also  from  some  of 
the  unpremiated  competitors. 

Manchester.— In  the  limited  competition  for 
extensions  to  the  Primitive  Methodist  College, 
Alexandra-road,  M^inchester,  nine  sets  of  draw- 
ings were  submitted.  The  committee  appointed 
ilr.  Henry  Hartley,  of  Liverpool,  as  assessor, 
and  he  awarded  the  premiums  as  follows  : — First 
premium  (£S0),  Mr.  F.  W.  Dixon,  of  Trevelyan 
Buildings,  Manchester  ;  second  (£30),  Messrs. 
Orayson  and  (.)uld,  Liverpool  ;  third  (£20^ 
Messrs.  Ewan  Harper  and  Bro.,  Birmingham- 
fourth  (£15),  Messrs.  Sankey  and  Cubbon," Man- 
chester ;  fifth  (£1U),  Mr.  W.  H.  Dinsley,  of 
Chorley.  The  college  committee  unanimously 
approved  the  assessor  s  award,  and  have  in- 
structed Mr.  Dixon  to  proceed  with  the  work. 
The  cost,  which  will  be  about  £18,000,  will  be 
borne  entirely  by  Mr.  W.  P.  Hartley,  J. P.,  of 
Liverpool . 

.Manchester  Rovai,  Ixiirmauv  —The  board 
of  management  of  the  Manchester  Royal  Infirmary 
held  a  special  meeting  on  Monday  to  receive  the 
report  of  Mr.  J.  J.  Burnet,  R.S.A.,  of  Glasgow, 
the  assessor  appointed  to  consider  the  plans  sub- 
mitted to  them  for  the  erection  of  a  new  infirmary 
on  the  Stanley-grove  site.  It  will  be  remem- 
bered that  the  board  selected  twelve  architects  or 
firms  of  architects,  whom  they  invited  to  prepare 
designs  for  the  proposed  infirmary.  These  plans, 
distinguished  only  by  letters,  were  handed  over 
to  Jlr.  Burnet  for  consideration  and  report.     His 


selection  was  in  favour  of  a  design  which  was 
marked  "  B,"  and  this,  on  investigation,  proved 
to  be  the  work  of  Mr.  Edwin  T.  Hall  and  Mr 
John  Brooke,  of  London  and  JIanchester 
Accordingly  the  board  on  Monday,  on  Mr. 
Burnet's  recommendation,  appointed  Mr.  Hall 
-ind  Mr.  Brooke  joint  aichitects  for  the  building 
of  the  new  infirmary.  The  report  of  Mr.  Burnet 
was  as  follows  :— "  /,'/•  proposed  new  infirmary,  I 
have  to  report  that  in  answer  to  the  board's  in- 
vitation of  .(uly  last  the  twelve  competitors  have 
submit'ed  their  designs,  several  of  them  giving 
alternative  sketches,  andono  a  complete  alternative 
set.  I  have  very  carefully  examined  those 
designs  (1)  as  regards  their  fulfilment  of  the 
'conditions  of  competition,' and  of  the  require- 
ments set  forth  in  the  schedule  of  accommodation. 


and  (2)  as  to  what  appears  to  me  to  be  the  relative 
mtrils  of  each  ai  an  architectural  work  embody- 
ing your  reciuiremcnts.     I  find   that   with  trivial 
I  xceptions  ihey  a'l  fulfil  the    '  conditions  of  com- 
petition,' and  each  m^ty  be  said  fairly  to  meet  the 
requirements.     Without    exception    the   designs 
are  very  carefully  worked  out,  and  it  is  only  after 
repeated  and  most  detailed  examinations  that  I 
felt  able  to  pl.ace  first  the  design  marked  '  B.'      I 
do  BO  as  it  seems  to  me  in  the  disposition  of  its 
buildings  on  the  site,  in  the  efliciency  of  each  for 
its  purpose,  and  in  their  contiguity  io  exhibit  in 
a  greater  degree  than  any  of  the  others  that  sim- 
plicity and  directness  which  is  characteristic  of 
all  good  planning  and  is  so  necessary  to  efficient 
and  0  onomie  administration,  and  to  afford  that 
openness  to  sunlight  and  air  which  is  so  important 
an    element    in    such     curative    establishments. 
The     architectural      treatment     throughout     is 
essentially  in  harmony  with  the  plan,  broad  and 
simple  in  its  lines,  and  free  from  elaboration  and 
extravagance    in    ornament.     The    frontage    to 
Oxford-road    shows    a    dignified   and   imposing 
building,   characteristic  of  its  purpose  and  site, 
and  essentially  woi  thy  of  your  city.     Your  sur- 
veyor, Mr.  \\'indsor,  has  examined  the  drawings, 
the  author's  report,  and  his  cost,  and  reports  to 
me  that  the  execution  of  this  scheme  will  entail 
an  expenditure  of  £32i,000,   with  an  additional 
£16,500  if  the  full  600  beds  are  provided.— I  am, 
yours   faithfully,   Johx   Jajies    BruxET."     The 
Stanley-grove  site  consists  of  about  twelve  acres, 
and  the  new  infirmary  will   have  a  frontage  to 
Oxford-road  of  about  500ft.,   with  Union  Chapel 
on  its  south  side  and  the   Eye   Hospital  on  the 
north.     The  institution  wiU  contain  some  twenty 
wards  and  about  600  beds.     In  style  the  build- 
ings designed  by  Mr.  Hall  and  Mr.  Brooke  are  of 
Classical  composition,  and  the  infirmary  itself  is 
planned  upon  the  pavilion  principle.     The  front 
of  the  new  infirmary  will  consist  of  three  blocks, 
that  in  the  centre  being  surmounted  by  a  dome 
and  clock  similar  to  those  which  adorn  the  pre- 
sent building,  and  the  side  blocks  each  having  a 
tower.  The  building  in  the  centre  will  be  devoted 
to  administrative  purposes  ;  on  the  sou  h  will  be 
the  nurses'   home  (containing   about  300   beds), 
and    on    ihe    north    the    teaching    department. 
Behind   these    three    blocks    long    surgical   and 
medical  corridors   will  run  east  and  west,   with 
pavilion  wards  ranging  from  them.     The  wards 
are  to  be   of   two   stories,   but    will  be  so  con- 
structed   that    a    third     story    may    be    added, 
if  necessary,  at  some  future  time.     Attached  to 
the  surgical   wards   are   the  necessary  operating 
theitres.     The  remaining  portion  of  the  irregular 
area  is  devoted  to  some  other  important  depart- 
ments of  the  work  of  the  infirmary.     The  out- 
patients' department  is  to  be  a  separate  building, 
with  a   frontage  into    X'elson-street  (behind  the 
Eye  Hospital).     Here  also  will  be  the  entrance  to 
the  casualty  ward,  and  on  this  sid^,  too,  will  be 
the  eye,  skin,  and  ear  wards   and   the  gyneco- 
logical wards.     The  pathological  department  will 
be  situate  on  the  south  of  the  infirmary  buildino-s. 
.'VU  the  designs  submitted  to  the  assessor  will  be 
exhibited  to  the  public  in  the  course  of  the  next 
few  weeks  at  the  City  Art  Gallery.     In  appoint- 
ing Mr.  Hall  and   Mr.  Brooke  their  architects, 
the  board  reserve  to  themselves  the  right  to  alter 
or  vary  the  plans,  so  that  the  design  now  under 
consideration  is  not  necessarily  the  one  which  will 
be   adopted   eventually.      Before    the   plans    are 
finally  approved,  it  will  be  necessary  to  summon 
a    meeting   of    the   trustees   for  the   purpose   of 
indorsing  the  action  of  the  board. 


5nttrc0mmunicatt0n» 


Q  UEHTIOXfi. 

[12"4i.]— Floor.— Can  anyone  give  me  p^^ticular^  of 
the  best  way  in  wliich  to  lay  a  tl  tor  in  a  workshop  with 
5in.  oak  blocks  on  concrete .'  Size  of  floor,  about 
9.0008*1. ft.  The  top  soil  is  12in.  deep,  ordiuary  miuld, 
:  which  I  propose  to  remove),  and  then  it  is  a  g  jo  1  clay.  — 
E.NyciKEi:. 

[120<5.]-Oak.— I  am  using  oak  timbers  exposed  in 
face  work  of  new  house.  Will  someone  kindly  say  what 
is  the  best  mode  of  treating  the  oak  .'  I  wish  to  leave  it 
in  its  natural  state  as  far  as  possible.— X.  V.  Z. 


aSFZIES. 

tl204D.]— Coatlnsr  Oistem-— I  should  aiy  none 
whatever.  It  would  be  wholesome  enough  with  that.  If 
you  used  oxide  of  iron  and  pure  white  zinc,  if  required, 
instead  of  white  lead,  there  can  be  very  little,  if  any, 
danger. — Regent's  Pabk. 

[12041.1— Discolouration  of  Frleza.— Inquire  ol 
Peters,  Bartsch,  and  Co.,  of  Derby ;  or  (about)  6S, 
Cannon-street  (Carbolson  Co.)  /r  Carbolineum  A  ,  as  cap 
for  tcp  of  parapet.  This,  however,  imparts  a  neutral,  or 
other  tint,  to  which  you  may  object;  but  on  top  of 
parapet  that  may  not  be  objectionable.— Rttos.s-r'a  Pabk. 

[12042.1- Sound  Prevention.— Inquire  about  slag 
wool  (silicate  cotton ) .  8ever^l  makers  in  Kelly's  Direc- 
tory under  Trides-F.  McN'eill  and  Co.,  Bunbill  Row, 
E  C..  probably  the  best.  Also  line,  if  possible,  with 
Uralite  or  Compo-board  lining.— Regest's  I'abk. 


liEQAL  INTELLIQENOB. 

A  Retired  Surveyor's  Pension. — Lttinoston 
V.  Westminstee  Corporation.  —  Mr.  George 
Livingston,  the  plaintiff  in  this  case,  was  surveyor 
to  the  parish  of  St.  George,  Hanover-square.  In 
November,  1900,  the  defendants,  under  section  30 
of  the  London  Government  Act,  1899,  suoceeied  the 
vestry  of  St.  George,  and  employed  the  defendant 
for  a  time  at  a  certain  salary,  passing  in  January, 
""^'    a  resolution  for  his  employment,  without  pre- 


1901, 


judice  to  the  amount  of  his  compensation  for  the 
abolition  of  hisothce.  In  May  they  abolished  hisolice, 
and  asked  him  to  send  in  his  claim  for  compensation. 
InAugust,  1901,  thecouncilpassedaresolution,  grant- 
ing the  plaintiff  an  annual  allowance  of  £518  !28.  4d. 
In  November,  1901,  the  then  council  passed  a  reso- 
lution purporting  to  rescind  the  former  resolution, 
and  to  grant  the  plaintiff  an  annual  allowance  of 
£432  7s.  lOd.,  instead  of  the  larger  allowance.  The 
plaintiff  contended  that  the  council  had  no  right  to 
reduce  the  amount  of  his  pension.  The  defendants' 
case  was  that  the  original  pension  had  l>een  granted 
on  a  wrong  assumption  as  to  the  amount  of  the 
plaintiff's  salary  and  emoluments.  Mr.  Justice 
Buckley,  in  a  considered  judgment,  held  that  the 
plaintiff  was  right,  and  was  entitled  to  recover  the 
arrears  of  his  pension  at  the  origmal  and  larger 
rate,  and  that  the  defendants  could  not  rescind  the 
resolution;  and  he  accordingly  gave  judgment  for 
the  plaintiff  for  the  amount  claimed,  with  costs. 


Sir  William  Emerson,  F.R.I.B.A.,  the  architect  of 
the  Victoria  Memorial  Hall,  arrived  in  Calcutta  on 
Tuesday  last,  says  Jiriian  Engiwrrmt^  of  Feb.  13, 
and  matters  concerning  the  commencement  of  the 
new  building  are  now  being  arranged.  The  founda- 
tions had  been  already  exposed  for  inspection,  in 
view  of  his  visit,  and  work  is  now  being  put  in  train 
by  Messrs.  Martin  and  Co.  Sir  William  Emerson  is 
stiiying  at  Government  House  as  the  guest  of  the 
Viceroy. 

The  contract  for  the  fireproof  floors  and  roof  of 
the  Waring  building  on  Oxford -street  (Mr.  R.  Frank 
Atkinson  architect)  has  been  awarded  to  the 
Colurabiam  Fireproofing  Co.,  Ltd.,  who  are  also 
carrying  out  the  roof  and  coal  bunker  construction 
at  the  new  Chelsea  Kloc'ric  Power  Station  of  the 
Underground  Railway.  These  are  the  two  largest 
and  most  important  contracts  ever  let  in  London, 
as  the  Waring  buililing  of  its  class  will  he  the 
largest  and  finest  in  Europe,  and  the  Chelsea  Power 
Station  will  surpass  the  Metropolitan  .Station  in  X^ew 
York,  which  has  the  greatest  horae-pawer  in  the 
world. 


CHIPS. 

The  urban  district  council  of  Midsomer  Norton 
have  appointed  Mr.  Bevan  as  surveyor  and  inspector 
of  nuisances. 

The  London  County  Council  have  agreed  to  acquire 
a  site  of  about  two  acres  in  Lime-grove,  Shepherd's 
Bush,  for  the  erection  of  a  technical  institute.  The 
L.C.C.  Hammersmith  School  of  Art  will  be  incor- 
porated in  the  new  institute. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  has  been  held 
at  Bedford  into  the  town  council's  application  for 
sanction  to  borrow  £24,000  and  other  smaller  sums 
for  the  purpose  of  their  water  undertaking. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Newcastle  City 
Council  a  letter  was  received  from  the  council  of 
the  Northern  Architectural  Association,  protesting 
against  the  surveyor,  Mr.  Holford,  carrying  out 
architectural  work  in  the  city  when  there  were 
duly  qualified  architects  who  could  do  the  work. 
All  such  work,  it  was  stated,  should  Ije  intrusted 
by  competition  or  selection  to  local  architects. 
The  city  council  had  not  adhered  to  their  under- 
taking that  their  otlicials  would  not  carry  out  archi- 
tectural work. 

The  London  Traflic  Commission  heard  at  its  last 
meeting  evidence  from  Mr.  F.  B.  Behr,  who 
advocated  the  relief  of  street  trafiio  by  the  con- 
struction of  overhead  railways  on  the  mono-rail 
principle.  Mr.  F.  Fox,  C.E.,  was  in  favour  of 
shallow  subways  in  new  and  wide  streets,  but 
thought  the  proposal  to  construct  them  under  exist- 
ing streets  in  the  Metropolis  was  dangerous  to 
adjacent  property. 

In  connection  with  the  Newoostle-on-Tyno  Asso- 
ciation of  Students  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
ICugineers,  a  lecture  on  "Concrete  Viaducts  over 
the  George's  Dock  at  Liverpool,"  was  given  on 
Friday  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Edge,  Assoc. M.Int.C.E  ,  in 
the  Durham  College  of  bciouco,  Newcastle.  Mr. 
O.  H.  Sheftiold,  proeident,  occupied  the  chair. 


396 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  11,  1904. 


(Dttt  Office  CabU. 


At  the  last  meeting  of  the  City  Council  of 
Manchester,  a  -warm  discuasion  on  the  relative 
merits  of  housing  in  tenements  or  in  cottages  was 
raised  on  a  proposal  of  the  sanitary  committee  to 
close  a  numher  of  insanitary  houses  in  the 
Kochdale-road  and  Bradford-road  district.  The 
report  stated  that  hoth  the  sanitary  committee 
and  the  housing  sub-committee  were  equally 
divided  upon  the  question  whether  they  should 
erect  tenement  dwellings  or,  on  the  other  hand, 
self-contained  cottages  upon  that  area,  and  in  the 
circumstances  it  had  heen  determined  to  refer  the 
question  for  decision  to  the  council.  Alderman 
AValton  Smith  advocated  on  hehalf  of  the  sanitary 
councilascheme{markedA)  which  proposed  to  pro- 
Tide  1 6  cottages  of  four  rooms  each,  at  an  estimated 
rent  of  6s.  4d.  a  week;  21  tenements  of  three 
rooms  each,  at  an  estimated  rental  of  Ss.  a  week ; 
and  123  tenements  of  two  rooms  each,  at  an  esti- 
mated rental  of  is.  a  week.  Accommodation 
would  be  provided  for  533  persons.  The  esti- 
mated cost  of  the  works  was  £22,000,  and  the 
estimated  gross  rents  £1,816.  To  this  was  moved 
as  an  amendment  the  adoption  of  the  scheme 
(marked  B)  which  consisted  wholly  of  cottage 
houses,  16  of  four  rooms  each  at  an  estimated 
rental  of  6s.  9d.  a  week,  and  62  of  throe  rooms 
each  at  an  estimated  rental  of  .5s.  6d.  a  week. 
This  scheme  would  provide  accommodation  for 
328  persons,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  £15,242.  The 
gross  rents  receivable  were  estimatsd  at  £1,147. 
After  a  long  discussion  the  amendment  was 
carried  by  the  substantial  majority  of  44  to  17 
votes. 

T)iE  Land  A'alues  Assessment  and  Rating  Bill 
introduced  by  Mr.  Trevelyan,  in  association  with 
Dr.  lilacnamara,  Mr.  Bell,  Jlr.  C.  Douglas,  Mr. 
W.  Jones,  Mr.  Lloyd-Ueorge,  Mr.  M'Crae,  Sir 
Albert  RoUit,  and  5Ir.  Whitley,  the  second 
reading  of  which  is  the  first  order  in  the  Uouse 
of  Commons  to-day,  provides  that  all  valuation 
lists  on  which  local  rates  are  based  shill  contain 
a  separate  assessment  of  the  land  values  of  rate- 
able premises.  The  land  value  is  to  be  taken  at 
an  amount  equal  to  3  per  cent,  on  the  selling 
value  of  the  land  as  distinct  from  the  building. 
Unoccupied  premises  are  to  be  subject  to  rating, 
but  only  on  the  land  value.  In  any  case  where 
the  land  value  of  premises  exceeds  the  present 
rateable  value,  which  may  happen  where  land 
ripe  for  building  is  not  used  for  that  purpose,  or 
very  poor  buildings  are  allowed  to  stand  on 
valuable  sites,  rates  are  to  be  paid  on  the  land 
value.  Under  any  lease  made  after  the  Bill 
becomes  law  it  is  proposed  that  the  occupier  shall 
be  entitled  to  deduct  from  his  rent  so  much  of  the 
rate  as  is  based  on  the  amount  of  the  land  value  ; 
but  there  is  to  be  no  interference  with  existing 
contracts  between  landlord  and  tenant.  It  is  also 
proposed  that  deductions  made  from  the  gross 
value  in  order  to  arrive  at  the  r;iteable  value  shall 
be  made  on  the  value  of  the  buildings  only,  and 
not  on  the  land  value.  The  BiU  applies  only  to 
London  and  boroughs  and  urban  districts  in 
England  and  Wales.  Notices  of  motion  for  the 
rejection  of  the  measure  have  been  placed  upm 
the  order  paper  by  Mr.  White  Ridley,  jMr.  Big- 
wood,  and  Mr.  Boscawen. 

Carlisle  Cathedual,  like  some  other  minstsrs 
situated  in  the  heart  of  towns,  is  not  seen  to  the 
best  advantage  from  the  outside  ;  but  an  improve- 
ment to  be  effected  by  the  Rev.  8.  Swann,  the 
Vicar  of  St.  Aidan's  Church  in  that  city,  will  do 
much  to  improve  the  amenity  of  the  cathedral. 
Recently  the  reverend  gentleman  purchased  an 
old  property  in  Castle-street  from  the  Corporation 
for  £1,550,  his  object  being  to  pull  it  down  and 
erect  such  a  building  in  it  place  as  would  enable 
the  east  window  of  the  cathedral  to  be  seen  from 
the  main  thoroughfare  in  the  city — namely, 
Engilsh-street,  from  which  it  has  hitherto  been 
hidden  by  the  old  building  in  question.  The 
new  premises  which  Mr.  Swann  has  obtiined 
leave  to  erect  will  be  two  stories  in  height,  except 
a  portion  at  the  corner,  which  will  be  one  story, 
covered  with  a  lead  roof.  By  this  arrangement 
the  object  for  which  Mr.  Swann  purchased  the 
old  property  will  be  secured. 

The  will  of  Mr.  Henry  Saxon  Snell,  F.R.I.B.A., 
of  Southampton-buildings,  Holborn  ;  and  Lan- 
caster Lodge,  Amersham-road,  Putney,  has  been 
proved  by  Mr.  Charles  Robert  Snell,  of  80, 
Gower-street,  the  son,  the  value  of  the  estate 
being  £50,255  6s.  3d.  The  testator  gave  £100 
to  the  Architects'  Benevolent   Association.     He 


also  bequeathed  £750  each  to  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects,  the  Arohitectural  Associa- 
tion, and  the  Sanit.ary  Institute,  as  to  £50  each  at 
once,  and  as  to  the  income  of  the  remaining  £700 
each  every  third  j'ear  for  a  scholarship  or  prize  to 
be  called  •'  the  Henry  Saxon  Snell  scholarship  or 
prize,"  to  be  applied  as  maybe  deemed  best  to 
encourage  a  study  of  the  improved  design  and 
construction  of  hospitals  and  of  convalescent 
homes  and  of  asylums  for  the  aged  and  infirm 
poor  and  improvements  in  the  construction  or 
adaptation  of  sanitary  appliances.  The  residue 
of  his  property  he  leaves  in  various  shares,  and 
on  sundry  trusts,  for  his  wife  and  family. 

The  sixth  International  Congress  of  Archi- 
tects, under  the  high  protection  of  H.M.  the 
King  of  Spain  and  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Spanish  Government,  will  be  held  in  Madrid 
from  Wednesday,  the  6th  of  April,  to  the  evening 
of  Wednesday,  the  13th,  when  the  farewell  banquet 
will  take  place.  The  congress  will  discuss 
various  questions  on  the  6th,  7th,  9th,  11th  and 
13ih  April.  The  8th  and  12th  will  be  devoted  to 
excursions  to  Toledo,  Alcala  and  Guadalajara, 
and  to  the  various  buildings  of  interest  in  Madrid, 
where  an  Exhibition  of  the  Monumental  Art  of 
Spain  will  be  in  progress.  Subscriptions  (£1  as 
mcmhrc  udJierenf)  can  be  paid  until  the  opening  of 
the  congress ;  but  in  order  to  facilitate  matters, 
it  would  be  well  if  architects  thinking  of  joining 
the  congress  would  send  their  subscriptions  as 
soon  as  possible  to  the  secretary  of  the  Executive 
Commission,  Senor  Luis  M.  Cabello  y  Lapiedra, 
Alcala,  11,  Academia  de  San  Fernando,  Madrid, 
so  as  to  obtain  their  cards  of  identity  and  pro- 
grammes before  their  departure  from  London. 
These  cards  of  identity  serve  as  vouchers,  avail- 
able from  the  15th  March  to  the  5th  May, 
entitling  the  holders  to  a  reduction  of  50  per  cent, 
on  fares  on  Spanish  and  Portuguese  railways,  and 
33  per  cent,  on  those  of  the  Compagnie  de 
Navigation  Transatlantique.  The  secretariat 
state  that  there  will  be  a  reduction  of  50  per  cent, 
granted  by  the  Compagnies  CJcnorales  des 
Chemins  de  Fer  de  France.  The  K.I.B.A. 
Council  are  sending  delegates  to  the  congress  as 
representatives  of  the  Institute. 

The  I'rudential  Company  reports  an  increase 
of  premiums  in  the  Ordinary  branch  over  1902 
of  £163,398,  and  in  the  Industrial  branch  of 
£155,647.  The  assets  of  the  company  are 
£51,217,377,  or  £4,062,176  mora  than  at  the  end 
of  1902.  Figures  like  these  need  no  comment. 
The  profitable  nature  of  wisely-managed  assu- 
rance business  is  well  known  ;  but  its  best  records 
recede  into  insiguificmce  in  comparison  with  the 
colossal  totals  into  which  the  Prudential  figures 
ran. 


MEETINQS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Friday  (to-day).— Glasgow  .Vrchitectuial  Engineers' 
Society.  "  Sewage  Disposal  of  Country 
Houses,"  by  James  I.  Little.    8  p.m. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  "The 
Premium  System  of  Payment  for  Labour," 
by  "W.  G.  Banister,  Stud.Inst.C.E.  8  p.m. 

Monday. — Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects.  "Plaster 
Decoration,"  by  John  D.  Crace.  8  p.m. 

Society  of  Arts.  "  Recent  Advances  ia 
Electro-chemistry."  Cantor LectureNo.  2, 
by  Bertram  Blount,  F.I.C.    8  p.m. 

British  Society  of  Architects.    "  Fire 
Risk,"  by  C.  A.  Daubeney. 
Tuesday.— Society  of   Arts.     "Recent  Developments  in 
Devonshire  I^ce  Making,"  by  Alan  S, 


Wednesday. 


Cole,  C.B.  4.^0  p.m. 
•Architectural  Association  tDiseussion 
Section).  Paper  by  Mr.  P.  L.  Water- 
house,  M.A.,  on  "The  Advantages  and 
Disadvantages  of  Practice  in  the 
Colonies."    7.3J  p.m. 

Society  of  Arts.    "  Artificial  and  Other 

Building  Stones,"  by  L.  P.  Ford.    8  p.m. 

Edinburgh  Architectural  Association. 

"Notes    on    Pewter,"   by    A.    Ingleby 

Wood.    S  p.m. 

Thcbsday.— Society  of  Architects.  "  Domestic  Fires  and 
their  Relation  to  the  Smoke  Nuisance," 
by  T.  C.  Marsh,  Staple  Inn-Buildings, 
South.    8  p.m. 

Carpenters'  Hall  Lectures.  Prof.  R. 
Elsey  Smith,  A.R.I.B.A.,  on  "Canterbury 
Cathedral "  (by  the  late  Prof.  T.  Roger 
Smith,  F.R.I.B.A.)     8  p.m. 

Saturday  (March  19). — Architectural  Association  Visit 
to  Bel^rave  Children's  Hospital, 
Clapham-road,  8.W.    2.30  p.m. 


THE  ARCHITECTURAL  ASSOCIATION. 
MARCH  19th  :  Iifiti  SPRING  VISM— to  the  B^lgraie  Hospital 
r.ir  Cliiiilren.  Clapham-road  (opposite  Oval,  Electric  Kailwav).  hy 
hind  permission  ot  Mr.  H.  Percy  Adams ,  nearest  route,  Bank  Station 
to  Oial  Station,  nr  tram  from  Westminster  to  Clapham-road.  Mem- 
bers to  meet  at  the  building  at  2  3<)  p.m.  A  visit  will  afterwards  he 
paid  tn  the  Biehops  House,  KenningtonPark. 

CHANGE  OF  ADDRESS.— On  and  after  March  25th  neit,  Ihe- 
Address  of  the  Architectural  Association  will  be  No.  18,  Tufton- 
Btreet,  Westminster,  S.W. 

LOUIS   AMBLER  1  „„.    ,,„, 

HENRY   TANNER,  Jun.  (  "°°-  *""■ 


CHIPS. 

Mr.  William  Millar,  modeller  and  designer,  and 
author  of  a  well-known  work  on  "  Plastering, 
Plain  and  Decorative,"  died  on  Saturday,  Feb.  27, 
aged  Gl  years. 

The  intiuest  on  the  seven  victims  ot  the  recent 
fire  in  Ivy-lane,  E.G.,  was  concluded  on  Tuesday. 
The  jury  returned  a  verdict  of  "Accidental 
death,"  adding  recommendations  to  the  City 
authorities  to  inspect  all  buildings  in  the  City,  and 
compel  the  owners  to  provide  means  of  exit  to  the 
roof  by  fixed  ladders  or  otherwise;  and,  further, 
that  for  the  protection  of  the  remaining  in- 
liabitants  of  the  passage  the  buildings  on  either 
side  of  the  burnt  premises  should  be  demolished 
with  the  object  of  making  a  wider  thoroughfare 
between  Ivy-lane  and  Paternoster-row. 

The  foundation-stones  of  a  new  Wesleyan  church 
in  course  of  erection  at  Hiles  Owen-road,  Old  Hill, 
were  laid  on  Monday.  The  total  cost  of  the  scheme, 
including  new  schools  already  built,  is  £4,500. 

Mr.  H.  A.  Garratt,  head  of  the  engineering 
department  at  the  Northern  Polytechnic,  has  been 
appointed  principal  of  the  L.C.C.  Poplar  Technical 
Institute. 

The  sale  of  the  Marquis  of  Townshend's  pictures 
was  begun  at  Christie^s  on  Saturday,  when  98  lots 
realised  a  total  of  £29,342.  A  portrait  by  Romney 
fetched  3,150  guineas,  one  by  Gainsborough  '2,000 
guineas,  and  seven  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  8,710 
guineas  among  them.  On  Monday  the  sale  con- 
cluded, when  £6,601  was  obtained  for  the  remainiug 
portraits,  the  196  pictures  thus  bringing  in  .£36,913, 

The  Urban  District  Council  of  Dolgelly  have 
adopted  a  scheme  for  augmenting  aud  extending  the 
water  supply  of  the  town,  including  the  purchase  of 
the  water  ccwnpany's  works,  aud  have  applied 
to  the  Local  Government  Board  for  sanction  to  a 
loan  of  £7,000.  Mr.  H.  W.  Taylor,  A.M.Iust.C.E., 
ot  Xewcastle-on-Tyne  and  Birmingham,  is  the 
engineer. 


M.  Holleaux  has  been  appointed  director  of  the 
French  school  at  Athens  in  succession  to  M.  Homolle, 
now  director  of  tne  French  National  Museums.  M. 
Holleaux,  who  is  an  old  member  of  the  school,  was 
Professor  of  Faculty  of  Letters,  Lyons,  having 
charge  of  the  courses  on  Greek  and  Roman  anti- 
quities. 

Th9  application  made  to  the  Railway  Commis- 
sioners by  Power  and  Traction,  Ltd.,  and  the 
Aldershot  and  Farnborough  Light  Railway  Co.,  for 
an  Order  amending  the  Aldershot  and  Farnborough 
Light  Railway  Order  of  1902,  has,  after  an  olHcial 
inquiry,  been  granted.  The  amendments  proposed 
included  extensions  of  time  for  compulsory  purchase 
of  lands  and  for  completion  of  the  light  railway. 
The  authorised  line  ia  a  tram-railway  half  a  mile  in 
length  on  the  5ft.  6in.  gauge. 

There  are  over  103  candidates  for  the  position  ot 
surveyor  to  the  Havering  and  Dagenham  Levels, 
vacant  by  the  decease  of  Mr.  J.  Hickman  Barnes. 

At  a  meeting  ot  the  Architectural  Section,  on 
Monday  evening,  of  the  Royal  Philosophical  Society 
of  Glasgow,  at  207,  Bath-street,  Mr.  Alexander 
Gardner,  secretary  of  the  section,  reid  a  paper 
historical  and  descriptive  of  some  old  Glasgow 
buildings.  A  number  of  limelight  views  were 
exhibited. 

Before  Mr.  Justice  Liwrance,  at  York  Assizes,  on 
Monday,  Hans  Wallace,  48,  house  furnisher,  until 
recently  managing  director  of  Messrs.  H.  Wallace 
and  Co.  (Limited),  Prospect-street,  Hull,  house 
furnishers  and  cabinet-makers,  surrendered  to  his 
bail  in  answer  to  an  iniiictment  charging  him  with 
publishing  a  false  balance-sheet,  with  intent  to 
defraud,  and  with  falsifying  the  books  of  the  com- 
pany and  omitting  material  particulars.  He  was 
found  guilty,  and  sentenced  to  twelve  months'  hard 
labour. 


PILKINGTON  &  CO, 

(ESTABLISHKD    1S3S), 

MONXJJIENT    OHAMBEBS, 

KINQ  WII-IilAM  STBBET,  LONDON,  B.a 

Megittertd  Tradt  Mark: 

mwm  ASPHALTE 

Patent  Asphalte  and  Pelt  Roofing, 

ACID-EESI3TING    ASPHALTS.        „.„„,„ 
WHITE  SILICA  PAVINO. 

PYRIMONT  SEYSSEL  ASPHALTE, 

Telephoxk  No.  6319  Atexce. 


March  11,  1904. THE    BUILDING    KEWS. 397 

LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 

Sutton,  St.  Helens-PubUc  Libary  {£2,500  Umit)    £20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  Town  aerk,  Town  Hall,  St.  Helens  Mar.  31 

Vienna— Machinery  to  Lift  Boata 100,000,  75,000,  and  50,000  kronen   ...  The  Au»tro-HuiigarianCon.-Qen,22,Laurence-Pounteney-lane,E.C.    „     81 

Tipton— Free  Library  (£5,000)  and  Town  Hall  (£3,500)  (Local 

Architects  only)    £50,  £20,  £10    W.  H.  Jukes,  Surveyor,  Tipton,  Staffa „     31 

Eccleston,  St.  Helens— Public  Library    £2,500  limit) £20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  St.  Helens  „     81 

Perth-Isolation  Hospital  (:iii  beds)  (£11,000  limit)    30g8,  20g8,  and  lOgs  John  Begg,  Town  Clerk,  Perth April  6 

Malvern— Free  Library,  Oraham-road , £3J,  £20,  £10   H.  L.  Whatley,  Clerk,  Council  Offices,  Malvern „       8 

I/landilo-Fawr— Drainage  Scheme  for  Amman  Valley  K.  Shipley  Lewis,  Clerk,  Llandilo,  Wales „     28 

Newcastle-on-Tvne — Grammar  School  (J.  Bilson,  F.R.I.B.A.,  _ 

F.S.A.,  Assessor)  ..  £100,  £50,  £25 Horace  J.  Criddle,  Solicitor,  2,  CoUingwood-st.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    ,.     30 

Bamet— Hospital G.  D.  Byfleld,  Clerk.  J6,  High-street,  Barnet May    9 

Haverfordwest -Meat  Market  (£2,000  limit) 20gs R.  T.  P.  Williams,  Town  Clerk,  Haverfordwest — 

Hoibury— Free  Library    Arthur  E.  Kidcliffe,  Engineer,  U.D.C.  Offices,  Horbury    — 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 


BUILDINGS. 

Killcedy— Central  Creamery Kantoher  Co-op.  Dairy  Society,  Ltd.  J.  O'Mahony.  Secretary.  Raheenagh.  Eallagh,  Charleville Mar.  12 

Slackwood— Fifty-five  Houses    Osborne  Building  Club  No.  2    James  and  Morgan,  Architects,  Charles-street  Chambers,  Cardiff  ...    „  12 

Middleton-in-Teesdale— Renovating  P.M.  Cbapel  Eev.  J.  Strong,  The  Manse,  :MidJleton-in-Teesdale „  12 

Tiverton— Buildings  for  Electricity  Works    Town  Council J.  Siddalls,  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall.  Tiverton  „  12 

Bantry— Convent M.  H.  Hennessy,  Architect.  74,  South  Mall,  Cork ,  12 

Bedwas-Twenty-seven  Houses Building  Club  Trustees  G.  L.  Watkins.  Architect.  Station-terrace,  Caerphilly    ,  12 

Wrexham— Five  Houses,  Ruabon-road  H.  B.  Martin.  Plumber.  8.  Penybryn,  Wrexham  „  12 

Enniskillen— Coal  Store Gt.  Northern  (Ireland)  Railway  Co...  W.  H.  Mills.  Engineer-in-Chiet,  Amiens-street  Terminus,  Dublin  ..    „  1< 

Ehyl—Temporary  Pavilion Royal  National  Eisteddfod Darbysbire  &  Smith,  F.R.I.B.A.,  17,  Brazenose-street,  Manchester.    „  14 

Dowlais—Rerooflng  Hebron  Chapel The  Secretary.  2,  Blanche-street,  Dowlais    „  1* 

Victoria  Bridge— Station  Gt.  Northern  (Ireland)  RailwayCo...  W.  H.  Mills.  Engineer-in-Chief,  Amiens-street  Terminus,  Dublin 14 

Romford— Engine  Shed  and  General  Depot   ". Rural  District  Council Edwd.  G.  Boden,  Surveyor,  Victoria  Chambers,  Romford „  14 

Walthamstow- Isolation  .Stables  at  Low  Hall  Farm Urban  District  Council    G.  W.  Holmes.  A.M.I.C.E.,  Town  Hall,  Waltbamstow ,  14 

Belfast— Extension  of  Porter  Warehouse   Gt.  Northern  (Ireland)  Railwav  Co. . .  W.H.Mills,  Engineer-in-Chief.  Amiens-street  Terminus,  Dublin  ..    „  14 

Barrow-in-Furness— Central  Hall.  Hartington-street   ' John  F.  Curwen,  P.R.I.B.A.,  26,  High-street,  Kendal    „  14 

Cleethorpee— Fire  Station.  Poplar- road Urban  District  Council    E.  Rushton.  C.E..  Surveyor,  Poplar-road,  Cleethorpes  14 

Brighton— Additions  to  Municipal  Technical  School  Education  Committee  Tlie  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Brighton... „  14 

Portadown— Building  for  P.arcels  Gt.  Northern  (Ireland)  RailwayCo...  W.  H.  Mills,  Engineer-in-Chief,  Amiens-street  Terminus,  Dublin  ..    „  14 

Buncrana— Assembly  Hall   Rev.  Hugh  M'Menamin,  P.P Edward  J.  Toye.  Architect,  20,  Great  James-street,  Londonderry  ...    „  14 

Audenshaw— Forty-four  Dwelling  Houses,  Stamford-road J.  H.  Burton  and  J.  A.  Percival,  Architects,  Ashton-under-Lyne  ...    „  14 

Brighton— Converter  House,  Ntrth-road    Town  Council Francis  J.  Tillstone,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall.  Brighton ,,  14 

Carrickraacross— Extension  of  Goods  Store    Gt.  Northern  (Ireland)  Railway  Co...  W.  H.  Mills,  Engineer-in-Chief,  Amiens-street  Terminus,  Dublin...    „  14 

Burtonport— Additions  to  Hotel    John  Sweeney Edward  J.  Toye,  Architect,  20,  Great  James-street,  Londonderry  ...    „  15 

Rotherliam— Altering  Cookery  Centres Education  Committee  J.  Platts.  Architect,  High-sti-eet,  Rotherham 15 

Southampton— Additional  Pavilon  at  Isolation  Hospital Corporation A.  Crowther,  Borough  Engineer,  Municipal  Offices,  Southampton  ..    „  15 

Chippenham— Enlarging  Sortii^  OSBce  at  Station H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works    The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's-gate,  S.W ,  15 

Belfast— Telephone  Room  at  Workhouse  Guardians Young  and  Mackenzie,  Engineers,  Belfast  ,*  15 

Sedgefield— Bathroom  at  Workhouse  J.  Stones,  Surveyor,  Sedgefield,  Durham ,,  16 

Middleton,  Lanes- Additions  to  Old  Boar's  Head  Inn Corporation W.  Welburn,  Boro' Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Middleton,  Lanes  „  16 

Southwell— Additions  to  Bakery    J.  H.  Kirkby  Saunders  &  Saunders,  Architects,  Imperial  Chambers,  Newark „  16 

Lichfield- Enlargement  of  Post  Office H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey' s-gate,  S.W „  16 

Edgeiton— Two  Semi-Detached  Residences  J.  Berry,  Architect,  3.  Market-place,  Huddersfleld „  16 

Audenshaw— Cemetery  Chapel  Urban  District  Council    Thomas  George  and  Son,  Archts..Stamford-st.,  Ashton-under-Lyne    „  16 

Kendal— Alterations  to  No.  5,  Finkle-street Charles  W.  Heap  Stephen  Shaw,  F.R.I.B.A.,  Kendal 16 

Eawmarsh-Pubhc  Library  and  Reading  Rooms Urban  District  Council    J.  Piatt,  Architect,  High-street,  Rotherham  „  16 

GomerFal,  Yorks- Restoring  Butts  Mill W.  H.  D.  Horsfall,  Architect.  6,  Harrison-road.  Halifax  „  17 

Great  Float.  Birkenhead -Additions  to  Purifier  House Walla.sey  Urban  District  Council H.  W.  Cook,  Clerk,  Public  Offices,  Egremont,  Cheshire 17 

Fhmby— Buildings  at  St.  Helen's  Farm S.  D.  Stanley  Dodgson,  Somerset  House,  Whitehaven „  17 

Coggeshall— Additions  to  Property  Heart-in-Hand  Indus.  Co-op.  Soo. ...  Jas.  W.  Clark,  Architect,  Coggeshall ,  17 

Uxbridge— Emergency  Iron  Staircases  at  Workhouse  Guardians William  L.  Eves,  A.R.I.B.A.,  64,  High-street,  U.Aridge  IT 

Surbiton— Baptist  Chapel,  Balaclava-road Alfred  Mason,  Architect,  Broughton  Chambers,  Surbiton „  17 

Finsbury  Park,  N.— Sorting  Office H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works.  Storey's-gate,  S.W „  17 

Croydon— Refuse  Destructor Town  Council G.  F.  Carter,  .\.M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Croydon    „  IS 

Leeds— Bandstand  Foundations  at  Woodhouse  Ridge  The  City  Engineer's  Office,  Leeds   ,.  18 

Weston-super-Mare-Warehouse,  Station-road  Lalonde  Bros,  and  Parham    Hans  Price  &  W.  Jane,  Archts.,  Waterloo-pl.,  Weston-super-Mare.    „  18 

Isle  of  Wight— Coastguaril  Building.s  at  Sea  View Admiralty    The  Director  of  Works  Dept.,  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C.  ...    „  18 

Branksome— Fitting-up  Public  Library  S.  J.  Newman,  F.R.I.B.A.,  Council  Buildings.  Branksome,  Dorset  ..    „  18 

Aldemey,  Channel  Islands— Signal  Station Admiralty The  Director  of  Works  Dept.,  21,  Northumberland-avenue.  W.C.  ...    „  18 

Croydon— Tall  Chimney  at  Refuse  Destructor Town  Council G.  F.  Carter,  .i.M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Croydon..    „  18 

Hull— Extension  of  Blackltad  and  Blue  Mills Hargreaves  Bros,  and  Co T.  Brownlow  Thompson,  Architect,  15.  Parliament-street,  Hull „  19 

Haverfordwest— House  at  Broadflelds T.  G.  Lewis,  Wiston.  Clarbeston-road,  Haverfordwest  „  19 

Morecambe— Shelter  and  Conveniences   Corporation Jno.  Bond.  Borough  Surveyor,  Morecambe 19 

Oulton-Fir.-Escape  Staircases  at  Workhouse Mutford  and  Lothingland  Guardians  R.  Scott  Cockrill,  A.R.I.B.A.,  Crosslev  House,  Lowestoft „  19 

Weston-super-Mare— Rebuilding  No.  '20,  Regent^street   W.  Lever Wilde  &  Fry,  Architects,  Boulevard  C'hambeis,  Weston-super-Mare    „  19 

New  Tredfgar-House  and  Shop  Geo.  Kenshole.  Architect,  Station-road,  Bargoed.  Wales „  19 

Netting  HiU,  W.— Repairs  to  Rackham-slreet  Infirmary St.  Marylebone  Board  of  Guardians..  The  Steward  of  Infirmary,  Rackham-street,  Notting  Hill,  W ,  21 

Aberbeeg- Twenty  Houses  Tir  Graig  Building  Club M.Gorman,  Rosslea,  Hanhillrth >,  21 

Exmouth— Detached  House,  Cranford-avenue G.  F.  Perriam Ernest  E.  Ellis,  Architect,  Exmouth ,i  81 

Sengbpnith— Four  Shops,  Bakery,  and  Stable  Industrial  Co-operative  Society,  Ltd.  G.  L.  Watkins,  Architect,  Station-terrace,  Caerphilly,  Wales  „  21 

Antrim— Schools Select  Vestry  W.  J.  Fennell.  M.R.L.V  I.,  2.  Wellington-place,  Belfast    „  21 

West  Heath-Pavilions  at  Infectious  Diseases  Hospital   King's  Norton  and  NorthfleldU.D.C.  Ambrose  W.  Cross,  A.M.I.C.E., '23.  Valentine-road,  King's  Heath...     „  21 

Budleigh  Salterton— Additions  to  Two  Shops  W.  F.  Haymes   Ernest  E.  Ellis,  Architect.  Exmouth ,.  21 

Grangetown- Subway,  &c. Eston  Urban  District  Council    f.  McDermid.  Surveyor,  Council  Offices,  Grangetown,  R.S.O.,  Yorks    „  22 

Newbridge,  Abercam— Twenty-eight  Workmen's  DwelUngs  ...  Urban  Council    John  Williams,  Engineer,  Council  Offices,  Aber&irn   „  22 

Kirkby  Stephen-Bank Bank  of  Liverpool,  Ltd John  F.  Curwen,  F.R.I.B.A.,  26.  Highgate,  Kendal    23 

Trictoria  Park,  N.E. -Casual  Wards  at  Waterloo-rd  Workhouse  Bethnal  Green  Board  of  Guardians...  W.  A.  Finch,  .Architect,  76,  Finsbury-pavement.  E.C 23 

Goxhill-House    H.  C.  Scaping,  Architect.  Grimsby ,.  23 

EameHead,  near  Plymouth- Coattguard  Buildings Admimlty The  Director  ot  Works  Dept.,  21.  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C.  ...    „  25 

Kilfinane— Convent     St.  Paul's  Convent  Committee Brian  E.  F.  Sheehv,  .\rchitect,  57,  George-street,  Limerick „  25 

Garlands-Additionsto  Joint  Counties  Asylum  Asylum  Committee  G.  Dale  Oliver,  F.R.I.B.A.,  Lowther-street,  Carlisle  „  26 

Birkenhead— Sanitary  Towers  at  Workhouse   Guardians Edmund  Kirby,  F.R.I. B..\..,  5,  Cook-street,  Liverpool „  28 

Drngheda-Pubhc  Library  Public  Library  Committee F.  H.  Tallan,  Architect.  Drogheda ..  »8 

HoUoway,  N.—E.xtcnsion  of  Telegraph  Factorv H.M.  Commissioners  ot  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storev's  Gate,  S.W „  29 

St.  Govan's  Head,  Pembroke— Coastguard  Buildings Admirelty The  Director  of  Works  Dept.,  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C ,  29 

Knowle^  Fan  ham-Three  Cottages  ft  Asylum Visiting  Committee  W.  J.  Taylor,  County  Surveyor,  The  Castle,  Winchester    „  29 

Hull— Post-Olhce H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.'Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Gate,  S.W „  29 

Maencloehog- Chapel    D   Edward  Thom,a8,  Archilect,  Victoria-place,  Haverfordwest „  SO 

Rosselt— Police  Station Denbighshire  County  Council  R.  Lloyd  Williams,  County  Surveyor,  nenbigh „  31 

FiBchley,  N.-Six  Houses jj  T.  Tasker,  .'IS  John-street,  Bedford-row,  W.C — 

Llanlwit  Mnj.ir— Shop  and  Two  Houses B.  Jones,  Typpica,  Uopkinstown.  near  Pontypridd  — 

ChuilIeiKh  Knighton— Vicarage Edmund  Sedaing,  .Vrchitoct.  11,  Queen  .Vnne-tcrrace,  Plymouth — 

Leigh-Waid  at  .^stley  Sanatorium Travers  and  Ramsden.  .\rehitects,  Leigh,  Lanes  — 

Glasgow— larcel  I  ost  Otiice,  Waterloo-street  H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's-gate,  S.W — 

Llanelly--AIttrations  to  Bridgend  Inn    „ Joseph  Billett,  Architect,  -23,  Murray-street,  Llanelly — 

Uarnard  Castle— .\lteralions  and  Additions  to  House,  Newgate  T.  Farrow,  .\r.hitect,  7,  Market-place,  Barnard  Castle  — 

Hereford- Ten  Cottages   -^V.  \v.  Robinson,  Architect,  Hereford .^.      — 

Bnghton-loundation  and  Basement Prudential  Assurance  Co P. Wateihouse,  Architect, '20,  NewCavendi8h-st.,Portland-placc.W.      — 

Barnard  Castle— House,  Staindrop-road T.  Farrow,  Architect,  7,  Market-place,  Barnard  Castle  — 

Dunde^Co.ri. .  Buildings Niven  and  Wigglesworth,  Architects,  104,  High  Holbom,  W.C — 

ELEOTRIOAI.    PLANT. 

BallinasIoe-'Two  Elcctnc  Motors Lunatic  Asylum  Joint  Committee  ...  J.  Smith,  M.I.C.E.,  I!alIina.sloe,  Ireland ■;•  Mar.  12 

Poplar,  E.-Ocnemtlng  Machinery   Borough  Council    The  Borough  Electrical  Engineer,  Olauous-st.,  Bromley-by-BoWjb.    „  12 

Kilmarnock- Plant. Corporation Kennedy  \- Jenkin.  Engineers,  17,  Victoria-st.,  Westminster,  S.W..    „  14 

Leek- Llectricity  Meters  Urban  District  Council    Burstall  and  Monkli.msc,  C.E.'s,  14,  Old  Uueen-streot,  S.W „  14 

Noiwich-Cables,  &c Corporation The  City  Electriwil  Engineer,  Electricity  Works,  Norwich ...^.    ,.  14 

btppney-Ilant Stepney  Borough  Council  Arthur  Wright,  Electrical  Engineer,  27. 04borne-st.,Whitechapel.  E.    „  14 

Warrington-- ElictTic  Motors Electricity  Committee V.  L.  .Mathias,  A.M.I.E.E.,  lloro'  Elec.  Eng.,  Howley,  Warnogtoa    „  14 

Hgrcmont— Alternating-Current  Transformers   Wallasey  U.D.C J.  A.  Crowther,  Sea  View-road,  LisoarJ  •■  16 


598 THE    BUILDING    NEWS. March  11.  1904. 

ELECTRICAL,    PLA.NT-corirw«ti. 
Gainsborough— Telephones  i'C Urban  District  Council    R.  W.  Fraser.  Electrical  Engineer,  Gainsboroup:h Mar.  16. 

16 

II 

21 
21 
22 
22 
22 
25 
31 


Walsall— Electric  Lishtiop  at  Workhouse Guardians A.  H.  Lewis,  Clerk,  29.  Leicester-street,  Walsall 

KetteiinK -Wiring  Generating  Station  Urban  District  Council    Kennedy  and  Jenkin.  17,  Victoria-street,  S.W 

Londonderry— Plant  at  Lunatic  Asylum E-  V.  Macrory,  Consulting  Engineer.  Strand,  Londonderry 

Newport,  Men.— Plant  Corporation H.  C.  Bishop,  M.I. E.E.,  Boro.  Eleo.  Eog..  Town  Hall,  Newport    ... 

Lincoln- Plant Corporation Stanley  Clegg,  City  Elec.  Eng.,  Brayford  Side  North,  Lincoln 

Greenwich.  8. E.— Electric  jib  Crane  (.10  ton)     London  County  Council  The  Clerk.  Ivondon  County  Council,  Spring  Gardens,  S.W 

Leavesden— Fire-Alarm  Installations  &  Telephones  at  Asylum  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board    W.  T.  Hatch.  M.I.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.,  Engineer,  Embankment.  E.G.... 

Ilford-Plant Urban  District  Council    A.  U.  Shiw.  M.I.E.E..  Electricity  Works,  Ley-street.  Ilford  

Swindon— Car  Depot  Lighting    / Corporation Lacey  and  Sillar,  Engineers,  2,  Queen  Anne's-gate,  We-tminster  ... 

Sunderland- Indiarubber-covered  Cables  Corporation John  F.  C.  Snell,  M.I.C.E.,  Boro'  Etec.  Eug.,Town  Hall,  Sunderland 

ENaiNEEBINa. 

Tweedmonth— Borehole Berwick-upon-Tweed  San.  Authority  R.  Dickinson,  Borough  Surveyor.  Berwick-upon-Tweed Mar.  12 

Glasgow- Two  Filter-Beds  Corporation J.  R.  Sutherland,  Engineer,  45.  John-street.  Glasgow „  12 

Manchester— Steel  Platform  at  Smithfield  Market     Corporation The  City  Architect.  Town  Hall,  Manchester   12 

Hornsey  and  Wood  Green— Light  Railways Middlesex  County  Council H.  T.  Wakelam,  M.I.C.E.,  Middlesex  Guildhall, Westminster,  S.W.    „  14 

Dundee- Carburetted  Water-Gas  Plant Gas  Commissioners  Alex.  Yuill.  Gas  Engineer,  Gasworks,  Dandee ..     „  14 

Aston  Manor— Boilers,  &c Corporation T.  J.  Ballard,  Elec.  Eng.,  Chestcr-st.,  Aston  Manor,  Birmingham  ..     „  14 

Tottenham  and  Edgware— Light  Railways Middlesex  County  Council H.  T.  Wakelam.  M.I.C.E.,  Middlesex  Guildhall,  Westminster,  S.W.    ,,  14 

Dundee— Hyraulic  Rams Gas  Commissioners  Alex.  Yuill.  Gas  Engiueer,  Gasworks,  Dundee „  14 

New  Mill  — Pipe  Laying Urban  District  Council    C.  H.  Marriott.  Son.  &  Shaw,  Church-street  Chambers,  Dewsbury...    „  15 

Avoch— Pier  and  Breakwater i .Tames  Fraser,  Civil  Engineer,  Inverness  , „  15 

Deptford,  S.E.— Caloriflers Borough  Council    Vivian  Orchard,  Town  Clerk,  20,  Tanner's  Hill,  Deptford,  S.E „  15 

Manchester— Boiler  at  Baths,  Pryme-6treet  Corporation The  City  Architect,  Town  Hall,  Manchester   15 

Fauldhouse— Reservoir Bathgate  District  Committee P.  Campbell  Hart,  C.E..  1.34,  St.  Vincent-street,  Glasgow „  15 

Londonderry — Heating  New  Buildings  at  Gransba Lunatic  Asylum  Committee M.  A.  Robinson,  C.E  ,  Richmond-street,  Londonderry  „  IT 

Great  Float,  Birkenhead— Puritiers Wallasey  Urban  District  Council    ...  J.  H.  Crnwther.  Engineer,  Egremont.  Cheshire  ,  17 

Branksome-  Heating  Apparatus  at  Public  Library H.  J.  Newman.  F.R.I.B.A.,  Council  Buildings,  Branksome  13 

Preston— Condensing  Plant     Tramways  Committee Walter  H.  Tittensor.  C.E.,  25,  Burrow-road,  Preston „  19 

Flemingsdown— Reseivoir    Bridgend  Gas  and  Water  Co Togarmah  Rees,  M.I.C.E.,  Corn  Exchange  Chmbrs,  Newport,  Mon.    „  19 

Manchester— Tar  and  Liquor  Tanks    Gas  Committee  .T.  G.  Newbigging,  C.E..  Rochdale-road  Station,  Manchester  ,,  19 

Rugby— Tank,  Filters,  A:c Urban  District  Council    D.  G.  Macdonald,  A. M.I. C.E. ,  Surveyor,  Rugby  ,  19 

Lancaster- Widening  Moor-lane  Bridge Streets  Committee J.  C.  Mount.  Borough  Surveyor.  Town  Hall,  Lancaster „  19 

Clavericg— Footbridge  Saflron  Walden  R.D.C Henry  Smith,  Ashdon-road,  Saffron  Walden „  19 

Harrogate— Sewage  Purification  Works '. Corporation E.  Wilson  Dixon,  M.I.C.E.,  Engineer.  5,  Prospect-cres  ,  Harrogate    „  19 

Bridgend— Reservoir Gas  and  Water  Co Togarmah  Rees.  5LI.C.E..  Com  Exchange  Chmbrs,  Newport,  Mon.    „  21 

Lincoln— Steam-Engine    Corporation Stanley  Clegg.  City  Elec.  Eng..  Brayford  Side  North,  Lincoln 21 

Cape  Clear,  Co.  Coik-Breakwaters H.  Williams,  Secretary,  Office  of  Public  Works,  Dublin    21 

Leeds— Two  Lancash're  Boilers Guardians Thomas  Winn  and  Sons,  Architects,  92.  Albion-street,  L^eds  „  21 

Portadown  and  Banbridge— Waterworks  Joint  Board R.  H.  Dorman  and  J.  H.  H.  Swiney.  MM.I.C.E.,  Armagh    21 

Lincoln— Water-Tube  Boiler Corporation Stanley  Clegg.  City  Elec.  Eng..  Brayford  Side  North,  Lincoln „  21 

Chorley-GasE-xhauster  Corporation J.  W.  AUin.  Gas  Engineer,  Chorley  22 

Liege-  Heating  Infants*  School  and  Asylum    J.  Riga.  Secri'-taire  Communal.  Liege „  22 

OraDgetown-.St(el  Girder  Bridge Eston  Urban  District  Council  C.  McDermid,  Dist.Sur.,  Whitworth-rd.,  Grangetown,  R.S.O  .Yorks    „  22 

Twickenbam—Tbree  Steam  Boilers  Urban  District  Council    Fred.  W.  Pearce,  F.S.I.,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall.  Twickenhim  „  2S 

Twickenham-Pumping  Engines  Urban  District  Council    Fred.  W.  Pearce  F.8.I.,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Twickenham  „  23 

Dartford- Light  RaUways  Urban  District  Council Hawtayne  and  Zeden.  9,  Queen  Street-place,  EC „  26 

Chelmsford- Waterworks Corporation C.  Brown,  A.M.I.C.E  .  16,  London-road,  Chelmsford  2S 

Rugby-Refuse  Destructor Urban  District  Council    T).  G.  Macdonald,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Surveyor.  R  igby  .^.    „  28 

Ware- Waterwoiks    Rural  District  Council , Bailey-Denton.  Lawford,  &  Symons,  MM.I.C.E.,  9.  Bridge-st.,  S.W.    „  SS 

Biggleswade-Laying  Cast-iron  Pipes  (2,900)  Rural  District  Council G.  F.  Deacon.  Engineer,  16,  Great  George-street,  Westminster,  S.W.    „  2i> 

Bigglewade-WatMworks  Water  Board  G.  F.  Deacon,  Engineer.  16,  Great  George-street.  Westminster.  S.W.    „  29 

West  Hartlepool- Esjilanade  Wall Corporation Nelson  F.  Dennis.  Boro'  Eng..  73,  Church-st.,  West  Hartlepool  „  2» 

BigglesBsde- Laying  Cast-iron  Pipes  (260  tons) Urban  District  Council    G.  F.  Deacon,  Engineer,  16,  Great  George-street,  Westminster,  S.W.    „  29- 

Carlisle- Stone  Bridge  at  Powbeck    Rural  District  Council Joseph  Graham  Engineer.  Bink  Chambers,  Bank-.street,  Cirlisle 31 

Adelaide- Tians-Continental  Railway H.  AUerdale  Grainger,  Agent-General,  Threadneedle  Home,  E.G....  April   1 

Buinley— Covered  Reservoir    Rural  District  Council S.  Edmondson,  Surveyor,  18,  Nicholas-street,  Burnley  11 

Cavan.'ireland- Road  Roller County  Council  W.  Finlay,  Secretary,  County  Council,  Court  House,  Cavan 15 

Port  Natal- Coaling  Plant   Natal  Government Charles  J.  Crofts,  M.I. C.E.,  Harbour  Dept.,  Durban,  Natal „  23 

Lahore-Cottcn-Seed  Oil  Mills  and  Flour  Mills Managing  Proprietor,  Cotton  &  Commerce  Agency,  Lahore,  Punjab      — 

FENOINa    AND    WALLS. 

fimethwick— Ftncing  Lewisham  Park Corporation O.  J.  Fox  Allin.  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall  Smcthwick Mar.  1!? 

Nottingham -Iron  Hurdle  Fencing  at  Bulwell  Forest Public  Parks  Committee F.  B.  Lewis.  City  Architect,  Guildhall.  Nottingham  „  14 

Belfast- Repairs  to  Boundary  Walls Guardians Young  and  Mackenzie.  Engineers.  Belfast  ,  15 

Warrington  -  Wrought-Iron  Undimbable  Hurdles Street  Improvement  Committee  T.  Longdin,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall.  Warrington  „  IT 

Eccles    Rttaining  Walls  Corporation T.  S.  Picton,  Borough  Sur^-eyor,  Town  Hall,  Eccles „  19 

Lancaster— Concrete  and  Stone  Retaining  Wall  Streets  Committee J.  C.  Mount,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Lancaster. „  19 

Manchester— W.I.  Railing  round  Queen  Victoria  Statue Town  Hall  Committee The  City  Architect,  Town  Hall,  Manchester  „  22 

Bracebridge  Heath— Wiought-Iron  Hurdle  Fetce Asylum  Visiting  Committee  E.  B.  George,  Clerk  of  Asylum,  Bracebridge  Heath — 

FURNITURE    AND    FITTINGS. 

Bridlington— Furniture  for  New  Sanatorium    Sanitary  Committee E.  Matthewman,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Bridlington Mar.  16 

Knutsford— Furnishing  Hall  and  Kitchen  at  Workhouse Guardians  of  Bucklow  Union   Robert  J.  M'Beath.  M.S.A.,  Bimam  House.  Sale,  Knutsford 16 

Portsmouth -Glazed  Oak  Frames  (500)  Guardians The  Guardians' Offices.  1,  St.  Michael's-road,  Portsmouth    "= 

Scarborough-Furnishing  New  Infectious  Diseases  Hospital  ..  Town  Council H.  W.  Smith,  A.M.I  C.E.,  Boro.  Eng.,  Town  Hall,  Scarborough 

Swansea— School  Furniture School  Board  A.  W.  Halden,  Swansea 

Birmingham -Furniture  and  Bedsteads  to  Holl  j  moor  Af  ylum  Committee  of  Visitors William  Button,  Clerk,  Go  nncil  Hotise,  Birmingham 

PAINTINO. 

Middleton-in-Teesdale-P.M.  Chapel  The  Rev.  J.  Strong,  The  Manse.  Middleton-in-Teesdale Mar.  12 

Poole -Wesl cyan  School Ed.  Van  Schepdael.  A.I.S.E.,  Wimborne-road,  Poole ,  12 

Hull-Offices  and  Pumping  Stations Corporation F.J.Bancroft.  Engineer,  Alfred  Gelder-strect.  Hull  '" 

Llanvbri— Chapel Evan  Francis,  Waunygroes,  near  Llanybri,  Wales   

Gomersal,  Yorks-Butts  Mill  W.  H.  D.  Horsfall.  Architect,  6,  Harrison-road,  Halifax  ........^.^. 

St.  Marylebone,  W.— North  and  South  Dispensary Guardians A.  Saxon  Snell.  F.R  I.B.A.,  '2,  Southampton  Bdgs,  Chancery-l.,W.C. 

Leeds  and  Hunslet- Cemeteries The  City  Engineer's  Office,  Leeds    

ROADS    AND    STREETS. 

Okehampton  -  New  Road  Rural  District  CouncU S.  Hooper,  Di-trict  Surveyor,  Biddicombe,  Hatherleigh....^... Mar.  12 

Ptntre,  Wales  -  Street  Improvement    Rhondda  U.D.C W.  J.  Jones,  Engineer,  Council  Otflces,  Pentre,  Rhonada,  Wales   ...    „  12 

Braithwaite- Widening  Road Cockermouth  Rural  District  Council.  J.  B.  Wilson,  A..M.I.C  E.,  11,  Main-street,  Cockermouth ....^.    „  12 

Hackney,  N  E.— Paving  and  Sewer  Works    ; Borough  Council    Norman  Scorgie,  MI.C.E  ,  Boro' Eng.,  Town  Hall,  Hackney,  N.t.    „  12 

Paisley-CautewayiDg   Town  Council The  Burgh  Surveyor,  13.  GUmour-street,  Paisley ....^ ..  11 

Highgate,  N.— Road  Works    Town  Council E.  J.  Lovegrove,  Boro'  Eng.,  Municipal  Offices,  High.»ate,  N ,  14 

Tottenham,  N— Making-up  Down-lane Urban  District  Council    W.  H.  Prescott,  A  M.I.C.E.,  712,  High-road,  Tottenham  „  15 

Amble— Paving  Urban  District  Council    W.  Gibson,  Surveyor,  94,  Queen-street,  Amble „  15 

Felixstowe -Concrete  Paving  (4  SCO  square  yards)  Urban  District  Council    J.  B.  Jennings,  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Felixstowe    >,  Jo 

Henley-on-Thamea-Making-up  Roads  Corporation R.  Pratt,  Borough  Surveyor,  Henley-on-Thames  ■■■■■-•;■•■•■-•   ••  J? 

Palermo- Cement  Pavements     The  Municipality  hjgnor  Segretario  Generale  del  Cabinetto,  Palazzo  de  Citta,  Palermo    „  lb 

Fulham,  S.W. —Making-up  Woodlawn-road Borough  Council    F.  Wood.  A.M  I.C.E.,  Boro'  Surv.,  Town  Hall,  Fulham,  b.W 16 

Newbury— Highway  Repairs  (One  Year)    Rural  District  Council H.  8.  Talbot.  District  Surveyor,  Cold  Ash,  Newbury  lo 

Castleford— Strtet  Improvement  Works Urban  District  Council    W.  Gieen,  Surveyor,  Castleford ■■ ,,  IJ 

Stockport  -  Private  Stieet  Works Highwavs  Committee  John  Atkinson,  A.M  I.C.E.,  Borough  Surveyor,  Stockport  „  1' 

Burnley— Paving.  &o Corporation A.  Steele  Sheldon,  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Burnley  •■■•..■ •,  }•* 

Newport,  Mon.-^Road  Togarmah  Rees,  M.I. C.E,  Corn  E.xchange  Chmbrs.,  Newport,  Mon.    „  19 

Lancaster— Forming  and  Paving  Myndon-street Streets  Committee J.  C.  Mount.  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall.  Lancaster  ... 1^ 

Pontypridd-Private  Street  Works  Urban  District  Council    P.  R.  A.  Willoughby,  A.M.I.C.E.,  CouncU  Offices,  Pontypridd  „  21 

Nelson,  Lanes— Street  Works Streets  Committee B.  Ball,  A.M.I  C.E. ,  Borough  Engineer,  Nelson,  Lanes -1 

Dover- Street  Improvements Town  Council Henrv  E.  Stilgoe.  A.M.LC.E.,  M aison  Dieu  House,  Dover  „  22 

Newbridge,  Abercarn- Roads Urban  District,CounciI    John  Williams.  Engineer.  Council  Offices.  Abercarn 22 


Grangetown,  Yortts-Ro.ad  Works Eston  Urban  District  CouncU   C.  McDermid,  Dist.  Sur.,  CouncU  Offices.  Grangetown,  R.S.O. ,\orKs    „     22 

York-Making-up  Private  Streets  (One  Year) A.  Creer,  City  Engineer,  GuildhaU,  York ..     2» 

Dorking  -  Roadmaking Urban  District  Council    G.  Somers  Mathews,  Town  Surveyor,  Dorking -s 


York-Making-up  Private  Streets  (One  Year) A.  Creer,  City  Engineer,  GuildhaU,  York 

Dorking  -  Roadmaking Urban  District  Council    G.  Somers  Mathews,  Town  Surveyor,  Dor — „ 

West  Haitlepool- Streets Corporation N.  F.  Dennis,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  West  Hartlepool „      29 


SANITAR*? 

Smelhwick-Lavatories  at  Public  Buildings Corporation ' C.  J.  Fox  AUin,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  HaU,  Smethwick Mar.  12 

Nottingham- Sanitary  Conveniences  at  Vernon  Park  Public  Parks  Committee Frank  B.  Lewis,  City  Architect,  GuildhaU,  Nottingham    •. ,  " 

Braughing-Sewer Parish  CouncU    E.  T.  Watts.  Surveyor,  Thorley,  Bishop's  Stortford    ^ J' 

Shttfield— C(mveniences    ....  Corporation Charles  F.  Wike,  C.E.,  City  Surveyor,  Town  HaU,  Sheffield    " 

Nuneaton-Sewers Nuneaton  &  Chilvers  Coton  U.D.C.  F.  C.  Cook.  Engineer  to  the  Council,  CouncU  Offices,  Nuneaton   .._..     „  i» 

London,  W.C— Sewer  Works '. Westminster  City  CouncU The  Town  Clerk,  Westminster  City  Hall,  Charing  Cross-road,  W.C.    „  IJ 

Belfast— Sewers,  &c.,  at  Workhouse Guardians Young  and  Mackenzie,  Engineers,  Belfast  '"^* 


March  18,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


399 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERING  JOURNAL. 
VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  2567. 


FRIDAY,  MARCH  18,  1901. 


PROFESSIONAL   AUTHORITV. 

WH.IT  are  the  limits   of  an   architect's 
authority  ?  how  far  ought  his  judge- 
ment   to    prevail 't    or   to    what  extent  are 
his  opinions  binding  on  his  employer/'  are 
questions  exceedingly  difficult  to  answer  in 
a    variety    of    instances.      Every    problem, 
indeed,  has  its  own  peculiar  circumstances, 
so  that  these  questions  are  conditioned  by 
them.     For  example,  to  take  the  case  of  an 
employer  who  knows  nothing  about  building 
or  what  he  wants — the  uncultured  tradesman 
who  wishes  to  expend  his  surplus  capital  in 
building — the  architect  would  be  justified  in 
exercising  his    authority,   and,   it'  need   be, 
enforcing  his  opinions.    lie  has  been  engaged 
for   his     professional   judgment,   skill,    and 
taste,  and  the  employer  would  be  acting  con- 
trary to  his  best  interests  not  to  accept  the 
advice  offered.     It  would  be  like  a  patient 
refusing  to  take  the  medicine  which  has  been 
prescribed ;  such  conduct  would  be  regarded 
as  strange  and  inconceivable.     On  the  other 
hand,    the  client   may  be  a  man  of  a  very 
different  kind,   one  who  is  well  conversant 
with  building,   can  express  clearly  what  he 
wants,  and,  in  fact,   has  a  decided  opinion 
on  his  requirements  and  tastes.     To  such  a 
client  it  would  be  unreasonable  on  the  archi- 
tect's part  to  insist  on  having  his  own  way, 
or    to    show    a    dictatorial    spirit.     Take   a 
business  client  ;    he    knows  thoroughly  his 
own  trade  or  official  lequirements,  and  his 
opinion    on    matters    of    trade    is   binding 
upon    his    professional    adviser.     lie  has  a 
perfect  right   to   dictate   arrangements   and 
details   of  building,  and  the  architect   does 
wisely  to  comply  with  them  so  far  as  they 
can  be  accepted  without  compromising  any 
structural  consideration.    Here  he  (the  archi- 
tect) is   without  doubt  the  master,  and   he 
cannot  afford  to  yield  his  opinion  to  anyone 


The  plans  are  drawn  to  suit  the  client's 
requirements,  and  the  building  proceeds 
towards  completion.  The  client  proposes  an 
alteration  to  the  elevation ;  he  has  seen  some- 
thing he  likes,  and  asks  the  architect  to  alter 
his  design  or  introduce  a  feature,  the  doing 
of  which  would  be  to  destroy  the  design  or 
spoil  the  character  of  the  work.  Is  the  archi- 
tect to  accede  or  to  refuse  consent  to  the 
alteration  '^  Here  again  it  may  be  argued 
thatthe  answer  will  dejiend  on  the  cHent's  taste 
and  knowledge,  if  he  is  artistic  uimself,  and 
has  travelled  and  seen  other  buildings  so 
treated.  The  architect  would  be  quite  within 
his  authority  not  to  a^ree  to  the  proposal  if 
he  thought  the  alteration  would  be  contrary 
to  good  architecture  or  good  taste,  even  if  his 
client  was  also  a  person  of  taste.  To  an 
ignorant  client  he  would  be  right  in  stoutly 
protesting  against  any  change  of  this  kind  ; 
but  to  an  accomplished  man  ho  would  be 
probably  justified  in  reconsidering  the  point. 
In  short,  the  attitude  of  the  architect  in  each 
case  will  depend  on  the  knowledge  and 
artistic  capabilities  of  the  employer  ;  in  each 
case  his  authority  is  more  or  less  conditioned 
by  the  class  of  client,  and  his  good  taste.  The 
employer  who  is  quite  c  (uali  fled  to  tel  I  his  archi  • 
tect  how  he  wants  his  shop,  or  his  offices,  or 
factory  planned  may  bo,  on  the  other  hand, 
totally  incapacitated  from  dictating  to  the 
architect  the  proportion  of  his  rooms,  their 
mode  of  decoration,  or  pattern  of  wallpaper. 
He  may  bo  able  to  tell  a  good  plan  wlion  ho 
sees  one,  but  ijuito  unable  to  suggest  a  design. 
So  the  architect  has  to  consider  this  grout 
diversity  in  those  who  come  to  hiiu  for  pro- 
fessional assistance.  Many  come  to  him  for 
advice  knowing  nothing  at  all  of  the  subject, 


while  others,  the  few,  come  to  him  to  have 
their  own  views  and  ideas  put  into  working  or 
practical  shape.  These  extremes  do  not  in- 
clude all  :  there  are  those  who  can  suggest 
some  points  for  the  architect  s  consideration 
on  one  matter,  but  are  incompetent  in  others. 
Then  there  is  a  legal  as  well  as  a  moral  view 
of  the  question  of  authority,  and  these  havn 
to  be  reckoned  with.  As  agent  to  his 
employer,  au  architect  can  do  manj'  things  ; 
he  has  power  to  act  for  all  purposes  within 
the  contract,  and  the  general  rules  as  to  the 
rights  and  duties  of  "  general  agent''  apply. 
The  authority  he  wields  may  be  expressly 
given  or  inferred  from  the  conduct  of  the  em- 
ployer. The  latter  is  bound  by  his  acts  within 
that  authority  ;  the  alchiteot  can,  for  instance, 
employ  quantity  surveyors,  grant  certificates, 
order  extras  in  certain  circumstances,  and 
bind  his  employer  to  many  things  which  are 
within  his  implied  agency.  There  are  many 
men  in  the  profession  who  undertake  duties 
they  are  not  competent  to  carry  out ;  the 
alteration  or  restoration  of  an  ancient  build- 
ing, for  instance,  may  require  a  study  of  a 
particular  period  and  a  knowledge  of  detail, 
for  which  few  are  equal ;  it  is  a  work,  perhaps, 
outside  the  usual  practice.  In  such  a  case  it 
becomes  his  duty  to  inform  his  employer,  so 
that  he  may  take  the  responsibility  of  em- 
ploying him.  If  he  does  not  inform  his 
employer,  the  latter  assumes  that  he  is 
capable  of  carrying  out  the  work  skilfully. 
As  the  architect  has  to  bring  to  his  work  a 
certain  amount  of  skill,  and  failing  this 
renders  himself  liable  in  damages  to  his 
]  employer,  it  follows  that  he  is  not  called  upon 
to  yield  to  his  client's  opinion  in  matters  of 
design.  To  do  so  would  be  to  stultify  his 
position  and  authority.  Legally,  therefore, 
the  professional  adviser  has  a  clear  right  to 
act  with  authority  in  all  matters  pertaining 
to  his  profession.  But  in  a  profession  like 
architecture  the  legal  rights  of  authoritj- 
cannot  always  be  enforced,  and  herein  we  see 
that  there  is  another  code  of  a  more  or  less 
moral  kind  which  has  to  be  followed.  It  is 
not  like  other  professions — law  or  medicine, 
for  instance,  or  even  engineering,  in  which 
precision  and  scientific  accuracy  leave  little 
to  individual  opinion  and  preference ;  in 
these  nothing  depends  on  taste  or  personal 
liking — all  is  rigid  law  or  science.  But 
in  this,  opinion,  imagination,  and  taste 
exercise  a  great  influence.  'When  a  client 
consults  an  architect  about  a  house  or 
building,  he  tells  him  what  he  wants, 
the  kind  of  house,  the  number  of  rooms, 
the  cost  he  can  afford,  the  style  he 
should  like,  &c.  Much  depends  on  approval. 
The  client  likes  to  exercise  his  taste  ;  but 
when  a  man  goes  to  his  doctor  he  has  to  tell 
him  exactly  how  he  is ;  he  places  himself 
unroservediy  in  his  hands.  There  is  no 
question  of  approval,  the  patient  has  to 
submit  to  the  treatment  proscribed;  there 
is  no  liking  or  disliking  in  the  matter,  the 
medical  opinion  is  final  and  irrevocable.  So 
the  lawyer's  advice.  But  a  great  deal,  there- 
fore, in  the  architect's  work  is  a  matter  of 
opinion  and  taste  which  everybody  thinks 
he  has  a  right  to  assert.  Questions  of  art 
stand,  therefore,  on  a  different  basis  to  those 
of  more  exact  sjieuoe;  they  are  in  fact 
governed  largely  by  imagination,  by  the 
moral  and  losthetic  emotions  akin  to  music, 
poetry,  drama,  &c.  <  In  these  subjects,  and 
on  theological  and  political  questions, 
opinions  differ,  and  will  always  do  so.  So 
the  architect's  authority  is  not  so  absolute  or 
supreme  as  the  authority  of  a  doctor  or 
lawyer,  and  he  is  obliged  to  consider  the 
personal  factor,  the  life,  habits,  and  onviron- 
uionts,  the  tastes  and  fancies  of  his  clients. 
Those  all  have  a  tendency  to  soften  down  and 
minimise  the  authority  to  reduce  its  power. 
lOven  in  such  a  question  as  that  of  plan,  the 
most  skilled  in  the  profession  are  open  to 
correction  and  suggestion  from  thoso  who 
have  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  require- 
ments.    It  would  be  absurd  for  the  architoct 


to   shut  his  eyes  to   any    improvement    or 
modification    which    experience    may    offer. 
The  history  of  all  great  buildings  confirm  this 
statement.     Many    a    plan    of    a   house  or 
public  building  has  been  improved  by  such 
advice ;  a  suggestion  carelessly  thrown  out 
has  resulted  in  a  new  idea.     Plan  arrange- 
ment is  a  gift    not  exclusively  confined  to 
the  profession.     .Some  men  and  women,  too, 
are  born  clever  in  arrangements ;  it  is  a  sort 
of  artistic  gift  which  cannot  be  imparted  to 
anyone  who  has  no  faculty  for  inventiveness 
or  organisation.     Is  it  not  the  same  in  the 
realm  of  art  ?    No  professional  architect  can 
be  said  to  have  the  monopoly ;  it  belongs  to 
lay  as  well  as  professional  people.  In  fact,  there 
are  men  in  the  profession  who  have  no  feeling 
for  art.     Their    knowledge  of  it  is  derived 
from    learning    from    classes,     books,    and 
drawings,  but  thej'  have  no  inventive  capa- 
city whatever.     Here,   then,  the  gift  is  not 
confined  to  the  profession,  and  it  is  the  non- 
monopolist  pleasures  derived  from  the  arts 
that  give  to  them  their  greatest  influence  and 
charm.     On  this  point  we  may  refer  to  the 
very  excellent  remarks  addressed  by  Bishop 
Gore  on  the  occasion  of  the  distribution  of 
prizes  to  the  students    of   the  Birmingham 
Municipal  School  of  Art  a  few  days  ago.    He 
is  speaking  to  those  who  are  seeking  to  be- 
come craftsmen  and  artists   of  the  value  of 
something  individual  and  personal  that  God 
has  put  into  their  soul,     (iuoting  the  eighth 
canto  of  Dante's  "  Paradise,"  he  refers  to  a 
wonderful  passage  where  the  poet  traces,  with 
a  profound  sense  of  reality,  a  great  part  of 
the  confusion  and  unhappiness  of  life  to  the 
fact  that  men  will  not  pay  attention  to  what 
he  calls  the  foundation  which  Nature  lays^ 
"  Fomlamcnto  che  natura  pone."     So  he  says 
every  man  has  his  particular  gift  and  capa- 
city, but  we  ignore  it,  and  jmt  men  to  uses 
for  which  nature  did  not  intend  them.    Thus 
we  put  one  man  into  a  profession  or  trade 
who  would  be  more  fit  for  a  soldier,  and  the 
man  who  would  make  a  good  lawyer  is  made  an 
architect ;  and  so  confusion  comes  into  society. 
"  There  is  a  foundation  which  Nature  lays  in 
the  fundamental  constitution  of  every  man 
and  every  woman,  and  true  art  lies  in  giving 
expression  to  the  individal    capacity.'     He 
goes  on,  however,  to  point  out  there  is  need 
of  caution.     There  is  such  a  thing  as  indi- 
vidualism run  mad — such  a  thing  as  trying 
to  be  original  too  soon.    Individuality  should 
be  restricted  and  restrained,  that  it  may  be- 
come real  and  intense,  and  he  (juotes  Uegel  to 
the  effect  that  ■'  most  young  men  failed  through 
premature  originality,  because  they  would  not 
sufficiently  curb  themselves,   or  sutt'er  their 
originality   to  be   first   of  all  restrained  by 
sound  discipline  and  teaching."   These  obser- 
vations have  a  point  in  our  remarks.     Many 
a  professional  architect  has  no  capacity  for 
his  art  as  an  art,  and  therefore  is  content  to 
share  his  authority  in  matters  of  design  with 
others.     'When  a  man  is  not  strong  in  any 
particular  thing,  he  is  prone    to  give  way 
or  to  be  led   by    other   opinions.     Wo  find 
it  so  when  any  artistic  question  or  subject 
is  concerned,  as,  for  instance,  in  decorative 
work  generally.     The  architect  gives  himself 
away  to  his  oliont ;  he  feels  ho  is  not  strong 
enough  to  defend  a  given  view  or  opinion. 
Probably   tho    client   is  a  judge,  and  may 
know  when  a  design,  pattern,  or  colour  suits 
bettor  than  his  adviser,  in  which  case  there 
may  bo    no    groat    harm    done,    but    there 
is    misplaced   confidence.     The   architect  iu 
yielding  to   his  clients'  views  may  commit 
himself  and  his  client  to  the   criticism  and 
tuints  of  others.     How  often  this   is  so  in 
tho  selection  of  a  pattern  of  a  tile  pavement 
nr   -x  plaster    ceiling ;    how   frenuently   one 


sees  wallpapers  chosen  without  tho  slightest 
relation  to  tho  aspect  or  use  of  a  room,  and 
without  any  knowledge  of  harmony  of  colour 
or  toi'o.  In  the  exorcise  of  his  authority 
on  these  matters  something  more  than  au 
educated  taste  is  wanted  -a  capacity  for 
distinguishing  forms  and  colours.     Evea  tho 


400 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  IS,  1004. 


art  school   or   studio   cannot    fully    impart 
this  natural  gift. 

So  it  is  that  the  question  of  professional 
authority    in    the    case    of  the    architect  is 
beset    with    peculiar    difficulties   which    do 
not   disturb    or    compromise    the    engineer, 
lawyer,    or    medical  practitioner,   in   whose 
cases   a'Sthetics   and  the  personal  factor  of 
taste  do  not  enter.     "Whether  the  architect 
can  exercise  his  authority  in  such  a  manner 
as    to    completely    contravene    the    clients' 
intentions  will  depend  on  the  instructions. 
Here  is  an  instance.   A  gentleman  of  archreo- 
logical  tastes  purchased  an  old  house  of  an 
Early  Georgian  character  which  he  wished  to 
preserve.     He  desired  to  make  certain  interior 
alterations,  and  consulted  an  architect,  who 
prepared  the  plans.    When  these  were  finished 
and  submitted  to  the  client,  the  latter  could 
not     recognise     the    old    house — its     chief 
and   interesting    features    had   disappeared. 
The  architect,  probably  seeing  the  impossi- 
bility of  altering  the  old  building,  remodelled 
the  whole,  altering  the  elevation  so  completely 
that  the  character  of   the  old  was  lost  in  the 
new.     In  one  instance  of  a  similar  kind  a 
gentleman  went  to  an  architect  and  requested 
him  to  prepare  designs  for  the  alteration  and 
ledecoration  of  his  residence.     No  conditions 
were  imposed,   and  the  architect  had  carte 
hlanche.     The   old   house  was   in   a  sort  of 
vernacular  Classic  and   commonplace.     The 
architect  completely  changed  the  character  of 
the  interior  ;  the  old  windows  of  plate-glass, 
with  large  squares,  gave  place  to  the  "  Queen 
Anne "  window  of  small  panes,  and   thick 
white  bars ;    the    doors  and  joinery  inside 
were    all    made     to    agree    with   the    then 
prevalent  "craze :  new  cornices   of  the    17th- 
century     type    were     substituted     for     the 
"  modernised "      plasterer's     pattern,     the 
fireplaces  had  undergone  a  thorough  trans- 
formation.    Instead   of    the 'modern    grate, 
with  its  tile  panel  and  the  marble  chimney- 
piece,  the  deep  and  large  fireplace,  with  hob- 
grate  and  "  dogs,"  occupied  its  place.     The 
recesses  were   arched   over  with  side  seats, 
and  the  whole  room  presented  the  homely 
and  cosy  appearance  of  an  old  Dutch  interior. 
The  walls  were  painted  and  papered  with  dull 
greens  of  a  peacock  blue  shade.     "S\'^hen  the 
employer   returned   from  his   trip    he    was 
amazed  to  see  the  change,  horror-stricken  to 
find  his  spacious  rooms  so  changed  in  their 
character.     They    were    "modern"   before, 
and  were  bright  and  showy  :  now  they  were 
dull  and  quaint,  qualities  that  were  not  ad- 
mired by  his  family  and  friends.     Of  course, 
no  radical   alteration   could  be  made.     The 
client  had  to  accept  what  his  architect  had 
given  him  of  the  latest  style  of  house  con- 
struction.    The  architects  in  both  cases  were 
consulted  to  alter  and  restore  and  remodel ; 
they   had   to   exercise  their    judgment   and 
taste,  and  for  this  service  they  were  engaged. 
If  the  condition  laid  down  by  the  client  was 
that  the  character  of  the  old  house  or  decora- 
tion must  be  preserved,  the  architect  in  each 
case  exceeded  his  instructions,  and  could  be 
held    responsible,    or    his    designs    be    re- 
jected,   if    seen    before    approval ;     but    if 
the    instructions     were     not    explicit,     the 
architect    could     not    be    held    liable.     In 
the    latter     he    was     only    exercising    one 
function   of   his   vocation — certainly  a  very 
important  one — and    one   which   the   client 
thinks    his   own.     On  these   questions  the 
authority  of  the  profession   is  certainly  very 
often  uncertain  and  halting.     The  ordinary 
client  has  his  own  views  of  such  things,  and 
would  as  soon  almost  give  up  his  opinion  on 
politics  as   allow   his  architect  to  talk  him 
over  in  the  selection  of  furniture  and  wall- 
paper. 

•.^ 

SCHOOL-PLANNING. 

TO  trace  the  different  stages  of  a  certain 
class  of  building  is  instructive,  especially 
when  circumstances  have  so  modified  it  that 
its    prototype    is    not  readily   recognisable. 


Such  is  the  case  with  school-building,  which 
has    undergone  considerable  changes  corre- 
sponding with  the  growth  of  education.    Mr. 
J.  W.  Simpson,  F.E.I.B.A.,  inan  interesting 
paper  read  before  the  Architectural  Associa- 
tion last  week,  traced  the  problem  of  school- 
planning   from   the   earlier    "National"    or 
"  British  school,"    names   which   now   have 
only  an  historic  meaning.  From  these  earlier 
types  of  the  modern  school  the  elementary 
school  has  been  developed.     "We  have  to  go 
back  over  one  hundred   years    for  the  first 
buildings   of   this   class.     Both   the    schools 
founded  by   Dr.   Andrew    BeU,    called    the 
"National  Schools,"  and   those  established 
by  Mr.  Joseph  Lancaster  in  1798,  called  the 
' '  Ijancastrian  Schools,"  were  the  first  planned 
on  a  scientific  basis.     As  Mr.   Simpson  said, 
these  buildings  usually  consisted  of  one  wide 
oblong  room  for  a  large  number  of  scholars. 
^Vt  one  end  was  the  master's  desk  on  a  raised 
platform,   facing   which  transversely  to  the 
long  axis  of  the  room  were  the  long  desks  of 
the  scholars,  with  passages  on  each  side  of 
room  5ft.  or  so  wide.     The  floor  sloped  up 
from  the  master's  desk  to  the  other  end,  and 
the  school  was  divided  into  small  classes  as 
required.     The   system  of  teaching  adopted 
was  that  every   class  was   taught  by  other 
scholars  or  monitors  who  had  attained  greater 
proficiency.     The    monitors    used    the    side 
gangways  for  their  small  classes.    No  system 
of  lighting  or  ventilation  was  adopted  in  those 
early  schools,  the  windows  being  placed  at  the 
ends  and  on  one  side,  or  otherwise.    When  the 
"monitor"  sj'stem   gave  way  to  the  pupil- 
teacher  plan,  the  school-plan  was  modified  to 
adapt  itself  to  the  methods  of  teaching  of  Mr. 
David  Stow,  though  the   wide    schoolroom 
was  retained.     The  end  was   occupied  by  a 
galleiy,    inclined,    which    accommodated    a 
large  proportion  of  the  scholars,  and  was  used 
for  collective  lessons.      The  Sunday-school 
requirements  weie  considered  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  these  buildings.     At  this  stage  class- 
rooms began  to  be  used,  fitted  up  also  with 
galleries.     The  pupil  teachers,  drawn  from  a 
qualified  rank  of  scholars  who  had  undergone 
an  examination,  evolved  a  more  systematic 
plan  ;  the  pupils  were  split  up  into  classes 
separately  superintended  by  pupil  teachers  ; 
thus  gradually  the  one  common  schoolroom 
for  simultaneous  or  collective  teaching  began 
to  be  supeiseded  by  rooms  to  which  separate 
classrooms    were    attached   at   one   end,  the 
ultimate  effect  of  which  was  to  reduce  the 
size  and  width  of  schoolroom,  and  to  multiply 
classrooms  for  separate  teaching,  but  under 
a   general  control.      The   seating,   too,   was 
changed.     Instead  of  a  compact  mass  of  seats 
and  desks  transversely  placed,  these  were  put 
paiallel  to  one  long  side  of  the  room — the  better 
for  easier  supervision,  with  passages  between. 
The  seats  were  arranged  side  by  side  on  one 
side  of  room  which  gave  floor  area  for  the 
pupils  to  be  called  out  by  the  teacher  and 
grouped   round    him.     The    effect    of  these 
changes,  as  we  have  seen,  was  to  reduce  the 
width  of  schoolroom  from  about  2Sft.  or  so  to 
isft.,  cutting  off  thereby  10ft.   of  the  room 
crosswise,  with  classrooms  at  one  end  often 
closed  by  a  curtain  or  boarded  partition,  but 
under  the  supervision  of  the  master.     Thus 
the    form    of    the    main   building    became 
L -shaped,     the     master's     desk     being     at 
the  corner  of   the  two   piarts.     The  separa 
tion   of  the   boys  from 
became  the   rule  as   it 
hools  were   "  mixed,' 


the  girls  gradually 
is  now  ;  the  earlier 
as  being  the  least 
expensive  supervision.  The  Education  Act 
of  1870  led  to  the  next  and  last  change  m 
school-planning — namely,  that  of  the  school- 
board  system,  which  is  still  the  type  of 
arrangeriient.  It  is  needless  to  describe  this 
type  so  well  known  by  our  readers._  It  was 
based  on  the  Continental  schools,  in  which 
the  classroom  system  is  the  predominant 
feature,  as  the  logical  outcome  of  separate 
class  teaching.  The  Prussian  schools  were 
considered  the  most  efficient,  and  this  system 
was  generally  adopted  by  the  Board  under 


their    architect.     The    classroom    became   a 
little    school,    and    implied    a    well-trained 
teacher.      The     Continental     plan    was    the 
result   of  the  method   of   teaching   adopted, 
which  assumed  tb  at  more  progress  was  made  in 
separate    classes ;    but    this    idea   was   only 
partially  adopted  in  this  country,  where  the 
grouped  class   system   and  centre  assembly 
hall   are  provided.     Mr.  Simpson  referred  to 
the  trial  school  built  by  the  Board  at  Stepney, 
designed  by  the  late  Mr.  T.  Eoger  Smith, 
which  marks  a  departure  in  school-design. 
In  the  Prussian  model  there  was  no  hall  for 
collective  teaching  and  assembly,  which  has 
become  so  marked  a  feature  of  our  modern 
elementary  school.     In  the  competitive  plan 
designed    by    Professor     Eoger    Smith    the 
traditional   assembly  hall   or    large   school- 
room was  retained  with  classrooms  on  three 
sides — a  plan  commonly  adopted  in  the  later 
schools   of  the   London    School   Board.     So- 
that  the  Continental  type  of  plan  was  parlially 
followed,  and  the  centre  hall  and  classroom 
type  has  become  the  favoured  plan  since  the 
Act  of  1870.     This  type  of  school-plan  will  no 
doubt  be  further  developed  under  the  new 
Education  Act  of  ]  902.     The  author  of  the 
paper    gave    a    summary   of    the    principal 
parts  and  schedules,  to  which  we  have  before 
referred  in  these  pages.     Our  readers  will  do 
well  to   obtain   the   Act   and  the   Board  of 
Education  "  Rules  to  be    Observed  in  the 
Planning  of  Elementary  Schools,"  which  were 
summarised  in  these  pages.     Exception  has 
been  taken  to  some  of  the  rules,  as  the  re- 
requirements    of     left-hand     lighting ;     for 
demonstrations  on  the  blackboard  the  teacher 
would  have  to  work  back  to  the  light,  which 
is  certainly  rather  awkward.     But  the  rule 
has  been  framed  for  the  usual  lessons,  such 
as  arithmetic  and  writing,  which  are  better 
done  by  a  left-hand  light.      The   open-air 
sanitary  conveniences  are  certainly  dangerous 
to  pupils  in  cold  weather,  having  to  go  out 
of  a  waiTn  classroom  ;  and  the  rules  on  heat- 
ing and  ventilation  may  perhaps  be  better, 
but  we  doubt  the  advantages  of  the  plenum 
system  in  day-schools.     Reference  was  made 
to  the  subject  of  secondary  school-planning, 
which,  we  believe,  is  undergoing  considera- 
tion by  the  Board.     In  the  secondary  school, 
which   will   have   to  provide  instruction  on 
many  more  subjects,  greater  subdivision  by 
classrooms  will  be  necessary.     There  must, 
as  pointed   out,   be   a  museum  and  library. 
The  former  may  be  managed  by  the  scholars, 
and  the  specimens  supplied  by  them  ;   there 
must  be  a  laboratory  and  v.arious  rooms  for 
technical    subjects,  apparatus   for    physical 
science,  workshops,   a    gymnasium,   several 
small  classrooms  for  a  few  advanced  students, 
in     addition     to     other     requirements    and 
functions  of  a  social  and  recreative  kind,  such 
as  dancing,  singing,  concerts,  and  the  like. 
Economical   considerations   will   be  urgent. 
Municipal  and  local  authorities    will   have 
to  exercise  caution  in  expenditure  in  these 
new    schools,    and    it    is    pointed  out  that 
economy  may  be  sought  for  in  the  reduction 
of  cubic   contents,    such   as   the  heights  of 
school-hall  and  classrooms.     The  latter  are 
requiredjto  be  14ft.  or  loft,  in  height;  but 
this,    Mr.    Simpson    says,    "is    quite    un- 
necessary if  a  change  of  air  be  provided  for 
by  mechanical  means,"  and  bethinks  12ft., 
lift.,  or  10ft.  will  suffice.    We  do  not  agree : 
if    a    mechanical    system    of  ventilation   is 
adopted  as  a  necessary  safeguard  to  health 
in  a  room  of  reduced  height,  let  us  have  the 
higher  room,  and  save  the  cost  of  mechanical 
means.     The  windows  must  be  of  sufficient 
height  above  floor,   and  a  10ft.   room  would 
be  low  for  a  large  area.     Every  foot  saved  in 
height  of  course  is  desirable  in  buildings  of 
this   kind ;  but   we  consider   a  foot  or  two 
additional  height  in  a  room  for  educational 
purposes  of  more  value  hygienically  than  the 
cost  of  a  few  extra  cubic  feet,  especially  as 
extensions  have  to   be  borne  in  mind.     Sir 
John  Gorst's   opinion,   that  to  divide  edu- 
cation  into  three  departments — elementary, 


March  18,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


401 


secondary,  ami  technical — is  a  mistake,  and 
that  economy  would  be  attained  if  technical 
instruction,  now  often  wastod,  were  intro- 
duced in  both  the  elementary  and  secondary 
schools,  may  load  to  a  further  development 
in  school-planning,  without  elementary  and 
secondary  education  being  carried  on  in  the 
same  school.  .School-planning,  if  honestly 
studied,  ought  to  produce  artistic  design. 
Mr.  Simpson  is  right  when  he  says  there  is 
no  less  art  in  jjlanning  than  in  elevation, 
that  plan  does  not  reach  its  end  when  it  has 
disposed  of  the  requirements :  it  has  some- 
thing beyond  in  the  disposition  of  masses. 
Official  rules,  useful  as  they  are,  have  a 
tendency  to  become  stereotyed,  and  the  pro- 
fession will  have  in  these  now  developments 
of  school-planning  an  opportunity  of  show- 
ing their  skill  in  various  points,  in  trying  to 
produce  economical  arrangements  and  artistic 
buildings  worthy  of  our  educational  develop- 
ment. The  future  secondary  school  building 
presents  a  new  type  :  it  will  be  something 
more  complex  and  varied  than  the  elementary 
school- plan  that  has  hitherto  done  duty, 
though  it  need  not  be  more  elaborated  or 
costly  in  design  and  detail.  There  is  a  wide 
field  for  fresh  investigation.  The  architect 
must  not  be  content  to  consult  prucedents 
and  new  buildings,  however  good ;  he  must 
study  the  problem  with  the  new  light  afforded 
by  recent  inquiries,  and  by  the  aid  of  the 
rules  and  experience  of  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion. The  contlitions  of  the  problem  must  be 
constantly  kept  in  view; — these  involve  the 
requirements  of  the  new  Act,  the  system  of 
teaching,  the  many  adjuncts  which  a 
secondary  school  should  possess,  the  various 
technical  and  social  departments,  the  objects 
and  aims  of  educational  experts,  and  these 
will  afford  ample  scope  for  the  artist  in 
school-design.  These  efforts  will  in  time 
react  upon  the  code  of  rules,  and  save  our 
buildings  from  the  reproach  of  being  stereo- 
typed by  an  official  department  which  now 
so  often  destroys  the  life  of  the  buildings 
under  their  control. 


ROYAL   INSTITUTE   OF  BRITISH 
ARCHITECTS. 

THE  tenth  ordinary  meeting  for  the  present 
Beasion  of  the  Institute  was  held  on  Monday 
evening  at  9,  Conduit-street,  W.,  Mr.  Alfred 
Darbyshire,  F.S.A.,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair. 
Mr.  Alexander  Graham,  F.S.A.,  Hon.  Secretary, 
announced  the  decease  of  Mr.  Joseph  WiUiam 
Twist,  of  Bloemfontein,  Orange  River  Colony, 
Associate,  and  also  of  Dr.  Alexander  S.  Murray, 
Hon.  Associate  and  Member  of  Council.  In  well- 
turned  and  graceful  sentences  of  appreciation  Mr. 
Uraham  referred  to  the  high  literary  and  arch.-eo- 
logical  attainments,  the  long  and  distinguished 
career  at  the  British  Museum,  and  :he  willingly- 
rendered  services  of  their  greatly  -  esteemed 
colleague,  who  was  deeply  acquainted  with  all 
branches  of  Classic  archaeology  and  an  authority 
on  Greek  sculpture  ;  Dr.  Murray  was,  further- 
more, a  close  reasoner  and  a  thoughtful  observer, 
a  type_  of  scholar  which  was  diminishing  year  by 
year  in  numbers.  A  vote  of  condolence  with 
Mrs.  Murray  and  the  relatives  was  passed  in 
silence. 

PLASTIC    DECOUATIOX. 

A  lecture  on  this  subject  was  delivered  by  Mr. 
.Tons-  D.  CiiACi;,  Hon.  ^Vssociate.  It  was  very 
fully  illustrated  by  plaster  models  and  casts  lent 
by  Jlessrs.  George  .Jackson  and  Sons  and  by  the 
South  Kensington  Museum  authorities,  by  a  series 
of  large  mounted  photographs  lent  by  Mr.  li.  T. 
Batsford,  and  by  numerous  lantern-slides,  of 
which  five-and-twenty  had  been  placed  at  the  lec- 
turer's diapoail  by  the  A..V.  Camera  Club.  Having 
alhidcd  to  the  prehistoric  use  of  cement  and  plaster 
as  a.  uniting  substance  and  a  protective  surface 
material,  the  author  gave  reasons  for  his  inference 
that  stucco  was  used  decorativoly  in  an  early 
period  of  Greek  history.  Among  the  many 
wonderiul  revelations  of  Mr.  Arthur  Evans's 
explorations  in  Crete  are  the  stucco  decorations 
in  relief  of  the  walls  of  the  Palace  of  Knossos 
which  was  destroyed  before  I'lOO  ii  ( .  lieautiful 
specimens  of  decorative  stuccowork  have  been 
unearthed  in    excavating    the   ancient    sites   of 


Rome  and  the  surrounding  coun'iy.  The  author 
referred  to  those  at  the  Baths  of  Titus  discovered 
ia  the  sixteenth  century,  to  those  at  llerculaneum 
and  Pompeii,  and  to  the  decoration  of  two 
sepulchral  chambers  discovered  on  the  Vii  Latina 
dating  about  a.d.  160.  In  the  Farnesina  grounds 
remains  of  buildings  hive  been  unearthed  with 
stucco  reliefs  unsurpassable  for  elegance  and 
refinement  of  execution.  Dne  great  value  of 
these  works  is  the  lesson  they  teich  in  the  adjust- 
ment of  the  actual  treatment  in  execution  to  the 
nature  of  the  material.  The  whole  surface 
speaks  aloud  of  the  ready  and  dexterous  u!e  of 
fingers  and  tools  on  a  light  plastic  material.  One 
.ilmost  imagines  the  stucco  yet  moist,  still  im- 
pressible to  the  touch.  It  is  as  if  some  fairy 
goddtss  had  found  it  soft  and  lightly  fingered 
it.  There  is  a  sense  of  evanescence  about  it, 
whilst  the  charm  of  perfect  attainment  remains. 

ARAllIC    AN'D    MORESQI'E    I'LASTERWOIIK. 

The  author  then  turned  to  a  beautiful  but  very 
different  growth  of  plaster  decoration  developed 
under  the  Mohammedan  conquerors,  describing 
the  decorations  of  the  great  ninth  century  Mosque 
of  Ibu  Tooloon  at  Cairo.  In  the  Arabic  art  of 
Egypt  plaster  continued  to  be  used  as  an  impor- 
tant factor  in  decoration  during  the  next  five 
centuries.  The  ornamentation  of  the  domes  and 
the  use  of  a  fine  stucco  in  low-relief  ornament, 
as  a  preparation  for  gilding  and  colour  on  the 
wooden  beams  of  its  flat  roofs,  are  specially  note- 
worthy. The  palace  of  the  Alhambra  is  the  very 
apotheosis  of  plaster — of  plaster  casting  carried 
perhaps  to  an  excess  of  richness  and  elaboration, 
but  never  losing  its  true  quality  of  ornament 
designed  purposely  for  casting.  The  beautiful 
effects  of  a  mere  repeat  casting,  the  author 
thought,  were  attained  because  (1)  the  designers 
thoroughly  understood  grace  of  line  and  how  to 
fill  their  spaces  ;  (2)  they  never  lost  sight  of  the 
fact  that  the  work  was  to  be  cast ;  (3)  most  im- 
portant of  all,  the  repetition  did  not  include  the 
representation  of  natural  objects,  for  it  is  where 
representations  of  nature  are  concerned  that 
repetition  is  offensive. 

ITALIAN    AItT    IN    PLASTER. 

In  European  art  during  Mediaeval  times  we  get 
little  glimpse  of  the  decorative  use  of  stucco  until 
the  loth  century.  An  original  and  striking 
example  is  to  be  seen  in  the  drum  of  the  dome  of 
San  Eustorgio  at  Milan,  the  work  of  Michelozzo 
Michelozzi,  of  Florence,  said  to  have  been  exe- 
cuted in  1462.  In  the  second  half  of  the  loth 
century  Bernardino  Pinturicchio  was  making 
considerable  use  of  the  low-relief  enrichments, 
not  only  for  the  mouldings  with  which  he  divided 
the  surfaces  he  had  to  decorate,  but  as  ornamental 
features  within  the  paintings  themselves.  A  few 
years  after  Bramante  was  at  work  on  St.  Peter's. 
His  investigations,  says  Vasari,  resulted  in  the 
discovery  of  the  method  of  preparing  stucco  em- 
ployed by  the  ancients,  the  secret  of  which  had  been 
lost  in  their  ruin,  and  remained  concealed  over 
since.  Vasari  relates  how  Raffaelle  and  Giovanni 
da  Udine  went  together  to  see  some  subterranean 
chambers  then  just  discovered  in  excavating 
the  Bdths  of  Titus.  Giovanni  was  so  much 
impressed  by  the  stucco  decorations  with 
which  they  were  covered  that  he  devoted 
himself  to  their  study,  and  reproduced  them  with 
so  much  grace  and  facility  that  there  was  only 
now  wanting  to  him  the  knowledge  "now  to  com- 
pound the  stucco.  At  length,  by  compounding 
finely-powdered  white  marble  with  the  lime  from 
white  travertine,  he  succeeded  in  producing  the 
stucco  of  the  ancients.  Raffaelle  at  once  caused 
Giovanni  to  decorate  all  the  vaultings  of  the  Papal 
Loggie  in  stucco.  Pierino  del  Vaga,  another  of 
that  wonderful  band  of  young  artists  in  the 
Vatican,  stands  pre-eminent  as  an  ornamentist 
and  as  a  decorative  colourist ;  his  stucco-work 
has  a  quality  of  fine  decorative  appropriateness, 
both  in  design  and  scale,  that  has  been  surpassed 
by  none.  Of  his  bolder  conceptions  the  great 
ceiling  of  the  8ula  Regia  is  a  fine  example. 
Alessandro  Vittoria  was  one  of  the  best-known 
stucco -workers  in  the  Utter  half  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  His  work  under  Sansovino  at  Venice, 
in  the  Libreria,  and  in  thi  Scala  d'Oro  of  the 
Ducal  Palace  are  characteristic  examples  of  his 
stylo. 

IRENCII    ART. 

Francis  I.  attracted  to  France  some  of  the 
most  capable  of  the  Italian  artists  skilled  in 
stucco.  Primaticcio  and  11  Rosso  came  about 
15.30,  and  their  wondorful  stucco  decorations  at 
Fontainebleau  long  inlluonced  French  design  and 


French  sculpture.  N'iccolo  dell  Abbate  followed 
twenty  years  later,  and  then  hi^  three  sons,  the 
youngest  becoming  after  a  time  the  director  or 
manager  of  these  decorative  works.  Their  work 
is  a  fine  field  for  the  study  of  what  may  be  done 
in  stucco,  and  it  was  the  parent  of  the  rich 
decorations  of  f.i0uis  XIV. 's  reign,  which,  in 
their  turn,  became  the  model  for  civilised  Europe. 

EXGLISn    I'LASTER    WORK. 

Henry  VfTI.  was  also  very  successful  in 
securing  the  services  of  able  artists  in  England, 
many  of  them  pupils  or  relations  of  those  who 
were  at  work  on  the  m.a8terpitce.s  of  the  ^'atican. 
Pietro  Torrigiano,  who  was  among  the  earliest, 
completed  the  bronze  monument  of  Henry  V  J  I.  in 
1.519.  It  was  to  the  Palace  of  Xonsuch  that  the 
new  stream  of  talent  was  directed  ;  although  not  a 
vestige  of  it  now  remains,  the  names  of  some  of 
the  mpn  who  adorned  it  are  a  guarantee  that  the 
work  was  neither  coarse  nor  commonplace.  As 
to  the  question  lately  raised  about  the  external 
panels  of  Nonsuch  being  in  stucco,  the  author 
said  there  was  not  the  smallest  doubt  on  the  sub- 
ject. There  were  plenty  of  examples  done  more 
roughly  within  the  next  seventy  or  eighty  ytars 
which  remain  to  this  day,  in  Fpite  of  exposure 
and  neglect. 

EXTERNAL   DECORATIVE  WORK 

in  plaster  continued  to  be  a  feature  of  many 
English  houses  down  to  the  end  of  the  17th 
century.  But  the  interior  was  the  more  import- 
ant field,  and  from  the  time  of  Nonsuch  for  a 
century  no  house  of  any  pretence  was  without  its 
elaborate  plaster  ceiling  and  frieze.  Admirable  in 
many  ways  as  these  old  English  ceilings  are,  ftw  of 
the  men  who  did  them  had  either  the  art  or  the  skill 
of  the  Italians,  who  made  ornamental  plaster- 
work  popular.  The  latter  endeavoured  to  make 
their  work  perfect  in  modelling  and  finish.  Each 
figure  was  a  work  of  art.  In  the  English  plaster- 
work,  however,  scarcely  a  figure  can  he  found 
that  is  not  more  or  less  barbaric  in  execution,  and 
the  minor  work,  effective  as  it  is,  is  often  greatly 
wanting  in  grace  of  line  and  in  intelligent 
modelling. 

THE    CL.ISSIC  KEVIVAL. 

The  next  step  in  English  plaster-work  leads 
straight  to  the  Classic  work  of  Jones  and  Wren. 
The  gap  caused  by  the  Civil  War  made  the 
change  more  complete.  BuOding  operations 
after  the  Cireat  Fire  opened  the  way  to  new  men 
and  methods.  French  and  Italian  plaster- 
workers  were  again  invited  to  EngLand  in 
Charles  II. "s  reign.  Besides  the  work  in  St. 
Paul's,  St.  Stephen's  Walbrook,  and  other  City 
churches,  the  chapel  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
may  be  cited  as  a  good  typical  specimen  of 
plaster  ornamentation.  A  feature  of  some  of 
the  plaster  decoration  of  the  end  of  the  seventeenth 
century  is  the  elaborate  modelling  of  fruit, 
flowers,  and  foliage  in  full  relief,  often  in  parts 
quite  detached  from  the  grounds,  and  either  sup- 
ported by  wires  imbedded  in  the  plaster  or  by 
small  sticks  of  tough  wood.  This  work,  fuU  as  it 
is  of  artistic  ingenuity  and  clever  modelling,  was 
by  that  very  ingenuity  departing  from  any  true 
principles  of  stucco-work,  and  therefore  hastening 
the  decay  of  the  art.  A  notable  example  is  the 
ceiling  of  the  chapel  of  the  Royal  Hospital,  Kil- 
mainham.  The  next  modification  of  style  was 
largely  due  to  Kent.  In  his  designs  the  plaster 
ornamentation  is  mainly  used  as  architectural 
enrichment,  bold  in  treatment — sometimes  too 
bold  for  the  space,  but  effective  in  its  way. 
Following  closely  on  Kent's  work  came  a  flood  of 
plaster  ornament  derived  from  the  French  work 
of  the  time  of  Eouis  XV.  This  was  sometimes 
very  good — often  straggling  and  purposeless,  yet 
not  without  a  certain  elegance.  The  best  of  it 
was  at  least  partly  modelled,  but  the  greater  part 
was  cast  and  fixed.  With  this  style  stucco 
modelling  practically  cama  to  an  end.  All  that 
followed  was  cast  and  fi.xed.  The  change  of  stylo 
brought  about  by  the  brothers  Adam  was  due 
to  the  same  influence  which  has  produced 
the  detail  of  the  Vaticjin  Loggie  and  the  Villa 
Madama — namely,  that  of  the  antique  stiicchi  in 
the  excavated  ruins  in  Rome.  The  dilVcrence  in 
the  result  may  bo  thus  accounted  for.  Giovanni 
da  rdino  studied  '.hem,  as  an  artist,  by  endeavour- 
ing to  produce  similar  work  with  his  own  hands. 
Robert  Adam,  as  a  draughtsman,  copied  them  on 
paper,  as  did  probably  the  Frenchmen  through 
wliom  France  adopted  the  style.  It  was  un- 
doubtedly elegant,  and  the  ettect  reUned;  and, 
since  the  method  of  reproduction  was  mechani- 
cal, it  lent  itself  to  extensive  use. 


402 


THE    BTJILDING    NEWS. 


March  18,  1904. 


MUCH    GOOD    PLASTER   WOKK 

has  teen  done  in  the  last  half  of  the  19th  century 
— always  in  the  form  of  attempts,  sometimes  very 
successful,  to  reproduce  a  past  style,  and  by  cast- 
ing. "Fibrous  plaster,"  introduced  tince  18()1, 
is  a  valuable  innovation,  and  presents  immense 
advantages.  It  does  away  with  the  danger  of 
enormous  overhead  weight,  and  requires  so  much 
the  less  timber  structure  to  carry  it ;  it  can  be 
executed  quickly,  and  it  dries  quickly.  The 
facility  of  plaster  work  is  at  once  its  recommenda- 
tion and  its  danger.  It  is,  perhaps,  well  to  be 
sometimes  reminded  that  the  simplest  materials 
have  not  been  scorned  by  the  greatest  men,  and 
that  the  finished  result  of  any  art  pleases  not 
only  by  the  talent  bestowed  on  it,  but  by  the  fit- 
ness of  the  limitations  which  the  artist  has 
imposed  on  himself. 

Mr.  R.  Phene  Spieks,  F.S.A.,  proposed  a  vote 
of  thanks  to  Mr.  Crace,  and  expressed  his  con- 
currence in  the  lecturer's  condemnation  of  the 
imitation  in  modern  plaster  work  of  the  wavy 
surfaces  and  crooked  lines  found  in  old  examples, 
and  due  in  them  to  indifferent  technical  skill. 
He  held  that  all  plaster  decoration  should  be 
executed  on  curved  surfaces,  as  not  only  was  a 
perfectly  flat  surface  less  pleasing  to  the  eye,  but 
it  gave  the  appearance  of  sagging. 

Mr.  G.  H.  Fellowes  Prynne,  in  seconding  the 
motion,  remarked  that  stucco  was  not  satisfactory 
or  permanent  as  external  work  in  this  damp  and 
variable  climate.  Plaster  decoration  should  only 
be  employed  under  cover,  and  then  in  low  reliefs 
on  plane  surfaces.  For  such  mural  decoration  in 
low  relief  there  was  now  a  very  large  opening. 

Mr.  W.  AvMOxiEii  observed  that  the  harmonious 
effect  of  IHth-century  plaster  was  due  to  the  fact 
that  both  the  mouldings  and  the  modelling  were 
entirely  handwork,  whereas  in  most  of  the  present 
day  decoration  all  the  mouldings  and  outlines 
were  rigid  and  mechanically  produced,  and  even 
much  of  the  modelling  was  executed  in  facsimile. 

In  replying  to  the  vote  of  thanks,  which  was 
carried  by  acclamation,  Mr.  Chace  said  he  agreed 
with  Mr.  Spiers  that  very  low  relief  decoration 
appeared  to  greatest  effect  on  a  curved  surface  ; 
but  for  all  that  the  artistic  merit  of  a  subject  did 
not  depend  upon  the  angle  at  which  it  was  seen. 


THE  8T0EY  tiF  CANTERBURY 
CATHEDRAL. 

AT  Carpenters'  Hall,  last  (Thursday)  evening, 
Professor  R.  Elsey  Smith,  A.R.I.B.A., 
delivered  a  lecture  on  "Canterbury  Cathedral," 
illustrated  by  numerous  lantern  slides.  The  Dean 
of  Canterbury,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Wace,  occupied  the 
chair,  and  there  was  a  crowded  audience.  The 
lecturer  explained  that  the  paper  had  to  some 
been  entirely  prejwred  by  his  late  father.  Professor 
T.  Roger  Smith,  F. R. I. B.A.,  who,  unfortunately, 
died  just  before  the  date  at  which  it  was  to  have 
been  delivered  last  year.  Canterbury  (he  pro- 
ceeded) is  intimately  associated  with  several 
historical  events  of  no  small  importance,  and  was 
the  scene  of  one  of  the  foulest  crimes  that  have 
disgraced  our  past.  It  has  sufficient  peculiarities 
of  plan  and  structure  to  make  it  a  very  interesting 
object  to  the  student  of  architecture,  and  so  much 
magnificence  and  beauty  as  to  captivate  those  in 
whose  view  it  is  only  an  object  of  admiration 
as  a  great  work  of  art  or  of  respect  as  a 
venerable  pile.  Lastly,  both  the  historical 
and  the  architectural  side  of  Canterbury 
have  been  studied  and  analysed  by  two  of 
the  brightest  and  keenest  intellects  cf  the 
last  century.  Dean  Stanley's  "  Memorials  "  and 
Professor  Willis's  "  Architectural  History  of 
Canterbury  Abbey,"  form,  between  them,  a  mine 
of  valuable  matter.  Showing  first  a  view  of 
Prior  Goldstone's  Gatehouse,  and  then  one  of  the 
Minster  as  seen  from  just  within  the  precincts 
from  the  south-west,  Professor  Elsey  Smith 
pointed  out  that  all  in  sight — the  central  or  Bell 
Harry  tower,  the  smaller  western  ones,  with  the 
intervening  nave  and  south  porch — were  of  the 
Perpendicular  or  rather  Early  Tudor  period,  and 
in  a  style  peculiarly  English.  The  central  tower, 
like  that  of  Gloucester,  is,  he  observed,  a  marvel 
of  dignity  and  fair  proportion.  The  sense  of 
height  and  the  upward  tendency  given  to  it  by 
many  vertical  lines  crowned  by  pinnacles ;  the 
air  of  strength  due  to  shady  recesses ;  and  the 
brightness  due  to  the  large  amount  of  window- 
space  and  tracery  form  a  combination  of  much 
beauty.  The  great  idea  of  a  pair  of  lofty  windows 
in  the  belfry  stage  and  another  pair  slightly 
different   is  very  simple.     The   working  out  is 


both  rich  and  complicated,  and  the  skyline  of  the 
tower  extremely  happy.  The  western  towers — 
one  of  which,  by  the  way,  is  modem — are 
designed  on  very  different  lines,  being  sur- 
rounded by  a  multitude  of  buttresses  having  great 
projections  at  the  face,  so  as  to  fornr  a  pyramidal 
mass  from  every  point  of  view.  Two  generations 
separate  the  nearer  or  south-western  tower  from 
the  central  one.  The  western  entrance  and  south 
porch  partake  of  the  unfortunate  English 
modesty,  and  are  not  sufficiently  conspicuous. 
Walking  further  round  toward^  the  east  we  still 
find  ourselves  face  to  face  with  the  architectural 
peculiarities  and  archa-ological  problems  of 
Canterbury.  The  Perpendicular  work  hitherto 
seen  is  fine  and  noble, but  not  exceptional.  Canter- 
bury is  marked  by  the  peculiar  form  of  Xorman 
architecture  which  part  of  the  building  displays 
— that  part  which  dates  from  soon  after  the 
Conquest,  and  is  also  marked  by  the  French 
pecnliarity  of  plan — a  chevet  or  eastern  apse  sur- 
rounded by  small  chapels.  Further,  its  treatment, 
by  which  I  mean  its  columns,  windows,  carving, 
&c.,  of  a  rather  later  date,  is  essentially  French, 
and  not  English  ; — this  is  due  to  a  French  archi- 
tect having  been  employed.  Lastly  there  is  an 
entirely  original  and  unusual  development  of  plan 
at  the  east  end,  which  will  arrest  our  attention 
foralittle.  Xote  the  four  points  :  (1)  Exceptional 
Early  Korman  work,  (2)  the  French  plan  of  the 
east  end,  (3)  French  treatment,  and  (4)  a  quite 
exceptional  choir.  When  moving  eastwards,  we 
pass  the  great  transept ;  we  soon  come  to  far  older 
work  in  the  secondary  transept  and  the  adjoining 
building.  This  is  part  of  Ernulph's  work,  and 
dates  from  within  about  40  years  of  the  Norman 
Conquest,  and  is  worth  examination.  The  com- 
position of  the  gable  wall  is  formal  and  dignified  ; 
the  windows  are  wide,  round-headed,  and  almoit 
devoid  of  mouldings.  An  extremely  well- 
designed  fquare  staircase  tower  flanks  this 
transept,  perfectly  plain  below ;  its  upper  part 
is  very  rich.  Four  stories  of  arcaded  work,  each 
story  different  to  all  the  others,  crown  it  and  the 
pyramidal  roof,  though,  being  of  wood  covered 
with  lead,  it  has  probably  been  reconstructed 
more  than  once^is  doubtless  of  the  same  shape  as 
the  original.  This  piece  of  work,  with  its  range 
of  small  ornamental  arcades  near  the  ground, 
repeated  in  the  lowest  story  of  the  four  at  the 
summit  of  the  staircase  tower,  is  not  like  ordinary 
English  Norman  work,  but'  reproduces  more 
nearly  what  was  being  buUt  in  Normandy  at  the 
time  ;  it  is  part  of  the  work  of  Emulpy.  As  time 
went  on  the  styles  diverged,  and  Anglo-Norman 
came  to  differ  from  French  Norman  widely.  We 
move  a  little  further  to  the  east  and  come  to 
other  work  of  early  date,  and  perplexing  at  first 
sight  in  its  lines.  It  will  be  easier  understood 
after  we  have  examined  the  plan  of  the  building. 
At  present  I  will  only  point  out  that  there  is 
work  of  two  different  periods  there,  and  that 
while  the  Norman  part  has  arches  that  are  semi- 
circular and  very  plain,  and  is  enriched  by 
exquisite  intersecting  ornamental  arcades,  that  of 
later  date  has  windows  with  bluntly-pointed 
heads,  more  richly  moulded,  and  no  arcades. 
Having  sketched  the  history  of  the  cathedral  from 
its  foundation  to  the  murder  of  Thomas  a  Beckett, 
which  latter  event  was  described  as  more  profitable 
to  the  monks  and  clergy  than  would  have  been  the 
discovery  of  a  gold  mine  in  the  cloister,  Professor 
Elsey  Smith  referred  to  the  destruction  by  fire  of 
Conrad's  glorious  choir  in  1 1 74 — four  years  after 
the  Archbishop's  assassination,  and  to  the  calling 
in  of  a  Norman  architect.  William  of  Sens 
found  his  new  clients  convinced  that  the  damage 
done  by  the  fire  was  not  irreparable  ;  that  columns, 
though  cracked  and  split,  could  perhaps  be  made 
to  do  again  ;  and  that  the  same  thing  was  true  of 
the  walls.  Like  a  judicious  architect  he  set  him- 
self to  acquire  the  confidence  of  his  clients,  and 
this  was  partly  done  by  the  energetic  and  business- 
like way  in  which  he  arranged  to  import  stone 
and  other  heavy  materials  by  water.  Of  course 
in  those  days  there  were  no  building  contractors. 
He  made  very  careful  surveys  of  the  ruins — to 
use  the  language  of  Gervaix — "  And  when  he 
found  that  the  monks  began  to  be  somewhat 
comforted  he  ventured  to  suggest  that  the  columns 
rent  by  the  fire  and  all  that  they  supported  must 
be  destroyed  if  the  monks  wished  to  have  a  safe  and 
excellent  building.  At  length  they  agreed,  being 
convinced  of  reason.  Thus  they  consented, 
patiently,  if  not  willingly,  to  the  destruction  of 
the  choir."  The  new  columns  were  carried  up 
12ft.  higher  than  the  old  ones  had  been  and  thus 
necessarily  the  whole  building,  east  of  the  transept, 
was  made  far  loftier  in  its  proportions  than  before. 


The  plan  of  the  choir  as  we  have  it  at  the'present 
day  was  no  doubt  settled  by  William  of  Sens.  It 
presents  the  peculiarity  that  the  lines  of  the 
columns  separating  the  nave  from  the  aisles  were 
sloped  inwards  for  two  bays  starting  at  the  ninth 
column,  and  there  was  added  eastwards  a  beautiful 
and  comparatively  narrow  centre,  which  is  known 
as  Trinity  Chapel,  and  has  double  columns  and  other 
refinements,  with  a  wide  aisle  running  round  it. 
This  was  intended  to  receive  Becket's  shrine. 
The  slope  is  made  to  fit  in  tolerably  well  between 
the  side  walls  of  St.  Andrew's  and  St.  Anselm's 
towers,  but  it  produces  a  singular  and  not  alto- 
gether pleasing  effect  both  inside  and  out.  Lastly 
a  charming  circular  chapel,  known  as  the  Corona, 
WIS  erected  last  of  everything.  I  show  two 
ground  plans,  one  representing  the  choir  of 
Conrad  as  it  was  before  the  fire,  and  the  other  the 
various  alterations'  made  in  the  plan  during  the 
rebuilding.  I  ought  perhaps  to  add  that  columns 
had  existed  in  the  old  arcade  opposite  the  entrance 
to  the  two  eastern  transepts,  and  these  were 
omitted  in  the  rebuilding.  Unluckily,  just  when 
the  work  had  proceeded  as  far  eastwards  as  the 
narrowing  to  which  I  have  just  referred,  the 
architect,  William,  fell  from  a  great  height  and 
was  very  much  injured.  This  occurred  about 
four  years  after  the  fire.  His  injuries  proved  so 
serious  that  he  was  compelled  to  return  to  France. 
And  another  succeeded  him  in  the  charge  of  the 
works,  "William  by  name,  English  by  nation, 
small  in  body,  but  in  workmanship  of  many  kinds, 
acute  and  honest."  He  completed  what  William 
of  Sens  had  designed  and  begun,  and  the  differ- 
ences between  the  work  of  the  two  are  not  great. 
English  William,  however,  showed,  if  possible,  a 
more  refined  taste,  and,  as  example,  the  carving 
of  the  capitals  of  his  columns  is  of  the  most 
beautiful  description.  The  arcade,  which  was 
raised  upon  the  columns  we  have  referred  to,  had, 
for  the  most  pirt,  pointed  arches,  and  there  is  a 
very  curious  mixture  of  pointed  and  semicircular 
arches  over  the  smaller  openings.  The  whole  is 
surmounted  by  a  groined  vault,  and  when  that 
vault  was  decorated  in  colour  the  effect 
must  have  been  very  fine.  At  present  it  appears 
to  be  wanting  some  such  decoration.  I  ought  to 
add  that  the  floor  of  Trinity  Chapel  is  raised  high 
above  the  already  very  lofty  floor  of  the  rest  of 
the  choir.  There  is  a  crypt  under  the  whole  of 
the  church  east  of  the  transept,  and  that  part  of 
it  which  is  under  Trinity  Chapel  is  very  elegant, 
much  of  the  rest  being  more  curious  than  beau- 
tiful. The  further  history  of  the  church  may  be 
dismissed  in  a  few  words.  The  golden  stream 
continued  to  flow  in,  and  in  1378  Prior  Chillenden 
pulled  down  the  nave  and  transepts  and  west 
front  and  rebuilt  them  in  the  Early  Perpen- 
dicular style.  This  work  appears  to  have 
been  completed  about  the  year  1410,  and  in 
design  it  in  many  respects  resembles  the  con- 
temporary work  which  was  being  carried  on  in  the 
nave  of  Gloucester  Cathedral  at  the  time.  About 
80  or  85  years  later  the  magnificent  central  tower 
was  carried  up  by  Prior  Goldstone,  as  we  now  see 
it.  I  have  already  described  this  tower,  to  which 
the  name  of  "  Bell  Harry  Tower"  is  given,  re- 
ferring to  a  small  bell  hung  there.  Only  two 
other  changes  deserve  to  be  mentioned.  The  first 
is  a  singular  one  ;  Prior  Chillenden  in  rebuilding 
the  west  front  had  left  part  of  a  Norman  tower 
standing  ;  in  1835  this  was  taken  down  and  the 
present  north-west  tower  erected.  The  other  was 
the  construction  of  a  heavy,  exceedingly  ugly  top  to 
the  Corona,  which  it  would  be  a  chanty  to  remove. 
We  have  the  plan  of  this  cathedral  at  the  date  of 
the  reconsecration  of  the  new  choir  before  us,  and 
I  will,  with  your  permission,  give  a  brief  technical 
description  of  it : — A  western  front  with  two 
towers  and  an  entrance,  a  nave  and  aisles  of  nine 
bays.  A  south  porch,  central  tower,  and  short 
transepts  without  aisles,  but  with  two  apsidal 
chapels  in  each.  A  cloister  on  the  north  side, 
from  which  access  is  gained  to  the  north  transept. 
East  of  the  crossing  a  very  long  choir  with  aisles 
nine  bays  long,  and  terminating  in  a  semi- 
circular apse.  About  half-  way  down  a  second 
transept  is  formed  by  the  erection  of  two  square 
structures,  each  with  two  small  eastern  apsidal 
chapels.  These  are  carried  up  high,  and  form 
towers,  each  having  its  staircase  turret  and 
high  roof.  Three  side-chapels  —  one  central 
one,  and  one  on  each  flank — are  also  provided. 
They  are  not  grouped  together  as  was  the  French 
plan,  but  are  detached  from  one  another.  Fach 
is  rectangular,  and  has  an  apsidal  chapel  pro- 
jecting eastwards.  It  must  not  be  forgotten  that 
all  this  eastern  limb  was,  so  to  speak,  of  two 
stories,  the  crypt  being  as  extensive  as  the  super- 


March  18,  1904, 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


403 


sfrucf ure  and  uniisuRlly  lofty,  eo  that  the  floor  of 
the  choir  was,  and  is,  unusually  high  above  that 
of  the  nave,   and  is  reached  up   long   flights  of 
steps.     This  circumstance  gave,  and  still  gives,  to 
the  interior  an  effect  that  ia  peculiarly  impressive, 
and  unlike  any  other  English  cathedral.     I  have 
said   that   these   buildings   were   very  extensive, 
but  could  we  see  them  now  we  should,  I  think, 
be    struck     by    a     general     sense     of     lown«ss, 
as    it     can     be    shown     that     much     of     them 
was    much    less   lofty    than   what   we  now   see. 
I  will  now  show  you  a  large  number  of  photo- 
graphs.    The  greater  part  of  them  are  a  new  series 
taken  by  Messrs.  Bolas  of  the  various  parts  of  the 
building  wh'ch  I  liave  attempted  to  describe,  and 
for  others  I  am  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  E. 
W.  Uarvey  Piper.     First  we  have  old  representa- 
tions of  15th-centur}'  Canterbury  pilgrims  from  a 
manuscript,     and     following     them     Stothard's 
beautiful  group.     This   is  one  of    the  examples 
where  a  mediocre  artist  has  been  inspired  by  his 
subject  into  doing  a  really  fine  thing.     A  copy  of 
this  print  hung  in  the  study  of  Sir  SValter  Scott, 
at  Abbotsford,  and   another  in    that   of    James 
Montgomery,    poet     and     hymn    writer.     Now 
examine  the  presbytery,  beginning  with  the  crypt. 
The  western  part,  Enulph's  work,  has  low  semi- 
circular arches  and  ornaments  executed  with  the 
axe,  many   of   them    grotesque.     As    we    move 
further  east  to  the  work  of  the  two  Williams,  a 
great  increase  in  refineaisnt    is   noticeable,  and 
when  we  reach  the  part  under  Trinity  Chapel  and 
Becket's  Crown,  we  are  startled  by  the  compara- 
tive height  and  great  elegance  of  the  treatment. 
Among  the  interesting  features  are  the  double 
columns  of  Trinity  Chapel,  with  their  exquisitely- 
carved  capitals  and  the  adroit  mixture  of  marble 
shafts,  pointed  and  semicircular  arches,  and  the 
general  beavity  and  variety  of  the  ccmposition.    I 
will  next  direct  your  attention  to  such  tombs  and 
pieces  of  screen-work  as  remain.    By  far  the  most 
Taluable  of  these   is  the    tomb    of  Edward    the 
Black  Prince,   with    its    canopy.     It   has  but  a 
gloomy  appearance  :    but  it  is  by  far  the  most 
interesting  of  the  f e  w  relics.    Were  the  choir  stalls 
better,  this  would  be  the  proper  place  to  introduce 
a  notice  of  them  :  but  I  have  no  photograph  to 
show  you.     Next  in  order  would  como  the  nave 
as    rebuilt  :    but    we   have   already   noticed   the 
exterior,  and  I  desire  to  postpone  the  interior  to 
the  last,  so  I  will  take  you  to  the  cloister,  which 
was  rebuilt  a  little  later.     It  occupies  the  same 
position  as  the  one  shown  on  the  12th-century 
plan— namely,  north  instead  of  south  of  the  nave. 
It  is  richly  groined  in  stone,  much  of  the  work 
being  of    most    exquisite    character   and   repre- 
senting that   phase  of   Decorated  vaulting  when 
it  was  passing  into  fan  vault'ng,  and  the  tracery, 
with  which  the  openings  which  look  on  to  the 
garth    are   filled,  is   a   very   good    specimen   of 
Perpendicular  tracery.     On  the   south  side  will 
be  found  an  old  Norman  doorway  with  very  flat 
enriched   mouldings,  possibly  a   remnant  of  the 
work  of  Lanfranc  himself.     The  monastic  build- 
ings have  been  pretty  well  swept  away  save  the 
large  chapter-house  on  the  east  side.     This  is  a 
rectangular  chamber,  with  a  roof  of  remarkably  un- 
pleasing  outline,  but  a  good  deal  of  rich  workman- 
ship. The  canopy  behind  the  archbishop's  throne, 
of  which  we  have  a  photograph,  is  a  very  charming 
piece  of  masonry  and  carving.     Some  fragments 
of  the  old  buildings  have   been  turned  to  other 
account ;  to  the  north-west  the  visitor  will  find  a 
very  picturesque  and,  so  far  as  I  know,  a  unique 
Norman   staircase  with   stone   arcaded   sides,  of 
which  a  photograph  is  presented.     We  also  have 
a  view  of  one  of  the  northern  towers  overgrown 
with  ivy,  which  has  always  been  a  favourite  with 
the   photographer  in  search  of  the  picturesque. 
It  only  remains  to  visit  the  interior  of  the  nave. 
We  first  inspect  the  chapels  east  of  the  north  and 
south    main   transepts,    known    as    the    Deans' 
Chapel    and    the    Warriors'    Chapel,   and   then 
moving  westwards  we  see  the  whole  length  of  the 
cathedral,  looking  along  first  the  north  aisle  and 
then    the    south   aisle   from    the   west   end,  and 
lastly    we    have    the    superb    and    unsurpassed 
view  of  the  nave  with  the  presbytery  beyond  it. 
With  this  view  we  take  leave  of  the  cathedral. 
Nothing  can  well  be  more  dignified  or  peaceful 
than  the  present  aspect  of  Canterbury  Cathedral. 
It  is  shut  in  from  the  rush  and  hustle  of  the  out- 
side   worid   by    the  magnificent    and   extensive 
grassy  close  which  surrounds  it.     Ifcre  and  there 
we  see  a  large  and  dignified  Canon's  house,  and 
here  and  there  a  grand   tuft  of   venerable  trees. 
All  this  seems  to  offer  a  striking  contrast  to  the 
disturbed    and    distracted   story   we    have  gone 
through.     Sacked  inthe  11th  century,  burnt  just 


after  the  Conquest ;  no  sooner  rebuilt  than  the 
presbytery  ia  pulled  down  to  make  room  for  a 
larger;  the  scene  of,  perhaps,  the  foulest  murder 
in  English  history,  and  unquestionably  the  most 
debasing  penance  that  any  English  king  ever 
underwent;  once  more  destroyed  by  a  disa.strou8 
fire  ;  then,  for  about  three  centuries,  the  most 
popular  resort  of  pilgrimage  in  Europe — with  its 
great  days,  when,  it  is  said,  100,000  viaitora 
would  assemble  (making  it  like  a  Crystal  Palace 
on  Whit  Monday),  its  princely  worshippers,  and 
its  debonair  excursionists  ;  then  the  crash,  when 
in  1538  the  Lord  Cromwell  destroyed  all  the 
splendid  fittings  of  the  interior — an  interior, 
remember,  probably  as  bright  with  gold,  and 
jewels,  and  shrines,  and  colour  as  the  most 
elaborately-finished  Cathedral  that  you  could 
find  at  the  present  day  in  France  or  (iermany. 
There  was  another  reforming  visit  about  which 
I  have  said  nothing  hitherto,  in  Oliver  Crom- 
well's day,  when  his  Commissioners  occupied 
themselves  in  breaking  all  those  of  the  fine 
stained- glass  windows  which  they  considered 
idolatrous.  Fortunately  they  allowed  a  good 
deal  that  is  interesting  and  beautiful  to  escape. 
I  can  compare  this  to  nothing  so  much  as  a 
threatening  and  lowering  morning  going  through 
all  the  fierceness  of  a  stormy  day,  and  yet,  having 
spent  itself  before  nightfall,  closing  with  a 
peaceful  and  serene  sky. 


SCHOOLS.* 
{Condiidtd  from  page  3(58.) 

THE    CODE    OF     RULES     FOR     ELEMEVT.IRY    SCHOOLS. 

THE  experience  in  school  building  requirements 
gained  by  that  most  efficient  of  Government 
Depai  tments,  now  known  to  us  as  the  Board  of 
Education,  was  embodied  by  them  in  the  admir- 
able code  of  "  Rules  to  be  observed  in  the 
planning  and  fitting  up  of  Elementary  Schools." 
This  code  has  been  revised  from  time  to  time  as 
occasion  required,  and  is  familiar  to  all  of  you 
who  are  engaged  upon  school  design.  Excellent 
as  it  is,  this  document  is  not  ffee  from  the 
tendency  of  all  official  rules  to  stereotype  plan 
and  crystallise  design.  Left-hand  lighting,  a 
very  good  thing  in  its  way  where  writing  and 
ciphering  lessons  are  to  be  carried  on,  has  been 
elevated  into  a  kind  of  fetish,  whereas,  for  some 
forms  of  teaching,  it  is  not  essential.  For  the 
important  blackboard  demonstrationa  it  is  bad — 
the  teacher,  unless  left-handed,  having  to  work 
with  his  back  to  the  light  and  his  face  in  shadow. 
The  arrangement,  favoured  by  the  department, 
of  open-air  sanitary  conveniences,  dates  from 
years  ago.  To  oblige  a  wretched  child,  quitting 
a  well-warmed  classroom,  to  traverse  an  open 
playground  in  rain  or  snow  without  even  the 
shelter  of  a  covered  way  is,  in  view  of  modern 
sanitary  conditions,  merely  barbarous.  All 
latrines  should  be  properl}-  covered  in,  protected 
from  frost,  and  accessible  dry-shod  in  all 
weathers.  The  rules  as  to  heating  and  ventila- 
tion are  hopelessly  out  of  date,  though  I  am 
bound  to  admit  that  the  Board  of  Education 
exerciae  a  wise  tolerance  aa  to  their  observance. 
I  do  not  want  to  stir  up  strife,  but  it  must  be 
admitted  that,  whatever  demerits  it  may  have 
under  other  conditions,  the  "Plenum"  system 
can  at  least  claim  to  have  proved  itself  a  success 
in  elementary  day-schools. 

RULES    rOR    SECONDARY    SCHOOLS. 

If,  however,  I  have  little  but  praise  fortheae 
Rulea  for  Elementary  Schools,  which  have  been 
woven  on  a  foundation  of  experience,  and 
have  become,  so  to  speak,  suppled  and  elaatic 
by  age  and  alteration,  I  am  far  from  ap- 
proving the  iasue  by  the  Board  of  cut-and- 
dried  rules  for  the  secondan,-  school  planning. 
It  had  been  my  intention  to  deal  with  these 
at  some  length  this  evening,  for  there  are, 
in  my  judgment,  many  points  which  require  con- 
sideration ;  but  since  this  paper  was  written  it  has 
come  to  my  knowledge  that  the  whole  matter  is 
under  revision.  The  lioard,  it  appears,  recognises 
that  the  (juestion  of  scondary  school  planning  is 
in  a  transitional  condition,  and  as  my  desire  is  to 
assist,  as  far  as  lies  in  my  power,  a  department 
for  which  I  have  a  very  real  esteem  rather  than 
to  criticise  for  criticism's  sake,  T  shall,  with  your 
permission,  reserve  any  comments  I  have  to  make 
on  the  subject  until  later  on.  A  further  reason 
for  postponing  discussion  is  that,  as  I  learn,  the 


•  A  paper  read  before  the  Architectural  Association  by 
Mr.  J.  W.  SiMPSos,  F.R.I.B.A. 


Board  has  recently  appointed  a  new  consulting 
architect,  Mr.  Felix  Clay,  the  author  of  an  ex- 
cellent book  on  secondary  schools,  and  the  matter 
will  no  doubt  receive  sympathetic  treatment  at 
his  hands.  Yet,  I  permit  myself  to  utter  a  warn- 
ing note  aa  to  issuing  cutand-dried  rules  for 
planning  buildings  of  which  the  actual  use  is  not 
yet  fettled.  For,  although  "  Elementary  School  " 
is  a  term  very  clearly  defined  by  Article  3  of  the 
"  Provisional  Code,"  no  definition  of  secondary 
education  M  present  exists,  so  far  as  I  am  aware. 

A    SUfiOESTIOX    TO    THE    HOARD    OP    EDUCATION'. 

I  would  venture  to  suggest  to  the  Board  of 
Education  that  these  Rules,  both  for  elementary 
and  secondary  schools,  should  be  withdrawn,  at 
any  rate  for  a  time,  until  the  effect  upon  ele- 
mentary school-planning  has  been  obaerved,  of 
the  higher  eiucation  buildings  to  be  provided 
under  section  2  of  the  1902  Act.  It  is  likely,  I 
think,  that  the  local  authorities  will  be  strongly 
deairoua  of  economising  in  the  direction  of  the 
lower-grade  schools  with  a  view  to  balancing 
the  expenditure  on  the  necessarily  more  costly 
secondary  buildings.  This  may  possibly  take  the 
form  of  larger  classes  in  the  lower  divisions,  and 
we  may  even  see  a  second  swing  of  the  pendulum 
towards  the  long  schoolroom,  combined  with 
classrooms.  The  "  Rules,"  I  would  suggest, 
might  be  replaced  by  a  .carefully-written  short 
treatise  upon  the  actual  methods  of  teaching, 
illustrating  the  work  of  classes  in  the  different 
standards  and  their  especial  requirements.  It 
should  be  written  by  an  architect  and  a  head- 
master in  collaboration,  and  be  accompanied 
by  sketch-plans  of  typical  buildings,  which 
should  be  clearly  indicated  as  being  auggestiona 
only,  and  not  aa  embodying  the  conaidered  views 
of  the  Board.  A  new  edition  revised  up  to  date 
should  be  iesued  every  year.  Further,  I  would 
like  the  Board  to  consider  school  buildings  aa 
erected  by  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  State, 
and  exempt  them  from  the  operation  of  the,  in 
many  cases,  obsolete  and  absurd  local  by-laws. 
The  Board  has  absolute  and  complete  control  of 
the  design  of  the  buildings  and  their  construc- 
tion ;  and,  when  once  thej  have  signified  their 
approval,  the  buildings  should  not  be  liable  to 
the  ignorant  interference  of  petty  subordinate 
authorities. 

SCHOLASTIC    LUXUKIES.'^ 

I   have  referred  to    the    secondaiy  school  as 
necessarily  costly.     It   must   not   be   understood 
by  this   that  I   refer   to    greater    elaboration  of 
finish  or  detail ;  it  ia  in  additional  accommoda- 
tion, owing  to  the  greater  aubdiviaion  of  classea 
and   the    increased    number    of    subjects    to  be 
provided  for,  that  cost  will  be  incurred.     Aleo, 
there  will  be  many  adjuncts  to  m«re  scholaatia 
teaching,  each  demanding  expenditure.     To  take 
a  few  of   the   more  obvious  by  way  of  illustra- 
tion.    I  can  conceive  of  no  school  going  beyond 
mere   elementary   teaching  without   a  museum. 
Inoneof  those  six  volumes  of  the  "  New  Review," 
issued  under    the    dictatorship    of  the  lamented 
William  Ernest  Henley,  "  written,"  as  was  said, 
"  by  a  select  few,   and  read  by  a  select  fewer," 
j-ou  may  find  a  most  fascinating  symposium  con- 
tributed by  the  High  Masterof  St.  Paul's  Schools, 
Dr.  Ctow,  the  present  head  of  Westminster,  and 
Dr.  Wright,  of  Mill  Hill,  on  the  subject  of  public 
schools.     The  latter  says,  "  In  many  schools  there 
are  really  good  museums,  largely  filled  by  the  boys 
themselves.     The  departments  of  botany,  zoology, 
and  geology  will  be  each  under  the  management  of 
one  boy,  and  in  the  winter  terms  lectures  are  pre- 
pared and  given — in  many  cases  before  an  audience 
with  many  strangers  present — by  the  boya  them- 
selves. The  photographic  society,  also,  is  generally 
a  vigorous  institution,  arranging  competitions  and 
exhibitions  of  work,  and  giving  lectures  on  the 
varioua  methods  of  fixing,  toning,  and  printing. 
These  societies,  together  with  the  carpenter's  shop 
and  the  chemical  laboratory,  where  there  is  always 
a  band  of  enthusiasts,  afford  plenty  of  occupation 
for  the  scientific  spirit,   while  the  literary  clubs 
arc  equally  numerous.     Many  schools  have  a  de- 
bating club  meeting  once  a  fortnight,  a  dramatic 
club,  whose  members  both  read   and  act  plaj-s ; 
a  literary  club,  and  a  reading  club  to  manage  tho 
affairs  of  the  lil)rary  and  reading-room."     Mr. 
11.  T.  Wells,  writing  to   much   tho   same  effect, 
says  :   "It  should  be  possil>le  to  provide  a  certain 
definite  number  of   hours  weekly  in  which   the 
student  should  be  required  merely  to  show  that 
ho  was    doing    something    of    a    developmental 
kind :    ho  would    have   his   choice    between   the 
library  ...  in  which  ho  might  either  read  or 
write,  or  the  music  master,  the  debating  society, 


404 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


March  18,  1904. 


the  museum,  the  art  studio,  the  dramatic  society, 
or  any  concern  of  the  kind  that  the  authorities 
had  satisfactory  reason  for  supposinp;  to  be  alive 
and  efficient."  Such  a  museum  might  well  be 
combined  with  the  library,  one  end  of  the  room 
being  furnished  with  a  table  for  magazines  and 
miscellaneous  literature.  Writing  facilities  should 
certainly  be  provided,  and  nooks  contrived  in 
the  window  openings  with  small  reading-tables. 
Then,  again,  there  is  the  gymnasium,  not  the 
mere  swing  and  bars  of  the  elementary  school, 
but  a  fully-fitted  room  with  apparatus  for 
physical  development.  A  small  stage  at  one  end 
will  be  found  both  useful  for  supervising  general 
■work,  and  for  taking  special  lessons.  It  will  also 
be  hailed  with  rapture  by  the  dramatic  society, 
that  most  effective  of  all  classes  for  teaching 
elocution.  I  would  urge  in  addition  some  more 
satisfactory  arrangement  than  a  merely  covered 
pUyshed  for  use  in  bad  weather.  This  may 
sulHce  for  a  day-school,  but  for  a  boarding  school, 
at  any  rate,  a  plainly-finished  room  is  wanted, 
where  high  spirits  may  be  allowed  their  natural 
effervescence.  A  simple  method  would  be  to  leave 
piers  only  in  the  front  and  back  walls  of  a  portion 
of  the  building,  filling  in  the  openings  with 
sliding  partitions  glazed  with  wire  glass.  These 
would  stand  open  in  fair  weather,  while  the 
weather-side  partitions  would  be  closed  in  case  of 
driving  rain  or  snow.  One  side  should  be 
arranged  to  open  towards  the  playground. 

THE    HALL 

is,  above  all  things,  important  in  the  secondary 
school.  The  teaching  is  necessarily  much  sub- 
divided, and  classes  will  be  small,  probably 
reduced  to  some  ten  or  twelve  as  events  develop, 
and  the  hall  will  be  to  the  scholars  the  symbol  of 
the  school  as  a  united  body  and  not  as  a  class  of 
instruction.  And  it  should  not  be  merely  a  wide 
corridor  for  the  classrooms  to  open  from,  but  a 
spacious  apartment  in  which  school  traditions 
may  find  a  congenial  lodging,  where  naked  utility 
shall  be  clothed  upon  with  beauty  of  proportion, 
and  large  ideas  prevail.  It  should  be  adapted  for 
all  sorts  of  school  functions — lectures,  examina- 
tions, dances,  singing,  concerts,  and  every  possible 
form  of  common  interest  which  will  bring  the 
school  together  and  make  the  scholars  realise 
themselves  a  part  of  its  life.  Without  attempting 
to  even  catalogue  the  list  of  requirements  for  our 
new  higher  education  schools,  there  is  one  matter 
which  I  think  deserves  more  attention  than,  in 
spite  of  terrible  warnings,  it  has  at  present  re- 
ceived. That  is  the  question  of  exit  from  school 
buildings  in  case  of  fire.  What  is  the  best  form 
for  the  staircases,  and  what  their  best  disposition  ;•' 
How  would  you  deal  with  dormitories,  cubicles, 
or  single  bedrooms  as  regards  means  of  escape  and 
prevention  of  panic  ?  I  hope  we  may  have  a  paper 
later  on  on  this  subject,  for  it  is  one  of  very  real 
interest  and  importance.  To  revert  for  a  moment 
to  the  subject  of 

ECONOMY    IX    SCHOOL    liriLDING. 

It  is  perfectly  evident  that  local  authorities, 
however  desirous  they  may  be  of  repressing  ex- 
penditure, will  not  be  able,  if  their  schools  are  to 
be  kept  abreast  of  educational  advance,  to  reduce 
the  accommodation  at  present  provided.  liather 
will  they  find  themselves  compelled  to  increase  it. 
This  question  of  economy  is,  to  my  mind,  a  very 
serious  one  in  view  of  the  uneasiness  prevailing 
as  to  municipal  expenditure,  and  anything  we  as 
architects  can  do  to  assist  the  authorities  to  cut 
down  expenses  without  impairing  clficiency  it  is 
our  bouuden  duty  to  attempt.  We  are  too  often 
— I  hope,  always  unjustly — accused  of  extrava- 
gance, generally  because  of  some  trifling  matter 
of  sculpture  or  ornament  which  has  caught  the 
eye  of  the  objector.  We  have  all  known  cases 
where  the  expenditure  of  a  few  pounds  on  a 
morsel  of  decoration  which  gave  interest  and 
artistic  value  to  the  whole  composition  has  excited 
more  adverse  comment  and  roproaeh  than  if  the 
building  had  been  raised  3ft.  all  round.  Now-,  it 
is  not  in  such  directions  that  saving  in  any  well- 
designed  building  may  be  looked  for.  You  shall 
scrape  everything  out  of  the  work  which  renders  it 
pleasant  to  look  upon,  and  save  but  a  trifle.  True 
economy  must  besought  in  the  reduction  of  cubic 
contents,  and  I  would  suggest  that  a  narrow  study 
be  made  of  the  heights  necessary  for  your  rooms. 
At  present  it  is  quite  commonly  directed  by  the 
sohool  authority  that  the  classrooms  shall  be  I4ft. 
■or  15ft.  high.  This  is  quite  unnecessary,  if  a 
proper  change  of  air  be  provided  for  by  mechanical 
means.  Once  you  have  settled  on  the  minimum 
height  of  window  which  wiU  properly  light  your 
further  desks— and  with  the  teniency  to  smaller 


classes  this  will  correspondingly  diminish — you 
have  found  the  height  of  your  room.  Insteid  of 
14ft.  or  loft.,  12ft.,  lift.,  or  10ft.  may  suffice. 
Consider  a  moment  what  this  means — from  a 
two-story  building  of  30ft.  you  will  have  sub- 
tracted perhaps  Hit.  or  6ft.  of  height,  say  15 
or  20  per  cent,  over  the  whole  building. 
For  the  reduced  height  means  not  only  the 
20  odd  courses  of  one-and-a-half-brick  or 
two-brick  wall,  but  lighter  girdering,  lower 
and  cheaper  stairs,  better  intercommunica- 
tion, and,  not  least,  longer  and  lower  linej  in 
your  composition.  .Schools  as  now  built  are  very 
apt  to  run  into  square,  or  even  vertical,  and  un- 
restful  lines  in  design.  To  obtain  true  economy, 
two  things  are  wanted.  (1)  The  rules  of  the  con- 
trolling department  must  be  elastic  and  interpreted 
with  a  liberal  intelligence  to  the  encouraging  of 
original  thought  on  the  part  of  the  designers  ; 
(2)  local  by-laws  must  not  be  permitted  to  over- 
ride designs  approved  by  the  St  ite  Department. 
I  might  add  a  third  want,  but  you  will  consider 
it  superfluous  :  there  are  so  many — a  good  archi- 
tect. I  notice  that  Sir  John  Gorst,  in  his  recent 
address  to  the  Association  of  Technical  Institu- 
tions, expressed  the  opinion  that  there  was  nothing 
which  tended  more  to  cause  confusion  in  adminis- 
tration or  to  obstruct  education  than  the  attempt 
which  has  been  made  to  divide  education  into 

THREE     WATER-TIGHT     COMPARTMEXTS, 

labelled  elementary  ed\ication,  secondary  educa- 
tion, and  technical  education,  and  to  keep  those 
compartments  as  far  apart  from  one  another  as  it 
was  possible.  He  went  on,  it  is  reported,  to 
declare  that  there  were  millions  of  young  people 
in  this  country  upon  whom  enormous  sums  had 
been  spent  in  elementary  education,  and  upon 
whom  that  money  had  been  .absolutely  thrown 
away.  His  view,  as  I  understood  it,  is  that 
technical  instruction  should  be  introduced  into 
both  elementary  and  secondary  schools  as  part  of 
the  regular  curriculum.  Sir  John  Gorst  is  an 
education,al  authority  whose  opinions  are  w;rth 
having,  and,  looking  to  the  fact  that  there  has 
been  a  waste  in  technical  education  corresponding 
at  least  to  that  he  speaks  of  in  elementary  matters, 
it  may  well  be  that  some  such  combination  as  he 
indicates  awaits  us  in  the  near  future.  If  so,  our 
type  of  plan  will  undergo  a  conforming  change. 
Now  that  both  elementary  and  secondary  education 
are  under  one  and  the  same  authority,  there  may 
prove  to  be  no  reason  for  their  conduct  in  entirely 
distinct  buildings  as  heretofore.  Great  economy 
might  be  effected  by  the  complete  scholastic 
course  being  followed  in  the  same  establishment. 
Many  technical  and  other  departments  of  the 
school  might  be  constructed  for  joint  use.  It 
would  certainly  do  no  harm  to  the  younger 
children  to  have  constantly  before  them  the 
immediate  results  of  the  studies  to  which  they 
themselves  .are  bent ;  and  the  common  centre  of 
school  life,  the  hall,  would  become  doubly  import- 
ant as  the  assembly  place  for  the  whole  school. 
I  mention  this  as  indicating  how  absolutely 
necessary  it  is  for  us  architects  to  acquaint  our- 
selves with  the  objects  and  methods  of  those 
responsible  for  education,  if  we  are  to  appreciate 
their  varying  requirements  and  embody  them  in 
fitting  buildings.  He  is  but  a  poor  architect  who 
must  have  all  his  employer's  ideas  formulated 
before  he  attempts  to  design  his  building.  The 
true  artist  will  put  himself  in  a  position  by 
previous  study  of  his  subject,  to  appreciate  and 
aid  by  his  suggestions  the  developement  of  his 
client's  aims.     We  are  looking  upon  the  dawn  of 

\    NEW    EUA 

in  the  education  of  our  country.  Bearing  in  mind 
that  many  of  my  hearers  are  yet  upon  the  thres- 
hold of,  as  I  trust,  a  prosperous  and  successful 
career,  you  will  perhaps  pardon  me  for  having 
spoken  to  you  less  of  actual  school  buildings  than 
of  the  principles  which  underlie  them .  For  it  is 
the  very  root  matter  of  good  design  that  it  shall 
arise  from  the  comparative  study  of  what  has  pre- 
ceded it.  Whether  your  knowledge  of  your 
subject  be  thorough  or  whether  it  be  superflciaj, 
it  shall  nevertheless  influence  your  work,  in  the 
former  case  to  honour,  in  the  latter  to  dishonour. 
It  is  for  us  architects,  then,  to  pi-epare  ourselves 
at  this  dawn  of  a  new  day,  lest  that  hoped  for, 
but  most  searching,  morning  breeze  called 
responsibility  catch  us  unready.  I  trust  that 
to  your  hands  may  be  intrusted  many  of  the 
buildings  to  be  erected  under  the  new  Act. 
And  this,  from  no  mere  desire  to  see  you  with 
work  to  do,  though  there  is  nothing  more  agree- 
able to  architects  than  to  see  work  intrusted 
to     their     competent     brethen.      I     was     lately 


shown  a  table  of  statistics  drawn  by  some 
ingenious  doctor,  an  Italian.  I  think,  which 
professed  to  show  the  relative  degrees  of  jealousy 
existing  in  various  occupations.  According  to 
this  authority  we  were  quite  at  the  foot  of  the 
list,  jealousy  being  practically  non-existent 
among  architects.  I  trust,  and  believe,  that  this 
is  so,  and  that  it  may  always  remain  so.  But  I 
would  offer  a  better,  and  more  largely  founded, 
reason  for  wishing  you  this  work  than  the  desire 
for  your  personal  welfare.  It  is  to  you,  the 
young  men,  that  we  look  for  quick  appreciation 
of  new  conditions — it  is  you  who  carry  our  hopes 
for  fresh  and  new  renderinos  of  the  old  facts  under 
those  new  conditions.  Moreover,  j'ou  are  not  yet 
smirched  with  oflicialism.  So  certainly  as  ever  an 
architect  becomes  an  official,  so  certainly  will  he 
lose  his  keen  sense  of  his  art,  and  rest,  as  far  as  may 
be,  from  inventing.  There  have  been  many  able 
official  architects,  and  they  will,  I  think,  admit 
to  you,  if  you  take  them  aside,  that  their  life  is 
a  weary  round  of  routine  and  committee  meet- 
ings, insomuch  that  design  is  choked  within 
them,  and  they  repeat  contentedly  convenient 
fragments  of  the  past.  I  have  spoken  much  on 
the  plan  and  its  foundation,  and,  you  will  say, 
nothing  of  the  elevation.  Do  not  think  that  I 
esteem  the  one  as  of  more  or  less  importance  than 
the  other.  As  the  plan  develops  from  the  con- 
ditions, so  the  elevation  from  the  plan.  Moreover, 
I  am  not  one  to  admit  that  there  is  more  or  less 
art  in  one  than  the  other.  Planning  does  not 
reach  its  end,  and  you  must  not  rest  content  with 
it,  when  it  has  disposed  of  the  requirements  in 
commodious  fashion.  That  certainly  it  must  do, 
but  much  more,  too.  A  fine  plan  is  a  fine  piece 
of  design,  and  you  may  no  more  expect  the 
highest  kind  of  elevation  without  a  plan  of  equal 
excellence  than  you  may  have  a  perfect  body  of 
flesh  upon  an  imperfect  skeleton.  There  is  plenty 
of  scope  for  the  artist  in  school  planning.  That 
all  plans  may  be  intrusted  to  artists,  and  that  you 
all  may  be  counted,  if  not  among  the  school 
planners,  at  any  rate  among  the  artists,  is  the  best 
thing  I  can  desire  for  the  good  of  the  Architec- 
tural Association. 


WATER   SUPPLY  OF  PENZANCE. 

AT  a  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Engineers  held 
at  the  Royal  Ignited  Service  Institution, 
Whitehall,  on  Monday  evening,  March  7,  1904, 
Mr.  D.  B.  Butler,  president,  in  the  chair,  a  paper 
was  read  on  "  Some  Recent  Works  of  Water 
Supply  at  Penzance,"  by  Mr.  Frank  Latham, 
M.Inst.C.E.I.,  borough  engineer  and  surveyor, 
Penzance,  and  of  which  the  following  in  an 
abstract : — 

After  some  remarks  with  reference  to  the 
development  of  water  supply  works  generally, 
the  author  proceeded  to  point  out  the  difficulties 
that  surrounded  the  question  of  supplementing 
the  supply  at  Penzance.  There  the  water  rights 
were  restricted  and  suitable  reservoir  sites  were 
not  available.  An  experimental  well  and  adits 
had  been  constructed  with  inadequate  results 
as  regards  yield.  The  author  describes  an 
exhaustive  series  of  observations  which  he  made 
thoroughout  the  neighbourhood,  followed  by  an 
underground  water  survey,  and  the  conclusions 
arrived  at.  He  described  at  some  length  the 
interesting  geological  construction  of  the  district 
from  carefully  obtained  data,  which  strengthened 
his  former  conclusions.  The  partial  failure  of 
the  experimental  shaft  was  accouDted  for,  and  a 
new  well-supply  was  resorted  to  with  successful 
results. 

Some  :interesting  and  instructive  methods 
adopted  in  timbering  the  shaft  through  ex- 
ceedingly dangerous  ground  were  described  in 
detail.  The  course  adopted  in  steining  the  shaft 
with  stone  was  fully  detailed.  The  timbering 
was  so  constructed  as  to  afford  the  greatest 
possible  facilities  for  gradual  removal,  during 
steining  operations,  effectually  guarding  against 
landslips,  which  otherwise  must  have  occurred._ 

The  author  next  dealt  with  the  construction 
of  the  service  reservoir,  which  was  built  on  the 
Hennebique  ferro-concrete  system.  He  described 
the  principles  of  this  method  of  construction  as 
adapted  to  reservoirs.  The  author  claims  this  to 
be  the  first  reservoir  constructed  under  the 
Hennebique  patents  that  had  received  the  approval 
of  the  Local  Government  Board.  He  attached 
much  importance  to  the  careful  gauging  of 
concrete,  and  to  that  he  attributed  much  of  his 
success  in  this  and  other  work  with  which  he  is 
identified.  He  made  special  reference  to  the  care 
required  in  this  respect  under  varying  conditioas 


March  18,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


405 


A     SPECIALITY     IN      FUENITURE. 


and  in  different  localities,  especially  where  im- 
permeability was  the  chief  aim.  Some  experi- 
ments made  by  the  author  with  different 
concretes  were  described,  and  particulars  of  his 
experience  in  the  concrete  of  a  defective  reservoir 
were  given. 

The  concluding  section  of  the  paper  dealt  with 
the  provisions  made  for  checking  the  waste  of 
water  at  Penzance.  For  this  purpose  the  town  is 
divided  into  nine  districts,  each  of  which  is  pro- 
vided with  a  Deacon  water  meter.  An  ample 
number  of  valves  are  placed  on  the  mains  in  order 
to  conduct  the  nightly  test.  Day  and  night 
inspectors  are  employed,  and  the  successful  result 
has  thoroughly  warranted  the  outlay.  Pressure- 
reducing  valves  have  also  been  provided  in  some 
districts  where  excessive  pressure  was  found  to  be 
destruclive  to  mains  and  fittings.  The  author 
considered  a  complete  system  of  meters  should  be 
universally  adopted  in  towns,  and  he  drew  atten- 
tion to  the  desirability  of  stop  taps  on  house 
services  being  placed  in  accessible  situations  out- 
side the  premises,  to  aiiord  facilities  for  obtaining 
the  beat  results  from  the  meters  in  reducing  waste. 


A  SPECIALITY  Ilf  FURNITURE. 

THOSE  who  are  interested  in  the  furnishing  of 
flats,  including  architects  who  h^.ve  a  desire 
to  see  them  equipped  with  furniture  of  a  sub- 
stantial and  suitable  character,  will  be  amply 
repaid  by  a  visit  to  the  extensive  warehouse  of 
Mr.  H.  L.  Benjamin,  wholesale  cabinet  manu- 
facturer and  upholsterer,  of  U2-122,  Tabemacle- 
Btreet.  Here  a  speciality  for  flats  may  be  seen 
which  ought  to  appeal  to  all  builders  and  house- 
furnishers.  There  has  been  so  much  of  the  showy 
class  of  goods  on  tlie  market  in  the  shape  of 
furniture  suites  of  bad  design  and  workmanship, 
that  it  is  a  rolief  to  see  a  large  firm  like  that  of  Mr. 
H.  Ij.  Benjamin  putting  before  the  public  a  very 
superior  class  of  work.  The  "  Chamberlain  "  set, 
as  it  is  called,  will  be  found  to  satisfy  the  modern 
taste  without  any  of  the  bizarre  and  tawdry 
qualities  which  are  so  common  in  furniture. 
These  include  a  suite  of  four  small  chairs,  an 
arm-chair  to  match,  a  stufi'overcasy  chair,  asetteo 
with  adjustable  arm-end  which  lets  down,  a  book- 
cuse-cabinet— a  very  useful  combinatiun,  lilted 
with  leaded  glass  door,  imd  relieved  by  "old 
silver"  mountings  and  majolica  panels,  &c.  ;  an 
extending  dining-room  table,  and  an  ovorrnantui, 
■fft.  lin.  by  lift.  2in.  high,  all  made  of  solid 
fumigated  oak.  The  designs  of  chairs  exhibit 
honest  construction;  there  are  ncunmeaningcurvos 
of  the  L'Art  Xouveau  manner,  and  the  decora- 
tion is  obtained  by  a  diiect  and  simple  process. 
Wo  have  seen  this  artistic  and  complete  sot,  aiul 
can  say  that  the  design  and  manufacture  are  equal 


to  the  reputation  of  this  firm.  Describing  the 
set  more  in  detail,  the  chairs  have  straight 
framed  backs  with  two  rails  and  ornamental 
baluster-shaped  uprights  cut  through,  affording 
an  easy  rest  to  the  back,  with  square-framed  seat 
upholstered  in  a  sombre-toned  art  tapestry.  The 
settee,  with  its  adjustable  end,  which  can  be  let 
down  to  any  angle  if  desired  at  one  or  both  ends, 
makes  a  convenient  couch  or  lounge,  so  useful  for 
a  residence  in  a  flat.  The  "  Chesterfield  "  is  6ft. 
when  closed,  with  spring  edge  and  fibre-cased  soft 
hair.  The  bookcase  cabinet  is  a  unique  patent  com- 
bination. As  will  be  seen  in  the  illustration,  half 
the  case  forms  a  closed  cabinet,  the  lesser  halt  a 
bookcase.  Side  bracketed  portions  for  either  use 
are  features  of  the  design.  The  cabinet  portion 
is  closed  by  a  lead  glass  door  with  rich  "  old 
silver "  mountings,  and  majolica  panels  are 
introduced.  The  width  of  this  piece  of  furniture 
is  4tt.  6in.,and  6ft.  lin.  in  height.  The  extend- 
ing dining-table  measures  5ft.  by  3ft.  6in. 
The  whole  set  is  priced  at  the  moderate  sum  of 
£16  7s.  6d.  AVe  also  observe  oak  and  walnut 
sideboards  in  a  great  variety  of  effective  designs, 
and  a  large  collection  of  cabinets  in  the  upper 
floors  of  warehouse,  very  artistic  in  form  and  in 
great  variety  of  wood  and  finish.  The  "  Chip- 
pendale" suites,  chairs,  and  cabinets  are  remark- 
able in  their  elegance  and  high  finish.  Many  of 
these  are  carved.  Mr.  H.  L.  Benjamin  has  in 
band  a  large  Crovernment  order  for  furniture, 
and  is  supplying  a  number  of  armchairs  made  of 
oak  and  upholstered  in  leather.  The  facilities  of 
this  firm,  who  have  a  furniture  factory  at  Willes- 
den,  where  all  the  frames  are  made  by  machinery, 
enable  them  to  turn  out  any  large  order,  and  to 
compete  with  the  best  firms  in  the  trade. 


OBITUARY. 

Mit.  Peter  Pail  Pigix,  the  well-known 
ecclesiastical  architect,  of  Messrs.  I'ugin  and 
I'ugin,  Upper  Phillimore-place,  Kensington, 
and  Brook  Ureen,  Kensington,  died  on  Thursday 
in  last  week,  ut  Bournemovith,  after  a  long  illness, 
at  the  comparatively  early  ago  of  o2  years.  Mr. 
I'ugin  was  the  grandson  of  Augustus  Welby 
I'ugin,  the  designer  with  Sir  ( 'harles  Barry  of  the 
Houses  of  Parliament,  and  great  grandson  of 
Augustus  I'ugin,  the  author  of  the  famous 
"  Contrast,"  and  other  works  on  (iothic  archi- 
tecture. The  late  Mr.  I'.  1'.  I'ugin  had  larried 
out  many  Roman  Catholic  <hurche8,  and  also 
additions  to  the  Benedictine  Monastery  at  Fort 
Augustus. 

Mil.  Hkhiiuht  Hknuv  Rkad  died  at  his  resi- 
dence at  Kxeter  upon  the  8th  inst.,  at  the  com- 
paratively early  age  of  forty-four  years,  of 
pneumonia,   following  a  long    alUiction,  lusting 


nearly  twelve  months.  He  was  a  native  of 
AVincanton,  in  Somerset,  but  was  educated  at 
Hele's  School,  Exeter,  and  afterwards  entered 
the  drawing  office  of  Mr.  Harry  Hems,  of  that 
city,  remaining  in  the  same  employ  seventeen 
years,  during  which  time,  by  much  application 
and  great  natural  artistic  talent,  he  raised  his 
position  from  that  of  a  lad  to  general  foreman. 
In  the  early  part  of  1892  he  built  himself  com- 
modious studios  in  the  same  city,  and  by  the 
unvarying  excellence  of  the  work  he  turned  out, 
met  with  more  than  an  average  amount  of  success, 
executing,  from  time  to  time,  important  com- 
missions under  many  well-known  architects, 
not  only  in  this  country,  but  also  for  various 
distant  parts  of  the  world,  including  Australia, 
New  Zealand,  India,  and  Canada.  As  an  artist 
who  loved  his  work  he  devoted  his  whole  time  to 
its  pursuit,  and,  maybe,  permanently  injured  hin 
health  by  too  close  application.  He  leaves  a 
widow  and  three  children,  the  eldest  of  the  latter 
a  promising  son  nineteen  years  of  age,  who  has 
already  greatly  distinguished  himself  in  the 
Exeter  School  of  Art. 

Mu.  Daviii  HiGHES,  of  Liverpool,  died 
Saturday  at  the  age  of  84.  Commencing  life 
a  carpenter  in  Anglesey,  he  settled  in  Liverpool 
in  1840,  and  became  one  of  the  largest  house 
builders  in  the  city.  He  was  a  magistrate  for 
Liverpool  and  Anglesey,  and  high  sheriff  ot 
Anglesey  in  1S8G,  and  was  at  one  time  a  member 
ot  the  Liverpool  City  Council.  He  contributed 
generously  to  the  funds  of  the  AVelsh  Calvinistic 
lilethodists,  and  was  general  treasurer  of  the 
Foreign  Jlissions  Fund.  He  built  two  Wolah 
Methodist  chapels  in  Liverpool  at  his  own  expense, 
and  presented  his  native  village  of  t'emaos, 
Anglesey,  with  a  village  hall  and  institute. 

The  death  took  place,  on  Sunday,  of  Mr. 
.Tames  Bi.anii,  builder  and  contnictor,  of  Scar- 
borough, a  member  uf  the  town  council  and  board 
of  guardians.  He  was  born  at  Scarborough  in 
1840,  and  trained  at  the  Scarborough  -Vmicable 
Charity  School,  .\ttaining  success  in  business, 
ho  became  a  subscril)er,  afterwards  a  warden,  and 
eventually  the  president  of  the  institution  Mr. 
Bland  was  president  of  the  Scarborougli  Mister 
Builders'  .Vssociation  for  the  first  ten  years  ot  its 
existence. 


The  city  council  of  Bath  have  decideil  to  rebuild 
the  Midland  bridge  at  a  cost,  with  improvement  to 
the  approaches  and  a  temporary  footbridge,  of 
£10,000. 

A  scheme  has  been  proposed  by  the  urban  district 
council  of  Brentford  for  submission  to  the  Middlesex 
County  Council,  proposing  the  widening  ot  the 
notoriously  narrow  ami  dangerom  High-street  to 
80It.  at  on  estimated  cost  of  £460,000. 


406 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  18,  1904. 


FBOFESSIONAL   AND 
SOCIETIES. 


TKADE 


Architects'  BuNEVoLnxT  Society. — Mr.  Aston 
Webb,    R.A.,   the  president,  took  the   chair  on 
Friday  afternoon  at  the  annual  general  meeting 
of  the  Architects'  Benevolent  Society  at  9,  Con- 
duit-street, W.     There  was  a  good  attendance  of 
members,  including  Mr.  T.  E.  Collcutt,  Mr.  H.  L, 
Florence,  Mr.  J .  Maevicar  Anderson.  Mr.  Reginald 
Roumieu,    Mr.    .T.   T.    Christopher,    Mr.  Henry 
Lovegrove,  Mr.  W.  Hilton  Nash,  hon.  treasurer, 
and  Mr.  Percival  L.  Currey,  hon.  secretary.    The 
president  moved  the  adoption  of  the  report,  and 
made  an  appeal  to  hjs  brother  architects  on  behalf 
of  the  society.     He  pointed  out  that  the  society 
extended  its  relief  from  Dublin  to  South  Africa, 
and  that  quite  60  per  cent,  of  the  cases  to  which 
relief  was  afforded  came  from  the  provinces.     He 
■wished  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  great 
majority  of  the  contributors  to  the  society  were 
Londoners,  and  asked  the  provincial  members  to 
bear  their  proper  share  of  the  burden.     During 
the   year   £211   had   been   granted   to   ten   pen- 
sioners,  and  £618   had  been  distributed  among 
54  applicants  for  relief.     The  subscriptions  of  the 
society,   amounting  to  £554,  showed  an  increase 
as  compared  with  last  year ;  but  the  donations 
only   amounted  to   £96   lis.— the  worst  year  in 
this   respect   for   a  long   period.     The  president 
added  that,  although  there  were  over  4,000  archi- 
tects  in  practice  in  the  United  Kingdom,  only 
500   of    these   contributed    to   the   funds   of  the 
benevolent  society.     Mr.  J.  Slacvicar  Anderson 
moved  the  election  of  the  council  for  the  ensuing 
year  of  office,  and  this  was  agreed  to. 

Edinbcrgh  Society  oi'  Ordained  Surveyors. 
— A  meeting  of  th's  society  was    held    at  177, 
George  -  street,    Edinburgh,     the    other    night, 
Mr.  A.  K.   Smith   presiding,    when  Mr.  J.  L. 
"Wark,  advocate,  read  a  paper  on  "  The  Law  as 
Applied  to   Mutual  Gables. '"      After  discussing 
the  origin  of  the  mutual  gable,  and  pointing  out 
the  essential  diiierence  bet  seen  it  and  any  other 
kind  of  division  wall,  the  lecturer  proceeded  to  an 
analysis  of    the  decided   cases,   with  a   view   to 
showing  the  basis  and  the  limitations  of  the  right 
to  encroach  upon  neighbouring  property  for  the 
building  of  a  mutual  gable,  the  rights  of  parties 
in  such  a  gable  when  built,  and  the  legal  prin- 
ciples on  which  these  rights  rest.     He  traced  the 
various  and  conflicting  theories  which  had  been 
evolved  to  account  for  the  anomalous  rights  which 
custom  and  convenience  had  given  to  feuars  in 
towns   in  this  connection,   and  showed  that  the 
theory  of  common  property  in  mutual  gables  had 
now  been  superseded  by  the  view  that  the  rights 
of    the    adjoining    proprietors    were    rights    of 
property  each  in  his  own  half  of  the  gable,  and  of 
common  interest  in  the  rest.     Mr.  AVark  went  on 
to  discuss  the  manner  in  which  the  right  to  reim- 
bursement for  a  mutual  gable  was  transmitted, 
the  time  at  which  that  right  became  enforceable, 
and  particularly  the  question  of  when,  if  ever,  a 
purchaser  was  entitled  to  assume  that  liability  to 
contribute  in  respect  of  a  mutual  gable  on  his  feu 
was  extinguished.     He  further  dealt  with  such 
questions  as  the  kind  ot  use  of  a  mutual  gable 
which  would  infer  liability  to  contribute  towards 
its  cost,  the  extent  of  that  liability,  and  the  right 
of  either  party  interested  in  a  mutual   gable  to 
alter  or  interfere  with  its  structure,  and  concluded 
by  showing    the  application  of  the   rules  as  to 
mutual  gables  to  the  case  of  proprietors  of  flats  in 
tenements.      Discussion    followed,    and    at    the 
close,  on  the  motion  of  Mr.  T.  Fairbairn,  a  vote 
of  thanks  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Wark. 

House  Decorators'  Conference  in  Birmino- 
.HAM. — The  General  Council  of  the  Amalgamated 
Society  of  House  Decorators  and  Painters  met  in 
Birmingham  during  the  last  week  and  this,  under 
the  presidency  of  Mr.  E.  R.  Thackwell,  of 
Plymouth,  for  the  revision  of  rules.  The  society 
was   formed  in  1873,  with  a  membership  of  "   ' 


'341, 
connected  with  eight  branches.  At  the  present 
time  the  society  embraces^  about  100  branches  and 
5,000  members.  The  principal  points  which  have 
been  considered  at  the  meetings  were  to  approach 
the  National  Amalgamated  Society  of  House  and 
Ship  Painters  and  the  provision  of  new  benefits 
in  connection  with  their  own  society.  The 
delegates  have  by  a  large  majority  affirmed 
the  principle  of  providing  superannuation  for 
blindness  and  total  paraljsis  from  lead-poisoning, 
and  out-of-work  benefits,  and  also  the  provision 
of  a  contingent  and  benevolent  fund.  It  was  also 
decided  to  give  additional  benefits  to  old-age 
members,  with  a  view  to  strengthening  the 
organisation.     The    society   have    discussed    the 


advieability  of  assis'.ing  members  to  obtain 
seats  on  public  bodies,  and  the  principle  has  been 
approved. 

Institute  of  Builders. — The  twentieth  annual 
meeting  of  the  Institute  of  Builders  was  held  at 
the  oflices,  31  and  32,  Bedford-street,  Strand, 
W.C.,  on  "Wednesday  afternoon.  The  report  of 
the  council,  which  is  of  a  very  satisfactory 
character,  was  read  by  Mr.  Thomas  Costigan, 
secretary,  and  was  received  and  adopted.  The 
following  elections  wera  made  for  the  ensuing 
year; — President:  Mr.  C.  H.  Birn-ley,  Birming- 
ham. Vice-presidents  :  Messrs.  Woodman  Hill, 
London,  and  Jos.  Bell,  Cumbridge.  Hon. 
treasurer:  Col.  Stanley  G.  Bird,  C  B.,  London. 
Hon.  auditor :  Mr.  Edmund  Hill,  London. 
Executive  council:  Messrs.  Jas.  (Virmichael, 
London ;  R.  C.  Foster,  Rugby ;  L.  Horner, 
London  ;  T.  Rowbotham,  J.  P.,  Birminghim  ; 
and  C.  W.  Green,  Liverpool.  A  very  h>-arty 
vote  of  thanks  was  given  to  Mr.  William  F.  King, 
who  hid  so  ably  discharged  the  duties  of  presi- 
dent for  the  last  two  years. 

Leeds  and  Yorkshire  ArchitecturalSocietv. 
— At  the  eighth  sessional  meeting  Mr.  Butler 
Wilson,  F.R.I.B.A.,  presiding,  a  paper  on  the 
"  Sketching  Excursions  of  the  Birmingham 
Architectural  Association  "  was  read  by  Mr.  C.  E. 
Bateman,  F.R.I.B.A.,  illustrated  by  150  fine 
lantern  slides  prepared  by  Mr.  .John  Ward. 
These  covered  most  of  the  ground  traversed  by 
the  society  during  the  past  ten^  years,  which  was 
indicated  by  a  map  embracing  the  following 
centres  of  operation  :  —  Broadway,  Ludlow, 
Oxford,  Tewkesbury,  Cambridge  and  Ely,  Ciren- 
cester, Stamford  and  Peterborough,  Burford, 
Banbury,  and  Kettering. 

National  Union  of  Sanitary  Inspectors. — 
A  meeting  of  this  union   was  held  at  Crewe,  on 
Saturday,  under  the  presidency   of   Mr.  H.  H. 
Spears,   of  West  Bromwich.     A  discussion  took 
place  upon  the  proposal  to  amalgamate  with  the 
Sanitary  Inspectors'  Association   (Incorporated). 
It  was  stated  that  the  union  comprised  some  400  i 
members,  and  that  amalgamation  with  the  In- 
corporated Sanitary  Inspectors'  Association  would 
not  only  give  them  a  stronger  position,  but  would 
assist  them  in  bettering  their  tenure  of  office  and 
in  securing  superatmuation.  The  chairman  moved 
a  resolution  in  favour  of  amalgamation,  pointing 
out  that  the  members  by  a  recent  plebiscite  unani- 
mously approved  of  the  proposal.     Mr.  W.  Stans- 
field  (.Manchester)   seconded,   and  the  motion  was 
supported  by  Messrs.  F.  Poulson  (Chief  Inspector 
of  Rivers   and   Streams   under  the  Staffordshire 
County   Council),    Lowrie  (Stafford),  Higginson 
(Audley),   R.   J.    Hughes    (Penmaenmawr),  W. 
Urquhart  (Crewe),  N.  Coates  (Liverpool),  J.  T. 
Uuintin,  Slort  (Lymm),   Hilton   (Liverpool),  and 
G.    II.    Connell    (Waterloo).     The    motion  was 
carried.      Mr.    F.    C.    Lewis,    assistant   at    the 
Thompson  -  Yates    and    Johnson    Laboratories, 
Liverpool    University,    then    read    a   paper   on 
"Some   Notes   on   Water    Supply,  with  Special 
Reference  to  Modern  Filtration,"  illustrated  by 
electric  lantern.     He  pointed  out  the  advantages 
of  filtration  of  water  in  the  prevention  of  disease. 

Northern  Architectural  Assocution. — The 
annual  meeting  of  this  association  was  held  on  the 
9th  instant  at   36,  Northumberland-street,  New- 
castle, the  president   (Mr.  J.  A\'alton  Taylor)  in 
the  chair.      The  annual  report  presented  by  the 
secretary,  Mr.  A.  B.   Plummer,  stated  that  since 
the  last  report  was   issued    15  members,    18  as- 
sociates, and  IS  students  had  been  elected,  and  the 
total  membership  was  224 ,  compared  with  203  inthe 
previous  twelve  months.       A  letter  had  been  sent 
during  the   year   to   the   city   council  protesting 
against  the  c  jrporation  oflicials  carrying  out  public 
architectural  works,  and  this  was  duly  presented 
at  a  meeting  of  the  council.      The  library  report 
showed  that  several  additions  had  been  made  to 
the  books.     The  demand  had  shown  no  falling  off, 
the  issues  being  240  in  all.     The  financial  state- 
ment placed  the  receipts,  including  a  balance  in 
hand  of  £74   ISs.  4d.,   at   £209  9s.,  and,  after 
meeting   expenditure  and    investing    £50,  there 
was  a  balance  of  £49  43.  lOd.      The  reports  were 
adopted    unanimously.      The    following  officers 
were   elected  for  the  ensuing  year: — President, 
Mr.  J.    W.    Taylor ;    vice-president,   Mr.   J.  T. 
Cackett;      secretary,     Mr.     A.     B.    Plummer; 
treasurer,  Mr.  R.  Burns  Dick  ;     librarian,   Mr. 
H.  C.   Charlewood ;    with   the   members   of   the 
council,  who  were    re-elected.      Some  freehand 
and  other  drawings  by  the  students  of  the  asso- 
ciation were  exhibited. 


Sheffield  Architects  and  Surveyors. — The 
monthly   meeting    of    the    Sheffield    Society   of 
Architects  and  Surveyors  was  held  on  the  10th 
inst.    in    the    lecture-hall  of  the   Literary   and 
Philosophical  Society,  Leopold-street,   W.,  Mr. 
T.  Winder   in  the  chair.     Mr.    J.    R.  WigfuU, 
A.R.I.B.A.,  one  of  the  local  secretaries  for  the 
congress  held  in    Sheffield  last   August,  gave   a 
lecture  entitled,  "In  Worksop  and  Neighbour- 
hood with  the  British  Archa-ological  Association." 
His  remarks  were  descriptive  of  one  of  the  day's 
excursions.      Selecting  the    churches  of   Blyth, 
Worksop,   and  Steetley,  he  showed  by  means  of 
plans  and  views  their  history  and  characteristic 
features      These  churches  were  aU  of  the  Norman 
period,   and  formed    excellent  examples  for    the 
study  of   that  style,    as   they   embraced   all   the 
phrases  of  the  style  from  the  somewhat  rude  and 
archaic  work  of  Blythe  to  the  perfected  and  semi- 
transitional    work     at    Worksop.      The    latter, 
however,   suffered   extensively  when  the  church 
was"  thoroughly   restored"    in   1847.     Most  of 
the  original  features  were  then  so  reworked  or 
replaced  bv  new  material  as  to  give  the  idea  at 
first  of  a  new  church.     Some  features  of  interest 
remained,  notably  the   13th  century  chapel  and 
the   beautiful   ironwork   on   the  south  doorway 
The  lecture  was  illustrated  by  numerous  lantern 
slides.     Oa  the  motion  of  Mr.   C.  M.  Hadfield, 
seconded   by   Mr.    \V.   Potts,  and   supported  by 
Jlessrs.    W.   J.    Pale,    Horace    Wilson,    and  E. 
Howarth,  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  was  accorded 
to  the  lecturer. 

Sheffield  Art  Crafts  Guild.— At  a  meeting 
of  this  guild  held  on  Wednesday  week  at  the 
Building  Trades  Exchange,  Cross  Burgess-street, 
Sheffield,  a  paper  on  ' '  Lead  work  "  was  read  by  Mr. 
Hadfield,  architect.  The  Master,  Mr.  T.  Swaffield 
Brown,  presided,  and  amongst  the  audience  were 
many  Sheffield  art  craftsmen,  master  and  operative 
plumbers,  and  representatives  of  the  building 
trade    and    others    interested.     The    paper    was 

llustrated  by  lantern  slides  showing  old  examples 


of    the    plumbers'    craft    in    Eagland    and   the 
Continent,    and   of  ornamentil  plumbing  works 
executed  in  Sheffield  and  elsewhere  on  buildings 
designed  by  the  author  during  the  past  thirty- 
five  years,  most  of  thom  by  Sheffield  craftsmen. 
Specimens  were  given  of  old  rainwater-pipe  heads 
of    beaten    cist    lead    and   of   leaden   fanlights, 
including  a  Mediaeval  water  pipe  with  a  burned 
lead  seaming  from  Kirkstall  Abbey,  specimens  of 
lead  ore,   kc,  and  working  drawings  of  finials 
and    rainwater    heads    by    the    lecturer.      Mr. 
Hadfield  said  he  thought  that  art  education  in 
this  country  had  hitherto  failed  to  equip  the  crafts- 
man equaUy  with  his  French,  German,  or  ItaUan 
comrade,   and  undoubtedly   not   wi'h   the   mar- 
vellously skilled-  craftsmen  of  the  Middle  Ages. 
It  tended  to  stifle  originality,  and  to  lead  him  to 
lean  too   much  on  precedent.     He  showed  that 
while   England   from    the    Anglo-Saxon   period 
to  the  18th   century  had   been  the  chief  source 
of   supply  to  Western   Europe,   exports   of  load 
had  fallen   from   80,000  tons  in  1870  to  21,606 
in   1902.     This  was  not  due  to  the  exhaustion  of 
the  mines,  nor    altogether   to   the   undoubtedly- 
crushing   foreign   competition   by   America   and 
New  South  Wales,  for  the  Isle  of  Man  had  main- 
tained its  production  of  3,000  tons,  and  France, 
Belgium,  and  Italy  had  largely  increase  1  their 
output.     AUusion  was  made  by   the  lecturer  to 
the  neglect  of  old  building  traditions  by  architects 
and  others  during  the  past  century  which  had  re- 
sulted in  the  decidence  of  the  lead- worker  s  "  art 
and  mystery."     There  were  signs,  however,  that 
there  would  be  a  revival.     The  special  qualifica- 
tions of  lead  for  building  purposes  were  considered, 
and  it  was  shown  to  be  capable  of  artistic  treat- 
ment,  and  to  be  suitable    both  for  decorative 
purposes  as  well  as  constructive.     The  process  of 
manufacturing    cast    lead    sheets,    now   coming 
a^ain  into  use,  was  described,  and  also  allusion 
niade  to  the  great  use  of  lead  for  roofing  both  in 
England  and   abroad   from   Anglo-Saxon  times 
downwards.     Mr.  Hadfield  read  some  interesting 
extracts  from  the  fabric  roll    of  "iork  Minster, 
where  the  ra'es  of  wages,  mode  of  carrying  on 
the    plumbing    work,    forms    of    contract    with 
master  plumbers  in  the  14  th  and  15th  century 
were   mmutely   described.     It   was   pointed  out' 
that  the  use  of  lead  for  rain-water  piping  and 
spouting  in  important  buildings  was  true  economy 
and  in  the  interest  of  property  owners  in  the  long 
run      He   expressed    regret   at   the  practice   by 
house    painters    of   painting   external  lead  work. 
It  was  unnecessary  and  wasteful,  and  it  waaa 
source  of  disfigurement.     Lead  was  preferable  to 
other    metals     owing     to    its    weather-resisting 


March  18,  1004. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


407 


properties,  and  had  been  extensively  u'ed  for 
statues  and  monumental  vases  in  the  old  En!»li8h 
garden.  Such  pieces  of  artistic  craftsmanship  in 
lead  were  now  highly  valued.  Lead  bore  climatic 
influences  better  than  bronze.  It  was  also  suit- 
able for  marble  inlay,  forming  an  imperishable 
material  for  monumental  and  pavement  slabs  cap- 
able of  highly  artistic  treatmon';.  .Vt  the  con- 
clusion a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Hadfield  was 
passed  on  the  motion  of  Mr.  C.  Green,  seconded 
by  Mr.  D.  Corr'e. 


OHIPS. 

In  tbe  Xaval  Kstimates  just  submitted  to  Parlia- 
ment, it  is  stated  that  at  Chatham  a  residence  for 
the  Commander-in-Chief,  estimated  to  cost  i;2.'),000, 
has  been  begun ;  the  contract  for  the  new  river  wall 
has  been  let,  and  the  construction  of  the  new  dock 
is  practically  complete.  The  new  hospital  will  be 
completed  and  occupied  at  the  end  of  the  year. 

The  east  window  of  the  church  of  St.  Michael  and 
All  Angels,  Biasett,  Hants,  has  just  been  filled 
with  stained  glass.  The  window  is  by  Mr.  H.  J. 
Salisbury,  of  Brompton-road,  W.,  and  represents 
our  Lord  in  Majesty,  with  the  Archangels,  St.  Michael 
and  St.  Gabriel  on  either  side,  with  attendant  angels. 

At  Woodford  Green,  Essex,  a  new  Union  Con- 
gregational church,  Romanesque  in  style,  is  being 
erected  in  red  bricks,  with  stone  dressings,  from 
designs  by  Mr.  C.  Harrison  Townsend. 

The  church  of  Dean-Prior,  Buckfastleigh,  South 
Devon,  where  the  poet  Herrick  lived  and  died,  is  to 
to  be  restored  at  a  cost  of  £1,000. 

The  plans  committee  of  Aberdeen  Town  Council 
have  this  week  approved  the  plans  of  a  new 
theatre,  which  is  to  be  erected  in  Bosemount 
Viaduct,  at  a  cost  of  £25,000. 

Mr.  James  R.  Holroyd,  of  Lutterworth,  has  been 
elected  surveyor  and  inspector  of  nuisances  for 
No.  2  District  of  the  Frome  Rural  District  Council. 
For  No.  1  District,  the  same  authority  has 
appointed  Mr.  J.  Beynon  to  a  like  office. 

The  committee  appointed  to  give  effect  to  the 
wishes  of  the  donor  of  £600  for  the  purchase  of  a 
picture  or  pictures,  to  become  the  property  of  the 
Glasgow  Corporation,  have  selected  the  following 
pictures,  which  are  at  preseut  hung  in  the  exhibition 
of  the  Koyal  Glasgow  Institute  of  Fine  Arts:— 
"A  Provencal  Winter."  by  H.  H.  la  Thangue, 
A.R.A.  ;  "  Durham— Evening,"  by  W.  Y.  Mac- 
Gregor,  A.R.S.A. ;  and  "  An  Ayrshire  Landscape," 
by  George  Houston. 

The  urban  district  council  of  Barking  Town  have 

i'ust  completed  the  construction  of  the  Barking  and 
ieckton  electric  tramways  under  the  supervision  of 
the  engineer,  Mr.  Gerald  Baker,  of  Victoria-street, 
Westminster.  The  works  have  included  a  neiv 
highway  bridge  on  the  bascule  principle  over 
Barking  Creek.  The  bridge  provides  for  a  single 
une  of  tram  rails  and  a  footway,  and  the  bascule  is 
of  the  Scherzer  type.  The  contractors  for  both 
bridge  and  approaches  were  Messrs.  Anthony  Fasey 
and  Son,  of  Leytonstone,  and  the  cost  £13,400.  Fof 
the  permanent  way  of  the  entire  line  Messrs.  Wm. 
Griffiths  and  Co.  were  the  contractors. 

The  Carnarvon  Town  Council  have  decided  to 
proceed  with  the  agreement  made  with  the  National 
Wiring  Co.  for  the  construction  of  electric  light 
works  at  a  cost  of  £17,000. 

Mr.  B.  I' Anson  Breach  (of  Messrs.  Farebrother, 
Elhs,  and  Co.)  has  been  appointed  arbitrator  by  the 
Local  Government  Board  in  respect  of  the  objec- 
tions to  the  proposed  assessment  for  betterment  in 
reference  to  the  Tottenham  Court-road  improve- 
ments under  the  Act  of  IS'.iT. 

The  memorial  stones  of  a  new  Sunday-school  of 
the  United  Methodist  Free  Church  were  laid  at 
Highfield  -  avenue,  Oldfield  -  lane,  Greenside, 
Wortley,  last  week  by  the  Laily  Mayoress  of 
Leeds.  The  new  buildings,  which  will  cost  £2  600 
have  been  designed  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Wilkinson,  of 
Leeds,  and  are  Classic  in  character.  Eventually  it 
is  intended  to  erect  a  chapel  on  land  adjoining  the 
school.  Until  this  is  accomplished  the  school  will  be 
used  as  a  chapel. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Metropolitan 
Asylums  Board  a  letter  was  read  from  the  Local 
Government  Board  assenting  to  the  proposal  to 
build  a  new  vessel  to  replace  the  training-ship  Ee- 
mniil/i  in  accordance  with  the  plans  l)y  Professor 
Byles,  approved  by  the  managers,  and  promising  to 
issue  an  order  authorising  the  expenditure  of  a  sum 
of  xm.'l.'iO  in  resnect  of  the  vnsani       A    Ufto,.  ^„o 


COMPETITIONS. 

Chei.ska. — At  their  last  meeting  the  borough 
council,  after  some  discussion,  adopted  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  Baths  Committee  that  the 
following  firms  of  architects  be  invited  to  submit 
preliminary  plans  and  reports  for  the  recon- 
struction of  the  public  baths  : — Mr.  R.  Dickinson, 
5,  John-street,  Adelphi ;  Mr.  Leonard  Stokes, 
2  and  4,  Great  Smith-street;  Messrs.  Wills  and 
Anderson,  4  and  5,  Adam-street,  Adelphi  ; 
Messrs.  Sheppard  and  Burkinshaw,  21,  .Tohn- 
street,  Adelphi. 

Smkthwick. — At  Tuesday's  meeting  of  the 
town  council,  the  general  purposes  committee 
reported  that  they  had  considered  the  question  of 
provision  of  additional  office  accommodation, 
which  was  very  urgently  needed,  and  had  made 
the  following  recommendations:  (1)  That  the 
scheme  for  the  erection  of  additional  offices  at  the 
rear  of  the  town-hall  be  abandoned  ;  (2)  that  a  set 
of  municipal  offices  be  erected  below  the  main 
entrance  to  Victoria  Park,  facing  the  main  road, 
comprising,  in  addition  to  a  council  chamber, 
mayor's  parlour,  and  committee-rooms,  accom- 
modation for  the  town  clerk,  borough  surveyor, 
borough  accountants,  weights  and  measures, 
sanitary,  gas,  education,  and  rates  departments, 
together  with  the  rooms  for  caretakers ;  (3)  that 
competitive  designs  for  the  buildings  be  invited 
from  five  selected  architects  ;  (4)  that  the  coat  of 
the  buildings  to  be  inserted  in  the  particulars  and 
conditions  to  be  sent  to  the  architects  be  stated  at 
£13,000,  and  that,  when  the  plans  are  received, 
an  assessor  be  appointed  to  adjudicate  upon  them. 
The  recommendations  were  adopted. 


ir>0  in  respect  of  the  vessel.  A  letter  was 
also  read  from  the  Local  Government  Board  ap- 
proving the  amended  plans  relating  to  the  erection 
of  22  cottages  for  married  attendants  at  Leavesden 
Asylum. 

The  committee  of  the  Free  Library  for  Calne, 
Wilts,  have  decided  that  the  designs  for  the  L'ree 
Library,  towards  which  Mr.  Carnegie  has  promised 
£1,200,  shall  be  open  to  public  competition. 


To  the  Louvre  collection  two  works  by  artists  of 
the  Early  English  School  have  just  been  added  by 
purchase,  at  a  cost  of  loO.OOOfr.  They  are  a  portrait 
of  Mrs.  Maconochie,  by  Sir  Henry  Raeburn,  painted 
in  1818,  and  another  of  a  young  woman  by  Hoppner. 

The  football  and  cricket  grounds  at  Ashton 
Gate  have  been  acquired  by  the  Bristol  City  Foot- 
ball Club,  and  are  about  to  be  remodelled  from 
plans  by  Mr.  E.  Carrington  Hanson,  architect. 
Broad-street,  Bristol.  The  playing  area  will  be 
inclosed  with  iron  fencing  3ft.  9in.  in  height,  and 
the  area  of  the  ground  is  six  acres  one  rood  and  a 
half.  Large  pavilions  will  be  erected,  and  covered 
stands  will  surround  the  entire  ground,  the  esti- 
mated outlay  on  those  works  being  £8,000. 

A  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  have 
passed  the  preamble  of  the  Bill  extending  the 
time  for  the  compulsory  purchase  of  land  and  the 
completion  of  works  in  connection  with  the  South- 
western and  Isle  of  Wight  Junction  Railway.  The 
railway  was  authorised  in  1901.  It  was  to  be  seven 
and  a  half  miles  in  length,  and  to  proceed  from 
Lymington,  where  it  formed  a  junction  with  the 
London  and  South-Westem  Railway,  down  to  the 
Solent.  The  railway  was  then  to  be  carried  in  a 
tunnel  under  the  Solent  to  the  Isle  of  Wight,  where 
a  junction  would  be  formed  with  the  Freshwater, 
Yarmouth,  and  Newport  Railway.  The  Bill  also 
contemplates  the  construction  of  a  short  length  of 
railway  to,  and  a  deep-water  pier  at,  the  mainland 
shore  of  the  Solent. 

Half  a  dozen  city  churches  in  Liverpool  are 
scheduled  for  demolition  as  Iwing  no  longer  needed 
for  public  worship.  A  movement  is  on  foot  to 
secure  and  clear  some  of,  if  not  all,  the  sites  as 
public  gardens. 

The  Crowmarsh  Rural  District  Council  have  re- 
solved to  apply  to  the  Local  Government  Board  for 
a  loan  in  order  to  carry  out  the  scheme  prepar  ed  by 
Messrs.  Beasley,  Sou,  and  Nichols  for  the  supply  of 
water  to  the  portion  of  the  parish  of  Newmgton 
known  as  Holcombe. 

New  offices  have  just  been  completed  for  the 
Urban  District  Council  of  Camborne  from  plans  by 
Mr.  .Simpson  Hill  of  that  town. 

Sewerage  woiks  carried  out  at  a  cost  ot  £\r>, 000 
have  just  been  brought  to  completion  for  the  town 
council  of  Pontefract.  Mr.  Baldwin  Latham  was 
the  consulting  engineer,  and  Messrs.  B.  Cooke  and 
Co.,  of  B-ittersea,  were  the  contractors. 

It  has  been  found  necessary  to  carry  out  extensive 
structural  repairs  on  the  lioyal  Border  Bridge,  con- 
necting the  North  British  and  North-Eastern  Rail- 
way systems  at  Berwick,  and  crossing  the  Tweed, 
and  preparations  are  being  made  to  carry  out  the 
work,  trafii>5  meantime  Ijeing  carried  across  the 
bridge  on  a  single  line. 

An  iiKjuiry  was  held  at  Mickley  relative  to  an 
application  tiy  the  Hexham  Rural  District  Council 
for  permission  to  borrow  £3,7011  for  the  purpose  of 
sewerage  and  sewage  disposal  for  the  township  of 
Mickley.  Mr.  W.  O.  E.  Meade-  King,  of  the  Local 
Government  Board,  attended  and  took  evidence. 
No  opposition  was  offered  to  the  scheme. 


TO    CORRESPONDENTS. 

[We  do  not  hold  ourselves  responsible  for  the  opinions  of 

cor  correspondents.      All    cimmuniciitiona  should  be 

drawn  op  as  briefly  as  poHnible.  as   there  are  many 

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commimicationa  respecting  iUtistrutionB  or  literary  matter 

ehonldbe  addressed  to  the  EDITKR  of  the  Builuiso 

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onsought  contributiona. 

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— •-•-• — 

CORNER   HOUSES. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildino  Nbws. 

Sir, — I  think  it  would  have  been  invidious  for 
the  author  of  such  a  paper  as  mine  to  have 
criticised  the  works  of  other  men  in  the  manner 
suggested  by  your  correspondent,  "  The  Corner 
Man,"  and  it  is  obviously  impossible  to  lay  down 
a  set  of  hard  and  fast  rules  for  the  treatment  of 
angles. 

The  particular  form  of  the  angle  treatment 
secondary  importance  to  the  p  int  that  the  angle 
be  "  part  and  parcel "  of  the  design. 

Angle-bay  windows  treated  as  turroti,  whether 
square,  circular,  or  pohgonal  on  plan,  are  often  of 
great  practical  use  in  increasing  the  lloor  area  on 
small  sites  where  space  is  very  valuable,  as  also 
when  a  particular  view  is  desired,  and,  when 
well  treated,  such  angles  materially  add  to  the 
interest  of  the  street. 

The  danger  to  bo  avoided  is  "fiissiness"  of 
design,  and  I  think  it  would  be  generally 
admitted  that  any  treatment  in  stone  or  brick- 
work carried  above  the  top  lloor  of  the  main 
building  upon    steel  construction  is    wrong  in 


408 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  18,  1904. 


principle,  and  that  a  better  and  more  natural 
effect  is  produced  by  treating  the  upper  portion  as 
a  part  of  the  roof,  and  covered  with  slate  or 
tQes,  lead  or  copper,  upon  timber  work,  either  as 
a  spire  or  dome,  or  other  suitable  form  of  roof — 
riilr  The  Alliance  Building,  in  St.  James's-street. 

One  is,  of  course,  struck  by  the  crop  of  turrets 
of  ever-varying  form  which  have  been  built  of 
late  years,  many  of  which,  however,  are  charming 
bits  of  design  in  themselves. 

It  amounts  to  this  :  an  angle  skilfully  treated 
adds  to  the  value  of  the  building,  but  it  requires 
skilful  treatment ! 

What  also  appears  to  me  to  be  a  wrong  treat- 
ment is  the  breaking-off  of  the  cornices  by  the 
interpolation  of  the  angle  treatment,  particularly 
the  main  cornice,  and  this  was  one  of  the  points 
in  my  mind  when  I  suggested  that  the  angle 
treatment  should  form  an  integral  part  of  the 
design,  and  be  well  bonded  to  it  instead  of  having 
a  "  stuck-on  "  eifect. — I  am,  &o. 

W.  Hesry  White. 


The  second  reason  for  the  fire  being  confined 
was  the  use  of  armoured  fireproof  doors  over  the 
openings  into  the  stores  adjoining,  where  many 
thousand  pounds'  worth  of  goods  were  stocked. 
These  doors  stood  their  test  remarkably  well,  and 
are  hanging  at  the  present  moment,  in  perfect 
working  order.  Messrs.  Mather  and  Piatt  were 
the  makers  of  these  doors. 

Owing  to  the  two  causes  mentioned  above  the 
damage  was  confined  to  a  part  of  our  arc  lamp 
department,  our  switchboard  and  controller 
woiks  and  motor  works  escaping  with  only  slight 
damage  through  water. — I  am,  &c. 

P.  Ct.  EmiuTT. 

Plume-place,  Aston,  Birmingham,  March  15. 


ST.   OSWALD'S   CHURCH,   ASHBOURNE. 


UNSOUNDNESS   IN    THE    BUILDING 
TRADE. 

Sill, — In  a  Journal  of  so  much  importance  to 
the  Building  Trade,  may  I  be  permitted  to  indi- 
cate the  chief  cause  of  the  present  very  unsound 
financial  condition  of  the  above-named  trade,  and 
to  suggest  a  remedy  'f 

It  has  now  become  most  unusual  for  the  em- 
ployers of  builders  to  have  the  slightest  intention 
of  paying  anything  approximate  to  the  actual 
value  of  the  work  done  for  them.  Therefore,  the 
contemplated  work  is  put  to  competition,  and 
builders  anxious  to  handle  capital  so  as  to  post- 
pone the  inevitable  as  long  as  possible,  are  in- 
vited to  compete  with  notorious  under-cutters. 

Experience  has  shown  that  the  highest  tender 
will  probably  be  below  the  value  of  the  work, 
while  the  lowest  will  as  probably  be  less  than 
two-thirds  of  what  the  builder  will  be  obliged  to 
expend  before  he  can  complete  the  ]  ob. 

Whether  to  enable  him  to  do  the  work  so 
absurdly  below  its  fair  value,  the  builder  has 
to  rob  his  creditors,  is  immaterial  to  his  em- 
ployer, who  is  simply  determined  to  pay  as  little 
as  possible  for  the  work. 

But  I  contend  that  if  the  builder  becomes  bank- 
rupt in  consequence  of  doing  the  job,  the  person 
who  has  thus  acquired  the  property  of  the 
builder's  unfortunate  creditors  should  be  treated 
as  a  receiver  of  stolen  goods. 

This  he  most  certainly  is,  and  he  would  as  cer- 
tainly be  punished  as  such  if  the  building 
materials  thus  acquired  were  merely  a  silver  spoon 
or  a  gold  watch. 

If  the  building  trade  is  ever  again  to  be  an 
honourable  one,  the  receiver  of  stolen  building 
materials  must  be  as  severely  dealt  with  as  the 
receiver  of  stolen  jewelry. 

A  certificate  of  bankruptcy  is  beginning  to  be 
regarded  as  a  State  subsidy  to  necessary  vendors 
of  goods  at  receivers'  prices,  and  consequently  not 
in  the  slightest  degree  discreditable  to  competitive 
trading. — I  am,  &c.,  Thomas  Dagless. 

Little  Walsingham,  Norfolk,  March  12. 


FIRE   RISKS   IN   FACTORIES. 

Sir, — In  view  of  the  interest  now  generally 
exhibited  with  regard  to  fire  risks,  we  think  that 
our  experience  during  last  week  may  be  worth 
recording. 

Unfortunately,  a  rather  serious  fire  broke  out 
in  one  section  of  our  works  on  Blonday  last ;  but 
owing  primarily  to  two  causes,  we  have  been 
fortunate  in  escaping  with  comparatively  slight 
damage. 

The  fire  commenced  at  one  end  of  the  top  floor 
of  a  four-story  building  measuring  some  200ft. 
by  50ft.,  filled  with  valuable  machinery,  and  with 
work  in  progress.  The  marvel  is  that  once  well 
alight  it  was  possible  to  confine  it  to  such  a  com- 
paratively small  area  as  was  the  case,  about  one  ■ 
third  of  the  roof  being  destroyed.  'This  roof  was 
was  on  the  saw-tooth  principle,  slated  on  the  one 
slope  and  with  iron  sashes  and  glass  on  the  other 
elope  ;  and  this,  in  our  opinion,  prevented  the 
fire  from  running  from  one  end  of  the  shop  to  the 
other.  It  was  evident  that  the  flames  ran  up  the 
rafters  under  the  slates  very  quickly,  but  on 
arriving  at  the  top  of  the  ridge  they  were  checked 
by  the  open  space,  and  had  to  curl  down  and 
commence  again  at  a  spot  several  feet  below  and 
at  some  distance  away.  This  had  to  be  repeated 
as  each  ridge  was  reached,  and  to  this  we  believe 
we  owe  the  fact  that  the  roof  escaped  as  it  did. 


Sill, — In  Mr.  Lawrence  M.  Gotch's  careful 
drawing  cf  this  church,  the  height  of  the  spire  is 
figured  at  184ft.  llin.,  but  in  the  accompanying 
letterpress  he  quotes  its  altitude  as  200ft.  In  the 
immediate  neighbourhood,  Ashbourne's  graceful 
spire  is  commonly  asserted  to  exceed  either  of 
these  measurements,  212ft.  being  the  extreme 
height  given.  It  was  upon  August  23,  1873, 
that,  happening  to  be  at  Ashbourne,  I  witnessed 
the  rehoisting  of  the  weathercock  to  the  top  of 
the  spire  after  undergoing  the  sometimes  necessarj' 
process  of  regilding.  On  that  occasion  the  then 
vicar  (the  Rev.  Edward  Marsham  Jloore,  51. A  , 
now  rector  of  Benefield,  near  Oundle),  ere  it  left 
terra-firma  upon  its  upward  course,  sat  himself 
astride  the  golden  chanticleer  in  question,  and  in 
that  position,  with  all  the  dignity  of  a  fabulous 
horse-marine,  was  hoisted  up  to  the  apex  stone, 
and  there  personally  replaced  the  ancient  vane 
once  again  in  its  place.  A  record  of  the  event 
appeared  in  T/if  Graphic,  a  week  or  so  later, 
together  with  two  illustrations  of  the  actual  per- 
formance, drawn  from  photographs  taken  by 
Heene,  of  Derby. 

It  was  a  year  prior  to  the  above  incident  (in 
1872)  that  the  top  stone  of  St.  Slary's  Redcliffe, 
Bristol — one  of  the  three  largest  old  parish 
churches  in  England,  those  of  Yarmouth  and 
Hull  being  the  other  two — was  fixed  by  the  then 
Mayor  of  Bristol  (Mr.  W.  Proctor- Baker) ,  his 
worship  being  accompanied  aloft  and  assisted  in 
the  ceremony  by  his  charming  consort,  the 
mayoress.  This  church  had  then  been  for  many 
years  under  conservative  renovation  by  my  old 
and  valued  friend,  as  well  as  the  sage  adviser  of 
my  early  days,  the  late  Mr.  George  Godwin, 
F.S.A.,  who,  after  being  for  upwards  of  forty 
3»ears  the  editor  of  the  BiiiMer,  died  early  in  1888. 
It  is  well  within  my  recollection  that  the  after- 
noon chosen  for  the  ceremony  was  most  un- 
favourable, and  no  sooner  had  the  party  been 
hoisted  to  the  top  (I  believe  the  mayor  himself 
climbed  the  ladders)  when  a  most  severe  thunder- 
storm broke  over  the  immediate  neighbourhood, 
the  lightning  being  exceptionally  vivid  and  the 
thunder  simply  terrific.  Amongst  those  also  pre- 
sent was  the  Rev.  Walter  J.  Forbes  Robberts, 
M.A.,  who  had  not  then  taken  Holy  Orders,  but 
afterwards  became  vicar  of  the  parish.  He  is 
now  my  Lord  of  Brechin,  having  recently  been 
appointed  Bishop  of  that  Scotch  diocese. 

.One  more  steeple  story  and  I  have  done  !  The 
crocketed  spire  at  Oundle,  in  the  Nene  valley,  is 
deservedly  recognised  for  its  beauty  amongst  the 
many  fair  ones  in  Northamptonshire.  It  rises 
210ft  ,  and  has  its  outline  boldly  broken  by 
vigorous  crockets  separated  some  3ft.  apart  from 
each  other.  In  1883  a  pupil  at  the  well-known 
school  ia  that  town  (he  was  fifteen  years  old,  and 
the  son  of  a  Northampton  medical  practitioner), 
climbed  the  spire,  aided  in  his  ascent  by  the 
crockets  in  question  and  the  lightning  conductor. 
Having  attained  his  ambition,  he  tied  his  cap  in 
triumph  around  the  neck  of  the  weathercock, 
and  there  it  remained  several  weeks.  On  coming 
safely  down  again,  the  venturesome  youth  was 
rewarded  by  a  severe  caning,  administered  by  the 
head  master  for  presuming  to  go  "  out  of  bounds  " 
without  permission.  Later,  when  the  headgear 
blew  down,  it  was  purchased  by  one  of  the  daring 
youngster's  admirers  for  five  shillings,  and  is 
still  preserved  in  the  tower  as  a  memento  of  the 
event.  The  oldest  known  weathercock  does 
duty  above  the  western  tower  of  St.  Sidwell's 
Church,  Exeter.  It  originally  revolved  over  the 
low  spire  that  formerly  surmounted  the  northern 
Norman  tower  of  Exeter  Cathedral,  where  it  was 
placed  by  direction  of  Bishop  Courtenay,  a  d. 
l-18i. — I  am,  ttc.  H.\uuv  Hems. 

Fair  Park,  Exeter,  March  1 1 . 


VENTILATION. 

Sir, — Mr.  Bibby,  in  his  criticism  of  Mr.  Nes- 
bit's  paper,  read  before  the  Society  of  Architecta, 
refers  to  the  Report  of  the  House  of  Commons 
Committee  with  regard  to  the  ventilation  of  the 
House. 

The  main  items  in  the  true  report  are  the  fol- 
lowing ;— Blue-book  2S3,  page85and  6,  clause6, 
sections  1,  2,  3,  4  ;  Blue-book  283,  page  6,  clause 
7  ;  Blue-book  283,  page  6,  clause  9.  These  I  will 
deal  with  seriatim. 

Clause  6,  section  1  :  "In  order  that  the 
flow  of  air  through  a  building  should  be  com- 
pletely under  control  it  is  most  desirable  that  both 
the  intake  and  the  outflow  should  have  each  its 
own  motive  power.  It  is  undesirable  to  trust 
simply  and  alone  to  pressure  at  the  inlet,  or  to 
exhaust  power  at  the  outlet." 

This  principle  is  in  favour  of  mechanical 
ventilation,  and  is  in  opposition  to  natural 
ventilation.  Dr.  Shaw,  in  reply  to  question  88, 
Blue-book  283,  stated  :  "  Scientifically  a  system 
of  ventilation  is  not  satisfactory  unless  the  inlets 
have  their  motive  power  as  well  as  the  outlets." 

Question  89  :  That  you  regard  as  a  fundamental 
doctrine  in  ventilation  'f 

Answer  89  :    That  is  fundamental. 
(Juestion    90 :     That    is    deficient    in   all  our 
Committee  Rooms,  is  it  not '' 

Answer  90  :  I  have  only  examined  this  room  ; 
but  of  course  it  is  characteristic  of  ventilation 
generally  ;  it  is  a  characteristic,  I  may  say,  of  the 
Plenum  system,  &c. 

(It  is  also  characteristic  of  natural  ventilation 
also,  although  Dr.  Shaw  did  not  say  so). 

Blue-book  283.— Ouestion  288  :  I  suppose  you 
could  not  ventilate  and  heat  a  debating  chamber 
of  this  size  except  in  an  artificial  way  r 

Answer  288  :  The  alternative  to  artificial  being 
by  means  of  the  sun. 

(Juestion  289:  You  must  have  an  artificial 
means  of  ventilation  r 

Answer  2S9  :  Yes,  I  think  so. 
Question   290 :    And   some   of  the  defects  in- 
evitable with  that  system  r 

Answer  290  ;  I  should  not  like  to  say  they  are 
inevitable. 

(juestion  291  :  An  open  window  is  the  best 
thing  you  can  get,  but  you  cannot  always  have  it? 
Answer  291  :  No,  I  admit  the  defects  have  not 
yet  been  avoided  ;  but  I  should  not  like  to  say  we 
have  come  to  the  end  of  our  possibilities  in  this 
direction. 

In  connection  with  these  latter  questions  and 
answers,  the  imitation  Blue-book  states,  on  page 
30,  that  to  question  291  Professor  Shaw  "  replied 
in  the  njiniintive,  adding  that  the  defects  of 
open  •  u-hidaw  ventilation  had  not  yet  been 
avoided."  If  you  cirefuUy  examine  the  true 
answer,  you  will  notice  that  he  replied  in  the 
iirr/atiiy,  and  stated  previously  that  tlieir  must  In- 
ai'tijiciiil  iiii-iiHy  of  rentilaCiuii.  The  clause  in  the 
imitation  Blue-book  is  marked  "  Singularly 
pathetic."  It  ia  pathetic  that  evidence  should 
be  so  distorted. 

In  connection  with  this  section  and  all  others, 
the  poor  defence  of  Downward  Plenum  is 
strikingly  apparent,  one  witness  only,  Mr.  Key, 
having  given  evidence  upon  the  system.  _  This 
evidence  was  naturally  from  his  own  point  of 
view,  with  the  result  that  this  section  is  con- 
sidered to  be  contravened  by  the  Downward 
Plenum  system.  The  system  advocated  by  Mr. 
Key  is  not  the  only  system  of  Downward  Plenum. 
He  trusts  to  the  roof-turret  for  the  outflow  of  the 
air  ;  but  other  engineers  do  not  agree  with  him 
in  this,  and  they  use  motive  power  on  the  extract, 
at  the  same  time  giving  a  preponderance  of 
admission  over  extraction.  Had  evidence  been 
given  upon  such  a  system  it  would  have  complied 
with  this  section. 

Clause  6,  section  2  :  "  The  density  of  air 
expired  by  man  being  the  same  as  that  of  un- 
breathed  air  when  raised  to  a  temperature  of 
from  78'  to  81=  Fahr.,  or  thereabouts,  this  expired 
air  naturally  ascends  when  the  temperature  of 
the  surrounding  air  is  below  this  range,  and 
naturally  descends  when  it  is  above  it.  Hence, 
when,  as  is  usually  the  case,  the  temperature  of 
the  air  in  a  building  is  below  78'_  or  so,  ventila- 
tion from  below  upwards  is  assisted,  and  that 
from  above  downwards  is  hindered  by  the 
breathing  effects  of  each  individual  in  the  build- 
ing ;  and  the  larger  the  number  of  individuals, 
the  greater  is  the  assistance  or  hindrance  thus 
offered.  Hence,  other  things  being  equal, 
natural  ventilation  aay  be  said  to  be  that  which 
takes  place  unwards  from  below,  or  at  least  from 
the  level  of  the  heads  of  the  persons  present. 


March  18,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


409 


It  the  air  expired  from  the  lunga  remained  in  a 
solid  mass  at  7ti"  or  81°,  the  tendenry  of  that 
mass  would  be  to  rise;  but  our  linker  has  formed 
us  with  nostrils,  wliiuh  not  only  discharge  tho  air 
in  a  downward  direction,  but  also  spray  the 
ejected  air  so  that  it  mingles  with  the  surround- 
ing atmosphere,  anil  is  rapidly  cooltd.  Taking 
this  downward  ejection,  and  the  mingling  and 
coaling  of  the  ejected  air  into  consideration,  I 
maintain  that  there  is  much  more  opportunity 
for  re-inhalation  with  an  upward  system  than 
with  a  downward  system,  as  the  mingled  air  has 
in  the  former  to  pa-s  the  level  of  tho  nostrils  once 
again  in  order  to  reach  the  extraction  outlet, 
whereas  with  the  latter  the  downward  movement 
of  the  air  in  the  room  is  accentuating  the  passage 
of  the  air  to  the  floor,  at  which  level  it  is  re- 
moved. Mr.  Key  had  his  opportunity  of  explain- 
this  in  his  reply  to  (Juestion  1171,  Blue-liook 
227.  "However,  the  air  descending  is  always 
cooler  than  the  air  coming  oil'  the  lungs"  ;  hut 
unfortunately  he  was  satisfied  with  giving  a  plain 
reply"  Yes,"  which,  whilst  perfectly  correct  so 
far  as  the  temperature  at  the  point  of  ejection  it 
concerned,  yet  conveyed  the  impression  that  it 
remained  30,5and  would  rise.  Under  these  circum- 
stances section  2  is,  in  my  opinion,  erroneous, 
and  would  probably  not  have  been  included  had 
the  Committee  had  full  evidence  put  before  them 
which  would  he  easily  supplemented  by  tests. 

Clause  6,  section  3  :  "  Since  the  sensation  of 
'  draught '  is  determined  not  merely  by  the  tem- 
perature of  the  air  impinging  on  the  akin,  but 
also,  and,  indeed,  mainly,  by  the  velocity  with 
■which  the  impinging  air  is  moving,  as  low  a 
Telocity  as  possible  in  the  air  coming  in  contact 
with  the  skin  is  especially  to  be  aimed  at."  The 
Committee  report  that  Downw.ard  Plenum  satisfies 
this  clause.  This  is  a  principle  which  Downward 
Plenum,  and  that  alone,  will  comply  with  in 
crowded  buildings,  if  the  CO^  is  to  be  kept  below 
6  in  10,000. 

Clause  6,  section  4  :  "  Draughts  may  be 
caused  by  different  temperatures  in  different 
parts  of  a  room  independent  of  any  movements  of 
the  incoming  air,  and  such  draughts  should  also, 
as  far  as  is  possible,  be  avoided."  In  connection 
with  this  the  Committee  state  :  ' '  The  absence  of 
'draughts'  is  claimed,  and  apparently  justly 
claimed,  as  one  of  its  greit  merits." 

Clause  7  :  "  An  essential  condition  of  the 
system  is  that  all  windows  are  kept  closed,  and 
that  no  doors  be  left  open  for  a  longer  period 
than  absolutely  necessary  for  entrance  or  exit. 
The  Committee  believe  that  this  condition  would 
he  very  strongly  objected  to  by  Members.  More- 
over, the  Committee  learn  that  in  buildings  in 
which  the  system  is  in  use,  the  very  regularity — 
it  may  be  said  the  very  monotony  of  the  supply — 
aided  perhaps  by  the  psychological  influence  of 
not  being  able  to  open  a  window,  produces  an 
unfavourable  effect  on  those  remaining  in  the 
building  for  any  length  of  time.  These  speak  of 
the  air  as  '  tiring '  or  '  oppressive,'  and  say 
they  feel  '  that  they  want  to  open  the  window  in 
order  to  get  a  little  fresh  air.'  Making  every 
allowance  for  the  play  of  prejudice,  the  testimony 
thus  given  does  seem  to  the  Committee  to  militate 
seriously  against  the  system,  ancl  they  cannot 
recommend  that  it  should  be  adopted." 

Clause  9  :  "  With  respect  to  the  third  pro- 
posed system,  that  of  admitting  air  at  the  sides, 
and  removing  it  both  by  the  roof  and  the  floor,  it  is 
more  dilEcult  to  speak  in  decided  terms.  .Such  a 
carefully-arranged  lateral  How  from  the  sides  at 
about  the  leVel  of  the  he.ads  of  persons  present  would 
satisfy  conditions  ii.,  and  at  the  same  time  would 
do  away  witli  wluit  the  Committee,  in  common 
with  many  of  tho  witnesses,  cannot  but  regard  as 
a  most  objectionable  fe.ature  of  the  present  system 
— the  inflow  of  air  through  the  floor.  IJat  tl\e 
Committee  have  not  had  before  them  satisfactory 
evidence  that  such  a  lateral  supply  could  bo 
brought  about  at  such  volucities  and  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  bo  oU'ective,  and  yet  not  to  givo 
riso  to  sensations  of  "draught";  and  they  are 
much  impressed  by  the  evidence  of  Dr.  .Shaw,  to 
tho  effect  that  our  present  knowledge  of  ventila- 
tion is  insutliciont  to  guarantee  that  such  a 
system  of  lateral  inflow  could  bo  installed  with 
satisfactory  results."  This  <lausc  is  not  mure  in 
favour  of  natural  ventilation  with  .air  admitted  at 
the  head  level  than  it  is  with  regard  to  in  How 
of  air  through  the  floor.  It  contains  a  strong 
suggestion  in  favour  of  Downward  Plenum.  That 
eventually  the  House  will  be  heated  and  vimti- 
lated  by  Downward  Plenum  on  up-to-datj  lines 
is  the  belief  of  ,1.  Nklson  J!i  snelj.. 

109,  Iligh-road,  Chiswick. 


AIR   ANALYSIS. 

SiK, — In  reply  to  Mr.  Herbert  T.  Buckland's 
inquiries  in  your  current  issue,  I  suggest  that  he 
communicate  with  a  good  firm  of  natural  ventila- 
tion engineers,  who  would,  doubtless,  supply  him 
with  the  precise  information  he  requires,  as  I 
observe  that  lists  of  such  buildings,  with  reports 
of  results,  are  availaole. 

With  respect  to  air  analysis,  the  following 
extract,  from  a  publication  on  ventilation,  with 
which  Mr.  Buckland,  as  an  architect,  may  possibly 
be  acquainted,  may  be  found  instructive  : — • 

"In  buildings,  such  a3  hospitals  and  asylums,  an 
analysis  of  tlie  air  might  be  made  periodically,  as  the 
medical  superintendent  would,  in  mobt  cases,  be  qualified 
to  judge  if  the  tests  were  correctly  made ;  if  he  did  not 
malie  tbem  himself.  In  other  buildings,  such  as  churches, 
halls,  schools,  workrooms,  &c.,  there  would  be  some  diffi- 
culty in  securing  reliable  analysis,  there  being  so  many 
conditions  under  which  tests  may  be  made  that  might 
render  them  misleading,  and  valueless  as  indicating  the 
general  purity  of  the  air.  It  is  notorious  that,  in  spite  of 
elaborate  tables  of  analysis  of  the  air  of  many  public 
buildings  in  which  the  most  complete  forms  of  artificial 
ventilation  are  in  use,  the  condition  of  the  air  m  these 
buildings  is  not  found  by  those  occupying  them  to  be  in 
accord  with  the  analysis,  so  far  as  their  sensations  are 
conceraed.  In  a  recent  report  on  the  ventilation  of  the 
Houses  of  Parliament  the  following  passage  occurs;  — 
*  When  one  considers  the  enormous  volume  of  air,  equal 
to  ten  times  the  cubic  contents  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
which  is  passed  through  it  every  hour,  also  that  the 
elaborate  tables  of  air  analysis  are  apparently  all 
that  could  be  desired,  and  yet  the  ventilation  is  so 
notoriously  bad,  it  is  clear  that  there  is  something 
very  radically  wrong  with  mechanical  ventilation  by 
impulsion,  and  that  tables  of  analysis  and  of 
volumes  of  air  passed  through  a  budding  are  not 
to  be  accepted  as  correctly  indicating  either  the  general 
purity  of  the  air,  or  the  efficiency  of  the  ventilation.' 
Analysis  of  the  air  is  a  very  good  thing  so  far  as  it  goes  ; 
but  it  may,  with  some  justice,  be  objected  that  it  does 
not  go  far  enough,  for  all  the  tables  of  analysis  in  the 
world  will  not  convince  people  that  the  air  of  a  building 
is  pure  if  they,  from  their  own  actual  experience  and  the 
unerring  test  of  their  senses,  are  satisfied  that  it  is  not 
so.  After  all,  the  feelings  of  the  occupants  are  the  surest 
index  of  the  state  of  the  air  in  a  building  and  should  in 
most  cases  be  accepted  as  conclusive,  irrespective  of  air 
analysis  which,  however  desirable,  is  not  always  to  he 
relied  upon.  If  the  air  but  smells  fresh  and  sweet,  and 
there  is  an  absence  of  that  feeling  of  ..((/.T'sr  and  dis- 
comfort usually  experienced  in  a  badly-ventilated  build- 
ing, most  people  are  content  to  look  upon  air  analysis  as 
a  negligible  quantity,  though  they  may  not  always  be 
correct  in  doing  so." 

In  the  recent  report  of  the  Select  Committee 
on  the  ventilation  of  the  House  of  Commons  by 
fan  propulsion  and  extraction,  the  analysis  of  the 
air  of  the  House  is  stated  to  be  seemingly  satis- 
factory ;  but  the  Committee  further  say  : — 

"  This  conclusion,  obtained  by  means  of  objective  tests, 
is  not,  however,  confirmed  by  the  subjective  test  of  the 
Members'  own  feelings.  It  is  the  common  experrence  of 
many  Members  thit  the  air  of  the  Chamber  '  lacks 
freshness,'  that  there  are  some  qualities  possessed  by  it 
which  lead  to  a  stay  for  a  length  of  time  in  the  Chamber 
causing  in  the  Members  a  lassitude  and  feeling  of 
heaviness  which  tends  to  interfere  with  the  due 
performance  of  their  duties." 

The  following  also  appears  in  the  report  in  con- 
nection with  the  evidence  of  Sir  Michael  Foster, 
chairman  of  the  Committee,  and  would  seem  to 
j  ustif  y  the  i  mpression  that  too  much  importance  has 
been  attached  in  the  past  to  the  bacteria  bogey: — ■ 

"The  Committee  would  like  to  know  whether  it  is 
dangerous  to  filter  air  too  free  from  non-puthogenic 
germs  which  may  have  the  property  of  attacking  and 
destroying  the  pathogenic  germs  when  they  come  into 
contact ,' — I  should  say  in  the  first  place,  it  is  exceedingly 
improbable  that  we  should  be  able  to  remove  all  the 
bacteria ;  there  will  always  be  some  left ;  and,  in  the 
second  place,  the  removal  of  the  p.athogenic  bacteria  will 
take  place  /-/.■/  /..'  s-;^  with  the  non-pathogenic,  so  that 
the  diminished  bacterial  supply  will  be  equally  good  or 
equally  bad  as  the  original  supply. 

"  Do  the  non-pathogenic  germs  do  pBople  any  harm 
when  breathing  ?  If  they  are  not  pathogenic,  wh.it  harm 
can  they  do  .'  —  We  have  no  evidence  that  they  do  harm  at 
all,  so  long  as  they  are  not  pathogenic." 

Dr.  Christopher  Child,  an  accepted  authority 
on  the  subject,  says  ;  — 

"It  was  easy  to  test  the  atmosphere  and  ascertain  the 
relative  proportion  of  cirbonic  acid  gas  in  a  volume  of 
uir,  and  jilso  to  count  the  microbes ;  birt.  hitherto, 
analysts  had  failed  at  one  porirt— in  showing  them  whence 
came  the  invigorating  tiua  itics  which  they  all  recognised 
as  preseirt  in  fresh  arr.  These  health-giving  .lualities 
seemed  to  him  to  be  lacking  in  nir  pumped  into  a  building 
under  a  '  I'ienum  '  system,  and  to  be  present  in  methods 
of  natural  ventilation." 

Professor  Shaw  in  his  evidence  before  tho 
Committee,  doubtless,  cori-cctly  explains  tho 
causes  of  this  dilference  in  ollieiency  between 
PlenuMi  and  natui-al,  upwar.l  or  automatic, 
ventilation  as  follows  :  — 

"  Making  a  general  descending  current  over  the  House 
means  iriixuig  the  irsed  air  with  the  frc?.lrcr  air  aird  bring- 
ing the  mixture  down  to  the  lloor  of  the  Uoirse  and 
passing  it  over  the  Morrrbers.  In  so  far  as  that  point  is 
concerned,  the  suggestion  seems  t^>  me  to  be  wirrse  than 
the  present  system.  Tho  air  supplit'd,  irnlessthe  amount 
were  proportionately  increaseil,  would  be  less  fresh  when 
it  reached  the  lloor  tha'r  tho  air  is  at  present,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  fact  that  the  products  of  respiration  and 


so  on  have  to  go  upwards  in  the  first  instance,  and  to 
luing  them  down  again  worrld  mean  bringing  them  down 

past  the  Members I  would  like  to  point  out  one 

circumstance  which  seems  to  rue  to  he  extremely  rmpor- 
tjint,  and  is  sometimes  overlooked— that  is  to  say.  that 
each  individual  in  a  room  is  a  source  of  warmth  to  the 
air  which  surrounds  him.  and  he  does,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
distribute  the  air  largely  for  himself.  He  warms  the  air 
that  surrounds  him ;  it  rises  above  his  head,  and  its  place 
is  suppli.d  by  cooler  air  from  somewhere  or  other  .... 
Ho  is  liimself  a  ventilating  machine  ....  I  think  it  if* 
an  extremely  satisfactory  way  of  assisting  the  automatic 
distribution  of  air  which  the  individuals  themselves 
produce." 

The  analysis  of  the  air  in  the  Bradfoi-d  schools 
is  undeniably  misleading,  and  cannot  possibly  be 
accepted  as  of  any  practical  value,  the  mechanical 
system  being  tested  against  schools  ic  which  there 
WHS  no  natural  si/xtcm  of  ventilation  employed  at 
all ;  but  merely  doors  and  windows,  which  would 
be  closed  in  cold  weather. 

The  tests  made  by  Dr.  Porter  and  ilr.  Russell, 
embodied  in  a  paper  entitled  "  An  Inquiry  into 
the  Chemical  and  Bacteriological  Condition  of 
Air  in  Schools,"  curiously  enough  give  results 
exactly  the  reverse  of  those  obtained  at  Bradford, 
though  made  under  precisely  similar  conditions, 
demonstrating  that  the  air  in  the  schools,  venti- 
lated naturally,  was  very  considerably  purer  than 
in  the  schools  ventilated  mechanically  by  fans  ott 
the  Plenum  principle,  with  the  exception  of  when 
the  windows  were  entirely  closed  during  cold 
weather,  although  even  then  the  difference  in 
the  purity  of  the  air  between  the  two  methods 
was  not  gr.'at. 

A  scientific  natural  system  gets  over  the  dif- 
ficulty of  closed  windows  in  cold  weather,  and 
insures  effective  ventilation  at  all  times. 

Jlr.  Thomas  Jamieson,  city  analyst,  of  Aber- 
deen, has  also  prepared  tables  of  analysis  of  the 
air  in  Plenum  ventilated  schools  in  that  city, 
which  show  the  Plenum  system  in  a  most  un- 
favourable light  indeed.  The  te^ts  made  in  the 
Glasgow  Board  Schools  are  equally  unfavourable, 
and  I  understand  that  the  Plenum  system  is  not 
now  introduced  into  any  of  the  new  schools. 

The  "  Vacuum,"  or  mechanical  extraction  by 
fans,  does  not  appear  to  be  any  more  successful, 
as  evidenced  by  the  following  extract  from  a 
report  on  the  analysis  of  air  in  schools : — 

"  After  several  tests  in  schools  ventilated  on  each 
system,  it  was  clearly  demonstrated  that  in  none  of  the 
schools  examined  and  ventilated  mechanically  by  extrac- 
tion, even  in  a  school  opened  for  a  week  or  two,  was  the 
air  found  to  be  more  pure  thin  in  those  examined  and 
ventilated  naturally  wrthout  any  mechanism.  Draughts 
existed  in  the  upper  levels  of  every  room  ventilated 
mechanically  by  extraction,  while  the  halls  of  such 
buildings  were  generally  full  of  draughts." 

My  own  experience  as  an  architect,  having 
nearly  forty  years'  connection  with  the  archi- 
tectural profession  in  this  country  and  abroad, 
during  which  period  I  haveclosely  followed  thesub- 
ject,  confirms  me  in  the  opinion  that  Sir  Douglas 
Gallon  is  absolutely  right  when  he  says  : — "  It  is 
far  better  to  trust  to  the  ventilation  of  nature — 
natural  ventilation — than  to  the  artificial  pump- 
ing in  of  air."  My  experience  also  enables  me  to 
entirely  agree  with  the  Koyal  C  jmmissioncr  on 
ventilation.  Dr.  Armstrong,  when  ho  says  of 
Plenum,  or  ventilation  by  fan  propulsion : — 
"Anything  more  pernicious  I  cannot  imagine. 
.Such  a  system  is  abominable."  I  have  visited 
a  large  number  of  buildings  in  this  and  other 
countries  whore  mechanical  systems  of  ventila- 
tion were  employed,  including  Plenum,  vacuum 
and  impulsion  and  extraction  fans  combined ; 
but  in  no  case  was  the  ventilation  said,  by  those 
who  occupied  the  buildings,  to  be  satisfactory, 
serious  complaints  being  made.  It  is  ccrtainly 
\-ery  solid  proof  of  the  efliciency  of  xciiiiUjic 
natural  ventilation  that,  as  1  see  it  stated,  over 
300,000  buildings  have  been  successfully  venti- 
lated with  one  well-known  system  alone,  and  over 
a  million  "air-pump"  ventilators  employed: 
moreover,  the  highest  authorities  h'lve  ex- 
pressed their  unqualified  approval  of  this  natural 
system. 

.\rchitocts  aro  by  no  means  likely  to  incur  the 
expenditure  of  tho  vast  amoui.t  of  money  these 
installations  must  represent  without  being  ciuite 
satisfied  us  to  their  value  ;  whatever  the  mechanical 
ventilating  engiuoers  may  say  of  what  is  seem- 
ingly their  i,''r  iioir,  the  much-n^viled  (by 
theru)  "cowl,"  which  appears  to  have  struggled 
along  fairly  woU,  in  spite  of  tho  somewhat  ran- 
corous and — may  1  say  •  —not  wholly  disinter- 
ested disapproval  of  these  gentlemen.  Indeed,  it 
would  seem  to  be  a  somewhat  convincing  instancft 
of  tho  survival  of  the  fittest. 

It  is  curious  to  note  tho  number  of  mechanical 
engineers  that  aro  now  turning  their  backs  upon 
fan  ventilation  and  who  are  unmistakably  vooring 


410 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Makch  18,  1904. 


towards  natural  and  simpler  methods,  to  the  ex- 
tent, indeed,  in  some  cases,  of  a  complete  "  con- 
Tersion,"  all  of  which  is  very  significant. — I 
am,  &c.  Gkokgk  B.  Bihhv. 

09,  Queen's-road,  Twickenham,  March  H. 


VENTILATION. 

SiK,— Let  me  deal  with  Mr.  Bibby's  criticisms 
in  his  letter  in  your  is  ue  of  March  10  in  the 
order  given. 

1.  Claybury.  I  repeat  that  this  asylum  was 
not  finally  designed  to  receive,  nor  to  be  worked 
on,  a  Plenum  system.  If  Mr.  Bibby  refers  to 
your  journal  of  June  3,  1887,  p.  827,  he  will  find 
excerpts  from'  the  architect's  "description  sent  in 
with  his  competition  plans.  In  that  description 
it  will  be  found  that  the  architect  intended  to 
adopt  the  Plenum  ;  but  this  was  afterwards  over- 
ruled by  the  powtrs  then  existing,  and  this 
asylum  is,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  a  "  natural 
system  "  of  ventilation  :  hence  my  statement  that 
"  it  is  the  absence  of  the  Plenum  system,  rather 
than  its  presence,  which  is  at  fault." 

The  following  is  an  abstract  from  your  journal 
utder  the  date  referred  to  ; — 

"After  efnr/iil  considrratinii,  Mr.  Hine  came  to 
the  conclusion  that  a  system  of  air  warmed  by 
contact  with  steam  pipes,  nii</  propelled  into  the 
different  wards,  would  most  effectively  fulfil  all 
these  conditions,  and  he  proposes  to  warm  and 
ventilate  the  building  on  this  principle ;  but 
before  describing  the  plan,  it  must  be  understood 
that  he  does  not  advocate  a  system  of  hot  air 
warmed  (often  biirnt)  in  stoves  by  fire  heat,  a 
method  which  fruiuently  has  the  effect  of 
deteriorating  its  quality,  besides  being  a  very 
fruitful  source  of  fires — results  not  to  be  feared  in 
heating  by  steam,  which  his  an  additional 
advantage  in  allowing  the  temperature  to  be 
raised  or  lowered  in  a  few  minutes,  in  any 
particular  ward,  by  a  simple  arrangement  of  the 
pipes  and  valves.  Bij  meiiiix  uf  a  fan  in  eoeli  triin!,- 
at  lis  starlinij  puini,  the  air  would  be  driven  down 
the  main  trunk  and  into  the  branches  leading  to 
each  ward  (a'l  underground)  and  thence  by 
vertical  flues,  constructed  in  the  outer  walls  of 
the  various  blocks,  into  the  different  rooms." 

2.  Mr.  Bibby  states  thit  I  admit  the  Plenum 
system  has  received  a  "check."  Again  he  is 
wrong,  or  does  not  desire  to  do  me  justice.  What 
I  said  is  as  follows  : — "  Asylums  for  the  insane 
should,  I  think,  be  heated  by  the  Plenum  system, 
and  whi'st  I  admit  a  temporary  check  has  been 
placed  on  instilling  that  system  in  such  buildings, 
this  has  not  been  due  to  the  inefficiency  of  the 
Plenum  system  in  itself,  but  in  some  cases  to  the 
apathy  shown  by  those  most  interested  to  work 
the  system,  and  in  other  cases  to  causes  over  which 
the  engineers  who  designed  the  apparatus  have 
had  no  control,  and  have  been  precluded  from 
ordering  differently.  AVhen  every  care  and  fore- 
thought is  used  for  the  proper  housing  of  a 
Plenum  system  none  can  be  better,  and  with  such 
a  system  the  patients  are  sure  of  having  the  proper 
quantity  of  fresh  air  day  and  night,  particularly 
as  many  of  them  are  confined  in  smaU  rooms." 

3.  Mr.  Bibby  then  quotes  some  garbled  state- 
ments on  the  ventilation  of  the  Houses  of 
Parliament,  about  which  I  may  have  something 
to  say  at  a  later  stage. 

4.  Mr.  Bibby  mentions  a  Royal  Commissioner, 
but  does  not  give  his  name,  and,  without  the 
gentleman's  identification,  one  cannot  place  any 
reliance  upon  such  statements. 

5.  The  same  remark  applies  when  Mr.  Bibby 
states  "  Another  architect  says  '  Plenum  ventila- 
tion is  a  huge  mistake.'  " 

6.  The  United  States  is  not  the  birthplace  of 
the  Plenum  system.  If  Mr.  Bibby  were  better 
informed  on  the  s>ibject  he  would  know  this. 

7.  I  do  not  consider  myse'f  unfortunate  in  the 
selection  of  the  authorities  I  quote  in  favour  of 
the  Plenum  system.  The  "New  York  trades- 
man," disrespectfully  referred  to,  is  a  professional 
gentleman  cairying  on  the  profession  of  consult- 
ing engineer,  and  not  executing  any  installation 
work  himself. 

8.  I  was  not  aware  that  Dr.  Carpenter  was 
dead.  He  was  very  much  alive  a  little  time  ago, 
and  up  to  the  present  I  have  not  seen  an  obituary 
notice  regarding  him. 

9.  It  would  be  much  better  for  Mr.  Bibby  to 
show  the  true  characteristics  of  an  Knglish 
gentleman  and  allow  Dr.  liiUings,  who  is  still 
alive,  to  speak  for  himself,  rather  than  quote  Sir 
Douglas  Cralton,  who  is  now  deceased,  as  to  the 
alleged  opinions  of  the  former  authority. 

10.  As  to  "  Mr.  Briggs,  an  American  engineer 


also  deceased  many  yeirs,' 

Mr.    Bibby    in    hia    wild    assertion. 

Briggs  I  quoted  is  an  eminent  architect,  and  is 

still  alive. 

11.  With  regard  to  Sir  Douglas  Galton,  I 
quoted  from  that  writer's  works. 

12.  In  reference  to  Mr.  Bibby's  unhandsome 
assertion  that  I  quoted  from  a  "  JIassachusetts 
police  inspector,"  it  is  evident  that  Jlr.  Bibby  is 
again  ill-informed.  Is  he  aware  that  the  State 
of  Massachusetts  is  larger  than  the  principality 
of  Wales  r  Is  he  cognisant  of  the  fact  that  Mr. 
B.  Rufus  Wade  was  the  Chief  of  Police  for  the 
State  of  Massachusetts,  and  that  one  of  the 
departments  of  his  extensive  duties  was  to  look 
after  buildings,  in  order  to  safeguard  the  public  r 
That  gentleman  had  the  control  and  supervision 
of  heating,  ventOating,  lighting,  sanitary  work, 
lifts,  steam  and  hydraulic  pumps,  and  eng'nfs  ; 
and  if  Mr.  Bibby  would  take  the  trouble  to  obtain 
one  of  Mr.  Wade's  reports,  he  would  find  it  to 
contain  matter  that  would  surprise  him.  I  have 
one  of  his  reports  before  me,  containing  436 pages 
and  measuring  9in.  by  6in. 

Whilst  writing  this  letter  a  copy  of  the 
American  journal  Engineering  Herieit  for  Feb- 
ruary has  just  reached  me,  and  it  is  with  the 
deepest  regret  I  notice  the  announcement  of  the 
death  of  Mr.  Rufus  Wade,  and  think  I  cannot 
do  better  than  quote  the  editorial  paragraph  as 


it  appears,  and  which  reads  as  follows : — "The 


• jOr^CsRAln   — ' 


snnnoVii 


^/  c>  'VvtUR  tsc^-M  D       JStELJS /I7_ 


death  of  Rufus  R.  Wade,  chief  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts District  of  Police,  will  be  deplored  by  all 
those  heating  and  ventilating  and  sanitary  engi- 
neers who  knew  the  man,  and  almost  equally  so 
by  those  who  never  had  the  pleasure  of  his 
personal  acquaintance,  because  all  admired  his 
work  and  quoted  him,  and  tried  to  profit  by  his 
achievements. 

"  It  has  been  quite  commonly  assumed  that  it 
was  the  Massachusetts  law  which  provided  such 
excellent  ventilation  and  sanitation  in  the  schools 
of  that  state.  The  law  did  not  do  it,  but  per- 
mitted it,  and  it  was  in  the  hands  of  Chief  Wade 
to  administer  the  law.  What  he  did  was  to  make 
the  Massachusetts  law,  particularly  on  ventila- 
tion, a  standard  everywhere,  and  the  name  of 
Chief  Wade  will  be  remembered  for  generations 
as  the  man  who  accomplished  what  has  not  yet 
been  done  elsewhere.  This  was  partly  because 
the  same  opportunity  does  not  exist  elsewhere, 
and  partly  because  the  man  was  not  there  to  avail 
himself  of  such  opportunities  as  did  exist." 

13.  Now  I  come  to  "the  highest  authority  on 
the  subject  in  the  United  States,  Mr.  David 
Grove,  who  ventilated  the  new  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment in  Berlin."  Let  us  examine  the  facts. 
Mr.  David  Grove  is  an  Englishman,  and  has 
lived  for  many  years  in  Berlin.  He  has  one  of 
the  leading  sanitarjr  and  heating  and  ventilating 
businesses  in  that  city. 

With  regard  to  the  quality  of  air  in  board 
schools  ventOated  on  the  so-called  "natural" 
system  of  ventilation,  I  give  you  above  a  chart 


a.'ain  let  me  correct    prepared  by  Dr.  Kerr,  formerly  medical  ofiicer  of 

The   Sir.    the   Bradford    School    Board,   and   now  medical 

officer    of    health    for    the     London     Education 

Authority,  which  chart  requires  no  corroboration 

from  my  pen. 

As  to  Mr.  Bibby's  strictures  upon  myselt,  I 
leave  these  to  thejudgment  of  your  readers,  who 
can  say  whether  I  attempted  to  advertise  myself  or 
not.  I  was  most  careful  to  say  nothing  which  my 
audience,  or  your  readers,  could  consider  hurtful 
to  my  friends  and  competitors  in  the  fame  line 
of  business. 

Now  a  few  words  on  the  so-eajleil  Bhie-book, 
published  by  Mesrs.  Hickson,  Ward,  and  Co., 
which  has  recently  been  circulated  broadcast 
through  the  country,  and  which  appears  to  me 
to  have  caused  Mr.  Bibby  to  attack  me  in  the 
manner  he  has  done.  It  would  be  interesting 
to  know  if  that  gentleman  is  in  any  way  con- 
nected with  the  editing  or  the  circulation  of  this 
garbled  version.  My  advice  to  your  readers 
would  be  to  carefully  place  this  so-called  "  Blue- 
book  "  in  the  wastepaper  basket,  and  procure  the 
authorised  report  "  House  of  Commons  (Ventila- 
tion)," which  has  been  printed  for  H.M. 
Stationery  Ofiice  by  Messrs.  Wyman  and  Sons, 
Ltd.,  Fetter-lane,  "E.C,  which  is  published  m 
two  parts,  Nos.  227  and  283,  both  of  which  can 
be  purchased  for  Is.  6|d.  This  report  I  would 
assure  your  readers  contains  a  very  different 
version  to  the  story  contained  in  the  publication 
I  refer  to,  which  is  said  to  consist  of  reprints  of 
articles  that  have  appeared  in  your  valuible 
journal. 

In  conclusion,  I  would  add  that  whilst  I  am  a 
devotee  to  the  Plenum  system,  I  do  not  maintain 
or  contend  that  this  system  is  one  which  should 
invariably  be  adopted ;  but  I  tried  to  show  in  my 
address  that  good  systems  can  be  carried  out  by 
semi-natural  methods— c.'/. ,  simply  by  the  addition 
of  a  slight  motive  power  to  assijt  the  extraction. 
I  have  not  found,  however,  in  my  experience  the 
usefulness  or  desirability  of  attaching  so-called 
"air-pumps"  to  systems  of  natural  ventilation 
for  the  extraction  of  air.  So  late  as  to-day  my 
own  experience  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  three 
gentlemen  I  mentioned  in  my  paper — viz.,  Messrs. 
Eassie,  Rogers  Field,  and  Sir  Douglas  Galton— 
that  a  pipe  with  an  open  end  is  the  best  outlet 
which  one  can  possibly  have  for  the  discharge  of 
vitiated  air.  .    . 

The  only  addition  that  I  would  make  to  this  is 
that  the  top  portion  should  be  covered  so  as  to 
prevent  the  rain  beating  down,  and  to  avoid  any 
deleterious  matter  being  deposited  therein  ;  but  I 
should  not  use  the  top  for  the  expedient  described 
by  some  as  an  "air-pump."  This  can  only  be 
an  "air-pump"  when  the  outside  air  is  moving. 
In  view  of  the  simplicity  of  the  airangement 
vouched  for  by  such  authorities  as  I  have  men- 
tioned, why  add  extravagant  contrivances,  when 
no  corresponding  advantage  is  to  be  gained  there- 
from ?  It  will  be  obvious  to  your  readers  that  in 
order  to  procure  "natural"  ventilation  the  less 
obstruction  that  is  placed  upon  the  discharge  end 
of  the  tubes  the  better  the  results  are  likely  to  be. 
The  following  extracts,  taken  from  the  autho- 
rised Government  Blue-book,  may  probably  be 
interesting  reading  to  Mr.  Bibby,  and  to  those 
whose  manufactures  he  seeks  to  bolster  up. 

The  real  Blue-book  referred  to.  No.  227,  p.  34, 
paragraph  G38,  states  :— "  However  much  people 
may  say  it,  there  is  no  ecntilafton  tehich  can  lie 
efiecterl  by  natural  means,  because  you  are  so 
entirely  dependent  upon  the  wind  and  the  baro- 
metric column." 

The  same  book.  p.  29,  paragraph  587,  states : 
"  There  i<  no  sueh  thinr/  inthe  leorldnsa  rentilator, 
unless  you  cause  ventilation.  Wind  sometimes 
causes  a  ventilator  to  act ;  but  in  that  case,  when 
there  is  no  wind,  there  is  no  ventilation,  and  that 
is  when  you  want  it  most.  It  simply  allows  cold 
air  to  come  in  through  a  hole  in  the  roof.  That 
is  my  experience  of  ventilators.  You  can  only 
cause  certain  ventilation  by  heat  or  power.  —I 
am,  &c.,  David  M.  Nesiut,  M.I.Mech.E. 

12,  Great  James-street,  Bedford-row, 
London,  W.C  ,  March  15. 


A  Committee  of  the  House  of  Lords  has  passed  a 
Bill  authorising  the  construction  of  a  tramway 
between  Preston  and  Blackburn.  The  gauges  of 
the  tramlines  and  Blackburn  differ,  and  havmg  to 
make  a  choice,  the  promoters  have  adopted  the 
Blackburn  gauge,  and  by  arrangemgnt  with  the 
corporation  will  run  it  to  the  centre  of  that  town, 
while  at  the  other  end  the  Preston  Corporation  will 
provide  a  service  of  cars  connecting  with  their 
system.    The  estimated  cost  of  the  line  is  £150,000. 


'wvsd  aiiiimo 


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s: 

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Makch   18,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


411 


CONTENTS. 


Professional  Authority       

School  Planning     

Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects 
The  Story  of  Canterbury  Cathedral 

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...  IX. 

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...  436 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

aOYAL  INSURANCE  COMPANY'S  IJUILDIXG,  LIVERPOOL. — ■ 
B.I.B  A.  TRAVELLING  STCDENTSHIP  DRAWINGS.  — 
RESIDENCE,  RROAD  STREET,  BANGOR. — TAUNTON  FREE 
LIDRARV.— TIIOMl'SON  MEMORIAL  LIHRARY,  ?0L:gI1  K  KEI'Sl  E. 


ux  Illustrati0ns» 


THE    ROVAI,    IX.SVKAXCE    COMl'.VNY  S    IIUILDIXG, 
LIVERI'OOL. 

This  vast  tlock  of  insurance  tuildings  has  been 
•erected  at  the  corner  of  North  John-street  and 
Dale-street,  Liverpool,  from  the  designs  of  Mr. 
J.  Francis  Uoyle,  architect,  Mr.  Norman  Shaw, 
R.A.  being  retained  as  advisory  architect.  Seven 
architects  were  invited  to  compete,  and  Jlr. 
•Shaw  acted  as  assessor ;  the  present  design  being 
selected  by  his  advice.  A  monograph  illustration 
of  the  work  has  now  been  published  under  the 
editorship  of  Mr.  J.  Newby  Uetherington,  with 
the  approval  of  the  Directors  of  the  Royal  Insur- 
ance Company,  and  Mr.  B.  T.  Batsford,  of  High 
Holborn,  is  the  publisher.  "  It  is  hoped  that 
this  book  miy  prove  to  be  a  worthy  record  of  the 
•enterprise  of  the  Company,  the  genius  of  the 
architect,  and  the  skill  of  those  who  have  executed 
the  work."  We  at  once  agree  that  this  aspira- 
tion has  been  fully  realised.  There  areover  30  large 
photographic  plates  devoted  to  the  adequate  re- 
presentation of  the  premises,  including  several  very 
excellent  interiore,  one  of  which,  showing  the 
Board-room,  we  are  able  to  reproduce  to-day,  as 
well  as  a  general  exterior  view  taken  from  a 
sepia  drawing.  The  block  illustrations  in  the 
text  include  plans  of  the  various  floors ;  also 
some  detail  sections  of  the  constructional  steel- 
work, which  is  eminently  interesting,  and  en- 
larged studies  of  some  beautifully  designed  lead 
rainwater  heads,  elaborately  ornamented.  There 
is  also  a  set  of  photographs  of  the  sculpture 
which  makes  so  notable  a  feature  in  the  exterior, 
particularly  the  frieze  figurative  of  the  objects 
and  history  of  Insurance  in  ..lliance  with  Com- 
merce, Science,  and  Art.  These  were  designed 
by  Mr.  J.  Allen,  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Doyle.  Tho  stained-glass  windows  were  executed 
by  Mr.  Croftsmith,  cf  Messrs.  Aldam  Heaton 
and  Company,  so  long  associated  with  Mr. 
Norman  Shaw's  work.  It  has  been  lately  said 
that,  it  we  want  to  see  our  contemporary  English 
buildings  copiously  illustrated  in  a  comprehensive 
and,  therefore,  expensive  manner,  we  have  to  go 
to  liermany,  where  art  publications  of  an  educa- 
tional character  are  subsidised  by  the  Government. 
But  siicli  volumfs  as  that  which  Mr.  Batsford  has 
just  issued  are  evidence  that  this  reflection 
ia  by  no  means  entirely  justified,  and  besides  this 
instance  of  individual  enterprise  we  recall  Sir 
fiilbert  Scott's  monumental  book  oa  the  Albert 
Memorial;  Win.  Young's  folio  of  tho  (ilasgow 
Municipal  Buildings  ;  and  Mr.  ,Iohn  Belcher's 
capital  book  on  the  In.stituto  which  hn  built  for 
the  Chartered  Accountants  in  the  City.  This 
Liverpool  otlice  building  was  commencodin  US'.)7, 
and  the  directors  met  in  their  new  board-room  in 
June,  190:i.  Part  of  tho  ollices  wi  re  in  use  as 
early  as  November,  1900.  The  fron'ago  is  'il.^ift. 
long,  witli  a  return  of  .'i.'ift.  The  building 
measures  UOft.  from  the  pavomont  to  the  riilge 
of  the  roof.  Tho  apex  of  tho  dome  surmounting 
the  tower  is  UiOft.  There  are  nino  floors  in  the 
building.     Tho  total  number  of  clerks  employed 


in  the  company's  oflices  is  about  31.5.  The 
general  ollico  occupifs  the  major  part  of  the 
ground  floor.  The  board-room  and  foreign  de- 
partment are  on  the  first  floor.  Unif  jrmity  of 
design  and  harmony  of  detail  are  characteristic 
throughout  the  entire  work.  This  treatment  of 
the  board-room  is  an  example  of  the  beauty  of 
the  enrichment  and  decorative  woodwork  adopted. 
This  fine  apartment  is  44tt.  long,  'ilift  wide, 
and  27.Vft.  high.  The  walla  to  the  height  of 
I'Jft.  are  panelled  in  specially-selected  walnut, 
clean  from  the  root  and  unpolished.  Above  the 
cornice  cf  this  wood  dado  the  vaulted  ceiling 
springs,  panelled  and  enriched  in  plaster.  The 
arms  of  tho  company  occupy  the  central  panel  at 
each  end  ol  the  room  above  the  wood  cornice 
Three  antique  cliandeliers,  adapted  for  electric 
light,  are  suspended  from  the  ceiling.  These  are 
of  great  int-rest,  as  they  were  made  for  the 
province  and  town  of  T'trechtin  lii"  and  1G49  ; 
they  bear  the  arms  of  the  province  and  town  of 
Utrecht.  The  firegrate,  has  also  a  special  charm 
as  being  the  work  of  the  celebrated  Alfred 
Stevens,  the  designer  and  famous  19th-century 
sculptor.  Richly- coloured  marbles  from  Skyros, 
in  Greece,  Istrian  marble  from  Ddlmatia,  Verde- 
antique  from  Larissa  in  Thessaly,  and  columns 
of  Cippolino  marble  occur  in  various  parts  of  the 
building.  The  balustrades  and  balconies  are  in 
bionze.  The  walls  of  the  upper  stories  are  faced 
in  large  blocks  of  cream-coloured  f.ience.  The 
construction  is  fire -resisting,  and  no  care  has 
been  spared  to  make  the  building  as  ccmp'ete  as 
possible.  The  wrought-iron  g.ates  at  the  main 
entrance  may  be  mentioned  as  an  instance  of 
beautiful  workmanship. 

MARIII.E    I'AVEMEXT    llAI'TISTERY,    FLOREXrK. 

TnE  design  is  cut  into  the  white  marble  slabs 
|in.,  and  the  black  marble  inserted  and  fixed 
with  red  cement.  Although  the  white  marble  is 
now  worn  quite  smooth,  it  may  have  originally 
been  marked  with  incised  lines  indicating  the 
muscles  and  limbs  of  the  animils.  The  date  is 
probably  about  1200  a.d. 

William  Davidsox. 

KESIDEXCE,    llAXGOR. 

Last  week  we  illustated  the  garden  front  of  this 
residence,  with  some  part  culars  about  the  work. 
We  now  give  the  ground-plan  and  road  view  of 
the  house.  Jlr.  Richard  Hall,  of  Bangor,  is  the 
architect. 

TAUNTON    FREE    LIllRARY. 

The  drawings  illustrated  show  the  selected 
design  (Mr.  Gibson,  assessor)  in  open  competition. 
The  elevations  have  been  remodelled,  together 
with  the  upper  plans.  It  i<  the  intention  of  the 
Trustees  to  start  the  work  forthwith.  Fronts  of 
building  are  to  be  faced  with  red  stone  from  the 
Bishop  Lydeard  or  other  local  quarries  with 
dressings,  '&c.,  of  Ham  Hill  stone,  tile  roof.  The 
estimated  cost  is  £5,000.  The  architects  are 
Messrs.  A.  Colbouine,  Little,  and  Goodison,  9, 
Gray's  Inn-square,  AV.C. 

THE    FREDERICK    FERRIS    THOMPSON    MEMORIAL 
LIBRARY,     VASSAR     COLLEGE,     POUGHKEEI'SIE,    N.Y. 

The  new  library  building  at  Vassar  College  is  a 
large  imposing  building  in  the  Late  Perpendicular 
style,  comprisin^j'  three  long  wings  and  an 
entrance,  cruciform  on  plan,  with  a  massive 
central  tower  over  the  inner  hall.  The 
materiil  of  the  exterior  is  the  Gurmanstown 
stone,  rough  chiselled,  with  dressings  of  tooled 
Indiana  limestone.  The  sloping  roofs  of  the 
wings  are  covered  with  copper.  The  main 
entrance  is  on  the  east  between  two  turret 
towers,  connected  by  a  richly-ornamented  bay. 
The  entrance  vestibule  is  two  stories  in  heigh', 
containing  a  broad  flight  of  solid  marble  steps 
leading  up  to  the  memorial  hall.  <  In  either  side 
of  this  fliglit  steps  descend  to  the  two  cloakrooms 
for  students  and  the  faculty.  Over  these  cloak- 
rooms and  to  light  and  left  of  the  entrance  are  tho 
librarian's  and  cataloguing  roDms,  cjnnecting 
directly  with  the  great  inomorial  hall.  This  hall 
is  constructed  entirely  of  stono  (50ft.  high  and 
about  10ft.  siiuaro,  with  inarblo  mosaic  floor.  .\t 
tho  base  of  the  walls  is  a  heavy  arcade  with  a 
filling  of  light  tracery,  through  which  a  person 
standing  in  the  centra  of  tho  hall  can  see  the  stono 
stairs  rising  on  each  side  to  the  galleries  and 
seminar  rooms,  and  obtain  a  vista  through  tho 
three  great  library  wings  to  the  tracoriod  windows 
in  the  end  gables.  Aliovo  this  arcade  tho  walls 
rise  in  plain  limestone  ashlar,  which  evontually 
will  be  covered  with  tapestries  and  paintings, 
below  n  rich    stone    cornice    band,     .\bove  this 


band  the  hall  is  lighted  by  30  leaded 
glass  windows,  which  form  a  series  about  the 
entire  tower.  A  heavy  dark-beamed  ceiling, 
on  carved -stone  corbels  and  ornamented  with 
gilded  and  painted  shield  bosses,  covers  the  whole. 
In  one  corner  of  the  hall  a  rich  stone  fireplace 
contains,  in  a  sunk  panel,  a  life-size  portrait  of 
Mr.  Thompson,  forming  the  memorial  feature  of 
the  hall.  The  three  radiating  wings  constitute 
the  library  proper.  They  are  all  similar  in 
character,  but  assigned  to  different  subjects.  Each 
has  a  main  floor  and  gallery  and  the  stacks  are  so 
arranged  that  a  pair  with  3ft.  passage  come 
between  each  of  the  large  cUhedral  windows. 
The  space  between  each  pair  of  s'.acks  thus  forms 
an  alcove  13tt.  by.  15ft.  which  can  act  as  a 
seminar  or  refer<-nce  space.  S  acks  are  provided 
for  100,000  books,  and  it  is  intended,  should  the 
library  increase  in  size,  to  arrange  the  rear  wing 
as  a  stick-room  and  thus  double  the  capacity. 
These  large  wings  are  finished  in  stone  with 
great  openwork  beam  trusses,  the  whole  ceiling 
being  of  dark  oak.  A  staircase  in  each  corner 
leids  to  the  giUery  floor,  those  at  the  ends 
of  the  wings  being  expressed  extern  illy  by  the 
octagonal  towers  at  the  corners.  A  round  stair- 
case-turret at  one  angle  of  the  main  tower  leads 
to  the  tower  roof.  The  architects  of  the  library 
are  Messrs.  Frances  R.  Allen  and  Charles 
Collin-,  of  Bis'oi.w'io  have  had  chirge  <f  t'le 
construction  of  a  number  of  the  other  buildings  at 
Vassir.  The  C.  Everett  Clark  Cj.,  of  Chicago, 
are  the  contractors  for  the  woik.  We  are  in- 
debted to  the  Aiwrieni)  Architect  for  our  illustra- 
tion. 


CHIPS. 

The  corporation  of  Bolton  are  about  to  carry  out, 
uiider  their  borough  surveyor,  an  extension  to  the 
Hacken  sewage  works  at  an  estimited  cost  of  from 
£60,000  to  £70,000. 

The  Leicestershire  County  Council  are  about  to 
build  a  new  lunatic  asylum  at  Narborough  at  an 
estimated  cost  of  £21.),600. 

The  corporation  of  Wiucheiter  at  their  last  meet- 
ing adopted  plans  by  their  city  surveyor  for  the 
extension  of  the  pumping  station  and  destructor 
works  at  an  eatimited  cost  of  £  10,000. 

The  Chester  Town  Council  has  decided  to  make 
application  to  the  Local  Government  Board  for 
sanction  to  borrow  £5,326  for  the  purpDse  of  cxrry- 
ing  out  works  for  improving  the  present  system  of 
sludge  removal  from  the  existing  tanks,  preventing 
the  flooding  of  the  existing  works  during  storms  and 
high  tides. 

The  London  County  Council  have  agreed  to  con- 
tribute £6,20'.)  towards  the  widenmg  of  Streathim 
High-road  between  Mount  Ephraim-road  and  the 
Tate  Free  Library.  This  represents  two-thirds  of 
the  cost  of  the  iuiprovemeut,  the  remaining  third 
being  borne  by  the  Wandsworth  B  )rough  Council. 

A  tablet  in  beaten  copper  to  the  memory  of  the 
late  Mr.  \V.  S.  Caine,  who  represented  Scarborough 
in  Parliament  from  ISSO  to'  1SS5,  was  on  Friday 
night  uuveiled  by  the  Yen.  Archdeacon  Mick-irness 
in  the  Scirborough  School  of  Art,  which  was  founded 
by  Mr.  Ciine  twenty  years  ago. 

The  Poplar  Borough  Conned  have  decided  tc 
extend  their  electricity  works  at  an  estimated  coat 
of  over  £05,000. 

Mr.  H.  Ross  Hooper,  M  Inst.C  E.,  aul  Mr.  E 
Pearse  Burd,  Local  Government  Board  inspectors 
has  conducted  an  inquiry  at  Cheltouhim  iut 
the  application  of  the  corporation  for  sanction  to  a 
further  loan  of  £1,132  for  th3  purposes  of  electric 
lighting,  £260  for  surface  water  drainage  works, 
aud  £262  for  works  of  street  improvement. 

The  City  Corporation  Art  Gallery  at  the  Guild- 
hill  has  been  enriched  by  the  gift  o(  some  valuable 
pictures  which  are  now  ou  view.  Among  them  is  a 
seascape,  entitled  "  Au  October  Moruiug,"  by  the 
late  Mr.  \V.  Osborne,  presented  to  the  corporation 
by  a  coumunity  of  artists  as  a  memorial  of  the  late 
artist;  "The  Slava  Market  at  Cairo,"  by  \V.  .T. 
Miiller,  presented  by  tlie  children  of  tho  late  Mr. 
Liundy  Walters,  of  Wimbledon. 

Royal  Academy  Exhiiiitio.x.— The  day  fixed  for 
the  receipt  of  architects'  drawings  at  the  Royal 
Academy  this  year  is  Fci  lay  next,  March  25.  No 
exhibitor  (who  is  not  a  meuitier  of  thn  .\cAd9a1y) 
can  submit  more  than  tin-  ,-  works.  This  a  new 
rule  this  year.  We  shall  he  happy  to  receive  and 
deliver  drawings  for  our  readers  as  in  former  years ; 
but  their  works  must  reach  us  carriage  p;iid,  aud  be 
accompanied  by  the  required  labels  and  letter  to  the 
secretary  giving  a  list  of  lirawings  sent.  We  shall 
be  glad  to  reproluce  suitable  drawings  before  they 
are  scut  to  Burlington  House,  so  that  our  illustra- 
tions of  them  may  bo  given  after  the  opening  of  the 
exhibition  in  May. 


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THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  18,  1904. 


Butlbmg  5ntelligctice» 


CoNisBOROiGH. — The  opening  of  the  new  in- 
fectious diseases  hospital,  which  has  heen  built 
at  Conisborough  by  the  Doncaster  and  Mexborough 
Joint  Hospital  Board,  took  place  on  the  25th  ult. 
The  hospital  stands  on  a  site  in  Common-lane  of 
~h  acres,  about  5  acres  of  which  have  been  in- 
closed. The  buildings  consist  of  an  administra- 
tive block,  comprising  rooms  for  the  use  of  the 
medical  officer,  the  matron,  and  the  nursing  staff, 
with  kitchen  and  store  accommodation.  In  the 
scarlet  fever  block  are  male  and  female  wards, 
with  two  special  wards  containing  one  bed  each 
for  paying  patients,  with  a  convalescent  room 
over  the  central  portion,  provided  with  nurses' 
room  and  bathroom.  There  is  also  a  typhoid 
block  with  similar  accommodation  and  an  isola- 
tion block.  The  laundry  and  boiler-house  block 
contains  a  washhouse  fitted  with  appliances  for 
washing  by  machinery,  an  ironing  room  with  fan 
ventilating  drying  closet,  a  disinfecting  chamber 
fitted  with  Thresh's  disinfector.  There  are  also 
a  mortuary,  stable,  and  ambulance  sheds.  A 
boiler-house  contains  two  boilers,  disinfector,  and 
hot-water  appiratus.  The  ward  blocks  are  all 
furnished  with  glass  verandahs  in  the  front, 
having  a  south  aspect,  for  the  use  of  convalescents. 
Telephone  communication  is  provided  between 
the  various  blocks,  and  the  buildings  are  illumin- 
ated by  electric  light.  The  strings  and  dressings 
are  of  Doulton's  buff  terracotta.  The  ward 
stoves  are  Doulton's,  as  are  also  the  whole  of  the 
sanitary  fittings.  The  buildings  at  present 
provide  for  the  treatment  of  36  patients,  and  the 
cost  of  the  building  works  out  at  £3o9  per  bed. 
Messrs.  Harold  Arnold  and  Son,  of  Doncaster,  were 
the  contractors,  Mr.  J.  M.  Morton,  F.K.I. 13. A., 
of  South  Shields,  the  architect,  Messrs.  Benham 
and  Sons,  Ltd.,  of  London,  sub-contractors  for 
the  engineering.  The  duties  of  clerk  of  the 
works  have  been  carried  out  by  Mr.  Fred  Simp- 
son, of  Doncaster. 

Glasgow. — The  latest  addition  to  the  list  of 
tJlasgow    theatres,     the      Pavilion      Palace     of 
Varieties,    was    opened     last    week.     The    new 
theatre,    which   has   a   central    situation   in   the 
neighbourhood    of     Sauchiehall-street,     at     the 
junction   of    Renfield   and  Renfrew-streets,    has 
been  erected  to  the  designs  of  Mr.   Bertie  Crewe, 
architect,  of  London.     Its  main  elevation,  which 
is  towards  Renfield-street,  between  Sauchiehall- 
street   and   Renfrew-street,    is    in    salmon-pink 
terracotta,   treated   in   an   ornate  manner  in  the 
style  of  the  Later  French  Kenaissance.     In  this 
elevation  is  the  grand  entrance-hall,  with  mosaic 
floor  and    mahogany    fittings.       Here,    on    the 
ground  floor,  are  situated  the  stalls  and  pit  of  the 
building.     The  former  are   upholstered  in  plush, 
and  the   floor  ia  covered    with  a   thick  Wilton 
carpet.     The  seats  are  of  the  lip-up  variety,  aa 
are  also  the  seats  in  the  pit.    A  staircase  decorated 
with  mosaic  work  leads  to  the  foyer,  which  is  in 
white  and  gold,  with  panels  of  green  silk  paper. 
The  seating  accommodation  in  the  circle  consists 
of  eight  rows  of  seating,  comprising  340  plush 
tip-up  chairs.     At  the  back  of  these  are  lounges, 
boxes,  and  a  promenade.     Here  also  is  a  fireproof 
cinematograph    chamber,     and     there    are    two 
private  boxes  reached  from  th?  proscenium.     The 
gallery,  which  occupies  the  tier  above  the  circle, 
has  fourteen  rows  of  seating  and  promenades.  The 
general  scheme  of  decoration  is  in  cream  and  gold, 
and   a    special  feature   is   the  proscenium   arch, 
which  is  filled  in  with  Watteau  paintings.     The 
ceiling  is  domed,   and   has  a  sliding  roof.     The 
stage   has    a  width   of    70ft.      The   auditorium, 
which   is   76ft.   in    width,    is   without   a   single 
column    in    its    whole    extent.      The    building 
throughout   is    built  of   fireproof   material,    and 
eleven  exits  will  be  in  regular  use — two  for  the 
stalls,  and  three  for  each  of  the  other  portions  of 
the  building.     In  the  event  of  a  fire  occurring  on 
the  stage,   an  asbestos  curtain  will  immediately 
descend,  and  prevent  the  spread  of  the  fire  to  the 
auditorium.     In  addition,  the  management  have 
provided  a  sprinkler  and  two  hydrants,  and  the 
stage  is   in   direct   communication   with  the  fire 
brigade.       There   is   an   installation   of   electric 
light,    and   electric   fans   are   used   for   securing 
ventilation.      The   total   seating  accommodation 
win  accommodate  2,500  peroons. 

North  Heatox,  Newcastle.  —  The  public 
elementary  school  at  Tossoa-terrace,  North 
Heaton,  begun  by  the  Newcastle  School  Board, 
continued  and  ended  by  the  education  committee 
of  the  city  council,  has   just  b;en  opened.     The 


school,  which  comprises  three  departments,  pro- 
vides accommodation  for  1,330  children.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  S.  D.  Robins,  of  Newcastle  and 
Sunderland  ;  the  contractor,  Mr.  Thomas  Lums- 
den,  of  Jarrow  ;  the  hot-water  engineers,  Messrs. 
Dinning  and  Cooke  ;  and  the  clt-rk  of  works,  Mr. 
John  S.  Graham.  The  mixed  school  is  built  with 
common  bricks  and  stone  dressings.  The  roof  is 
slated  with  green  American  slates,  and  the 
windows  are  reversible,  in  teak.  The  ground 
and  first  floor  each  contain  a  central  hall  73ft.  by 
31ft.,  and  seven  classrooms,  with  accommodation 
for  476scho!ars  on  each  floor.  Both  floors  to  the 
central  halls  are  in  maple.  The  whole  school  is 
heated  by  hot  water.  Two  cloakrooms  and 
lavatories  are  provided  to  each  school  on  each  floor. 
Four  masters'  and  mistresses'  rooms  are  provided 
on  a  mezzanine  floor.  The  dadoes,  partitions, 
and  doors  throughout  are  in  pitch-pine  stained 
and  varnished.  The  infants'  school  is  a  one- 
story  building,  and  contains  on  the  ground-floor 
a  central-hall  S3tt.  Sin.  by  24ft.,  and  seven 
classrooms  with  accommodation  for  410  infants, 
also  two  mistresses'  room?,  cl  jakrooms,  and 
lavatory  accommodation. 


CHIPS. 

The  twentieth  annuxl  dianar  of  the  Society  of 
Architects  will  be  held  at  Da  Keyaer's  Royal  Hotel, 
Victoria  Embankmant,  B.C.,  on  Friday,  April  22. 
The  chair  will  be  taken  by  the  President  of  the 
Society,  Mr.  Walter  W.  Thomas,  of  Liverpool. 

The  Local  Government  Board  have  formally 
sanctioned  the  borrowing  by  the  Liverpool  City 
Council  of  the  money  required  for  the  purchase  of 
the  Calderstones  estate. 

At  a  meeting  ot  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  on 
Wednesday,  the  following  were  elected  Associates  : 
—Mr.  Cj-mpbell  Mitchell,  Edinburgh,  landscape 
painter;  Mr.  D.  Y.  Camsrou,  Kippen,  Stirling- 
shire, an  etcher  and  painter  in  oil  and  water- 
colour;  and  Mr.  Rojjert  Brough,  London,  portrait 
painter. 

In  connection  with  the  proposed  memorial  to 
Canon  Major  Lester,  ot  Liverpool,  the  executive 
committee  met  on  Tuesday  in  tne  towu-hall  under 
the  chairmanship  of  the  Lord  Mayor.  It  was 
decided  that  the  commission  For  the  statue  should  be 
given  to  Mr.  George  Prampton,  R.A.,  and  that 
application  for  a  site  in  St.  Johu's-gardens  be  made 
to  ihe  corporation.  The  general  collection  realised 
£1,073. 

The  President  ot  the  Local  Government  Board,  in 
reply  to  a  question  in  the  Home  of  Commons  on 
Wednesday  night,  explained  that  the  maximum 
period  for  which  local  authorities  can  borrow  for 
housing  the  working  classes  is  80  years,  and  is  fixed 
by  the  Housing  of  the  Working  Classes  Act,  1903  ; 
but  if  any  such  loan  is  advanced  by  the  Public 
Works  Loan  Commissioners  the  maximum  period 
allowed  by  law  for  its  repayment  is  50  years. 

Five  windows  in  the  apse  of  Hoarwithy  Church 
have  been  dedicated  to  the  memory  of  the  Rev. 
WiUiam  Poole,  who  was  vicar  of  the  parish  during 
4G  years.  The  windows  were  designed  by  Mr.  J.  P. 
Seddon,  F.R.A.S.,  who  was  architect  of  the  church. 
The  central  window  represents  the  figure  of  our 
Lord  as  the  "  Light  of  the  World."  The  other  four 
windows  have  figures  of  the  Four  Evangelists. 

A  new  Primitive  Methodist  church,  at  the 
junction  of  Oxford-street  and  North  Parade, 
Whitley  Bay,  was  opened  on  Wednesday.  There  is 
accommodation  for  300  adults.  The  internal  wool- 
work is  of  pitch-pine,  and  the  external  walls  are  of 
red  brick,  with  stone  dressings.  At  the  north-west 
corner  there  is  a  tower  and  spire.  The  style  is  Late 
Perpendicular.  Mr.  W.  A.  Styan,  of  Wnitley  Bay, 
was  the  builder,  and  Mr.  T.  E.  Davidson,  ot 
Newcastle,  the  architect. 

Mr.  F.  C.  Kyle,  who  has  been  resident  engineer 
for  the  last  two  and  a  half  years  for  the  Canuock 
sewerage  and  sewage- disposal  works,  which  have 
been  carried  out  at  a  cost  of  over  £3  1,000,  has  beeu 
appointed  to  a  similar  position  for  the  North  Hiding 
Asylum  sewerage  and  sewage  -  disposal  worki, 
Yorks. 

Mr.  F.  T.  Thursfield,  electrical  engineer  for  the 
city  of  Chester,  has  received  an  appointment  from 
Messrs.  Preece  and  Cardew,  consulting  engineers, 
who  are  now  installing  electric  plant  throughout  the 
Admiralty  dockyards. 

The  urban  district  council  otClactoQ-oa-Saahave 
adopted  a  report  by  Mr.  W.  T.  Doaglass  on  sea 
defences.  The  question  ot  coast  protec'.ioa  has  for 
some  time  been  a  source  of  much  anxiety  to  the 
urban  council  and  the  local  sea  commissioners, 
who,  acting  jointly,  have  spent  £SO,000  in  construct- 
ing sea-w-alls  and  groyning  the  beach.  -Mr. 
Douglass  reports  that  a  further  £53,001  ought  to  be 
at  once  expended  to  effectively  fortify  the  walls  and 
conserve  the  beach. 


IiEOAIi  INTELLIQENOE. 

The  Fall  of  a  Coenice.— Mr.  Justice  Darling 
tried  a  case  in  the  King's  Bench  Division  on  Wed- 
nesday and  Thursday  in  last  week  in  which  Mrs. 
Louisa  Brooks  claimed  damages  for  the  loss  of  her 
husband ,  who  met  his  death  through  the  fall  of  a 
portion  of  the  cornice  in  front  of  the  building  of 
Messrs.  Blaiberg,  LTpper  -  street,  Islington.  Mr. 
Morton  Smith.  Mr.  Dwyer,  and  Mr.  Alexander  (in- 
structed by  Messrs.  Lickerish  and  Co.)  appeared 
for  the  plaintiff,  and  Mr.  Foote,  K.C,  and  Mr. 
Spokes  (instructed  by  Mr.  Richard  Barnes)  were 
for  the  defendants.  On  the  morning  of  June  1  last, 
following  the  great  storm  of  May  31,  a  piece  of  the 
cement  cornice  fell,  killing  the  husband  of  the 
plaintiff  and  injuring  his  brother.  The  building 
had  been  erectea  about  the  year  1S8Q ;  the  cornice 
was  of  very  slight  projection,  with  a  core  of  brick 
and  stone.  A  length  of  about  8tt.  broke  away  from 
the  cement  of  the  projecting  member  of  the  cornice, 
and  fell  on  to  the  pavement.  Mr.  Lovell,  a  builder, 
who  had  been  employed  to  repair  the  cornice,  said 
that  he  considered  that  it  had  not  been  built  well ; 
but  admitted  in  cross-examination  that  he  had 
told  a  differeut  tale  to  the  defendants'  solicitor, 
which  had  been  taken  down  by  the  solicitor's 
managing  clerk.  Several  workmen  were  called. 
For  the  defendants,  Mr.  Henry  Lovegrove,  district 
surveyor  ot  South  Islington  and  Shoreditch,  stated 
that  in  consequence  of  a  telegram  from  the  London 
County  Council  he  carefully  examined  the  cornice 
and  struck  the  remaining  t.fty  feet  with  consider- 
able violence,  and  was  so  convinced  of  its  soundness 
that  he  did  not  consider  a  hoarding  necessary. 
Taking  all  the  circumstances  into  consideration,  he 
considered  it  possible  that  the  cornice  had  been 
struck  by  lightning.  Mr.  Gilbert  H.  Lovegrove 
proved  that  he  had  made  a  full-size  section  of  the 
cornice  which  he  produced  showing  that  no  portion 
of  the  core  had  broken  off.  A  doctor  of  science 
proved  that  the  accident  followed  one  ot  the  most 
severe  storms  in  North  London  within  his  memory, 
and  thought  that  it  was  possible  for  the  electric 
current  to  have  struck  the  cornice  on  its  way  to 
some  iron  rails  and  brackets  immediately  below. 
The  jury  were  locked  up  for  nearly  three  hours, 
and  as  one  would  not  give  way,  they  were  dis- 
charged without  giving  a  verdict. 

Do  Two  Houses  CoNSTiTurE  a  "  New  Street  "  'i 
—Before  a  Divisional  Court  composed  of  the  Lord 
Chief  Justice  (Lord  Alverstone),  Mr.  Justice  Wills, 
and  Mr.  Justice  Kennedy,  the  case  of  "  Marlow  v. 
Prestatyn  Urban  District  Council "  was  heard. 
This  was  an  appeal  by  John  Joshua  Mailow,of 
Bas'ion-road,  Prestatyn,  against  a  decision  of  the 
local  m  igistrates  given  at  the  court  on  September 
30  1003.  The  appellant  was  charged,  under  the 
Pilbhc  Health  Act  of  1875,  with  having,  in  con- 
travention of  a  by-law,  laid  out  and  constructed  a 
new  street  by  erecting  a  certain  fence  after  he  had 
built  two  houses  on  his  own  ground  in  the  road.  It 
was  contended  on  behalf  of  the  councdthat  BasUon- 
road  was  a  new  street  within  the  meaning  of  the 
by-law,  and  that  the  appellant  had  committed  a 
breach  of  the  said  by-law  in  setting  back  his 
boundary  waU  ISft.  from  the  centre  of  the  r"*''. 
The  magistrates  imposed  a  fine  of  £1  and  £1  Os. 
costs  On  behalf  of  the  appellant  it  was  contended 
that  Bastion-road  was  not  a  new  street  within  the 
meaning'  of  the  by-law,  and  that  the  appellant,  by 
merely  erecting  his  houses  and  a  differeut  boucdary 
wall  on  his  own  land,  did  not  render  himself  liable 
to  be  convicted  of  constructing  the  road  as  a  new 
street  The  Lord  Chief  Justice  said  he  could  not 
see  any  evidence  that  would  justify  the  magistral^ 
in  the  order  they  made  that  there  had  been  a  breach 
of  the  by-law.  The  appellant  had  built  the  houses 
upon  his  own  land,  and  noboly  denied  his  right  to 
build  them  there,  and  the  fence  also  had  been  budt 
on  his  own  land.  Mr.  Justice  Wills  and  Mr.  Justice 
Kennedy  concurred,  and  the  appeal  was  accordingly 
allowed. 


The  Preston  and  Lytham  Tramways  and  Tram- 
road  B  11  was  rejected  on  Tuesday  by  a  Committee 
of  the  House  of  Lords. 

A^  a  meeting  hell  at  the  Mansion  House  on 
Friday  in  support  of  the  appeal  for  fuuds  to  remove 
King's  College  Hospltalto  a  new  site  on  Denmark 
HillTit  was  announce!  that  £106,, 62  had  been  pro- 
mised towards  the  required  £300,000.  As  regarded 
the  obtaining  ot  plan,,  the  Hon.  W  F  D.  bm.th 
M  P.,  announced  that  the  committee  had  decide  1  to 
proceed  by  what  was  called  limited  competition 
Oa  the  nomination  ot  the  President  ot  the  K  .yal 
lustitute  ot  British  Architects,  Mr.  Rowland 
Plum^e  had  coasented  to  act  as  assessor  m  the 
competition.  They  intended  to  ask  for  plans  for  a 
great  hospital  of  600  beds. 

The  Sdect  Committee  of  the  House  of  Lords  have 
decided  that  the  preamble  of  the  Bill  Promoted  by 
the  Mersey  Dock  and  Harbour  Bjard  had  been 
proved. 

A  Wesleyan  church,  which  has  been  erected  at  a 
cost  of  £7,300  in  the  Drive,  Sevenoaks,  was  formaUy 
I  opened  on  Wednesday  week. 


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March  18,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


431 


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To  cummemorate  the  jubilee  as  a  practising 
architect  of  llr.  John  II.  lloneyman,  U.S.A., 
F.R.I.B.A.,  the  Glasgow  Institute  of  Architects 
gave  a  complimentary  dinner  to  Mr.  Honeyman 
on  Thursday  evening  in  last  week.  The  presi- 
■dent,  Mr.  Horatio  K.  Bromhead,  F.R.I.B..V.,  in 
proposing  Mr.  Uoneymau's  health,  said  they  had 
great  pleasure  in  thus  conveying  to  him  their 
(•ongratulations  on  his  coming  Jubilee  of  50 
years'  practice  on  his  own  account  in  Glasgow, 
he  having  commenced  in  lSo-1,  and  being 
prominent  in  connection  with  the  formation  of 
the  Arch;eological  Society.  He  was  elected  in 
1876  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the  Koyal 
Institute  of  British  Architects,  and  was  re-elected 
in  1.S78  and  1S81.  He  was  one  of  the  original 
members  of  the  Glasgow  Institute  of  Architects, 
of  which  he  was  vice-president  from  1870  to  1878 
and  president  in  18S1  and  1882.  Mr.  Campbell 
Douglas  and  Mr.  Keppie  also  spoke.  Mr. 
Honeyman,  in  acknowledging  the  toast,  re- 
marked that  he  started  life  in  a  merchant's  office. 
He  afterwards  went  to  London,  and  then  began 
for  himself  in  Glasgow.  His  first  commission 
was  the  Free  West  Ctiurch  in  Greenock.  In  1858 
he  read  a  paper  before  the  Architectural  Society 
on  the  Drainage  of  Glasgow,  and  in  it  were 
drawings  for  a  special  trap,  which  was  the 
original  of  the  Buchan  trap.  The  Uni.'ersity 
Senate  of  Glasgow  have  resolved  to  confer  on 
Mr.  Honeyman  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Laws. 

Mil.  Hakry  Hems,  of  Eseter,  writes  in  the 
Aiit'ujitayif  for  the  current  mouth  in  vindication 
of  the  artistic  character  of  the  misereres  in  Exeter 
Cathedral,  in  reply  to  a  contribution  by  Mr.  H. 
Philibert  Feasey.  Mr.  Hems  says: — "  It  is  not 
oasy  to  agree  with  Mr.  Feasey  in  the  assumption 
that  early  carvers  of  the  miserere  in  this  country 
worked  from  a  set  of  models,  upon  which  they 
improved  as  time  progressed.  So  far  as  my  own 
experience  of  nearly  half  a  century  goes,  it  was 
otherwise.  The  earliest  and  most  complete  set  of 
misereres  in  this  country  are  Bishop  Bruere's 
(1224-1244),  in  the  choir  of  Exeter  Cathedral. 
'There  are  5U  of  them  in  all,  49  hi  situ  and  one  in 
the  cathedral  library.  There  are  a  few  others,  of 
about  the  same  date,  in  the  choir  of  Salisbury 
Cathedral,  together  with  portions  of  their  stalls 
On  the  latter  is  the  earliest  example  _of  dog- 
tooth ornament  (in  oak)  in  this  counfry.  At 
Christchnrch,  Hants,  are  a  few  misereres  equally 
old,  and  in  Henry  VII. 's  Chapel  in  Westminster 
Abbey  is  a  miserere  of  13th-century  workmanship. 
In  these,  then,  we  get  examples  of  Early  English 
miserere  existing  in  four  different  parts  of  the 
South  of  England,  all,  possessing  a  distinctive 
character  of  their  own,  but  those  of  Exeter  far 
and  away  the  most  varied  in  design,  and  the  most 
cleverly  manipulated.  With  nearly  all  the  best- 
known  efforts  of  later  centuries'  work  in  my 
mind's  eye,  I,  without  hesitation,  affirm  no 
attempt  was  ever  made  to  copy  (so  far  as  existing 
remains  suggest)  the  Exeter  miserere.  They  have 
an  individuality  entirely  their  own.  .So  vigorously 
undercut  and  through-cut  anu  yet  so  strongly 
manipulated  are  they,  that  each  arris  is  as  sharp 
to-day  as  it  was  on  tirst  leaving  the  craftsman's 
bench — more  than  760  years  ago.  Nothing  in  the 
subsequent  14th  or  15th  centuries  appears  to  have 
been  done  anywhere  woithy  to  be  spoken  of  in 
the  same  breath  with  those  the  cunning  crafts- 
men produced  whom  Bishop  Bruere  employed 
upon  his  return  from  Eastern  lands.  They  stand 
at  once  the  earliest  and  undoubtedly  the  best  ever 
carved.  They  have  never  been  '  improved  '  upon 
— and  never  will  be !  " 

Till-:  chief  business  at  a  meeting  of  the  property 
and  general  purposes  committee  of  the  Swdnsea 
Corporation  on  Wednesday  week  was  to  appoint 
an  estate  agent.  The  applicants  singled  out  for 
final  selection  were  Mr.  K.  Arnett,  of  the  City 
Valuer's  Department,  Bristol,  who  asked  for  ,£300", 
rising  to  £;i5U,  per  annum  ;  Mr.  Charles  Barker, 
London,  who  asked  £150;  Mr.  A.  1).  .lenkins, 
I!ryn-road,  Swansea,  sal.iry  asked,  £350  ;  M.  ])! 
Salmond;  Carililf,  salary  first  year,  £300,  sofoiid 
£100,  third,  £500.  subject  to  increase  at  discretion 
of  corporation  ;  Mr.  (.'.  .1.  Howell  Thomas,  Swan- 
sea (manager  to  Mr.  W.  J.  Itees),  wlio  asked 
£450 ;  and  Mr.  John  Thomas,  Swansea,  who 
asked  £400  per  annum.  On  a  ballot  being  taken 
for  three  men  the  loctl  men  <ame  easily  out  on 
top,  Howell  Thomas  getting  27  votes,  John 
Thomas  19,  and  A.  D.  Jenkins  21.      On  a  second 


vote  Mr.  Howell  Thomas  got  19  votes,  Jenkirs 
eight,  and  John  Thomas  five,  and  the  first-named 
was  appointed,  having  a  clear  majority.  It  was 
decided  that  the  subject  of  assistance  to  the  new 
olKei»I  should  be  relegated  to  the  sub-committee 
for  consideration. 

I^XDEK  the  supervision  of  Cavaliere  Uicci, 
the  new  director,  some  important  changes 
and  interesting  discoveries  have  been  made  in 
the  I'ffizi  Gallery  at  Florence.  Leonardo  da 
Vinci's  "  Adoration  of  the  Magi  "  has  been 
moved  into  a  mu;h  better  position  in  the  Scuola 
Toscana.  Two  new  pictures  have  recently  been 
obtained  for  the  Uffizi  Gallery.  One  is  a  Virgin 
and  Child  by  an  Umbrian  painter  named 
Caporali.  The  other  is  a  Crucifixion,  attributed 
by  Vasari  to  Perugino,  which  has  been  brought 
from  the  church  of  St.  Giusto,  in  I'orta  Komana, 
better  known  as  the  Chiesa  della  Calza.  From 
internal  evidence  it  seems  highly  probable  that 
the  painting  is  reilly  the  work  of  Luca  SignoreUi. 
Additions  have  also  been  made  to  the  depart- 
ment of  drawings  and  sketches  by  Signer  Ferri, 
who  has  discovered  some  hitherto  unknown 
studies  by  Jlichael  Angelo.  They  are  only  small 
rough  notes  in  chalk  and  pen-and-ink,  but  some 
have  reference  to  the  work  in  the  Sistine  Chapel, 
including  the  Lifting  up  of  the  Brazen  Serpent 
in  the  Wilderness,  and  the  Prophets  and  Sibyls. 

Mk.  Howard  Cauter,  the  inspector  of 
Egyptian  Antiquities,  has  been  excavating  a 
tomb  ot  the  18th  dynast/  at  Thebes,  which  was 
partially  opened  by  Lepsius,  who  regarded  it  as 
au  underground  passage  from  the  Valley  of  the 
Royal  Tomb  to  the  temple  of  DOr-el-Bahari. 
Mr.  Carter  has,  however,  proceeded  further  with 
the  explorations,  and  claims  to  have  discovered, 
at  the  end  of  a  narrow  sloping  corridor  over  800ft. 
in  length  the  last  resting-place  of  the  famous 
Queen  Hatshepsu,  the  builder  of  the  beautiful 
temple  of  Dcr-el-Bahari,  and  the  sender  of  an 
exploring  expedition  to  the  Soumali  coast.  The 
front  contained  two  empty  sarcophigi  of  polished 
sandstone,  on  which  were  hieroglyphics  stating 
that  one  sarcophagus  contained  the  mummy  of 
Hatshepsu,  the  other  that  of  her  father,  Thotmes 
I.  It  is  possible  that  the  mummy  of  Hatshepm 
may  yet  be  found  in  one  of  the  as  yet  unexplored 
side  chambers  leading  out  of  the  central  vault. 

The  town  council  of  Aberdeen  discussed  on 
Monday  the  proposed  scheme  of  improvements. 
It  was  unanimously  resolved  to  proceed  with  the 
Gallowgate  improvements,  at  an  estimated  cost 
of  £55,000.  The  street  will  he  widened  to 
40ft.,  and  a  feature  of  the  plan  is  the  provision 
of  a  public  garden.  On  the  proposal  t)  widen 
Broad-street  between  Oueen-street  and  Union- 
street,  at  a  cost  of  £30,000,  there  was  a  long  dis- 
cussion. By  17  to  16  the  Lord  Provost's  motion 
for  carrying  out  the  widening  was  adopted, 
several  members  dissenting.  The  reconstruction 
of  the  Town  House,  at  a  cost  of  £30,000,  was 
carried  by  the  same  majority.  The  next  portion 
of  the  scheme  considered  was  the  widening  of 
CoUege-street  to  40ft.  between  Bridge-street  and 
Marywell-street,  and  the  formation  of  a  new 
thoroughfare  from  Wellington -road  to  Holburn- 
street,  the  estimated  cost  being  £39,000.  This 
branch  of  this  scheme  was  carried  by  27  to  3. 
Application  will  be  made  in  the  present  .Session 
of  Parliament  for  a  Provisional  Order  to  carry 
out  the  proposals  adopted.  The  total  expense  of 
these  works  is  £154,000  :  but  it  is  expected  that 
£27,000  will  be  realised  for  the  feuing  ground  at 
(iallowgate  and  along  the  new  road. 

The  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Fisheries  have 
just  published  the  third  and  concluding  volume 
ot  the  "  (ieneral  Memoir  on  the  Cretaceous  Rocks 
oi  Britain,"  by  Mr.  Jukes-Browne,  with  contri- 
butions by  Mr.  William  Hill.  It  contains  a  full 
account  of  the  upper  chalk  and  its  fossils,  in- 
cluding local  particulars  of  the  strata,  descrip- 
tions ot  the  equivalent  divisions  in  the  North  of 
France,  notes  on  the  microscopic  structure  of  the 
rocks,  and  an  account  of  the  method  of  formation 
of  the  upper  chalk.  The  volume  also  contains 
chapters  on  the  water  supply  and  oconinnic  pro- 
ducts of  the  chalk  as  a  whole,  an  account  ot  tlio 
physical  features  of  the  country  occupied  by  it,  a 
full  list  ot  the  organic  remains  ot  the  chalk,  and 
a  bibliography  of  the  upper  cretaceous  rocks. 


The  dissolution  of  partnership  is  announced  of  .V. 
It.  I'eacey  and  \V.  O.  Puller,  auctioneers,  architects, 
surveyors,  valuers,  house,  laud,  and  eatiite  agents, 
Harrow,  VVealdstone,  Pinner,  and  Northwood,  all 
Middlesex,  under  the  style  of  Peacey  and  Fuller. 


MEETINGS  FOB  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Satckdav  .To-MoBKOwj. — Architectural  Association  Vipit 
to  Belgrave  Children's  Hospital, 
Clapham-road,  S.W.    2.30  p.m. 

Monday. — Surveyors'  Institution.  Discussion  on  "British 
Timber  and  its  Uses."    4  p.m. 

Society  of  Arts.  "  Recent  Advances  in 
Electro-Chemistry,'*  by  Bertram  Blount, 
F.I.C.    8  p.m. 

Liverpool  Architectural  Society.  "  The 
Domestic  Flue,"  by  Maxwell  Grayson, 
M.A.,  A.R.I.B.A. 

TcESDAY. — Society  of  Arta.  "  Cotton  Growiop  in  the 
British  Empire,"  by  Alfred  Kmmott, 
M.P.    4..'50  p.m. 

A. A.  Camera  and  Cycling  Club.  "The 
E.>icursions  of  the  Club  in  1903,"  by 
Francis  R.  Taylor.    7.30  p.m. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  I>ia- 
cussion  on  "The'  l)elta  and  Aasiout 
Barrages  on  the  Nile."    8  p.m. 

Wedxesday.— Society  of  Arts.  "  The  Rural  Housing 
Question,"  by  T.  Brice  Phillips.  H  p.m. 

St.  Paul's  Ecclesiological  Society. 
"  Painting  and  Sculpture  in  the  Roman 
Catacomb.s,"  by  G.  C.  Druce.  Chapter 
House,  E.C.    S  p.m. 

TnunSDAY. — Sheffield  Society  of  Architects  and  Sur- 
veyors. "  The  Elements  of  Architectural 
Photography,"  by  E.  C.  Skill. 

Friday. — Glasgow  Architectural  Craftsmen's  Society. 
"  Economic  Working  of  Wood-working 
Tools,"  by  W.  H.  Baxter.    8  p.m. 

Satcrday  (March  26). — Sanitary  Institute.  Conference 
on  "Municipal  Re-housing."  to  bo 
opened  by  W.  E.  Riley,  F.R.I.B.A., 
architect  to  the  London  County  Council. 
1  a.m. 


THE  SOCIETY  OF  ARCHITECTS 
(Founded  1P81.  Incorporated  1693).  —  The  TWENTIETH 
ANNUAL  DINNER  will  be  held  at  De  Kpvser's  Roval  Hotel, 
Victoria  Embankment,  E.C..  on  FRID.AY,  April 22nd.  IWI.  Applica- 
tions for  members'  and  Tisitors'  tickets  i  price  "s.  6d.  each,  exclusive  of 
wine)  must  be  made  to  the  SECRETARV  at  Staple  lon-buildtncs. 
Holborn,  W.C.  Telegrams.  "Crypt,"  London.  Telephone-  1*^2 
Holborn. 


CHIPS. 

The  death  is  announced  at  Feltham,  Middlesex, 
of  Mr.  Erskine  Nicol,  a  retired  A.E.A.  and  R.S.A., 
formerly  a  popular  delineator  of  Scottish  and  Irish 
peasant  life.  Mr.  Xichol,  who  was  78  years  of  age, 
was  apprenticed  to  a  house  painter  at  Leith,  and 
afterwards  became  teacher  of  drawing  in  the  Leith 
High  School,  and  he  removed  to  Dublin  later  to  fill 
an  appointment  as  art  teacher  under  the  Science  and 
Art  Department.  In  1S62  he  opened  a  studio  in 
London. 

Mr.  Alcott,  wood  parlor  and  contractor,  in  the 
King's  Bench  Division,  recovered  on  Friday  £250 
from  Mdler's  Karri  and  Jarrah  Forests  and  another, 
as  damages  for  a  libel  contained  in  a  letter  sent  by 
the  defendants  to  the  Marylebone  Borough  Council, 
suggesting  that,  before  they  accepted  any  tender, 
they  should  examine  certain  wood-paving  laid  by 
plaintiff,  and  which  defendants  alleged  was  in  a  bad 
condition. 

Mr.  W.  O.  Meade  King,  M.Inst.C.E.,  inspector  to 
the  Local  Government  Board,  held  an  inquiry  at 
the  council  offices,  Hexham,  on  Friday,  with 
regard  to  the  application  of  the  urban  district 
council  to  borrow  £1,500  for  the  extension  of  the 
waterworks  and  mains.  Mr.  G.  L.  Murray,  the 
surveyor  to  the  council,  showed  and  explained  the 
plans. 

The  Duke  of  Norfolk  will  lay  on  Friday  in  next 
week  the  foundation-stone  of  the  Cardinal  New- 
man Memorial  Church  in  Hagley-road,  Aston. 
The  building  is  Classical  in  treatment,  will  seat  900 
persons,  and  will  cost  about  £26,000.  Mr.  E.  Doran 
Webb,  F.S.A.,  ot  Salisbury,  is  the  architect. 

Mr.  J.  Cracknell,  of  reterborough,  has  secured 
the  £36,277  contract  for  the  new  Grammar  School 
at  Lynn,  which  Mr.  W.  J.  Lancaster  is  presenting 
to  the  town. 

The  isolation  hospital,  Cheadle,  Staffs,  is  being 
warmed  and  ventilated  by  means  of  Shorland's 
patent  Manchester  stoves  with  descending  smoke- 
tiues,  Manchester  grates,  and  special  inlet  and  outlet 
ventilators,  the  same  beiu;::  8upi>licd  by  Messrs.  E.  H. 
Shorland  and  Brother,  of  Manchester. 

The  Gostorth  Urban  District  Council  have  engaged 
Mr.  Harry  W.  Taylor,  A.M.I.C.E.,  of  Xewcastle- 
ou-Tyne  and  Birmingham,  for  the  revision  and 
extension  of  their  system  of  sewerage  and  surface- 
water  drainage.  Nearly  10  miles  of  sowers  and 
drains  are  involved. 

The  Council  of  the  Surveyors'  Institution  have 
accepted  an  invitation  from  the  members  of  the 
Northumberland  and  Durham  and  the  Cumberland 
and  Westmoreland  l*rovincial  Committee,  to  hold 
their  next  Country  Meeting  at  Xowcastle-on-Tyiie, 
on  May  26  amt  27.  Visits  are  being  organised  to 
the  Elswick  Works,  Parsons'  Turbine  \Voik»,  and 
various  other  places  of  interest  in  Newcasitle,  and 
excursions  to  the  Uoman  Wall,  to  Carlisle,  Aspatria, 
Keswick,  and  other  places  in  the  Lake  districts. 


432 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  18,  1904. 


Crab^  #e6as. 


WAGES    MOVEMENTS. 

The  Laboub  Maeket  in  Febeuaet.  —  The 
monthly  memorandum  prepared  by  the  Labour 
Department  of  the  Board  of  Trade  states  that  the 
proportion  of  unemployed  in  the  trade  unions 
making  returns  was  at  the  end  of  February  G-1  per 
cent.,  against  6'6  per  cent,  in  January,  and  48  per 
cent,  in  February,  1903.  Employment  in  the  build- 
ing trades  continues  dull,  and  is  much  the  same  as  a 
month  ago,  but  is  rather  worse  than  a  year  ago. 
The  percentage  of  unemployed  trade  union  members 
among  carpenters  and  joiners  was  G"9  at  the  end  of 
February,  compared  with  7'7  at  the  end  of  January, 
and  5-0  at  the  end  of  February,  1903.  The  per- 
centage for  plumbers  was  9*3  at  the  end  of 
February,  compared  with  the  same  percentage  in 
January,  and  8'2  a  year  ago.  Employment 
generally  in  the  furnishing  and  woodworking  trades 
was  bad  during  February,  being  worse  than  a  year 
ago,  but  a  little  better  than  a  month  ago.  The 
percentage  of  unemployed  trade  union  members  at 
the  end  of  February  was  7'",  as  compared  with  S'6 
in  January,  and  5'3  per  cent,  a  year  ago. 


CHIPS. 

Two  important  posts  under  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion are  about  to  become  vacant.  Mr.  Gilbert  R. 
Redgrave,  the  assistant-secretary  in  charge  of  the 
art  division  of  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum, 
South  Kensington,  is  retiring  in  a  few  weeks  under 
the  age  limit  rule  of  the  service,  and  for  the  same 
cause  Major- General  E.  R.  Festing,  director  of  the 
science  department  of  the  museum,  will  retire  in  the 
course  of  the  summer. 

In  the  House  of  Lords,  on  Tuesday,  the  Earl  of 
Onslow,  the  president  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture, 
in  answer  to  Lord  Barnard,  described  the  steps 
which  the  Government  were  taking  to  educate  and 
train  young  men  in  forestry.  He  stated  that  his 
department  was  most  anxious  to  encourage  young 
men  in  the  science,  and  he  believed  that  a  small 
beginning  now  would  lead  in  the  course  of  years 
to  great  results. 

The  full-sized  model  of  the  statue  of  Bishop 
Creighton,  which  is  about  to  be  erected  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  has  been  completed  by  Mr.  Hamo 
Thornycroft,  K.A.,  and  will  shortly  be  cast  in 
bronze.  Portraits  of  the  bishop  by  Professor  von 
Herkomer,  R.A.,  C.V.O.,  have  been  placed  in  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery  and  in  Fulham  Palace. 

A  large  chiming  clock  has  besn  erected  upon  the 
church  at  Lavendon,  Bucks,  and  starts  this  week. 
The  clock  is  fitted  with  all  the  latest  improvements, 
and  has  been  made  by  Messrs.  John  Smith  and  Sous, 
Midland  Clock  Works,  Derby,  to  the  general  designs 
of  Lord  Grimthorpe.  The  same  firm  are  making  a 
large  chiming  clock  for  Xelson  Town  Hall,  Lanca- 
shire. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Canadian  Minister  of 
Railways,  published  this  week,  shows  that  the 
completed  steam  railways  in  Canada  had,  at  the 
close  of  1903,  a  total  length  of  19,077  miles,  against 
1S,S6S  at  the  end  of  1902 ;  WhUe  the  electric  rail- 
ways have  now  a  mileage  of  759,  against  558  a 
twelvemonth  since. 

The  death  is  annouced  of  Mr.  Lawrence 
Bartholomew  Moore,  builder  and  contractor,  of 
Newport,  Mon.,  at  the  age  of  eighty-two  years. 

An  adjudication  in  bankruptcy  has  been  made  in 
the  case  of  Herbert  William  Corrin  and  Walter 
Corrin,  carrying  on  business  together  in  co-partner- 
ship under  the  style  of  H.  and  W.  Corrin  (in  the 
the  Receiving  Order  described  as  H.  W.  and  W. 
Corrin),  Seaforth,  near  Liverpool,  and  Ramsey,  Isle 
of  Man,  Fazakerley,  near  Liverpool,  builders. 

Mr.  Chas.  John  Galloway,  J.P.,  of  Manchester, 
a  leading  member  of  the  well-known  engineering 
firm,  died  suddenly  on  Sunday  while  walking  in  his 
garden  at  Knutsford,  He  had  been  a  partner  in 
Galloways  since  ISotJ,  and  was  also  known  as  a 
liberal  and  discriminating  patron  of  modern  art. 
Mr.  Galloway  was  in  his  71st  year, 

Mr.  W.  A.  Ducat,  an  inspector  of  the  Local 
Government  Board,  held  an  inquiry  at  the  Audit 
House,  Southampton,  on  Wednesday  week,  into  the 
application  of  the  town  council  to  borrow  £580  for 
street  improvements  in  Bellemoor-road,  Mousehole- 
lane,  and  Grove-road,  £2,290  for  electric  lighting, 
iSSj  for  storm-water  drainage  in  HiU-lane  and  the 
Avenue,  £715  for  the  purchase  of  a  steam  road 
roller  and  scarifiers,  and  £125  for  the  erection  of  a 
warehouse  on  corporate  land  situate  at  the  Back- of- 
the  Walls. 

The  King,  who  is  a  member  of  the  Bar,  has  con- 
sented to  open,  on  Monday  next,  the  new  wing  of 
the  Incorporated  Liw  Society's  Hall  in  Chancery- 
lane.  We  illustrated  the  extension,  of  which  Mr.  H. 
Percy  Adams,  F.R.I. B  A.,  is  the  architect,  in  our 
issue  of  May  15,  1903,  by  a  plan  and  double-page 
perspectiTe, 


LATEST    PRICES. 

— ►♦< — 

IRON,    &0. 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

HoUed-Iron  Joists,  Belgian £5  10  0    to  £5  15  0 

Rolled-Steel  Joists,  English   6  10  0    „  6  12  6 

Wrought-Ixon  Girder  Plates  7    0  0,,  750 

Bar  Iron,  good  Staffs 6    6  0,,  8  10  0 

Do.,  Lowmoor,  Flat,  Bound,  or 

Square    20    0  0    „  20    0  0 

Do..  Welsh  6  16  0    „  6  17  6 

Boiler  Plates,  Iron — 

SouthStaffs 8  15  0    „  8  15  0 

Best  Snedshill 9  10  0  9  10  0 

Angles  IDs.,  Tees  208.  per  ton  extra. 

Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  for  bonding,  &c.,  £7  78.  6d. 
Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  galvanised,  £12  to  £13  per  ton. 

Galvanised  Corrugated  Sheet  Iron — 

No.  18  to  20.  No.  22  to  24. 

6ft.    to    8ft.   long,   inclusiTe     Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

gauge £1115    0    ...£12    0    0 

Best  ditto 12    5    0    ...  12  10    0 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Caet-Iron  Columns £6  10    0    to  £8  10    0 

Casl^Iron  Stanchions 6  10    0    „  8  10    0 

Rolled-Iron  Fencing  Wire  8    0    0,,  850 

Rolled-Steel  Fencing  Wire 6    5    0,,  6  10    0 

„         „           „       Galvanised.      7  15    0    „  8    0    0 

Cast-iron  Sash  Weights  4  12    6    „  t  12    6 

Cut  Clasp  Nails,  Sin.  to  6in 9    5    0,,  950 

Cut  Floor  Brads 9    0    0,,  900 

Wire  Nails  (Points  de  Paris) — 

6  to  7      8        9        10       11       12       13        14      15     B.W.G. 

8/-      8/6     9/-    9/6      9/9    10/6     11/3    12/-   13/-   per  cwt. 

Cdst-Iron  Socket  Pipes — 

Sin.  diameter    £5  15    0    to  £8    0    0 

4in.  to6in 5  12    6    „        5  17    6 

7in.  to  24in.  (all  sizes)  6    7    6,,       5  10    0 

[Coated  with  composition,  Ss.  Od.  per  ton  extra;  turned 

and  bored  joints,  58.  Od.  per  ton  extra.] 

Pig  Iron—  Per  ton. 

Cold  Blast,  LilleBhall    1058.  Od.  to  112a.  6d. 

Hot  Blast,  ditto  65b.  Od.  to   708.  Od. 

Wrought^Iron  Tubes  and  Fittings — Discount  off  Standard 
Lists  f.o.b.  (plus  5  per  cent.)  ; — 

Gas-Tubes 67Jp.c. 

WateivTubes  62i  „ 

Steam-Tubes    57J   „ 

Galvanised  Gas-Tubes 65     „ 

Galvanised  Water-Tubes 50     „ 

Galvanised  Steam-Tubes 45     „ 

lOcwt.  casks.  5cwt.  casks. 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Zinc,  English  (London  mill)  £24  10  0  to  £25  10  0 

Do.,  Vieille  Montague 27  10  0  „  27  15  0 

Sheet  I*ad,  31b.  and  upwards   ...     13  15  0  „  13  15  0 

Lead  Water  Pipe  (F.O.R.Lond.)     14    5  0  „  14    5  0 

Lead  Barrel  Pipe    15    2  6  „  15    2  6 

Lead  Pipe,  Tinned  inside  16    2  8  „  18    2  6 

„        „           „        „  and  outside     17  12  6  „  17  12  6 

Composition  Gas-Pipe 16    2  6  „  16    2  6 

Sod-Pipe  (Sin.  and  6in.  extra)  ...     16    2  8  „  16    2  6 

Pig  Lead,  in  Icwt.  pigs 10  16  8  „  10  17  6 

Lead  Shot,  in  281b.  bags 15    0  0  „  15    5  0 

Copper  Sheets,  sheathing  and  rods    70    0  0  „  70    5  0 

Copper,  British  Cake  and  Ingot...    59    5  0  „  511  15  0 

Tin,  Straits  125  17  6  „  126    7  6 

Do.,  Enghsh  Ingots  125  10  0  „  126    0  0 

Spelter,  Silesian 22    0  0  „  22    5  0 

TIMBER. 

Teak,  Burmah per  load  £10    0  0    to  £18    0    0 

„     Bangkok „     ...  9    5  0,,  16    5    0 

Quebec  Pine,  yellow „    ...  3  10  0    „  6    5    0 

„     Oak „     ...  5    0  0,,  7  10    0 

„    Birch   „     ...  3  10  0    „  6    0    0 

„    Elm „     ...  4    5  0,,  8  10    0 

„    Ash ,     ...  3  15  0    „  7  10    0 

Dantsio  and  Memel  Oak      „    ...  2  10  0    „  6    0    0 

Fir „    ...  3    0  0,,  500 

Wainscot,  Riga  p.  log...      „    ...  2    7  6,,  550 

Lath,  Danlsic,  p.f ,    ...  4    0  0,,  600 

St.  Petersburg 4    0  0,,  800 

Greenheart  7  16  0    „  8    0    0 

Box „    ...  7    0  0,,  16    0    0 

Sequoia,  U.S. A percubefoot  0    3  6,,  039 

Mahogany,  Cuba,  per  super  foot 

lin.  thick  0    0  6,,  008 

„           Honduras  ...      „    ...  0    0  6,,  00  7^ 

„           Mexican «,    ...  0    0  4,,  005 

„           African  „    ...  0    0  8J  „  0    0  5} 

Cedar,  Cuba    0    0  3,,  0    0  3J 

„  Hondm-as    „    ...  0    0  SJ  „  0    0  3} 

Satinwood    0    0  10    „  0    19 

Walnut,  Italian 0    0  3,,  00  7i 

„      American  (logs)      0    8  1,,  031 

Deals,  per  St.  Petersburg  Standard,  120— 12ft.  by  IJin. 
by  llin. : — 

Quebec,  Pine,  1st  £22    0  0    to  £29    5  0 

„             2nd 18    5  0    „  23  10  0 

„             3rd  11  15  0    „  14    0  0 

Canada  Spruce,  1st 11    0  0    „  18    0  0 

Sndand3rd   i)    0  0    „  10  10  0 

New  Brunswick  ..  8    0  0,,  9  15  0 

Riga    7  10  0    „  8  10  0 

St.  Petersburg 8    0  0,,  16  10  0 

Swedish 11    0  0    „  19  10  0 

Finland 9    0  0,,  10    0  0 

White  Sea  1110  0    „  19  10  0 

Battens,  all  sorts   6  10  0    „  14    0  0 

Flooring  Boards,  per  square  of  lin. : — 

Istprepared £0  12    6    „     £0  18    6 

2ndditto  0  11    6    „       0  15    8 

Other  qualities    0    5    0,,       0  13    0 

Staves,  per  standard  M  : — 

U.8.,pipe £37  10    0    „    £45    0    0 

Memel,  or.  pipe 220    0    0    „    230    0    0 

Memel,  brack 190    0    0    „    20O    0    0 


STONE.* 

Darley  Dale,  in  blocks per  foot  cube  £0    2    3 

Red  Mansfield  ditto „    ...    0    2  4i 

Hard  York  ditto    „     ...    0    2  10 

Ditto  ditto  6in.  sawn  both  sides,  landings, 

random  sizes per  loot  sup.    0    2    8 

Ditto  ditto  3in.  slabs  sawn  two  sides, 

random  sizes  ,,    ...    0    1    8 

•  AU  F.O.R.  London. 

Bath  Stone,  dehvered  on  rail  at  quarry  stations 

per  foot  cube  £0    10 
Delivered  on  road  waggons,  Paddington 

Depot ,    ...0    1^ 

Ditto       ditto       Nine  Elms  Depot  ,    ...    0    1  Sj 

Portland  Stone,  in  random  blocks  of  20ft.  average  : — 

Brown         White 
Whit  Bed.  Base  Bed. 
Delivered  to  railway  depot  at  the 

quarry per  foot  cube  £0    1    5i  ...  £0    1  7J 

Delivered  on  road  waggons  \ 

at  Paddington  Depot    ...(  0    9    1  n     9  94 

Ditto    Nine  Elms  Depot...  (    "    •••"■=•'    ■•■    "    .^  zj 
Ditto    Pimlico  Wharf / 

OILS. 

Linseed   per  tun  £16  10  0    to  £16  15  <> 

Rapeseed,  English  pale  ...    „    ...  23    5  0    „  25    o  " 

Do.,  brown 22    0  0    „  22  10  0 

Cottonseed,  refined ,    ...  19  15  0    „  2115  0 

Olive,  Spanish  31  10  0    „  31  15  0 

Seal,  pale   28    0  0    „  30    0  0 

Coooanut,  Cochin „    ...  23    0  0    „  30    0  0 

Do.,  Ceylon  ,    ...  26    0  0    „  26  10  O 

Pahn,  Lagos ,    ...  28    0  0    „  28  10  0 

Oleine ,     ...  17    6  0    „  19    6  0 

Lubricating  U.S per  gal.  0    7  0,,  080 

Petroleum,  refined „     ...  0    0  5}  „  0    0  0 

Tar,  Stockhohn per  barrel  16  0,,  180 

Do.,  Archangel ...  0  19  8    „  10  0 

Turpentine,  American  ...per  tun  87    0  0    „  87    6  0 


G.  E.  Wallis  and  Sons,  Limited  have  been  regis- 
tered, with  a  capital  of  £00,000  in  22,000  "  A  "  and 
:;7,950  "B"  shares  of  £1.  each,  and  1,000  "C" 
shares  of  Is.  each,  to  acquire  the  business  of  builders 
and  contractors  carried  on  by  Messrs.  G.  E.  Wallia 
and  Sons,  at  Maidstone  and  elsewhere. 

The  town  council  of  Southampton  expressed  at 
great  length  at  their  last  meeting  a  recommendation 
that  a  new  town  -  hall  and  municipal  buildings 
should  be  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  £75,000.  By  a 
majority  of  one  it  was  decided  to  defer  proceeding 
with  the  scheme.  Nine  years  the  council  resolved 
by  21)  votes  to  4  to  erect  municipal  buildings,  but 
nothing  has  been  done,  and  the  corporation  oflicea 
are  more  inadequate  than  ever. 

The  rural  district  council  have  adopted  plans  by 
Messrs.  Lockwood  and  Sons,  architects,  of  Chester, 
for  twelve  cottages  to  be  built  on  a  site  in  the 
Wrexham-road,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  £1,200,  and 
for  five  smaller  cottages  to  be  erected  in  Well-street 
at  a  cost  of  £700. 

A  new  church  of  St.  Wilfrid  is  to  bi  built  on  the 
Duchy  of  Lancaster  Estate  at  Hirrogate.  Plans 
have  been  prepared  for  an  edifice  Early  English  in 
style,  to  be  built  of  stone,  at  a  cost  of  about 
£24,000  (not  including  completion  of  tower  and 
spire),  and  to  accommodate  900  worshippers.  It  is 
only  proposed  to  start  at  present  with  the  nave 
portion  to  accommodate  IIOO  persons,  and  this 
section  will  not  cost  less  than  £8,000. 

The  corporation  of  Coventry  have  passed  plans 
for  five  streets  in  Swan-lane  and  Stoke -road,  pre- 
sented by  Messrs.  Kelley  and  Wootton,  and  terms 
have  been  arranged  with  the  firm  for  giving  up,  at 
a  cost  to  the  city  of  £506,  so  much  of  their  frontage 
as  will  be  necessary  to  bring  about  the  widening 
of  Swan- lane  and  Stoke-road  to  the  width  of  40tt. 


W.  q.  LiSCELLES  atid  Co., 

121,  Bunhill  Row,  London,  B.C. 

TEIiEPHONB    Nq.  1365. 

HIGH-CLASS  JOINERY. 

LASCELLES'  CONCRETE. 

Conservatories  &  Greenhouses, 

WOODEN    BUILDINGS. 

BAITK,  OFFIOB,  *  SHOP  FITTINaS. 

OHURGH  BENCHES  &  PULPITS. 

maitMATMB   OJFWr   OW    ATTLIOAIIOS. 


FOR 


Olivers' 

Seasoned 


Hardwoods, 


APPLY    TO— 

■WM.  OLIVER  &  SONS,  LTD., 

120,  BunhiU  Row,  LONDON,  E.C. 


March  18,  1904. THE    BUILDII^G    NEWS. 433 

LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 

— ♦'^ 

Twickenham -Elementary  Schools  H.  Jason  Saunders,  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Twickenham  Mar.  23 

Sutton,  St.  Hclens-rublicLibary  (£2,500  limit)    £20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  St.  Helens  31 

Vienna— Machinery  to  Lift  Boats 100,000,  75,000,  and  50,000  kronen   ...  The  Austro-niingarianCon.-Oen,22,Lturence-Pouateney-lane,E.C.    „     31 

Tipton-l'ree  Library  (£5,000)  and  Town  Hall  (£3,500)  (Local 

Architects  only)    £50,  £20,  £10    W.  H.  Jukes,  Surveyor,  Tipton,  Staffs „     31 

tccleston,  St,  Helens— Public  Library  i;£2,d00  limit) £20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  St.  Helens  31 

Perth-Isolation  Hospital  (36  beds)  (£11,000  limit)    SOgs,  20gs,  and  lOgs  John  Begg,  Town  Clerk.  Perth „ April  6 

Lurgan- Thirty  Labourers'  Cottages William  J.  Corner,  Clerk,  Workhouse,  Lurgan 6 

Malvem-lree  Library.  Graham-road £3\  £20,  £10   H.  L.  Whatley,  Clerk,  Council  Olfices.  Mai vero 8 

J'?'"^-'^"'''"^  Library  ,£1,200  limit)    No  premium;  5  per  cent,  commission  G.  I.  Oough.  Secretary,  Town  Clerk's  Office,  Calne,  Wilts 9 

tJandUo-Fawr-Drainage  Scheme  for  Amman  Valley  E.  Shipley  Lewis,  Clerk,  Llandilo,  Wa'.es 23 

Newcastle-on-Tyne— Grammar  School  (J.  Bilson,  F.R.I.B.A., 

F.S.A.,  Assessor: £100,  £50,  £25 Horace  J.  Criddle,  Solicitor,  2.  CoUingwood-st.,  Newclstle-on-Tyne    „     30 

Bamet-Hospital        q  D    ByUeid,  Clerk,  16,  High-street,  Birnet  May    9 

btamlord- Public  Library  (limit  £'2,0C0)  (Assessor)   £25  (merged),  £15,  £10    Charles  Atter.  Town  Clerk.  Town  Eall,  Stamford    ,     31 

Haverfordwest -Meat  Market  (£2,000  Umit) 20g8 R.  T.  P.  Williams.  Town  CTerk.  Haverfordwest — 

Hoibury— tree  Library    Arthur  E.  Radcliffe,  Engineer,  U.D.C.  Offices,  Horbury    — 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 


BTJIIiDINQS. 

HuU— Extension  of  Blacklead  and  Blue  Mills Hargreaves  Bros,  and  Co T.  Brownlow  ThompTOn,  Architect,  1.5.  Parliament-street.  Hull M«.19 

Tunbridge  Wells— Greenhouse  at  Cemetery  Corporation W.  H.  Ma.xwell,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Town  Hall,  Tunbridge  Wells 19 

Dartmouth— Alterations  to  Oceana,  NVwcomeu-road E.  Palfery T.  O.  Veale,  Architect,  Dartmouth „  19 

Haverfordwest— House  at  Broadflelds T.  Q.  Lewis,  Wiston,  Clarbeston-road,  Haverfordwest  ,.  19 

Shrewsbury— Concrete  and  Stone  Foundation  for  Memorial    ...  Estates  Committee    W.  Chappie  Eddowes,  Borough  Surveyor.  The  Square,  Shrewsbury    „  19 

Morecambe— Shelter  and  Conveniences  Corporation Jno.  Bond.  Borough  Surveyor,  Moiecambe „  19 

Bandon— Seventy-one  Labourers' Cottages    Rural  District  Council Thomas  Scanlan,  Solicitor,  Bandon,  Ireland   „  19 

Cambome-.idditions  to  House,  College-row    F.  Richards,  82,  College-row,  Camborne,  Cornwall  19 

Delabole— Business  Premises  J.  Hawkey   E.  Wise,  M.S.A,  Launceston „  19 

Ecde-;,  Lanes-Walls  at  Monton    Corporation Thomas  S.  Picton,  C.E.,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  E^cles  „  19 

bouth  Benwell-Chimney  (76ft.  high)  at  Firebrick  Works  Wm.  Cochran  Carr,  Benwell  Colliery,  South  Benwell  ...  19 

Onlkm- Fir.'-Escape  Staircases  at  Workhouse Mutford  and  Lothingland  Guardians  R.  Scott  Cnckrill,  A.E.I.B.  A..  Crossley  House,  Lowestoft ,  19 

Market  Ilarborough— Iron  and  Wood  Hospital   Rural  District  Council G.  O.  Nicholson.  Clerk,  Market  Harbnroujh  „  19 

Weston-super-Mare-Rebuilding  No.  '20.  Regent-street    W.  Lever Wilde  &  Fry,  Architects.  Boulevard  Chambers,  Weston-super-Mare    „  19 

Bradford— Temporaiy  Workshops  at  Destructor  Works  Corporation F.  E.  P.  Edwards,  A. R.I.B. A..  Whitiker  Buildings,  Bradford   19 

New  Tredegnr-House  and  Shop   Geo.  Kenshole.  Architect,  Station-road,  Rargoed.  Wales    ,  19 

Ihorne-Poliee  Station  West  Riding  County  Council J.  Vickers  Edwards.  County  .\rchitect.  Wakefield   21 

Nottmg  Hill,  W.— Repairs  to  Rackham-street  Infirmary St.  Marylebone  Board  of  Guardians..  The  Steward  of  Infirmary.  Eackham-street,  Xotting  Hill,  W 21 

Ayr--Alter.Ttions  to  County  Buildings AUan  Stevenson,  Architect,  U.  Cathoart-street,  Ayr   21 

Aberbeeg-Twenty  Houses  Tir  Graig  Building  Club M.  Gorman,  Eosslea,  Llanhilleth 21 

lJanouth--Uetached  House,  Cranford-avenue G.  F.  Perriam Ernest  E.  Ellis,  Architect,  Exmouth 21 

Berwick-Block  of  Tenements    Wm.  Gray,  Architect,  2,  Ivy-place,  Berwick-on-Tweed    21 

feengbemth— lour  Shops,  Bakery,  and  Stable   Industrial  Co-operative  Society,  Ltd.  G.  L.  Watkins.  Arcliitect,  Station-terrace,  Caerphilly,  Wales  „  21 

Bradtord-District  Baths,  Peel  Park    Corporation F.  E.  P.  Edwards,  A.R.I. B.A.,  Wh'taker  Buildings,  Bradford   21 

Antrim-Schools  .    Select  Vestry  W.  J.  Fennell,  M.R.I.A.I.,  2,  Wellington-place,  Belfast   21 

west  Heath-Pavilions  at  Infectious  Diseases  Hospital    King's  Norton  and  Northfleld  U.D.C.  Ambrose  W.  Cross,  AM. I.C.E.,  23,  Valentine-road,  King's  Heath...     „  21 

Budleigh  Saltcrtnn— Additions  to  Two  Shops   W.  F.  Haymes   Ernest  E.  Ellis,  Architect,  Exmouth 21 

Menai  Bnd2e-\  ilia  H  Thomas,  Architect.  Castle  Buildings,  Carnarvon „  21 

Banbnry- Repairs  at  Cemetery  Town  Council N.  H.  Dawson,  C.E.,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Banbury    21 

IhomhUl- Rebuilding  Two  Cottages,  Brewery-lane  Urban  District  Council    8.  W.  Parker,  Surveyor,  Thornhill,  near  Dewsbury 2J 

,?2lt~^      J^T/*^ -'''^"5^'T Guardians H.  F.J.  Barnes,  Architect,  Towngate-street,  Poole •...    „  22 

Alyth-Two  Cottages  and  Steading  at  Craig John  Black.  Factor,  Cortachy,  N.B 22 

Ijmington-Four  Houses J.  Treneman    W.  Harvey  Puttapool,  Cornwood „  2-2 

Walthamstow-Isolation  Stables  at  Low  HaU  Farm  Urban  District  Council    G.  W.  Holmes,  A  M.I.C.E,.  Town  Hall,  Walthamstow 22 

yantwit  I-ardre-Two  Villas Charles  Griffiths Alfred  Bryant,  Architect,  Midland  Bank  Buddings,  Pontypridd 22 

Auchterhouse -Labourers' Cottages  at  Mains  John  Black,  Factor,  Cortachy,  N.B 22 

urangetown--bubway,  &c Eston  Urban  District  Council    C.  McDermid,  Surveyor,  Council  Offices.  Grangetown,  R.S.O.,  Yorks    „  22 

^ewDridge,.'U)ercarn -Twenty-eight  Workmen's  Dwellings  ...  Urban  Council    John  Williams,  Engineer,  Council  Offices,  Abercarn   22 

Woodleigh-Farmhouse             E.  B.  Luscombe J.  Barrons,  Weir  View,  Totnes,  Devon 22 

bwanfea-Baptist  Chapel  at  St.  Thomas W.  Beddoe  Rees,  A.R.I.B.A.,  37,  St.  Mary-street,  Cirdiff    „  23 

Jvirkby  Stephen-Bank B^nk  of  Liverpool,  Ltd John  F.  Curwen,  F.R  I.B.A..  26,  Highgate.  Kendal    23 

snipping  worton-JnflrmaryforWomenat  Workhouse  Guardians Charles  Smith  and  Sons,  Architects,  16i,  Friar-street,  Reading  „  28 

^"i     ir    o°^''jl'"^-^"™^'^^*°'P"'''''=Ho"is«  Jackson  and  Fox,  Architects,  7,  Rawson-street,  Halifax    ,  28 

Cudworth-Six  Shops T  Elliott  A.  B.  Linford,  Architect,  Carlton  Villa,  WombweU,  Vorks „  23 

btoke-on-Trent-Emergency  Staircases  at  Workhouse Guardians A.  P.  Miller,  Architect,  Hanley  „  23 

victoriararkM.li -Casual  Wards  at  Waterloo-rd  Workhouse  Bethnal  Green  Board  of  Guardians...  W.  A.  Finch,  Architect.  76,  Finsbury-pavement,  E.C 23 

ijnthwaite-Two  Houses..             j,  gerry.  Architect,  3,  Market-place,  Huddersfleld  „  23 

Stoke-on-rrent-Additionato Boiler Houseat  Workhouse  Guardians A.  P.  Miller,  Arehitert,  Hanley ,  23 

r.f?i1"°w    ''°* """'"' ^'"^e  Noith-Eastem  Railway  Co W.  Bell,  Architect,  Central  Station,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    ,  28 

s,°?.h  ^      T    ■■^■■■" i-i; •• H.  C.  Scaping.  Architect.  Grimsby 23 

Bouthend-on-bea- Engine  and  Boiler  House  Extension    Corporation E.  J.  Elford.  M.I.M.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Southend-on-Sea ,  21 

g°^^-^?P'V."*"No.  1,  Patnck's-hill W.  H.  Hill  and  Hon,  Architects,  'JS.  South  Mall,  i  ork 21 

K.^I  ii     1            iii -.,;■■■,;• !>''•  ■^^  E.  F.  Tinley Edward  H.  Smales,  A.R.I.B.A.,  5.  Flowergate.  Whitby 2« 

name  ueau,  near  Plymouth-Coastguard  Buildings Admiralty The  Director  of  Works  Dept.,  21.  Northumberlatid-avenue,  W.C 25 

#f/fl„          r         T^' ^°'™  ™"'    Richard  Horsfall  &  Sons.  Architects. '22.1,  Commeroial-st.,  Halifax    „  25 

■m.-ti,.;;  ;         S            •,^V-; St.  Paul's  Convent  Committee Brian  E.  F.  Sheehy,  Architect,  57,  George-street.  Limerick „  25 

EU^,I.ffi  M     n'l    •SP"''''^'',    ,  °°''''*'^*"''J<'*-'^°ad  Urban  District  Council    Ernest  Woodhouse,  Archt.,  8S,  Mo.-lev-street.  Manchester  „  25 

snettield-Kel.Ujlding  8aIeshop.s  and  Premises.  Church-street  .,  C.  L.  Grundy  Gibbs  and  Flockton,  Architects,  1.5,  St.  James's-row,  Sheffield 25 

Komsey-Additions  to  Supt.sduarters  at  Police  Station    W.  J.  Taylor,  County  Surveyor,  The  Castle,  Winchester   '26 

n»w»;f7~^Tr^  °"f''?'?®.'?J''«'''"'''''«"'''°""'«'^™0'-  ■ H.  J.  Sprake.  Bungay,  SutHolk 28 

ili.rf^      ni     ,     ?D^''°"''„*^°"''""^*5''"™  Asylum  Committee  G.  Dale  Oliver,  F.R. I. B.A.,  Lowther-street,  Carlisle  „  26 

Om»ih     n  f    '^,^?V^?"*^'  Broomfield-square  Jas.  Campbell.  Station  B.ir,  Aberlour,  ScoUand 26 

r  K„l7  i          ??     '"\  n Thomas  Houston,  Architect,  Wellington-place,  Belfast 26 

wftr^ir  a"   ■?"""' ^'^"™™5?    Watkin  Williams  Jones.  Architect,  Salem-place,  Pwllheli „  28 

^rn<fl[L/,    ^  m"   ri^™^^*'^'*'''^™'^   Guardians Edmund  Kiiby,  F.R.I.B.A.,  5,  Cook-street,  Liverpool 23 

?„Tf„r,?    rT          h-  ■^-'V^.  i-  V-; P""'"  Library  Committee F.  H.  Tallan,  Architect,  Drogheda 23 

w>„>  ?T,       M  , '.''^""'l^'o^,?'"'?'''  Education  Committee  H.  E.  Stelfox,  F.RLB.A..  fi.  Princess-.street,  Manohe.ster 23 

^„l»„f    r?T              P"^    J  ?,°J  B'lildings,  High-street Whitstable  Charities  Trustees Arthur  A.  Kemp,  Archt.,  Tankerton  Estate  Office,  Whitstable 28 

§Sn^    (^     ^'"""''v'o    '?'^'"^'\  Harbour  Commi8.sioners W.  A.  Currie,  Secretary.  Harbour  OiKce.  Belfast „  23 

tS.  w„ii      ."'m'?-      °.°'i'-V™''  Schools Education  Committee  William  Banks,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Architect,  Guildhall.  Rochester ,  29 

Holw„  V       •  .      "        rli'^M'""!'''''*'''''"''''!  Chapel G.  L.  Watkins,  Architect,  Station-terrace,  Caerphilly 28 

Si  r?ZZ'-    n     1   n  "S"  ?   Telegraph  Factory H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works.  Storey's  Gate,  S.W 29 

Tivet;3^?    i7    «  '  '  ^""o^c-Coastguard  Bmldings Admiralty The  Director  of  Works  Dept,,  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C 29 

JCnoX  P«;l'i','i„     -rk       ?.''?.   1- Lanca.shire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  IMlice,  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester „  29 

Hun-Pn.t  n  bT~       ^  ^°"'»'''"'' ^'y'™ Visiting  Committee W.  J.  Taylor,  County  Surveyor,  The  Cistle,  Winchester    29 

ralednnian  r/r,?  m'   T) ■•■■^■■„-  ■; n.M.  Coiomis.sioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.'officeof  Works,  Storey's  Gate,  *.W 29 

Relf».t     v,^!™'     ■«  •oP''i;-,f°  ''''"'»  ^D'*  Washhouses Islington  Rorougli  Council J.  Patten  Barber.  Boro'  Eng.,  Town  Hall,  Upper-stn-et,  N » 

SiirhiMn    ri  Tt'            "  ^'l'  Station  Belfast  and  County  Down  Ry.  Co.  ...  The  Company's  Engineer,  Uueen's  Ouay  Termuuis,  Belfast 29 

KercWf-l,  ™l"  "'''"'''''' ^'»"°° • ' John  Johnson,  Architect.  9,  Queen  Victoria-Street.  City,  E.C „  M 

Khi?,  N  Hnn    tel^- ^i; D-  Edward  Thoma.s,  Architect.  Victoria-place.  Haverfordwest M 

Sw?nt^,;     .1.    "      J5S  Temporary  Schools Urban  District  Council    A.  W.  Cross.  A. M.I.C.E..  iX  Valentine-rd..  King's  Ueath,  Birmghm    „  80 

Eett    P.,  irSf  ,"''''''' *'^"'°'''''''''^P«'   J-  Laidler.  Myrtle  Villa,  New  Slation-road.  Swinton 31 

KinSe     TwLai^     "jV, •■■••■;•,; Denbighshire  County  Council  R.  Lloyd  Williams.  County  Surveyor,  DMil.ijh «1 

Dinerail;^  V  H^H  '^.""n  ^S^l^"  °'  ^'-  *'=""°^«  Church ! ,' W.  H.  Hill  and  Son,  Architect-s.  2K.  Sooth  M  .ll.Cork M 

Relfa.?   V7      .            r?"°^  ",".',',"- National  Bank  Directors Brian  E.  F.  Sheehy,  Architect,  .'.0,  lleorge-!.treet.  Limerick  31 

iSlmiV    Tnr        .'^'ll:'''''','.^^'"''*'''''''^ J.  J.  Phillips  and  Son.  Architects,  I'.Mloyal-avemie,  Belfast   31 

(W  IT,,rt;„     w'T-      ';'""  '"K,"f  Offices  Alex.  .Stronaoh,  jun..  A:  Son,  Advocat.>s,  '20,  Uelmont-st.,  Aberdeen  AprU  1 

Umttin     w    1     '     1^,?    'r°  "  ^'"''   8.  Spencer,  Architect,  Old  Dank  Chiimhoi-s,  Great  llorton,  Bradford    „  2 

N?^-!!Fey.rn*^      .^'/"/''^     ■■. J-  Jameson  lire.-n.  Architect,  Iti.  South  J..hn-street,  Liverpool  2 

Melrh^r«,,M,    iM    ? .  .1  ''5'™"™   Down  County  Council Robert  Maellwaino,  Secretin-.  Courthous,.,  D.nvnpatrick 15 

T  laneu?    All  '''''-'.'''"•••''J' B"}1<3">K".  Bride-strect    Loughborough  Corporation  Albert  K.  King,  Architect,  U  ixtei-gate,  Loughborough 16 

Ba™»rJ  c:f  t         i'lr  »°.I'"'3K'-'n'l  Inn    Joseph  liillctt.  Architect.  i:i.  Munay-street,  l.lanelly - 

iri«?,fwi    •;•     -'\ltcrations  and  Additions  to  House,  Newgate  T,  Farrow,  .Vn  hiteet,  7.  Market-place,  Barnard  Castle  - 

Bri<rhLn~F  II  l"','?'"^''   -v-i- W.  W.  Robinson,  Architect,  Hereford .^.      - 

crignton-1  oiindation  and  Basement Prudential  Assurance  Co P.  Waterhouse,  Architect, '20,  New  Cavendish-st.,  Portland-place, 'ff.      — 


434  THE    BUILDING    NEWS.  Maech  18,  1904. 

BTJIIiDINGS— con/inufii. 

Barnard  Castle — Hoose,  Ptaindrop-road T.  Farrow.  Architect,  7.  Market-pVice.  BirnirJ  Ca^itle  — 

Dundee — Conri' r  Buildings Niven  and  Wi^leswirth,  Architects.  104,  Hi^h  Holbom,  W.C — 

Stanley— Wiotfr  Garden,  Beamish  Hall 8.  D.  Eden  T.  E.  Croisling.  \rnhiteot.  Stinlev.  R  S  O  .  D  irhi-n  — 

Tingley— Four  Houses George  Sh^rp.  Old  White  Bear.  Tingley.  Yorks '.! — 

Stratford-nn-Avon-  Roof  Repairs  at  Holy  Trinity  Church rossinfi.  Peacock.  &  Bewlav.  Areht3..83.nolemore-n»,BiraiinThini  — 

Stanley— Three  Houses.  .Shield  Row T.  E.  CrnssHng.  Architee',.'8tinley,  R,S  O  .  Dii'hi-n     — 

Harrogate— Countiv  House,  St.  James's  Park  Estate  H.  and  E.  Marten,  .^.rchitects,  Oheapside  Chambers  Bradford    — 

Burnopfleld— Public  Building S.  D.  Eden  ..  T.  E.  Crossling,  Architect,  Stanley,  R.S.O.,  Durham — 

eleoteioaIj  plant. 

Newport,  Mod.— Plant  Corporation H.  C.  Bishop,  M.I. E.E..  Boro.  Elec.  Eng..  Town  Hall.  Newport    ...Mar.  21 

Lincoln- Plant Corporation Stanley  Clcgg.  City  Elec.  Eng.,  Bravford  Side  North,  Lincoln 

Greenwich,  S.E.— Electric  Jib  Crane  (30  ton)    London  County  Council  The  Clerk,  London  County  Council,' Spring  Gardens.  S.W 

Leavesden— Fire-Alarm  Installations  &  Telephones  at  Asylum  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board    W.  T.  Hatch,  M.I.C.E.,  M.I.M.E..  Engineer,  Embankment.  E.C.... 

Ilfotd— Plant Urban  District  Council    A.  H.  Shiw,  M.I.E.E.,  Electricity 'Works,  Ley-street.  Ilford  

Swfndon— Car  Depot  Lighting    Corporation Lacey  and  Sillar,  Engineer^.  2,  Queen  Anne's-gate,  Weitminstor  ... 

Keighley— Tramway  Plant  Corporation George  Burr,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Keighley  

St.  Annes-on-Sea— Plant Urban  District  Council    Jas.  H.  Clothier,  Engineer,  St.  Annes-on-Sea    , 

Stoekpoit- Steam  Generator  (500-kw.)    Gas  and  Electricity  Committee A.  J.  H.  Carter.  Electricity  "Works  Stockport   

Sunderland— Tndiarubber-covered  Cables  Corporation John  F.  C.  Snelt.  M.I.C  E.,  Boro' Elec.  Eiig.,'rown  Hall,  Sunderland 

Ewindon- Electrical  Plant  Corporation J.  G.  Griffin,  A.II.I.E.E.,  Electricity  Works,  Swindon  


ENGINEERING. 


Preston— Condensing  Plant     Tramways  Committee 'Walter  H.  Tittensor,  C.E.,  25,  Burrow-road,  Preston Mar.  19 

Flemingsdown-Reservoir Bridgend  Gas  and  "Water  Co Togarmah  Rees,  MI.C.E..  Corn  Exchange  Chmbrs,  Newport,  Mon.    „  19 

Manchester— Tar  and  Liquor  Tanks    Gas  Committee  .T.  6.  Newbigging.  C.E..  Rochdale-road  Station,  Manchester  „  19 

Rugby-Tank.  Filters,  \-c Urban  District  Council    D.  G.  Macdonald,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Surveyor.  Rugby  ,  19 

Lancaster— 'Widening  Moor-lane  Bridge Streets  Committee J.  C.  Mount.  Borough  Surveyor.  Town  Hall,  Lancaster „  19 

Clavering— Footbridge  Saffron  "Walden  R.D.C.  Henrv  Smith,  Ashdnn-road,  Saffron  Walden 19 

Harrogate— Sewage  Purification  "Works Corporation E.  Wilson  Dixon,  M.I.C.E.,  Engineer,  5,  Prosp2ct-cres.,  Harrogate    ,,  19 

Birkdale-Steam  Disinfcctor   Council  J.  F.  Keeley,  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Birkdale ,  19 

Macroom— 'Weighbridge  at  'Workhouse  Guardians    D.  Creedon,  Acting  Clerk,  Macroom,  Ireland  ...  19 

Bridgend— Reservoir Gas  and  Water  Co Togarmah  Rees.  M.I.C.E..  Com  Exchange  Chmbrs,  Newport,  Mon.    „  21 

Lincoln- Steam-Engine    Corporation Stanley  Clegg.  City  Elec.  Eng..  Brayford  Side  North,  Lincoln „  21 

Cape  Clear,  Co.  Cork— Breakwaters H.  Williams.  Secretary.  Office  of  Public  Works,  Dublin    „  21 

Leeds— Two  Lancashire  Boilers Guardians Thomas  Wion  and  Sons,  Architects,  92.  Albion-street.  Leeds  „  21 

Portadown  and  Banbridge— Waterworks  Joint  Board R.  H.  Dorman  and  J.  H.  H.  Swiney.  MM.I.C.E.,  Armagh  „  21 

Lincoln— Water-Tube  Boiler  Corporation Stanley  Clegg,  City  Elec.  Eng..  Brayford  Side  North.  Lincoln ,  21 

Dundee— Aqueduct... Water  Commissioners George  Baxter.  Engineer,  93,  Commercial -street,  Dundee „  21 

Ohorley- Gas  Exhauster Corporation J.  W.  AUin,  Gas  Engineer,  Chorley  „  22 

Liege- Heating  Infants'  School  and  Asylum    J.  Riga,  Secn'-taire  l^ommunal,  Liege 22 

Grangetown- Steel  Girder  Bridge Eaton  Urban  District  Council  C.  McDermid,  Dist.  Sur.,  Whitworth-rd.,  Grangetown,  R.S.O.,Yorks    „  22 

Twickenham— Three  Steam  Boilers  Urban  District  Council    Fred.  W.  Pearce,  F.8.I.,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Twickenham  „  23 

TwickeDbam— Pumping  Engines  Urban  District  Council   Fred.  W.  Pearce.  F. 8. 1.,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Twickenham  „  23 

Devizes— Hot-Water  Apparatus  Extension  at  Town  Hall    Town  Council The  Borough  Surveyor's  Office.  Devizes.  Wilts „  H 

Treorchy— Widening  Bridges Ehondda  U.D.C    W.  J.  Jones,  Engineer,  Public  Offices,  Pentre.  Rhondda,  Wales ,  24 

Bexhili— Storage  Tank Corporation George  Ball.  A.M  I.C.E.,  Borough  Surveyor.  Town  Hall,  Bexhill ...    „  25 

Clodock- Masonry  Bridge  over  the  Monnow Dore  R.D.C T.  Llanwame,  Clerk,  St.  John-street.  Hereford „  25 

Alnwick— Widening  Cawledge  Bridge Northumberland  County  Council The  County  Surveyor,  Moot  Hall,  Newcastle  „  26 

Choppington— Widening  Willow  South  Bridge    Northumberland  County  Council The  County  Surveyor,  Moot  Hall.  Newcastle  ,  26 

Dartford— Light  Railways Urban  District  Council    Hawtayne  and  Zeden.  9.  Queen  Street-place,  E.C ,  2S 

Newcastle -Widening  Wolsington  Bridge Northumberland  County  Council The  County  Surveyor,  Moot  Hall.  Newcis'le  26 

Bedlington— Widening  Hartford  Bridge Northumberland  Conn) v  Council The  County  Surveyor,  Moot  Hall,  Newcisfle  ,.  26 

Chelm.sford— Waterworks Corporation C.  Brown.  A.M.I.C.E..  16,  London-road,  Chelmsford  „  28 

Rugby- Refuse  Destiuctor Urban  District  Council    D.  Q.  Macdonald.  A.MI.C.E..  Surveyor.  Rugby „  2S 

Ware— Waterworks   Rural  District  Council Bailey-Denton,  Liwford,  &  Symons.  MM.I.C.E..  9,  Bridge-st.,  S.W.    „  28 

Barnet— Precipitating  Tanks  Urban  DL«trict  Council    W.  H.  Mantbridge,  Surveyor,  40.  High-street.  Barnet   „  2S 

Biggle.swade— Laying  Cast-Iron  Pipes  (2,900)  Rural  District  Council G.  F.  Deacon.  Engineer,  16.  Great  George-street.  Westminster,  S.W.    „  2.9 

Glasgow— Trenches.  &r Corporation James  G.  Monro.  Town  Clerk,  City  Chambers,  Glasgow „  29 

Biggie.- wade-Waterworks  Water  Board  G.  F.  Deacon,  Engineer.  16.  Great  George-street.  Westminster.  S  W.    „  2» 

West  Hartlepool- Esplanade  Wall   Corporation Nelson  F.  Dennis,  Boro' Eng.,  7S,  Church-st.,  West  Hartlepool  „  29 

Biggleswade— Laying  Cast-Iron  Pipes  (260  tons) Urban  District  Council    G.  F.  Deacon,  Engineer,  16,  Great  George-street,  Westminster,  S.W.    „  29 

Gateshf  ad— Boiler  (5.000  gallons)  The  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall.  Gateshead 80 

London.  EC— Two-Track  Plate  Girder  Bridge  East  Indian  Railway  Co C.  W.  Young.  Secretary.  Nicholas-lane,  E  C 39 

Anstiuther— Quay  Wall   Harbour  Commissioners Robert  Henderson,  C.E.,  Burntisland    ,  31 

Conway— Sewerage  and  Waterworks   Rural  District  Council T.  B.  Farrington.  A.M.I.C.E..  Trinity-square,  Llandudno    „  31 

Aberdeen— Two  Water-tube  Boilers Electric  Lighting  Committee J.  Alex.  Bell.  City  Electrical  Engineer.  Aberdeen    „  31 

Carlisle— Stone  Bridge  at  Powbeck    Hural  Distnct  Council Joseph  Graham.  Eogineer.  Bank  Chambers,  Bank -street,  Carlisle 31 

Adelaide— Trans-Continental  Railway H.  Allerdale  Grainger,  Agent-General,  Threadneedle  House,  E.G.  ..  April  1 

Waterford.  Herts— Bridge  Repairs  Hertford  Rural  District  Council  J.  W.  Riggs.  St.  Elmo.  Fanshawe-street.  Bengeo.  Hertford 1 

Montrofe-Eepair  of  Jetty  Harbour  Trustees Wm.  Ro.ss,  Harbour  aerk,  10.  Castle-street,  Montrose.  N.  B „  2 

Derby— Sewerage  Works  Corporation Mansergh  and  Sons,  Engineers,  5,  Victoria-st.,  Westminster,  S.W.    „  7 

Burnley- Covered  Reservoir    Rural  District  Council 8.  Edmondson.  Surveyor.  18.  Nicholas-street,  Burnley  ,,  11 

Waterford— Two  Steel  Girder  Bridges County  Council  R.  O.  Paul,  Secretary,  County  Council,  Dungarvan,  Ireland 11 

India  Office,  8. W.— Locomotives  The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  The  Director-General  of  Stores.  India  Office,  Whitehall,  S.W 12 

Cavan,  Ireland— Road  Roller  County  Council  W.  Finlay.  Secretary.  County  Council.  Court  House,  Cavan 15 

Belfast — Engines  and  Pumps Harbour  Commissioners G.  F.  L.  Giles.  Harbour  Engineer,  Belfast  ,  13 

Port  Natal-  Coaling  Plant   Natal  Government Charles  J.  Crofts.  M  I.C.E.,  Harbour  Dept.,  Durban.  Natal „  25 

Lahore— Cotton-Seed  Oil  Mills  and  Flour  Mills Managing  Proprietor,  Cotton  &  Commerce  Agency,  Lahore,  Punjib      — 

FENCING    AND    'WALLS. 

Eccles-R(taining  Walls Corpor.tion T.  8.  Picton,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Ecoles Mar.  19 

Lancaster- Concrete  and  Stone  Retaining  Wall  Streets  Committee J.  C.  Mount.  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Lancaster „  19 

Manchester— W.I.  Railing  round  Queen  Victoria  Statue Town  Hall  Committee The  City  Architect,  Town  Hall,  Manchester  22 

Walworth,  S.E.— Wall,  Princes-road Lambeth  Guardians W,  Thumall,  Clerk,  Brook-street,  Kennington-road, 8.E „  SO 

FUKNITUBB    AND    FITTINGS. 

Swansea- School  Furniture School  Board  A.  W.  Halden.  Swansea Mar. '22 

Birmingham— Furniture  and  Bedsteads  to  Hollymoor  Asylum  Committee  of  Visitors William  Hutton.  Clerk,  Council  House,  Birmingham „  23 

Exeter— School  Furniture    Devon  County  Education  Committee  The  Secretary,  Education  Committee,  Q'leen-street,  Exeter 24 

Llantwit  Fardre— Furnishing:  Tonteg  Isolation  Hospital Pontypridd  Urban  District  Council  ..  P.  R.  A  Willoughby,  A.M  I.C.E.,  Surveyor,  Pontypridd  23 

Leeds— Furnishing  Branch  Library,  York-road  Corporation H.  Ascough  Chapman,  A.R.I. B.A.,  Park-row,  Leeds 29 

PAINTING. 

Norwich-Schools    Education  Committee  Chas.  J.  Brown,  Arehitect,  Cathedral  Offices,  The  Close,  Norwich...  Mar.  19 

St.  Marylebone.  W.— North  and  South  Dispensary Guardians A.  Saxon  Snell.F.R.I.B.A.,  2,  Southampton  Bdgs,  Chanoery-l.,W.C.    „  21 

Warrington— Education  Offices Education  Committee  The  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Warrington  ,.-•■    „  21 

Eochdale-Inflrmary Henry  Bwith,  Secretary.  5S.i,  Yorkshire-street,  Rochdale „  21 

Leeds  and  Hunslet— Cemeteries The  City  Eagineer's  Office,  Leeds    ..  22 

Staithes  Morpeth  to  Backworth  and  Monkseaton— Stations,  &o.  North-Eastem  Railway  Co C.  A.  Harrison,  Engineer,  Central  Station,  Newcastle-on-Tyne  „  2S 

Newcastle  to  Backworth  and  Percy  Main— Stations,  &c North-Eastem  Railway  Co C.  A.  Harrison,  Engineer,  Central  Station,  Newcastle-on-ryne  ,.  23 

Burnley— Markets  and  Slaughter-Houses  John  C.  Gaukrodger,  Markets  Superintendent,  Burnley ,  23 

West  Hartlepool— Station,  Engine  Stables,  &c North-Eastern  Railway  Co C.  A.  Harrison.  Eagineer,  Central  Station,  Newcaitle-on-Tyne M 

Newbiggin  and  Blyth— Stations,  etc North-Eastem  Railway  Co C.  A.  Harrison.  Eogineer,  Central  Station,  Newcastle-on-Tyoe 28 

Halifax— Warehouse  at  Union  Mills    E.  Horsfall  and  Sons,  Architects,  22.i,  Commercial-street,  Halifax..    „  25 

Medonian-road,  N.— Public  Baths Islington  Borough  Council J.  Patten  Barber,  Boro'  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Uppar-street,  N „  2.> 

Worplesdon— Smallpox  Hospital  Joint  Hospital  Board  A.  J.  Sturges,  Architect,  25,  High-street,  Guildford 29 

Great  Horton— Club   S.  Spencer.  Architect.  Great  Horton,  Bradford) April  2 

Chltonville,  Margate— East  Cliff  House Metropolitan  Asylums  Board    ...  W.  T.  Hatch,  M.I.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.,  Enbinkment,  E.C „  12  ■ 

Htmerton.  N.E.— Eastern  Hospital Metropolitan  Asylums  Board    W.  T.  Hatch,  M.I.C. E.,  M.I.M.E.,  Embankment,  E.C „  12 

Watford,  Hcrts-Leavesden  Asylum   Metropolitan  Asylums  Board    W.  T.  H.atch,  M.I.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.,  Embankment,  E.C „  12 

South  Tottenham.  N  —  North-Eastem  Hospital  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board    W.  T.  Hatch.  M.I.C. E.,  M.I.M.E.,  Embankment,  E.C „  1'2 

Ancoats,  Manchester-Eleven  Houses.  Mill-street Harold  Sheldon,  Architect,  Middlewich — 

FLTTMBING    AND    GLAZING. 

^yr— County  Buildings Allan  Stevenson,  Architect,  11,  Cathcvrt-street,  Ayr   Mir.  21 

Uidworth -Six  Shops T.  Elliott A.  B.  Linford,  Architect,  Carlton  Villa,  W,,mbweU,  Yorks  „  23 

Aberlour-Block  of  Houses,  Broomfleld-square   Jas.  Campbell,  Station  Bar,  Aberlour    ■  2(> 

BOADS    AND    STBEETS. 

Burnley— Paving.  S:c Corporation A.  Steele  Sheldon,  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Bumley  Mar.  19 

Newport,  Mon.— Road  Togarmali  Rees,  M.I.C.E.,  Corn  Exchange  Chmbrs.,  Newport,  Mon.    „  19 

Lancaster— Forming  and  Paving  Myndon-street Streets  Committee J.  C.  Mount,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Lan&iater 19 

juancnester- Street  Works Paving  and  Highways  Committee  ...  The  Surveyor's  Office,  Town  Hall,  Manchester ..  21 


March  25,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


435 


THE    BUILDINa    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERING  JOURNAL. 
-No.  256S. 


VOL.  Lxxxvr.- 

*^-« — 


FRIDAY,  MARCH  25,   190t. 


MODERN    BUILDING    RISKS. 

A  M(3NG  the  subsidiary  but  no  less  im- 
-i^  portant  duties  which  devolve  on  the 
professional  architect  iu  these  days  are 
questions  involving  the  health,  safety,  and 
comfort  of  those  who  occupy  buildings.  "We 
have  been  in  the  habit  of  looking  down  upon 
these  duties  from  the  higher  pedestal  of  art, 
in  trusting  them  to  circumstances,  or  to  the 
care  of  others  who  occupy  a  less  exalted 
sphere  in  building.  The  builder,  the  engi- 
neer, and  the  plumber  have  been  trusted 
with  a  number  of  duties  and  responsibilities 
of  this  nature  appertaining  to  their  several 
trades.  They  have  been  severally  looked  to 
as  responsible  for  struotiu-al  matters,  for 
heating  and  ventilating  systems,  for  sanitary 
matters,  drainage,  and  plumbing  fixtures  and 
the  like.  These  matters  have  been  regarded 
as  pertaining  to  the  execution  instead  of  to  the 
design  of  buildings,  to  craftsmanship  rather 
than  to  the  architect's  province.  This  is  an 
error  which  is  now  beginning  to  be  per- 
ceived. I'eople  ask  for  buildings,  not  archi- 
tectural studies  merely.  They  want  good 
and  safe  construction,  the  introduction  of  the 
latest  and  most  improved  systems  of  drain- 
age, heating,  lighting,  and  mechanical  appli- 
ances as  matters  which  now  "  bulk  largely" 
in  these  days  of  commercial  requirements 
and  utility.  It  is  the  man  who  can  solve 
a  problem  in  construction,  or  who  can 
introduce  labour  -  saving  systems,  design 
dwellings  for  the  labouring  class  on  the 
smallest  area  and  at  the  lowest  rate  per  foot 
of  floor  area,  or  who  can  design  a  hotel  with 
the  latest  equipments  for  convenience  and 
safety,  that  is  really  the  architect  in  the 
modem  sense  of  the  word.  Art  is  relegated 
to  a  subordinate  place  in  the  economy  of 
building:  it  has  become  an  impersonal 
factor  in  the  design  in  the  majority  of 
buildings.  The  conditions  we  have  men- 
tioned of  health,  safety,  and  comfort  have 
now  become  the  test  of  good  construction. 
The  architect  cannot  do  his  work  effectively 
under  the  conditions  of  the  20th  century, 
if  he  is  bound  by  the  rules  of  the  INth  and 
19th  centuries.  The  conditions  that  then  pre- 
vailed set  forth  academic  principles  iu  design : 
the  more  correctly  a  building  followed  cer- 
tain rules  and  orders,  the  better  it  was  con- 
sidered. Our  old  l.Sth-century  houses  were 
certainly  well  built  and  comfortable,  and  in 
these  respects  contrast  very  strongly  with 
the  average  dwellings  of  the  present  day. 
But  the  comfort  and  cosiness  of  the  old- 
fashioned  town  or  country  house  did  not 
always  imply  healthfulness.  The  substantial 
builders  of  those  daj-s  had  a  fondness  for  bury- 
ing their  houses,  sinking  them  in  the  ground, 
whereas  wo  are  taught  by  modern  hygiene  to 
raise  a  building  as  much  as  possible,  so  that 
the  basement  (if  there  is  one)  should  be  half 
out  of  the  ground,  if  not  an  open  story,  as 
the  late  Dr.  Richardson  proposed  in  his  ideal 
city,  so  as  practically  to  cut  off  or  isolate  the 
house  proper  from  the  soil.  Then,  again, 
the  old  budder  was  a  believer  in  low- 
pitched  rooms  and  easy-stair  risers,  while 
the  modern  hygienic  rule  is  to  increase 
the  height  of  both  living  and  sleeping 
rooms  oven  at  the  cost  of  bad  proportion. 
Added  to  this  the  old-fashionod  small 
wmdowa,  the  thick  solid  walls,  internal 
sanitary  conveniences,  hermetically  sealed 
drains  and  D -traps,  and  we  can  begin  to 
realise  how  comfort  was  purchased.  So  that 
the  idea  of  comfort  did  not  connote  health  at 
that  date,  if  it  meant,  as  it  often  does  even 
now,   a  sort  of  stuffy  atmosphere  with  no 


open  windows,  but  a  good  open  fire,  and 
plenty  of  convenient  seats.  We  now  put 
health  before  comfort — a  word  scarcely 
known  (scientifically  we  mean)  in  connection 
with  architecture  a  hundred  years  ago.  For 
li}'gienic  sanitary  science  has  largely  modified 
our  conception  of  building  and  construction. 
Its  salutary  rules  have  to  be  kept  in  mind  in 
the  planning  of  our  dwellings  and  public 
buildings  so  as  to  insure  the  right  position 
for  sanitary  fixtures,  sufficient  light  areas  or 
wells  in  large  public  buildings,  and  in  the 
disposition  of  rooms  and  fittings.  In  sections 
the  same  rules  have  to  bo  observed  in  the 
drawing  of  walls  and  floors,  iu  the  provision 
for  warm-air  chambers,  cold-air  inlets,  and 
vitiated  air  outlets  and  flues.  Much  of  the 
architect's  time  and  study  have  now  to  be 
devoted  to  details  of  heating  and  ventilating 
systems,  hot  and  cold  water  supply,  ventila- 
tion of  drains  for  which  detail  urawings  and 
specifications  are  required,  and  if  the  pro- 
posed by-laws  of  the  Ij.C.C.  requiring 
deposit  of  duplicate  plans  of  drainage  come 
into  operation,  it  will  cause  a  further 
encroachment  on  his  attention.  These 
are  reflections  that  show  how  hj-gienic 
requirements  have  taken  the  place  of  the 
earlier  and  academic  ideal.  The  archi- 
tect has  to  take  his  place  as  a  sanitarj-  con- 
structor, and  must  be  equipped  with  the 
requisite  knowledge.  This  is  to  him  a  part 
of  the  obligation  he  owes  to  his  client. 

The  condition  of  safety — another  essential — 
imposes  upon  the  architect  a  thorough  know- 
ledge of  construction ,  methods,  and  materials  ; 
here  again  the  whole  trend  of  thought  and 
inventiveness  has  been  widened  since  our 
forefathers  built,  and  it  would  be  impossible 
to  do  more  than  touch  on  a  few  subjects. 
All  can  remember  when  construction  was 
limited  to  foundations,  walls,  floors,  and 
roofs ;  and  these  were  confined  to  methods 
and  materials  of  the  commonest  description 
determined  by  a  few  traditional  rules.  There 
wore  no  mechanical,  hydraulic,  or  pneumatic 
appliances  for  removing  soils  in  wet  sub- 
strata ;  cofferdams  were  of  the  simplest  kind  ; 
caissons  and  air-locks  and  pumping  machinery 
had  not  come  into  general  use  ;  whereas  now 
iron  and  concrete,  pneumatic  contrivances 
for  enabling  workman  under  water  to  be 
provided  with  compressed  air  ;  compressed 
air- jets,  drills,  and  other  mode  of  excava- 
tion are  employed.  In  wall  construction 
brick  and  stone  or  granite  were  the  only 
materials.  Now  the  architect  has  at  his 
service  concrete,  iron,  and  steel ;  various 
methods  of  building  walls  of  cellular  con- 
struction. Eloors  of  timber  have  been  super- 
seded by  those  of  iron  and  concrete,  fireclay 
and  rolled  joists  in  various  combinations 
in  fact,  all  the  simjjle  and  older  materials 
like  stone  and  brick  and  timber  have  passed 
into  new  combinations,  so  that  the  architect 
has  now  to  disengage  his  mind  from  wha 
has  been  done  in  the  past  and  master  the  con 
ditions  of  newer  methods.  He  cannot  persist  in 
using  the  older  mode-;;  if  he  did,  he  would  be 
overtaken  by  the  engineer.  Materials  are 
treated  more  scientifically  than  formerly. 
Our  forefathers  possessed  sound  principles 
of  mechanics,  and,  directed  by  common  sense, 
determined  the  thickness  of  their  walls 
and  floors ;  the  modern  theorist  has  gone 
further  :  he  has  analysed  the  forces  of  weight 
and  pressure,  loads  and  reaction,  moiiieuis 
of  bending  and  resistance,  and  these  he  can 
plot  in  diagrams  and  measure  the  stresses 
graphically.  Although  analysis  has  not  been 
favourable  to  art  nor  to  jioetic  composition, 
as  Macaulay  has  said,  it  has  been  conducive 
to  economy.  Our  old  Imildings  were  massive, 
there  was  no  tliought  of  materials  ;  but  now 
we  build  walls  as  thin  as  it  is  safe  for  them  to 
bo  built,  with  the  object  of  saving  area  as 
well  as  material.  Thickness  and  bulk  in 
walls  and  floors  wore  the  visible  signs  of 
strength;  but  now  we  know  that  stresses 
are  set  up  by  pressure  or  weight,  wo  have 
learned  how  to  strengthen  or    "reinforce" 


those  portions  only  which  need  it,  and  so  it  is 
that  economy  has  come  to  be  regarded  as  the 
outcome  of  science.  So  that  we  have  to  fac9 
an  entirely  different  conception  of  construc- 
tion. Even  our  walls  and  floors  have  become 
more  organised  structures.  Wo  endow  the 
homogeneous  mass  with  muscles  and  sinews, 
so  to  speak,  to  resist  strain  ;  we  build  walls 
that  will  arrest  moi.sturo,  and  by  means  of 
cellular  construction  and  the  introduction  of 
certain  substances,  can  render  them  non- 
conductive  of  heat  and  cold,  and  non-trans- 
missive  of  sound.  All  this  added  to  the  archi- 
tect's requirements,  has  made  building  more 
complex  and  costly.  Examples  of  this  modern 
science  applied  to  construction  are  seen  all 
round ;  the  many  forms  of  patented  fireproof 
partitions,  fire-resisting  floors,  roofs,  stair- 
cases, hydraulic  and  electric  lifts,  modes  of 
introducing  daylight  into  our  basements  and 
dark  city  offices  by  the  aid  of  refracting 
lenses  or  prisms,  ventilating  and  heating 
appliances,  and  the  numerous  special  fittings 
call  for  an  extended  knowledge  of  me- 
chanical, physical,  chemical,  and  technical 
subjects.  The  safety  of  buildings  has  a 
much  wider  meaning  than  it  once  had : 
it  does  not  mean  only  security  against 
bad  foundations,  collapse  through  bad  con- 
struction, but  protection  against  dampness, 
flooded  basements,  against  fire  and  panic  by 
means  of  fire-resisting  materials  and  means 
of  escape ;  against  the  inroads  of  disease 
through  bad  drainage,  and  protection  against 
various  insidious  dangers  such  as  spon- 
taneous combustion,  explosion,  and  the  like, 
which  all  kinds  of  buildings  for  storage  are 
liable  to.  The  public,  and  indeed  the  average 
householder  or  custodian  of  premises,  have 
very  vague  and  faint  ideas  of  these  matters, 
but  the  architect  ought  to  be  acquainted  with 
them.  The  London  Building  Act,  indeed, 
has  not  overlooked  one  class  of  dangerous 
building.  In  Part  X.  regulations  are  framed 
for  building  near  dangerous  and  noxious 
businesses.  It  is  enacted  that  no  person  shall 
erect  any  building  nearer  than  odft.  to  a 
building  used  for  any  dangerous  business ; 
such  businesses  include  the  manufacture  of 
matches  ignitable  by  friction  or  otherwise,  or 
of  other  substances  liable  to  sudden  explosion, 
inflammation,  or  ignition,  or  of  turpentine, 
naphtha,  varnish,  resin,  Brunswick  black, 
&o.  This  provision,  useful  as  it  is,  does  not 
cover  other  conditions  and  substances  quite  as 
dangerous.  People  are  inclined  to  foUow  one 
track  in  matters  of  this  kind  ;  they  think  of 
no  other  till  experience  teaches  them.  For  a 
long  time  we  have  thought  only  of  combating 
tire  by  providing  non-combustible  materials, 
like  iron,  and  by  fire-resisting  construction. 
So  long  as  the  building  was  rendered  as  fire- 
proof as  possible,  all  danger  was  considered 
impossible,  and  to  this  line  of  pursuit  we 
have  adhered.  It  has  slowly  entered  our 
mind  that  the  best  way  to  reduce  lire  risk  is 
to  avoid  the  storage  of  combustible  or  in- 
flammable material  in  our  buildings,^  thereby 
reducing  the  fuel  which  feeds  the  fire.  All 
our  experiments  and  attention  have  been 
directed  towards  making  our  buildings  tire- 
resisting,  quite  forgetting  that  the  most  fira- 
resisting  structure  is  quite  useless  if  we 
jierrait  it  to  be  tilled  with  intlammable  goods. 
Construction,  instead  of  the  contents,  has  been 
made  our  one  effort,  while  every  disastrous 
tire  in  Iiondon  and  elsewhere  has  shown  the 
weakness  of  the  best  construction  to  check 
destructive  tire  action  when  the  buildings  are 
stored  with  combustible  goods.  We  are 
beginning  to  see  the  mistake,  and  to  rely 
more  ou  precautionary  methods,  such  as 
ilividing  buildings  into  risks,  encasing  all 
ironwork  with  non-conducting  substances  r 
but  wo  have  not  yet  fully  realised  the  danger 
of  storing  certain  materials  ami  substances, 
and  the  imimrtance  of  making  ourselves 
acquainted  with  their  chemical  nature  and 
witli  the  conditions  necessary  to  lessen  the 
risks  to  our  buildings  in  whicK  such  sub- 
stances are  stored. 


436 


THE     BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  25,  1904. 


The  profession  have  not  yet  distinctly 
learned  the  real  meaning  of  the  quality  of 
being  "  fireproof,"  which  implies  that  the 
substance  is  proof  against  chemical  or  phy- 
sical change.  Many  of  the  materials  used  in 
construction  undergo  a  change  of  form  as  in 
the  case  of  iron  ;  very  few  are  found  to  resist 
a  high  temperature  like  asbestos.  Still,  it 
is  sufficient  for  the  architect  to  know  that 
substances  like  brick,  concrete,  cement, 
and  plaster  will  undergo  the  action  of  fire 
without  being  seriously  affected,  while  other 
materials  like  stone,  iron,  .ind  wood  are  soon 
crippled  or  destroyed  under  varying  degrees 
of  temperature.  The  distinction  between 
fireproof  and  fiiijitfj>roof  is  important,  and  if 
the  architect  can  render  his  building  flame- 
proof he  ought  to  be  satisfied.  ^Yhat  should 
be  his  aim  is  to  select  materials  of  a  low  con- 
ductivity that  is  proof  against  flame.  The 
subject  is  a  wide  one,  and  has  been  discussed 
by  a  few  writers.  Dr.  von  Schwartz,  in  his 
work  on  "Explosion  Risks"  deals  with 
the  subject  in  a  thorough  and  comprehensive 
manner,  worth  the  architect's  attention.  He 
shows  that  absolute  fireproof  materials  are 
often  unattainable,  and  indeed,  unnecessary, 
the  chief  properties  of  value  being  bad  con- 
duction of  heat  and  uninflammabilit}'.  These 
qualities  afford  greater  protection  from  fire. 
Thus  wood  is  a  bad  conductor,  but  will  afford 
more  protection  to  inflammable  materials  than 
metal :  hence  a  wooden  partition,  though  in 
itself  liable  to  ignite,  will  i  rotect  any  very 
inflammable  material  better  than  a  wall  of 
iron  or  stone.  It  is  unnecessary  to  refer  to 
the  relative  conduction  of  heat  of  building 
materials,  but  it  is  a  well-ascertained  fact 
that  a  cement  wall  will  transmit  the  smallest 
amount  of  heat  and  afford  the  greatest  pro- 
tection ;  while  cast  iron  gives  the  least 
protection  ; — in  fact,  it  is  stated  by  Dr.  von 
Schwartz,  the  ratio  for  cement  plaster  is  100, 
for  cast  iron  5,000,  the  latter  allowing 
fifty  times  more  heat  to  pass  through 
than  cement  plaster.  It  we  can  render  our 
buildings  flame-proof,  we  may  accomplish  a 
good  deal.  It  has  been  proved  .again  and 
again  that  a  so-caUed  fii-eproof  building  filled 
with  combustible  goods  gives  little  protec- 
tion. If  one  compartment  of  the  inflam- 
m.able  material  becomes  ignited,  there  is 
little  chance  of  preserving  the  building,  if 
the  heat  passes  through  the  floors  and  parti- 
tions by  conduction. 

By  making  each  of  the  floors  and  the 
partitions  of  some  non-conducting  mate- 
ri.al  such  as  cement-plaster,  concrete,  or 
even  of  solid  oak,  there  would  be  less  risk 
involved  in  a  building  stored  with  inflam- 
mable goods — a  very  opposite  course  to  that 
which  is  generally  followed.  That  is  to  say, 
as  a  means  of  protection,  a  building  of  good 
non-conducting  materials  is  safer  than  one 
of  so-called  "fireproof"  construction,  where 
the  heat  of  any  part  is  quickly  transmitted. 
The  profession  know  the  great  value  of  such 
materials  as  mixtures  of  cement  and  asbestos, 
artificial  stone,  the  Monier  system,  concrete 
in  various  forms  of  imbedding  ironwork  in 
such  substances  as  will  not  transmit  heat,  of 
the  importance  of  filling  up  cavities  in  roofs 
and  floors  and  walls,  of  making  staircases  of 
solid  materials  of  an  incombustible  kind ; 
but  they  have  not  considered  such  construc- 
tion in  relation  to  varioiis  other  risks.  Nor 
do  the  dangers  arising  from  manufacturing 
processes  often  enter  into  their  minds.  The 
profession  ought  to  be  aware  of  the  risks  run 
in  large  warehouses  and  factories.  Every 
m.anufacture  is  attended  with  certain 
dangers — the  production  of  explosive  gases 
and  dust.  In  storerooms  considerable 
danger  of  fire  breaking  out  exists  in 
certain  conditions  of  the  stored  goods. 
Spontaneous  ignition  of  the  goods  is  not  un- 
known. Dr.  von  Schwartz,  in  his  work, 
alludes  to  various  caiises  of  ignition,  and  the 
materials  that  are  most  inflammable ;  cotton 
is  the  most  inflammable  fibre  on  account  of 
its  hollow  structure,  and  cotton  goods  may 


smoulder  for  weeks  before  bursting  into  | 
flame  ;  fat  and  oil  add  greatly  to  the  danger  of 
spontaneous  ignition  :  silk  is  the  least 
dangerous  of  all  fibres,  and  we  all  know  that 
animal  fibre  like  wool  is  less  dangerous  than 
vegetable  fibre.  TTnder  heavy  pressure,  how- 
ever, as  when  stacked  in  large  quantities  and 
verj'dry,  spontaneous  heating  is  to  beguarded 
against  by  a  good  circulation  of  air.  The 
dangers  attending  the  storage  of  paper  and 
substances  employed  in  its  making,  are 
pointed  out  by  the  same  authority.  A'egetable 
fibre,  animal  fibre,  textiles,  rags,  &n.,  are 
rendered  dangerous  by  greasy  and  oily  sub- 
stances (liable  to  spontaneous  ignition),  and 
wood  is  liable  to  spontaneous  combustion 
when  exposed  to  heat  for  any  length  of  time. 
The  degree  of  heat  varies  with  the  nature  of 
the  wood.  "  Up  to  270°  C,  '  Dr.  von  Schwartz 
says,  "  self-lighting  pyrophoric  carbon  is 
formed.  .  .  .  One  stage  is  attended  with  con- 
siderable risk  of  spontaneous  ignition  "  of  the 
material  when  in  the  presence  of  warm  air,  as 
from  a  lamp.  Many  instances  of  such  ignition 
are  recorded  as  when  a  gas  jet  is  too  near  a 
beam  or  a  steam  pipe  or  hot-air  pipe  is  too 
close  to  woodwork.  High  temperature  is 
not  necessary  :  the  only  essential  is  prolonged 
exposure  to  temperatures  of  120  to  150"  (.'. 
Dried  wood  takes  up  a  large  quantity  of  gas, 
and  this  favours  the  production  of  pyrophoric 
carbon  in  the  wood  pores.  All  organic  sub- 
stances are  inflammable,  and  should  be  kept 
at  some  distance  from  all  heat.  Impregnation 
by  antipyrenes  is  the  only  permanent  means  of 
protection  of  wood  that  is  to  render  it  in- 
capable of  spreading  flame.  Experiment  has 
proved  that  a  well  impregnated  timber  stair- 
case will  resist  fire  quite  as  well  as  the  best 
fireproof  stone  stairs.  There  are  many 
other  substances,  such  as  fine  sawdust, 
which  are  dangerous,  especially  when 
stored  in  high  heaps,  and  these  are 
noticed  by  the  author  we  have  quoted.  In 
various  chemico-technical  factories — such  as 
laboratories,  sugar  and  soaji  works — the  risks 
of  spontaneous  heating  and  ignition  are  con- 
siderable, and  precautions  should  be  taken 
in  their  construction.  We  cannot  here  enter 
into  the  subject.  Those  principles  which  apply 
to  fire-resisting  construction  as  the  avoidance 
of  unprotected  ironwork  are  applicable,  and 
a  list  of  rules  is  given  by  Dr.  Schwartz.  The 
filling-up  of  all  cavities,  armoured  doors, 
stairs  inclosed  by  flameproof  material,  a 
proper  distance  of  any  woodwork  from  stoves 
and  stovepipes,  the  use  of  electric  incan- 
descent lights  and  steam,  hot  water  and  air, 
are  absolutely  essential.  The  isolation  of  all 
stored  goods  and  waste  from  manufacturing 
processes,  or  from  explosive  gases  and 
vapours,  inflammable  substances,  or  the 
generation  of  high  temperatures,  are  of  the 
first  importance.  Our  building  regulations 
are  far  from  being  perfect  in  ordering  these 
matters,  and  so  a  great  deal  devolves  upon 
the  architects  of  our  great  warehouses  and 
commercial  buildings.  In  the  proposed 
amendments  to  the  London  Building  Act, 
the  risks  involved  in  chemico-technical 
manufactures  and  storage  of  goods  ought  to 
receive  attention,  so  that  the  risks  of  fire 
from  .all  causes  should  bo  minimised  as  far 
as  possible. 

•-^ 

THE  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  BRITISH 
ARTISTS. 

AS  representative  of  different  phases  of 
painting,  the  Suffolk-street  Galleries 
continues  to  hang  works  which  appeal  to 
various  tastes.  There  is  a  number  of  pictures 
that  might  have  been  profitably  rejected  by 
the  council,  commonplace  in  subject  and 
treatment,  their  presence  only  helping  to  im- 
part value  to  more  serious  and  deserving 
compositions.  In  the  large  gallery,  S.  Grant 
Rowe  in  "A  Tranquil  Spot"  suggests  the 
theme.  The  river  banks,  with  their  wooded 
margins,  are  painted  with  feeling,  and  the 
colour  is  fresh,   and  we  notice  one  smaller 


work  in  the  same  vein  as  No.  68,  and 
"  Autumn  Skies  "  (191).  "Grey  Morning, 
Venice "  (G),  by  Tom  Robertson,  is  an  im- 
portant view  of  the  Lagoon  in  the  haze  of  early 
morning,  and  J.  Reel's  "  The  Llugwy 
Valley,"  a  hilly  landscape  and  stream,  is  ai 
pleasing  piece  of  Welsh  scenery.  We  m;iy 
also  notice  in  passing  A.  Carruthers  Gould's 
"  After  the  Storm,"  Dutch  smacks  putting 
out  to  sea,  and  the  same  painter's  Dutch 
view  "  Reflections,  —  Edam  "  (9).  The 
former  is  a  vigorous  handling  of  sea  ami 
cloud,  full  of  freshness  and  movement.  His- 
"  Bathing  Place  "  (146),  "  A  Dutch  Pasture  " 
(22.5),  and  moonlight  effects  are  clever.  Rather 
flat  in  colour  and  treatment  is  E.  Borough 
Johnson's  "  At  the  Cottage  Gate."  There  is- 
a  want  of  value  in  the  grey  stones  in  the  fore- 
ground. Iridescent  in  colour  and  decidedly 
impressionistic  is  Wynford  Dewhurst's  "  The 
Twin  Isles  of  Audelys"  (24),  a  calm  lake- 
inclosed  by  cliffs,  in  the  midst  of  which  two 
verdurous  isles  of  foliage  are  reflected  on  the- 
still  water.  Near  it  is  Charles  H.  Eastlake's 
large  picture  ' '  Sunshine  and  Shade,"  a  similar 
experiment  m  colour,  with  its  patchy  dabs  of 
light  over  cottages  and  river,  and  requiring 
to  be  viewed  at  some  distance,  but  uncon- 
vincing to  the  sense  of  gradation.  Ad- 
mirable in  colour  and  harmony  is  ^"al 
Davis's  "  Where  Creeps  the  Woodland  to 
the  Water's  Edge "  (32),  He  has  also- 
several  other  studies,  "Reverie"  (42), 
"Reflections"  (4;j),  "Afternoon  Skies," 
clever  impressions  of  nature.  Mrs.  Louis& 
Jopling  paints  a  capital  portrait  of  her  son, 
"  Lindsay  Millais  Jopling,  I.C.S."  (33),  clean, 
cut  in  features,  with  expression  and  restraint. 
She  also  realises  with  grace  and  feeling  the 
lines  of  Keats  in  her  figure  subject,  a  young 
girl  seated  meditating  over  a  melody,  a  book 
in  her  hand.  There  is  sweetness  in  her  face 
and  a  touching  sadness.  Her  other  portrait 
of  "  Sir  Henry  Thompson,  F.R.C.S.  '  (144) 
is  also  a  success.  No.  34,  "  SUent  Sympathy."' 
by  Ctco.  a.  Holmes,  near  the  fireplace,  is  a 
small,  clever  study  of  a  lady  in  black,  seated 
reading  a  letter,  her  dog  by  her  side ;  and 
over  the  fireplace  W.  'Westley  Manning's 
portrait  of  "  Miss  Iris  Lincoln  "  (39),  in  pea- 
jacket  and  hat,  will  be  appreciated.  "The 
Offering,"  by  Francis  S.  Anderton,  is  a  dainty 
figure  subject,  a  fair  girl  placing  flowers  at 
the  base  of  a  statue  of  the  Virgin  in  a  side 
chapel.  W.  J.  Laidley  has  a  large  seascape, 
"  Tantallon  Bay,''  and  a  wreck.  The  rippled 
silver-grey  sea  reflecting  the  Ught  and  its 
headland  of  rock  are  skilfully  rendered.  One 
of  the  strongest  realistic  figure  subjects  in 
the  room  is  C.  Moore  Park's  "  Child  with 
Cats,"  a  little  girl  taking  from  a  shelf  in  a 
larder  a  bowl  of  milk,  with  three  cats  at  her 
heels ;  it  is  well  arranged  in  the  light  and 
shade,  and  painted  with  vigour.  T.  F.  M. 
Sheard,  who  has  half  -  a  -  dozen  subjects, 
appeals  strongly  in  his  child-like  playful 
figure  of  a  girl,  "  Jeunesse,"  with  a  large 
hoop  and  white  blouse.  The  light  on  the  face 
adds  charm  to  the  otherwise  subdued  colour. 
In  "  Dans  le  Pays  de  Gaude  (Franche- 
Comte)  "  (81)  we  have  a  clever  little  piece  of 
(/cure — a  house  in  an  old  province  of  France. 
'Ivystan  Hetherington's  "  Towards  Evening  " 
(67)  is  treated  in  a  sympathetic  manner ;  the 
meadow  and  atmosphere  are  admirable.  We 
next  come  to  the  President's  (Sir  Wyke 
Bayliss)  fine  interior  of  "  S.  Madeleine, 
Troyes,''  which  hangs  in  the  centre  of  gallery. 
As  in  most  of  the  I'resident's  poetic-con- 
ceptions of  architectural  grandeur,  we  must 
not  look  at  this  or  any  of  his  interiors  as 
mere  drawings  or  transcripts  of  the  real 
edifices,  but  rather  as  idealised  presentments 
imbued  with  all  the  subtle  mysteries  of 
light  and  shade  and  colour.  ,  Sir  Wyke 
Bayliss  gives  us  what  his  mind's  eye  has 
realised— a  poem  in  colour.  He  loves  to  give 
us  the  vaulted  space,  the  "dim,  religious 
light,"  the  mystic  light  and  shadow,  and  the 
brilliancy  and  colour  of  procession  of  priests, 
acolytes,  and  banners,  as  they  advance  up 


March  25,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


437 


the  aisles,  or  the  taper-lit  altar  rich  in  glow- 
ing marbles.  His  interior  in  the  Xovth- 
West  Gallery,  "The  Duomo  of  the  Iron 
Crown,  Monza,"  is  a  charming  interior  view 
of  this  noble  church  of  Lombardy,  where  the 
celebrated  iron  crown  is  jiroserved.  The  rich 
spiral  stair  round  the  column,  the  light 
and  shade  and  details  make  a  delightful 
colour  harmony.  Above  the  President's  in- 
terior in  the  large  gallery  hangs  a  large  green 
■woodland,  "The  Lady  Columba"  (73),  where 
the  heroine  occupies  the  foreground,  and 
behind  her  is  a  knight  on  horseback.  The 
expanse  of  green  sward  of  a  cold  "  key  "  de- 
tracts from  the  theme,  which  does  not  lack  in 
simplicity  and  imagination.  There  is  much 
rural  charm  and  sentiment  in  (jifford  H. 
Lenfesty's  "Homewards"  (75),  a  cottage  at 
the  parting  of  two  country  roads,  with  sheep 
going  homewards  in  the  waning  light  of 
evening.  At  the  corner  is  a  pretentious  and 
too  artificial  portrait  of  a  little  girl,  her  hat 
filled  with  roses,  by  G.  Hillyard  Swinstead, 
and  we  notice  two  nice  tree  studies  by 
Robert  Morley  (78),  and  James  E.  Grace. 
A  large  canal  scene,  "  The  Kennet  and 
Avon  Canal  at  Aldermaston,"  by  Rex  Vicat- 
Cole ;  W.  AVestley  Manning's  large  view  of 
"The  Harbour,  I'oole  "  (94),  and  "  The 
Fisherman's  Beacon  '  (9S),  by  Alfred  S. 
Edward,  are  noteworthy  pictures  ;  the  latter 
is  a  pleasing  performance.  The  shade  and 
half-tones  on  the  quay  and  waier  are  quiet 
and  reposeful.  "The  Xew  Master"  (9.5),  a 
child  in  a  cot,  with  a  dog  affectionately  look- 
ing down  at  his  little  master,  by  J. 
FitzMarshall,  is  tenderly  painted.  The  large 
centre  picture  facing  the  fireplace,  by  Fred. 
F.  Foottit  (100)  "  The  Unfoldmg  Year,"  is  a 
remarkable  landscape,  strong  in  the  conv'c- 
tion  of  the  painter.  The  conception  is  the 
Spirit  of  Spring,  personified  m  the  fair 
maiden  clad  in  white,  with  a  nimbus,  seated 
under  the  shade  of  large  spreading  apple- 
tree,  and  attended  by  a  dove.  The  apple- 
tree  is  in  full  bloom  ;  its  white  clusters  of 
pinkish  blossom  catching  the  light.  The 
maiden  symboHsing  Spring  is  the  least 
happily  drawn  part  of  the  composition,  and 
rather  draws  attention  away  from  the  glory 
of  the  scene — the  awakening  of  spring.  The 
hilly  foreground,  in  deep  shadow,  is  relieved 
only  by  the  white  dress  of  the  maiden  and 
the  gnarled  trunk  and  branches  of  the  tree, 
which  spreads  like  a  canopy  over  the  whole 
width  of  canvap.  Just  a  streak  of  light  sky 
is  seen  and  the  purple  distance.  The  work  is 
full  of  power.  There  is  an  idea  which  the 
painter  has  realised  with  poetical  imagina- 
tion, whatever  the  ordinary  picture  observer 
may  think  of  the  performance.  The  other 
contribution  of  this  painter,  who  has  certainly 
the  strength  of  his  conviction,  is  much  less 
a  .success.  It  is  "St.  I'aul  s  and  Waterloo 
Bridge"  (177),  in  a  pale  bright  blue;  but 
the  profile  of  dome  and  the  proportions  of  the 
cathedral,  as  seen  from  Waterloo  Bridge,  are 
faulty.  But  we  do  not  criticise  drawing. 
The  artist  aims  at  an  ideal  which  can  hardly 
be  accepted  with  the  same  confidence  as  iii 
the  former  instance.  The  scene,  too,  is 
rather  bright,  even  as  an  impression.  That 
the  Society  has  moved  with  the  times,  despite 
its  old  traditions,  may  be  seen  in  the  works 
of  such  iiorsonalities  as  Fred  Foottit  and 
Wynl'ord  Dewhurst.  "  From  Our  (  uirdon  in 
France  "(170),  by  the  last  named  is  a  delightful 
view  of  sunny  suggestiveness  and  colour-  -• 
a  garden  terrace  overlooking  a  river,  wooded 
banks,  and  sunlit  cliffs.  Miss  Lucy  Kemp- 
Welch  has  a  good  portrait  of  "A.  Potts. 
Ebii,'  Alex  Maclean  a  large  seascape,  and 
there  are  portraits  of  a  lady  in  black  by 
W.  G.  Knight;  "  Miss  Anna  Pattinson,"  by 
Percival  GaskoU,  standing  figure  in  pale 
green,  low  cut,  with  vase  of  cream  roses  on 
a  table  ;  and  a  clever  study  of  a  girl's  head, 
"  The  Cymbal  Flayer,"  by  Cyril  lioberts. 
"Fenland,"  by  Fred  Miller  (10;i),  is  a  fine 
landscape — an  evening  effect. 
In  the    other    galleries   we  notice  a   few 


portraits.  All.an  Davidson  has  a  portrait  of 
a  lady  in  low  white  dress,  with  a  spaniel  in 
her  lap  (lli.'i),  well  painted.  T.  F.  M. 
Sheard  s  portrait  of  "  Arthur  Billysald  ' 
(l;i'2)  is  excellent:  it  possesses  pfr.-;onality. 
Mrs.  Louisa  Jopling's  portrait  of  Sir 
Henry  Thompson  (1-14)  is  a  vivid  present- 
ment and  masterly  ;  and  then  we  have  the 
two  upright  life  -  size  porti-aits  by  Hal 
Hurst  in  the  S.W.  Gallery,  "  Ijance  "  (17o) 
and  "  Nora  "  (180),  the  first  a  strong  portrait 
of  a  youth  standing  with  riding-wip  in  his 
hand,  and  the  latter  a  little  girl  standing  in 
blue  cloak  and  fur  hat  against  a  curtain  and 
marble  column.  The  child's  face  is  expres- 
sive, and  the  whole  attitude  child-like  and 
simple.  This  will  take  rank  with  some  of 
the  painter's  best  portraits.  W.  Blundell 
Thompson's  portrait  of  "  Tom  Cook  "  (127), 
with  palette  in  hand  at  his  easel,  has  much 
strength  and  character,  and  the  strong  light 
in  face  cleverly  introduced.  John  Adamson 
gives  us  a  picture  of  Scotch  peasant  life  in 
"  E'ening  Brings  a'  llame  "  (133),  a  cottage 
table  with  children  at  their  tea,  with  the 
parents  and  grandmother — interesting  and 
well  painted.  Refined  and  idealised  is  T. 
Watt  Cafe's  "  In  the  Golden  Days,"  a 
small  picture  over  fireplace  of  a  seated 
maiden  with  roses  on  a  marble  seat  ;  it 
is  admirable  in  pose  and  colour,  and 
reminds  us  of  another  painter  of  dainty 
classic  genre.  "Little  Brown  Eyes"  (145) 
is  a  charming  study  of  a  child's  head  wrapped 
round  with  a  white  covering,  and  we  may 
notice  the  larger  work,  "The  Straw  Hat,'' 
by  T.  W.  Ilolgate  (133),  a  fair  girl  in  large 
straw  hat  with  a  mirror  in  her  hand.  The 
face  is  pleasing,  and  there  is  nothing  affected. 
"  Breaking  the  Seal  at  Sea,"  by  Ralph  Hedley 
(150)  is  a  cleverly-painted  group  of  sailors. 
'The  steward  hands  a  box  of  pressed  cavendish 
to  oneof  the  crew,  and  cigars  and  wine  are  on 
the  cabin  table.  It  is  a  strong  work.  Touch- 
and  sad  is  "In  1603  " — "  But  O  for  the  touch 
of  a  vanished  hand  " — by  Robert  Morley,  a 
reminiscence  of  the  Plague— a  poor  hungry 
dog  outside  the  door  of  his  home,  crouched 
on  the  threshold  with  picked  bones.  On  the 
handsome  panelled  door  is  the  sign  of  the 
Cross  in  red,  and  the  words.  "  Lord  have 
mercy  upon  us,''  which  tell  their  own  tale. 
The  painter  has  very  tenderly  and  skilfully 
depicted  the  subject.  W.  Henry  Gore  has  a 
fine  evening  landscape  (157).  Painted  with 
much  vigour  is  H.  K.  Rooke's  "  Poole 
Quay,"  a  large  steamer  alongside,  the  smoke 
and  gleams  of  sunshine  on  the  houses  im- 
part life  and  brightness  to  the  murky  scene. 
We  may  notice  also  Grenville  Manton's 
maiden  and  child  in  her  arms  under  a 
mistletoe  bough  ;  also  Maclean's  "  A 
Sunless  Sea,"  a  green  expanse  of  waves 
lit  up  by  a  white  crest  ;  Fred  E. 
Grone's  "Fish  Quay,  Whitby"  (171)  a 
group  of  fisherfolk  and  craft  lit  up  by  the  sun, 
cleverly  handled  ;  Leonard  Watts's  "Truth 
and  Falsehood"  (185),  a  large  allegorical 
composition  in  which  Truth  is  personated  as 
a  fair  undraped  woman  with  arms  extended, 
and  Falsehood  as  a  dark  woman  partially 
draped  in  deep  blue  ;  another  allegorical 
subject,  "  Love  and  Labour,"  by  A.  E. 
Fellowes  Prynne,  full  of  pathos  (190);  Percy 
R.  Craft's  "Old  Enghsh  Garden." 

The  water-colours  contain  several  good 
specimens.  Tho  work  of  John  Muirhoad,  a 
river  scone  (197),  and  the  sharp,  clover  land- 
scape, "Tho  A'^ale  of  Arundel"  (19S),  hj 
John  FuUiuond,  and  the  clover  sketch  of 
"  lokenham  Church  "  aro  masterly  perform- 
ances. A.  Wallace  Rimington  has  a  fine 
drawing  of  a  "  Town  of  tho  Italian  Riviera," 
('J17)fullof  nico  tone  and  atmosphere,  and 
we  have  a  bright  sketch  by  Goo.  C.  Ilaito, 
His  "  Fruit  Stall,  Venice,"  a  piazza  full  of 
fruit  and  vegetables,  is  a  charming  study  in 
colour  ;  "  An  Old  (|uay  Side.''  a  strong  study 
of  a  fishing-boat  with  crow  hauling  in  a  net ; 
"  A  Grey  Dawn,"  by  .1.  R.  Bagshawo  (•i'J4). 
Gilford  II.  Ijenfes  ty  ('255)  has  a  bold  soapiece, 


and  F.  H.  Mason  a  vigorous  work.  "The  End 
of  the  Voyage ''  ('243),  a  tug  bringing  in  a 
large  sailing  vessel ;  and  Reginald  Smith  a 
large  rock  and  seapiece  (271).  Other  works 
comprise  convincing  subjects  by  Tom 
I'rowne,  J,  Fiunemere  (300),  J.  'Thomson 
Dunning  (288),  Arthur  Stewart  (282), 
Geo.  C.  Ilaite,  W.  Harding  Smith,  W. 
H.  C.  Groome  (279),  and  others.  On  the 
.screen  we  notice  a  small  interior  of  "  Win- 
chester Cathedral "  (343),  by  the  President; 
H.  Stannard's  "The  Gipsy  Camp''  (345), 
"  Hills  near  Ambleside"  (308)  by  W.  Small- 
wood  Winder,  a  view  of  "Oxford  from  an 
tapper  Window,"  by  Walter  S.  S.  Tyrwhitt 
(371),  and  in  the  vestibule  a  selection  of 
sketches  by  Adam  B.  Proctor  and  by  James 
Greig  are  to  be  seen.  Of  tho  series  we  note 
"An  Old  World  Comer"  (1):  "The  Milk- 
maid,'' "  Sky  and  Shore,'  "  Eel  Fishers' 
Hut,  Holland,  "  &c.,  broad  and  full  of  tone 
and  colour,  and  in  the  latter,  clever  pen  and 
ink  drawings  for  Punrh,  Thi'  Slwlio,  Black 
anil  Wliite.  There  is  also  a  stand  of  inter- 
esting miniatures.  The  colour-values  of  the 
pictures  are  enhanced  by  the  deep  dado  of 
dark  sage  green  and  frieze  which  surround 
the  galleries,  and  help  to  give  them  tone  and 
height,  while  they  limit  the  hanging  of  the 
pictures  to  a  suitable  heigh'-,  above  the  level 
of  the  eye. 

«-.^ 

"THE  CITY   OF   THE   WATERS." 

AVERY  select  and  interesting  series  of  water- 
colour  drawings  and  oil-paintings  illus- 
trative of  Venice  have  during  the  week  been 
exhibited  at  the  Modern  GiUery  Annexe,  175, 
Bond-street,  which  will  close  on  the  iOth.  The 
works  are  of  small  size,  anil  are  by  Miss  Mary 
Pfingle  and  Miss  Lydia  Pringle.  We  notice 
among  the  oil  sketches  and  studies  of  Lydia 
Pringle  several  very  brilliant  views  of  raoals^ 
lagoons,  palaces,  houses,  and  churches  well-known 
to  all  lovers  of  Venice.  "The  Doge's  Pa'ace," 
"  St.  Petro  in  Castello  "  ;  "  Rio  deUa  Toresella," 
with  the  reflection  of  the  market-place,  Grand 
Canal ;  "  Santa  Maria  dellavSalute  " — are  all  here 
limned  with  a  loving  pencil.  These  lady  artists 
have  a  true  sense  of  colour ;  there  is  movement 
and  freshness  in  the  canal  scenes.  The  ' '  Moonlight 
on  the  Waters  "  is  a  grey-toned  scene,  suggesting 
the  misty  atmosphere.  There  is  also  breadth  of 
handling  in  this  picture  which  charms.  In  other 
cases  the  effects  are  brilliant  and  the  reflections 
subtle.  Miss  Mary  Pringle's  water  -  colour 
sketches  include  several  interesting  bits  of 
Ancient  Venice,  such  as  "  An  Old  Wall," 
"  Courtyard  of  CasaFroUo,"  "  Barges  :  Zattere,"' 
"On  the  Lagoon,"  "San  Giorgio  Maggiore," 
"  Porta  delle  Spado,"  "  San  Pietro  in  Costello," 
"  Kio  San  Bernardo,"  with  Frari  Campanile  at 
the  end  of  vista,  "An  Old  Bridge,"  "  Desde- 
mona's  House,"  and  "Courtyard  of  Doge's 
Palace."  We  also  notice  the  drawings  of  "  Fishing 
Boats  "  in  cha'k,  .an  admirable  drawing  of  "  Bois 
de  Clamart,  near  Paris,"  and  Eome  capital  studies 
of  Santa  Miria  della  Salute  and  St.  Mark's,  by 
Lydia  Pringle.  There  is  a  freshness  of  colour 
and  a  directness  of  handling  in  these  works  which 
give  them  a  charm. 


EXHIBITION    OF   DESIGNS    AND   ART 
CRAFTS. 

DURING  last  week  an  exhibition  of  selected 
designs  and  art  criftsmanship  of  an  in- 
teresting kind  was  opened  at  the  Northampton 
Institute,  Olerkonwell.  Tnosc  comprise  the  works 
of  art  students  and  craftsmen  who  competed  for 
the  scholarships  ic.  of  tho  L.C.C.  The  .lar^o 
hall  was  crowded  with  examples  of  stained  glass 
fixed  to  the  windows,  with  specimens  of  book- 
binding and  silversmiths'  work,  desks  of  designs 
for  wallpapers,  textiles,  embroidery,  museum 
studies,  ^kL^tc■he8  for  bouk  illustnition,  examples 
of  furniture  and  inhiid  work,  .and  round  tho  walls 
were  huRg  architeitural  designs,  studies  from 
nature,  and  wall  hiinnings.  Wood  and  stone 
carving,  nindellins,  and  metal  work  were  also 
seen  uiider  the  end  gallery.  Tho  examiners  this 
year  wtre  Mr.  Liwis  Day,  Mr.  (isorge  Frampton. 
K.A.,  and  Mr.  George  Jack,  and  thoir  report  will 
shortly  bo  submitted  t)  the  London  County 
Council.  Krom  a  general  view  of  the  exhibition 
it  will  be  admitted  that  the  standard  of  woik  is 


438 


THE    BTJILDmG   NEWS. 


March  25,  1904. 


hi-'hor.     There   is    a    closer    observance    of  art 
principles  as  applied  to  the  various  materials  and 
objects,    and  more   restraint,    and   we   find   this 
especially  noticeable  in  the  architectural  designs, 
in   the   examples  o£  furniture,   in  stained  glass, 
modelling,  and  wall-hangings.     To  take  first  the 
architectural   designs  ;   these   arc    few,  but   ot  a 
modest  and  useful  class.     Thus  we  see  one  or  two 
icood   designs  for  a   small  country  house.     One 
SgnedbyFred.   W.  Llewellyn,  Parson  s  (-»reen, 
is  of  brick  and  stucco  and  red  tiles.     The  plan  is 
rather  broken,  and  the  long  passage  at  the  side  ot 
kitchen    is     undesirable,    but    the   treatment   is 
Droad  and  artistic  and  shown  by  a  Eet  of  masterly 
drawings.     The  design  for   cottage  with  stucco 
and   tiled   roof   is  simple   in   treatment,   though 
not  faultless   in  plan.     A   design   for   a  village 
school  is  one  of  the    examples ;     it    has    an  ill- 
proportioned  hall  with   classroom  on  two  sides, 
and    a    high    tUed    span    roof    over   hall.     The 
haU   is   certainly  too   wide.     We  notice  several 
interesting  drawings    of    old    buildings.     Those 
illustrating  Climping  Church,  Sussex,  by  L.  Mc. 
L.  Gill  are  artistically  drawn  ;  the  same  student 
sends    drawings    of    Waltham    Abbey    Church, 
Folkestone    Harbour,    Norman    fonts,    &c.     An 
interesting  open-timber  porch  to  Yapton  Church, 
Sussex,  is  sent  by  McDonald  Gill,  a  very  massive 
example  of  rough-hewn   timber  framing  and  red 
tile   roof.      Then  we  see  sketches   in   pencil   of 
Westminster  Abbey,  St.  Bartholomew's,  Smith- 
field,    and    other    ancient    edifices,    by    A.    E. 
Eichardson,  Hampstead  ;   the  same  student  sends 
a  drawing  of  a  Late   Gothic   oak  screen,  end  of 
north  aisle  of  St.  Giles  Church,  S.  Mimms,  to  an 
inch  scale.     Several  designs  of  a  simple  kind  are 
exhibited  for  furniture,  such  as  an  oak  dresser, 
dining-room  chairs  with  straight  framed  backs, 
tabinets,  kc,  for  china,  which  show  a  sensible 
treatment  of  material  and  framing.     We  notice 
an  executed  china  cabinet  for  a  corner  of  room  m 
mahogany,    with    a   quadrant-shaped    top,    the 
barred   doors  being  placed   at   an   angle,   and  a 
chest  of   drawers  under,  entered  for  artisan  art 
scholarship   by   E.    Page,    Highgate-road ;    hall 
furniture,    with    small    settee   in    mahogany,  is 
treated  with  simplicity  and  refinement.     A  small 
bookcase  and  cupboard  below,  by  F.  C.  Tillmore, 
show  also  good  design  and  craftsmanship. 

The  designs  for  embroidered  hangings,  by  Alice 
Mabel  Lush,  Denmark  Hill,  Camberwell,  are  very 
creditable  in  arrangement  and  colour  ;  silk  hang- 
ings, by  H.  Helena  Henderson,  E.  Dulwich,  is 
also    meritorious    in   design.     We    notice    some 
embroidered  fire-ssreens  with  flowers  for  the  four 
seasons,   and  designs  for    "space   fillings"    and 
applied   design,   by   Annie  Alice   Smith,  Black- 
fiiars-road.     Pattern   designing    was    shown  in 
a  few     selected   examples    for  wall  -  papers  and 
hangings.      In     these     we     saw     a     few     good 
motives     and     treatments     as     hangings  — one 
study  a  colour  scheme     suggested   by  plumage 
of    the    bluetit.      The     waU-paper    designs    by 
Arthur  D.    Wildash  show   a   knowledge   of   the 
principles,  and  the  arrangements  are  good.     The 
same  remark  applies  to   the  printed  hanging  by 
Elaine   Therese    Lessore,  Bayswater.     The  ^  ex- 
amples of  stained  glass,  and  the  cartoon  by  Chas. 
B.  Parsons  and  Karl  Parsons,  Hampstead,  repre- 
senting   "Joy,"    "Love,"    and   "Peace,"    are 
meritorious  as  designs.  The  coloured  illustrations 
by  Bessie  Walker,   Dulwich,   show  imagination 
and    skill.     They   are  intended   to    illustrate   a 
child's  story,  and  we  notice  also  the  sketches  of 
figures  by  G.  Blompied,  and  studies  from  life  by 
Violet  B.  Kell,  Peckham.     Several  examples  of 
book  illustrations  in  ink  by  W.  Tealljy  deserve 
praise.     The    modelling  includes  a  well-studied 
and  executed  model  for  a  pulpit,  by  B.  Bentham, 
Clapham-road.    There  are  two  stairs,  one  on  each 
side.     The  sides  of  the  pulpit  are  broken  up  by 
shallow  niches,  with  moulded  cornice  or  capping, 
and  broken  angles,  with  coupled  columns.     It  is 
masterly   in    design.     Another    pulpit  is    semi 
octagonal,  with  figures  at  the  angles.     We  notice 
also   a   stone  carved   corbel,  with   squirrels  and 
shield,  by  F.  Boneey,  and  several  studies  from  the 
cast  and  from  life  that   exhibit   a   true  sense  of 
relief.       Picture     frames,    carved    with    fl-itly- 
treated  foliage  and    gilded,  inlays,  writing  and 
illumination,  including  excellent  studies  from  the 
English   Psalter  from   the   Victoria   and  Albert 
jNIuseum,  and  the  museum  studies  exhibited  were 
among  the  specimens  of  craftsmanship.     We  may 
mention  the  scholarships  and  exhibitions  available 
for  art  students  and  craftsmen  in  the  county  of 
Ijondon  comprise  thirty  school  of  art  scholarships, 
ten  of  the  annual  value  of  £20  with  free  tuition, 
and  twenty  of  the  annual  value  of  £10  with  free 


tuition,  tenable  for  two  yeara.  There  are  also  30 
artisan  art  scholarships  of  £20  and  £10,  with  free 
tuition  for  3  years,  open  to  young  men  and  women 
employed  iu  trades  reciuiring  artistic  handicratts. 
One  hundred  iunior  artistic  evening  art  exhi- 
bitions of  the  Value  of  £5  for  2  years  are  also 
given. 


DOMESTIC  FIRES  AND  THEIR  RELATION 
TO  THE  SMOKE  NUISANCE.* 

THIS  countrv's  wealth  and  progress  is  largely 
due  to  our  rich  inheritance  of  seemingly 
almost  inexhaustible  coalfields,  which  like  profli- 
gate legatees  we  have  used  in  a  most  improvident 
fashion  ;  as  a  result,  the  legacy  has  been  anything 
but  an  unmixed  blessing.  We  owe  to  this  in- 
heritance our  foul  atmosphere  laden  with  particles 
of  unconsumed  carbon  and  deleterious  acids.  _  The 
sulphur  dioxide  sent  from  our  chimneys  oxidises 
to  sulphuric  acid,  eats  away  our  stone  and  brick 
buildings,  defaces  our  monuments,  and  kiUs  our 
ven-etation.  It  has  also  been  clearly  shown  that 
our  town  fog— the  type  ot  fog  that  is  dark  yellow 
and  greasy— is  caused  by  the  sooty  particles  from 
our  chimneys  around  which  vapours  condense. 
Professor  Oliver,  from  tests  made  m  Kew  and 
Chelsea,  obtained  data  enabling  him  to  report  to 
the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  that  after  a  dense 
fog  there  was  a  deposit  of  carbon  and  acids  of 
over  six  tons  to  the  square  mile  in  the  London 
district. 

THE    DOMESTIC    IIKE-ORATE. 

Bronchitis  and  consumption  are  rife  in  our 
densly  populated  towns,  and  though  the  artisans 
are  better  paid  and  can  afford  to  be  better  clad 
and  to  obtain  better  food  than  the  agncultural 
labourers,  yet  their  stamina  is  poor  in  comparison 
with  that  of  their  country  brethren,  due  to  the 
polluted  air  that  they  are  compelled  to  breathe. 
There  are  not  wanting  signs  that  the  efforts  of 
our  reformers  are  having  effect  in  the  abatement 
of  smoke,  but  these  improvements  are  almost 
entirely  confined  to  the  smoke  from  fuel  used  for 
industrial  purposes ;  our  domestic  fire-grate 
remains  the  greatest  sinner  against  pure  air— this 
can  be  easily  understood.  Sanitary  reformers 
have  been  able  to  prove  to  manufacturers  that  the 
abolition  of  smoke  from  their  works  would  give 
them  such  an  economy  as  would  amply  repay  for 
the  outlay  of  capital  necessary  for  bringing  about 
this  result.  On  the  other  hand,  any  economy  ot 
fuel  in  our  homes  would  be  so  widespread,  and  the 
individual  amount  so  small,  that  householders 
have  not  considered  the  subject  worthy  of  atten- 
tion, and  have  continued  a  policy  of  retahation, 
each  assisting  in  poisoning  his  neighbour. 


ARCHITECTS   SHOULD    CO-OPERATE. 

It  is  only  to  municipal  authorities,  architects, 
and  engineers,  therefore,  that  we  can  look  for 
those  efforts  which  will  eventually  rid  us  of  the 
smoke  nuisance,  and  it  is  only  by  continual 
ventilation  of  the  subject  that  the  desire  for  heat 
without  the  accompaniment  of  smoke  can  be 
stimulated.  The  daily  canopy  of  smoke  over- 
shadowing London  was  estimated  some  years  ago 
by  Professor  C.  Roberts,  F.R.S.,  at  50  tons  of 
solid  carbon,  and  250  tons  of  carbonic  oxide  gases, 
acids,  and  hydrocarbons.  The  late  Dr.  Angus 
Smith  stated  that  each  million  tons  of  coal  used 
should  provide  an  amount  of  manure  sufficient  to 
increase  the  produce  of  our  land  in  foodstuffs 
£533,000.  The  extra  production  estimated  upon 
our  present  real  consumption  would  be  over 
£95,000,000  sterling  annually.  The  Hnil;/  Tele- 
,/rap/i,  in  the  issues  of  August  17  and  28,  1903, 
foretold  the  recent  fogs,  and  pointed  out  that  our 
domestic  house  fire  would  be  the  cause  of  the 
visitation.  Fully  40  per  cent,  of  the  heat  from 
our  domestic  fire-grates  is  positively  wasted  ;  we 
are,  however,  on  the  eve  of  an  inevitable  revolu- 
tion in  methods  of  obtaining  power  and  heat, 
and  the  signs  have  spread  further  than  many  of 
us  think. 

A    SVnSTITUTE    TOR    COAL. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
London  traffic.  Alderman  Sir  Henry  Edmund 
Knight  suggested  that  colls  in  London  should 
be  interdicted  and  gas  substituted  so  as  to  reheve 
the  congested  streets.  In  the  past  attempts  have 
been  made  to  prohibit  the  use  of  coal  in  London, 
notably  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  but  at 
that  time  there  was  not  a  sufiiciently  good  sub- 
stitute to  offer  in  its  place.  To-day,  however, 
matters  are  different,  and  the  subject  might  be 

♦  A  paper  read  before  the  Society  ot  Architects,  by 
T.  Q.  Marsh,  Mech.E.,  March  17,  1904. 


most  effectively  dealt  with  by  prohibitory 
measures  making  compulsory  within  a  fixed 
period  the  adoption  of  systems  more  free  from 
nuisance  than  those  at  present  existing.  The 
smoke  fiend  would  be  exterminated,  our  coal 
resources  economised,  and  our  street  trafhc 
relieved.  Fuel  in  the  future  will  be  delivered 
in  a  gaseous  form  ;  this  is  the  only  solution  ot  a 
great  scientific  problem,  the  conversion  of  the 
latent  energy  stored  in  coal  into  an  amount  of 
useful  work  nearer  approaching  the  mechanical 
equivalent  than  now  attained. 

OLTPVT    AND    COXSVMPTION    OF    CO.AL. 

The  output  cf  co.al  in  the  year  1873  was 
130,000,000  tons,  120,000,000  was  used  at  home. 
In  the  year  1902  the  output  was  230,000,000  tons, 
190,000,000  of  which  was  used  in  these  islands, 
the  'increase  in  1 9  years  being  equal  to  7  7  per  cent. 
Railways  and  coasting  steamers  account  for  an 
annual  expenditure  of  31,500,000  tons.  From 
the  coasting  steamers  our  towns  do  not  receive 
any  great  amount  of  smoke,  and  the  smoke  from 
railways  may  almost  be  said  to  be  a  negligible 
quantity  ;  as  electric  traction  becomes  more 
common,  railways  wUl  be  practically  smokeless, 
(iasworks  use  18,000,000  tons  of  coal  per  year 
from  which  no  smoke  is  emitted.  Blast  furnaces 
use  17,500,000  tons,  and  it  has  been  proved  that 
by  the  use  of  regenerative  furnaces  and  improved 
appliances  the  smoke  can  he  eradicated,  (^iir 
factories,  malleable  iron  foundries,  wire  works, 
chemical  and  other  industries  use  04,000,000  tons. 

A    WASTE    or    ENERGY. 

During  the  last  twenty  years  the  improvements 
that  have  been  made  in  methods  of  obtaining 
power  and  heat  have  been  continuous.  In  the 
year  1885  Sir  Frederick  Bramwell,  in  a  paper 
read  before  the  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers, 
stated  that  tests  had  been  made  of  a  number 
of  non -condensing  steam-engines  taken  indis- 
criminately from  amongst  users  of  power  in  Bir- 
mingham, the  engines  varying  from  5H.1 .  to 
30II.P.,  and  that  the  average  consumption  of  coal 
was  18-llb.  of  coal  per  horse-power.  Engines  of 
so  wasteful  a  character  would  be  very  diflicult  to 
find  at  the  present  date  ;  for  the  most  part  these 
inefficient  engines  have  been  displaced  by  the 
.ras-engines,  and  boilers,  chimneys,  and  smoke 
have  been  dispensed  with.  In  the  larger  type  of 
steam-engine— those  of  the  compound  condensing 
typo— makers  are  prep.ared  to  guarantee  that  the 
consumption  of  coal  shall  not  be  more  than  21b. 
per  horse-power  hour.  This  shows  what  won- 
derful economies  have  taken  place  :  yet,  when 
we  remember  that  the  amount  of  energy  stored 
in  a  pound  of  coal  is  equal  to  5iH.P.  it  shows 
how  far  we  are  yet  from  perfection.  A\  e  prac- 
tically obtain  only  one-tenth  of  the  stored  energy 
contained  in  the  fuel.  With  the  gas-engme  we 
obtain  about  one-fourth.  JIany  of  the  foremost 
builders  of  steam-engines,  recognising  that  its 
days  are  numbered,  are  turning  their  attention 
to  the  gas-engine  industry. 

THE  USE   OF    POWER    OASES. 

As  an  iUustration  of  the  growing  fa  jour  of 


smokeless  power,   I   would  point  out  tliat  whilst 
in   the   year    1883    there   were   only    o.OOO  gas- 
engines,  and  these  mostly  of  smaU  power,  being 
U3?d  in  Great  Britain,  there  are  to-day  90,000  ot 
sizes  varying  from  *H.P.  to  700H.P     numerous 
gas-engines  of  l.OOOH.P.,  and  even  larger  sizes 
are  now  being   manufactured,  and  I  may  state 
that  the  rate  of  output  of   gas-engines   is   now 
about    150   per  week.     Takmg    these   facts  into 
account,  and  recognising,  moreover,  that  Mond 
power  gas,  the    DeUwik   gas,  and   other  power 
gases  are  coming  largely  into  use,  not  only  as 
fuel  for  gas-engines,  but  also  tor  furnaces  and 
for   every  description   of    heat   required   in   the 
industries,  and  that  these  gases  will  be  brought 
to  the  doors   of    the    consumers   by  the  various 
nower  gas    corporations   as   our  lighting   gas  is 
Hay,  we   may  confidently  look     orward   to  a 
time    when    smoke    from    this    section   will    he 
practically  a  thing  of  the  past      Recently  I  had 
the   pleasure  of  visiting  a  factory  employing   a 
very  lar^e   number   of    tmplate   workers;    their 
stoves,    metal    pots,    and    also    the    po^e^   "as 
obtained  entirely  from  coal-gas     ^'^  ;'"^^°'^' 
gaseous  fuel  is  now  admittedly  the  best  and  most 
economical  for  their  various  operations. 

THE    DOMESTIC    CONSUMER     .AND     GAS    COOKERS. 

Having  seen  the  great  improvements  made  by 
all  other  fuel  consumers,  we  will  now  turn  to  the 
domestic  consumer.     I  am  not  prepared  to  tay 


March  25,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


439 


that  in  this  case  the  amount  of  smoke  sent  out  has 
not  been  decreased,  hut  certainly  it  has  not  de- 
creased to  the  same  extent  as  in  the  other  sections. 
We  find  that  there  are  1,330,000  gas  cookers  in  use 
in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  these  more  especially 
during  the  summer  months  have  considerably 
decreased  the  coal  hill,  and  upon  this  particular 
subject  I  would  call  jour  attention  to  a  matter 
which  has  probably  escaped  your  notice,  but 
which  is  well  worthy  of  consideration.  Cias- 
cooking  stoves  are  almost  invariably  fixed  in  the 
houses  without  any  connection  to  the  chimney, 
and  there  is  no  means  of  freeing  the  house  from 
the  odour  of  the  cooking  viands.  I  have  fre- 
quently had  occasion  to  complain  of  the  smell 
arising  from  these  ;  in  very  few  instances  have  I 
found  the  odour  to  be  due  to  the  products  of  com- 
bustion, but  generally  to  be  the  result  of  the 
burning  of  grease  that  has  been  allowed  to 
accumulate  on  the  stove.  A  simple  arrangement 
for  the  carrying  off  of  these  odours  to  the  chimney 
breast  or  other  suitable  position  would,  I  am 
sure,  be  considered  as  a  great  boon,  and  seeing 
that  one-fifth  of  the  whole  of  the  gas  consumers 
of  this  country  are  now  users  of  gas-cooking 
stoves,  I  think  the  matter  well  worth  attention, 
and  would  impress  upon  architects  generally  the 
great  necessity  for  providing  special  flues  for  gas- 
cooking  arrangements. 

THE    FAILURE    OF    THE    OPEX    GRATE. 

As  regards  the  heating  of  our  houses,  we  have 
in  this  country  almost  exclusively  the  old- 
fashioned  open  fire-grates,  cheerful  in  appearance 
and_  wasting  a  large  percentage  of  the  fuel. 
A'arious  attempts  have  been  made  to  improve 
these  fires,  but  they  have  almost  without  excep- 
tion been  failures,  for  the  reason  that  in  a 
domestic  house  the  servant,  unlike  the  stoker  in 
a  mill,  has  no  care  in  her  methods  of  handling 
the  fuel.  It  is  thrown  on  the  fire  with  little  or 
no  judgment,  with  the  result  that  we  have  vast 
volumes  of  smoke,  and  until  there  is  adopted  an 
efficient  domestic  fire  fed  by  gaseous  fuel,  we 
shall  continue  to  have  our  recurring  fogs  and 
our  more  or  less  smoky  atmosphere.  I  am  of 
opinion  that  the  principal  reason  why  gaseous 
fuel  has  not  been  adopted  more  generally  for 
heating  purposes  is  that  the  price  has  been  con- 
sidered prohibitive,  in  many  cases  the  various 
savings  attendant  upon  its  adoption  not  having 
been  fully  taken  into  account ;  I  believe  that  gas 
should  be  sold  at  a  very  considerable  reduction  in 
price  for  purposes  other  than  lighting. 

GAS   COOKEHS    V.    KITCHEN   RANGES. 

It  may  be  taken  that  a  gas  cooking-stove  using 
gas  at  3.S.  per  o,000c.ft.  and  a  kitchen  range  with 
coal  at  K's.  per  ton  are  about  on  a  par  as  to  cost. 
It  is,  however,  very  different  with  gas  fires.  With 
these  the  price  of  gas  should  be  fully  20  per  cent, 
less  than  in  the  case  of  cookers,  otherwise  the  cost 
is  much  too  high  to  allow  of  their  general  adoption. 
The  sale  of  gas  for  the  purpose  of  heat  and  power 
was  never  cultivated,  but  was  rather  held  back  by 
the  majority  of  our  gas  authorities  until  competi- 
tion began  to  face  them  in  the  shape  of  the  electric 
light.  The  wedding  together  of  the  two  businesses, 
that  of  "lighting"  and  that  of  "heating  and 
power,"  was  simply  a  "marriage  of  convenience," 
and  though  some  gas  authorities  claim  that  the 
price  of  gas  should  be  the  same  to  all  consumers, 
I  am  not  at  one  with  them  in  this  contention,  and 
consider  that,  like  aU  marriages  of  convenience, 
this  one  (light  and  fuel)  will  come  to  an  end, 
unless  more  favour  is  shown  to  the  fuel.  Though 
the  gas  sold  in  each  case  is  exactly  similar,  the 
cost  of  that  which  is  sold  for  heat  and  power  is 
certainly  considerably  less  than  that  which  is  used 
for  lighting.  Thn  capital  expenditure  required 
for  supplying  lighting  gas  is  about  five  times  that 
required  for  the  supply  of  gas  for  heat  and  power, 
as  in  one  case  the  greater  portion  of  the  annual 
sale  is  during  four  months  of  the  year,  and  only 
during  a  few  hours  per  day  during"thfse  months. 
Where  the  gas  is  sold  for  the  other  purposes,  it 
may  be  said  to  bo  equally  distributed  over  the 
whole  year,  and  i.s  burned  on  an  average  nine 
hours  per  day  throughout  the  year  (Sundays 
excepted),  thus  ceasing  to  be  simply  a  season 
trade. 

ClIKAl'EK   OAS    W.VNTEM    FOR    UEATIXCi    AND  1>0WKR. 

Recently,  Mr.  Alderman  Gibson,  tho  Chair- 
man of  tho  Manchester  Corporation  (Jas  Com- 
mittee, said : — 

We  are  taking  mimy  hundreds  a  year  out  of  the  hands  *  Fire  and  E.'iplosion  Kiaks.     By  Dr.  vox  S.  iiwakt/.. 

of  the  poor  giis  consumers  and  putting  it  into  tho  pncknts  Transhited  from  the  fiprman  by  Cu.vni.ns  T.  C.  Sai.tf.u. 

of  larfse  ratupnycis  who  are  rich,  and  du  nut  use  gas  at  London:   Cliailes  (IrilUn  and  Company,   Ltd.,   E.\eter- 

all.    It  18  a  monstrous  robbery,  but  no  one  takes  up  that  street,  Strand. 


phase  of  the  question  at  all ;  this  clap-trap  phrase  of  re- 
lieving the  ratepayers  is  a  popular  term,  but  it  is  utterly 
at  variance  with  the  truth,  and  utterly  fallacious. 

This  is  the  opinion  of  a  chairman  of  a  gas 
committee  who  has  had  almost  a  lifetime's  ex- 
perience; but  by  municipal  authorities  this  subject 
should  be  looked  at  from  another  point  of  view 
also — the  success  of  a  town  is  largely  dependent 
upon  the  health  of  the  people,  and  upon  their 
comfort  and  happiness.  It  is  therefore  the  duty 
of  the  municipalities  who  are  owners  of  gasworks 
to  so  reduce  the  price  of  gas  for  heating  and  power 
purposes  as  to  make  it  within  the  reach  of  every 
household  to  adopt  the  use  of  gas.  The  allowing 
of  a  discount  when  sold  for  these  purposes 
appears  in  the  past  to  have  been  the  great 
dilliculty,  inasmuch  as  it  would  entail  consider- 
able capitalisation  upon  the  gas  authorities,  a 
duplicate  set  of  pipes  and  a  duplicate  meter  being 
necessary  for  each  house  ;  this  difficulty,  how- 
ever, I  am  pleased  to  say  need  now  no  longer  be 
taken  into  account,  as  fortunately  there  are  means 
for  registering  the  quantity  of  gas  used  in  gas- 
works without  having  recourse  to  the  cumbrous 
wet  and  dry  gas-meters. 

A   XEW    REGISTERING    DEVICE. 

The  new  registering  device  ia  not  larger  than 
an  ordinary  breakfast  cup,  and  can  be  fitted 
alongside  the  stove  without  in  any  way  being 
obtrusive — in  fact,  it  becomes  practically  a  part 
of  the  stove.  Where  adopted,  the  whole  of  the 
supply  for  the  premises  will  pass  through  the 
ordinary  master  meter  and  the  usual  pipes,  and 
the  registration  for  account  purposes  will  be  taken 
from  this  meter.  For  the  purpose  of  making  a 
rebate  on  the  amount  of  gas  consumed  by  the 
stove,  the  registration  of  what  we  may  term  the 
discount  meter  will  be  taken,  and  a  certain 
amount  be  allowed  upon  each  thousand  feet  that 
has  passed  through  the  same.  When  the  public 
have  been  fully  educited  and  are  alive  to  the 
advantages  of  gaseous  fuel,  we  may  look  forward 
with  confidence  to  the  return  of  our  atmosphere 
to  that  state  of  purity  existing  prior  to  the  days 
whfn  solid  fuel  began  to  be  so  recklessly  burnt, 
and  I  ha'^e  little  hesitation  in  saying  that  greater 
profit  will  accrue  to  the  country  from  the  utilisa- 
tion of  the  products  of  combustion  than  from  any 
policy,  fiscal  or  otherwise,  that  our  country  may 
adopt. 


FIKE   AKD    EXPLOSION   RISKS.* 

THE  many  applications  of  chemistry  to  indus- 
trial purposes  and  manufactures,  also  in 
connection  with  fire  assurance  and  the  prevention 
and  extinction  of  fires,  are  necessary  acquisitions 
of  the  architect  and  engineer.  The  volume  under 
the  above  title,  by  Dr.  von  Schwartz,  translated 
by  Mr.  Charles  T.  C.  Salter,  deals  with  a  great 
variety  of  subjects — the  selection,  investigation, 
and  prevention  of  dangers  arising  from  fires  and 
explosions  of  chemico-technical  substances.  lu 
the  latter  sphere  alone  there  is  much  yet  to  be 
learned.  The  storage  of  paper,  millboard,  and 
various  raw  fibrous  materials  will  often  heat  and 
ignite  spontaneously  if  piled  into  high  heaps 
while  damp.  Many  substances  are  made  from 
paper  ;  such  are  the  substitutes  for  wood.  When 
converted  into  a  compact  form  they  are  less  liable  to 
ignite.  The  useful  compilation  of  Dr.  von 
Schwartz  will  be  of  great  service  to  all  connected 
with  fire  insurance,  officials  of  fire  offices,  fire 
brigades,  law  ofiicers,  and  others  who  have  not 
the  chemical  knowledge  or  training  required  to 
detect  the  risks  involved  in  various  substances. 
The  degree  of  fire  risk  and  explosion,  the  means 
of  pi-evention,  tho  risk  attending  the  storage  of 
chemico-technical  sub.stances  and  processes,  are 
important  matters,  and  this  work  will  give  many 
valuable  clues  and  hints.  The  author  has  had 
much  experience  as  a  works  and  commercial 
chemist,  and  as  factory  inspictor  for  tho  Grand 
Ducliies  of  Coburg  and  Gotha.  There  is  now  in 
our  complex  manufacturing  jirocessos  in  our 
great  industrial  workshops,  in  our  streeta  and 
large  buildings  in  towns,  far  greater  peril  than 
formerly.  The  risks  of  fire,  spontauouua  com- 
bustion, and  explosion  aro  now  considcrablo, 
and  wo  have  experiences  recorded  very  fre- 
((uently.  Part  T.  deals  with  temperatures,  com- 
bustion, spontaneous  ignition  explosions,  and 
explosive  substances.  Part  II.  treats  of  lighting, 
and  the  dangers  attomling  illuminants  of   various 


kinds ;  heating  by  steam,  electricity,  &c.  Part 
III.  deals  with  various  dangers  caused  by  gases. 
Part  IV.,  dangers  in  various  establishments. 
Parts  v.,  VI.,  VII.,  VIII.,  IX.,  X.,  XI.  deal 
with  various  dangers  of  industrial  materials,  pro- 
ducts, fats,  oils,  mineral  oils,  and  other  substances. 
In  the  chapter  on  "Spontaneous  Ignition"  we 
find  how  many  substances  are  exposed  to  this  risk 
— wood,  sawdust,  leather,  manures,  hay,  clover, 
malt,  wool,  cotton,  lamp-oil,  rags,  articles  of 
clothing  in  a  greasy  and  dusty  condition.  The 
conditions  that  favour  spontaneous  ignition  are 
mentioned.  Moisture  is  one  of  the  most  common, 
as  in  relation  to  agricultural  products,  also  drying, 
fat  or  oil  in  connection  with  clothing,  sun's  raye, 
friction,  pressure.  The  bulk  of  the  stored  mass 
of  substances,  as  gr.ain,  cereals,  wood,  paper,  Arc, 
is  a  frequent  cause.  In  the  chapter  on  "Fire- 
proofing,"  many  important  facts  are  recorded. 
The  fireproof  ([ualities  of  building  materials  are 
noticed.  The  author' shows  that  few  of  them  really 
merit  the  appellation  of  "  fireproof."  "  Granite, 
though  incombustible,  is  not  fireproof,  since  it 
splits  like  glass,  even  at  ordinary  fire-heat, 
and  granite  stairways  and  arches  in  a  burning 
house  are  rendered  highly  unsafe."  Limestone, 
also,  is  "  destroyed  chemically,  and  therefore 
physically,  even  at  6  00^-800'  C. — fire-heat  ofteQ 
attains  1,I00'-1500'- C.-7-by  parting  with  its 
carbon  dioxide,  the  resulting  quicklime  then 
slaking  to  powder  in  presence  of  water. ' '  The 
conductivity  of  heat  in  various  building  materials 
is  of  value.  In  case  of  fire  the  author  says  "  the 
smallest  amount  of  heat  is  transmitted  by  a 
cement  wall,  thus  affording  the  greatest  protec- 
tion. The  minimum  protection  is  given  by  the 
almost  fireproof  cast-iron,  which  allows  about 
fifty  times  as  much  heat  to  pass  through  as  cement 
does."  Oak  is  next  to  cement  in  this  quality.  The 
methods  in  use  for  fire-extinguishing,  fire  tests, 
and  precautionary  measures  are  described,  and 
to  some  of  these  we  may  refer  in  a  subsequent 
notice.  The  work  will  be  found  a  very  valuable 
handbook,  dealing  with  the  chemistry'  of  fires, 
explosion,  and  prevention . 


CONCRETE  SEWER  FORMS. 

C(JN  CRETE  sewers  are  often  used,  and  in 
America  they  have  been  largely  adopted  for 
municipal  sewerage  works.  The  city  engineer 
of  lledford,  Mass.  (W.  Gavin-Taylor)  in  his 
annual  report,  describes  a  sewer  of  oOin. 
diameter  with  invert  and  haunches  of  Portland 
cement  concrete,  one  part  cement,  three  parts 
sand,  si.K  parts  bank  gravel,  and  the  arch  a  single 
ring  of  hard-burnt  sewer  bricks.  The  section  ie 
so  designed  that  the  concrete  haunches  extended 
up  to  a  plane  of  30  degrees  above  the  horizontal, 
which  materially  reduced  the  brickwork  necessary, 
and  the  cost.  Brickwork  is  found  to  cost  twice 
as  much  as  concrete.  Special  forms  for  mould- 
ing the  sewer  are  used.  The  report  says :  "  The 
forms  were  10ft.  long,  made  in  halves,  separating 
on  a  vertical  line  through  their  centre,  and  were 
securely  held  together  by  means  of  malleable  iron 
clamps  gripping  the  stringers  along  the  inner 
edge  of  each  sectional  form.  Proper  width  and 
stitfriess  were  obtained  by  inserting  an  iron  dog 
in  the  end  ribs  of  each  10ft.  section.  These 
forms  were  then  set  up  in  the  trench  to  the  exact 
line  and  grade,  and  the  fresh  concrete  deposited 
on  them.  They  were  first  smeared  over  to  prevent 
the  cement  from  sticking  to  tho  wood.  After 
setting,  these  forms  were  removed  from  the 
concrete  one  after  another  by  knocking  out 
the  iron  dogs  in  each  end  of  the  forms  and 
putting  in  their  place  turnbucklo  hooks  .  .  . 
The  concrete  invert  and  haunches  were  formed  in 
a  perfect  manner,  and  the  inner  surface  of  drain 
was  as  smooth  as  the  planed  surface  of  the  form." 
Alter  tho  removal  of  tho  forms  the  concrete  was 
allowed  to  remain  exposed  to  tho  air  for  24 
hours,  when  the  arch  centres  were  sot  up  and 
the  brick  arch  turned  and  plastered. 

Tho  arch  centres  were  made  in  KU't.  lengths  of 
iin.  lagging,  2in.  plank  ribs,  and  stout  stringers 
on  each  side.  The  lagging  was  Uin.  wide,  and 
milled  so  as  to  leave  ono  bevelled  edge,  in  order 
that  tho  exterior  surface  may  be  planed  smooth. 
Tho  ribs  were  placed  2ft.  on'  centres.  Tlio  arch 
having  boon  turned  and  set,  the  arch  centres  wore 
removed  by  tho  aid  of  a  special  truck  with  bent 
axles  and  four  c:ust-iron  wheels,  so  adjusted  as  to 
run  smoothly  along  tho  concrete  invert.  The 
work  was  done  by  day-labour  by  citiztns  of 
Mudt'ord,  working  eight  hours  a  day  at  11  d.aily 
wage  of  2dol.    Each  lineal  foot  of  sewer  required 


440 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  25,  1904. 


l-25c.yd.  excavation  and  refill,  4c.ft.  of  Portland 
cement  concrete  and  left,  of  brick  masonry.  The 
total  coat  per  lineal  foot  wag  2-39dol.  '  Other 
details  are  given  of  the  })to'Jfts  oprrtindt.  There 
is  little  doubt  about  the  economy  of  constructing 
sewers  of  concrete  ;  but  the  success  of  the  method 
depends  in  a  large  degree  upon  the  forms  used 
and  the  method  adopted  in  putting  up  the  arch 
centres  and  in  removing  them  in  sections.  The 
system  described  is,  at  least,  a  successful  attempt 
to  meet  the  difficulties  of  the  case. 


BRITISH  TIMBER  AND  ITS  USES. 

AT  the  ordinary  general  meeting  of  the 
Surveyors'  Institution  on  Monday  afternoon 
last,  the  discussion  on  Mr.  Elwes'  paper,  read  at 
the  meeting  of  February  22,  was  resumed  by  Sir. 
Daniel  Watney,  who  said  he  could  hardly  agree 
with  those  who  predicted  a  timber  famine  in  the 
near  future.  When  one  saw,  as  he  had  done,  the 
immense  forests  of  Scandinavia  constantly  repro- 
ducing themselves,  and  when  one  remembered 
that  the  same  thing  was  going  on  all  over  the 
world,  even  in  regions  as  yet  unexplored,  he  felt 
confident  that  all  that  was  needed  was  increased 
facility  of  transport,  and  if  this  existed,  as  it  was 
sure  to  do,  in  order  to  meet  the  demand,  there  was 
no  fear  of  a  timber  famine  in  England  for  during 
the  present  century.  It  was  true  that  there  were 
from  14  to  16  millions  of  waste  land  in  England  ; 
but  not  more  than  one-half  of  that  could  beplanted 
with  any  reasonable  prospect  of  success.  But  the 
important  question  arose.  Where  was  the  money 
to  come  from  to  do  the  planting  f  He  was  cer- 
tainly against  raising  it  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Board  of  Agriculture,  for  if  once  a  forest  was 
placed  under  official  inspection  the  owner  would 
be  no  longer  his  own  master.  It  was  not  scientific 
80  much  as  practical  forestry  knowledge  that  was 
wanted.  The  best  way  to  make  a  plantation  of 
oak  was  to  well  cultivate  the  land,  to  sow  the 
acorns  broadcast,  to  plough  them  in,  and  then  to 
protect  the  young  seedlings,  then  the  fringes  of 
the  plantation  could  be  planted  with  cover  for 
game.  Turkey  oak  was  useful  for  indoor  work, 
but  was  not  good  for  outdoor  situations.  Spruce 
was  not  worth  growing,  but  larch  was  worth  all 
the  other  conifers  put  together. 

Mr.  G.  Marshall  said  there  were,  he  thought, 
at  least  three  reasons  why  landowners  did  not 
plant  timber.  In  the  first  place,  they  did  not 
care  to  invest  money  without  a  reasonable  pro- 
spect of  a  return  during  their  lifetime.  Then, 
many  of  them  had  tried  planting,  and  had  found 
it  a  failure  ;  and  again  they  would  agree  that  if 
they  planted,  the  land  would  be  unproductive  for 
many  years,  but  still  would  be  heavily  rated  and 
subject  to  onerous  death  duties.  One  great  difli- 
calty  was  the  absence  of  any  continuity  of 
management.  One  owner  might  plant,  but  his 
heir  might  neglect  the  woods,  replace  woodmen 
by  keepers,  and  devote  the  place  to  game  and 
rabbits.  Failures  were  due  to  the  incapacity  of 
many  so-called  foresters,  who  planted  the  wrong 
trees  or  planted  them  in  unsuitable  places,  and 
sometimes  to  the  fact  that  the  keeper  had  more 
control  than  the  forester,  and  even  interfered 
with  the  work  of  the  latter  for  fear  of 
disturbing  the  game.  As  Dr.  Schlich  had 
said  at  the  Carpenters'  Hall  recently,  we 
produced  two  million  tons  of  timber,  and  im- 
ported ten  million  tons,  nine  millions  of  which 
could  be  produced  at  home  by  the  planting  of  six 
or  seven  million  acres  of  land.  We  also  imported 
half  a  million  tons  of  wood  pulp  worth  two  and  a 
half  million  pounds,  which  we  could  certainly 
produce  at  home.  The  action  of  the  county 
councils  in  charging  timber  merchants  for  extra- 
ordinary traffic  was  also  against  the  grower,  and 
a  recently-decided  case  on  the  point  seemed  very 
oppressive.  The  question  of  employing  hotre- 
grown  or  foreign  timber  rested,  not  with  the 
timber  merchant,  but  with  the  architect,  the 
surveyor,  and  the  consumer.  If  there  were  a 
demand,  the  supply  would  be  forthcoming.  In 
the  case  of  some  railways,  the  cheaper  foreign 
timber  was  used,  as  owing  to  periodical  changes 
in  make  and  shape  of  rolling  stock,  it  was  found 
to  last  quite  sufficiently  long.  Ash  was  a  most 
useful  tree  to  plant  if  "the  soil  were  suitable.  It 
commanded  a  good  price,  even  when  young. 

Dr.  W.  Schlick,  who  claimed  to  speak  as  a 
practical  as  well  as  a  scientific  forester,  said  he 
thought  it  very  necessary  to  guard  against  hasty 
conclusions,  and  to  avoid  assuming  that  methods 
adapted  to  Continental  forestry  would  necessarily 
suit  the  conditions  prevalent  in  England.  It  had 
long  been  known  that  oak  grown  among  trees 


was  better  than  where  grown  alone.  This  could 
be  well  seen  in  the  Forest  of  Dean,  where  oaks 
of  120  years  old  were  of  magnificent  size,  having 
grown  among  beeches,  while  those  of  80  years 
old,  planted  and  grown  alone,  were  miserable 
specimens.  In  dealing  with  the  financial  aspect 
of  the  question,  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the 
capital  necessary  for  planting  was  quite  four  times 
as  much  as  that  required  if  the  land  were  devoted 
to  agriculture,  and  to  produce  a  similar  return 
per  cent.,  the  profit  must  be  proportionately 
greater. 

Mr.  W.  V.  K.  Stenning,  speaking  from  the 
point  of  view  of  the  English  timber  merchant, 
said  the  trade  in  home-grown  timber  was  seriously 
handicapped,  if  not  almost  killed,  by  the  prefer- 
ence given  to  foreigners  by  the  railway  companies, 
and,  he  was  sorry  to  say,  by  successive  Govern- 
ments. The  claims  for  extraordinary  traffic  in 
cases  when  the  timber  was  felled  every  ten  or 
more  years  instead  of  annually,  were  also  very 
oppressive,  as  in  some  cases  it  was  impossible  to 
fell  annually.  Moreover,  the  land  went  on 
paying  lates  and  taxes  even  in  the  years  when  it 
did  not  use  the  roads  at  all.  All  recent  legisla- 
tion, from  that  imposing  the  death  dutiei  to  the 
Employers'  Liability  Acts,  worked  against  the 
timber  merchant  and  grower,  while  not  affecting 
the  foreigner. 

Mr.  S.  H.  Cowper  Coles  said  that  there  had 
been  much  talk  about  planting  the  land  which 
now  lay  practically  waste ;  but  who  was  to  bear 
the  expense  of  doing  so,  and  how  were  the  many 
common  and  other  rights  over  such  land  to  be  got 
rid  of  ?  He  thought  tht-re  was  not  much  objection 
to  the  present  rates  if  forest-land  were  only  fairly 
dealt  with.  He  had  found  that  foreign  timber 
could  be  sold  cheaper  within  a  few  miles  of  his  own 
district  than  that  grown  in  the  neighbourhood. 

Mr.  H.  C.  Jonas  asked  whether  Mr.  Elwes  had 
considered  the  advisability  of  planting  Eucalyptus 
gunnii  in  England.  It  was  ornamental,  ever- 
green, and  would  possibly  be  well-adapted  to  our 
climate.  Douglas  fir  was  also  a  tree  which  should 
have  a  future  value. 

Mr.  E.  T.  Scanmell  suggested  that  the  adop- 
tion of  some  system  of  wood- preservation  and 
accelerated  seasoning  was  important  as  assisting 
growers  to  produce  marketable  timber.  He  hal 
tried  several  systems,  but  the  one  which  seemed 
to  him  most  promising  was  the  "  Powell"  pro- 
cess, which  was  simple,  and,  according  to  very 
exhaustive  experiments,  increased  the  strength 
and  usefulness  of  timber  treated  in  a  very  remark- 
able manner.  It  consisted  in  principle  of  boiling 
in  a  saccharine  solution,  and  drying  in  currents 
of  air.  It  was  cheaper  and  more  easily  applic- 
able than  any  other  method  with  which  he  was 
acquainted. 

Mr.  Elwes,  in  replying,  said  he  quite  agreed 
that  the  railway  rates  worked  very  injuriously  to 
the  English  timber  grower,  while  favouring  the 
foreigner.  Indeed,  everything  seemed  against 
British  timber ;  but  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that 
time  had  changed  things.  Our  ancestors  made  a 
good  thing  of  underwood,  which  was  now  almost 
valueless,  and  grew  their  oak  purposely  crooked 
to  provide  knees  for  ships.  In  fact,  their  best 
trees  were  exactly  the  reverse  of  what  we  now 
endeavoured  to  produce. 


It  has  been  decided  to  erect  a  memorial  to  Canon 
Ainger  in  Bristol  Cathedral,  with  which  the  late 
Master  of  the  Temple  was  associated  for  some 
years. 

At  Nursling  Church,  Hants,  the  dedication 
has  taken  place  of  new  choir  stalls  which  have 
been  erected  in  memory  of  the  late  S.  G.  E.  White, 
eldest  son  of  the  rector.  These  stalls,  which  have 
been  executed  by  Messrs.  Garret  and  Haysom,  of 
East  -  street,  Southampton,  are  carved  in  the 
Jacobean  style  to  match  the  pulpit. 

A  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons 
has  passed  the  preamble  of  the  North  and  South 
Woolwich  Electric  Railway  Bill,  under  which  it  is 
proposed  to  construct  a  subway  beueath  the  Thames 
from  a  point  just  outside  Woolwich  Arsenal,  on  the 
South  side,  to  Albert-road,  North  Woolwich,  on  the 
other  side.  The  length  will  be  about  three-quarters 
of  a  mile,  and  there  will  be  only  a  single  tube.  The 
capital  power  asked  for  was  £210,000.  The  Com- 
mittee found  the  preamble  subject  to  the  insertion 
of  provisions  that  the  promoters  shall  not  oppose 
any  application  which  the  London  County  Council 
may  make  in  a  future  Session  for  power  to  tunnel 
under  under  the  Thames  at  Woolwich,  and  further, 
that  the  Company  should  not  be  entitled  to  com- 
pensation should  the  Council  construct  a  tunnel.  It 
is  probable  that  under  these  conditions  nothing 
further  will  be  heard  of  the  scheme. 


OBITUARY. 

Mr.  W.  Kaye  Parry,  F.R.I.B.A.,  hon. 
secretary  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Architects  of 
Ireland,  we  regret  to  learn,  has  sustained  a  severe 
bereavement  in  the  death  of  his  wife,  Mrs.  K.^ye 
Pakky,  who  was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  William 
Leeke,  of  Buxton,  and  who  died  on  Friday  last 
at  their  residence,  6,  Charlemout-terrace,  Kings- 
town, Dublin. 

Mit.  David  W.itsox  Steven'Son,  R.S.A.,  a 
well-known  sculptor,  did  in  Edinburgh  on  Friday, 
within  a  week  of  completing  his  sixty-second  year. 
Bjrn  at  R  iths,  near  Edinburgh,  in  1.S12,  tha  son 
of  a  builder,  he  was  educated  at  the  schools  of  the 
Board  of  Manufacturers  and  of  the  Royal  Scottish 
Academy,  studying  art  under  the  late  5Ir.  William 
Brodie,  R.S..A.  Since  1859  he  his  been  a  con- 
stant contributor  to  the  annual  exhibitions  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy.  In  1877  he  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  .Academy  and  an  Academician 
in  1886.  In  1876-7  he  executed  the  Piatt 
memorial  at  Oldham,  which  was  followed  by  a 
large  number  of  public  works,  notably  the  statue 
of  Tannahill,  the  poet,  for  Paisley,  and  the 
colossal  statue  of  Robert  Wallace  for  the  national 
monument  to  Scotland's  hero-patriot,  on  the 
Abbey  Craig,  Stirling.  He  also  executed  the 
series  of  marble  busts  of  Robert  the  Bruce,  Knox, 
Buchanan,  Adam  Smith,  Burns,  Scott,  Watt, 
Thomas  Chalmers,  Hugh  Miller,  and  others, 
which  adorn  the  interior  of  the  tower.  Among 
his  public  works  were  a  life-size  statue  of  "  Eve," 
a  statue  of  "John  Knox"  for  Haddington,  a 
"  Nymph  at  the  Stream,"  now  in  the  Art  Gallery 
at  Oldham  ;  statues  in  marble  of  "  Lady  Godiva," 
"Echo,"  "Hero,"  and  "  GaLatea,"  a  group  of 
a  "  Pompeian  Slother,"  a  bronze  statue  of 
"  Burns"  for  Lieth,  and  several  of  "  Robert 
Louis  Stevenson."  Mr.  David  Stevenson  had, 
besides,  executed  numerous  portrait  busts  of 
eminent  men. 


CHIPS. 

At  Wolverhampton  the  recently-constructed 
electric  tramway  along  the  Dudley-road  to  the 
Fighting  Cocks,  Goldthoru  Hdl-road,  was  opened 
for  traffic,  after  inspection  by  Col.  York,  the  Board 
of  Trade  inspector.  The  line,  wtiich  has  cost 
£16,500,  joins  at  the  end  of  the  route  the  Bilaton 
and  Dudley  section  of  the  B.E.T.  overhead  system. 
The  track  is  fitted  with  Lorain  surface  boxes  similar 
to  the  other  hues  in  the  borough. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Governors  of  the 
Metropolitan  Convalescent  Institution,  held  the 
other  day,  it  was  reported  that  a  new  home,  for 
men  only,  is  in  course  of  erection  at  Little-common, 
Bexhill,  which  will  be  reidy  for  occupation  next 
spring.  The  cost  when  completed— a  portion  only 
is  being  built  now  owing  to  want  of  funds — will  be 
about  £22,000,  and  an  appeal  is  made  for  £10,000 
to  enable  the  Governors  to  put  the  whole  work  in 
hand  at  once. 

The  Wetherby  Board  of  Guardians  have  in- 
structed Messrs.  Runton  and  Parry,  architects,  Hull, 
to  prepare  plans  for  a  new  workhouse  infirmary. 

Lord  Tredegar  has  presented  a  piece  of  land  to 
Rogerstone,  near  Newport,  where  the  works  of 
Messrs.  Guest,  Keen,  and  Nettlefolds  are  situated, 
upon  which  will  be  erected  the  free  library  given 
by  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie. 

The  new  building  at  Hendon,  which  is  in  course 
of  erection  for  the  reception  of  the  newspapers  at 
present  stored  in  the  British  Museum,  is  expected  to 
be  finished  by  the  end  of  June. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  council  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Painter-Etchers  and  Engravers,  Mr. 
Frank  Brangwyn,  A.R.A.,  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  society. 

At  Patrick  Daan  of  Guild  Court,  plans  have 
been  passed  for  the  erection  of  a  new  wing  in  the 
Glasgow  Western  Infirmary.  This  addition  is  part 
of  a  larger  scheme,  and  will  occupy  the  north 
portion  of  the  block  proposed  to  be  built  to  the  west 
of  the  present  buildings.  The  buildings  for  which 
plans  were  passed  make  up  only  a  fourth  of  the 
addition  that  will  ultimately  be  made  at  the  western 
end  of  the  present  infirmary,  the  total  cost  of  which 
will  be  £100,000.  The  part  of  the  work  now  to  be 
gone  on  with  will  cost  over  £20,000.  When  finished 
this  portion  will  give  accommodation  for  sixty 
additional  patients. 

The  site  to  be  selected  in  Southport  for  the  bronze 
statue  of  the  late  Queen  Victoria,  which  is  being 
executed  by  Mr.  G.  Frampton,  R.A.,  has  given  rise 
to  much  controversy,  and  three  times  a  fresh  position 
has  been  allocated  to  the  memorial.  The  founda- 
tions of  brickwork  had  been  actually  put  in  on  one 
of  the  sites  now  disapproved,  and  finally  it  has  t)eeu 
decided  to  erect  the  statue  in  front  of  the  Art 
Galleries. 


March  25,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIEG    NEWS. 


441 


Builbing  Jnt^lligenct 

BiRMiNOHAM. — Considerable  progress  has  been 
made  of  late  in  connection  with  the  new  university 
buildings  at  Bournbrook,  and  one  section  of  the 
engineering  department  is  approaching  comple- 
tion. The  members  of  the  Birmingham  Scientific 
Society  recently  paid  a  visit  of  inspection  to  this 
department,  over  which  they  were  conducted  by 
Jtr.  R.  C.  Porter  (mechanical  lecturer  at  the  uni- 
versity). The  main  buildings,  of  which  Messrs. 
Aston  Webb  and  Ingress  Bell  are  the  architects,  are 
being  erected  on  an  elevated  site  facing  the  Bristol- 
road,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  Bournbrook, 
and  the  outside  walls,  in  solid  masonrj',  now  reach 
a  height  of  25ft.  (.tf  these  buildings  the  chief 
features  wiU  be  the  great  hall,  and  the  block  for  the 
facu'ty  of  mining,  but  they  will  also  contain  test- 
ingandelectrical  laboratories,  workshops, students' 
reading-rooms,  and  drawing-offices.  The  rest  of 
the  buildings — the  engineering  block  and  the 
metallurgical  block — are  nearer  completion  than 
the  main  hall.  In  the  great  engineering  hall, 
powerful  engines  and  dynamos,  and  a  number 
of  machines  of  all  descriptions  and  various 
mechanical  contrivances,  have  been  placed  in 
position,  and  in  some  instances  they  have  been 
got  into  working  order.  A  few  of  the  students 
in  the  advanced  classes  have  already  made  their 
acquaintance  with  the  engineering  shop.  When 
theory  is  taught  there,  only  the  senior  studentt 
will  be  allowed  to  do  experimental  work  in  the 
the  large  engineering  shop.  The  engines  and 
machinery,  which  now  represent  a  value  of 
£10,000,  well-nigh  fill  the  hall.  A  triple  ex- 
pansion engine,  of  the  marine  type,  occupies  a 
position  in  the  centre.  It  is  equal  to  loOH.P., 
and  is  for  the  making  of  electricity,  which  will 
illuminate  the  whole  of  the  buildings  and  drive 
the  motors  and  machinery.  A  number  of  powerful 
dynamos  and  turbines,  as  well  as  steam  engines, 
have  also  been  completed . 

Daulinotox. — New  premises  have  recently 
been  completed  at  Darlington  for  the  North- 
Eastern  Bank  by  Messrs.  Clark  and  Moscrop, 
FF.R.I.B.A  ,  architects,  Darlington.  The 
building  is  in  the  Later  English  Renaissance 
style,  and  has  a  dignified  effect.  The  ground 
floor  is  treated  with  rusticated  columns  and  a 
lettered  frieze  of  Dunh  juse  stone  on  a  granite 
base.  The  upper  part  is  built  of  thin  Common- 
dale  red  bricks  and  stone  dressings,  and  is 
Eurmounted  by  a  massive  stone  cornice.  The 
roof  is  of  red  Staffordshire  tiles,  with  stone 
dormers  and  chimney-caps.  <.)n  the  ground  floor 
is  the  public  otli'-e,  30  by  24ft.,  panelled  out  in 
walnut,  with  manager's  rooms  at  the  rear.  The 
manager's  residence  occupies  the  first,  second, 
and  attic  floors. 

Eastxky. — The  Princess  of  Wales  laid  on 
Wednesday  week  the  foundation-stone  of  a  church 
for  the  Royal  Marine  Artillery  at  Eastney 
Barracks,  near  Portsmouth.  The  existing  church, 
a  wooden  structure,  polygonal  on  plan,  was 
originally  a  circus  in  Fountain-street,  Landport. 
The  new  church  is  in  Henderson- road,  and  will 
seat  1,000  persons,  all  on  the  ground  floor.  There 
will  be  a  nave  and  aisles,  chance!,  baptistery, 
vestries,  north  and  south  porches  ac  the  west  ends 
of  aisles,  and  an  officers'  porch  at  the  east  end  of 
the  south  ai.sle,  over  which  is  to  be  the  organ- 
chamber.  The  materials  are  to  be  red  brick  for 
the  walU  both  inside aud  outside,  with  Bith  stone 
dressings  inside  and  Portland  stone  outside  ;  the 
rest  will  be  of  red  pine,  having  open-framed 
principals  in  tlio  nave  and  aisles,  and  a  panelled 
waggon  vault  in  the  chancel,  covered  with  green 
Westmoreland  slates.  The  designs  for  the  church 
hare  been  prepared  in  the  head  (ffice  of  the 
Works  Department  of  the  Admiralty,  and  are 
being  carried  out  by  Mr.  F.  Corke,  builder,  of 
Southsca,  at  a  cost  of  about  £11,000.  The  work 
will  be  completed  in  twelve  months. 

GuiMivTiioiu'E,  NF.AH  CuDwouTH. — The  Arch- 
bishop  of  York  consecrated,  last  week,  the  new 
cliiirch  of  Kt.  Luke,  which  has  been  built  at  a  cost 
of  Ci;,.'iOO.  The  church  is  built  of  red  brick  with 
stuuu  tacings,  the  style  being  that  of  the  early 
part  of  the  I3th  century.  The  building  consists 
of  a  nave  of  five  bays,  with  north  aisle,  chancel, 
organ-chamber,  choir,  clergy  vestries,  and  porch. 
It  is  intended  at  a  future  time  to  have  a  south 
ajsle  and  chapel  added  to  the  chur^-h,  the  south 
side  now  being  built  up  wi'ha  temporary  wall. 
The  interior  is  entirely  fitted  out  in  oak'.  The 
seats  are  made  of  deal,  stained  dark,  with  fixed 
kneelers.     There  is  a  font  stand,  and  a  bell  turret 


for  one  bell.  There  is  seating  accommodation  for 
about  500  persons.  The  architect  was  Mr,  C. 
Hodgson  Fowler,  F.S  A.,  of  Durham,  and  Messrs. 
Bowman  and  Sons,  of  Stamford,  were  the  con- 
tractors. 

HuxsLET,  Leehs. — The  new  engineering  works 
of  Jlessrs.  Graham,  Morton,  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  have 
just  been  completed.  The  building  covers  an 
area  of  5,983  square  yards,  and  is  386ft.  long. 
There  are  planing  and  erecting  shops,  a  fitting 
shop,  with  hydiaulic  presses,  engine  and  boiler 
houses,  a  chain  department,  and  stores,  tool, 
grinding  rooms,  &c.,  for  the  constructiin  of 
conveying  and  elevating  machinery,  and  crushing 
plants  for  collieries,  mines,  gas  and  electric  light 
works,  roofs,  bridges,  power  stations,  and  con- 
structional ironwork.  'The  building  is  formed  in 
three  bays — two  of  52ft.  span  and  the  third  of 
39ft.  9in.  There  is  the  support  of  120  steel 
columns  in  four  rows,  and  the  roof  principals 
number  99,  the  height  to  the  apex  being  51ft., 
with  a  ventilating  louvre  above.  About  two-thirds 
of  the  ground  space  is  occupied  by  the  erecting 
and  plating  shops. 

Jesmoxd,  Newcastle. — The  church  of  St. 
Barnabas,  situated  at  the  corner  of  Uoldspink- 
lane  and  Helmsley-road,  was  consecrated  on 
Wednesday.  The  style  is  an  adaptation  of  15th- 
century  architecture,  notable  features  being  the 
apsidal  ends  east  and  west,  which  were  originally 
suggested  by  the  peculiar  shape  of  the  site.  The 
plan  cons'sts  of  nave  and  chancel,  28tt.  wide,  the 
combined  length  being  137ft.,  narrow  aisles,  con- 
taining passages,  a  tower  and  clergy,  and  choir 
vestries.  The  tower,  when  finished,  will  rise  to 
a  height  of  85ft.,  with  traceried,  battlemented 
parapet  and  pinnacles.  At  present  the  heighfis 
about  lOft.,  with  a  turret  containing  a  bell  mono 
angle.  The  materials  are  B_«  ker  stone  externally. 
Internally  the  walls  are  faced  with  plaster.  The 
roof  J  are  of  pitchpine,  the  outer  covering  being  of 
Westmoreland  green  slates.  The  screens  and 
wall  panelling  are  of  pitchpine,  the  seats  are  of 
orham,  and  are  by  the  Bonnet  Furnishing  Co., 
Glasgow.  The  pulpit  is  of  oak,  from  the  designs 
of  the  architects,  and  executed  by  Messrs.  Brown 
and  Hughes,  of  Newcastle.  The  reading  desk  is 
one  originally  in  the  parish  church,  and  designed 
by  the  late  Mr  R  J.Johnson.  The  choir  fittings 
were  originally  in  the  parish  church.  The 
builders  and  joiners  are  Messrs.  Wm.  and  G.  H. 
Scott,  of  Sunderland,  the  work  having  been 
rallied  out  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  R. 
Whichello,  c'erk  of  works.  The  church  was 
designed  by  the  late  Mr.  W.  S-  Hicks,  and  has 
been  completed  by  the  pre--ent  firm  of  Messrs. 
Hicks  and  Charlewood,  of  Westgate-road,  New- 
castle. 

Little  Ilford. — The  opening  ceremony  of  the 
Congregational  church  and  schools  took  place  on 
Thursday,  March  17.  The  block  occupies  a 
prominent  corner  site,  and  a  lofty  square  tower 
is  a  prominent  feature  of  the  design.  The  facings 
are  of  pressed  red  briok.  The  church  provides 
accommodation  for  over  800  persons.  A  largo 
schoolroom,  church  parloui,  and  various  class- 
rooms are  provided.  The  contract  has  been 
carried  out  by  Messrs.  Gough  and  Co.,  Hendon, 
the  architects  being  Messrs  George  Baines  and 
R.  Palmer  Baines,  5,  Clement's  Inn,  Strand, 
London,  W.C. 

MAiiYLtiioxE. — Princess  Louise,  Duchess  of 
Fi'e,  recently  laid  the  foundation  -  stone 
of  the  new  inuniiipal  dwellings  in  John- 
street,  Edgware-road.  The  situ  of  the  new 
buildings,  which  is  close  to  Edgware-r.iad,  forms 
a  parallologram.  It  has  a  frontage  of  107ft.  and 
a  depth  of  SOft.  At  the  back  a  courtyard  has 
been  left  with  an  area  of  4,9S(jft.,  which  will  be 
used  as  a  playground  by  the  children  of  the 
tenants.  The  building  will  be  seven  stories  in 
height,  and  will  contain  on  the  lower  floors  18 
S"ngle-room  tenements  for  old  people.  The  five 
upper  fl  ors  will  contain  two- room  and  three- 
room  tenements,  theie  being  9(1  rooms  altogether. 
The  building,  which  will  be  constructed  of  firo- 
resisting  material,  has  been  designed  by  Mr. 
II.  B.  Measures,  and  will  bo  erected  by  Messrs. 
J.  Chessum  and  Sons. 

.SoiNiiwELi.. — The  new  church  of  St.  Stephen's, 
Soundwell,  which  it  was  arranged  the  Bishop  of 
Bristol  should  dedicjito  and  opm  at  K  ister,  will 
not  bo  out  of  the  contractor's  hands  by  then,  and 
a  postponement  has  had  to  bo  made  umil  Whit- 
suntide. The  first  instaluiont  of  the  work,  con- 
sisting of  the  nave  and  north  aisle,  is  well 
advanced  as  regards    the    fabric,    workmen  this 


week  being  engaged  on  the  tower  and  roof.  The 
cost  of  the  present  building  is  £2,500,  and  about 
£500  of  this  sum  has  yet  to  be  raised.  The  build- 
ing cf  the  chancel  and  south  aisle  has  been 
deferred  until  the  completion  of  the  work  now 
in  hand.  The  cost  for  the  entire  building  is  over 
£5,000,  and  the  new  church  will  serve  a  popula- 
tion of  about  4,000.  The  nave  and  north  aisle 
has  accommodation  for  450;  but  when  the  chancel 
and  south  aisle  are  added  nearly  900  people  wUl 
be  provided  for. 

*-^ 

CHIPS. 

A  Bermondsey  carpenter,  named  George  Wheeker, 
depressed  at  being  out  of  work,  on  Friday  placed 
a  sharp  planing  chisel  to  his  throat  aa  he  lay  on 
the  floor,  and  drove  it  into  his  neck  with  a  mallet. 

The  late  Mr.  A.  A.  Langley,  for  seventeen  years 
the  chief  engineer  of  the  Midland  Railway,  has  left 
an  estate  valued  at  £13,321. 

Mr.  H.  J.  ToUit,  the  county  surveyor  of  Oxford- 
shire, was  found  dead  on  Friday  night  by  the 
roadside  near  the  village  of  Thrupp.  It  is  supposed 
that  deceased  was  thrown  from  his  horse  while 
riding  homeward  to  Oxford, 

The  school  board  of  the  parish  of  Cathcart  have 
accepted  plans  for  a  new  school  at  an  estimated  cost 
of  £18,000.  The  school,  which  is  to  be  built  on  the 
south  side  of  Glasgow,  is  to  accommodate  1,600 
scholars,  including  400  in  the  cookery  and  laundry 
departments. 

A  number  of  tradesmen  have  lieen  asked  to  tender 
for  the  work  of  restoring  Culross  Abbey  Church, 
which  in  the  early  part  of  last  century  was  deprived 
of  some  of  its  best  architectural  features.  To 
thoroughly  renovate  the  church  a  sum  of  about 
£5,000  will  be  required.  £1,700  have  been  sub- 
scribed, apart  from  the  heritors'  contribution. 
Alternative  schemes  have  been  prepared  by  Sir 
Rowaud  Anderson,  R.S.A.,  of  Edinburgh. 

Failing  to  profit  by  their  disastrous  experience 
last  year,  the  men  engaged  in  the  building  trades  in 
New  York  have  made  up  their  minds  to  engage  in 
another  struggle  with  their  employers.  It  is  said 
that  20,000  men  are  already  idle,  and  it  is  feared 
that  the  strike  will  spread  rapidly. 

The  Malton  Board  of  Guardians  received  on 
Saturday  a  report  by  Mr.  Channon,  architect,  of  a 
survey  of  the  older  portion  of  the  workhouse.  He 
stated  that  the  old  buildings  were  dilapidated  and 
out  of  date,  and  he  suggested  one  or  two  miuor  im- 
provements ;  but  added  that  so  far  as  the  structural 
stabiUty  of  the  building  was  concerned,  on  which  he 
had  been  specially  asked  to  report,  he  could  find  no 
fault.  It  was  decided  to  send  the  report  to  the 
Local  Government  Bjard. 

The  death  is  announcad  of  Mr.  C.  P.  Cotton, 
M.Iust.C.E.,  for  many  years  chief  engineering 
inspector  to  the  Local  Government  Boari  for 
Ireland.  The  deceased  had  reached  the  age  of  72 
years,  but  till  recently  he  had  apparently  enjoyed 
such  excellent  health  that  his  death,  on  the  10th  mst., 
at  his  residence,  Ryecroft,  Bray,  near  Dublin,  was 
quite  unexpected. 

A  school  is  in  course  of  erection  at  Whitley  for 
the  Education  Committee  of  the  Northumberland 
County  Council.  The  architect  is  Mr.  W.  H. 
Knowles,  F.S.A.,  of  Newcastle,  whose  design  was 
recently  selected  in  competition. 

Two  single-light  windows  have  just  been  executed 
by  Messrs.  Percy  Bacon  and  Brothers,  of  11,  New- 
man-street, London,  W.,  and  placed  in  Hawthorn 
Church,  near  Seahaiu  Harbour,  as  memiriaU  of  the 
late  Richard  Lawrence  Pembertou.  "  St.  Gabriel" 
is  the  subject  of  the  family  window,  and  **  St. 
Michael "  of  the  one  given  by  the  f rien  Is. 

The  extensions  to  the  hospital  for  the  City  of 
Bristol  at  Ham  Greeu  are  being  warmed  and  venti- 
lated by  means  of  Shorlaud's  double-fronted  patent 
Manchester  stoves,  with  descending  smoke-flues,  the 
same  being  supplied  by  Messrs.  E.  II.  Shorlaud  and 
Brother,  of  Manc'nester,  those  previously  supplied 
having  proved  very  satisfactory. 

At  the  Norwich  Consistory-court  citations  have 
beeu  issued  (or  the  restoration  of  the  nave  an  i  north 
transept  ot  West  Lynn  pirish  church  at  an  eatiiuated 
cost  ot  £550,  and  for  placing  memorial  stauieJ-glass 
windows  in  the  parish  churches  of  Cromer  aut  Eist 
Dereham. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  was  bald  on 
Wednesd.iy  at  Eist  Hill,  Wandsworth,  into  the 
application  of  the  Wandsworth  Bjrough  Council  to 
borrow  £1,550  for  erection  of  a  disiufectuig  station 
at  the  dust  destructor  depot,  Tooting. 

Messrs.  Young  and  Mackenzie,  of  Belfast,  have 
been  appoiuteil  engineers  to  the  board  of  guirdians 
for  that  city  for  the  erection  of  a  board-room  and 
oflicos,  Bstimited  to  cost  £S,44;1. 

The Clapham  and  Wandsworth  Board  of  G uar.i ians 
have  purchased  for  £25,000  the  Westminster  Union 
Schools  at  Wandsworth  for  industrial  purposes. 


442 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  25,  1904. 


— ♦-♦-» — 

SoxxixG. — Some  months  ago  an  outcry  wag 
raised  against  the  proposed  demolitioQ  of  the  old 
wooden  bridges  across  the  Thames  at  Sonning 
(near  Keading)  and  the  erection  of  steel  lattice- 
girder  bridges  in  place  of  them.  The  latter  have 
just  been  completed.  Altogether  they  are  150yd. 
long  and  251t.  wide,  with  red  brick  piers  and 
grey-painted  parapets.  The  old  brick  bridge 
that  leads  up  to  the  bridge  of  Sonning  still 
remains  intact,  but  it  is  intended  eventually  to 
demolish  it,  as  the  new  bridges  have  been  erected 
chiefly  with  the  object  of  taking  heavy  traffic — 
traction-engines  and  road-rollers — which  the  old 
wooden  construction  was  unable  to  bear,  and  the 
existing  brick  bridge  already  has  a  notice  board 
at  one  end  of  it  cautioning  drivers  that  it  is  not 
to  be  used  for  heavy  vehicles.  The  new  steel 
bridges  have  been  carried  out  by  the  O.xford 
County  Council,  from  the  design  of  their  sur- 
veyor, Mr.  H.  J.  Tollit,  whose  recent  death  by 
accident  is  referred  to  iu  another  column. 


CHIPS. 

By  a  iire  which  occurred  on  Tuesday  at  Appley 
Towers,  near  Ryde,  the  residence  and  property  of 
Mr.  George  Hutt,  damage  to  the  extent  of  over 
£5,000  was  occasioned.  The  fire  broke  out  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  building,  owing,  it  is  thought,  to 
defective  flues.  The  chief  tower,  which  is  about 
100ft.  high,  was  burnt  out.  The  roof  of  the  main 
building  fell  in,  but  the  lower  first  and  the  ground 
floors  were  saved. 

The  corporation  of  London  are  about  to  take 
immediate  steps  to  promote  a  Bill  in  Parliament 
authorising  them  to  inspect  all  buildings  and  compel 
owners  to  provide  proper  means  of  exit  through  the 
roof  by  fixed  ladders,  or  other  adequate  means  of 
escape,  in  the  case  of  fire. 

In  the  application  of  electric  traction  to  a  main- 
line steam  railway,  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire 
Railway  Company  have  led  the  way  by  undertaking 
the  electrification  of  their  system  between  Liverpool 
and  Southport.  The  work  has  occupied  about  IN 
months,  the  length  of  track  dealt  with  being  'I'i 
mUes.  The  whole  has  been  carried  out  by  Messrs. 
Dick,  Kerr,  and  Co.,  of  London  and  Preston.  The 
new  system  was  formally  inaugurated  on  Tuesday. 

Mrs.  Radford  Pym  has  presented  to  the  city 
council  of  Norwich,  for  use  as  a  public  recreation 
and  pleasure  ground,  a  thickly-wooded  belt  of  land, 
six  acres  in  extent,  and  known  as  Stonehills  Planta- 
tion, situate  a  little  beyond  the  tramway  terminus 
in  Dereham-road. 

At  Sunday  night's  service  at  St.  George's  Church, 
Truro,  Archdeacon  Cornish  dedicated  a  new  pulpit 
of  Bath  stone,  with  panels  of  Scotch  rouge  marble, 
and  erected  on  a  base  of  Cornish  granite. 

Eastbrook  Hall,  Bradford,  built  at  a  cost  of 
£24,000  by  the  Wesleyans  on  the  site  of  the  old 
Eastbrook  chapel,  was  formally  opened  on  Monday. 
Towards  the  coat  of  the  new  building  £ll,5r)0  has 
already  been  raised.  The  hall  is  designed  on  the 
amphitheatre  plan,  being  octagonal  in  shape,  and 
containing  seats  for  2,000  persons.  There  is  also 
a  lower  hall,  40tt.  square,  and  classrooms  and  ante- 
rooms. The  premises  are  lighted  by  electricity. 
The  front  of  the  building,  which  abuts  ou  Leeds- 
road,  is  occupied  by  shop  property. 

Plans  by  Mr.  R.  A.  Bryden  have  been  adopted 
for  a  new  maternity  hospital  to  be  built  at  Glasgow 
at  an  estimated  cost  of  £40,000. 

In  the  case  of  Frederick  Victor  Eade  and  Thomas 
Edward  William  Russell  (trading  in  copartnership 
asEide  and  Co.),  Brighton,  timber  and  builders' 
supply  merchants — the  order  of  discharge  from 
bankruptcy  has  been  suspended  for  two  years 
ending  Feb.  19,  1906. 

The  last  meeting  of  the  Liverpool  University 
Engineering  Society  session  was  held  on  Tuesday 
week  at  the  Walker  Engineering  Laboratories,  Mr. 
Anderson  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Joseph  Parry,  M.I.C.E. 
(chief  engineer  Liverpool  waterworks),  read  a  paper 
on  "Forestry  in  its  Relation  to  the  Eagineering 
Profession,"  in  which  he  described  the  work  being 
carried  on  by  the  Liverpool  Corporation  at  Vyrnwy 
for  the  encouragement  of  forestry. 

The  seventh  annual  dinner  of  the  Bristol  Cabinet 
Manufacturers'  Federation  was  held  on  Siturday 
evening  at  the  Royal  Hotel,  College  Green.  The 
president,  Mr.  Arthur  E.  Newth,  was  in  the  chair  ;. 
and  among  those  present  were  Messrs.  Arthur  J. 
Jenkins  and  Himilton  Grace  (vice-presidents),  and 
Henry  J.  Spear  (secretary). 

Mr.  Thomas  Birbeck,  builder,  of  Stanley -street, 
Sunderland,  died  suddenly  on  the  15th  inst.,  as  the 
result  o£  hurrying  to  catch  a  tramoar.  He  leaves  a 
widow,  three  sons,  and  two  daughters,  all  grown  up. 


TO    OOBRESPONDENTS. 

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communications  respecting  illustrations  or  literary  matter 

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Telephone  No.  1633  Holbom. 


GOOD    FRIDAY. 


Nkxt  week  the  Bcildisg  News  will  be  published  on 
Thursday,  March  31,  at  the  usual  hour.  All  Advertise- 
ments for  next  week's  issue  must  reach  the  office  before 
THREE  p.m.  on  WEDNESDAY,  MARCH  30,  instead  of 
ou  Thursday  aa  usual. 


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C0mspf0ttbtn;ct 


FAILURE   OF   MECHANICAL    VENTI- 
LATION. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildixq   News. 

Sir, — I  fail  to  perceive  upon  what  grounds 
Mr.  liussell  bases  Ms  belief  that  the  House  of 
Commons  will  eventually  be  **  heated  and  venti- 
lated by  downward  Tlenum  on  up-to-date  lines,'' 
as  the  pr'uiciplr  of  that  system  must  always  be 
thr  .saijtc,  and  that  that  principle  is  essentially  and 
radically  wrong  has  now  been  conclusively  demon- 
strated beyond  the  shadow  of  a  doubt. 

The  following  extracts  from  the  atticles  referred 
to  by  your  correspondent  explain  clearly  what  I 
mear  to  convey  :  — 

"  There  is  no  controverting  the  fact  that  the  Plenum 
system  is   fundamentally   wrong.    It  is  unscientific  in 


principle,  opposed  to  all  the  laws  that  govern  ventila- 
tion, ia  contrary  to  common  sense,  and  a  menace  to 
health.     .     .    . 

"It  is  universally  condemned  by  scientific  authorities  as 
most  pernicious  and— from  causes  which  are  well  known 
—fatal  to  health,  insidiously  sowing  the  seeds  of  disease." 

How  could  the  Select  Committee  ever  logically 
adopt  the  downward  Plenum  system  after  having 
expressed  themselves  so  adversely  in  respect  to 
it,  as  shown  by  the  following  extracts  from  the 
report  ?  :  — 

"  When,  as  is  usually  the  case,  the  temperature  of  the 
air  in  a  building  is  below  78"'  or  so,  ventilation  from  below 
upwards  is  assisted,  and  that  from  above  downwards  is 
hinilered  by  the  breathing  effects  of  each  individual  in 
the  building;  and  the  larger  the  number  of  individuals, 
the  greater  is  the  assistance  or  hindrance  thus  offered. 
Hence,  other  things  being  equal,  natural  ventilation  may 
be  said  to  be  that  which  takes  place  upwards  from  below. 

"  Taking  No.  1,  the  Plenum  bystem,  the  flow  is  deter- 
mined simply  by  pressure  at  the  inlet,  and  the  air  makes 
its  exit  below  the  breathing  level. 

"These  features  would  alone  lead  theCommittee  to  hesi- 
tate in  recommending  that  the  present  scheme  should  be 
exchanged  for  the  Plenum  system.  They  are  confirmed 
in  this  decision  by  the  following  considerations." 

As  these  "considerations"  are  fully  stated  in 
your  correspondent's  letter,  there  is  no  necessity 
to  repeat  them  ;  the  committee,  however,  go  on 
to  say :  — 

"  Making  every  allowance  for  the  play  of  prejudice,  th 
testimony    thug    given  does    seem  to  the  Committee  to 
militate  seriously  against  the  system  [Plenum],  and  they 
cannot  recommend  that  it  should  be  adopted. 

"  Passing  to  system  Xo.  2,  with  the  intake  at  the  ceiling 
and  the  outflow  by  the  floor,  this  differs  from  the  Plenum 
system  chiefly  as  regards  the  distribution  of  motive 
power.  It  contravenes  (ii.)  and  possesses  no  advantage 
as  regards  (iv.),  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  would  satis- 
factorily comply  with  (.i.)  and  (iii.)  Moreover,  the  system 
was  in  early  days  adopted  in  the  Chamber,  and  given  up 
as  being  unsatisfactory.  The  Committee  cannot  recom- 
mend its  adoption." 

Here  also  we  have  the  Plenum  system  con- 
demned, and,  as  will  be  observed,  this  system 
has  already  been  tried  in  the  House  of  Commons 
and  discarded  as  inefficient. 

The  committee  further  said  :  — 

"  As  to  this  monotony  that  you  speak  of,  the  effeet-i  of  it 
may  perhaps  be  seen  in  the  Plenum.  You  know  the  full 
Plenum  system  where  the  supply  is  exceedingly  uaifurm; 
but  those  who  use  that  system  a  ^reat  deal— those  who. 
for  instance,  live  in  a  room  that  is  absoutely  ventilated 
by  that  system-  only  complain  of  the  air  being  oppressive 
and  giving  rise  to  lassitude." 

Professor  Shaw,  the  chief  scientific  adviser  of 
the  committee,  said:  — 

"  Making  a  general  descending  current  over  the  house 
means  mixing  the  used  air  with  the  fresher  air  and 
bringing  the  mixture  down  to  the  floor  of  the  House,  and 
passing  it  over  the  Members.  In  so  far  as  that  point  ia 
concerned,  the  suggestion  seems  to  me  to  be  worse  than 
the  present  f-ystem.  Tbe  air  supplied,  unless  the  amount 
were  proportionately  increased,  would  be  less  fresh  when 
it  reached  the  fl"or  than  the  air  is  at  present,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  fact  that  the  products  of  respiration  and  so 
on  have  to  go  upwards  in  the  first  instance,  and  to  bring 
them  down  again  would  mean  bringing  them  down  past 
the  Members.  The  'Plenum*  system  seems  to  me  to 
have  the  same  objection,  because  that  depends  upon  intro- 
ducing the  air  near  the  ceiling  and  taking  it  out  near  the 
floor.  ...  I  think  that  it  is  not  desirable  to  intro- 
duce it." 

To  again  quote  from  the  articles  :  — 

"  The  Select  Committee  having  recorded,  in  common  with 
previous  committees,  its  disapproval  of  '  Plenum '  and 
Kindred  methods  of  mechanical  ventilation,  which  it 
'  cannot  recommend  should  be  atiopted.'  and  as  neither 
the  propulsion  nor  extraction  fans,  nor  the  hot-air  upcast 
shaft  in  the  tower  appear  to  be  satisfactory,  it  will  be 
interesting  to  note  what  other  plan  may  be  resorted  to  in 
this  the  latest  of  the  many  attempts  to  efficiently  venti- 
late the  House  of  Commons  artificially,  and  which,  so  far, 
have  proved  abortive  and  worse  than  useless. 

"...  Judging  from  the  results  of  the  experiment 
wbich  the  Committee  has  already  made  with  the  latest 
construction  of  extraction  fans,  these  appliances,  when 
used  for  extraction,  would  seem  to  be  no  more  satis- 
factory than  when  employed  fi-»r  propulsion. 

"...  From  the  complaints  made  by  the  Members  in 
respect  to  the  '  noise  aud  draughts  '  caused  by  the  new 
extraction  fans  fitted  experimentally  by  instruction  of 
the  Committee  to  different  parts  of  the  House,  it  would 
appear  as  if  the  question  of  extraction  has  not  yet  been 
satisfactorily  solved.'' 

The  following  is  from  the  report : — 

"  You  say  that  the  chairrann  and  other  members  of  the 
committees  have  complained  of  the  draught  caused  by  the 
fans  1—1  had  in  my  mind  one  honourable  member  in  par- 
ticular ;  the  chairman  in  the  police  and  sanitiry  com- 
mittee-room stops  the  fan  immediately  he  comes  into  the 
room.  ,  ,    ^, 

".  .  .  Numerous  observations  made  as  regards  the 
percentage  of  carbonic  acid  in  the  air  of  the  committee- 
rooms  under  difl'erent  conditions  as  to  the  number  of  per- 
sons present,  and  whether  one  or  two  fans  were  in  opera- 
tion :  results  not  satisfactory. 

"  Bad  air  t-hown  by  the  examinations  in  the  case  of  the 
committee-rooms;  limited  efi"ect  of  the  fans.     ,    .     . 

"  Strong  complaints  as  to  the  very  injurious  effect  npon 
the  health  of  witnesses  and  counsel  through  the  bad  air 
in  the  committee-rooms.    .     .    .  '" 

The  articles  say  :  — 

"The  objections  to  open  windows  when  used  as  a  means 
of  ventilation  in  cold  and  stormy  weather  are  admitted; 
but  barbarous  though  such  a  method  may  he  when  em- 


March  25,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


443 


ployed  under  those  conditions,  it  would  seem,  according 
to  the  committee,  could  it  at  all  times  be  employed,  to  be 
preterable  to  'Plenum'  ventilation,  which,  though 
doubtless  very  captivating  in  theory  and  t«}  the  inexperi- 
enced, has  been  shown  in  practice  as  applied  to  ditferent 
classes  of  buildinK«  to  be  even  more  unsatisfactory  and 
unhealthy  than  the  hot-air  extraction  shafts  in  vogue  in 
the  early  days  of  ventilation,  and  of  which  type  the  shaft 
in  the  cluck-tower,  now  condemned  by  the  Committee,  is 
a  belated  survival.    .     .     . 

"The  overwhelming  testimony  which  now  exists  against 
the  utility  of  mechanical  or  artitlcial  ventilation  in  any 
form  and  in  favour  of  natural  ventilation  intelligently  and 
scientifically  apphed,  has  led  to  a  marked  change  in  the 
opinions  once  held  by  many  with  regard  to  the  compara- 
tive advantages  of  the  two  methods." 

Surely  all  this  should  be  sufficient  to  convince 
Mr.  Russell  that  his  theory  in  regard  to  the 
possible  adoption  of  Plenum  ventilation  in  the 
House  of  (Jommons  at  some  future  time  is  some- 
what visionary. — I  am,  &c., 

Geokge  H.  Biihiy. 

69,  (iueen'a-road,  Twickenham,  Hareh  21. 


SiK, — Mr.  Nesbit  seems  to  have  rather  confused 
ideas  as  to  what  constitutes  artificial  and  what 
natural  ventilation.  He  admits  that  Claybury 
Asylum  is  "  ventilated  "  by  fan  propulsion  ; 
but  aa  this  particular  installation  is,  seemingly, 
not  quite  in  accordance  with  his  ideas  of  a  perfect 
Plenum  system,  having  proved  a  disastrous 
fa'lure,  it  is  therefore  (to  quote  Mr.  Nesbit'a  own 
words)  "  to  all  intents  and  purposes  a  '  natural ' 
system  of  ventilation." 

Comment  upon  a  statement  like  this,  coming 
as  it  does  from  a  professing  expert  ventilating 
engineer  who  aspires  to  be  accepted  as  a  teacher 
of  the  principles  and  practice  of  ventilation,  is 
superfluous. 

I  must  apologise  to  Mr.  Xesbit  for  quoting 
him  as  having  said  that  Plenum  ventilation  had 
received  a  "  check  "  in  respect  to  its  application 
to  asylums.  Mr.  Nesbit  points  out  with  somewhat 
pardonable  heat,  that  his  words  were  "tem- 
porary check."  The  difference  is  doubtless 
important,  and  I  hasten  to  acknowledge  it. 

31r.  Xesbit  suggests  that  it  would  be  interest- 
ng  to  know  if  I  have  been  connected  with  the 
editing  and  circulation  of  the  "  so-called  "  blue- 
book  recently  published  by  Messrs.  Hickson, 
Ward,  and  Co.  In  reply,  I  desire  to  say  that  I 
have  had  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  ttie  pub- 
lication in  question,  nor  with  the  most  instructive 
articles  which  appeared  in  your  valued  journal,  of 
which  the  said  pamphlet  is  a  reprint,  and  which 
I  consider  afford  much  very  useful  information  in 
a  concrete  form,  that  must  prove  a  great  boon  to 
architects  who  have  not  the  time  to  wade  through 
the  entire  report  of  the  Select  Committee. 

I  regard  this  publication  as  one  of  the  most 
important  that  has  recently  been  made  in  connec- 
tion with  the  subject  of  ventilation,  and  it 
demolishes  many  fallacies  for  good  and  all,  the 
various  "systems"  being  shown  in  their  true 
light  by  the  highest  authorities. 

I  do  not  know  why  Mr.  Xesbit  should  object 
to  the  cover  of  this  publication  being  blue,  unless 
it  ij  that,  having  regard  to  the  contents,  the 
colour  is  a  painful  one  to  the  advocates  of  me- 
mechanical  ventilation. 

Mr.  Xesbit  advises  architects  to  put  this  little 
■work  into  the  wastepaper  basket,  insinuating  that 
it  is  not  reliable.  Xow  I  have  c arc  'ully  read  both 
the  pamphlet  and  the  full  report,  and  challenge 
Mr.  Xesbit  to  give  one  single  sentence  from  the 
extracts  from  the  report  that  differs  in  the  slightest 
degree  from  tlieoriginal  text,  or  conveys  a  different 
meaning.  The  extracts  and  the  text  are  identical, 
both  in  the  letter  and  the  spirit. 

I  am  not  surprised  that  Mr.  Xesbit,  as  a  vendor 
of  mechanical  ventilating  arrangements,  would 
like  to  see  this  little  azure-coloured  book  sup- 
pressed, and  which  ho,  somewliat  clumsily, 
attempts  to  discredit:  for  a  more  damning  expo- 
sition by  tho  higliest  authorities  in  the  world  of 
not  only  the  utter  inetliciency  of  Plenum  and 
other  forms  of  mechanical  and  artificial  ventila- 
tion, but  of  their  actual  danger  to  health,  could 
not  be  found. 

As  an  architect,  I  can  assure  -Mr.  Xesbit  th.at 
architects,  as  a  body,  are  (|uite  able  to  judge  for 
themselves  in  those  matters,  and  are  by  no  means 
the_  simple  and  uninformed  people  that  his 
disinterested  suggestion  in  respect  to  this 
booklet  would  seem  to  imply.  Jlr.  Nesbit 
must  also  try  to  understand  that  the  public 
health  is  not  to  bo  sacrificed  and  made  stibservient 
to  mere  individual  or  trade  interests.  He  should 
follow  tho  example  shown  him  by  tho  natural- 
ventilation  engineers,  and  refrain  from  naming 
and  defaming  for  his  own  selfish  purposes  the 
ventilators  of  his  trade  competitors,  which  ciin 


do  him  no  good,  as  such  conduct  is  obnoxious  to 
all  right-minded  men,  ami  this  "hitting  below 
the  belt  "  has  always  been  looked  upon  askance 
as  un-English  and,  if  1  may  be  allowed  the  ex- 
pression, unsportsmanlike. 

Is  it  not  somewhat  unreasonable  on  the  part  of 
Mr.  Xesbit,  who  himself  quotes  Dr.  Ijillinga  and 
Sir  Douglas  (ialton,  to  insinuate  that  "the  true 
characteristics  of  an  English  gentleman"  should 
hav3  restrained  me  from  doing  likewise ';'  If  any 
of  my  quotations  are  incorrect  I  shall  be  pleased 
to  see  them  revised.  Mr.  Xesbit  is  not  entitled 
to  call  them  "  garbled  "  without  showing  in  what 
way  they  are  so,  and  this  he  omits  to  do. 

I  am  glad  to  learn  that  it  is  Mr.  Xesbit's  belief 
that  some  of  the  "  authorities  "  he  quoted  are 
still  alive,  and  therefore  their  evidence  is  not 
rightly  to  be  classed  with  the  Troglodyte  or 
PaliEozoic  periods  of  ventilation.  I  submit,  how- 
ever, that  it  would  have  been  more  to  the  point  if 
Mr.  Xesbit  had  attempted  to  controvert  the  state- 
ments I  made,  and  which  do  not  accord  with  his. 
This,  however,  he  also  omits  to  do.  Simply  getting 
angry  and  indulging  in  personalities  and  un- 
worthy insinuations  is  neither  a  very  dignified 
nor  a  convincing  mode  of  argument.  Perhaps 
the  gentlemen  whose  names  Mr.  Xesbit  has 
introduced  into  this  discussion  may  have  some- 
thing to  say  in  respect  to  the  points  in  question, 
and  I  am  sure  that  Dr.  liilliDgs  will  not  fail, 
should  this  correspondence  come  under  his  notice, 
to  clear  Sir  Douglas  Galton's  memory  of  the  most 
unjust  aspersion  which  Mr.  Xesbit  has  seen  fit  to 
cast  upon  the  statements  of  that  gentleman, 
seeing  that  Sir  Douglas  Galton,  as  Mr.  Xesbit 
remarks,  is  dead,  and  therefore  unable  himself 
to  defend  his  good  name. 

Mr.  Xfsbit  has  quite  an  unquenchable  pre- 
dilection forantediluvian  ventilation  reminiscences, 
which,  though  they  may  perhaps  possess  a  pre- 
historic interest  for  the  antiquarian,  would  seem 
to  show  that  he  does  not  realise  that  these  old- 
world  ideas  are  now  all  changed,  and  that  he  is 
pathetically  out  of  line  with  his  subject. 

Mr.  Xesbit  sceptically  demands  the  name  of 
the  Royal  Commissioner  on  Ventilation  who  con- 
demned Plenum  or  fan  ventilation  by  propulsion 
as  "pernicious"  and  "abominable,"  and  also 
of  the  architect  who  denounced  that  system  as 
"  II  liiiije  mistahe,"  politely  intimating  that 
"without  these  gentlemen's  identification  one 
cannot  place  any  reliance  upon  such  statements." 

I  am  rather  surprised  that,  with  the  knowledge 
of  these  matters  which  Mr.  Xesbit  professes  to 
have,  he  should  not  be  aware  that  the  name  of 
tte  Royal  Commissioner  in  question  is  Dr. 
Armstrong,  and  that  of  the  architect  Mr.  A. 
Saxon  Snell,  both  well-known  gentlemen  in  their 
professions. 

Mr.  Xesbit  displays  the  characteristics  of  a 
veritable  St.  Thomas  in  his  reception  of  the 
statements  of  others  which  may  have  the  mis- 
fortune to  be  opposed  to  his  own,  and  which  he 
dubs  "  unhandsome  assertions." 

Mr.  Xesbit  informs  us  that  the  United  States 
is  not  the  birthplace  of  Plenum  ventilation : 
but  as  he  once  more  omits  to  say  what  country 
possesses  that  distinction,  and  to  furnish  the 
necessary  proof,  I  must  f  till  confess  my  adherence 
to  the  old  tradition,  even  though  it  may  be 
enshrouded  in  the  mists  of  ages. 

Mr.  Xesbit*s  hctc  noi>\  the  "air-pump"  venti- 
lator, seems  to  have  a  magnetic  attraction  for  him, 
and  to  be  fast  becoming  a  mania,  as  I  observe  in 
his  letter  the  usual  complement  of  cheap  sneers 
and  innuendoes  against  that  unfortunate  object  of 
his  wrath. 

I  observe,  however,  that  Mr.  Xesbit,  with  a 
magnanimous  constraint  that  does  him  honour, 
confines  himself  to  sneers  and  insinuations  only, 
though  these  are  given  with  an  unmistakable  "  1 
could,  an  I  would  "  air. 

Mr.  Xesbit  says  , that  his  "own  experience  is 
the  samo  as  Messrs.  Eassie,  Rogers-Field  and  Sir 
Douglas  (ialton,  that  a  pipe  with  an  open  end  is 
the  best  outlet  which  one  can  possibly  have  for 
the  discharge  of  vitiated  air."  If  Mr.  Xesbit 
really  believes  this,  perhaps  he  will  bo  so  good  as 
to  tell  us  why  he  resorts  to  costly  mechanical 
arrangements  instead  of  employing  a  plain  and  in- 
expensive pipe,  which,  from  his  "own  ex- 
perience," he  asserts  "  is  the  best  outlet  which 
one  can  possibly  have  for  the  discharge  of 
vitiated  air  "  r 

Xow  .Mr.  Xesbit  has  already  made  a  good  many 
statements  in  regard  to  tho  opinions  hold  by 
cerlain  authorities,  especially  Sir  Douglas  tialton, 
which  I  have  controverted,  and  I  now  again  feel 
compelled  to  do  so.  Sir  Douglas  Galton,  referring 


to  the  value   of  open  pipes    as   foul-air  outlets 

says : — 

"  Gusts  of  wind  will  sometimes  cause  a  reverse  action  ia 
the  tube.  In  hot  weather,  if  the  shaft  is  colder  than  the 
outer  air,  a  down-current  may  ensue. 

"  In  consequence  of  the  numerous  causes  of  disturbance 
enumerated  above,  this  method  of  extraction,  when 
applied  to  a  house,  could  not  be  relied  on  to  act  on  all 
occasions  with  certainty  as  an  extraction  shaft." 

AVhose  statement  is  to  be  accepted  as  correct,  Sir 
Douglas  Galton's  or  Mr.  Xesbit's  r 

As  it  is  obvious  that  Mr.  Xesbit's  statements  (in 
fact  he  distinctly  says  so),  are  intended  to  show- 
that  his ''tVc  h&i  i,  the  "air-pump"  ventilator,  is 
an  entirely  unnecessary  and  worthless  appliance, 
let  us  hear  what  Sir  Douglas  Galton  says  in 
regard  to  it :  — 

"  Boyle's  cowls  are  arranged  with  fixed  blades  which 
divert  the  direct  action  of  the  wind,  and  this  causes  them 
always  to  assist  the  exhau-tt ;  and  they,  moreover,  afford 
an  area  of  exhaust  considerably  larger  than  the  area  eC 
the  tube." 

This  is  confirmed  by  Lord  Kelvin  as  follows  ; — 

"  I  have  seen  several  different  forms  of  Mr.  Boyle's  *  air- 
pump'  ventilator  in  actual  operation,  and  have  much 
pleasure  in  testifying  to  their  efficiency. " 

lie  the  assertion  that  when  there  is  no  wind 
these  ventilators  are  inoperative,  the  following 
extract  from  a  report  by  Professor  Macquom 
Rankin,  after  twelve  months'  testing,  would  seem 
to  conclusively  settle  that  point : — 

"There  is  no  time  throughout  the  whole  year  but  when 
there  is  a  sufficient  movement  in  the  atmosphere  to  cause 
the  '  air-pump  '  ventilator  to  act." 

This  report  is  endorsed  by  Professor  Grant, 
who  said  of  the  "  air-pump  "  ventilator  : — 

*'  It  is  constructed  on  sound  scientific  principles,  acts  in 
strict  accordance  with  the  laws  of  Nature,  and  cannot 
fail  to  operate." 

Again  I  say,  either  these  authorities  or  Mr. 
Xesbit  have  made  incorrect  statements.  Which 
is  to  be  believed  1- 

ilr.  Rogers-Field  is  the  next  authority  Mr. 
Xesbit  quotes  as  condemning  the  use  of  cowls, 
and,  in  support  of  the  theory  of  open  pipes,  being 
the  best. 

I  am  afraid  Mr.  Xesbit  is  not  quite  up  to 
date  in  his  subject,  or  he  would  know  that  upon 
the  conclusion  of  Mr.  Roger-Field's  Kew  tests 
the  official  report  issued  by  the  Sanitary  Institute 
states  that  cowls  were  found  to  be  inort-  cffeetire 
than  open  pipes.  I  refer  to  the  final  and  complete 
report,  and  not  the  prehistoric  instalment  dated 
1877,  which  Mr.  Nesbit,  for  his  own  purpose". 
saw  fit  to  make  use  of  in  his  paper  read  before  the 
Society  of  Architects  iciihunt  i/iriii;/  the  ilnte. 

Xow  for  the  last  authority  which  -  Ir.  Xesbit 
quotes  as  in  favour  of  open  pipes  and  against 
ventilators  as  being  something  worse  than  useless, 
Mr.  William  Eassie,  C.E.,  who  says  of  Mr. 
Xesbit's  hi'te  iinir,  the  "  air-pump  "  ventilator  ; — 

"  I  have  often  made  use  of  the  'air-pump'  ventilator, 
and  consider  it  most  admirable.  Its  action  is  continuous. 
6.ni.itr'ui<i"f  i>r,^-i'-huj  <i  t  "III  of  ont'T.  It  is  decidedly  the 
most  efficient  foul-air  withdrawing  medium  that  1  ever 
met  with." 

As  Mr.  Nesbit  has  solemnly  assured  us  that  his 
"own  experience  is  the  same  as  Messrs.  Eassie. 
Kogere-Field,  and  Sir  Douglas  Galton,"  in 
respect  to  cowls  and  open  pipes,  does  it  not 
strike  him  that  he  is  now  a  little  inconsistent  in 
the  expression  of  his  principles  and  articles  of 
belief:  I  repeat  that  Mr.  Xesbit  is  not  only 
unfortunate  in  the  selection  of  his  "  authorities," 
but  reri/  unfortunate  in  his  futile  efforts  to  defame 
the  "air-pump"  ventilator,  tho  good  n.ame  of 
which,  like  Sir  Douglas  Galton's,  is  quite  above 
his  fatuous  and  spiteful  aspersions,  ilr.  Xesbit 
would  seem  to  have  reduced  to  a  science  the  gentle 
art  of  digging  pits  for  oth-^r  people  and  tumbling 
into  them  himself. — I  am,  \c  , 

Gr.ouoK  H.  BiiiuY. 

69,  (iueen's-road,  Twickenham,  March  '22. 


The  work  of  rebuilding  the  Exe  Bridge  at  Exeter 
is  makini;  8te.ady  progress.  The  contractors  are 
Messrs.  Woodman  and  Sou,  of  that  city. 

The  ofTicers,  non-commissioned  officers,  and  men 
of  the  Ist  K.V.  have  decided  to  place  iu  the  large 
Drillhall,  Exeter,  a  marble  tablet  as  a  tribute  to  the 
bravery  of  their  comrades  who  faced  the  foe  in  ths 
last  Boer  War.  The  tablet,  which  has  Iwen  executed 
by  Messrs.  Harry  Hems  and  Sons,  sculptors,  Exeter, 
is  now  completed  and  ready  for  fixing,  and  will  be 
uu veiled  iu  a  few  weeks.  The  names  are  inscribed 
on  a  slab  of  Caatellino  marble,  upon  a  bactgroimd 
of  variegated  coloured  alabaster,  all  highly  polished. 
In  the  podimout  above  are  tho  city  arms  and  motto. 
with  their  supporters,  carved  in  high  relief,  and 
decorated  with  heraldic  colour. 


444 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  25,  1904. 


JnUtC0mmutticati0n. 


QVI:sTIO^''s. 

m[  12046.] — Fixing  Door  Frames. — There  are  several 
hundred  stained  and  varnished  door-frames  required  in  a 
large  building  which  will  take  two  or  three  years  to  build. 
Will  any  correspondent  kindly  give  a  simple,  practical 
method  of  fixing  these  when  the  walls  are  up.  instead  of 
building  them  in  as  the  work  proceeds  ?— Tenax. 

[12047.]— Strong:  Room.— I  have  a  strong  room  to 
construct  to  a  small  bank.  Would  some  reader  kindly 
suggest  methods  and  materials  of  construction  ? — 
Student.        

JIEFZIES. 

[12045.]— Oak.— Undoubtedly  the  right  thing  to  do 
with  outside  oak  timbers  is  to  use  boiled  oil  for  them. 
But  to  the  unsophisticated  eye  of  the  general  public 
varnish  is  more  acceptable.  The  oak  beams  on  the 
exterior  of  the  large  tire-station  near  the  late  Mr.  G. 
Gilbert  Scott,  jun.'s,  exceptionally  clever  church  of  AU 
Hallows,  Southwark,  S.E.,  were  varnished  by  the  natty 
(mostly  naval-bred)  firemen  there  when  they  first  took 
possession  of  those  premises  some  years  ago,  and  the 
wood,  when  last  I  was  that  way,  looked  e.xceedingly  well. 
When  I  built  my  own  studios  in  I8S1,  we  oiled  all  the 
external  oakwork ;  and  this  process  has  since  been 
repeated  every  four  or  five  years,  with  excellent  results. 
The  most  honest  treatment  undoubtedly  is  to  allow  the 
oak  to  remain  jubt  as  it  leaves  the  carpenter's  tool ;  but 
then  it  is  apt  to  go  a  silvery-grey  colour,  that  takes  all 
education  for  the  average  eye  to  acquire  a  lik  nj 
for  1  English  stuff,  left  to  itself,  is  almost  bound  to 
"open"  more  or  less;  and  if  used  in  bulk  is  certain 
50  to  do.  When  this  takes  place,  clients  always  be- 
come alarmed !  I  remember  once  making  a  large 
etatue  of  St.  Peter  out  of  a  balk  of  English-grown  oak 
for  a  North-country  church.  Some  months  later  the 
rector  **  wired  "  me  in  evident  concern  that,  "  St.  Peter 
was  getting  cracked :  "  My  reply  was  teise  :  '*  Don't 
be  alarmed;  I  never  knew  a  saint  who  wasn't !  "  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  when  big  figures  for  niches  are  carved  in 
oak  they  always  ought  to  be  hollowed  out  behind,  canoe- 
like. This  will  keep  the  front  and  sides  of  the  stuff  irom 
"opening,"  and  was  the  plan  generally  adopted  by  cun- 
ning craftsmen  in  Medueval  times.  In  my  own  collection 
of  old  wood  carvings  (mainly  15th  century  work)  — 
numbering  8Si  difiVrent  examples,  and  probably  the 
largest  private  accumulation  of  the  kind  in  this  country, 
is  an  instance  (of  the  above  date)  exemplified  in  a  large 
figure  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  Holy  Chdd— the 
former  standing  u;,on  a  crescent.  It  measures 
6ft.  by  2ft.  2ia.  by  1ft.  Sin.  pro.,  and  was  evidently  origin- 
ally suspended  in  the  air,  the  metal  cross-bar  to  which  the 
chain  was  formerly  attached  being  still  ;'*  si'u.  I  pro- 
cured the  statue  during  one  of  my  travels  in  Spiin.  The 
wood  is  scooped  out  behind  in  the  mjnner  described,  with 
the  happy  result  that  not  a  "  shake  "  is  in  evidence  any- 
where. The  late  Sir  O.  Gilbert  Scott,  R.A.,  aod  Mr. 
George  E.  Street,  R  A.,  two  architects  of  honoured 
memory,  who  in  the  latter  half  of  last  century  h  id  m  >re 
to  do  with  oakwork  than  had  any  other  ol  their  r  nt/r'jr'  .< 
in  the  profession,  never  knowingly  allowed  their  oak  to 
be  pinned  up  directly  it  left  the  bench.  "  Let  it  stand  as 
it  is  for  three  months ;  it  will  be  lime  enough  to  finish  it 
then,"  they  would  remark.  Olten.  in  my  own  othce, 
during  the  long  quiet  evenings  (for  masters  nave  to  work 
far  more  hours  than  do  empl  iyos,  as  the  latter  style  them- 
selvesnowadays  — "  workmen  "  was  the  good  old-fashioned 
terra)  I  hear  the  oak  in  my  shops— all  well-seasoned 
stuff— "fly"  and  crack  ever  and  again  with  reports 
like  those  of  so  many  pistols.  Many  years  ago  (it 
was  in  1876),  I  made  a  large  oak  pulpit,  trom  the  designs 
of  Mr.  Henry  Hall,  F.K  I.B.A.,  for  Christ  Chuich, 
Woburn-square,  W.U.  It  was  approached  by  winding 
_  stairs  of  the  same  miteriils.  After  completion,  the  bill 
went  in  in  due  course,  but  no  cheque  came  to  hand.  Some 
months  later,  the  pirson  complained  that  a  pmel  or  so 
showed  symptoms  of  opening,  and.  worse  otill  I  the  stairs 
creaked  when  ascended.  So  being  in  town  a  while  after 
wards,  we  went  together  to  the  church.  "  There  I  "  he 
exclaimed,  as  he  mounted  the  rostrum.  "  Listen  how  the 
stairs  creak— what  mn  h=  the  cause  /  "  "  Well,"  I  really 
could  not  help  retorting,  "the  saying  may  not  apply  to 
pulpits,  but  'tis  credibly  atfirmed  when  shoes  creak  they 
are  not  paid  for  !  "  Uis  reverence  took  the  hint.  I  got 
my  cheque,  and,  for  ought  known  to  the  contrary,  the 
stairs  never  creaked  again  .'  —Harry  Hems. 


Mr.  R.  H.  Bicknell,  M.Inat.C.E.,  on  behalf  of  the 
Local  Government  Board,  held  an  inquiry  at 
Chulmleigh  on  Friday  into  the  application  of  the 
Southmolton  Bural  District  Council  for  sanction  to 
borrow  £'2,050  for  works  of  water  supply  for  the 
Chalmleigh  special  drainage  district. 

Before  Mr.  Justice  Wills,  at  the  Birmingham 
Assizes,  on  Friday,  Elward  Chatwin,  builder,  of 
Maiy-street,  Balsall  Heath,  brought  an  action 
against  George  Townsend  and  Arthur  E.  Beck, 
estate  agents,  Newhall-street,  to  recover  £U'2  com- 
mission, alleged  to  be  due  on  the  sale  of  certain 
leasehold  property  in  St.  George*s-8treet,  Hockley. 
The  jury  found  a  verdict  in  favour  of  plaintiff. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Southampton  Educa- 
tion Committee,  a  report  was  read  from  a  joint 
committee  stating  that  a  letter  had  been  received 
from  Mr.  J.  H.  Blizard,  the  late  architect  to  the 
board,  to  the  effect  that  he  could  not  allow  payment 
of  the  sum  of  £1,068  10s.  owing  to  him  for  plans  to 
be  deferred  any  longer,  and  that  unless  a  definite 
reply  was  received  within  ten  days  he  should  place 
the  matter  in  his  solicitor's  hands.  The  committee 
recommended  that  the  sum  of  £501  for  plans  for 
Portwood  schools  should  be  paid  as  soon  as  sanction 
could  be  obtained,  but  that  the  amount  of  £56i  lOs. 
for  Bitterne  Park  school  should  not  be  paid.  The 
report  was  passed. 


LEaAL  INTELLIQENOB. 

PoxTEFRAcr  Tramways. — The  case  of  "  Dixon 
V.  Ito  Syndicate  "  was  concluded  on  Friday,  before 
Mr.  Justice  Ohannell,  in  the  King's  Bench  Division. 
The  action  was  brought  by  the  widow  of  the  late 
Mr.  T.  Ingham  Dixon,  a  contractor,  to  recover 
from  the  Ito  Syndicate  £7,401  Is.  8J.,  alleged  to  be 
due  under  an  agreement  of  June,  100'2,  made  be- 
tween Dixon  and  the  defendants,  whereby  the  latter 
agreed  to  pay  certain  amounts  for  work  done 
according  to  certificates  given  by  the  plaintiff's 
engineer.  The  defendants  denied  liability,  and 
counterclaimed  for  £8,000.  The  work  consisted  of 
the  laying  of  tramways  in  Castletord,  Pontefract, 
and  Normanton.  His  Lordship,  in  giving  judg- 
ment, said  with  regard  to  the  counterclaim,  he  had 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  £500  should  be 
awarded  against  the  plaintiff.  The  plaintiff,  how- 
ever, should  succeed  on  the  claim  for  £7,401,  and 
he  thought  he  was  entitled  to  damages  for  not 
having  had  an  opportunity  of  finishing  the  work. 
These  damages  he  estimated  at  £5,000.  Judgment 
for  £r2,401  for  plaintiff  on  the  claim,  and  for  £.)00 
for  defendant  on  the  counterclaim.  No  order  was 
made  as  to  the  costs. 

Action  for  Negliuence  aoaixst  Architects. — 
Ll.VE  V.  Lynaji  — At  the  Staffordshire  assizes,  last 
week,  Mr.  Justice  Ridley  and  a  special  jury  were 
for  three  days  occupied  in  the  trial  of  Line  v. 
Lynam.  The  plaintilf^  were  the  R^v.  John  Russell 
Line,  vicar  of  Christ  Church,  Stone,  Staffordshire, 
and  his  churchwardens,  Mr.  William  Wells  Bladeu 
and  Mr.  William  Jervis  Brandon.  They  brought 
their  action,  as  members  of  the  building  committee, 
to  recover  damages  from  Messrs.  Lynam,  Beckett, 
and  Lynam,  architects,  of  Stoke-upon-Trent,  for 
negligence  in  respect  of  the  rebuilding  of  the 
plaintiffs'  parish  church.  The  negligence  alleged 
against  the  defendants  consisted,  according  to  the 
case  made  by  the  plaintiffs,  miinly  in  a  failure  to 
have  the  roof  so  constructed  as  to  avoid  the  existence 
of  draughts.  The  rebuilding  was  determined  upon 
in  1896,  and  the  original  estimate  was  for  £3,000, 
but  a  lady  who  had  promised  £500  towards  the  ex- 
pense died  before  giving  it  and  without  leaving  it  by 
her  will.  The  estimate  was  cut  down  to  £2,500, 
and  the  defendants  said  that  they  did  the  best  they 
could  with  the  lesser  amount,  but  that  they  were 
seriously  hampered  in  the  effort  to  combine  cheapness 
with  efficiency.  It  was  conceded  that  the  result  was 
a  beautiful  church,  and  at  the  opening  service  every 
satisfaction  was  expressed.  Later  on  it  became 
apparent  to  the  plaintiffs  that  the  roof  was  not 
satisfactory.  The  system  pursued  was  said  to  be 
faulty,  and  one  ground  of  dissatisfaction  was  that 
felt  had  not  been  used.  A  great  amount  of  evidence 
of  a  highly  technicil  character  was  given  as  to  the 
merits  of  felt  for  roofs,  the  plaintiffs  seeking  to  show 
that  the  defendants  had  not  followed  the  best  sys- 
tem, while  the  defendants  called  a  number  of  wit- 
nesses to  show  that  the  draughts  were  not  caused  in 
the  way  alleged  by  the  plaintiffs,  and  that  the  system 
of  the  defeudanta  was  a  good  one,  and  that  the 
defendants  had  done  all  that  they  reasonably  could 
with  the  means  at  their  disposal.  According  to 
their  contention,  the  greatest  skill  and  care  could 
not  always  insure  perfect  immunity  from  draughts. 
The  jury  found  for  the  plaintiffs  for  £274  ISs.,  the 
amount  of  the  costs  incurred  in  remedying  the 
defects  of  the  roof.  The  defendants  succeeded  upon 
a  counterlaim  of  £103  lis.,  their  unpaid  fees;  and 
plaintiffs  had  judgment  for  the  balance,  with  the 
costs  of  the  action.  His  Lordship  certified  for  a 
special,  jury  and  released  the  jurors  from  further 
service  for  twelve  months. 

Liability  foe  Wokemes's  Compensation. — At 
Nottingham  Assizes  last  week,  before  Mr.  Justice 
Wills,  the  case  was  heard  of  **  Evans  v.  Cook — ■ 
Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Insurance  Co.,  Ltd.,  third 
party."  The  plaintiff,  Evans,  a  builder,  was  in 
1901  engaged  in  the  construction  of  a  workhouse  at 
Bagthorpe,  Nottingham.  The  defendant  contracted 
with  the  plaintiff'  to  do  the  plastering  required  for 
the  workhouse,  and  agreed  to  indemnify  the 
plaintiff  against  all  claims,  whether  under  the 
Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  1897,  or  otherwise, 
in  respect  of  any  accident  or  inj  ary  to  any  person  in 
the  defendants'  employment  happening  during  such 
employment.  One  of  the  defendant's  workmen  was 
injured  while  at  work  on  the  building,  and  made  a 
claim  against  the  plaintiff  for  153.  9i,  per  week, 
which  payments  had  been  made  by  the  plaintiff  from 
July  23,  1901,  up  to  the  present  time.  The  total 
amount  so  paid  to  the  present  time  was  £107  23. 
This  sum  he  now  sought  to  recover  from  the  de- 
fendant, both  under  the  agreement  above  mentioned 
and  also  under  section  4  of  the  Workmen's  Com- 
pensation Act,  1897.  Ths  defendants  denied  all 
liability  in  respect  of  this  claim,  and  further 
claimed  as  against  the  third  party  indemnity 
against  the  plaintiff's  claim.  The  defendant, 
in  support  of  this  alleged  right  of  indemnity, 
pleaded  that  he  had  entered  into  a  policy  of 
assurance  with  the  third  party  to  the  effect  that  he 
(the  defendant)  should  be  indemnified  against  all 
liability  to  make  compensation  under  the  Employers' 
Liability  Act,  1880,  the  Workmen's  Compensation 
Act,  1897,  or  the  common  law.    The  third  party 


alleged  as  against  the  defendant  that  the  policy  of 
assurance  provided  that  the  defendant  should  not 
make  any  settlement  of  any  claim  without  the 
written  authority  of  the  insurers,  and  that  in  con- 
sequence of  the  plaintiff  having  without  the  defend- 
ant's or  third  party's  knowledge  entered  into  an 
agreement  for  settlement  with  the  workman  they 
were  released  by  the  operation  of  the  clause  in  the 
policy  from  their  obliga(ion  to  indemnify  the  defend- 
ant. The  third  party  further  contended  that,  having 
insured  the  workman  under  the  Workmen's  Com- 
pensation Act,  1897,  and  having  agreed  to  indemnify 
the  sub-contractor  in  whose  employment  the  work- 
man was,  the  third  party  could  not  be  made  liable  for 
an  amount  agreed  by  the  head  contractor  with  the 
workman  or  fixed  by  the  High  Court,  but  was  liable 
if  and  when  the  amount  had  been  fixed  by  the  pro- 
cedure of  arbitration.  After  hearing  arguments, 
Mr.  Justice  Wills  gave  judgment,  and  said  that,  by 
section  4  of  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  a 
remedy  over  against  the  person  undertaking  the  work 
was  given  to  a  head  contractor  who  was  liable  to  a 
workman  for  injuries  received  in  his  employment. 
The  whole  scheme  of  the  Act  was  to  avoid  expensive 
litigation,  and  this  appeared  throughout  in  all  the 
provisions  of  the  Act.  The  agreement  of  the 
plaintiff  to  pay  the  workman  was  an  agreement 
within  the  Act,  and,  so  far  as  it  was  a  reasonable 
one,  it  bound  the  third  party.  If  he  had  found  as 
a  fact  that  the  agreement  provided  for  an  excessive 
compensation,  then  he  should  have  cut  it  down. 
Tne  defendant  Cook  need  not  pay  to  the  plaintiff 
any  compensation  save  what  was  reasonable,  and  in 
consequence  the  third  party  was  similarly  liable  to 
contribute  only  to  the  extent  of  the  actual  compen- 
sation paid,  so  long  as  it  was  reasonable.  The 
learned  Judge,  therefore,  gave  the  following  judge- 
ment for  the  plaintiff  for  £84  Ss.  3d.  from  defendant, 
with  costs  in  respect  of  money  paid  to  the  workmen 
to  the  date  of  issue  of  writ,  and  a  declaration  that 
defendant  is  to  pay  to  plaintiff  all  the  payments  of 
153.  9  J.  per  week  which  from  that  date  to  the 
present  the  plaintiff  had  paid  to  the  workman,  and 
that  the  defendant  is  liable  henceforth  to  pay  the 
plaintiff  such  further  sums  as  he  may  pay  to  the 
workman  under  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act, 
1897,  in  les  lect  of  this  accident.  Judgment  for 
defendant  ajiinst  the  third  party,  including  all 
costs  payable  by  the  defendant  to  the  plaintiff.  Stay 
of  execution  was  refused. 

The  Steand  Impeovement.— Fbank  Wahe  and 
Co.  (Limited)  v.  the  London  Cou.nty  Council  — 
The  Master  of  the  Rolls  and  Lord  Justices  Romer 
and  Mithew  give  judgment  last  week  in  this 
appeal  by  the  plaintiffs  from  a  decision  of  Mr. 
Justice  Wright.  By  the  action  the  plaintiffs  claimed 
compensation  fixed  by  the  arbitrator  at  £2,563,  and 
interest  thereon.  In  May,  1900,  the  Countess  of 
Kilmorey  let  the  Globe  Theatre,  Strand,  to  Messrs. 
William  Greet  and  E.  C.  Eugelbach  for  21  years. 
The  theatre  having  been  compulsorily  taken  by  the 
County  Council  and  pulled  down  for  the  Strand  to 
Holborn  Improvement  Scheme,  under  powers  ac- 
quired by  the  Council  for  thtt  purpose  under  their 
Act  of  1899,  which  Act  incorporated  the  provisions 
of  the  Land  Clauses  Act,  1845,  the  plaintiffs  claimed 
compensation.  The  matter  went  before  Mr.  Boydell 
Houghton  as  arbitrator,  and  he  awarded  the  plain- 
tiffs the  sum  of  £2,569  as  purchase  money  and  com- 
pensation for  their  interest  (if  any)  in  the  lands  and 
hereditaments  acquired.  The  County  Council  re- 
fused to  pay  that  sum  or  any  sum,  on  the  ground 
that  the  plaintiffs  had  no  interest  in  the  lands  and 
hereditaments  taken  within  the  meaning  of  section 
68  of  the  Land  Clauses  Act  of  1845,  under  which 
section  the  claim  for  compensation  was  made.  The 
plaintiffs  thereupon  brought  this  action  to  enforce 
the  award,  and  the  question  turned  solely  on  the 
decision  of  the  point  of  law  raised  by  the  defendants' 
contention.  Mr.  Justice  Wright  having  decided 
against  the  plaintiffs,  they  appealed  to  this  Court. 
The  Master  of  the  Rolls,  in  giving  judgment,  said 
in  the  case  of  "  Dily  v.  Eiwar'ei"  a  similar  point 
had  been  raised,  only  that  the  facts  there  were  more 
in  favour  of  the  license-holder  than  they  were  in 
the  present  case,  and  yet  the  House  of  Lords  held 
that  there  had  been  no  breach  of  covenant  that  gave 
the  right  he  claimed.  Taat  was  not  an  interest  in 
land  within  the  meaning  of  section  63  of  the  Lands 
Clauses  Act,  and,  therefore,  the  claim  for  compen- 
sation failed.  This  appeal  must,  therefore,  be  dis- 
missed with  costs.    The  Lords  Justices  concurred. 


The  Bishop  of  Gibraltar  consecrated  on  Sunday 
the  tower  of  the  new  Euglish  Church  of  the  Holy 
■Trinity  at  Florence,  which  has  just  been  completed, 
and  which  is  the  gift  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Spencer  Stan- 
hope. 

The  extension  to  the  General  Post  Office  in  Prince 
of  Wales-road,  Norwich,  was  opened  last  week.  It 
more  than  doubles  the  area  of  the  premises,  and  is 
finished  with  Bath  and  Portland  stones.  The 
architect  was  Mr.  W.  T.  Oldrieve,  F.S.I.,  of  H.M. 
Office  of  Works,  late  of  Storey's  Gate,  and  now  of 
Edinburgh.  The  contractor  was  Mr.  G.  E.  Hawes, 
of  Norwich,  and  the  clerk  of  works,  Mr.  W.  T. 
Bowman. 


March  25,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


445 


CONTENTS. 


Modern  Building  Hieks      

im 

The  Royal  Society  of  BritiBh  ArtistB      ... 

436 

"TheCily  of  the  Waters." 

4.17 

E.ihibition  of  Designs  and  Crafts    

437 

Domestic    Fires   and  their  Relations  to  the  Smoke 

Nuisance       

438 

Fire  and  Explosion  Risks    

4Ji) 

Concrete  Sewer  Forms 

439 

British  Timber  and  its  Uses      

440 

Obituary    

410 

Building  Intelligence    

441 

Engiaeering  Notes 

442 

Correspondence       

442 

Intercommunication     

444 

Legal  Intelligence 

444 

The  Bdildi.vo  News  Directory 

.KI. 

Our  Illustrations    

445 

Competitiona 

445 

Our  Olflce  Table    

404 

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  Week      

4b"o 

Latest  Prices   

465 

List  of  Competitions  Open 

466 

List  of  Tenders  Open   

46(i 

Tenders     

470 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PROPOSED  IMPERIAL  MOXU.MENTAL  HALLS  AND  TOWER  AT 
WESTMINSTEB.  —  ABCHITECTUBAL  A.SSOCIATIO.V  PRIZE 
DESIGN  FOB  A  COL'NTRY  TOWX  HALL.— THE  CULTROH  Ob* 
ST.  OSWALD,  ASHBOL-RNE.- SOUTHERN  LIFE  ASSOCIATION 
BUILDINGS,  DUBBAN.— rRIMITIVE  METHODIST  CHUIirH, 
rORT  EBIN.— OLD  WRoUrtllT  IRON  GATE,  DULWICH.— 
FURNITURE    FROM  ALltYN  HOUSE,  PARSOn's  GREEN. 


Out  $llttstrati0ni 


IMPEKUL    MON'IMEXT.IL    HALLS    AND    TOWER    \T 
WESTMIX.STEK. 

Several  schemes  have  been  prepared  from  time 
to  time  for  the  erection  of  a  Campo  Santo  in 
■connection  with  Westminsfer  Abbey,  and  we 
have  already  illustrated  those  designed  by  (he 
late  Sir  George  Gilbert  Scott,  H.A.  (Feb  20, 
1884),  and  by  Mr.  John  L.  I'earson,  E.A. 
(Dec.  26,  1890),  during  which  year  a  Royal 
Commiasion  was  appointed  under  the  chairman- 
ship of  the  Right  Hon.  D.  li.  I'lunket,  now 
Lord  Uathmore,  then  First  Commissioner  of 
Works.  The  late  Lord  Leighton  and  Mr.  Alfred 
Waterhouse,  R.A.,  were  among  the  Com- 
missioners. During  the  past  week  or  two  some 
drawings  have  been  on  view  at  Chelsea  illus- 
trating a  more  ambitious  and  comprehensive 
proposal  than  any  which  has  been  hitherto 
brought  before  the  public.  In  this  scheme  Mr. 
John  P.  Seddon  has  elaborated  his  plan,  which 
was  originally  submitted  by  him  before  the  Com- 
mission in  1890,  acting  in  conjunction  with  Mr. 
Lawrence  Harvey.  The  development  of  which  we 
now  speak  is  sufficiently  bold  to  attract  attention  as 
appropriate  to  an  "  Imperial  scheme,"  and  in  this 
project  Mr.  Seddon  has  had  the  co-operation  of 
Mr.  Edward  B.  Lamb,  who  has  made  the  draw- 
ings. l}y  the  plin  accompanying  the  view  repro- 
duced herewith  to-day,  it  will  be  seen  that  an 
«normou3  tower,  Gift,  inside  area  at  its  base  and 
550ft.  high,  is  proposed  to  be  placed  in  Old 
Palace  Yard  at  the  corner  of  Abingdon-street, 
south-east  of  the  Chapter  House.  It  is  connected 
with  the  Abbey  cloisters  by  a  new  cloister  skirting 
the  Chapter  House,  and  located  somewhat  north 
of  "  the  Little  Cloisters."  Only  two  uninter- 
esting and  modern  houses  would  be  removed  by 
thia  new  arrangement.  The  inside  of  the  tower 
is  occupied  by  a  serits  of  galleries,  round  which 
monuments  are  intended,  with  rooms  above  for 
records.  The  parapet  from  which  the  lantern 
rises  incloses  an  ambulatory  about  "Oft.  square. 
The  lantern  is  constructed  to  contain  bells. 
The  new  memorial  hall,  extending  to  the 
far  end  of  AbingJon-.strect  and  projecting 
into  the  college  garden  at  the  rear,  avoids 
the  ".Jewel  House"  at  Y  on  plan.  The 
central  hall  is  I'J'ift.  long  and  (iSft.  total  width, 
its  nave  being  4.')ft.  wide.  The  south-east  tran- 
sept IS  l.">7ft.  long  by  4")ft.  wide.  The  staircase 
towers,  C  I ',  lead  to  a  triforium,  as  well  as  meeting 
and  committee  rooms  over  the  hall.  Two  chapels 
for  burial  ceremonials  are  situate  at  A  A.  The 
new  tower  seen  in  the  view  is  200ft.  away  from 
the  Victoria  tower,  and  it  is  over  lOOtt.  higher 
than  that  great  work.  The  opportunity  for 
4ic(|uiring  the  houses  in  Abingdon  -  street  has, 
naturally,  furnished  the  occasion  fur  a  reassor- 
tion  of  the  rxxid  of  adeijuato  provision  of  a 
Campo  Santo  for  distinguished  persons,  such  as 
must  before  long  be  provided. 


ARCHITECTIRAL     ASSOCIATION    COMPETITION'     I'OR    A 
COT'XTRY    TOWX    HALL  :    SECON'D    PRIZE    DESIGN". 

Tins  design  was  awarded  a  second  prize  of  £5  os. 
The  conditions  required  a  town-hall  for  a  small 
country  town  on  an  isolated  site  100ft.  by  (JUft., 
the  long  side  to  be  treated  as  the  principal  front, 
and  the  stipulated  accommodation  which  has  been 
provided.  The  concentration  of  municipal  otlices 
on  the  ground  level,  with  entrance  from  main 
front,  necessitated  placing  the  assembly-hall  on 
the  first  floor,  and  this  is  given  a  separate  entrance 
in  end  elevation,  with  necessary  cloakrooms,  &c., 
in  connection  with  main  stairs.  The  council- 
chamber  is  placed  at  the  back  of  the  site  in 
a  position  of  the  greatest  quiet,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  its  size  was  made  higher  and  carried 
up  above  first-floor  level,  with  a  light  in  the 
dome  over  it.  A  separate  entrance  to  the  public 
gallery  is  provided  from  the  back  street.  The 
front  of  the  building  presumed  to  face  the  market- 
place. The  elevations  were  designed  in  a  style 
thought  to  harmonise  with  the  picturesque  archi- 
tecture of  an  old  country  town. 

Lionel  G.  Detmar. 

church  of  st.  oswald,  ashiiovrne,  derllvsiiire  : 
r.i.b.a.  silver  meual  dr.awixgs. 

<_)n'  the  11th  inst.  we  gave  a  description  of  this 
famous  church  when  we  published  the  plan  and 
elevations  of  the  building  from  the  set  of  measured 
drawings  for  which  Mr.  Lawrence  M.  Gotch 
obtained  the  Silver  Medal  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects  this  year.  To-day  we  print 
a  double-page  plate  illustrating  the  sections  of 
the  building  from  the  same  set.  A  view  of  Ash- 
bourne Church  appeared  in  the  Building  News 
for  August  10,  1SS8,  when  other  pictures  from 
Derbyshire  were  published,  with  descriptions  of 
the  A. A.  E.tcursion  that  year. 

SOUTHERN    LIKE   ASSOCIATION    BUILDINGS,    DURBAN. 

This  new  block  of  stine-built  commercial  offices 
has  been  erected  in  Durban  from  the  designs  of 
Messrs.  Stott  and  Kirkby,  architects,  of  I'ieter- 
maritzburg,  who  have  sent  us  the  drawing 
illustrated  to-day.  The  entrance  to  the  offices 
occupies  a  central  position  in  the  main  facade, 
and  chops  occur  on  either  hand,  so  as  to  make  the 
most  of  the  frontage. 

NEW     PRIMITIVE    METHODIST     CHURCH,    PORT 
ERIN,    I  O.M. 

This  church  has  been  opened  during  the  last 
feison  at  the  pretty  little  watering-place  of  Port 
Erin,  Isle  of  Man.  The  district  is  undoubtedly 
the  most  romantic  in  the  island,  and  is  given  over 
to  the  fishing  industry.  The  prosperity,  th' re- 
fore,  of  the  people  is  necessarily  limited,  and  the 
building  of  a  place  of  worships  of  the  pretensions 
01  the  one  illustrated  speaks  well  for  the  courage 
and  enterprise  of  this  hardy  race.  The  building 
seats  400  persons,  and  has  been  erected  at  a  cost 
of  £2,000.  Local  stone,  with  limestone  dressings, 
hits  been  used.  All  interior  fittings  and  roofing 
are  of  pitch-pine.  The  contractors  wera  Mes-rs. 
Moore  and  McAid,  of  Port  St.  Mary,  and  the 
architect  Mr.  W.  Clement  \Villiams,  F.R.I.B  A., 
Halifax,  Yorks. 

OLD    WROUGHT   IRON    GATES,    DULWICH    VILLAGE. 

These  gates  are  a  familiar  featuie,  wilh  some 
others  of  similar  character,  in  the  old  village 
street  of  Dulwich,  and  are  connected  with  a 
disuse  1  buri.al-ground,  the  other  pair  belonging 
to  the  Dulwich  College  Almshouses. 

FURNITURE    FROM    ALIIYN    HOUSE,    PARSOn'.S 
GREEN,    S.W. 

Thi:se  sketches  represent  some  capitilold  I^nglish 
furniture  belonging;  to  Mr.  T.  B.  Ewbank,  who 
has  a  large  collection  of  well-chosen  specimens. 
The  examples  represented  explain  themselves, 
and  call  for  little  description.  The  crown  and 
cross  in  the  back  of  the  "  wheel-back  "  chair  arc 
unusual. 


The  Peterborough  board  of  guardians  have 
adopted  plans  by  Mr.  Stallolirass  of  that  city  for 
workhouse  extensioua,  estimated  to  cost  .t'2,2.')0, 

TheCannork  Rural  District  Councilhavo  instructed 
Messrs.  Willcox  and  Uaikes  to  prepare  plans  for  the 
sewerage  and  sewage  disposal  of  the  populous 
portion  of  the  parish  of  Ks&.ugton. 

The  tenders  of  the  Coluni'iian  Fireproofing  Co., 
Ltd.,  of  37,  King  William-streot,  E.C.,  have  been 
accepted  for  the  steelwork  and  concrete  floors  at 
new  warehouses  in  Scruttou-strcet  to  be  erected  by 
Mcsirs.  linwrance  and  .Sou,  and  also  the  entire  .'iteel- 
work  for  similar  liuildings  in  Ktrl- street  for  Messrs. 
Sheflield  Bros. 


COMPETITIONS. 

AcTO.N.. — The  amended  plans  made  by  Jlr. 
Hunt  for  the  Town-hall  and  Council  Offices, 
Iliijh-street,  Acton,  were  submitted  to  the 
council  last  week,  when  the  special  committee 
appointed  for  the  purpose  reported  that  the 
alterations  further  suggested  by  the  principal 
officers  to  insure  the  required  accommodation  of 
their  respective  departments  had  been  incor- 
porated in  the  already-revised  scheme  by  which 
the  town-hall  had  been  put  back  into  Winchester- 
street  and  the  municipal  offices  brought  forward 
into  the  High-street  to  hide  the  rear  of  the 
public  baths.  This  allocation  of  the  principal 
pirts  of  the  scheme  is  quite  the  reverse,  of  course, 
of  the  arrangement  shown  by  the  plans  at  first 
reciimmended  by  Mr.  ilacVicar  Anderson,  the 
advisory  architect  in  the  competition.  The 
council  now  ordered  the  working  plans  to  be 
prepared  by  Mr.  Hunt,  and  the  local  report  says, 
"  a  quantity  surveyor  will  be  appointed  in  accord- 
ance with  the  terms  of  the  competition."  This 
last  appears  to  be  the  only  thing  about  the  affair 
which  can  be  said  to  be  in  accordance  therewith, 
however. 

Leeds. — As  a  result  of  a  recent  limited  compe- 
tition for  M.N.C.  Trinity  Church  and  .Schools  on 
the  Cross  Flatts  Park  Estate,  Leeds,  the  designs 
of  Sir.  W.  S.  Braith.waite,  Leeds,  have  been 
p'aced  first  and  highly  commended  by  the 
assessor.  It  is  intended  to  provide  a  church  to 
seat  650,  with  nave,  transepts,  chancel,  organ 
chamber,  and  [end  gallery  ;  a  schoolroom  to  ac- 
commodate 400.  The  classrooms,  10  in  number, 
are  grouped  around  the  haU,  special  provision 
being  made  for  the  infants,  young  men,  and 
young  women.  A  commodious  church  parlour  is 
also  provided.  It  is  intended  shortly  to  com- 
mence building  operations.  The  design  is  Late 
Gothic  in  character,  is  intended  to  be  carried  out 
in  local  stone,  and  will  cost  upwards  of  £3,000. 

Torquay. — Searly  three  hundred  architects 
applied  for  the  ground  plans  and  conditions 
governing  the  competition  for  the  Town-hall 
and  Carnegie  Free  Library,  on  which  group  it 
is  proposed  to  expend  from  £i3,000  to  £30,000. 
About  a  hundred  designs  were  eventually  sub- 
mitted, and  the  first  and  second  premiums  have 
now  been  respectively  awarded  to  Mr.  T.  Davison, 
of  28,  Great  Ormond-street,  and  Messrs.  Harris 
and  Towse,  of  8,  New-square,  Lincoln's  Inn.  We 
shall  illustrate  Mr.  Davison's  eelected  design  in 
an  early  issue. 

Wallsend. — At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Walls- 
end  Education  C'jmmittee,  the  sites  and  buildings 
sub-committee  reported  that  Mr.  W.  S.  Braith- 
waite,  architect  to  the  Leeds  Education  Committee 
who  was  appointed  to  adjudicate  on  the  designs 
submitted  in  competition  for  the  proposed  schools 
at  West  View,  had  placed  first  the  design  by  Mr. 
W.  H.  Knowles,  F.S..\.,  architect,  37,  lirainger- 
street,  Newcastle,  and  second  that  of  Mr.  J.  H. 
Morton,  South  Shields,  and  it  was  resolved  that 
Mr.  Knowles'  plan  be  accepted.  There  were  30 
sets  of  designs  sent  in.  The  schools  are  arranged 
in  two  blocks — one  for  senior  and  junior  boys  and 
girls  and  the  other  for  infants,  and  aie  intended 
to  accommodate  1,300  children. 

Wesley  New  Sunday  School. — In  the  com- 
petition forthe  new  Sunday-school  connected  with 
the  Wesley  Chapel,  Sile,  the  design  of  Mr. 
Robert  J.  JIcBeath,  M.S..\  ,  architect  and  sur- 
veyor, has  been  placed  first,  and  selected  by  the 
trustees  for  execution.  At  the  meeting  of  trustees 
held  on  Monday  evening,  the  architect  leceived 
instructions  to  proceed  at  once  with  the  working 
drawings,  in  order  that  tenders  for  the  work  may 
be  obtained  without  delay.  The  school  is  to  be 
erected  in  Stanley- grove,  at  the  rear  of  the 
existing  chapel  and  school ;  is  to  accommoduto 
(iOO  scholars :  and  the  estimated  cost,  inclusive  of 
furnishing,  is  about  £4,000. 


Mr.  Lyttelton,  K.C.,  M.P.,  the  arbitrator  in  the 
claim  brought  by  the  (ireeuwiih  Tier  Company 
against  the  Loudon  County  Couucil  for  com- 
pensation in  respect  of  the  loss  of  profits  by  the 
cessation  of  the  ferry,  consequent  upon  the  openiil(( 
of  the  subway  at  "tirceuwioh,  li»«  pubUshed  hij 
award  at  £31,342  lOs. 

The  .\.ston  Town  Councd  have  decided  to  borrow 
£30,000  for  extensions  to  their  olectricity  plant, 
rendered  necessary  liy  the  crowing  demand  for 
electric  light  in  the  district.  'I'uey  have  also  decided 
to  a)>ply  to  the  Local  Goveruiuent  Hoard  for  sanction 
to  additional  loan  of  t'20,0iiii  for  new  cables  and  the 
free  wiring  of  motors. 


446 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  25,  1904. 


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464 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


March  25,  1904. 


(Duv  ODfRct   ^Mt 


The   lecture    by   Professor   E.    Elsey   Smith, 
A.R.I.B.A.,      on      "  Canterbury     Cathedral," 
attracted  an  orerflowing  audience  to  Carpenters' 
Hall  on  Thursday  evening  in  last  week,  and  at 
ten  minutes    before    the     time     for    beginning 
(8  o'clock),   the   doors   were   shut,   all   standing: 
room  being  occupied.     In   proposing   a   vote  of 
thanks  to  the  lecturer,  the  Dean  of  Canterbury, 
who  presided,  said  that  the  cathedral  represented 
a    continuous   growth,    men     in     century    after 
century  seeking  to  perfect  that  which  they  hid 
inherited  from  their  predecessors.    Work  still  re- 
mained to  be  done.    The  Dean  and  Chapter  had 
been   informed   by  their  architect,   Mr.    W.   D. 
Cariie,    that   the     great    central    tower,   known 
as  "Bell   Harry   Tower,"    one    of   the    noblest 
features    of     the      cathedral,     was     in     urgent 
need    of    repairs.     The   tower   had   been   care- 
fully  examined    lately,   and   he   was    happy   to 
say  that  there  were  no  fissures  or  cracks  in  the 
main  walls   of   the   structure ;     but   there   were 
cracks   in   the   flanking   angle   buttresses  of  the 
turrets,  which  were   in   serious    need  of  repair. 
The  whole   of   the   external   ornamentation  had 
been  very  much  damaged   by   weather.     (Jn  the 
south  face  oce  of  the  heavy  muUions  cf  the  upper 
window  had   become   dislocated.     To   arrest  the 
decay  and  to  maiutain  the  tower  an  expenditure 
of  some  thousands  of  pounds  would  be  imperative 
at    an   early   date.     The  Ecclesiastical   Commis- 
:sioner8  had  just  granted  the  Dean  and  Chapter  a 
sum   of    £liOOO   in    order    to    erect    a   complete 
scaffolding  round  the  tower,  so  that  the  architect 
might  make   a   thorough   investigation   into    its 
structural  condition  and  prepare  a  definiteestimate 
of  the  cost  of  repair.    The  cathedral  was  a  worthy 
representation   of    English    architecture    and  of 
English  Christianity. 

The    Goldsmiths'    Company   have    offered  to 
London    University    the     site,    buildings,    and 
equipment  of   their   institute  at  New  Cross,  the 
value  of  which  is  certainly  not  less  than  £100,000, 
for  the  purpose    of   promoting   the  work  of  the 
university  in    South    London.     The   senate  re- 
solved, on  Wednesday,  to  accept  the  company's 
offer.     The  Goldsmiths'  Institute  occupies  nearly 
one-half  ol  a    site    of    seven    acres,   previously 
covered  by  the  ivoyal  Naval  School ;  the  remain- 
ing land  is  at  present  used  as  recreation  grounds, 
but  could  easily  be  sewered  and  built  over.     The 
buildings  were  rearranged  and  added  to  for  the 
purposes  of  the  .Goldsmiths'  Institute,  from  plans 
by  Mr.  J.  W.  Penfold,  Messrs.  Kirk  and  Randall, 
of  AVoolwich,   being   the   contractors,   and  were 
illustrated  in  our  issue  of  July  24,  1891.     Two 
days  previously  the  new  institute  was  formally 
opened  by  the  I'rince  and  Princess  of  Wales,  now 
the  King  and  (Jueen,  and  since  it  began  work  on 
October  1  of  the  same  year  there  has  been  a  total 
entry  of  about  100,000  students  in  the  220  classes 
held  every  week.     The  art  school  is  one  of  the 
special  features  of   the   institute,  and  for  seven 
successive   years   the   Goldsmiths'    Institute  has 
stood  at  the  heid  of  all  the  London  schools  in  the 
art  national  competition.     For  the  engineering 
department  it  is  claimad  that  it  is  superior  to  that 
of  any  other  polytechnic. 

A  RusKix  exhibition  was  opened  to  the  public 
at  the  City  Art  Gallery,  Manchester,  on  Wednes- 
day.    Some    54  2   exhibits,   illustrating  the  art, 
work,  and  inlluence'of  John  lluskin,  have  been 
brought  together.     They  include  sixty  drawings 
executed  by  Ruskin  between  the  ages  of  ten  and 
twenty-one,  a  number  of  drawings  of  plant  forms, 
and  also  a  number  of  pictures  and  drawings  made 
by  Ruskin  in  the  course  of  his  Continental  toura, 
many  of  which  were  either  used  or  mentioned  in 
his  "  Stones  of  Venice,"  "  Pru'terita,"  and  other 
writings.     The  examples  include  copies  of  Gio- 
vanni Bellini,  Tintoret,  Giorgione,  Paul  Veronese, 
Titian,     and     several     fine    Turners,    including 
"  Langharne  Castle,"  "  Ullswater,"  and  "  Bolton 
Abbey."    The  I're-Raphaelites  are  represented  by 
Millais's  portrait  of  Ruskin,   Kussetti's  "  Christ- 
mas Carol,"   Holman  Hunt's   "Strayed  Sheep," 
and  John  Brett's  "  Val  d'Aosta."     Then  there 
are  groups  of  drawings  and  studies  from  nature, 
and  of  Ruskin  as  a  teacher,   chiefly  during  the 
time  of  his  professorship  at  Oxford,  with  examples 
of  artists   he  recommended   to   students.     Other 
cases  are  devoted  to  manuscripts  and  books,  com- 
prising some  of  the  rarest  editions  of  his  works 
and  presentation  copies  of  books. 

The  City  Council  of  Birmingham  have  received 
irom  their  Housing  Committee  a  report  on  the 


work  which  is  now  being  carried  out  in  the  con- 
demned area  in  St.  Lawrence's  Parish.     Out  of 
the  589  houses  situated    on  the  area,   245   have 
been  represented  by  the  medical  olK  -.f-r  of  health 
as    unfit    for    human    habitation.      Thirty-nine 
closing  orders  have  been  granted  by  the  magi- 
strates.    One    hundred    and    thirty-nine   houses 
have  been  put  into  habitable  condition,  and  seven 
houses  have  been  demolished.     In  the  remaining 
cases   steps   are   being   taken  for  rendering  the 
houses  habitable  where   such   work   is   possible, 
and,  where  it  is  not  possible,  for  the  demolition 
of    the    houses.     All   the    work   of   repairs   and 
demolition  which  his  thus  been  carried  out  has 
been  entirely  at  the  expense  of  the  owners,  and 
without  cost  to  the  corporation.     Proceedings  are 
also  being  taken  by  the  committee  for  obtaining 
the  removal  of  properties    in  Dartmouth-street, 
Richard-street,    Love-lane,    and     Adams-street. 
The   amount   of  compensation   which   the   com- 
mittee have  entered  into    agreements  to  pay  is 
£500,   whereas    the    amount    sanctioned  by   the 
council  for  this  work  was  £2,000.  The  committee 
also  report  the  removal  of  obstructive  buildings 
in  William-street.     The   tital   amount   of  com- 
pensation is  £255— about  a  fourth  of  the  original 
estimate  of  the  expense.     O  *ing  to  the  fact  that 
the  committee  have  been  able  to  carry  out  the 
work  of  improving    the    slums    by  the  opening 
of  courts  to  the  streets  at  a  \ery  much  less  cost 
than  they  anticipated,  they  have  in  one  or  two 
cases  entered  into  agreements  for  the  removal  of 
obstructive    buildings     which     have    not    been 
specified  to  the  council  in  previous  reports,  and 
situate  in  Cecil- street,  Milk-street,  New  Summer- 
street,    Sheep-street,   Cheapside,    and  Banbury - 
street.     The  committee  recommend  that  they  be 
authorised  to  continue  their  work  in  other  parts 
of  the  city,  on  the  representation  of  the  medical 
officer  of  health 


shortly  be  on  sale  to  the  public.  At  present  the 
sheets  are  only  published  separately,  at  the  price 
of  Is.  each. 

».^ 

CHIPS. 

A  new  board  school  in  Shettleston,  Glasgow,  was 
opened  on  Monday.  The  school  accommodates 
1,500  pupils,  and  provision  is  made  for  chemistry, 
cookery,  laundry,  and  manual  work  classes. 

A  new  church  and  schools  are  about  to  be  built  in 
Old  Shoreham-road,  Hove.  The  architect  is  Mr. 
Edwin  J.  Hamilton,  M.S.A.,  New-road,  Brighton. 

The  Maiden  and  Coombe  Urban  District  Council 
have  accepted  the  tender  of  Messrs.  Goddard  and 
Sons,  Dorking,  at  £5,000,  for  the  erection  of  the 
proposed  pubhc  oftioea  and  fire  station.  Mr.  W.  H. 
Hope,  of  Hampton  Wick,  is  the  architect. 

Princess  Christian  will  perform  the  ceremony  of 
opening  the  Suffolk  Regimental  Cottage  Homes  at 
Bury  St.  Edmunds,  on  Tuesday,  April  12,  at  3 
o'clock. 

Mr.  Neil  Robertson,  of  Dundonachaiah  House, 
Pitlochry,  N.B.,  who  died  on  January  29  last,  has 
bequeated  an  oil-painting  of  General  Fergusson,  of 
Dilfallandy  tthe  testator's  grand-uncle),  by  Sir 
Henry  Baeburn,  to  the  trustees  of  the  Scottish 
National  P  ortrait  Gallery,  Edinburgh. 

The  decision  of  a  Select  Committee  of  the  House 
of  Commons  last  week  to  reject  a  portion  of  the 
City  Corporation's  Bill  for  the  practical  recon- 
struction of  Southwark  Bridge,  in  order  that  the 
excessive  gradient  on  the  City  side  might  be  removed, 
will  lead  to  the  abandonment  of  the  Bill.  The 
Corporation  proposed  to  raise  the  levels  ot  Upper 
Thames-street,  a  suggestion  that  was  opposed  by 
local  merchants  and  traders,  and  their  objections 
prevailed  with  the  select  committee,  with  the  above- 
stated  result. 


The   Surrey   Archaeological    Society   has   now 
completed  the  excivatione  upon  which  it  has  been 
engaged  for  several  years  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Cistercian  Abbey  of  Waverley,   at  Farnham,  as 
further  work  would  not  be  likely  to  be  sufficiently 
fruitful  in  discoveries  to  justify  the  expenditure 
involved.     The   plan,    which    it    has   now   been 
possible  to  draw  of  the  conventual  buildings,  is 
the  most  complete  of  any  which  has  as  yet  been 
made  of   a   Cistercian  house.     It  is  proposed  to 
reproduce  this  plan  in  colour,  and  on  a  large  scale 
in    illustration   ot    a   full   account   of   Waverley 
.Vbbey,  which  Mr.   Harold   Brakspear  will  con- 
tribute  to   the   society's   collections.     Reporting 
upon  last  season's  excavations,  the  society  states 
that  an  examination  of  the  ground  north  of  the 
brewhouse  resulted  in  the  discovery   of   a  large 
block  of  buildings,  consisting  of  a  small  chamber, 
placed  east  and  w  est,  and  a  much  larger  building 
to  the  north  of  it,  the  work  being  of  the  13th 
century.    I'rojecting  west  from  the  large  building 
was  an  added  building,  divided  into  three  aisles 
by  wooden  posts  on  chamfered  stone  bases.     Mr. 
Brakspear's  impression  w^s  that  the  small  chamber 
was  a  kitchen,  and  the  building   to  the  north  the 
house  for  inferior  guests ;  that  to  the  west  would 
then  be  the  secular  infirmary.     .V  thick  boundary 
wall  to  the  north-west  was  followed.    This  turned 
at  a  sharp  angle  and  ran  on  westward,  and  termin  • 
ated   in  a   small  room,    apparently   of   the   12th 
century,  with  a  doorway  on  the  north  and  a  fire- 
place on  the  east.     North  of  this  was  a  large  barn, 
with  a  doorway  on  the  east,  opening  out  into  a 
paved  yard  of  considerable  extent.     South  of  the 
barn  a"  large  number  of    walls  were  found,  but 
they  all  belonged    to    a   period   posterior  to  the 
suppression  of   the   abbey.     The   search  for  the 
gatehouse   in    this    direction    was   unsuccessful. 
Investigations  were  also  made  on  the  site  of  earlier 
excavations,  with  the  object,  successful  in  many 
cases,  of  clearing  up  doubtful  points. 

The  War  Office  recently  intimated  to  the 
Ordnance  Survey  Department  that  the  military 
authorities  felt  the  need  of  a  map  of  Great 
Britain  which  should  at  once  show  the  features  of 
the  country  in  considerable  detail  and  be  on  a 
sufficiently  small  scale  to  enable  the  map  to  be 
studied  as  a  whole  for  strategical  purposes.  Such 
a  map  has  now  been  completed  and  issued  by  the 
Ordnance  Survey  Department.  It  comprises 
eight  sheets,  on  the  scale  of  ten  miles  to  the  inch. 
Orographical  features  are  shown  by  shading, 
and  different  colours  have  been  employed  in  the 
representation  of  roads  and  water.  A  distinction 
has  been  drawn  between  first-class  and  second- 
class  roads,  the  former  being  defined  by  double, 
the  hitter  by  single,  lines.  The  county  bound- 
aries are  indicated.  The  whole,  mounted  on  a 
single    sheet    of    manageable    proport'ons,    will 


Mr.  W.  Meade  King  held  an  inquiry  at  Eton  on 
Wednesday,  on  behalf  of  the  Local  Government 
Board,  with  respect  to  an  apphcatiou  which  had 
been  made  by  the  Eton  Urban  Council  for  sanction  to 
borrow  £5,000  for  the  provision  of  a  fire-station  and 
depot. 

At  Scarborough  further  portions  have  just  been 
revealed  of  the  old  moat,  which  formed  part  ot  the 
town's  defences  many  centuries  ago.  During  ex- 
cavations in  Westborough  (the  principal  thorough- 
tare)  near  the  Old  Bar  Hotel,  immediately  adjacent 
to  which  the  old  Scarborough  Bar  at  the  entrance 
to  the  old  town  stood,  workmen  engaged  in  con- 
structing the  tramways  unearthed  an  old  bnck 
archway.  It  then  transpired  that  the  ancient  moat 
had  been  cut  into,  and  more  of  this  historic  relic  ot 
old  Scarborough  was  exposed  to  view  as  the  work  of 
excivation  proceeded. 

The  Lord  Mayor,  on  the  invitation  of  the  Bridge 
House  Estates  Committee  of  the  Corporation,  will 
perform  the  ceremony  of  reopening  London  Bridge, 
after  its  recent  process  ot  widening,  on  Monday 
next,  at  half-past  twelve  o'clock. 

The  Local  Government  Board  has  sanctioned 
loans  of  £24,90S,  £0,500,  and  £5,420  by  the  Burslem 
Town  Council  for  sewage  disposal  works. 

The  townships  of  Worsley  and  Little  Hulton  will 
shortly  be  provided  with  electric  tramways.  The 
South  Lancashire  Tramways  Company  are  about  to 
lay  lines  connecting  with  the  Famworth  Council  s 
system  at  the  boundary  of  Little  Hulton  and  Farn- 
worth,  along  Worsley  and  Bolton-roa;ls  to  the 
EUesmere  Monument  in  the  centre  ot  Walkden,  ana 
thence  via  Miuchester-road  to  Swinton,  where  the 
Saltord  Corporation's  lines  terminate.  Afterwards 
the  South  Lancashire  Company  will  proceed  from 
the  EUesmere  Monument  through  LitUe  Hulton  to 
Four  Lane  Euds. 


Mr  H  P.  Boulnois,  M.Inat.G.E.,  and  Mr. 
Edmund  Pearae  Burd,  Local  Government  Board 
Inspector,  held  an  inquiry  at  the  town  hall  W  ath, 
on  Tuesday,  to  consiuer  opposing  applications  made 
to  the  Wathand  Swinton  Urban  Councils  to  supply 
an  adjoining  parish,  Adwick-on-Daarne  with  water. 
The  case  for  Wath  was  put  by  Mr.  P.  Muspratt, 
acting  clerk  to  the  authority,  and  that  for  Swinton 
by  Mr.  T.  E.  Ellison,  barrister,  Sheflield. 

The  Bishop  of  Southwell  dedicated  on 'Tuesday  a 
new  saci-ar.um  which  has  been  added  to  St. 
Barnabas  Church,  Darby.  The  older  VovUonot 
the  church  was  erected  in  18S4,  the  foundation- 
stone  beins  laid  by  Lord  Gurzon.  The  cost  has  been 
about  £2,300. 

The  .'uardians  ot  the  Bradford  Union  and  their 
architect,  Mr.  Fred  Holland,  of  Bradford,  recently 
had  fireproof  floors  made  by  the  leading  specialists 
with  the  object  of  ascertaining  the  best  and  moat 
suitable  system  for  their  new  infirmary.  After 
exhaustive  trials  and  tests,  they  adopted  Homan  s 
fireproof  floor,  and  the  order  with  the  work  has 
since  been  placed  with  Messrs.  Homan  and  Rodgers, 
of  Manchester.  This  Arm  is  also  now  laying  their 
flooring  to  the  workhouse  infirmaries  at  Stockport, 
Ormskirk,  Tamworth,  and  Driffield. 


Makch   25,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


465 


MEETIN&S  FOB  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Friday  (To-Dav).— Glasgow  Architectural  Craftsmen's 
Society.  "  Keijuoinic  Working  of  Wood- 
working Tools,"  by  W.  H.  Bixter. 
8  p  m. 

Saturday  (To-Morrow)  .  — Sanitary  Institute.  Con- 
ference on  "Municipal  He-hoUHing."  to 
be  opened  by  W.  E.  Kiley,  F.R.I.B.A., 
architect  to  the  London  County  Council, 
lam. 

Edinburgh  Architectural  Association. 
Visit  to  Gothic  Iron  Works,  Falkirk, 
Trains  from  Princea'-street  Station, 
1.35  p.m.,  to  Camelon. 

Mo.v'DAY.— Eoyallnstitute  of  British  Architects.  "  Notes 
on  Design  and  Construction  of  Central 
Elecrricity  Stations,"  by  C.  Stanley 
Peach,  F.R.I.B.A.    8  p.m. 

TcESDAY. — The  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  "  Lower- 
ing the  Sill  of  the  Ramsden  Dock, 
Barrow-in-Furness,"  by  Leopold  Halli- 
day  Saville,  Assoc. M. lost. C.E. ;  and 
'•  Burntisland  Harbour  :  Construction  of 
the  East  Iiock,"  by  Robert  Henderson, 
M  Icst.C.E.    8  pm. 

Wednesday.  ^  Edinburgh  Architectural  Association. 
"  The  Remains  and  Evidence  of  Roman 
Architecture  in  Scotland,"  by  Thomas 
Ross,  F.S.A.Scot.    8  p.m. 


CHIPS. 

Mr.  Joseph  .Tohn  Smith,  for  miny  years  clerk  of 
works  at  Lincoln  Cathedral,  has  passed  away  at  the 
ripe  age  of  S8,  he  having  been  born  in  February, 
181G.  Great  Tom,  the  Cathedral  bell,  was  tolled 
out  of  respect  to  deceased,  who  only  retired  about 
three  years  since  from  the  office  he  had  held  so  long. 

The  urban  district  council  of  Redruth  have  re- 
ceived the  resignation  of  their  surveyor,  Mr.  T.  C. 
Jones, 

An  inquiry  was  held  at  Eastbourne  last  week  by 
Mr.  W.  A.  Ducat,  one  of  the  inspectors  of  the 
Local  Government  Board,  into  an  application  of 
the  rural  district  council  for  sanction  to  borrow  a 
further  sum  of  £3,000  for  the  purposes  of  sewerage 
and  sewage  disposal  for  the  parish  of  Willingdon. 

The  United  Methodist  chapel  and  Sunday-school 
at  Seaham  Harbour  were  completely  gutted  by  fire 
on  Sunday.  Only  the  front  and  back  walls  of  the 
chapel  aie  left  standing,  every  portion  of  the  woo'l- 
work  of  the  interior  and  the  organ  having  been 
destroyed.  The  buildings  were  erected  in  1866,  at  a 
coat  of  £2,000,  and  in  1890  they  were  renovated  at 
an  outlay  of  £800. 

The  sales  at  the  Mart  last  week,  as  regiaterel 
at  the  Estate  Exchange,  amounted  to  £217,183, 
and  for  the  corresponding  week  of  last  year  to 
£137,846. 

The  South  African  war  memorial  window  and 
tablets  recently  erected  in  Winchester  Cathedral, 
and  unveiled  by  Lord  Selborne,  have  been  executed 
by  Messrs.  Powell  and  Sons,  of  Whitefriars.  The 
subject  of  the  window  is  "  Put  on  the  whole  armour 
of  God,"  Eph.  vi. 

Mr.  T.  L.  Perkins,  A.M.In8t.C.E.,  who  was  for 
some  time  assistant  surveyor  to  the  corporation  of 
Sristol,  and  subsequently  held  a  similar  position 
under  the  Middlesex  County  Council,  has  been 
appointed  executive  engineer  in  the  Public  Works 
Department  at  Hong  Kong. 

A  four-light  stained-glass  window  which  has  been 
placed  in  the  north  isle  of  Ovingham  Parish  church,  in 
memory  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Nicholas  Ridley,  was 
dedicated  on  Sunday.  The  architeo"-  was  Mr.  C.  E. 
Kempe,  of  London. 

In  memory  of  Bishop  Bilsborrow,  of  Salford,  it  is 
proposed  to  erect  at  Alexandra-park,  Manchester, 
near  St.  Bede's  Roman  Catholic  College,  a  school  to 
be  called  "the  Bishop  Bilsborrow  Memorial  School." 

At  Crewe,  on  Friday,  Col.  A.  C.  Smith  held  an 
inquiry  into  an  application  by  the  town  council  for 
sanction  to  borrow  £j,000  for  the  erection  of  a  fire 
station,  cartsheds,  fee,  £3,100  for  the  purchase  of 
property  in  Whitegates  and  the  construction  of  a 
railway  siding  into  the  town's  yard,  and  £640  for 
works  of  private  street  improvement.  The  inspector 
held  a  second  inquiry  as  to  sanction  for  an  applica- 
tion to  borrow  £l,.5O0  for  the  purchase  of  laud  near 
the  (iueen's  Park  for  the  construction  of  a  silt  basin 
to  the  (Queen's  Park  lake. 

At  a  meeting  on  Monday  of  the  Aberdeen  Town 
Council  the  salary  of  Mr.  Bell,  flectrical  engineer, 
was  increased  from  £.")00  to  £600  this  year,  with  a 
further  advance  of  £100  next  year.  An  improved 
drainage  scheme  for  the  northern  district  of  the  city 
(including  Woodsideand  Old  Aberdeen)  was  adopted, 
the  estimated  cost  being  £28,700. 

The  Shipley  district  council  hive  been  notified  of 
the  Local  Government  Board's  sanction  to  their  pro- 
posal to  borrow  £24,000  for  new  oflijes,  baths,  and 
hre-brigade  station.  At  Tuesday  ni;<ht's  meeting 
of  the  council,  however,  it  was  decided  to  defer  pro- 
ceeding with  the  scheme  on  account  of  the  bad  state 
of  trade  in  the  district. 


LATEST    PRICES. 


IBON,    &o. 

Per  ton. 

Soiled-Iron  Joists,  Belgian £5  10    0 

RoUed-SteelJoists,  English   6  10 

Wroughtrlron  Girder  Plates  7    0 

Bar  Iron,  good  Staffs 6    6 

Do.,  Lowmoor,  Flat,  Bound,  or 

Square    20    0 

Do.,  Welsh  5  15 

Boiler  Plates,  Iron — 

South  Staffs 8  15    0 

Best  Snedshill 9  10    0 


Per  ton. 
£5  15    0 

6  12    6 

7  5    0 

8  10    0 


Angles  10s.,  Tees  208.  per  ton  extra. 


20    0 
6  17 


8  15 

9  10 


Builders*  Hoop  Iron,  for  bonding,  &c.,  £7  7a.  6d. 
Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  galvanised,  £12  to  £13  per  ton. 

Galvanised  Corrugated  Sheet  Iron- 
No.  18  to  20.  No.22to24. 

6ft.     to    8ft.   long,   inclusiTe     Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

gauge £1115    0    ...£12    0    0 

Best  ditto 12    5    0    ...  12  10    0 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Castr-Iron  Columns £6  10    0    to  £8  10    0 

Caat-Iron  Stanchions 8  10    0    „  8  10    0 

Rolled-Iron  Fencing  Wire  8    0    0,,  850 

Rolled-Steel  Fencing  Wire 6    5    0,,  6  10    0 

„         „           „       Galvanised.      7  15    0    „  8    0    0 

Cast-iron  Sash  Weights  4  12    8    „  4  12    6 

Cut  CTasp  Nails,  3in.  to  Sin 9    5    0,,  950 

Cut  Floor  Brads 9    0    0,,  900 

Wire  Nails  (Points  de  Paris) — 

8  to  7      8        9        10       11       12       13       14      15     B.W.G. 
8/-      8/6     9/-    9/6      9/9    10/6     11/3    12/-   13/-    per  cwt. 

Cast-iron  Socket  Pipes — 

Sin.  diameter    £6  15  0    to  £6    0  0 

4in.  to6in 5  12  6    „  5  17  6 

7in.  to  24in.  (all  sizes)  5    7  6,,  6  10  0 

[Coated  with  composition,  58.  Od.  per  ton  extra ;  tmmed 
ftnd  bored  joints,  5e.  6d.  per  ton  extra.] 

Pig  Iron—  Per  ton. 

Cold  Blast,  Lilleahall    lOSs.  Od.  to  1123.  6d. 

Hot  Blast,  ditto  658.  Od.  to    708.  Od. 

Wrought-Iron  Tubes  and  Fittings — Discount  off  Standard 
Lists  f.o.b.  (plus  5  per  cent.)  ; — 

Gas-Tubes 67ip.c. 

Water-Tubes  621  „ 

Steam-Tubea   57|   „ 

Galvanised  Gas-Tubes  55     „ 

Galvanised  Water-Tubes 50     „ 

Galvanised  Steam-Tubes 45     „ 


lOcwt.  casks. 
Per  ton. 

Zinc,  English  (London  mill)  £24  10  0 

Do.,  Vieille  Montagne 27  10  0 

Sheet  T.ead,  31b.  and  upwards   ...     13  15  0 

Lead  Water  Pipe  (F.O.B.  Lond.)    14    5  0 

Lead  Barrel  Pipe   15    2  6 

Lead  Pipe,  Tinned  inside  16    2  6 

„        „  ,,        „  and  outside    17  12  6 

Composition  Gas-Pipe 16    2  6 

Soil-Pipe  (5in.  and  6in.  extra)  ...    16    2  6 

Pig  Lead,  in  Icwt.  pigs 10  16  3 

Lead  Shot,  in  281b.  bags 15    0  0 

Copper  Sheets,  sheattiing  and  rodfl    70    0  0 

Copper,  British  Cake  and  Ingot...    59  15  0 

Tin,  Straits  128    2  6 

Do.,  BngUah  Ingots  128    0  0 

Spelter,  Sileaian 2115  0 

TIUBEB. 


5cwt.  casks. 
Per  ton. 


to  £25  10 
27  15 
13  15 
U  5 

15  2 

16  2 

17  12 
16  2 
16  2 
10  17 
15  5 
70  5 
6)  15 

129  2 

129  10 

22  0 


Teak,  Burmah per  load  £10    0    0 

~       "    ■  5    0 

10    0 


Bangkok.. 
Quebec  Pme,  yellow ,,    .., 

„    Oak „    .., 

„    Birch  „    ... 

„    Elm „    ... 

„    Ash „    ... 

Dantsio  and  Memel  Oak      „    ... 

Fir „    ... 

Wainscot,  Riga  p.  log  ...      „    ... 

Lath,  Dantaic,  p.f ,,     ... 

St.  Petersburg 

Greenheart ,      „    ... 

Box „    ... 

Sequoia,  U.S. A per  cube  foot 

Mahogany,  Cuba,  per  super  foot 
lin.  thick  

„  Honduras  ...      „    ... 

„  Mexican „    ... 

„  African 

Cedar,  Cuba    „    ... 

„  Honduras    „    ... 

Satinwood    

Walnut,  Italian „     ... 

„      American  (logs)      ,.    ... 


0  0 

10  0 

5  0 

15  0 

10  0 


to  £18  0 
„  16  5 
„  6  5 
„  7  10 
„  8  0 
8  10 


0    3} 
0  10 

0  a  , 

8    1     , 


0  8 
0  7i 
0  5 
0  5i 
0  3i 

0  Si 

1  9 
0  7i 
3     1 


Dealr,  per  St.  Petersburg  Standard,  120— laft  by  liin 
by  llin. : — 

Quebec,  Pine,  Ist  £22    0  0 

„            2nd 18    5  0 

„              3rd  11  15  0 

Canada  Spruce,  1st 11    0  0 

„           2ndandSrd   9    0  0 

New  Brunswick 8    0  0 

Riga    7  10  0 

St.  Petersburg 8    0  0 

Swedish 11    0  0 

Finland 9    0  0 

White  Sea 1110  0 

0 


Battens,  all  sorts 


6  10 


to  £29    S 

„  23  10 

„  14    0 

„  15    0 

„  10  10 

„  9  1,1 

„  8  10 

„  18  10 

„  19  10 

„  10    0 

„  19  10 

„  13  10 


Flooring  Boards,  per  square  of  lin. : — 

latprepared £0  12 

2i)dditto   Oil 

Other  qualities    0    5 

Staves,  per  standard  M  : — 

U.S.,  pipe £37  10 

Momel,  or.  pipe  220    0 

Memel,  brack 190    0 


£0  IS 
0  IS 
0  13 


£45 

230 
200 


STONE.* 

Darley  Dale,  in  blocks per  foot  cube  £0    2    3 

Red  Mansfield  ditto „ „     ...     0    2  4} 

Hard  York  ditto    „     ...     0    2  10 

Ditto  ditto  Bin.  sawn  both  sides,  landings, 

randoTii  sizes per  foot  sup.    0    2    8 

Ditto  ditto  Sin.  slabs  sawn  two  sides, 

random  sizes  „    ...    0    I     3 

•  AU  F.O.B.  London. 

Bath  Stone,  delivered  on  rail  at  quarry  stations 

per  foot  cube  £0    10 
Delivered  on  road  waggons,  Paddlngton 

Depot „    ...    0    1  81 

Ditto        ditto        Nine  Elms  Depot  0    1  SJ 

Portland  Stone,  in  random  blocks  of  20ft.  average : — 

Brown         White 
Whit  Bed.   Base  Bed. 
Delivered  to  railway  depot  at  the 

quarry per  foot  cube  £0    1    52  ...  £0    1  7t 

Delivered  on  road  waggons  \ 
at  Paddington  Depot    ...(  n    9    I  n    9  91 

Ditto    Nine  Elms  Depot...  j   "    ^    i     ■••    u    2  Zf 

Ditto    Pimlico  Wharf I 

OILS. 

Linseed   per  tun  £18    0  0    to  £18  10  0 

Bapeseed,  English  pale  ...    „    ...  23    5  0    „  25    5  0 

Do,  brown „     ...  2115  0    „  22    5  0 

Cottonseed,  refined „    ...  19  10  0    „  2110  0 

Olive,  Spanish  ,     ...  31     0  0    „  81     5  0 

Seal,  pale  „     ...  18    0  0    «  28    0  0 

Cocoanut,  Cochin „     ...  29    0  0    „  80    0  0 

Do.,  Ceylon   „    ...  26    0  0    „  26  10  6 

Palm,  Lagos „    ...  28    0  0    „  28  10  0 

Oleine „     ...  17    5  0    „  19    5  0 

Lubricating  U.S per  gal.  0    7  0,,  080 

Petroleum,  refined ,,    ...  0    0  51  „  0    0  0 

Tar,  Stockholm perbarrel  16  0,,  160 

Do.,  Archangel „     ...  8  19  6    ,,  10  0 

Turpentine,  American  ...per  tun  87    0  0    „  87    6  0 


CHIPS. 

A  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  has  re- 
jected the  Watford  and  District  Tramways  (Exten- 
of  Time)  Bill,  under  which  the  promoters  sought  a 
further  period  of  years  in  which  to  construct  and 
equip  a  line  of  electric  tramways  authorised  in 
previous  sessions. 

The  Mersey  Docks  Board  have  adopted  a  scheme 
for  improving  Prince's  Dock  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
£40,000. 

The  foundation-stone  of  the  library  to  be  erected 
at  Athena  in  memory  of  the  late  Mr.  F.  C.  Penrose, 
F.R.S.,  ex-P.R.I.B.A.,  was  laid  on  Wednesday  in 
last  week,  by  Mr.  Bosanquet,  the  President  of  the 
Institute  of  Archaeology.  An  address  was  delivered 
by  Dr.  D.irpfeld. 

The  Metropolitan  Water  Board  have  agreed  to 
give  notice  of  appeal  to  the  House  of  Lords  against 
the  judgment  of  the  Court  of  Appeal  in  the  case  of 
the  New  River  Company. 

It  is  proposed  to  extend  the  existing  system  of 
the  London  United  Electric  Tramway  Company  by 
constructing  linea  over  Kingston  and  Hampton 
Court  Bridges  from  Middlesex  in  order  to  connect 
with  authorised  routes  in  Surrey,  and  at  a  meet- 
ing of  the  Surrey  County  Council  a  committee  was 
appointed  to  confer  with  a  committee  of  the 
Middlesex  County  Council  and  th^  tramway  com- 
pany on  the  subject  of  the  widening  or  recon- 
struction of  the  bridges. 

The  Lord  Mayor,  who  was  accompanied  by  the 
Lady  Mayoress  and  the  Sheriffs,  laid,  on  Siturday, 
the  foundation-stone  of  Riiley  House,  which  is 
being  erected  in  connection  with  the  parish  of  St. 
James -the -Loss,  B^thnal  Green.  The  buildings 
will  cost  £5, .500,  and  will  comprise,  on  the  ground 
floor,  a  auite  of  clubrooms  for  young  men  ;  on  the 
first  floor  there  will  be  rooms  for  two  clergy  and 
eight  University  men,  and  on  the  second  floor 
accommodation  will  be  provided  for  a  number  of 
young  men  of  the  clerk  class. 

At  the  office  of  the  Official  Receiver  for  Devon- 
port  (Mr.  T.  H.  Geake),  the  first  meeting  has 
been  held  of  the  creditors  of  William  Hornabrook, 
60,  Admiralty -street.  Keyham,  Devouport,  a  joiner 
in  the  Cavonport  Dockyard.  The  summary  of 
debtor's  statement  of  affairs  showed  gross  liabilities 
amounting  to  £1,846  10s.  On  the  asset  side,  furni- 
ture is  estimated  to  produce  £40,  life  policies  £15, 
surplus  from  securities  £7'.'  10s. —  CUU  10a.  The 
Official  Receiver  stated  that  the  debtor's  wages  had 
averaged  for  three  years  past  from  20i.  6.1.  to  .313.  a 
week,  and  it  was  alleged  that  debtor  had  borrowed 
money  at  4S0  per  cent,  per  annum. 

Mr.  Chauninj>'s  Bill  to  give  compensation  to 
occupying  tenanta  of  town  holdiiig-i  for  beneficial 
improvements,  which  carries  out  thti  rcciiuiiiuMida- 
tioii  made  in  the  final  report  of  the  Town  Holdings 
Committee,  ia  supported  by  Sir  A\'altcr  l-\>ster,  Sir 
.Tohn  Bruimor,  Mr.  Eoimott,  Mr.  Kearley,  and  Sir 
James  Woodhouse. 

Tenders  have  been  accepted  by  the  Liverpool 
Education  Committee  for  the  erection,  at  a  cost  of 
£1.023,  of  a  temporary  school  on  the  Biuka-road, 
It  iraton  site,  and  of  a  second  temporary  school  on 
the  Green  bank -road  site,  at  an  expenditure  of 
1 ,740. 


466  THE    BUILDING    NEWS.  March  25,  1904. 


LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


Button,  St.  Helens-Piiblic  Liba-y  {£2,500  limit)    £20,  £10 W.  II.  Andrew,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  St.  Helens ....^.  Mar.  31 

Vienna— Machinery  to  Lift  Boats 100,000,  75,000,  and  50,000  kronen   ...  The  Auatro-HungananCon.-Gen,22,Laurenoe-Pounteney-lane,li.O.    „     SI 

Tipton-Free  Library  (£5,000)  and  Town  Hall  (£3,500)  (Local  „  „   ^  ,        „  „,•  ^       o.  o  oi 

Architects  only)  £50,  £!0,  £10    W.  H.  Jukes,  Surveyor.  Tipton,  Staffs „      31 

Eccleeton,  St.  Helens— Public  Library  (£2.500  limit) £20,  £10 W.  H.  Andrew,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  St.  Helens  ,,      31 

Perth— Isolation  Hospital  (36  beds)  (£11,000  limit)    SOgs,  20g8,  and  lOgs  John  Begg.  Town  Clerk.  Perth AprU  6 

Lurgan- Thirty  Labourers'  Cottages  William  J.  Corner,  Clerk,  Workhouse,  Lurgan 6 

Malvern- Free  Library.  Graham-road £3^  £20,  £10   H.  L.  Whatley,  Clerk,  Council  Offices,  Malvern ^.... „       8 

Calne— Public  Library  (£1,200  limit)    No  premium;  5  per  cent,  commission  G.  I.Gough,  Secretary,  Town  Clerk's  Ofhce,  Calne,  Wilts... » 

Uandilo-Fawr- Drainage  Scheme  for  Amman  Valley  R.  Shipley  Lewis,  Clerk,  Llandilo.  Wales 23 

Newcastle-on-Tvne— Grammar  School  (J.  Bilson,  F.B.I.B.A.,  „„„,..  „  „■  a    <.     ...t  «  m  ,n 

FSA    Assessor"  £100,  £50,  £25 Horace  J.  Criddle,  Solicitor,  2.  Collmgwooa-st.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    ..     30 

Barnet-Hoepital  .  O-  D-  Byfield,  Clerk,  16.  High-street,  Barnet  May    9 

Stamford— Public  Library  (limit  £2,0;0)  (Assessor)   £25  (merged),  £15,  £10    Charles  Alter.  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Stamford    „     SI 

Hoibury— Free  Library    Arthur  E.  Radcliffe.  Engineer.  U.D  C.  Offices,  Horbury    — 

Ossett— Town  Hall W.  Hirst,  Borough  Surveyor,  Ossett,  Yorks  — 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 

v-^ 

BTIIX.DINQS. 

Bristol-Piggeries  at  Lunatic  Asylum Visiting  Committee  Peter  Addie,  City  Valuer,  Council  House,  Bristol ^I"- ^S 

Eomsey— Additions  to  Supt.'s  Quarters  at  Police  Station   W.  J.  Taylor,  County  Surveyor,  The  Castle,  Winchester   26 

Newbury— Coachhouse  and  Stables,  Winterbourne  Manor H.  J.  Sprake,  Bungay,  SutEolk „  26 

Garlands-Additionsto  Joint  Counties  Asylum  Asylum  Committee  G.  Dale  Oliver,  F.E.I.B.A.,  Lowther-street,  Carlisle  „  26 

Omagh— Iron  Dairy  Building R.J.  Wilson,  Mountjoy  Ea%t,  Omagh  ■•■•■■.-• 26 

Aberlour-Block  of  Houses.  Broomfleld-square   Jas.  Campbell,  Station  Bar,  Aberlour,  Scotland „  26 

Paisley-Purifying-House  Extension  Gas  Corporation Geo.  H.  Hislop,  C.E  .  Manager.  Gasworks,  Paisley .^ ,  26 

Leyton  E —Two  Houses         A.  8.  Caughey,  Architect.  19,  Avenue-road.  Leytonstone,  E 26 

BirdweU  Common,  Barnsley-Shop  and  Three  Houses J.Jackson   Arthur  Whittaker,  Archite  ct.  Worsborough  Bridge.  Barnsley „  26 

Omagh— Detached  Villi    Thomas  Houston.  Architect,  Welungton-place,  Belfast 26 

Bridlington- Alterations  to  New  Inn  Whitaker  Bros Samuel  Dyer,  Architect,  Bridlington... -■:,-:■. ■■  ?* 

Llanaelhaiarn-HouseatCwmcorjn    .' Watkin  Williams  Jones.  Architect,  Salem-place.  PwUheh „  26 

Cheadle-Fire  Station  Urban  District  Council   Edward  Sykes,  Surveyor,  Council  Offices,  Cheadle   2» 

Kilmurry  South- Shop  and  Residence Mrs.  Murphy  A.  W.  Barnard,  Architect,  Macroom „  28 

Birkenhead— Sanitary  Towers  at  Workhouse  Guardians Edmund  Kirby,  F.R.I.B.  A.,  5.  Cook-street,  Liverpool „  M 

Tarves— Vestry   Kirk  Session    ...  James  Cobban,  Architect.  Haddo  House,  N.B „  ^ 

Drogheda-Fublic  Library  Public  Library  Committee F.  H.  Tallan,  Architect,  Drogheda 28 

Saltord- Devonshire-street  Schools  Education  Committee  H.  E.  Stelfox,  F.R.LB.A.,  6.  Princess-street,  Manchester 28 

Ottringham- Additions  to  Church  Lands  Farmhouse Freeman,  Son,  and  Qaskell,  Architects,  11,  Carr-lane.  Hull  28 

Lichfleld—Fourteen  Workmen's  Dwellings    Sanitary  Committee Emerson  Brooke.  City  Surveyor,  Lichdeld     ..^.^ V^:;-.-v; '  iS 

Whitstable- Additions  to  School  Buildings,  High-street Whitstable  Charities  Trustees Arthur  A.  Kemp,  Aroht.,  Tankerton  Estate  Office,  Whitstible 2S 

Belfast— Extensions  to  Goods  Shed  Harbour  Commissioners W.  A.  Curric,  Secretary,  Harbour  Office,  Belfast „  i'i 

Keighley-Pavilion  in  Victoria  Park    Corporation W.  H.  Hopkinson,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Engineer.  Keighley 2» 

Strood -Cloakroom  at  Gordon-road  Schools Education  Committee  William  Banks,  A. M.I.C.E.,  Architect,  GuUdhall,  Rochester ,  28 

Taff's  Well— Additions  to  Welsh  Congregational  Chapel G.  L.  Watkins,  Architect,  Station-terrace,  Caerphilly  ..^ «a 

Holloway,  N.-E-xtension  of  Telegraph  Factory H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey  s  Gate,  S.W.   .^.... 29 

St.  Govan's  Head,  Pembioke-Coaetguard  Buildings Admiralty The  Director  of  Works  Dept.,  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C 2» 

Liverpool— Rooting  E-xtension    Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway  Co.  The  Engineer's  Office.  Hunt's  Bank,  Manchester „  ^» 

Wadsley- Twelve  Houses Ancient  Order  of  Foresters    The  Secretary,  222,  Solly-street,  Sheffield „... ,  2» 

Seaton  Delaval-Miners'  Hall J.  Dobbinson,  Architect.  Colliery  \  ard.  Seat™  Delaval ,  29 

Knowle,  Fareham— Three  Cottages  et  Asylum Visiting  Committee  W.  J.  Taylor,  County  Surveyor.  The  Castle.  Winchester    29 

Hidl-Post-Office H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works. The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works.  Storey  s  Gate,  S.W.   „  29 

Caledonian-road.  N. -Repairs  to  Baths  and  Washhouses Islington  Borough  Council J.  Patten  Barber.  Boro' Eog.,  Town  Hall.  Upper-street,  N. ,  29 

Belfast- Enlarging  Ntill's  Hill  Station  Belfast  and  County  Down  Ry.  Co.  ...  The  Company's  Engineer,  Queen's  Uoay  Terminus,  Beltast^^ „  29 

Surbiton-Clock  Tower  opposite  Station John  Johnson,  Architect.  9,  Queen  Victona-street,  City,  E.C „  30 

Llanelly-Extensions  to  Hospital Committee    W.  Griffiths.  F.S.I.,  Architect,  Llanelly .^. „  30 

Maenclochog— Chapel                                                                                          D.  Edward  Thomas,  Architect.  Victona-place,  Haverfordwest ,  30 

King's  Norton-Three 'Temporary  Schools Urban  District  Council    A.  W.  Cross.  A. M.I.C.E.. '23,  Valentine-rd.,  King's  Heath,  Birmghm    „  30 

Haxby— Pair  of  Semi-detached  Villas Arthur  H.  Everest,  Architect.  8,  New-street,  York ,  30 

Dundee— Alterations  to  West  Green  Asylum    District  Lunacy  Board William  Alexander.  City  Architect,  Dundee  ..  30 

Terriogton  St.  Clement- Butcher's  Shop    R-  W.  Bryant,  Terrington  St.  Clement ,  30 

TuiTifl— House  and  Farm  Steading Town  Council James  Duncan  and  Son,  Architects,  Turnff    »  »0 

Fehnfoel-Free  Library  and  Public  Hall  , W.Griffiths,  F.S. I.,  Architect,  LlaneUy  .^..... 30 

Chiswick-Conyeiting  Eight  Houses  into  Shops The  Empire  Development  Co.,  Ltd.,  586,  High-road,  Ctiiawiok  „  31 

Coedpoeth-Camegie  Free  Library  Bersham  Parish  Council W.  Moss,  Architect.  2.  Temple-row,  Wrexham „  »l 

Swinton— Altering  Primitive  Methodist  Chapel   J.  Laidler.  Myrtle  Villa,  New  Station-road,  Swinton „  31 

Rossett-Police  Station Denbighshire  County  Council  R.  Lloyd  Williams,  County  .Surveyor,  Denbigh ,. „  »» 

Kinsale- Restoration  and  Repair  of  St.  Multose  Church W.  H.  Hill  and  .Son,  Architects,  '2.8.  South  Mall, Cork........ ,  31 

Doneraile— Addition  to  Bank  House National  Bank  Directors. Brian  E.  F.  Sheehy,  Architect,  50,  George-street.-Limenck  „  31 

Honley— ^'illa  Lunn  and  Kaye  Architects,  Milnsbridge ,*  31 

Bargoed-Convtiting  Three  Houses  into  Business  Premises  ...  E.  R.  Bowen,  M.D P.  V.  Jones,  P.A.8.I.,  Architect.  Bargoed ii-,-i\ "  „f 

Belfast— Presbyterian  Church,  Whitehead J.  J.  PhiUips  apd  Son,  Architects.  SI.  Royal-avenue,  Belfast  ,  31 

Salford-Retort-House  Floor Gas  Committee  W.  W.  Woodward,  Engineer,  Bloom-street,  Saltord      .............^ ,,  31 

Drumoak— Additions  to  Steading  of  Offices  Alex.  Stronach,  jun.,  4;  Son,  Advocates,  20,  Belmont-st.,  Aberdeen  April  1 

Aberavon— Red  House,  Cwmavon-road  E.  Evans  Bevan J.  Cook  Rees,  Architect,  Neath - .:'■■■; "  « 

Lumphanan— Repairs  to  Office  Houses  at  TiUylair Cochran  and  Macpherson,  Advocates,  152,  Union-street,  Aberdeen..    „  2 

Penygroes— Additions  to  County  School Local  Governing  Body Rowland  Lloyd  Jone.s.  County  Architect,  Talysarn ^... .......    „  2 

Great  Horton— Working  Men's  Club   S.  Spencer.  Architect,  Old  Bank  Chambers,  Great  Horton,  Bradford    „  2 

MerTymeeting,Wicklow— Cemetery  Works  Joint  Burial  Board  The  Secretary,  Burial  Board,  Wicklow  .. ,•  ^ 

Burnley— Cookery-Room  at  Abel-street  Board  Schools Corporation The  Borough  Surveyor's  Office,  Town  Hall,  Burnley „  2 

Urmston— Wesleyan  Church  J.  Jameson  Green.  Architect,  19,  South  John-street,  Liverpool  „  2 

Skewen— Public  Library  Coedtranc  Parish  Council  J.  Cook  Rees,  Architect,  Neath v'i' "  o 

Lumphanan— House  at  Milton  of  Auchinhove '. Cochran  and  Macpherson,  Advocates.  152,  Union-street,  At)erdeen..    „  2 

Greencastle-CeutralCieameiy  ....           Co-operative  Agricultural  Society  ...  The  Secretary,  Greencastle  C.A.  and  D.S.,  Ltd.,  >«wtown3tewart..    „  l 

Guildford-Repairs  to  Corporation  Property Town  Council C.  G.  Mason,  C.E..  Borough  Surveyor,  Tuns-gate,  Guildtord  „  4 

Stretford— Twenty-fix  Houses,  Gorse  Bill The  Secretary's  Office,  Downing-street,  Ardwick,  Manchester; „  a 

Kilgerran— House  at  Tiiilynon     Mrs.  Griffiths,  Corner  House,  High-street,  Kilgerran „  » 

Levenshulme- Six  Houses.  Provident-avenue  The  Secretary's  Office.  Downing-street.  Ardwick,  Manchester ,  S 

Aylesbury— Additional  Offices  at  County  Hall Bucks  County  Council R.  J.  Thomas,  M.I.C.E..  County  Sur.,  County  Hall,  Aylesbury „  b 

Brussels— Public  Bonded  Warehouse   M.  I'lngenieur  en  chef  De  Schryver,  rue  du  Canal  aO.BruseUes b 

Kinglassie— Extension  to  Cemetery Parish  Council   William  Birrell,  Architect,  200,  High-street.  Kirkcaldy ,  b 

Cork-Altering  Berkeley  Hall  into  Houses W.  H.  Hill  and  Son,  Architects,  2S,  South  Mall,  Cork b 

Chelmsford— Grand  tta'nd,  &c Essex  Agricultural  Society    Fred  Taylor,  Secretary,  17,  Duke-street,  Chelmsford  V'TOr.     "  i 

Hammersmith,  W.-Nuises' Home,  Fulham  Palace-road    Fulham  Guardians    A.  Saxon  Snell.F.R.I.B.A.,22,SouthamptonBdgs,Chancery-l.,  W.C.    „  7 

Whitechapel,  E.— Generating  Station,  Osboin-street Stepney  Borough  Council  M.  W.  Jameson,  Boro'  Eog.,  15.  Gt.  Alice-street,  Whitechapel.li....     „  7 

Kendal— Additions  to  Brantheld    W.H.Somervell   John  F.  Curwen,  F.R.LB.A.,  2S,  Highgate,  Kendal    ,  7 

Hove-Church  and  Schools,  Old  Shoreham-road E.  J.  Hamilton,  Architect,  2,  New-road,  Brighton „  7 

Sheffleld-Crematcrium  at  City-road  Cemetery    .'...  Burial  Grounds  Sub-Committee  Charles  Hadfleld,  Architect,  Cairns  Chambers,  bhetliem ,  » 

Waltham.stow— Generating  Station  Extension Urban  District  Council    G.  W.  Holmes,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Town  Hall,  Walthamstow  ...........  j. 8 

Selly  Oak- Depot,  Fire  Station,  and  Mortuary King's  Norton  and  Northfield  U.D. C.  Ambrose  W.  Cross.  .i.M.I.C.E.,  23,  Valentine-road,  King  s  Heath...    „  8 

MertbyrTydfil-Cemetery  Extension  Works Urban  District  Council  Fleteher  Harvey,  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Merthyr  Tydfil „  8 

Limerick- Carnegie  Free  Libiary  and  Museum  Trustees   G.  P.  Sheridan,  A.R.I.B.A.,  25,  Suffolk-street,  Dublin  11 

Homerton,  N.E.-Alteiations  to  Laundry  at  Eastern  Hospital  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board  W.  T.  Hatch,  M.I.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.,  Embankment,  E.G. 12 

Newry—Feyer  Hospital  Extens-ion   Down  County  Council  Robert  Macllwaine,  Secretary,  Courthouse,  Djwnpatrick 1» 

Rodborough— Additions  to  King's  County  School  Gloucestershire  County  Council   The  County  Surveyor's  Office,  Shire  Hall,  Gloucester    „  16 

Loughborough— Electricity  Station  Corporation Albert  E.  King,  Architect,  Baxtergate,  Loughborough t>  J6 

Leigh,  Lanes— Infirmaiy J.  C.  Prestwich,  Architect.  Bradshawgate  Buildings,  Leigh „  22 

Green\yich,  B.E.— Superstructure  of  Electric  Generating  Station  London  County  Council  The  Architect's  Dept..  Trafalgar  House.  13.  Charing  Cross,  S.W.  ...    „  26 

Llanelly— Alterations  to  Bridgend  Inn    Joseph  Billett.  Architect.  23.  Murray-street,  Llanelly — 

Barnard  Castle— Alterations  and  Additions  to  House,  Newgate  T.  Farrow,  Architect,  7,  Market-place,  Barnard  Castle  — 


March  25,  1904. THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 467 

BTTII.DIN'QS— caiifiiiu«d. 

Hereford— Ten  Cottages "W.  "W.  Robiosod,  Architect.  Hereford  - — 

Brighton— Foundation  and  Basement Prudential  Asauiance  Co P.Waterhouae.Architect.  20.  New  Cavendish-st.,  Portland-place,  W,  — 

Barnard  Castle— Honse,  Staindrop-road T.  Farrow.  Architect,  7.  Market-place.  Birnird  C-ntle  — 

Dundee — Com-i'  ,■  Buildings Niven  and  Wiggleawirth,  Architects.  10*.  High  Holborn,  W.C. — 

Stanley— Winter  Garden,  Beamish  Hall 8.  D.  Eden  T.  E.  Crossling.  Architect,  Stmlcy.  R  S.O  .  Dirhlm  — 

Tingley— Four  Houses  ..- George  Sharp.  Old  White  Bear.  Tingley,  Vorks — 

Stratford-on-Avon- -Roof  Repairs  at  Holy  Trinity  Church Cossins.  Pea'^ock.  &  Bewlav.  ArchU..8:j.Colernore-row,  Birmiasrham  — 

Stanley— Three  Houses.  Shield  Row T.  E.  Cro^^lini;.  Architect.  Stialey.  R.S.O  .  Durhim '. — 

Harrogate— Cnuntr\-  House.  St.  James's  Park  Estate  H.  and  E.  Marten.  Architects.  Cheapside  Ch  mbara,  Bradford    ^ 

Bumopfleld—rubhc  Building 8.  D.  Eden  T.  E.  Crossling.  Architect.  Stanley,  R.S  O.,  Durham  — 

Aberavon— Vivian  Hotel Trueman,  Hanbury,  Buxton,  and  Co.  J.  P.  Jones  and  Rowlands,  Architects,  .3,  'J  jat-street,  Swansea  — 

Wandsworth,  S.W.— Small  Block  of  Flats Palgrave  and  Co.,  Architects,  2-4  Victoria-street.  S.W — 

Halifax— Theatre  Royal,  Soathgate Northern  Theatre  Co-,  Ltd Richard  Horsfall  and  Son,  Archts.,  22a,  C  immercial-^treet,  Halifax  — 

Carlisle— Converting  Farm  Buildings  into  Horse-Boxes  Carlisle  Race  Stand  Co.,  Ltd Dixon  and  Mitchell.  Land  Agents,  Devonshire-street,  Carlisle    — 

ELEOTBIOAIi    PLANT. 

St.  Annes-on-Sea— Plant Urban  District  Council    Jas.  H.  Clothier,  Engineer.  St.  Annes-on-Sea    Mar.  24 

Dundee — Electricity  Meters Town  Council H.  Richardson.  A.M.I  E.E..  Dudhope-creacent^road.  Dundee „     26 

Poplar,  E— Sub-Station  Plant  Borough  Council  Percy  N.  Hooper.  A.M. I.e. E..  Qlaucus-street.  Bromley-by-Bow,  E..    „     26 

Glasgow— Elt'ctric  Distribution Corporation D.  and  A.  Home  Morton.  C.E.'s.  130,  Bath-street,  Glasgow 29 

Stockport— Steam  Generator  (oOO-kw.)   Gas  and  Electricity  Committee A.  J.  H.  Carter.  Electricity  Works,  Stockport   ."Jl 

Sunderland— Indiarubber-covered  Cables  Corporation John  F.  C.  Snell.  M.I.C.E..  Boro'Elec.  Eug-.Town  Hall,  Sunderland    ,,     31 

Swindon— Electrical  Plant   Corporation J.  G.  Griffin.  A.M.I.E.E..  Electricity  Works.  Swindon  31 

Reading — Sis  Electric  Tramcars Corporation .- Walter  Binns,  Engineer,  Tramway  Offices.  Mill-lane.  Reading  April  2 

Swansea— Arc  Tjimps Corporation C.  A.  L.  Prasman,  Borough  Electrical  Engineer.  Swansea    „       2 

Withington— Electric  Bed  lift Chorlton  Union  Guardians James  B.  Broadbent.  .\.R.I.B.A..  15.  Cooper-street,  Manchester    ...    ,,       5 

Manchester — Generators  Electricity  Committee F.  E.  Hughes.  Secretary.  Town  Hall.  Manchester „       7 

Westminster,  S.W. — Switchboards Westminster  Elec.SupplyCorporation  Kennedy  and  Jenkin.  17,  Victoria-street.  Westminster,  S.W IS 

Natal,  8.  Africa — Electric  Telepherage Natal  Government Charles  J.  Crofts,  M.I.C.E.,  Harbour  Engineer,  Natal May    9 

ENGINEERINa. 

Alnwick — Widening  Cawledge  Bridge Northumberland  County  Council The  County  Surveyor,  Moot  Hall,  Newcastle  Mar.  26 

St.  Annes-on-Sea— Steam-Piping  Urban  District  Council    Jaa.  H.  Clothier,  Engineer,  Electricity  Works,  St.  Annes-on-Sea  ...    „  26 

Choppington— Widening  Willow  South  Bridge    Northumberland  County  Council The  County  Surveyor,  Moot  Hall,  Newcastle  „ ,  26 

Dartford— Light  Railways   Urban  District  Council    Hawtayne  and  Zeden.  9.  Queen  Street-place,  E.C „  26 

Newcastle— Widening  Wolsington  Bridge Northumberland  County  Council The  County  Surveyor,  Moot  Hall,  Newcastle  .• „  26 

Paisley— Engineering  Work  at  Purifying-House Gas  Corporation Geo.  H.  Hislop.  C.E.,  Manager,  Gasworks.  Paisley 26 

Bedlington— Widening  Hartford  Bridge Northumberland  County  Council The  County  Surveyor,  Moot  Hall ,  Newcastle  26 

Chelmsford — Waterworks Corporation C.  Brown,  A.M.I.C.E  .  16.  London-road,  Chelmsford  „  23 

Rugby- Refuse  Destructor Urban  District  Council    D.  G.  Macdonald,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Surveyor.  H'lgby  ...  „  2S 

Ware— Waterworks Rural  District  Council Bailey-Denton.  Lawford.  &  Symons.  MM.I.C.E..9.  Bridge-st.  S.W.    „  2S 

East  Grinstead— Waterworks Rural  District  Council Downes  and  Cornewall-Walker,  C.E.'s.  Warwick-road,  RedhUl „  28 

St.  Andrew's— Swimming  Bath  Town  Council Wm.  Watson.  Burgh  Surveyor,  St.  Andrew's ,  2S 

€leckheaton— Converting  Generating  Settings Urban  District  Council    J.  Armitage.  Clerk,  Town  Hall.  Cleckheaton  23 

Barnet-Precipitating  Tanks  Urban  District  Council    W.  H.  Mansbridge.  Surveyor.  40.  High-street.  Barnet  „  2^ 

Lichfield,  Statfs— Filter  Beds Sanitary  Committee Emerson  Brooke,  City  Surveyor,  Lichfield,  Staffs „  2S 

Biggleswade— Laying  Cast-iron  Pipes  (2,900)  Rural  District  Council G.  F.  Deacon.  Engineer,  16.  Great  George-street.  Westminster,  S.W.    „  29 

Glasgow— Trenches.  &c Corporation James  G.  Monro,  Town  Clerk,  City  Chambers,  Glasgow „  29 

Gla.=gow— Plant  at  Chemical  Works Corporation A.Wilson.  Engineer,  45,  John-street,  Glasgow „  29 

Biggleswade -Waterworks  Water  Board  G.  F.  Deacon.  Engineer.  16.  Great  George-strejt,  Westminster,  S.W.    „  29 

Nevin— Water  Supply  Scheme    Lleyn  Rural  District  Council R.  Owen  Jones.  Clerk.  Nevin ,  29 

WestHartlepool— Esplanade  Wall    Corporation .  Nelson  F.  Dennis,  Boro' Eng..  7S.  Chureh-st.,  West  Hartlepool 29 

Biggleswade— Laying  Cast-Iron  Pipes  (260  tons) Urban  District  Council    G.  F.  Deacon,  Engineer.  Itj.  Great  George-itreet,  Westminster,  S.W.    „  29 

Gateshead— Boiler  (5.000  gallons)  The  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Gateshead ,  3) 

London.  E.C.— Two-Track  Plate  Girder  Bridge  Bast  Indian  RailwiiyCo C.  W.  Young.  Secretary.  Nicholas-lane,  E.C „  S) 

Anstruther- Quay  W.all Harbour  Commissioners Robert  Henderson,  C.E.,  Burntisland    „  31 

Conway-Sewerage  and  Waterworks   Rural  District  Council T.  B.  Farrington,  A.M.I.C.E..  Trinity-square.  Llandudno   31 

Upper  Holloway,  N.  — Disinfector  at  Workhouse St.  Mary.  Islington,  Guardians Edwin  Davey.  Clerk,  St.  .Johns-road.  Upper  HoUoway,  N „  SI 

Walter-le-Dale— Water-Main Urban  District  Council    F.  E.  Dixon.  C.E..  49.  Lune-street.  Preston ,  SI 

Aberdeen— Two  W.ater-tube  Boilers Electric  Lighting  Committee J.  Alex.  Bell.  City  Electrical  Engineer.  Aberdeen    „  SI 

Carhsle— Stone  Bridge  at  Powbeck    Rural  District  Council Joseph  Graham,  Engineer.  Bank  Chambers.  Bank-street.  Cirlisle...    ,,  31 

Adelaide— Trans-Continental  Railway H.  Allerdale  Grainger.  Agent-General,  Threadneedle  House,  E.G....  April  1 

Waterford.  Herts- Bridge  Repairs  Hertford  Rural  District  Council  J.  W.  Riggs.  St.  Elmo.  Fanshawe-street,  Bengeo.  Hertford „  1 

Edinburgh— Laying  Drain  Pipes   Public  Works  Office,  City  Chambers,  Edinburgh 2 

Montrose— Repair  of  Jetty  Harbour 'Trustees Wm.  Ross.  Harbour  Clerk,  10,  Castle-street,  Montrose,  N.B ,  1 

Greencastle— Well  Dairy  Society's  Committee The  Secretary.  Dairy  Society,  Ltd..  Greencistle.  Newtownstewart...    „  4 

Oswe.stry-Eiver  Works    Drainage  Commissioners Martin  B.  Lawford.  Clerk,  Upper  Brook-street.  Oswestry „  S 

Brussels— Railway  between  Kieldrecht  and  Doel M.  le  Directeur  Gc'-oeral.  11,  rue  de  la  Science,  Bruxelles  „  5 

Pontyglazier— Bridge St.  Dogmell's  Rural  District  Council  A.  H.  Thomas,  A.R.I.B.A.,  County  Surveyor's  Office,  Haverfordwest    „  6 

Derby— Sewerage  Works  Corporation Mansergh  and  Sons,  Engineers,  5,  Victoria-st.,  Westminster,  S.W.    „  7 

York— Sidings  ;400  yards)  at  Fosa  Islands  Depots  Corporation ,  A.  Creer,  City  Engineer.  York „  9 

Harrogate -Waterworks Corporation E.  WUson  Dixon,  M.I.C.E.,  14.  Albert-street.  Harrogate  9 

Alytli.  N.B.— Renewal  of  Bridge  Superstructure Caledonian  Railway  Co J.  Blackburn.  Secretary.  302,  Buchanan-street,  Glasgow    „  11 

Burnley— Covered  Reservoir    Rural  District  Council S.  Edmondson.  Survevor,  18,  Nicholas-street.  Burnley    „  11 

Waterford— Two  Steel  Girder  Bridges County  Council  R.  O.  Paul.  Secretary.'County  Council.  Dungirvan.  Ireland 11 

Homerton.  N.P.— Laundry  Alterations  at  Eastern  Hospital...  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board    W.  T.  Hatch.  M.I.CE  .  M.I. M.E..  Embankment.  E.C „  12 

India  Office.  S.W.— Locomotives  The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  The  Director-General  of  Stores.  India  Office,  Whitehall,  S.W 12 

Cdvan.  Ireland-Road  Roller  , County  Council  W.  Finlay,  Secretary.  County  Council.  Court  House,  Cavan 15 

Belf»8t— Engines  and  Pumps Harbour  Commissioners  G.  F.  L.  Giles.  Harbour  Engineer,  Belfast  „  IS 

Egremont-Branch  Railway  to  Gasworks  Wallasey  Urban  District  Council W.  H.  Cook.  Clerk.  Public  Offices.  Egreraont.  Cheshire  ,  iO 

Port  Natiil-  Coaling  Plant  Natal  Government Charles  J.  Crofts.  M.I.C.E.,  Harbour  Dept.,  Durban.  Natsl 45 

Laborc—Cotton-Seed  Oil  Mills  and  Flour  Mills  Managing  Proprietor,  Cotton  i  Commerce  Agency,  Lahore,  Punjab      — 

FENOINa    AND    WALLS. 

Ulverston- N.  w  Wall  at  Mill  Dam  Gardens Health  Committee Henrv  Whitlow.  Surveyor,  Queen-street,  Ulverston M»r.  49 

Walworth,  S.E.— Wall,  Prmcc's-road Lambeth  Guardians W.  'fhumall,  Clerk,  Brook-street,  Kennington-road,S.B.. ....... ..'.;,..    ■„     30 

FURNITURE    AND    FITTINGS. 

Bridlington-Folding  Screens  at  Hilderthorpe  Schools Borough  Education  Committee A.  T.  Martindale,  Architect,  OS.  Wellington-road.  Bridlington   Mar.  26 

.Uantwit  lardre-Fumishing  Tonteg  Isoktion  Hospital Pontypridd  Urban  District  Council...  P.  R.  A.  WiUoughby.  A.M  I.C.E.,  Surveyor,  Pontypridl  H 

Xeeds-iurnishing  Branch  Library,  Vork-road  Corporation H.  Ascough  Chapman.  A.R.I.B.A.,  Park-row,  Leeds ,     29 

.Dundee-Furnishing  West  Green  Asylum District  Lunacy  Board William  Alexander,  City  .\rchitect.  Dundee 30 

Neasden.  N.W.-jFurnishing  Isolation  Hospital  Willesden  Urban  District  Council  ...  Stanley  W.  Ball.  Clerk.  Public  Offices.  Kilburn,  N.  W April  6 

Ince-in-Makerheld-School  Furniture Education  Committee  A.  F.  Howgate,  Secretary,  Council  Offixs,  luce,  Wigaa 7 

FAINTING. 

BirdwcU  Common— Shop  and  Three  Houses J.  Jackson    '. Arthur  Whittaker.  Architect.  Worsborough  Bridge,  Barnsley Mar.  46 

Homcastle-Iaolation  Hospital  at  Workhouse Guardians J.  E.  Chatterton.  Clerk.  Union  Offices.  Horncistle    „     4S 

Worplesdon-Smallpox  Hospital  Joint  Hospital  Board   A.  J.  Sturges.  Architect,  2.5,  High-street.  Guildford 49 

Catedonian-road.  N  -1  ublic  Baths Islington  Borough  Council J.  Patten  Barber,  Boro'  Engineer.  Town  Uall.  irpp3r-street,  N.......    „     49 

Portainouth-Ouildhall  and  Museum  The  Borough  Engineer's  Offlors.  Town  U  lU.  Portsmouth 31 

Great  Horton-Club   ....    8  Spencer,  Architect.  Great  llorton.  Bradford  April  2 

Ouil.lford-Corporation  Property Town  Council C.  G.  Mason.  C.E  .  Boro'  Survevor,  Tuns-gate.  Guildford 4 

KinglasBie -Cemetery.,  Parish  Council    William  Birrell.  Architect.  20i1, "High-street.  Kirkcaldy 6 

Clitfinville,  Margate-East  Chir  House Metrojiolitan  .\aylums  Board    W.  T.  Hatch.  M.I.C.E  ,  MI.M.E.,  Ecnbinkiiient,  E.C 12 

H^imcrUin.N.h.— Eastern  Hospital Metropolitan  Asylums  Hoard    W.  T.  Hatch,  MI.C.i;,,  M.I.M.E.,  Eiubankuvnt.  E.C Vi 

Wattord.Hf.rts-Leavcsden  Asylum Metropolitan  Asylums  B.iard    W.  T.  Hatch,  M.I.C.E..  M.I. M.E.,  Kmbankment,  E.C 12 

Boutti  louenham.  N.-North-Eastern  Hospiui  ..: MetropoUtan  Asylums  Board   W.  T.  Hatch.  MI.C.K..  JIt  M.E.,  Embankment.  E.C. I'J 

Ancoata,  Manchester-Llevcn  Houses,  MiU-street Harold  SheMm.  Architect.  M.  idlewich - 

lliuilax— ineatieltoyal,  Southgate Northern  Theatre  Co Richard  Horafall  and  Son,  .Vrchts.,  22,v,  Comuercial-st..  Hllifax  ...      — 

PLUMBING    AND    GLAZING. 

Paisley— Purifying-House Gas  Corporation Geo.  H.  Hialop.  CE  ,  Manawr,  Oisworks.  Paisley  Mir. '26 

larves- Vestry  Kirk  Session    James  Cobban.  Architect.  Uaddu  House,  N.B '« 

I)undec-West  Green  Asylum^ District  Lunacy  Board William  Alexander.  City  Architect.  Dundee  .30 

Midsomer  Norton-Plumbing  Work Urban  District  Council    The  Surveyor,  Midsomer  Norton,  Somerset April  8 

^  ,    „  „    „  BOADS    AND    STREETS. 

Wakefleld-Strcet  Works Council  The  City  Survey.ir,  Town  Hall   Wakelleld Mir.  26 

Hadleigh-Pavmg  Various  Streets    Urban  District  Council    T.  F.  Corder.  Surveyor.  115.  Uigh-strcct,  U  illeigh,  Suffjlk '26 

He  ensburgh-Pootpaths  Town  CoancU J.  R.  Wilson.  C.i;.,  Burgh  Surveyor.  Uelensburgil  '26 

puklnfleld--Paving  Sandy-lane Corporation The  Borough  Surveyor.  Town  Hall,  DukinUeld  «S 

Lewieham,  S,E.-8treet  Works Borough  Council    The  Surveyor's  Department.  Town  Hall,  CUfiri,  S.B 4S 


468 THE    BUILDING    NEWS. March  25,  1904. 

ROADS    AND    STB.^^TS— continued, 

Aberdeen— Causewajrinf?  Commercial-road Harbour  Commissioners R.  Gordon  Nicol,  Harbour  Engineer,  Aberdeen Mar.29 

Muswell  Hill,  N.— Road  Works Town  Council E.  J.  LoTe^rove.  Borough  Engineer,  Southwood-lane,  Highgate.  N.    „  2^ 

York— Making-up  Private  Streets  (One  Year) A.  Creer,  City  Engineer.  Guildhall.  York ,,  2^ 

Dorking  — Iloadmaking Urban  District  Council    G.  Somers  Mathews,  Town  Surveyor,  Dorking „  2^ 

Alnwick — Asphalt  Paving    Urban  District  Council    Geoffrey  Wilson,  Town  Surveyor,  Alnwick „  28 

Eaatboume— Private  Street  Improvement  Works   ....- Highways  Committee  Daniel  J.  Bowe,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall.  Eastbourne  ,,  28 

Mumbles.  Swansei— Paving  Works Oystermouth  Urban  District  Council  Jno.  H.  Robinson.  Clerk,  Council  Offices,  Mumbles.  Swansea „  28 

Lewisham.  S.E.— Paving  Embleton-street Borough  Council    The  Surveyor's  Department,  Town  Hall,  Catford,  S.E „  28 

Wigton— Road  Maintenance    Rural  District  Coxmcil W.  Brown.  Surveyor.  Kildare,  Wigton „  28 

Berwick-upon-Tweed— Concrete  Foothpatha Sanitary  Authority  Rob.  Dickinson,  Borough  Surveyor,  Berwick-upon-Tweed „  29 

Stanley -Street  Works Urban  District  Council    J.  Routledge,  Surveyor,  Stanley,  R.S.O..  Durham  „  29 

West  Hartlepool— Streets Corporation N.  F.  Dennis,  A-M.I.CE.,  Borough  Engineer.  West  Hartlepool ,,  29 

Tynemouth— Cement  Concrete  Footpaths  ..„ John  F.  Smillie.  Borough  Surveyor,  Tynemouth  „  29 

Bishop  Auckland— Paving  and  Channelling  Streets   Urban  District  Council    J.  T.  Proud,  Clerk,  Bishop  Auckland „  30 

Ealing,  W.— Making-up  Passage  Town  Coimcil C.  Jones,  M.I.C.E.,  Boro'  Engineer.  Town  Hall,  Ealing,  W „  30 

Avonmouth— Makiog-up  Napier-road.. Barton  Regis  R.D.C J.  A.  Henderson  and  H.  H.  Howell.  Surveyors,  Westbury-on-Tyne    ,.  30 

Blongh— Making-up  Private  Streets Urban  District  Council    The  Surveyor,  1,  Mackenzie-street,  Slough „  31 

ILeeds— Laying  Tar  Macadam Corporation ; The  City  Engineer's  Office,  Leeds   „  SI 

Bicester— Highways  Repairs  (One  Year)    Urban  District  Council    E.  F.  Tanner,  Clerk.  Bicester,  Oxon  31 

Hemsworth— Roadmaking  Rural  District  Council T.  H.  Richardson,  Hemaworth April  1 

Merrymeeting.  Wicklow— Roads  at  Cemetery  Joint  Burial  Board  The  Secretary,  Burial  Board,  Wicklow „  2 

Sunderland— Paving  Private  Streets    Corporation The  Borough  Surveyor's  Office,  Town  Hall.  Sunderland   „  5 

Becken ham— Making-up  Roads Urban  District  Council    John  A.  Angell.  Council  Surveyor,  Beckenham „  5 

Withington— Road  Works  Urban  District  Council    A.  H.  Mountain,  A.M.I. C.E.,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  West  Didsbury    ,,  5 

Seven  oak  9— Raising  Level  of  Road  at  Chiddinstone  Mill Rural  District  Council W.  H.  Bolt.  Surveyor's  Office,  Leigh,  Tonbridge  „  5 

Mansfield— Street  Improvenjents R.  Frank  Vallance.  Borough  Surveyor,  Mansfield „  5 

Grays,  Essex— Making-up  and  Kerbing Kent  and  Essex  House  Co Geo.  W.  Cobhim,  Surveyor,  1,  Edwin-stieet,  Gravesend ,,  6 

Leeds- Paving  and  Flagging  S'reets    Corporation The  City  Engineer's  Office,  Leeds    ,,  6 

Tottenham,  N.— Roads  and  Sewers,  Bruce-grove    Incor.  Society  of  Licensed  Victuallers  George  Treacher,  Architect,  73,  Moorgite-street,  E.C — 

SANITAKY. 

Paddington,  W.— Sewer    Borough  Council    E.  B.  B.  Newton,  A  M.I.C.E.,  Boro*   Sar.,  Town  Hall,  Paddington  Mar.  26 

Barnstaple- Sewer Urban  District  Council    James  Bosson,  Town  Clerk,  Barnstaple ,,  26 

Sandal— Drainage  Works Urban  District  Council    Frank  Massie,  Tetley  House,  Wakefield 2S 

Maidenhead  -Sanitary  Work  at  Town  Hall  Town  Council Percy  Joha=i,  Borough  Surveyor,  Guildhall,  Maidenhead   ,,  28 

Stockport— Bacteria  Bed  Works Sewage  Outfall  Committee John  Atkinson,  A.M.LC.E..  Borough  Surveyor,  Stockport  „  2^ 

Salford— Sewering  and  Paving  Eight  Streets Town  Council The  Borough  Engineer's  Office,  Town  Hall,  Salford ,,  29^ 

Ealing,  W. — Sewers,  &c Town  Council C.  Jones.  Borough  Engineer.  Eiling  ,,  30 

Durham- Sewerage  Works Rural  District  Council James  Chambers,  Clerk.  40,  Saddler-street,  Durham „  30 

Chelmsford— Sewer Rural  District  Council James  Dewhirst.  A.M.I.M.E.,  Sur.,  Avenue  Chambers,  Chelmsford    „  31 

Ringmer— Sewerage  Works Chailey  Rural  District  Council  Powell  and  Co..  Estate  Offices,  Lewes    31 

Keighley— Sewer  . Rural  District  Council, Thos.  Burton,  Sanitary  Ini-pector,  6.  Park-terrace,  Keiehley .  AprQ  4 

Sutton -in-Ashfield— Sewerage  Works Urban  District  Council    B^esley.  Son,  and  Nichols,  Engs.,  11,  Victoria-street.  Westminster..    ,,  4 

Worcester- Sewage-Disposal  Works Corporation  T.  Camk.  A.M.I.C.E.,  City  Engineer.  Guildhall.  Worcester „  5- 

Llantwit  Fardre— Sewerage  Works  Rural  District  Council Gomer  S.  Morgan,  Engineer.  School-street.  Pontycluu    „  6 

Homsey,  N.— Sewers Town  Council E.  J.  Lovegrove,  Boro'  Engineer,  Southwood-lane,  Highgate,  N.  ...     „  11 

Ivybridge— Sewerage  Works  Urban  District  Council Cameron,  Commin,  and  Martin,  1,  Victoria -street,  Westminster „  X2 

STEEL    AND    IBON. 

Dumfriesshire -Steelwork  in  Superstructures  of  Esk  Viaducts.  Caledonian  Railway  Co J.  Blackburn.  Secretary.  302,  Buchanan-street,  Glasgow  Mar.  28' 

Colchester— Covered  Ways  Tramways  Committee  H.  Goodyear,  A.M.LC.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Colchester ,  28 

Grinstead- Cast-iron  Pipes  (100  tone) Rural  District  Council Downes  and  Corne wall- Walker.  C.E  's,  Warwick-road,  Redhill „  28 

Hindley— Ironwork.  i:c Urban  District  Council    H.  O.  Timmins,  Engineer,  Council  Offices,  Hmdley „  23 

Chelmsford— Cast-iron  Pipes  (2.253  yards  of  lOin.) Corporation Cuthbert  Brown,  A.M.I.C.E.,  16,  London-road.  Chelmsford    „  2S 

Rochdale— Iron  btaircasea  at  Town  Hall General  Purposes  Committee 8.  S.  Piatt,  Borough  Surveyor.  Town  Hall.  Rochdale „  29 

Barking— Cast-iron  Pipes  (180  tons  of  ISin.)  Barking  Gas  Co W.  B.  Reidie,  Gasworks.  Barking  31 

Walton-le-Dale— Cast-iron  Pipes  (42  tons  of  3in.)  Urban  District  Council    F.  E.  Dixon.  C.E-.  49,  Lune-street,  Preston „  31 

Devon  port— Pipes  (6,000  yards)  Gas  Committee  S.  E.  Stevenson.  Engineer,  Gasworks,  Devonport ,,  31 

Burnley— Socket  and  Spigot  Pipes    Rural  District  Council 8.  Edmondson,  Surveyor,  18,  Nicholas-street,  Burnley  April  11 

Burnley— Sluice  and  Air  Valves  and  Fire  Hydrants  Rural  District  Council S.  Edmondson,  Surveyor,  18,  Nicholas-street,  Burnley   „  11 

STORES. 

Ramsey,  Hunts— Broken  Granite  (725  tons) Urban  District  Council    Fred.  R.  Serjeant,  Clerk,  Ramsey,  Hunts   Mar.  26 

Shoreham- Cement  and  Lime  (Six  Months) .'  Urban  District  Council A.  W.  Nye,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Shorehim,  Sussex ,  2& 

Repton-Road  Materials Rural  District  Council T.  R.  Sidgwick,  Surveyor,  Repton.  Burton-on-Trent „  26 

Leek- Road  Materials  (One  Yearj Paving  and  Sewering  Committee W.  E.  Beachara,  C.E  ,  Town  Surveyor.  Town  Hall,  Leek .    „  2& 

Wath-upoo-Dearne— Broken  Granite  and  Grey  Slag  (One  Year)  Urban  District  Council H.  C.  Poole,  Surveyor.  Town  Hall,  Watli-upon-Dearne  ,,  26 

NottingHill,  W.— Granite  Spalls  1,3,000  tons)  .*. Kensingtin  Board  of  Guardians Jno.  H.  Rutherglen.  Clerk.  Marloes-roai,  Kensington,  W ,,  26 

St.  George's-in-the-East.  E.— Granite  Spalls Guardians J.  R.  Browne,  Clerk.  Guardians'  Offices,  Riine-street,  E ,,  26 

Guildford— Materials..... Rural  District  Council J.  Anstee,  C.E.,  Surveyor,  Commercial-road,  Guildford „  26 

East  Mulesey- Works  and  Materials  (One  Year).. Urban  District  Council    The  Surveyor,  District  Council  Office,  East  Molesey    28 

Cheadle— Ruad  Materials  (One  Year) Highways  Committee  E.  Sykes,  C.E. ,  Council  Offices,  9,  High-st..  Cheadle,nr.  Manchester    „  2» 

Ashton-under-Lyoe- Stores  (One  Year)  Tramways  Committee    The  Borough  Comptroller,  Town  Hall,  A^htoa-under-Lyne „  2S 

Little  Hultnn— Works  and  Materials  {One  Year)   Urban  District  Council    James  H.  Heyes,  Clerk,  (Jouucil  Offices,  Little  Hulton  „  28 

Mumbles- Road  Materials  (One  Year)    Oystermouth  U.D.C Marcus  Hoskins,  Surveyor,  Mumbles.  Swansea „  28 

East  Ham— Granite  Setts  (300  tons) Urban  District  Council    A.  H.  Campbell,  Engineer.  Town  Hall.  East  Sam   „  2S 

Sowerby  Bridge.  Yorks— Road  Materials  (One  Year) Urban  District  Council    The  Engineer,  Town  s  Buildings,  Suwerby  Bridge,  Yorks „  28 

Ashton-under-Lyne— Various  Materials  iOneYear)  Corporation J.  T.  Earnshaw,  A.M.LC.E.,  Boro'  Surveyor,  Ashton-under-Lyne    „  28 

Tuubridge  Wells— Materials,  A:c.  (One  Year)  Tonbridge  Rural  District  Council    ...  Frank  Harris.  Engineer,  Broadway,  Southboro',  Tunbridge  Wells  ..     „  28 

Perth— Various  Stores   Corporation John  Begg,  Town  Clerk,  Perth    ■ >•  23 

Gateshead— Road  Materials  (One  Year) J.  Bower,  C.E..  Borough  Eugineer,  Towa  Hill,  Gatesheid  „  28 

Clayton-le-Moors- Road  Materials,  &c.  (One  Year)  Urban  District  Council    A.  Dodgeon,  Surveyor,  Clayton-le-Moor^ ,  23 

West  Mailing— Road  Materials Rural  District  Council John  Marshall,  Surveyor,  West  Mailing.  Kent  ,,  29 

Nuneaton -Materials  (One  Year)  Urban  District  Council    F.  C.  Cook,  Surveyor.  Council  Offices,  Nuneaton  *,  29 

Bamford  -  Portland  Cement  (lo,000  tons)  Derwent  Valley  Water  Board   Edward  Sandeman,  Engineer,  Engineer's  Office,  Bamford    ,  09 

Tynemouth— Various  Stores  (One  Year) John  F.  Smillie,  Borough  Surveyor,  Tynemouth 29 

East  Grinstead— Road  Materials    Urban  District  Council    W.  E.  Woollam.  Engineer.  London-road,  East  Grinstead ,,  29 

Rushden— Granite  and  Slag    Urban  District  Council    W,  B.  Madin,  Engineer,  Vestry  Hall,  Rushden.  Northints „  29 

Rochdale— Various  Materi^  (One  Year)  Paving  Comaiittee The  Borough  Surveyor's  Office.  Town  Hill,  Richdale ,»  3) 

Keighley— Setts    Corporation W.  H.  H.  Hopkinson.  Boro'  Engmeer,  Town  Hall.  Keighley „  3J 

Warrington  — Various  Stores  (One  Pear)    Gas  Committee W,  S.  Haddock,  Gas  Offi<ie  Mersey-street.  Warrington t,  31 

Tipton— Fireclay  Goods  (One  Year) Gas  Committee  Sidney  O.  Stephenson,  Engineer,  Gasworks,  Tipton „  31 

Smethwick— Stores  (One  Year)  Corporatmn C.  J.  Fox  Allm,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Smethwick „  31 

Normanton,  Yorks— Road  Materials  (One  Year) Uiban  District  Council    A.  Hartley,  Architect.  Castleford   ... m  31 

Devonport— Pipes    Gas  Committee   Sidney  E.  Stevenson,  Engineer,  Gasworks,  Devonpart m  31 

Storrington  -  Road  Materials Thakeham  Rural  District  Council  ...  Arthur  Flowers,  Clerk,  Storrington,  Pulborough m  31 

Tipton- Tubes  (One  Year)  Gas  Committee  Sidney  O.  Stephenson,  Engineer,  Gasworks,  Tipton ,.  31 

Prest wick— Materials  (One  Year)  Urban  District  Council    W.  Nuttall,  Engineer,  Chester  Bank,  Preatwich ■•    ..  .  31 

Walkden-Road  Materials  .. Worsley  Urban  District  Council  J.  A.  Corson,  Surveyor,  Hiltoa-Une,  AValkden,  Lines April  2 

Stafi'ord— Road  Metal  i, One  Year) Stafi'ordshire  County  Council James  Moncur.  Chief  Surveyor,  County  Buildings,  Stafford „  2 

Pockliogton.  Y^rks— Stone  and  Slag  (One  Yeir) Rural  District  Council T.  Robson,  Clerk,  PockUngton,  Yorks ••  2 

Sandwich— Road  Materials The  Town  Clerk's  Office,  Potter-atreet,  Sandwich n  2 

Walkden,  Lanes— Materials  (One  Year) Worsley  Urban  District  Council J.  A.  Coroon,  Surveyor,  District  Otfi^es.  Hilcon-lane,  Walkden  „  2 

Great  Harwood— Various  Materials  (One  Year)  Urban  District  Council R.  Chippendile,  Clerk,  Tjwq  Hall,  Great  Hirwood *»  2 

Manchester— Stores  (One  Year)   Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Ry.  Co.  ...  R.  C.  Irwin,  Secretary,  Hunt's  Bink.  Manchester t»  ^ 

Shipley— Granite  Setts  (4.000  tons)   Urban  District  Council    W.  H.  Dawson,  Surveyor,  Shipley,  Yorks  i*  * 

Uttoxeter— Materials  (One  Year) Rural  District  Council Joseph  Preston,  Surveyor.  Woodlands,  Uttoxeter m  ^ 

Sidcup,  Kent -Granite  Kerb   Foots  Cray  U.D.C Wm.  A.  Farnham,  C.E,.  Surveyor,  Council  Offices,  High-at ,  Sidcup    „  5 

Epsom —Materials  'One  Year) Rural  District  Council T.  E.  Ware,  Surveyor,  Waterloo-road,  Epiom  n  5 

Leeds— Plumbers'  Materials,  Paints,  &c.  (One  Year)    Tramways  Committee J.  B.  Hamilton,  Gen.  Manager,  City-square,  Leeds'. ..» t.  6 

Middleton.  Lanes— Road  Materials   One  Year)  Corporation W.  Welburn,  Borough  Surveyor,  Middleton,  Lxnca *,  6 

Swinton— Road  Materials  (One  Year)  Urban  District  Counc-I    Henry  Eatwisle,  Surveyor,  Council  Offices,  Swinton    ,r  6 

Woodhall  Spa -Granite  (300  tons)    Urban  District  Council    J.  E.  Chatterton,  Clerk,  Church-lane,  Horncastle -..    .,  6 

Leeds— Tramway  Materials  (One  Year)  Tramways  Committee  J.  B.  Hamilton.  Gen.  Minager,  City-square,  L-ieds «.  6 

Middleton— Sanitary  Tubes  (One  Year)  Corporation W.  Welburn,  Borough  Surveyor,  Middleton  Liucs... ■•  6 

Blackpool— Road  Materials  (One  Year)  Highway  Committee.... John  S.  Brodie,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  BUckpo3l    ,  6 

Sunderland -Works  and  Materials  (One  Year)    Corporation The  Borough  Engineer,  T.>wn  Hall,  Fa. wcett -street,  Sunderland 

Midsomer  Norton— Road  Materials,  &c Urban  District  Council    The  Surveyor,  Midsomer  Norton,  Somerset n  ^ 

Paddington,  W.— Works  and  Materials  (One  Year)  Borough  Council    Borough  Surveyor's  Office,  Town  Hall,  Paddington,  W i*  J* 

Magor— Road  Metalling   ...  Rural  District  Council Ithel  Thomas.  Clerk,  Newport,  Mm i*  H 

Burnley— Pipes Rural  District  Council 8.  Edmonson,  Surveyor,  18,  Nicholas-street,  Burnley ,t  H 

St.  Mellons— Road  Materials  Rural  District  Council Ithel  Thorn  is.  Clerk,  Queen' s-hill,  Newpirt,  Moa ■•    ..  H 

India  Office.  S.W.— Locomotives The  Director-General  of  Stores,  India  Office,  Whitehall.  S.W „  12 

Dartmoor,  Parkhurst,  and  Portland— Building  Materials    The  Directors  of  Convict  Prisons,  Home  Office,  Whiteha.ll,  S.W.    ...    „  12 

Adelaide,  Australia— Railway  Materials Supply  and  Tender  Board  Office The  Chief  Mechaoical  Engineer,  IsUng1»n,  South  Australia „  13 


6 


6 


Ai'LiL  1,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


409 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AXD  ENGINEERING  JOURNAL. 

VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  25C9. 

•-♦-• 

FRIDAY,  Arm  I.  I,   1901. 


I'NRE.VLISED   DESIGNS. 

B]-:T\VEEX  the  designs  of  the  architect 
and  their  practical  reali.^ation  there  is 
often  a  wide  gulf  of  wasted  effort  and  disap- 
pointed aims.  Aery  few  in  the  profession 
can  really  say  their  executed  works  give 
them  unalloyed  satisfaction.  There  are 
several  elements  at  work  which  render  the 
idea  unattainable — the  exigencies  of  site,  of 
material,  of  estimate,  of  requirements  of  a 
practical  nature,  the  inadequacy  of  the  in- 
struments and  craftsmen  employed  in  the 
execution.  And  yet  the  practioil  realisation 
of  a  design  may,  after  all,  be  the  more  honest 
expression,  as  it  takes  into  account  all  the 
above  elements,  and  is  the  natur.al  evolution 
from  all  the  factors.  For  we  cannot  consider 
building  on  the  same  plane  as  painting, 
where  the  painter  seeks  to  express  himself  in 
form  and  colour,  and  to  hold  the  balance 
between  idealism  and  realism.  A  building 
will  always  have  to  do  with  hard 
facts  and  utilities  more  or  less,  while 
a  picture  may  be  only  the  presentment 
of  an  idea  or  the  personality  of  the  painter. 
The  craftsman's  view  of  architecture  is 
certainly  one  which  places  these  limiting 
conditions  of  the  art  in  a  conspicuous  posi- 
tion, or  even  exaggerates  them  in  some 
cases  :  he  takes  the  simplest  constructional 
form  in  his  design,  exhibits  the  texture  of 
his  material,  and  even  tries  to  show  the  iw)  las 
op:  ■■an  Ir  of  his  tools  and  workminship.  All 
these  aims  are  more  honest  than  the  attempt 
to  conceal  construction,  to  idealise  the  form  of 
doors  and  windows,  roofs  and  ceilings  ;  to 
make  our  buildings  what  we  should  like 
them  to  be,  rather  than  what  the  circum- 
stances compel  us  to  make  them.  But  we 
are  not  speaking  of  our  architectural  work  in 
this  sense:  we  are  not  now  discussing  the 
ideal  and  the  real  in  art,  but  rather  the  archi- 
tect's intentions  as  expressed  in  the  conven- 
tions we  call  drawings,  and  the  actual  inter- 
pretation of  them  by  the  builder  or  workmen. 
There  is  no  question  here  of  the  difference 
between  the  academic  model  and  the  practical 
inthegeneral  sense  of  those  words,  but  simply 
of  design  and  execution.  In  the  architect's 
province  the  phrase  "  L'ait  pour  I'art  " — 
"  Art  for  its  own  sake  " — has  little  meaning ; 
every  idea  has  to  be  brought  to  a  practical 
test  of  usefulness.  In  this  sense,  therefore, 
we  sjieak  of  the  disparity  between  design  and 
building,  the  inadequacy  of  tb  s  instruments 
used  by  the  architect  to  be  interpreted  in  the 
right  sense  by  the  builder.  Drawings  become 
the  language  by  which  the  designer  makes 
his  intentions  known.  But  do  they  always 
properly  convey  his  meaning  ;-  This  is  the 
question  we  have  to  consider.  Is  it  not  a 
fact  verified  by  experience  that  with  the 
raising  of  drawing  to  a  professional  accom- 
plishment, the  greater  has  been  the  disparity 
between  the  architect's  intentions  and  their 
practical  accomplishment :-  The  trained  and 
cultured  draughtsman,  brought  up  in  the 
atmosphere  of  the  drawing  office  or  class- 
room, without  any  means  or  opportunities 
for  learning  the  tr.ados  or  inspecting 
works  in  progress,  and  who  confines  all  his 
attention  to  competitions  and  prizes  at  the 
K.I.B.A.  orll.A.  schools,  loses  all  touch  with 
and  sympathy  for  building.  If  he  is  pro- 
paring  for  the  profession,  he  leaves  all  prac- 
tical work  to  others— perhaps  a  partiuT  -for 
he  thinks  on  the  principle  of  specialism  or 
divi-sion  of  labour  it  is  more  profitable  to  con- 
fine himself  entirely  to  the  artistic  side  of  his 
profession.  Tie  naturally  begins  to  lose  all 
hold  of  the  trades,  and  falls  back  on  conven- 


tion.al  methods  of  expressing  himself,  lie 
studies  assiduously  all  the  new  crazes, 
whether  "(iueen  Anne,"  Flemish  llenais- 
sance,  the  I/Art  Nouveau,  or  the  latest  fad, 
but  with  little  relation  to  the  practical.  If 
the  builder  caii'iot  umlerstand  his  details  he 
thinks  hiux  an  ignoramus ;  but  in  the  end 
the  builder  gets  the  advantage,  for  he 
sees  his  opportunity  either  to  do  the 
work  his  own  way  or  to  claim  an  extra. 
Unless  the  designer  can  point  out  a  mode  of 
execution  the  practical  ci^aftsmau  scores,  for 
he  does  it  in  a  way  which  perhaps  complotel}- 
ignores  the  architect's  idea.  The  British  work- 
man is  essentially  conservative  in  his  methods: 
if  he  does  not  know  a  new  way  of  doing  a  thing 
it  is  exceedingly  hard  to  convince  him  to  try 
and  do  it,  especially  if  the  new  way  is  more 
laborious  or  difficult.  Unless  the  designer 
can  show  the  workman  how  to  carry  out  the 
work  or  detail  in  an  expeditious  and  direct 
manner  it  is  useless  :  so  that,  as  a  matter  of 
fact,  the  architect's  design,  excellent  as  it  is, 
and  admitting  of  a  practical  solution 
if  only  he  knew  how  to  explain  it,  is 
shelved  and  some  atrocious  rendering  of 
it  introduced,  which  spoils  the  design, 
and  may  be  a  travesty  of  it.  When  the 
crafts  made  their  own  drawings  and  models 
such  a  result  could  not  happen.  Again,  if 
the  detail  supplied  by  the  architect  requires 
the  cutting  up  or  waste  of  more  material  than 
the  builder  has  anticipated,  it  is  replaced 
by  another  which  takes  less  material  and 
labour.  In  these  ways  professional  draught- 
manship  has  increased  the  disparity  between 
the  design  and  the  execution.  As  we  have 
seen,  wherever  the  object  of  draughts- 
manship has  been  misunderstood,  design 
suffers.  Directly  it  is  made  an  end,  instead 
of  the  means  of  explaining  the  architect's 
design,  all  relation  with  real  building  is  lost. 
Thus  it  is  that  those  who  make  drawing 
simply  the  means  of  showing  what  they  want, 
who  are  content  to  adopt  ordinary  plans  and 
geometrical  representations,  are  carrying  on 
the  true  tradition  of  the  art,  and  are 
better  interpreted  by  the  practical  trades- 
man. The  architect's  training  in  drawing 
is  a  subject  for  consideration.  There  is  a 
prevalent  notion  in  the  profession,  as  well  as 
out  of  it,  that  a  young  architect  must  be  first 
of  all  a  good  draughtsman,  that  the  more 
fluent  he  is  in  expressing  himself  in  pencil 
the  more  capable  he  is  for  his  vocation  :  but 
this  is  an  error.  Although  many  of  our 
great  architects  have  been  accomplished 
draughtsmen,  it  will  be  found  that  few  of 
them  placed  drawing  in  the  first  regard : 
they  wielded  their  power  over  the  pencil 
under  the  impulse  of  design  and  under  the 
control  of  a  knowledge  of  structural  law  and 
technical  rules.  Like  arohajological  know- 
ledge, they  regarded  draughtsmanship  rather 
as  a  "  good  servant,  but  a  bad  master." 
Experience  teaches  us  that  when  we  attain 
perfection  in  any  art  we  are  apt  to  set  it  up 
as  an  independent  factor ;  so  it  has  been 
with  draughtsmanship  in  its  relation  to 
design,  so  it  has  been  with  sculpture  and 
painting  as  subsidiary  arts  of  architecture. 
Directly  the  laws  of  composition,  and  colour, 
and  technique  were  perfected,  painting  began 
to  be  stuaied  for  its  own  sake,  and  the  mural 
painting,  or  fresco,  gave  place  to  the  easel 
picture.  Sculpture,  which  was  first  subsidiary 
to  architecture,  became,  in  course  of  time,  a 
distinct  art  of  modelling  and  carving  statues 
and  pedestal  groups.  ^Vhen  the  unity  and 
co-operation  of  the  arts  was  broken  up,  such 
art  began  to  be  practised  for  its  own  sake, 
each  became  a  profession,  and  its  relationship 
with  the  other  arts  ceased.  Ilonce  it  is  that 
sculpturo  and  painting  are  no  longer  hand- 
maids of  architecture,  and  so  also  draughts- 
manship has  now  developed  into  a  special  art, 
out  of  touch  with  the  practical  requirements 
of  building.  As  an  art  of  expression, 
drawing  is  more  limited  in  its  sphere 
than  the  other  arts  ;  it  is  more  imitative, 
and    its    highest    form    is    perspootive.     In 


this  indejiendent  sphere  the  artist  can 
idealise  ;  but  we  now  look  at  drawing  in  its 
connection  with  architecture  as  an  instru- 
mental means  of  conveying  the  designer's 
thoughts.  During  the  Middle  .Vgos.  and  at 
a  later  age,  the  drawings  used  by  the  master 
masons  and  superintendents  of  buildings 
were  very  much  more  diagiammatic  and 
rough  than  we  are  accustomed  to.  The 
e.Kamples  we  have  seen  are  chiefly  working 
drawings  in  line — the  rules  of  perspective 
were  unknown.  Though  perspective  was  not 
understood  scientifically,  there  is  evidence 
that  the  old  artist  craftsman  had  the  power 
of  ■•  thinking  in  the  solid."  of  realising  to 
his  mind's  eye  three  dimensions.  In  the  old 
specimens  of  drawing  we  see  objects  and 
buildings  drawn  in  a  sort  of  rough  perspec- 
tive. Lines  and  curves  were  used  to  express 
design  in  the  simplest  manner :  there  was 
no  attempt  at  shadowing,  accentuation  by 
touches  and  dots,  backlining,  or  other  tech- 
nicil  methods  we  use  now.  But  the  chief 
point  was  that  in  making  a  working  drawin" 
the  designer  was  in  touch  with  his  work  and 
miterial.  As  Mr.  Walter  Crane  has  said,  in 
making  such  a  drawing  "  the  designer  should 
be  mentally,  if  not  actually,  the  craftsman 
also :  the  conditions  'and  necessities  of  the 
material  ever  present  to  his  mind ;  its  very 
limitations  suggesting  new  motives  and 
stimulating  invention,  as  it  never  fails  to  do 
when  the  designer  and  the  craftsman  are 
one."  But  is  this  the  case  now  ?  Such  was 
the  actual  state  of  correspondence  between 
the  designer  and  craftsman  in  the  earlier 
periods  of  art :  but  we  have  not  the  same 
relation  now  :  it  is  more  true  to  say  the  so- 
ciUed  desiguer  is  a  draughtsman  unconnected 
with  the  craftsman,  who  makes  a  drawing 
from  precedents  of  old  and  modern  work 
without  any  knowledge  of  or  sympathy  with 
the  workman.  The  designer  or  "ghost," 
whichever  he  is.  does  his  designing  in  the 
oflBce,  it  may  be,  hundreds  of  miles  away 
from  the  building  and  the  workmen. 

But  the  question  we  are  discussing  has  a 
practical  side.  The  architect  complains  that 
he  is  disappointed  in  the  executed  work.  Ilis 
design  has  not  been  realised,  details  on  which 
he  prided  himself  have  been  misinterpreted. 
Various  causes  have  contributed  to  this 
result — the  necessity  for  cutting  down  ex- 
pense, ignorance  or  neglect  on  the  part  of 
the  builder,  and  other  conditions.  But  there 
are  features  of  design  which  cannot  be 
realised  properly  by  the  instruments  in  the 
hands  of  the  architect — drawing  and  specifi- 
cations. There  are  features  of  plan  as  well 
as  of  elevation  that  cannot  be  fully  expressed. 
Only  the  able  architect  or  the  experienced 
artist  can  realise  the  plan  of  a  building  per- 
fectly. And  for  this  reason  it  does  not 
represent  a  plane  surface  in  reality,  but 
only  a  horizontal  section  of  walls  as 
cut  through  by  a  plane,  and  in  this 
respect  it  differs  entirely  from  geometrical 
di-awings,  like  those  of  the  elevation 
and  even  the  section.  The  plan  of  a  building 
cannot  be  realised  like  the  elevation,  which 
actually  represents  an  external  finished  side 
of  the  structure.  A  plan  does  not  represent 
anything  but  a  section  of  the  walls  just  as 
they  appear  at  the  ground  level.  It  it  repre- 
sented a  view  of  the  finished  rooms,  the 
average  man  could  understand.  .Vs  a  matter 
of  fact,  few  can  realise  from  a  plan  the 
appearance  and  effect  of  the  dimensions  of 
rooms  and  spaces.  To  make  it  intelligible, 
the  solidity  of  each  room  and  wall  would 
have  to  be  shown.  Thus  not  many  persons 
— the  architect,  perhaps,  included — can  form 
any  idea  of  the  space  devoted  to  an  entrance- 
hull  and  staircase,  or  any  particular  apart- 
ment. Without  reference  to  height,  it  is 
impossible  to  form  any  notion  of  the  propor- 
tions of  a  room  by  wliich  to  judge  its  effect. 
It  is  only  when  the  first  floor  is  tiiiishod  and 
plastered  that  the  jdan  in  a  really  true 
sense  can  bo  realised.  The  result  is  that 
an  architect  and   his   client  are    sometimes 


470 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


April  1,  1904. 


disappointed  with  the  size  or  proportion  of  cer- 
tain rooms,  which  might  have  been  obviated 
if  the  dimensions  had  been  viewed  in  the 
concrete  before  the  building  had  been  com- 
menced. The  fault  is  this  :  that  the  subject 
has  been  looked  at  only  in  plan  without  any 
reference  to  height  or  to  other  conditions. 
Can  we  imagine  any  of  our  great  buildings 
left  to  be  determined  by  a  plan  on  paper !' 
No;  ocular  proof  is  demanded.  Take  the 
plan  of  a  large  municipal  building,  in  which 
the  rooms  vary  in  dimensions  from  a  small 
office  to  the  town-hall  or  council-chamber. 
The  plan  may  be  well  devised  and  clever, 
yet  it  the  architect  has  not  considered 
the  heights  of  the  larger  rooms  dissatis- 
faction will  be  the  result  of  their  propor- 
tions. Instances  of  this  kind  are  common. 
To  a  less  obvious  extent  are  elevations 
misleading  unless  they  are  studied  with 
reference  to  the  solid  or  to  perspective.  We 
all  have  seen  the  mistakes  made  in  respect  to 
the  height  and  profiles  of  features  like  towers 
and  domes  placed  in  a  receding  position.  The 
elevation  may  in  drawing  appear  perfect  if 
these  f eatui'es  are  on  the  same  plane  with  the 
front ;  but  if  they  spring  from  the  centre  of 
building,  as  over  a  central  hall  or  staircase, 
they  are  lost  to  view  or  dwarfed  when  seen 
at  a  little  distance  from  the  front.  Perhaps 
only  the  top  of  the  dome  is  visible  from  a 
near  view.  Here  it  is  we  see  the  value  of  a 
model,  or,  better  still,  experimental  trials 
when  the  building  is  up  to  its  full  elevation 
to  determine  the  proper  height  these  features 
should  have.  Under  our  present  system 
of  fixing  all  heights  and  dimensions 
in  the  drawings  before  the  building  is  com- 
menced, these  experimental  trials  cannot 
be  made  without  expense  for  extra  height. 
In  lofty  far-ades  the  upper  windows  may 
appear  of  good  proportion  in  the  elevation, 
but  the  foreshorting  of  the  vertical  dimen- 
sions will,  in  execution,  give  them  a  stunted 
effect.  How  many  belfry  windows  in  towers 
have  been  spoiled  by  not  giving  them  extra 
height  in  elevation  !  The  curvature  or  profile 
of  domes  is  a  still  more  common  instance. 
A  spherical  dome,  even  when  stilted,  looks 
an  oblate  spheroid  awkwardly  depressed  at  a 
considerable  elevation  above  the  eye,  and 
can  only  be  corrected  when  the  section 
partakes  more  or  less  of  an  equilateral 
pointed  arch.  Experience  has  proved  that 
even  this  correction  for  curvature  may 
be  verj'  much  underrated  in  the  case  of  domes 
of  great  altitude,  and  the  only  satisfactory 
way  is  to  fix  temporary  ribs  of  the  proposed 
dome  on  the  finished  tambour  before  deciding 
upon  the  pi'ofile.  It  is  just  one  of  these 
features  which  cannot  be  satisfactorily  deter- 
mined by  a  geometrical  elevation.  Lanterns 
and  spires  appear  also  very  different  to  the 
elevation  of  them  when  the  architect  has  not 
made  allowance  for  the  perspective  effect. 
Take,  for  instance,  a  broached  spire  ;  the 
angle  of  the  broach  looks  easy  and  graceful 
in  the  elevation.  "When  the  broached  base  is 
constructed  the  architect  is  dissatisfied  with 
the  appearance  ;  the  faces,  especially  the 
hipped  lines  of  the  broach,  seen  at  the  angle, 
look  awkwardly  clumsy  at  theu'  junction 
with  the  tapering  lines  of  spire ;  but  little  can 
be  done  to  alter  without  reconstructing,  and 
the  consequent  waste  of  executed  masonry. 
The  architect  learns  by  hardly-bought  ex- 
perience, and  takes  care  that  in  future  the  lines 
of  broach  are  made  much  steeper,  or  the 
eflect,  judged  by  battens  fixed  on  the  summit 
of  tower  before  the  spire  is  commenced,  if 
time  allows  for  such  delay.  A  very  common 
instance  of  neglect  of  the  law  of  "  vanishing 
lines  "  above  the  eye  is  the  roof.  The  archi- 
tect pitches  bis  roof  to  an  angle  which  satisfies 
him  in  elevation  without  any  thought  of 
perspective.  When  the  roof  is  constructed, 
he  is  astonished  and  horrified  to  find  it  is 
faultily  low  or  quite  hidden,  and  only  the  apices 
of  dormer  gabies  can  be  seen,  except  from  a 
considerable  distance.  ISIany  other  features 
will  occur  to  the  reader.     AH  establish  the 


rule  that  one  cannot  realise  from  geometrical 
drawings,  or  those  made  on  the  principle  of 
being  exactly  opposite  the  eye  at  every  point 
of  the  surface.  The  draughtsman  relies  too 
much  upon  his  drawing  on  one  plane ;  he 
satisfies  only  the  surface  appearance ;  the  effect 
of  depth  or  receding  planes  is  not  considered 
in  the  elevation,  so  that  many  arrangements, 
like  recessed  window  -  jambs,  projecting 
details  like  cornices,  breaks  in  the  line  of 
front  are  only  found  out  as  the  building 
progresses,  and  when  it  may  be  too  late  to 
make  the  best  of  these  details.  Of  these  in- 
stances of  unrealised  design  every  one  in  the 
profession  has  experience.  Itecessed  arches 
and  reveals,  projections  to  the  facade, 
corbelled  -  out  parts  like  gabled  portions, 
projecting  porches,  corbels,  and  trusses, 
dormers  set  back  from  the  plane  of  facade, 
recessed  loggia  arrangements,  columnar  pro- 
jections and  similar  details  are  examples.  A 
large  class  of  unrealised  results  are  due  to 
want  of  knowledge  in  the  mechanical  pro- 
cesses of  building.  In  brickwork,  for  in- 
stance, the  architect  sometimes  designs  a 
feature  like  a  chimney  stack,  without  a 
practical  knowledge  of  bond;  when  the  work 
is  executed  it  a^ipears  altogether  different. 
The  bricklayer  has  followed  the  detail  as  far 
as  he  can,  but  has  put  it  into  regular  bond  ; 
the  proportion.?  are  not  the  same  as  those 
intended;  thecap  mouldings  vary;  the  appear- 
ance is  unsatisfactory.  The  result  is  partly 
owing  to  perhaps  a  want  of  understanding 
architectural  detail,  partly  from  the  brick- 
setter  adopting  a  more  usual  and  expeditious 
method  of  execution.  How  often  a  moulded 
window  or  door- jamb  betrays  unacquaintance 
with  the  architect's  intention  '  Where  a 
quarter-round  brick  was  meant,  a  hollow  one 
is  put,  or  plain  levelled  bricks.  The  effect  is 
disappointing  to  the  architect.  A  full-scale 
plan  or  section  of  the  jamb  is  necessar5', 
showing  how  the  moulded  bricks  are  to  be 
bonded.  Cornices  and  moulded  work  of  all 
kinds  are  subject  to  be  wrongly  interpreted 
because  the  specified  bricks  cannot  be 
obtained  or  are  not  at  hand.  In  all  these 
instances  the  architect's  duty  is  to  select  the 
particular  moulded  bricks  and  see  how  they 
can  bo  worked  before  completing  his  design. 
Ignorance  of  the  mode  of  cutting  stone 
economically  is  the  cause  of  manj-  mistakes 
in  the  execution  of  stonework.  The  designer 
draws  a  jamb  moulding  or  a  cornice  as  if  he 
were  moulding  in  clay  or  some  plastic 
material ;  no  attention  is  paid  to  the  method 
of  cutting  the  blocks  economically  to  arrange 
the  mouldings  and  members  so  that  they 
come  within  a  certain  inclosing  plane  ;  the 
result  is,  a  considerable  waste  of  material 
follows  if  the  design  is  carried  out.  The 
mason  varies  the  design,  and,  in  so  doing, 
spoils  the  effect.  A  knowledge  of  stonecutting 
operations,  as  that  of  cutting  a  square  block 
diagonally  so  as  to  save  stone  and  prevent 
waste,  as  in  moulded  work  and  cornices, 
would  prevent  many  erroneous  and  im- 
practicable detail  drawings.  How  often  the 
architect  has  to  complain  that  his  details  for 
woodwork  have  not  been  properly  executed  ! 
The  builder  or  foreman  has  altered  perhaps  a 
detail  or  moulding  to  bring  it  within  the  size 
of  a  batten  or  deal  so  as  to  avoid  cutting  to 
waste.  Although  certain  scantlings  are  not 
imperative,  they  affect  largely  the  execution 
of  carpentry  and  joiners'  work  in  a  contract 
when  the  quantities  are  cut  fine.  Hence 
the  value  of  the  architect  making  himself 
famUar  with  the  ordinary  scantlings.  So 
also  many  mistakes  might  be  avoided  in  the 
details  of  ironwork  if  he  mastered  the 
technical  processes  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  iron.  In  short,  in  all  the  trades  employed 
in  building,  the  rules  in  operation  ought  to 
be  observed  in  the  designs  of  the  architact 
before  he  can  assure  himself  that  they  will 
be  rendered  intelligently. 

In  the  scale  of  the  architect's  work  fre- 
quent disappointments  arise.  Unless  he  has 
informed  himself  of  the  buildings  near  the 


intended  site,  their  character,  and  .=cale  of 
proportions,  he  must  not  be  suiiirised  to  find 
that  his  elevations  lose  much  of  their  dignity 
and  importance.  A  building  with  a  single 
order  of  columns  the  whole  height  of  a  facade 
will  seriously  dwarf  the  details  of  a  structure 
that  may  be  erected  near  it.  It  will  make 
everything  look  small  and  insignificant, 
windows  and  doors,  columns,  and  all  details. 
The  effect  of  contrast  is  often  to  travesty 
the  architect's  most  cherished  features.  Such 
a  contrast  may  be  seen  at  the  south-east 
angle  of  Ludgate  IliU,  where  a  several- 
storied,  small-featured  stone  building  suffers 
from  its  proximity  of  the  west  front  of  St. 
lull's  Cathedral.  The  corner  cupola  is  very 
much  dwarfed  by  comparison  with  that  facade. 
The  failure  to  realise  the  architect's  design  is 
thus  often  owing  to  the  proximity  of  his  work 
to  some  other  building,  on  a  larger  scale  than 
his  own.  His  design  has  been  made  without 
reference  to  site  and  other  buildings,  jjerhaps 
miles  away  from  the  intended  site.  In  tho 
selection  of  materials  and  their  texture,  he- 
may  also  have  cause  for  disappointment.  His 
may  be  of  brick  or  terracotta,  while  those 
with  which  it  will  be  associated  may  be  of 
stone  of  monumental  character,  making  his 
work  appear  poor  and  undignified.  Especially 
will  this  be  the  effect  when  the  neighbouring 
buildings  are  all  of  dressed  masonry.  And  to 
what  cause  must  we  attribute  those  failures 
and  disappointments  ?  Both  the  designer 
and  the  craftsman  may  each,  in  his  way,  be 
competent,  but  they  are  incapable  of  realising 
singly.  They  do  not  understand  each  other. 
As  Morris  saw  in  a  combination  or  fellow- 
ship of  artists  a  protest  against  compe- 
tition to  be  the  ruling  law  of  society,  so  we 
must  look  for  a  combination  of  the  designer 
and  craftsman.  Design  in  the  abstract,  or 
independent  of  and  apart  from  the  trades 
concerned  and  the  materials  used,  cannot  be 
realised  as  an  artistic  product. 


MANCHESTER    EOYAL     INPIEMAEY 
COMPETITION. 

APTEIt  a  long  and,  at  times,  heated  con- 
troversy there  seems  now  to  bo  some 
prospect  of  a  satisfactory  termination  to  this 
competition.  So  long  ago  as  1896  a  limited 
competition  was  held  with  the  object  of 
selecting  an  architect  to  rebuild  the  infirmary 
on  the  present  site.  In  the  competition  then 
held  the  assessor,  Mr.  Alfred  Waterhouse, 
placed  the  very  able  design  of  Messrs.  J.  W. 
Simpson  and  E.  J.  Milner  Allen,  of  London, 
first,  with  Mr.  Alexander  Graham  second  and 
Messrs.  Thos.  Worthington  and  Son  third. 
After  some  delay  Messrs.  Simpson  and  Allen 
prepared  working  drawings  and  submitted  an 
estimate  to  the  Board  of  Management  m  1902. 
The  general  body  of  trustees,  however,  when 
the  scheme  was  placed  before  them,  decided 
against  rebuilding  at  all  on  the  site  of  the  pre- 
sent hospital,  which,  it  is  interesting  to  note, 
dates  from  lloo.  This  refusal  of  tho  scheme 
proposed  by  the  Board  led  to  their  resigna- 
tion. The  new  Board  elected  at  the  close  of 
1902  are  obeying  the  mandate  of  the  trustees 
to  build  a  new  infirmary  on  a  site  presented 
by  the  trustees  of  the  late  Sir  Joseph  Whit- 
worth,  known  as  the  Stanley  Grove  site,  and 
situated  in  Oxford-road,  about  a  mile  and  a 
half  from  the  present  building.  A  fresh 
competition  has  been  held.  This  also  has 
been  a  limited  one,  the  competitors  being 
selected  by  Mr.  J.  J.  Burnet  (who  was  ap- 
pointed assessor)  from  applications  sent  in 
from  all  parts  of  the  country.  The  Corpora- 
tion meanwhile  offered  to  purchase  the  site 
of  the  present  building  foi  £400,000,  and  tho 
offer  has  since  been  accepted.  Adequate 
funds  for  the  rebuilding  are  thus  assured. 

The  list  of  competitors  chosen  by  Mr. 
Burnet  was  as  follows:— Mr.  H.  Percy  Adams, 
London  ;  Messrs.  Campbell  Douglas  and 
Paterson,  Glasgow ;  Messrs.  E.  T.  Hall  and 
J.  W.   Brooke,    London    and    Manchester; 


April  1,  1904. 


TEE  buildi:ng  ne^s. 


471 


Mr.  "W.  Cecil  Ilardisty,  Manchester;  ^Tessrs. 
Chas.  Heathcote  and  Sons,  Manchester; 
Messrs.  Ilenman  and  Cooper,  Birmingham ; 
Mr.  J.  W.  Simpson,  London ;  Messrs. 
Thompson  and  Sandilands,  Glasgow  ;  Mr.  A. 
llessellTiltman,  J.ondon  ;  Messrs.  Wadding- 
ton,  Son,  and  Dunkerley,  Manchester  and 
London ;  ^lessrs.  T.  Worthington  and  Son, 
Manchester;  Messrs.  Young  and  Hall, 
London.  No  premiums  were  offered ;  but 
each  competitor  is  to  receive  £100. 

The  Stanley-grove  site  is  a  somewhat 
in-egular  one  of  about  twelve  acres  in  extent, 
hardly  large  enough,  we  consider,  for  tlio 
needs  of  so  large  and  complete  an  institution 
as  it  is  proposed  to  erect.  The  north-west 
corner  of  the  site  is  occupied  by  the  Man- 
chester Eye  Ilospital. 

Mr.  Burnet's  task  has  been  by  no  means 
an  easy  one,  at  least  three  designs  being  very 
nearlj'  equal  to  the  winning  one,  and  it  is 
only  after  long  and  careful  consideration  that 
he  has  given  his  decision.  The  designs  are 
now  on  view  at  the  Town-hall,  and  will 
remain  there  until  the  31st  inst.  The  design 
which  has  been  awarded  the  first  place,  and 
which  with  slight  modifications  it  is  intended 
to  carry  out,  is  by  Messrs.  E.  T.  Hull,  of 
London,  and  J.  W.  Brooke,  of  Manchester. 
These  drawings — illustrated  in  our  photo- 
lithographic pages  by  a  view  and  block 
plan, — show  a  carefully  considered  scheme, 
and  should  provide  an  infirmary  in  every 
way  satisfying  the  needs  of  the  district. 
The  main  front,  as  in  all  the  designs,  faces 
Oxford-road,  a  highway  r\inning  almost 
due  north  and  south.  The  central  feature  of 
this  front  is  the  administrative  block,  flanked 
on  either  side  by  the  nurses'  home  and  the 
teaching  department,  each  in  separate  build- 
ings. Immediately  behind  the  teaching 
department  is  the  casualty  block,  and  behind 
that  again  a  building  containing  a  complete 
equipment  for  electric-light  treatment  and 
electric  baths.  The  first  floors  of  these  last 
two  buildings  are  occupied  by  wards  for 
burns  and  venereal  cases.  The  casualty 
block  might,  perhaps,  have  been  placed 
nearer  the  Nelson-steeet  entrance,  where  is 
situated  the  outpatients'  department.  The 
rooms  of  the  nurses'  home  are  arranged 
round  three  sides  of  a  quadrangle,  open 
to  the  south,  thus  giving  plenty  of  sun- 
light to  the  rooms.  The  c-hapel  seems  rather 
shut  in,  but  is  conveniently  situated  for 
the  patients.  The  kitchen,  laundry,  and 
general  administrative  buildings  are"  excel- 
lently designed,  and  complete  in  every  detail. 
The  wards  are  arranged  on  the  south  side  of 
two  main  corridors  running  almost  east  and 
west.  The  four  ojierating  theatres  are  con- 
veniently placed  opj.osite  the  two  centre 
pavilions,  and  another  operating  theatre  is 
provided  near  the  wards  for  eye  and  ear  cases 
for  s]iecial  operations. 

Two  elevations  of  the  main  front  are  sub- 
mitted. They  are  of  unequal  merit,  the 
selected  one  forming  a  good  composition,  as 
will  be  seen  from  our  illustration.  It  is  a 
sober  design,  without  in  any  way  attaining 
the  monumental,  yet  is  of  considei.able  merit 
and  dignity.  The  grouping  of  tho  towers 
(which  will  be  used  for  water  storage)  is  very 
happy.  The  proportion  of  tho  substructure 
to  the  ordc-r  does  not  seem  to  bear  the  proper 
relationship,  though  in  execution  this  will 
probably  not  be  noticeable,  as  the  former  is 
cut  by  a  balcony.  ^ 

Mr.  11.  I'ovry  Adams  has  submitted  two 
complete  schemes.  In  the  one  marked  II 
the  casualty  blcjck,  nurses'  homo,  and  ad- 
ministrative department  form  a  (luadran^lo 
on  tho  Oxford-road  front.  The  stores  seem 
to  occupy  a  rather  too-important  position, 
being  on  one  side  of  the  entrance  quailran "•!,.. 
Ihe  teaching  tlepurtment,  which  is  placcil  in 
the  samo  building  as  tho  Pathological 
department,  is  out  o{  tho  way.  Tho  wards 
are  well  arranged  along  two  corridors,  as  in 
Messrs.  Hall  and  I'.rooke's  desin-n,  runnin"- 
cast  and  west  through  two  of  tho  sur-icul 


pavilions,  seem  rather  far  from  the  operating 
theatres.  The  isolation  block  appears  to  be 
too  close  to  one  of  the  medical  units. 

In  the  design  marked  I,  the  administrative 
department  is  much  better  arranged,  and  the 
wards  occupy  more  ground,  being  entered 
from  two  corridors  placed  at  an  angle  to  the 
main  axis.  Better  sunlight  and  air  space  are 
thus  obtained  than  in  the  other  design.  In 
fact,  this  is  a  very  able  plan  indeed,  the 
out-patients'  department  being  particularly 
well  schemed.  The  teaching  department 
also,  which  is  here  placed  on  the  (Oxford- 
road  front,  is  in  a  better  position  than  in 
design  II.  The  elevations  to  design  I  are 
dignified  and  powerful  forming  an  imposing 
front  to  O.xford-road,  the  central  tower 
building  up  from  the  lower  structure  in  a 
masterly  manner,  relieved  with  really  deco- 
rative sculpture.  The  fenestration  is  very 
pleasing.  The  whole  is  excellently  drawn, 
and  is  quite  the  best  elevation  in  the  room. 
The  design  H  is  also  of  much  merit,  though 
the  architecture  is  not  so  good  as  the  former. 
The  entrance  quadrangle  would  uudoubtedly 
look  well  in  execution,  though  the  dome  is 
perhaps  a  trifle  heav}'.  The  three  arches 
cutting  through  the  main  front  would  frame 
an  interesting  vista  of  the  quadrangle. 

The  scheme  submitted  by  Messrs.  T. 
Worthington  and  Son  is  well  arranged  on  the 
site.  The  administrative  department  and 
nurses'  home  are  arranged  in  one  block, 
forming,  with  the  teaching  department  and 
th(3  boardroom  on  either  side,  an  open  fore- 
court to  Oxford-road.  The  main  entrance  to 
the  hospital  proper  is  very  direct,  the  medical 
pavilions  being  arranged  immediately  behind 
the  administrative  department,  and  leading 
from  a  corridor  running  straight  from  the  en- 
trance, while  the  surgical  pavilions  are  behind 
these  again,  being  entered  from  two  comdors 
running  east  and  west.  The  medical  pavilions 
are  placed  on  either  side  of  one  corridor  :  this 
necessitates  the  balconies  being  at  the  north 
end  of  two  of  them.  The  drawings  show 
a  really  impressive  design,  illustrated  by 
delicately  -  drawn  elevations,  forming  an 
admirable  group  expressive  of  its  purpose. 
A  well- drawn  detail  of  the  main  feature 
shows  a  six-storied  building,  the  central  part 
crowned  with  a  curved  pediment  of  good 
projection  containing  the  arms  of  Man- 
chester. The  arrangement  of  brick  and  stone 
has  been  well  considered,  and  there  is  over 
the  entrance  a  canopied  figure  of  Maternity. 
In  the  whole  design  the  carving  is  very  well 
massed. 

Mr.  W.  Cecil  Ilardisty  has  sent  in  a  design 
similar  in  general  arrangement  to  the  winning 
plan.  The  teaching  department  occupies  the 
central  position  on  the  (!)xford-road  front 
with  kitchen  behind,  and  flanked  on  either  side 
by  the  administrative-block  and  the  nurses' 
home.  The  rooms  in  the  nurses'  home  are 
round  the  four  sides  of  an  inclosed  quad- 
rangle, which  is  hardly  to  be  commended  in 
a  hospital.  The  medical  pavilions  appear 
rather  long,  their  length  being  increased  by 
a  cut-off  corridor  between  the  day-rooms  and 
the  wards.  An  operating-theatre  is  attached 
to  the  end  of  each  surgical  pavilion,  two  on 
tho  ground  floor,  and  two  on  tho  first  floor. 
The  teaching  department  in  the  cimtre  of  the 
main  front  is  cro\7ned  with  a  graceful  tower 
about  LJOft.  high.  The  chief  entrance  is 
perhaps  a  little  out  of  scale,  as  aro  also  tho 
other  entrances  in  O.'cford-road.  Tho  out- 
patients' department  is  an  admirable  one- 
story  block,  of  which  tho  Nelson-street  front 
is  srrconed  by  a  colonnade  and  porter's  lodge 
ol'  (ligiiifiod  proportions. 

In  Mr.  J.  \V.  Simpson's  design  the  Oxford- 
road  front  is  occupied  by  tho  nurses'  home, 
with  circular  wards  on  either  side.  Im- 
modiatoly  behind  aro  the  casualty  block  and 
the  administrative  department,  with  the 
kitchen  botwoon.  The  pavilions  do  not  seem 
to  bo  well  grouped  together ;  though  tho 
whole  is  arranged  symmetrically  on  the  site, 
and  ample  uir  space  has  been  obtained  about 


the  wards.  The  operating  theatres  are  con- 
veniently situated.  Mr.  Simpson  is  evidently 
])articularly  fond  of  circular  wards,  these 
being  a  feature  of  tho  design  .submitted  by 
him  and  Mr.  .\llen,  and  selected  at  the 
last  competition.  The  whole  forms  a 
picturesque  group  with  a  dignified  tower 
100ft.  high,  having  a  very  happy  ter- 
mination. Excellent  detail  drawings  are 
shown  of  the  chapel,  which  is  quite  a 
delicate  piece  of  Classic  design,  but  perhaps  a 
trille  too  ornate  for  its  pui'pose.  The  pavilions 
are  also  drawn  to  a  larger  scale,  and  have 
been  well  considered,  tho  sanitary  annexes 
making  two  very  satisfactory  turrets  at  the 
end  of  each  pavilion,  and  the  end  view  of  tho 
pavilions  forming  a  very  interesting  design. 
.V  feature  has  also  been  made  of  the  entrance- 
gates  and  lodges. 

iMessrs.  Chas.  Heathcote  and  Sons  have 
arranged  their  administrative  department 
and  nurses'  home  in  one  large  building  front- 
ing Oxford-road,  with  four  inclosed  courts. 
The  casualty  department  is  not  conveniently 
placed  for  access,  being  immediately  behind 
the  administrative  department,  and  com- 
bined with  the  teaching  block.  The  pavi- 
lions are  well  grouped,  all  leading  off 
one  main  corridor,  though  we  think  this 
does  not  insure  the  best  being  made  of  the 
site  with  regard  to  air  space  and  sun- 
light, the  south  end  of  half  the  pavilions 
being  occupied  by  nurses'  and  other  rooms 
where  sun  is  not  so  necessary.  The  medical 
and  surgical  pavilions  are  not  kept  separate, 
the  medical  wards  occupying  tho  top  floor  of 
each  pavilion.  The  septic  pavilion  is  badly 
planned,  the  wards  being  arranged  round  the 
outer  wall  of  a  circular  building,  and  the 
doors  opening  on  a  central  confined  space. 
The  laundry  is  almost  entirely  underground, 
part  of  it  being  under  the  casualty  block. 
The  main  elevation  shows  a  building  of  three 
stories,  with  a  central  tower  of  good  design 
and  detail.  The  front  is,  perhaps,  a  little 
too  much  broken  with  pediments.  The 
design  is  shown  by  a  well-drawn  detail,  and 
there  is  much  in  it  to  commend. 

Messrs.  Campbell  Douglas  and  Paterson 
submit  a  well  arranged  scheme  nicely  placed 
on  the  ground.  The  nurses'  home,  fronting 
York-place,  is  situated  in  the  (quietest  part 
of  the  site,  a  point  no  other  competitor  seems 
to  have  made.  The  Oxford-road  front  is 
occupied  by  the  administrative  department 
with  casualty  and  teaching  blocks  on  either 
side.  Tho  wards  are  well  arranged  for  access 
and  for  light  and  air,  though  the  students 
seem  to  have  the  best  lighted  position  in  the 
operating  theatres.  The  elevations  show  a 
refined  design,  but  spotty  in  the  delineation, 
giving  rather  a  restless  effect.  The  sculptured 
figures  in  the  canopies  are  somewhat  out  of 
scale,  and  the  dome  is  too  overpowering  and 
requires  a  support  of  massive  steel  framing. 
The  whole  does  not  form  a  pleasant  skjline. 
The  chapel  is  a  restrained  little  building,  and 
forms  (juitc  a  pleasing  feature. 

Messrs.  Y'oung  and  Hall  make  a  central 
feature  of  the  (!).Kford-road  front,  the  nui'ses' 
home,  administrative  block,  and  teaching 
department  being  arranged  along  this  road. 
Tho  nurses'  homo  is  well  isolated,  though  the 
nurses  dining-room  seems  rather  far  from 
the  kitchen.  Tho  parlours  are  all  entered 
from  one  corridor,  and  are  well  adapted  for 
administrative  purpo?os.  The  two  female 
medical  jiavilions  and  one  male  and  one 
female  surgical  pavilion  would  not.  how- 
over,  get  much  sun.  I'he  isolation  block  is 
well  situated.  Tho  elevations  are  somewhat 
bald  and  dismal;  the  liuisb  of  the  dome  13 
very  weak,  and  tho  sculpture,  coming  as  it 
does  on  tho  blocking  course,  gives  a  straggly 
appearance  to  the  design.  The  jxirif  coc/cvv 
is  ungainly,  and  the  general  ti'eatmont  is  a 
little  severe. 

Messrs.  Thompson  and  Sandilands  subiuii 
a  design  in  which  tho  whole  of  the  adminis- 
tration is  grouped  in  one  building  with  a 
very  long  central  corridor,  which  can  hardly 


472 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Apeil  1,  1904. 


be  well  lighted.  The  medical  side  consists 
of  two  blocks,  each  comprising  two  circular 
wards  and  two  long  wards.  The  surgical 
department  is  arranged  along  both  sides  of  a 
corridor  running  east  and  west,  with  opera- 
ting theatres  conveniently  placed  for  each 
ward.  The  casualty  block  is  situated  in  a 
corner  of  the  site  furthest  removed  from  the 
district  from  which  accidents  would  naturally 
come.  The  kitchen  is  badly  placed  for 
serving  the  whole  of  the  buildings,  and  there 
is  no  communication  between  the  surgical 
and  medical  sides  except  on  the  ground  floor, 
and  then  only  by  entering  the  Administra- 
tive Department.  The  Oxford-road  front 
is  very  restless  in  design,  and  the  skyline 
is  spiky  and  thin.  There  are  several  good 
features  taken  separately,  but  as  a  whole  the 
mass  is  not  good.  We  cannot  see  any  reason 
why  the  chapel  should  suddenly  break  into 
Gothic.  . 

In  Mr.  Hessell  Tiltman's  design  the  ad- 
ministrative departments  are  well  arranged 
in  separate  buildings  for  nurses,  teaching, 
and  general  administration.  The  casualty 
block  occupies  the  lower  story  of  the  pavilion 
devoted  to  burns  and  venereal  cases.  The 
wards  are  well  placed  on-  the  site,  and  good 
sunlight  and  air  space  is  obtained,  though 
the  operating  theatres  arc  not  well  planned, 
an  ante-room  which  is  really  a  students' 
corridor  separating  the  aDa?sthetic  and  re- 
covery rooms  from  the  theatre.  There  are 
many  good  points  in  the  elevations,  though 
the  grouping  of  the  blocks  might  have  been 
better  arranged.  The  towers  would  look  thin 
in  perspective.  The  entrance  gates  and  lodge 
are  unsatisfactory,  and  we  do  not  like  the 
scroll  finish  to  the  small  tower  of  the  teaching 
department. 

The  main  feature  of  Messrs.  Ilenman  and 
Cooper's  plan  is  the  curious  Y-shape  of  the 
wards.  The  whole  scheme  is  not  well  arranged 
on  the  site,  a  lai-ge  amount  of  valuable  space 
being  unused,  while  all  the  wards  are  crowded 
together  on  either  side  of  one  central  corridor. 
The  isolation  block  is  too  near  the  boundary. 
The  nurses  are  housed  in  three  separate 
buildings,  and  valuable  ground-floor  space  in 
the  administrative  block  is  occupied  by 
medical  officers'  bedrooms,  necessitating  the 
teaching  department  being  placed  on  the  first 
floor  adjoining  the  bedrooms.  The  elevations 
are  commonplace  and  quite  lacking  in  com- 
position. 

^Messrs.  Waddington,  Son,  and  Dunkerley 
have  grouped  their  teaching  department,  ad- 
ministrative block,  and  nurses'  home  in  one 
huge  building  seven  stories  high,  facing 
Oxford-road.  The  paviUons  are  not  an'anged 
in  the  best  manner  to  obtain  the  maximum 
amount  of  sunlight,  and  in  two  of  them  the 
south  aspect  is  blocked  by  the  administrative 
department.  We  do  not  like  the  sanitary 
annexes  leading  from  one  side  of  each  ward. 
The  elevation  forms  an  unbroken  line  to 
Oxford- road  crowned  by  a  tower  of  altogether 
too  bulky  proportions.  The  design  is  un- 
necessarily fussy,  and  the  features  are  not 
well  massed.  The  arches  coming  immediately 
under  the  cornice  are  weak,  as  are  also  those 
in  the  gables ;  they  would  be  much  better 
omitted. 


an  Italian  eun.  Travelling  southwards,  vivid 
greens  give  place  to  greys."  We  see  this  trans- 
formation ia  colour  in  the  southern  land- 
scapes "  Spring  Evening,  Perugia  "  (34), 
the  "Banks  of  the  Tiber"  (35),  "Tivoli,"  the 
view  of  Perugia  with  the  cathedral  of  S' .  Pietro 
(36),  the  litter  on  an  eminence  ;  and  in  the  views 
of  "Florence,  from  St.  Miniato"  (41),  "St. 
Peter,  from  the  Pincio  Gardens"  (37),  when 
compared  with  tuch  spring  landscapes  as  those 
of  our  New  Forest,  of  which  there  are  several. 
Greece  is  stiU  richer  in  colour — the  purple  seas 
and  the  amher  skies — and  in  the  two  views  of 
Egypt  (64  and  65)  we  see  the  rich,  roseate  glow 
in  "Evening"  and  "Sunrise  on  the  Nile." 
The  principal  works  illustrating  England  and 
Scotland  (1  to  31)  represent  many  beautiful 
studies  of  woodland,  chiefly  from  the  New  Forest. 
"Spring:  a  Lawn"  (2)  ;  "Autumn:  Beech 
Trees  in  November  Robes  "  (3);  a  winter  scene, 
"  A  Frosty  Morning  in  the  Forest "  (4)  ; 
"  Beech  Trees  "  (7).  We  note  in  these  very 
charming  studies  the  varying  aspects  of  the 
forest,  the  vivid  springlike  tints  and  yellows, 
and  the  red  fol'age  of  autumn.  The  "  Beech 
Trees"  (7)  is  a  vigorous  and  fine  rendering 
of  red  and  brcmi  tints  on  trees  and  ground. 
"  Holmsley  Valley  "  (8)  is  a  pleasing  work  of  a 
New  Forest  valley,  and  we  have  "  A  Hampshire 
Villaje,  Crow  Hill,  Kingwood,"  "  AStill Summer 
Evening"  (15),  a  very  charming  study  of  land- 
scape effects  ;  "The  Hampshire  Moors  :  Road  to 
Ringwo'od  "  (30), between  thehills.  "The  Glade 
of  Oaks,"  an  (Jctober  effect,  with  its  bracken- 
covered  ground,  is  also  convincing.  "  On  the 
Hampshire  Moors,  Looking  Towards  Isle  of 
Wight,"  with  the  mass  of  pink  heather,  and 
"Holmsley  Valley"  (26),  "A  Winter's  Sun- 
light," are  oil  pictures.  There  are  other  land- 
scapes in  Yorkshire,  Oban,  and  sunrise  on  Scotch 
coast,  Loch  Le^en,  "The  Thames,"  "Hyde 
Park,"  broadly  handled  and  characteristic  in 
colour  and  atmosphere.  The  water  colours  from 
Italy  include  a  view  of  the  "  Doges'  Palace  and  St. 
Mark's,"  but  the  detail  is  not  strong;  "Tivoli" 
(33),  views  of  Perugia,  already  noticed;  of 
Florence  (41-42),  the  Campagna,  and  other 
subjects ;  all  broad  and  harmonious  ia  colour. 
The  Swiss  views  of  St.  Gothard,  "  Mer  de  Glace," 
"  Precipices  Above  Murrun,"  "  The  Matterhorn 
Above  Zermatt,"  a  very  charming  view  of  the 
snow-clad  and  famous  peak,  are  all  very  delicate 
and  sympathetic  renderings  of  colour  and  atmo- 
sphere. The  Greek  views  include  a  view  of 
"  Athens,"  showing  the  Acropolis  and  Hadrian's 
Temple,  and  "A  (rreek  Landscape."  Egypt  is 
represented  by  half-a-dozen  views — "Sunrise" 
and  "  Evening  on  the  Nile,"  "  Luxor,"  &c.  The 
e.xhibit:on  is  well  worth  a  visit. 


ROYAL    INSTirUTE    OF    BRITISH 
ARCHITECTS. 

THERE  was  a  crowded  attendance  of  members 
and  visitors,  including  many  well-known 
electrical  engineers,  at  the  meeting  of  the  Insti- 
tute on  Monday  evening.  Mr.  A^ton  Webb, 
R.A.,  F.S.A.,  occupied  the  chair. 

KLECTKIC.^L    CENTRAL    ST.iTIOXS. 

Charles    Stanley    Peach,    F.U.I.B.A., 
paper    on    this    subject,    illistrated   by 


LANDSCAPES   AT   HOME   AND   ABROAD. 


AT  the  Modern  tiallery,  175,  Bond-street,  an 
interesting  series  of  landscapes  are  being 
exhibited  by  Mr.  H.  Forbei  Witherby,  R.B.A., 
in  which  the  painter  has  successfully  endeavoured 
to  display  the  characteristics  of  different  lands  at 
home  and  abroad.  An  instructive  note  on  the  e 
varied  phas  s  oE  landscape  is  prefixed  to  the 
catalogue,  in  which  the  auth  r  distinguishes 
the  varied  effects  of  atmosphere  and  light  to  be 
noticed  in  Crreece,  Italy,  Switzerland,  and  Egypt, 
and  in  England  and  Scotland.  The  aut'nor  says  : 
"  From  blues  and  whites  to  purples  and  gold 
signifies  a  journej  from  cold  to  heat."  On  the 
sandy  desert  pale  blue  and  pink  vapours  are  for 
The  morning.  Again,  countries  have  their  own 
tints  for  foliage.  "  The  keen  gresns  of  England 
would  ill  suit  a  golden  land  or  the  brilliancy  of  '  machinery 


Mr. 
read  a  paper  on  this  subject,  illistrated 
numerous  plans,  diagrams,  aud  working  draw- 
ings, and  V.y  lantern  slides.  The  author  remarked 
that  withia  the  last  thirty  ye-.rs  the  buildings 
connected  with  the  generation  and  supply  of 
electricity  had  developed  from  small,  common- 
place sheds  to  complex  structures  of  great  size, 
occupying  prominent  sites,  and  supplying  power 
for  innumerable  purposes.  Upwards  of  750  of 
these  buildings  >  ad  in  about  fifteen  years  been 
erected  in  the  Ignited  Kingdom,  and  a  much 
greater  number  abroad,  while  the  stations  first 
ei-ected  had  been  superseded  by  other  types. 
Central  stations  might  be  divided  into  three 
classes — power,  sub,  and  direct  supply  stations  ; 
but  the  three  types  merged  into  oilier  and 
overlapped.  Each  class  was  again  divided  into 
different  kinds,  and  these  depended  on  the  source 
from  wliich  power  was  derived,  either  from  natural 
elements  or  the  conversion  of  natural  products. 
The  power  station  was  the  real  central  station, 
the  province  of  the  sub-statioa  being  to  receive 
the  power  from  the  main  source  and  retail  it  to 
customers.  There  were  two  principal  divisions  of 
sub-stations — (n)  those  housing  machinery  and 
bvittresscs  or  accumulators  for  storing  e!ec  ricity, 
and  (//)  those  without  storage  and  accommodating 
only.     A  great  number  of   stations 


using  water  as  a  source  of  power  had  been  erected 
abroad,  but  there  were  none  of  first-class  im- 
portance in  Great  Britain  ;  the  station  at  Niagara, 
the  best  known  example,  was  designed  by  ]Mes>irs.  . 
McKim,  Mead,  and  Wood,  of  New  York,  Mr. 
W.  A.  Brackenbridge  being  the  engineer.  By 
far  the  greatest  number  of  stations  derive  their 
power  from  the  utilisation  of  converted  natural 
products,  the  chief  being  ccal. 

THE    STEAM    I'OWEE    STATION. 

By  far  the    greatest  number  of  stations  derive 
their  power  from  the  conversion  of  natural  pro- 
ducts, the  chief  of  which  is  coal.      The  steam- 
power  station,   which  is  a  comparatively  recent 
introduction,  is  a  more  complicated  building  than 
the  water-power  station.      Owing  to  the  largir 
size  of  the  rooms,  the  greater  number  of  depart- 
ments, and  the  more  comphcated  construction  re- 
quired, these  buildings  present  even  greater  op- 
portunitiees  to  the  architect.     No  doubt  there  will 
be  a  great   demand   for   them   in  the  future,  lor 
they   are   the   direct   outcome  of    the  system  of 
generation  and  supply  which  now  seems  in  a  fair 
way  to  receive  general  acceptance.  These  station* 
generally  consist  of  engine  house,   in   which  are 
placed  the  engines  and  dynamos,  the  apparatus 
for  the  control  of  the  current  and  mains  leaving 
the  station.      If    condensing    plant  is  used  the 
necessary  apparatus  is  placed  either  on  a  gallery, 
at  the  floor  level,  or  below  the  floor  of  the  engine 
room.     Storage  of  electricity  :  A  battery  room  for 
accumulators.      Boiler  house,    in  which  are  in- 
stalled boilers  or  steam  generators,  of  which  there 
are  many  kinds  :   the  main  flues,  and  apparatus 
for  feeding  coal  to  the  boilers,   and  for  removing 
ashes.       'I'he  economisers  for  heating  the  feed- 
water  are  also  p'aced  in  this  building.     Pump- 
room  :  Sometimes  an  annex,  but  often  an  inclosed 
place   in   the  boiler  -  house.       Chimney  -  shaf  s. 
Coal  store,  which  should  provide  ample  space  for 
fuel  and  for  handUng  coal,  and  for  the  conveying- 
apparatus  for  bringing  coal  into  the  store.   In  con- 
nection  with   this    department    there   are   often 
railway  sidings  or  similar  work.      In  connection 
with  the  first  two  departments,  offices  for  engine- 
room   staff,   mess  rooms,  lavatories,  w.c.'s,  &c., 
for  men.     Water  department,  in  which  are  feed- 
water     tanks,     frequently    also    water- softening 
plant,    cooling    towers,    and    sometimes    cooling 
ponds  or  lodges.      Frequently   a  separate  pump- 
house  or  building  for  condensing  plant.  Probably 
the  first  s'  ation  of  this  kind  was  that  of  the  London 
Electric  Supply  Corporation  at  Deptford,  designed 
by  Mr.  Ferranti  in   1888.      A  part  only  of  the 
station  as  first  planned  has  been  built.     Although 
the  original  design  has  not  been  carried  out  in  its 
integrity,  and  the  character  of  the  building  has 
been  considerably  changed  by  additions   subse- 
quently made  to  it,  it  was  at  its  inception  simply 
a  powe'r  station,  and  conceived  with  a  wonderful 
prescience  of  the  line  upon  which  the  system  of 
generation  and  supply  of  electricity  was  likely  to 
develop  in  the  future.      It  was  perhaps  somewhat 
premature,  but  it  undoubtedly  pointed  the  way  to 
what  is  now  being  done  both  in  this  country  and 
abroad.     Some  of  the  greatpower  stations  erected 
in  America  ten  years  later  followed  very  closely 
on  the  lines  of  Mr.  Ferranti's  design.     There  are 
great   differences   m   the   arrangement    of   these 
buildings,  even  when  the  same  kind  of  machinery 
is  installed.      To   some   extent  these  arise  from 
local   customs  or   climate,    hut  more   frequently 
from    individual    ideas.      In    foreign    countries 
many      stations      have      been      designed.       In 
America,    owing    to    the    system    of  laying  out 
the  towns  in  blocks  of  uniform  size  and  thape,  it 
is  difficult  to  obtain  large  areas  of  land  in  cities. 
The  price   also   is   high  :  hence   American  town 
praci ice  inclines  to  a  rectangular  building  of  the 
superficial  area  of  a  city  block.     The  building  is 
divided  nearly  centrally  by  a  mam  divieion  wall, 
on  one  side  of  which  is  placed  the  engine-house, 
on   the   other    the    boiler-house.      The   engine- 
house  is  generallv  a   one-story  building,    above 
ground,    with     a     basement    below.      A  ertical 
marine-tvpe  engines  direct-coupled   to  dynamos 
are  usuallv  adopted,  which   are    erected  on   the 
ground  floor.     The  steam  turbine  is  nov/  coming 
into  use,  which  will  probably  take  the  place  ot 
veitical  engines  in    the  future,    where  facilities 
for    condensing    exist.      The     switchboards    are 
placed  on  galleries  :  the  leads  from  the  machines 
and  mains  leaving  the  station  are  arranged  under 
thfse  g;dleiies.  The  condensing  plant  is  generally 
in  the  basement.     The  boiler-house  usually  coii- 
tains  horizontil  water-tube  boilers,  arranged  m 
one  or  two  rows  on  two  floors,  with  economisers 
and  ash  conveyors  on  separate  floors.     The  coal- 
store  is  over  the  upper  boiler-house.     The  boiler- 


ArEiL  1,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


473 


house  is  prdcticiilly  a  five  or  six-story  liuilding  at 
least,  fur  the  tonveyors  occupy  a  floor  1 1  them- 
Belvts  over  the  coal  store.  The  jower-louae  of 
the  Manhattan  Kailway  Company,  trected  1900-1 , 
is  a  very  complete  example  of  this  practice.  It 
was  designed  hy  C.  11.  Pegram,  assisted  by  W.  C. 
Phelps  and  C.  Wellesley  (Smith.  It  U  located  on 
the  E-ist  Rivor  between  Seventy-Fourth  and 
Seventy-Fif  h-streets.  Tne  speciil  construction 
problem  which  this  typ3  of  station  presents,  apart 
from  the  mere  support  cf  the  great  lo:dso"  and  in 
the  building,  is  the  manner  in  which  these  he«vy 
loads  are  disposed  on  the  site.  Nearly  tbree- 
quarttrs  of  the  whole  load  is  concentrated  on  half 
the  area,  and  the  m iving  machinery,  anl  about  a 
quarter  of  the  totil  load  on  the  other  halt.  By 
this  arrangement  the  effect  of  the  \ibration  is 
vastly  increased,  and  it  is  dilli  ut  to  prevent  it 
from  being  transmitted  to  a  considerable  distance 
beyond  the  building.  On  hard  and  sulid  rock 
this  is  not  so  noticeable,  tut  on  compressible  or 
watotlogged  soils  it  is  a  serious  matter.  In  some 
cases  piles  have  been  driven  ovtr  the  whole  site, 
with  the  twofold  pur[,ose  of  increasing  the  sup- 
porting power  of  the  subsoil,  and  preventing  it 
from  working  out  u  der  the  foundations,  and 
reducing  this  tendency  to  increase  and  transmit 
vibration.  But  this  is  an  expensive  way  of 
dealing  with  it,  and  of  doubtful  durability.  The 
sp-'cial  conditions  present  recder  this  design  of 
station  unsuitable  for  sites  of  which  the  subsoil  is 
liable  to  consolidation  when  ehiken,  as  is  the  case 
in  many  parts  of  Great  Britain,  especially  round 
London,  unless  precautions  are  taken  to  prevent 
the  consolidation  being  much  greater  under  one 
part  of  the  building  than  under  another.  To 
some  extent  this  can  be  overcome  by  constructing 
vertical  retaining  walls  below  the  level  of  the 
general  foundations  ;  but  even  that  is  not  always 
successful  with  this  combination  of  load  and 
movement.  Ic  is  expensive,  and,  taken  in  con- 
junction with  the  greater  cojt  arising  from 
placing  plant  on  upp  r  floors,  it  U  probable  that 
the  purchase  of  sutlicient  additional  land  to  accom- 
modate all  the  plants  on  one  floor  will  be 
found  much  cheaper,  especially  as  the  shape 
and  area  of  land  in  or  near  towns  in  this 
country  is  not  restricted  to  the  same  extent 
as  it  is  in  America,  and  can  be  acquired 
by  compulsory  purchase  for  central  stations. 
Sometimes  the  subsoil  is  hard  in  places  and 
yielding  in  others.  In  such  cases  foundations 
like  those  of  Manhattan  have  btcn  found 
suitable,  but  in  very  soft  soils  much  water- 
logged it  is  as  a  rule  better  to  support  the  load 
on  concrete  floats  proportionate  to  the  weight, 
allowing  somewhat  more  than  half  the  load  which 
would  be  taken  for  an  ordinary  building.  A  thick 
float  of  concrete  all  over  the  site  is  a  common 
method  of  meeting  the  difliculty,  both  in  English 
and  German  practice.  It  is  a  good  plan  on  clay, 
but  should  be  keyed  on  the  underside  on  looser 
soils.  At  Amsterdam  this  method  was  adopted, 
the  ground  being  first  consolidated  with  piles, 
which  were  scientifically  spaced  in  proportion  to 
the  load  brought  down  at  different  points.  The 
heads  of  piles  should  be  clear  of  the  concrete, 
otherwise  they  are  liable  to  rot.  The  Waterside 
power  station  of  the  New  York  hlison  Co.,  built 
in  1901,  and  located  in  Fir.st  .\ venue  on  the  block 
between  Tnirty-eighth  and  Tbirty-ninh-stre-ts, 
and  running  to  the  East  River,  is  a  very  similar 
building.  The  site  is  272ft.  6ic.  by  197ft.  6in. 
This  building  stands  on  the  hard  and  firm  rock 
■which  underlies  the  greater  part  of  the  City  of 
New  York.  It  is  very  similar  to  JIanhattan, 
with  equally  large  windows,  and  is  faced  with 
red  sandston'3  and  yellow  brick.  It  is  also  a 
skeletjn  steel  structure.  The  boiler-house  build- 
ing is  76ft.  by  2C7ft.  lOin.  by  U sit.  high,  and 
contains  56  horizontal  water-tube  boilers  rated  at 
liSOH.P.  each,  but  said  to  actually  develop 
l,i)2.')H.l'.  each.  They  arc  arranged  in  two  rows 
on  two  floors.  The  engine-room  is  lljft.  by 
2e7ft.  lOin.  by  ISUft.  high,  and  contains  16 
engines  of  the  Westinghouso  Michine  Co.  type, 
direct  coupled  t')  10  General  Electric  ■!,. 500k. w. 
three-phase  generators  delivering  2.')  cycles  alter- 
nating current  at  a  tension  of  6,000  volts.  The 
rovolvin;?  part  weighs  l:iO,0O0lb.,  the  armature 
12.1,0001b  ,  and  the  bed-plate,  20,00nlb.,  the 
whole  generator,  apart  from  engine,  weighing 
27'),0O(Kb.  There  are  four  circular  steel  stacks, 
each  17ft.  internal  diameter,  i:i2ft.  above  ro  if, 
200ft.  from  grato  surface  of  lower  boilers.  Ste.I 
stacks  are  now  coming  into  use  in  Great  Hrita-ii, 
and  some  particulars  about  those  at  Waterside 
miy  be  useful.  They  stand  on  brick  pedertals 
about   soft,   high,   tho  S-iafc  above  bein'  coji- 


strucled  with  steel  plates  —  Jin.  thick  for  lift., 
lin.  thick  f..r  41ft..  ;'in.  thick  for  41ft.  Tne 
joints  are  rivet  d.  They  are  lined  with  firebrick 
Sin.  thick  for  one-third  of  height,  above  that  with 
red  V rick  (ordinary  good  tough  building  brickf). 
T'ce  liniigs  are  earned  on  rings  of  angle  iron  in 
independent  secti  u  s  20ft.  h'gh.  There  is  an 
air  space  of  4in.  bftween  the  lining  and  stick. 
The  system  of  constructing  linings  for  shafts  in 
sections  in  th's  way  now  meets  with  much  favour 
in  America  both  tor  steel  and  brick  shafts,  and 
has  been  US' d  on  some  brick  shafts  in  England 
and  on  the  Cont'nent.  In  brick  shafts  the  sections 
are  carried  on  pr  jecting  header  courses  at  suit- 
ab'e  intervals.  Very  careful  and  accurate  adjust- 
ment of  the  3; ace '  be'woen  the  tupporting  courses 
is  necssary,  as  difiierent  kinds  of  firebricks  vary 
coLisiderably  in  expansion.  The  average  ex- 
pansion of  the  core  is  about  Gin.  in  100ft.  Unless 
great  care  is  taken  the  expa-  sion  of  the  sections 
will  insvitably  break  ihe  joint  at  each  oversailed 
course.  As  soon  as  the  shaft  is  worked,  the  headers 
will  be  snapped  off,  and  then  the  lining  becomes 
just  the  same  as  an  ordinary  core  built  up  from 
the  bottom  ;  but,  of  course,  not  so  strong.  This 
method  of  construction  is  said  to  facilitate  repairs, 
but  when  once  the  supporting  courses  are  broken, 
this  convenience  no  longer  exists.  The  con- 
solidation in  building  cores  mu-t  also  be  allowed 
for,  as  this,  even  with  firebricks  set  as  close  a*? 
possible,  often  amounts  to  as  much  as  4Mn.  in 
lOOft.  In  seve'al  shafts  otherwise  excellently 
built  serious  injury  his  arisen  within  a  few  weeks 
of  being  used  from  this  point  having  been  over- 
looked. What  the  final  result  will  be  cannot  be 
sta'ed  at  present,  as  the  stacks  htve  not  been  long 
enough  in  nse  to  be  able  to  express  a  very  definite 
opinion  about  them  ;  but  in  some  not  five  years 
old  the  horizontal  joints  are  already  broken 
through  at  intervals  of  about  20ft.  for  the  lower 
lOOft.  of  the  stack.  The  Kingsbridge  power 
station  of  the  Third  Avenue  Railroad  Co.  of  New 
York  is  one  of  the  litest  stations  of  this  kind 
erected  in  America.  It  was  erected  in  1900-1, 
and  has  a  rated  capacity  of  72,OOOH.P.  and 
maximum  of  over  10,00011. P.  The  whole  instal- 
lation was  designed  by  Westing  ouse.  Church, 
Kerr,  and  Co.  It  occupies  a  site  S.iOft.  long  and 
2-50ft.  wide.  It  is  very  similar  to  Manhattan  and 
Waterside,  but  is  built  on  piles,  and  steam  tur- 
bines are  installed  instead  of  vertical  marine-type 
engines.  The  subsoil  is  a  fine  sharp  sand,  into 
which  15,000  to  16,000  oak  piles  40ft.  long  were 
driven,  spaced  at  2Sin.  centre  to  centre.  They 
were  drivrn  at  the  rate  of  about  ten  minutes  each 
pi'e.  Over  the  heads  a  slab  of  concrete,  avetage 
Sft.  thick,  was  laid  covering  the  whole  site.  The 
concrete  was  composed  of  one  p^rt  of  Portland 
cement  to  two  of  sand  and  four  of  stone.  The 
maximum  bearing  weight  on  the  foundation  is 
1 5  tons  per  square  foot.  The  building  is  skeleton 
steel  construction.  The  lower  part  of  the  walls  is 
granite  ;  the  upper  part  is  built  with  curtain 
walls  c  'Tried  on  the  steel  frame,  and  is  faced  with 
rerl  brick  and  stone  dressings.  There  "are  four 
chimney  shafts,  each  12fr.  in'ernal  diimcter, 
200ft.  high.  The  Americans  have  displayed 
great  ingenuity  in  insta'ling  very  powerful  plant 
on  sites  of  small  superficial  area ;  stations  wi  h 
plant  on  more  than  one  floor  are  more  common 
there  than  elsewhere.  A  remarkable  instance  is 
the  I'ldison  station  at  Philadelphia,  where  the 
plant  is  installed  in  an  eleven-stoiy  building,  e.tch 
department  being  placed  on  a  different  floor,  one 
.above  the  other.  It  is  not,  however,  an  arrange- 
ment which  would  be  adopted  in  ordinary 
practice,  if  by  any  possibility  it  could  be  avoided. 
There  are  very  few  examples  in  Great  Hritiin 
The  s'aiion  at  B-isto',  des'gned  by  Mr.  Parshall 
for  the  Pnited  Electric  Tramways  Company, 
is,  perhaps,  the  most  impoilant.  Its  eleva- 
tions, designed  by  Mr.  Curtis  (iieen,  are  alone 
suflicient  to  deserve  careful  study,  apart  from  the 
skilful  treatment  of  the  engineering  work. 

•riiE  F.uuoi'E.\N  I'li.vcrtci: 

inclines  to,  the  use  of  horizontal  engines  directly 
<'onpled  to  dynamos  with  horizontal  water-tubo 
boilers,  all  plant  placed  at  groun  l-lloor  level, 
tho  c.ojl  store  being  on  aT  upper  floor.  Con- 
densing plant  and  stsftm  pipes  are  in  tho 
engine-room  basement.  The  latest  stations  in 
Vienna  and  Uuda-1'esth  of  tho  Siemens  Company, 
and  Ober-Spreo  and  Jloabit,  the  great  power 
stations  of  iiorlin  and  at  .\m»lcrdam,  and  the 
Hamburg  power  station  supplying  power  for  the 
docks,  all  stations  designed  by  tho  Allgeuteine 
Klektriviliits-Oesellscbaf',  are  on  theso  Inea 
The  iJorin  stali.'ns  are  faced  cxtornal'y  with  fine 


hard  biick'',  bright  bulf,  1  lid  in  the  German 
fashion,  a'l  headers.  The  gable  ends  are  well 
treated  with  very  large  windows  and  s'rongly- 
marked  divisions  in  the  lights.  Thn  g»^'neral  wall 
faces  are  plain,  but  the  header  bond  gives  an 
excellent  K!ale  to  the  buildings,  and  theornitment 
is  concentrated  in  a  few  well-designed  and  well- 
placed  featun  s  by  which  the  fu'l  value  of  tho 
expenditure  on  embellishment  is  obtained.  This 
is  a  much  more  effective  and  suitable  treatment 
than  expenditure  on  more  expensive  facing 
material — such  as  red  bricks  instead  of  ordinary 
building  bricks,  and  the  stringcourses  and 
mouldings  commonh'  used  on  what  are  called 
plain  buildings.  It  is  often  said  of  buildings 
treated  like  Geneva,  Munich,  and  the  Berlin 
stations,  that  they  are  expensive.  Ttiey  are 
generally  less  costly  than  many  buildings  which 
look  (T  are  described  as  p'.iin.  The  difference  is 
that  in  the  one  case  full  value  is  obtained  from  the 
embellishments  by  good  design — in  the  other  case 
additional  material  cost  essential  to  construction 
is  frittered  over  the  surface,  and  is  not  noticed. 
(-)f  European  s'at'ons  generally,  it  may  be  said 
that  the  power  station  is  rapidly  superseding  the 
direct-supply  station  on  the  Continer.t :  but  the 
older  stations  of  Spain,  Denmark,  Greece, 
Belgium,  Norway,  and  Sweden  are  still  rather 
direct  supply  than  power  stations,  and  do  not  ciU 
for  any  special  comment,  though  a  few  notes 
on  some  may  serve  to  illustrate  important  points 
in  the  design  of  central  stations  genenlly.  The 
old  station  at  Hamburg,  in  the  Stadtmuhjstrasse, 
may  be  mentioned  as  an  uncommon  arrange- 
ment, as  the  engine-room  and  battery-rooms 
are  one  huildiig,  and  the  boiler-house  is 
another,  the  steam  p  pes  crossing  under  the  street. 
Copenhagen  may  be  cited.  There  is  a  remarkably 
fine  richly  moulded  and  decorated  timber  roof  over 
the  engine-room,  of  the  usual  Danish  style.  Aa 
a  piece  of  carpenter's  work  it  is  both  interesting 
and  beautiful,  but  unsuitable  for  a  central  sta'ion. 
The  central  station  is  placed  in  the  midst  of  a 
block  of  buildings,  which  is  an  undesirable  posi- 
tion for  a  building  of  this  kind.  The  roof  is  not 
only  dangerous  to  the  station,  but  also  to  the 
buildings  round.  It  is  fated  to  be  buriit,  unless 
soon  removed,  for  timber  iu  these  buildings  soon 
becomes  as  dry  as  tinder  and  highly  inflammable. 
The  engineer  has  realised  the  danger,  and  in  the 
extensions  of  this  station  now  in  course  of  erection 
only  iucombu-tible  materials  are  being  used, 
similar  to  the  construction  now  adopted  in  the 
best  English  and  foreign  prae'ice.  The  Russian 
stations,  euch  as  Moscow  and  Bralspan,  are  inter- 
esting in  engineering  details,  but  the  buildings 
are  unimportant.  Before  leaving  the  subject  of 
foreign-power  stations,  it  is  well  to  note  that  the 
aTangement  of  the  plant  substantially  on  one 
fl.Tor  with  coal  store  overhead  is  generally  adopted 
wherever  possible.  The  stations  of  the  Detroit, 
Ypsilanti,  Ann  Arbor,  and  Jackson  Railway,  and 
at  Grand  Rapids  for  the  Detroit  Port  lluron 
Railway,  and  the  Toledo  Fremont  and  Norwalk 
Railway  at  Fremont,  oi  the  Sandusky  Rivir,  all 
of  the  Westinghouse,  Church,  Kerr  Company, 
are  examples  of  this  practice  in  the  open  districts 
of  .Vuierica.  The  groat  power  station  of  the 
-Municipality  of  Vienna,  designed  and  equipped 
by  the  Siemens  Schuckert  Company,  is  one  of  the 
finest  European  examples.  .\3  illus  rating  an 
important  ma'ter  in  the  design  of  these  buildings, 
neaily  every  to*nof  any  size  on  the  Continent 
now  has  a  power  station  of  some  kind,  and  many 
extremely  interesting  buildings  have  been  erected. 

THE  cnni.sE.t  I'owiiu  st.vtiox. 

Some  stations  closely  resemble  American  types, 
such  us  the  j^ower  station  now  in  course  of  erec- 
tion on  a  site  of  ;U  ac  es  at  Lot's-road,  Chelsea, 
in  connection  with  the  tlcctrilicatioQ  of  the 
tmiierground  r.ailways  of  London,  his  been 
designed  by  Mr.  .1.  R.  Chapman,  chief  engineer 
to  the  company,  ft  has  a  frontage  of  l,100lt.  to 
the  Thames  and  Chelsea  Creek,  S24ft.  to  L.t's- 
ro.ad.  Tho  building  is  433ft.  6in.  long,  I75ft. 
wide,  and  1 40fr.  high  from  the  grounel  floor  to 
apex  of  roof.  The  engine-house  is  a  two-story 
bui'ding,  and  the  boiler-house  is  a  typical  fiv^- , 
story  type.  Tho  building  is  steel  skeleton  frame, 
with  central  division  wall  and  external  screen 
walls  between  main  steel  supports.  Tho  eleva- 
tions are  fac-d  with  Fletton  bricks,  with  red 
teriacotta  and  red  brick  dres.sings.  The  dngitio- 
rooin  is  415ft.  lon<.  72ft.  Cin.  wide,  and  SOft. 
high  from  bisoment  floor  to  top  of  Untern.  The 
bisement  is  20ft.  high.  It  will  contain  ten 
Westinghous  i  hor  zmtal  steam  turbines,  running 
at  a  Sjtced  of    I.nn)    revolutions    per    minute, 


474 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


ArEiL  1,  1904. 


coupled  direct  to  three-phase  generators,  the 
current  being  generated  at  11,000  volts,  33 
}  cycles.  There  is  space  in  the  engine-room  for 
one  additional  machine  half  the  size.  The  current 
is  transmitted  at  this  tension  to  twenty-three 
suh-stations.  The  switchboard  is  carried  on  three 
galleries  at  the  north-east  end :  the  condensing 
plant  and  steam  pipes  are  in  the  basement  of  the 
engir.e-room.  The  boiler-house  is  445ft.  long, 
96ft.  wide,  and  140ft.  high  from  basement  floor 
to  apex  of  lantern.  The  building  is  carried  on 
heavy  piers  of  masonry,  carried  down  '29ft.  Gin. 
below  the  basement  level.  The  boiler-house  will 
contain  eighty  horizontal  water-tube  boilers, 
arranged  in  double  rows  on  two  floors,  with  auto- 
matic stoking.  There  are  four  circular  brick 
shafts  each  19tt.  internal  diameter,  275ft.  high. 
The  foundations  are  42ft.  square,  and  the  bottom 
of  the  concrete  is  34ft.  6in.  below  the  ground  line. 
There  are  2,200  cubic  yards  of  concrete  in  each 
shaft  foundation.  The  coal  store  has  a  capacity 
of  15,000  tons,  and  it  is  estimated  that  800  tons 
■will  be  consumed  daily.  The  machinery  will 
develop  at  normal  load  76,500H.P.  (57,500  kilo- 
watts) .  The  power  station  about  to  be  erected  by 
the  Great  Western  iJailway  Company  is  to  be 
situated  at  Park  Royal,  near  Acton,  and  was 
designed  by  Messrs.  Kennedy  and  Jenkin,  consult- 
ing engineers,  the  Great  Western  Railway  archi- 
tect's department,  being  the  architect.  The  site 
has  an  area  of  about  20  acres,  with  a  frontage  of 
1,000ft.  to  Willesden-lane  and  800ft.  to  Corona- 
tion-road. The  present  building  is  to  be  260ft. 
long,  about  100ft.  wide :  but  it  is  contemplated  that 
in  the  future  it  wiU  be  quite  eight  times  this  size. 
The  engine-house  will  be  a  one-story  building, 
and  the  boiler-house  one  story  high.  Skeleton 
steel  framing  will  be  used  for  the  main  con- 
struction, filled  in  with  brick  screen  walls.  The 
engine-room  is  to  be  120ft.  long  by  105ft.  wide, 
by  50ft.  high  from  the  floor  to  top  of  lantern,  with 
a  basement  8ft.  high.  It  will  contain  eight 
1,200I.H.P.  Belliss  three-crank  vertical  type 
engine,  running  at  a  speed  of  250  revolutions  per 
minute,  coupled  direct  to  Electric  Construction 
Company's  three-phase  alternators,  the  current 
being  generated  at  a  tension  of  6,500  volts,  at 
which  potential  it  will  be  transmitted  to  four  sub- 
stations. The  switchboard  will  be  carried  on  a 
gallery  at  east  end.  The  boiler-house  is  to  be 
140ft.  long,  92ft.  wide,  by  80ft.  high  from  base- 
ment floor  to  apex  of  lantern.  The  bottom  of 
the  foundations  will  be  4ft.  below  basement  floor, 
and  rest  on  chalk  subsoil.  The  boiler-house  will 
contain  ten  Babcock  and  Wilcox  patent  water- 
tube  boilers,  with  self-contained  super-heaters 
and  automatic  stoking.  There  is  one  octagonal 
brick  shaft,  14tt.  internal  diameter,  and  the  top 
250ft.  high  above  the  level  of  the  fire-bars.  The 
foundations  are  48ft.  square  by  9ft.  thick,  and 
rest  on  the  chalk  subsoil.  The  coal  store  is  placed 
over  the  boiler  -  house,  and  has  a  capacity  of 
8,000  tons.  It  is  estimated  that  150  tons  will  be 
consumed  daily.  The  machinery  will  be  capable 
of  developing  about  10,000H.P.  (6,000  kilowatts). 

XEASDEX    I'OWEU    ST.\TIOX. 

Another  important  power  station  in  connection 
■with  railways  is  that  of  the  Metropolitan  Railway 
now  in  course  of  erection  at  Neasden.  The  plant 
is  all  arranged  on  one  floor,  and  steam  turbines 
are  being  installed.  One  of  the  largest,  power 
touses  in  London  wUl  eventually  be  that  of  the 
Central  Electric  Supply  Company  at  Grove-road, 
St.  John's  AVood,  which  will  supply  power  for 
general  purposes  for  the  West-end  districts  of 
London  served  by  the  Westminster  Electric 
Supply  Corporation  and  St.  James's  and  PaU 
Mall  Electric  Lighting  Company.  It  is  situated 
on  the  banks  of  the  Regent's  Canal,  the  site  being 
7i  acres  in  extent,  all  of  which  will  eventually 
be  covered  with  the  buildings.  Upwards  of 
loO,OOOH.P.  can  be  placed  on  the  site  if  the  plant 
is  arranged  on  the  one-floor  system.  The  one 
half  of  the  first  section  has  recently  been 
completed,  and  provides  accommodation  for 
14,800H.P.  The  steam  generator  adopted  (of 
■which  each  section  will  contain  28),  is  known  as 
the  Climax  I'oiler.  It  is  a  new  kind  of  verticil 
water-tube  boiler.  It  occupies  a  very  small  area 
of  ground  space,  and  has  so  far  proved  eSicient. 
The  chimney  shafts  (there  will  eventuiUy  be 
six)  are  very  prominent  structures,  and,  standing 
high,  can  be  seen  from  a  considerable  distance  in 
aU  _  directions.  Each  shaft  is  18ft.  by  ISit. 
inside  measurement  at  the  top,  2G0ft.  high  from 
top  of  concrete  to  top  of  cap.  The  main 
flues  enter  by  three  openings  60ft.  above 
ground  level.  In  the  architectural  treatment  of 
the  upper  part  an  attempt  has  been  made    to 


take  advantage  of  the  iron  bands  which  sooner 
or  later  are  required  round  the  upper  parts  of  all 
shafts,  and  of  the  recesses  formed  by  placing  the 
set-offs,  when  the  brickwork  is  rediiced  in  thick- 
ness, on  the  outside  instead  of  the  inside  of  the 
wall.  By  these  means  some  relief  is  obtained, 
and  the  upper  part  is  designed  as  an  enriched 
feature  which,  in  contrast  with  the  plain  wall 
below,  forms  the  whole  composition.  It  is 
possible  that  working  on  these  lines  some  satis- 
factory and  characteristic  treatment  of  large 
stacks  may  be  evolved.  Similar  principles  have 
been  followed  ia  the  general  treatment  of  the 
principal  faCi'adcs.  The  flues  are  built  of  double 
casings  of  steel  plates  with  air  space  between 
them,  and  are  carried  outside  above  the  roof  of 
the  boiler-house,  and  are  free  to  expand  and 
contract.  There  will  be  four  blocks  of  buildings. 
Each  block  will  contain  engine-room,  110ft.  by 
224ft.  by  66ft.  Gin.  high  from  engine-room  floor 
to  top  of  lantern.  This  room  will  accommodate 
ten  vertical  high-speed  engines  direct-coupled  to 
dynamos  of  2,400H.P.,  three  of  1,200H.P.,  and 
three  of  300H.P.,  or  28,500H.P.  in  all.  The 
current  is  generated  at  a  tension  of  6,000  volts. 
The  switchboard  is  on  a  galleiy  at  one  end  of  the 
engine-room,  which  is  continued  round  the  room 
to  give  access  to  the  high-level  platform  of 
engines.  The  building  is  skeleton  steel  con- 
struction, with  substantial  external  walls, 
ilessrs.  Kennedy  and  Jenkin  and  S.  T.  Dobson 
are  the  engineers,  and  Messrs.  C.  Stanley  Peach 
and  C.  H.  Reillj-  the  architects.  The  principal 
power  station  in  Edinburgh  is  at  McDonald-road, 
Leith-walk.  It  was  designed  by  Messrs.  Kennedy 
and  Jenkin,  engineers,  the  burgh  engineer, 
Mr.  Cooper,  being  the  architect.  The  site  has 
an  area  of  three  acres,  with  a  frontage  of  540ft. 
to  McDonald-road.  The  present  building  is 
270ft.  long,  110ft.  wide:  but  it  is  contemplated 
that  in  the  future  it  will  be  quite  four  times  this 
size.  The  engine-house  is  a  one-story  building, 
and  the  boiler-house  is  one  story  high,  with  over- 
head coal  bunkers.  Skeleton  steel  framing  has 
been  used  for  the  main  construction,  filled  in  with 
brick  screen  walls.  The  elevation  is  faced  with 
stone.  The  engine-room  is  120ft.  long  by  70ft. 
wide  by  66ft.  high  from  the  floor  to  top  of  lantern, 
with  a  basement  8ft.  high.  It  will  contain 
eight  1,200I.H.P.  three-crank  vertical  Willans 
engines,  running  at  a  speed  of  230  revolutions 
per  minute,  coupled  direct  to  continuous-current 
shunt  -  wound  Mather  and  Piatt  and  Siemens 
dynamos,  the  current  being  generated  at  a 
tension  of  4S0  volts.  The  switchboard  is  carried 
on  a  gaUery  at  the  south  end.  The  boiler-house 
is  195ft.  long,  60ft.  wide,  44ft.  high  from  base- 
ment floor  to  apex  of  lantern.  The  bottom  of  the 
foundations  are  4tt.  below  basement  floor,  and 
rest  on  sand  subsoil.  The  boiler-house  contains 
19  dry-back  marine-tvpe  Sinclair  and  Stewart 
boilers,  with  automatic  stoking.  There  is  one 
octagonal  brick  shaft,  lift.  6in.  internal  square, 
and  the  top  250ft.  high  above  the  level  of  the 
fire-bars.  The  foundations  are  40ft.  square  by 
Sit.  thick,  and  rest  on  the  sand  subsoil.  The 
coal-store  is  placed  over  the  boiler  -  house, 
and  has  a  capacity  of  1,300  tons.  It  is 
estimated  that  60  tons  will  be  consumed  daily. 
The  machinery  will  be  capable  of  developing 
about  lO.OOOl.II.P.  6,000  k.w.)  One  of  the 
principal  power  stations  of  the  corporation  of 
Glasgow  is  at  Port  Dundas,  opened  in  September, 
1900.  It  is  rather  a  direct  supply  than  a  power 
station.  About  one-third  has  been  erected.  It 
will  eventually  accommodate  plantof  30, 0001. H. P. 
Mr.  W.  A.  Chamen  was  engineer.  The  principal 
power  station  of  Manchester  is  situated  at  Stuart- 
street,  Bradford,  and  was  designed  by  Messrs. 
Kennedy  and  Jenkin,  consulting  engineers,  and 
Messrs.  C.  S.  Allot  and  Sons  being  the  architects. 
The  po^wer  station  of  Sunderland  is  situated  at 
Farringdon  Row,  Hylton-road,  and  was  designed 
by  Mr.  John  F.  C.  Snell,  Borough  Electrical 
Engineer,  who  was  also  the  architect.  The 
power  station  of  the 

COCXTY    BOROrOH    OF    BKIGHTON- 

is  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the  east  arm  of 
Shoreham  Harbour  South  wick),  and  was  designed 
by  Jlr.  Arthur  Wright  in  conjunction  with  Mr. 
P.  F.  Lapworth  and  :Mr.  T.  G.  Otley.  The  site 
has  an  area  of  over  ten  acres,  with  a  frontage  of 
679ft.  to  Shoreham  Harbour,  and  719ft.  facing 
oil  the  beach.  The  present  building  is  247ft.  Sin. 
long,  229ft.  6in.  wide,  and  65ft.  high  from  ground 
floor  to  apex  of  roof  :  but  it  is  contemplated  that 
in  the  future  it  will  be  about  twice  this  size.  The 
engine-house  is  a  one-story  building,  and  the 
boiler-houses  are  also  one  story  high.     Skeleton 


steel  frime  »ork  h^s  been  used  for  the  main  con- 
struction, filled  in  with  brick  screen  walls.  The 
elevation  is  faced  with  red  bricks  with  stone 
dressings.  The  engine-room  is  220ft.  long  by 
74ft.  wide  by  65ft.  high  from  floor  fo  apex  of 
roof,  with  a  basement  of  15ft.  high.  It  will  con- 
tain nine  l,S0Ok.w.  steam  turbines,  running  at  a 
speed  of  1,500  revolutions  per  minute,  coupled 
direct  to  three-phase  alternators,  the  current  being 
generated  at  a  tension  of  8,000  volts,  at  which 
potential  it  is  transmitted  to  the  North  Roid 
sub-station,  Brighton.  The  switchboard  is  carried 
on  a  gallery  at  the  north  end  of  the  engine-room. 
The  boiler-houses  are  each  228ft.  long,  73ft.  lOMn. 
wide,  and  50ft.  high  from  firing  floor  to  ap'X  of 
lantern.  The  bottoms  of  the  foundations  of  the 
structures  are  in  some  cases  about  31ft.  below  the 
engine-room  floor,  and  rest  on  a  bine  clay  sab- 
soU.  The  boiler-houses  will  contain  18  water- 
tube  boilers,  each  having  6,000s(i.ft.  tube-heating 
surface,  together  with  six  superheaters  (separately 
fired),  all  provided  with  mechanical  stokers.  There 
are  four  circular  steel  shafts,  each  6ft.  internal 
diameter  at  the  top.  and  about  100ft.  high  above 
level  of  the  fire-bars,  used  in  conjunction 
with  induced  draught  fans.  The  chimney 
foundations  ara  14ft.  square  by  about  3Ift. 
deep,  and  rest  on  the  blue  clay  subsoil. 
The  coal  store  is  placed  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
boiler-house,  and  has  a  capacity  of  about 
3,000  tons  :  and  it  is  estimated  that  80  tons  will 
be  consumed  daily  when  all  the  plant  is  installed 
in  the  first  section.  The  machinery  will  be 
capable  of  developing  about  14,400  kilowatts, 

E.VSTBOVRXE. 

The  power  station  here  is  situated  at  Rose- 
lands,  Seaside,  and  was  designed  by  Messrs. 
Brydes  and  Hawtayne,  engineers,  Mr.  R.  M. 
Gloyne  being  architect.  The  site  has  an  area  of 
ll,4838q.ft.  The  present  building  is  119ft.  long, 
9Gft.  6in.  wide,  52ft.  high  ground  floor  to  apex 
of  roof,  and  is  about  one-third  of  future  size.  It 
is  a  brick  building  of  consistent  fireproof  con- 
struction throughout.  The  engine-room  is  82ft. 
long,  35ft.  wide,  45ft.  high  floor  to  top  of  lantern, 
with  a  basement  "ft.  high.  Five  vertical  engines 
direct-coupled  to  Ferranti  and  Electric  Construc- 
tion Company's  d\"namos  are  at  present  installed. 
Energy  is  generated  at  a  tension  of  2,200  volts, 
at  which  potential  it  is  transmitted  to  twenty- 
two  sub-stations.  The  switchboard  is  placed  on 
a  raised  platform  at  one  end  of  the  engine-room. 
The  boiler-house  is  92ft.  long,  42ft.  wide,  46ft. 
high  from  basement  floor  to  apex  of  lantern.  It 
contains  six  boilers.  The  bottom  of  the  founda- 
tions are  7ft.  Gin.  below  the  basement  floor,  and 
rest  on  blue  clay.  The  shaft  is  ciriular,  7  it. 
internal  diameter  at  the  top,  ISOlt.  1  igh  above 
level  of  firebars.  It  is  built  of  brick,  and  the 
foundations  are  on  the  blue  clay.  The  coal-store 
is  parallel  with  the  boiler-house.  The  plant  at 
present  installed  is  capable  of  developing  2,000H.P. 

LIVERPOOL. 

The  power  station  of  Liverpool  is  at  Lister  Di-ive. 
Mr.  A.  Bromley  Holmes  is  engineer,  and  Mr.  T. 
Shelmerdine  is  architect.  The  site  has  an  area 
of  14}  acres,  the  longest  frontage,  650,  being  to 
Lister  Drive.  Building  No.  1  is  complete,  and 
is  24Sft.  long,  165ft.  wide,  and  62tt.  high  from 
ground  line  to  apex  of  roof.  Building  No.  2  will 
be  440ft.  long.  About  half  has  been  erected. 
The  engine-room  is  a  one- story  building, 
224ft.  9in.  long,  52ft.  4in.  wide,  and  5Sft.  high 
floor  to  top  of  lantern,  with  a  basement  10ft. 
high.  It  contains  12  Willans  and  Robinson 
high-speed  vertical  engines,  1,200H.P.  each,  230 
revolutions  per  minute.  The  dynamos  are  direct 
coupled  to  engines,  and  generate  energy  at  a 
tension  of  460  to  550  volts  for  tramway  and  light- 
ing services.  A  portion  is  generated  at  6,0C0 
volts.  The  switchboard  is  in  a  switch-room  at 
the  front  of  the  building.  Each  boiler  house  is  a 
two-story  building  100ft.  long,  51ft.  7;in.  wide, 
and  56ft.  high  from  basement  floor  to  apex  of 
lantern.  Each  boiler  house  contains  14  Lanca- 
shire boilers,  with  automatic  stokers  arranged  in 
two  rows,  with  central  stoking  passage.  There  are 
two  octagonal  brick  shafts,  13ft.  internal  diameter 
at  top,  about  200ft.  above  level  of  firebars. 
The  foundations  are  35ft.  square,  and  Sft.  thick, 
and  rest  on  hard  red  clay.  The  coal  store  is  over 
the  boUers,  and  has  a  capacity  of  1,000  tons.  _  It 
is  estimated  that  200  tons  will  be  consumed  daily. 
The  present  maihinery  is  capable  of  deve'oping 
about  14.400H.P.  (9,G00k.w.)  The  buildings  are 
faced  with  red  pressed  bricks,  with  red  stone 
dressings.  The  power  station  of  the  Dublin 
Corporation  is  situated  at  Pigeon  House  Fort,  on 


April  1,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


475 


a  breakwater  at  the  side  of  the  harbour,  li  miles 
from  the  shore.     It  is  a  very  complete  station, 
with  plant  arranged  substaniially  on  one  floor, 
with  boilira    bac'c    to    back    with   tlie  engines. 
Uingsend  power  house  in  Dublin  belongs  to  the 
Dublin    I'aited    Tramways    Company,    and    is 
situated  on  the  CJrand  Canal   Basin,   Ringsend, 
and  supplies  power  for  the  tramways  throughout 
the  city.     It  is  partly  a  direct-supply  station  and 
partly  a  power  station,  supplying  sub-stations  at 
lilackrock,  Dalky,  and  C'lcntarf.      The   electric 
current  generated  is  three-phase,  at  a  tension  of 
2,500  volts.     There    are    at    present    at    Ring- 
send    five    direct  -  current   generators,    and   one 
three  -  phase     generator    in    the    station.     The 
station    of    the    London    United   Tramways,   at 
Chiswick,   is  a  building  of  distinct  individuality, 
and  the  elevations  are  impressive.     The  engineer 
is  Mr.  I'arshall,  Mr.  Curtis  Green  the  architect. 
The  power-house   is   loift.  by    lOGft.,  and  both 
engine-room  and  boiltr-house  are  faced  with  red 
brick   and   Portland   stone,    and   internally  with 
glazed  bricks.     Steel   shaft  300ft.,   and   10ft.  in- 
ternal diameter    inside  the  firebrick   lining.     It 
stands  on  a  cast-iron  base-plate,  supported  on  a 
pedestal  of  redbrick  wiih   Portland  stone  dres- 
sings.    The  flue  enters  oOft.  above  ground.     The 
power  station  ot  the  City  of  London  is  situated  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Thames,  close  to  Blackfriars 
Bridge.     The  erection  was  commenced  in  1S92, 
and  several  enlargements  have  been  made  since. 
It  is  a  very  remarkable  and  interesting  station,  of 
over    1-1,600H.P.,  but    is    unique    in    so  many 
respects  that  no  short  description  is  possible.     It 
was  designed  by  Mr.   Frank  Bailey.     There  are 
numbers  of  both  steam-power   stations,  the  plane 
of   some   of   which   are   exhibited.     All    present 
many   features    of    interest,    but    the    examples 
described  are    sufficient  to   indicate  the  general 
features  of  this  class. 

DIRECT    SCITLV    STATIOXS. SIMPLE. 

The  simple  direct  supply  station  consists  of  the 
machinery  departments  somewhat  on  the  same 
lines  as  the  power  station,  of  which  it  was  the 
forerunner.  The  JIason's  Yard  station  of  the  St. 
James's  and  Pall  Mall  Electric  Light  Company, 
Limited ;  The  Manchester-square  station  of  the 
Metropolitan  Electric  Lighting  Company :  Chapel- 
place  station  of  the  Kensington  and  Knighta- 
iiridge  Electric  Lighting  Company  ;  the  Wands- 
worth station  of  the  County  of  London  and  Brush 
Provincial  Electric  Lighting  Company ;  the 
central  station  of  Battersea  (Whiston-street)  ; 
and  that  at  Shoreditch  ;  of  the  respective 
Borough  Councils  ;  and  the  station  of  the  London 
County  Council  on  the  Thames  Embankment, 
amongst  many  others,  are  examples  of  this  class  in 
London.  It  was  almost  the  earliest  form  of 
station,  and  originated  simultaneously  with  the 
composite  form  of  direct  supply  station.  It  was 
required  in  those  districts  which  were  too  large  to 
be  served  by  one  central  station,  before  the  days 
of  the  power  station.  It  is  not  probable  that 
many  more  of  these  stations  will  be  required. 
Some  of  theseexisting  simple  direct-supply  stations 
are  already  being  converted  into  sub-stations,  and 
in  time,  no  doubt,  the  steam  plant  will  be  token 
out  of  many,  and  be  replaced  with  electrical 
machinery  only. 

DIllECT-SC'PrLY    ,ST.«I0N-3. — COMrOSITE. 

Of  the  composite  type  of  direct-supply 
stations  numbers  exist  all  over  the  world.  In 
small  towns,  in  the  country  remote  from  other 
towns  or  from  centres  where  power  can  be 
generated  under  exceptionally  favourable  con- 
ditions, and  in  agricultural  districts,  no  doubt 
many  of  this  type  will  be  erected  for  some  years 
to  come.  Sooner  or  later,  however,  combination 
between  towns  and  districts  will  take  place,  and 
co-operative  power  stations  will  replace  this  class 
also,  and  those  then  existing  will  become  at  any 
rate  partly  sub-stations  also.  It  will  be  a  great 
advantage  to  this  country  in  the  keen  war  of  trade 
comjietition,  which  it  before  it,  and  will  reduco 
the  app.-dling  extravagance  and  waste  of  the 
mineral  wealih  of  this  country  which  is  now  going 
on  from  the  unnecessary  consumption,  carriage, 
and  handling  of  coal,  and  all  the  attendant  waste 
of  land,  labour,  and  time,  and  congestion  of  traffic 
produced  and  fostered  by  present  methods.  Vn- 
fortunately,  the  day  has  not  yet  come,  and  so 
composite  stations  will  still  be  wanted,  and  a  few 
notes  on  them  will  bo  useful.  They  are,  in  fact, 
complete  electrical  works  generating  and  dis- 
tributing energy,  and  include  accommodation  for 
all  dopiirtments  connected  with  the  industry.  A 
comploto  composite  station   contains  the  follow- 


ing accommodation  :  —  Machinery  department : 
Engine  house,  for  engines,  dynamos,  switch- 
board, leads  from  dynamos  and  mains  leaving 
the  station-condensing  plant,  watch  engineer's 
office,  and  accommodation  for  engine  -  room 
staff  and  drivers ;  workshop,  oil '  and  waste 
stores,  engine-room  stores.  Electrical  storage 
department :  Battery-room  and  stores.  Steam 
department :  Boiler  house  .and  overhead  coal- 
store,  economiser  house,  chimney  shafts,  pump- 
room,  and  feed  -  tinks  ;  accommodation  for 
stokers,  messro&m,  dressing-room  and  lavatories, 
w.c.'s,  &c.,  boiler-house  stores;  coal  siding  and 
elevator  and  conveyor  .and  hoist  and  truck  way. 
Water  department :  Similar  to  the  power  stations. 
Tramways  department  :  I 'ar  shed,  painting  shop, 
workshop  in  common  with  the  machinery  depart- 
ment, sand  store,  lamp-room,  car-drivers'  room, 
mossroom,  dressing-rooms,  lavatories,  and  w.c.'s 
for  tramway  staff.  N.B. — In  this  case  condense 
to  river,  otherwise  cooling  plant,  water  soften- 
ing. Public  health  department :  Destructor  for 
town  refuse  connected  to  same  stack  as  elec- 
tricity works.  The  steam  generated  therein 
being  used  for  warming  buildings  or  other  small 
and  unimportant  work.  Outside  mains  and 
public  lighting  :  Cable  stores,  building  materials 
store.^,  ladder  and  truck  stores,  arc-lamp  stores, 
general  stores,  and  yard.  Tools  and  plant  stores, 
carpenter's  shop,  smither's  shop  and  forge.  Ac- 
commodation for  workmen.  Jleter  Department : 
Ueneral  workshop,  clockmaker's  shop,  tested 
meter  stores,  battery  and  meter  testing-room, 
calibrating  -  room,  photometer  room,  control 
offices,  accommodation  for  staff.  Administration  : 
General  public  offices,  boardroom  or  committee- 
room,  offices  for  general  managers,  accountant, 
collectors,  meter  clerks  and  readers,  chief 
engineer's  drawing  office,  lavatories,  &c.,  for 
staff.  Each  dejiartment  would  require  a  time- 
keeper's office,  but  this  might  in  many  cases  be 
combined  for  some  of  them.  Sometimes  a  resi- 
dence for  engineer.  The  accommodation,  of 
course,  varies  in  nearly  every  case,  but  that  this 
table  of  accommodation  gives  a  general  idea  of 
the  buildings  constituting  a  central  station  or 
electricity  works  of  this  class.  A  very  complete 
station  of  this  class  has  recenth'  been  erected  by 
the  corporation  of  Ipswich. 

SUll-STATIOXS. 

Sub-stations  to  accommodate  static  trans- 
formers have  been  in  existence  for  many  years. 
They  were  formerly  small  unimportant  structures, 
frequently  vaults  under  the  pavement  or  road- 
ways, or  in  basements  of  houses.  The  modern 
sub-station,  however,  is  a  very  different  thing. 
It  is  a  building  requiring  careful  design  and  of 
daily  increasing  importance.  Its  function  is 
either  to  alter  the  character  or  to  reduce  the 
tension  of  current  derived  from  the  power  stations, 
and  to  distribute  either  the  same  current  at 
another  potentiality  or  to  generate  and  distribute 
a  new  current  at  low  tension  by  means  of  dynamos 
directly  coupled  and  driven  by  motors.  These 
compound  machines  are  called  motor  generators. 
A  sub-station  without  batteries  consists  of  one 
principal  room  in  which  the  motor  generators  are 
placed,  also  the  switchboards  regulating  the  in- 
coming and  the  outgoing  currents,  and  the  sub- 
ways or  chambers  for  the  mains  into  and  out  of 
the  building.  An  oflice  for  engineer  in  charge 
and  on  duty  and  lavatories  and  conveniences  for 
staff ;  and  some  space  for  stores.  The  switch- 
boards are  often  placed  on  galleries.  The  addition 
of  a  battery  makes  a  considerlde  difference  to  the 
design,  as  the  batteries  are  often  very  large  and 
require  considerable  room.  Sometimes  the  build- 
ing is  only  one  story  high,  as  sub-station  No.  C 
of  the  Manhattan  Railway  Company,  which  is  a 
common  type  of  American  design  ;  or  it  is  a 
building  of  several  floors,  a  more  common 
Continental  practice.  The  sub-station  of  Vienna, 
of  the  Siomens-Schuckert  Company ;  the  sub- 
station Iviinigin  Augustastrasse  at  JSerlin  of  the 
Allgemeine  Company  :  the  Albert  Hall  station  of 
the  Kensington  and  Knightsbridge  Electric 
Light  Company.,  Mr.  II.  W.  Jliller,  engineer, 
are  a  fe.w  examples.  Sub-stations  must  be  placed 
fairly  near  the  centre  of  the  area  which  they 
supply.  Sometimes  thisy  must  be  erected  in 
f'ashionablequartcrs,in  residential  districts,  or  close 
to  important  buildings.  Every  precaution  should 
bo  taken  to  prevent  transmission  of  mechanical 
vibration,  or  escape  of  sound  beyond  the  building. 
The  buildings  must  be  dry,  well  ventilated,  and 
well  lighted  in  every  purl.  In  many  cases  the 
quantity  of  current  required  for  the  district  to  bo 
served  by  tho  sub-station  can  bo  closely  estimated 


before  the  building  is  erected.  They  will,  there- 
fore, generally  be  erected  of  full  size  at  once, 
instead  of  being  constructed  as  small  buildings  in 
the  first  instance  adapted  for  enlargement  in  the 
future,  as  other  central  stations  necessarily  must 
be.  'ro  some  extent  this  simplifies  the  design, 
but  as  these  stations  are  ot  comparatively  recent 
origin,  the  kind  of  building  likely  to  prove  most 
suitable  is  not  so  well  known,  and  present  practice 
is  capable  of  considerable  improvements.  Hitherto 
they  have  been  fairly  small  buildings,  from  1,000 
to  10,00011. P.,  but  they  will  probably  be  much 
larger  in  the  future.  Already  sub-stations  of 
15,000  to  25,00011. P.  are  projected,  and  some  of 
this  size  are  in  course  of  erection.  In  future 
stations  switchboards  will  be,  perhaps,  almost 
part  of  the  structure,  and  the  mains  chambers 
will  be  separate  fr..m  the  machinery  rooms. 
Indesd,  more  complete  separation  and  greater 
space  for  mains  than  is  usually  allowed  in 
this  most  important  department  is  desirable 
in  almost  all  classes  of  central  stations. 
These  shafts  are  not  ordinary  factory  chimneys. 
Their  importance  to  the  undertaking,  and  con- 
sequently to  the  community,  their  great  size,  and 
the  fact  that  they  are  erected  in  groups  of  from 
two  up  to  six  or  more,  they  should  be  of  better 
construction  and  appearance  than  is  often  deemed 
sufficient.  It  remains  only  to  briefly  summarise 
a  few  matters  which  experience  has  shown  are  of 
importance  in  designing  central  stations.  These 
buildings  serve  an  important  public  purpose,  and 
the  work  when  once  started  must  be  carried  on 
continuously  day  and  night.  They  must  there- 
fore be  incombustible  in  every  part,  and  since  it 
is  not  known  how  serious  an  electrical  fire  may 
be,  they  should  be  designed  on  the  compartment 
or  independent  bay  system,  so  that  tho  disable- 
ment resulting  from  a  fire  maybe  limited.  Every 
material  can  be  destroyed  by  a  powerful  arc,  and, 
therefore,  it  is  advisable  to  keep  the  main  supports 
of  the  building  as  far  away  from  the  electric  con- 
ductors as  possible,  especially  by  the  switchboard. 
No  materials  which  under  any  circumstances  can 
burst  into  flame  should  be  used,  and  especially 
the  use  of  woodwork  in  both  engine-room  and 
boiler-house  roofs  should  be  avoided.  Every 
department  should  be  cut  off  as  completely  as 
possible  from  every  other  department,  having 
regard  to  the  work  which  is  to  be  performed  : 
but  a  suflicient  number,  at  least  two,  exits,  wide 
apart,  should  be  provided  to  every  department  in 
which  there  are  steam-pipes,  boOers,  electrical  or 
moving  machinery.  Unequal  temperatures  con- 
stantly changing  are  unavoidable  in  '  different 
departments,  and  in  many  places  thesa  tempera- 
tures are  very  high.  Ample  allowance  should 
therefore  be  made  for  expansion  and  contraction 
everywhere,  especially  in  chimney  shafts,  boiler 
settings,  main  flues,  and  in  the  boiler-house 
generally.  Vibration,  varying  in  intensity  with 
the  type  and  speed  of  the  engine,  is  present  in  all 
these  buildings.  It  is  not  necessarily  tran-mitted 
beyond  the  building  itself,  but  it  has  been  felt  at 
a  considerable  distance,  and  many  curious  results 
have  been  observed.  With  alternating  current 
dynamos  direct  coupled  to  engines,  the  effect  can 
to  some  extent  be  regulated  by  the  manner  in 
which  the  plant  is  worked  ;  but  this  cannot  be 
done  with  continuous  current  or  belt-driven 
plant.  In  any  case  it  is  not  by  any  means  suffi- 
cient to  rely  on.  The  position,  shape,  size, 
weight,  and  rigidity  of  the  foundations  have  a 
material  effect  on  the  amount  of  vibration  which 
is  noticeable  in  the  buildings  and  transmitted 
beyond  it.  With  some  kinds  of  engines  prac- 
tically nothing  which  the  architect  can  do  has 
any  appreciable  effect  in  controlling  or  reducing 
the  vibration,  but  with  most  engines  a  great  deal 
can  be  done.  Many  kinds  of  so-called  elastic. 
resilient,  or  cushion  foundations  have  been  tried, 
but  so  far  none  have  proved  successful  with  large 
engines,  nor  is  there  any  evidence  that  vibration 
has  been  diminished  by  them.  Results  obtained 
with  small  experimental  machines  are  no  guide  to 
what  will  happen  with  several  largo  machines. 
Foundations  unevenly  loaded,  or  fixed  at  one  end 
and  free  at  the  other,  and  concontr.ited  loads  on 
girders  high  up  in  the  building  increase  vibration, 
and  are  apt  to  cause  it  to  extend  beyond  the 
building.  These  are  forms  of  construction  to  be 
avoided  wherever  possible.  Tho  vibration  pro- 
duced by  a  number  of  engines  in  step,  or 
"  galloping,"  !is  it  is  called,  is  frequently 
prevented  by  forming  deep  indents  in  the 
bottom  of  tho  foundations.  Separation  of  the 
engine  foundations  from  main  structure  is  useful, 
but  difficult  to  carry  out  elVcctually  ;  but  modified 
separation,    combined    with    sufficient    weight. 


476 


THE    BUILDIKG    NEWS. 


Apbil  1,  1904. 


spread  of  base,  and  extreme  rigiditj'  of  founda- 
tions haye,  on  the  whole,  proved  to  be  the  most 
eiEcient  methods  of  dealing  with  this  troublesome 
factor.  Repairs  are  expensive,  dithcult,  ani 
dangtrous  to  execute,  therefore  only  the  best 
materials  and  workmanship  should  be  used  as 
tending  both  to  efficiency  and  economy.  The 
buildings  are  sure  to  be  altered  and  enlarged  as 
time  goes  on,  whatever  the  first  idea  of  the  future 
size  may  be ;  therefore  the  part  first  trected 
should  be  of  sufficient  strength  to  admit  of  this 
being  done,  without  interfering  with  the  existing 
building  or  plant  installed  and  working.  I'ower 
stations  must  be  erected  where  power  can  be 
generated  cheaply,  and  sub-stations  and  direct 
supply  stitions  in  cities  and  among  other 
buddings. 

At  the  close  of  the  paper,  a  short  discussion 
took  place,  in  which  Professor  A.  B.  AV. 
Kennedy,  F.R.S.,  Mr.  John  Slater,  B.A., 
Vice-president,  Col. "  Eustace  Balfovu,  Mr. 
Albekt  Gay,  and  M.  I^'erranti  took  part,  and  a 
hearty  vote  of  thanks  was  accorded  to  Mr. 
Stanley  Peach. 


paints  and  di>temper  colours,  those  fast  to  lime  ; 
testing  colours,  colours  that  do  not  fade  ;  notes  on 
colour  harmony,  tuygestions  for  colour  schemes, 
and  other  miscellaneous  and  technical  matters  are 
valuable  additions  to  the  work.  The  author  does 
not  enter  into  the  theory  of  colour  or  the  decorative 
treatment  of  the  subject ;  but  his  work  ought  to 
be  placed  in  the  hands  of  every  student  painter 
and  decorator. 


PAINT    AND    COLOUR   MIXING.* 

THIS  is  the  title  of  a  practical  handbook, 
including  several  hundreds  of  colour  mix- 
tures of  much  value  to  p.-iinter8,  with  examples 
of  the  colours  in  strips  of  painted  paper.  In 
this  edition  four  extra  plates,  giving  no  less 
than  171  separate  colours,  have  been  added.  The 
production  of  each  colour,  tint,  or  shade  is  given 
alphabetically,  and  will  be  found  useful  in  mixing. 
Of  course,  people's  idejs  vary  as  to  what  is  a 
particular  colour,  and  one  going  by  a  certain  name, 
like  "bronze-green,"'"  sea-green,"  I'tc.  In 
fact,  as  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Jennings,  no  two 
practical  men  would  agree  as  to  the  exact  colour 
of  ihese.  Knowing  this  great  diversity  of  ideas 
as  to  colour,  the  author  has  obtained  the  colour- 
card  issutd  by  the  leading  paint  manufacturing 
firms,  and  made  a  selection  of  the  most  useful  of 
these.  He  carefully  compared  each  colour  so 
obtained  with  similar  colours  in  the  different 
colour  cards,  taking  note  of  the  different  names 
employed.  The  result  was,  he  says,  "  very  sur- 
jjribing,"  because  it  was  found  there  were  as 
many  names  as  there  were  manufacturers'  cards 
represented.  The  author  has  been  careful  to 
6elect  the  names  used  by  several  manufacturers. 
Several  instances  are  given  of  the  different 
names  given  to  the  same  colour.  Thus  "  bronze 
s-reen ' '  was  called  by  different  manufacturers 
'dark  green,"  "olive  green,"  "sage  green." 
"  Sea  green  "  was  called  also  "  olive  green,"  and 
"  ( J  ueen  Anne  green  "  ;  "  pea  green  ' '  was  called 
also  "sea  green,"  and  "  Eau  de  Nil,"  so  with 
all  othtr  colours.  The  meaning  of  the  terms 
"  tint "  and  "  shade  "  are  explained  though  they 
are  often  confused.  A  tint  is  an  admixture  of 
lihitc  with  any  hue  or  colour,  whereas  a. shade  of  a 
colour  is  the  addition  of  black  to  it.  The 
author  says  "  in  the  decoration  of  our 
rooms,  we  shall  see  that  as  an  actual 
fact  we  obtain  shades  of  the  colour  by  the  omis- 
sion of  light,  because  the  addition  of  black  as  a 
pigment  to  a  colour  acts  in  the  same  way  as 
shutting  off  light."  But  black  added  in  mixing 
colours  to  lower  the  tone  of  a  colour  often  makes 
the  effect  muddy.  A  yellow,  if  too  bright,  can 
be  reduced  by  adding  a  little  blue  and  red,  and  if 
a  blue  is  too  bright  a  little  red  and  yellow  will 
tone  it  down  ;  so  red  can  be  toned  down  by  a 
little  blue  and  yellow  ;  that  is  to  saj'  a  mixture  of 
the  two  other  primary  colours  produce  the  re- 
quired reduction.  The  colours  and  mixtures 
follow  alphabetically  ;  first  come  reds,  then  blues, 
then  yellows,  greens,  browns,  greys,  and  grays, 
whites,  &c.  It  may  be  useful  to  notice  that 
"  grey  "  and  "  gray  "  are  not  the  same  ;  a  ffni/ 
is  an  admixture  of  black  and  white,  and  may  vary 
greatly  in  shade ;  but  when  a  colour  is  added  to 
the  black  and  white,  the  admixture  is  called 
"  gray."  The  plates  of  tints  are  very  serviceable 
for  reference  in  matching,  and  each  tint  is 
given.  One  plate  gives  examples  of  16  different 
colours  of  washable  distempers,  including  several 
of  Hall's  sanitary  washable  distempers,  manu- 
factured by  Sissons  Bros,  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  Hull. 
The  last  plate  gives  16  examples  of  Messrs. 
Wilkinson,  Heywood,  and  Clark's  non-poisonous 
decorator's    colours.     The    chapters    on    water- 

*  A  Practical  Handbook  for  Painters,  Decorators,  &c. 
With  coloured  plates.  By  Artuuk  Si!v.iiour  jE.\Ni\.i<i 
editor  of  77,e  /.),,„,„ro,-,  &c.  Second  edition,  rewritten 
Stra'd  London:  E.  and  F.  N.  Spon,  Ltd.,  125, 


A  CONCRETE-STEEL  FACTORY. 

BUILDINGS  of  reinforced  concrete  are  now 
becoming  popular  in  America,  and  many 
large  office  buildings  and  factories  are  being  con- 
structed of  these  materials.  The  Kelly  and  Jones 
Company's  factory  at  Greensburg,  I'a.,  for  the 
manufacture  of  brasswork,  is  a  four-storied 
structure  measuring  600ft.  in  length  and  60ft.  in 
width.  The  concrete  is  reinforced  by  the 
Ransome  system  of  twisted  steel  r^ds.  Certain 
special  features  are  adopted  in  the  walls  and  lloors. 
The  Ungimiriiif/  Record  says:  "Each  floor  is  a 
solid  continuous  concrete  slab  60ft.  by  300ft. 
separating  the  tiers  of  columns  above  and  below 
it.  The  roof  is  similar  to  the  floors,  except  that  it 
is  pitched  about  1  :  50  transversely.  All  sides  of 
the  building  are  glazed  throughout  a  large  portion 
of  their  area,  so  that  the  wall  piers  between  the 
openings  become  narrow,  and  are  equivalent 
to  ordinary  columns,  except  at  the  tour  comers, 
and  at  two  intermediate  points  60ft.  distant  from 
them  on  the  side  walls,  where  the  piers  are  made 
of  about  twice  the  regular  width  to  secure  archi- 
tectural effect  and  to  divide  the  building  into 
panels."  AVe  notice  the  photo  illustration  of  the 
structure  shows  that  the  floor  slabs  of  consider- 
able thickness  pass  through  and  cut  oft'  the 
piers  so  that  they  are  discontinuous  or  inter- 
rupted by  the  floors,  not  as  generally  in  brick 
buildings  where  the  piers  are  made  continuous 
from  bot'om  to  top,  and  the  floors  are  cut  off. 
Counting  the  wall  piers  there  are  61  four-story 
columns  20ft.  apart,  and  20ft.  high.  They 
stand  on  extended  footings  of  concrete  carried 
to  the  rock  substratum  about  Oft.  below  grade. 
The  first-story  columns  are  made  up  of  a 
short  lower  section  lo  the  underside  of  same 
floor,  and  an  upper  section  which  extends 
from  floor  to  floor.  The  columns  thus  are  seated 
on  the  several  floors  which  they  support.  The 
columns  are  square  at  top  and  bottom,  with 
chamfered  corners,  or  octagonal.  The  upper 
ends  are  corbelled  out  by  mouldings  en  all  sides, 
and  form  capitals,  and  thus  doable  the  area  of 
bearing  to  each  floor  slab.  These  columns  are 
24in.  square  below  first  floor,  23in.  on  the  first 
story,  and  20in.,  l.jin.,  and  lOm.  respectively  on 
the  ^econd,  third,  and  fourth  stories.  "Each  is 
reinforced  by  eight  jin.  vertical  bars  equidistant 
in  a  circle  about  Mn.  clear  of  surface  of  concrete. 
These  bars  are  surrounded  from  end  to  end  by  a 
helix  of  -tin.  pitch,  made  of  ijin.  twisted  steel, 
to  which  they  are  wired  at  intersections.  The 
wall  columns  are  rectangular  in  section,  and  are 
made  hollow,  with  air  spaces  cored  out  so  as  to 
leave  a  minimum  thicktiess  of  Sin.  of  concrete, 
and  are  reinforced  at  each  corner  by  a  Jin.  rod, 
which  is  made  continuous  from  foundation  to  roof 
by  lapping  r2in.  for  a  splice  at  each  floor.  These 
rods  are  wired  to  loops  jin.  by  jin.  horizontal 
bars  12in.  apart  vertically."  The  floors  are  con- 
tinuous, and  carried  on  the  tops  of  the  columns 
below,  and  project  beyond  them  and  form  outer 
faces  on  the  exterior  walls  ;  the  first  floor  is  4in., 
and  without  reinforcement.  The  projecting  edges 
outside  are  L-shaped  in  cross-section,  reinforced 
by  jin.  bars  top  and  bottom.  The  upper  floors 
are  proportioned  for  a  live  load  of  2.501b.  to  the 
square  foot,  and  are  divided  into  panels  3ft.  Si'gin. 
wide,  and  8ft.  4in.  long  by  transverse  and  longi- 
tudinal girders,  which  are  12in.  deep  below  soffit 
of  3in.  floor  slab.  These  are  not  reinforced. 
The  transverse  girders  are  in  pairs,  supported 
on  each  row  of  columns,  and  they  carry 
13  lines  of  intermediate  beams  connected  by 
transverse  girders.  The  longitudinal  beams 
are  Sin.  wide  and  3ft.  Siein.  apart  in  the  clear, 
reinforced  by  IJin.  tension-bar  on  the  lower  side, 
and  by  one  jin.  bar  in  upper  part  of  floor  slab. 
In  all  beams  and  girders,  vertical  U-bars  o'f  iin. 
steel,  with  loops  engaging  the  lower  tension-rods, 
are  placed  close  together  at  ends  of  beams  so  as  to 
take  the  shearing  stress,  these  stirrups  are  farther 
apnrt  in  the  centre  of  beam.  All  angles  are 
filleted  with  concrete.  At  the  intersection  of  the 
transverse  and  longitudinal  beams  at  the  columns 
there  is  a  solid  concrete  slab  3ft.  square  and  17in. 
deep,  the   upper  part  of   which  is  reinforced  by 


four  Jin.  horizontal  bars  4ft.  long  and  Sin.  apart. 
The  beams  and  girders  in  the  wall  planes  have 
double  webs,  and  ar-e  really  box  girders.  Other 
details  are  given,  for  which  we  must  refer  the 
reider  to  the  liceonl.  Mr.  E.  L.  Ransome, 
M.Am.Soc.C.E.,  of  New  York,  is  the  architfct 
and  engineer  of  this  unique  structure,  and  Ran- 
some and  Smith  Co.,  of  same  city,  the  general 
contractors.  In  this  building  the  concrete  re- 
inforced system  has  been  completely  adopted  in  a 
manner  which  shows  its  value  for  substantial 
structures  of  this  class.  The  structure  is  really  a 
concrete  one  in  which  steel  bars  are  introduced 
for  cohesion  and  to  resist  tensile  stress.  The 
monolithic  concrete  system  reinforced  in  this 
manner  promises  a  new  departure. 


"HOAV  TO  JUDGE   ARCHITECTURE."* 

MR.  RUSSELL  STURGIS,  A.M.,  Ph.D., 
is  so  well  known  in  America,  maiLly  as  a 
capable  writer  on  Architecture,  that  any  book 
from  his  pen  cannot  but  command  attention. 
This  "popular  guide  to  the  appreciation  of 
buildings,"  just  issued  by  Messrs.  Macmillan  and 
Co.  under  the  attractive  title  of  "  How  to  Judge 
Architecture,"  is  at  any  rate  readab'e.  The 
writer  commences  with  Early  Greek  design,  and 
leads  the  reader  chapter  by  chapter  through  the 
periods  of  the  Later  Greek,  Roman,  and  succeed- 
ing Mediteval  styles,  down  to  the  days  of  Revived 
Clas^ic  design  and  Eighteenth  Century  work, 
following  up  an  account  of  the  subseeiaent 
a'tempts  at  imitative  architecture  by  enlarging 
upon  instances  of  more  recent  and  original 
modern  work,  his  examples  being  shown  not 
only  from  England  and  the  I'nited  States,  but 
from  the  Continent  of  Europe.  Photographic 
views  enable  the  reader  to  follow  the  author's 
deductions  and  add  to  the  interest  of  the  book, 
though  it  must  be  a  matter  of  regret  that  so  few 
plans  of  the  examples  thus  represented  are  fur- 
nished. 

Mr.Sturgis  makes  many  timely  and  sound  obser- 
vations. As,  for  instance,  when  he  warns  students 
to  beware  of  the  admiration  of  ruins,  or  of  gush- 
ing over  the  "  tone  "  given  to  a  picture  by  time. 
In  building,  as  in  painting  or  sculpture,  the  first 
question  is,  AVhat  was  the  artist's  purpose ':' 
Without  a  plan,  no  perfect  answer  is  likely  to  be 
forthcoming.  Apart  from  the  designer's  original 
ideals,  there  is,  of  course,  about  most  half-decayed 
and  partly  demolished  old  buibiings  a  pictorial 
claim  which  they  probably  never  could  have 
possessed  in  their  complete  state.  Their  ruins 
kindle  the  imagination  which  finds  delight  in  the 
effort  of  restoring  to  the  mind's  eye,  out  of  the 
remnants,  a  romance  of  the  wholo  fabric,  reset  in 
its  ancient  surroundings.  Flights  of  fancy  of 
this  kind  can,  of  course,  be  over-indulged ;  but,  on 
the  other  hand,  modern  work  so  often  looks 
commonplace  because  the  architect  is  so  devoid 
of  imagnination,  and  his  production  more 
than  often  is  merely  pieced  or  built  up 
of  compiled  detail,  instead  of  suggesting  an 
entity  of  artistic  conception.  The  observer 
should,  of  course,  study  old  buildings  with  the 
same  critical  standard  he  applies  to  new  work, 
even  if  by  taking  it  to  pieces,  item  by  item,  the 
risk  is  run  of  failing  to  grasp  the  spirit  of  the 
designer.  The  difficulty  of  expressing  in  words 
the  complication  of  architectural  thought  is,  no 
doubt,  at  all  times,  as  Mr.  Sturgis  says,  very 
great.  The  author,  in  his  concluding  chapters, 
makes  some  appropriate  allusions  to  our  modern 
buildings.  His  criticisms  here  are  to  the  point, 
and  generally  well  judged,  though  we  wish  a 
better  choice  of  examples  in  some  respects  had 
been  made  of  English  buildings.  There  is  one 
excusable  printer's  error — the  "West  Ham" 
Institute  is  described  as  in  "Sussex,  England." 
The  illustrations  number  sixty-four,  and  the 
book  was  printed  in  America. 


IRISH  BUILDING   STONES.— IX. 

LIMERICK. 

THE  rocks  in  this  county  are  Coal  Measur.s, 
I'pper  Middle  and  Lower  Carboniferous 
Limestone  (SSI),  Lower  Limestone  shale.  Old 
Red  Sandstone,  Lower  Silurian,  and  igneous 
rocks,  such  as  basalt,  trappean  ash,  porphyry, 
greenstone,  and  syenite.  Askeaton  is  built  on 
Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone,  Limerick  on 
Calp,  metamorphic  dolomite,   trappean  ash,  and 


*  How  to  Judge  Architecture :  a  Popular  Guide  to 
the  Appreciation  of  Buildings.  By  Russell  Stubois, 
A.M.,  Ph.D.    London  :  MacniiUan  and  Cj.   19J4.    68.  net. 


April  1,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


477 


allu\'ium  ;  Newcastle,  Lower  Carboniferous  Iiime- 
stone,  alluTium,  and  Upper  Limestone.  There  is 
a  great  development  of  Carboniferous  Limestone 
in  the  centre  and  towards  the  east  of  this  county, 
being  in  some  cases  a, 000ft.  thick;  in  fact,  much 
more  than  half  its  entire  area  is  occupied  by 
limestone  of  one  kind  or  another.  Through  the 
bed  of  the  sea  in  which  this  stone  was  deposited, 
no  less  than  ten  distinct  outbursts  of  volcanic 
energy  took  place,  as  evidenced  by  the  lava,  traps, 
and  ashes,  which  are  now  found  rising  out  of  the 
limestone  plain.  Hills  roughly  circu'ar,  and 
isolated  bosses  of  volcanic  rocks,  chiefly  felstone 
porphyry,  are  common  all  over  the  centre  of  the 
county,  llany  of  these  are  clearly  old  volcanic 
rocks,  through  which  lava  and  ashes  were 
erupted  over  the  Carboniferous  sea  bottom, 
now  filled  with  solid  trap.  The  Coal  Pleasures 
form  part  of  the  West  Munster  coalfield, 
which  covers  a  considfrable  area  in  the 
adjoining  counties  of  Clare  and  Kerry.  A 
small  outlier  found  at  Ballybrood  is  noted  for 
being  completely  surrounded  by  igneous  rocks, 
no  doubt  the  ruined  neck  of  some  Carboniferous 
volcano  ;  all  the  Coal  Measures  are  found  along 
the  county's  western  bo\iudary.  Sdurian  rocks 
occur  on  the  north-east,  margining  Slieve  Phelim. 
They  are  everywhere  capped  by  Old  Red  Sand- 
stone, outliers  of  which  are  found  in  various 
other  places  rising  through  the  limestonfs. 
Over  the  Carboniferous  Limestones  of  the  south 
of  Ireland  the  Coal  Measurec  succeed  as  a  series 
of  black  shales  and  grey  flagstones,  which  con- 
tain in  their  upper  beds  seams  of  coal,  the  whole 
representing  a  portion  only  of  the  Millstone  Grit 
of  England.  They  are,  therefore,  much  older 
rocks  than  the  English  Coal  Measures  proper. 
Three  main  divisions  are  recognised  in  the  Coal 
Measures  of  this  county:— (1)  Black  shales  and 
grey  sandstonfs  with  coal,  l,.300ft.  thick;  (2) 
flagstone  series,  700ft.  thick  ;  and  (3)  black  shales 
■with  thin  sandstones,  SOOft.  thick  ;  or  the  whole, 
say,  a  thickness  of  3,000ft.  in  some  places,  the 
entire  Carboniferous  formation  attaining  a  thick- 
ness of  over  12,000ft. 

The  Coal  Measure  Sandstones  are  very  silicious 
and  hard  to  work.  L'ke  all  sandstones  of  the 
same  formation,  they  are  beddy,  and  conse- 
quently more  suitable  for  paving  than  for  quoins 
and  dressingo,  yet  they  have  been  used  in  this 
country  for  bridges  and  other  engineering  work, 
as  well  as  for  ordinary  walling,  in  the  Coal 
Measui-e  districts.  The  quarry  now  worked  at 
Dirreen,  near  Athea,  by  Jlr.  Tahern,  and  that  at 
Knockaderry,  Newcastle  West,  worked  by  Mr. 
J.  MacEssy,  are  both  in  the  Coal  Measure  Sand- 
stones. Old  noted  quarries  in  the  same  district, 
but  not  now  in  work,  ard  Barna,  which  furnished 
a  hard  grey  grit  for  building  Newcastle  Work- 
house :  Curtin's,  Newcastle,  a  light  grey,  fine 
sandstone,  used  in  Tour  bridge ;  Clashapullagh, 
Gortnaaka,  and  Kathcahill,  all  near  Newcastle^ 
are  quarries  which  furnished  good  paving  or 
"flagging,"  as  it  is  called  in' Ireland,  ft  is 
common  in  sandstone  quarries  to  find  some  beds 
which  will  readily  split  into  slabs  from  Un.  to 
3m.  or  4in.  thick,  whilst  others  in  the"  same 
quarry  are  apparently  compact  beds  2ft.  or  3tt. 
thick ;  but  these  latter  are  not  to  be  relied 
on  for  dressed  work,  as  they  may  weather 
bedJy,  and  this  tendency  is  more  marked  in 
the  older  sandstones  of  the  Coal  Measures 
and  Old  Red,  than  in  the  newer  rocks  of  the 
lermnn,  Tnassic,  and  (.'rotace  .us  formations, 
i  he  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  this  county  has 
been  extensively  vyorked  for  ornamental  buiLdin» 
stones.  A  quarry  at  Clonnagh,  near  Rathkeall", 
furnished  vanagated  marble  fur  Adare  JIanor  the 
residence  of  Lord  Dunraven;  a  red  marble  (.uarry 
worked  at  i'-illyvoguo,  and  another  at  Itinanna 
(both  near  Limcnck)  furnished  the  red  marble 
which  was  used  in  the  R.C.  (Cathedral,  Limerick. 
Kussbrnm,  and  Ihomondgidc  quarries,  also  near 
J.imerick  furnished  what  were  really  black  and 
grey  marble  for  ordinary  buihling  work  in  that 
city  1  ho  clearest  and  brightest  lamerick  red 
marble  was  obtained  at  Pullaskenry  for  Lord 
Clarina  8  mansion.  The  other  rods  are  usuaUv 
shaded  with  greys  of  varnish  tints  or  yellow  ;  on 
the  whole  It  may  bo  said  that  this  couuty  and 
(  ork  have  furnished  most  of  the  rod  marble  raised 
in  Ireland.  The  weathering  properties  of  these 
coloured  limestones  may  be  studied  in  the  cloisters 
ot  Askoaton  Abbey,  which  was  built  in  the  four- 
teenth century,  the  ornamonUil  and  ordinary 
stones  used  having  been  all  raised  in  the  locality 
It  may  be  said  that  the  C.rboniferous  Lime- 
stone rocks  are  more  distinctly  grouped  in 
this  county  than  anywhere  elsa  in   Ireland,  for 


here  the  subordinate  divisions  possess  well-marked 
characteristics  over  large  areas.  First,  in  descend- 
ing order,  is  the  weU-known  light  grey  limestone 
of  the  Burren  type,  which  lies  on  Calp,  this  latter 
being  shaly,  slaty,  or  as  compact  marble  ;  next 
comes  the  Eonestel'a  Limestone,  in  which  there 
is  no  trace  of  bedding ;  and  last  of  all  the  dark 
bluish-grey  bedded  limestone,  the  whole  series 
yielding  good  building  stones  and  marble.  Some 
quarries  now  worked  in  the  limestones  are  : — 
Annagh,  near  Murroe,  worked  by  Mr.  McLancy  ; 
Ballyadam,  Mr.  T.  Ryan ;  Ballybricken,  Mr.  R. 
Kennedy;  Bruffhill,  Mr.  W.  (Juilty ;  Church- 
town,  Mr.  T.  Hurley  ;  Clashbane,  Mr.  T.  Dickin  ; 
Crigleaand  Corgrig,  near  Foynes,  Lord  Mont- 
eagle  ;  Coolviree,  near  Castleconnell,  Mr.  M. 
Frewen ;  Doyle's,  Knocklong,  Mr.  I.  Doyle ; 
Lysaght's,  Stonepark,  Mr.  B.  Lyaaght ;  New- 
town, Mr.  R.  Ryan  ;  O'SuUivan's,  Uuarryhill, 
Kilmallock,  Mr.  T.  O'Sullivan  ;  the  two  quarries 
at  Rossbrien,  Ballinacurra,  one  worked  by  Jlessrs. 
J.  Ryan,  and  the  other  by  Mr.  M.  D.  Matthews ; 
Thomond  Gate,  Limerick.  Mr.  M.  McMahon  ;  and 
Wall's,  Bruff ,  Mr.  T.  Wall.  Fifty  years  ago  some 
noted  quarries  were  Adam's  Wood,  Adare,  Ardagh, 
Ashford,  Barna,  Cahermoyle,  Cloon  Sherrick, 
Dromore  (all  except  the  first  being  near  New- 
castle), Knockainy,  Kyletaun,  and  Moig.  These 
quarries  furnished  light  and  dark  blue  limestones, 
many  beds  of  which  were  true  marble.  The 
following  quarries  have  been  in  work  for  over 
fifty  years,  and  are  still  scheduled  as  being 
"  alive  "  ;—Churchtown,  a  light  grey  limestone 
in  irregular  beds ;  Parkmore,  a  blue  limestone 
much  ustd  for  window-sills,  tombstones,  and 
bridge  building  ;  Rossbrien,  worked  for  ordinary 
building  stone  at  present ;  and  Thomondgate, 
also  a  building  stone  quarry.  The  latter  stone 
may  be  seen  in  the  Savings  Bank,  Limerick,  and 
that  from  the  preceding  quarry  wis  used  in  the 
New  Model  School.  The  Old  Red 'Sandstone 
quarries  are  Daly's  Ballyagogne,  worked  by  Jlr. 
P.  Daly ;  llennessy's,  Corratork,  Mr.  J.  Hennessy ; 
Knockaderry,  Newcastle  West,  Mr.  J.  McKessy  ; 
Nicker,  Pallas  CJreen,  Mr.  J.  Corboy ;  and 
White's  Doon,  PalUs  Green,  worked  by  Mr.  M. 
Connors.  The  Old  Red  Sandstone  quarried  at 
Bruree  (a  pa'e  brown  grit)  was  used  chiefly  for 
building  in  that  town.  That  raised  at  Glen- 
william,  near  Ballingarry,  was  used  in  Cxlen- 
william  Castle.  The  Doon  stone  was  at  one  time 
largely  used  in  England.  It  is  a  specially  fine 
stone,  and  can  be  obtained  in  long  lengths.  The 
staircases  in  Adare  Manor  and  Clarina  House  are 
of  it.  The  Silurian  Sandstones  here,  as  in  other 
localities,  are  used  chiefly  for  rough  walling. 
They  are  not  suitable  for  dressed  work.  The 
Silurian  Slates  quarried  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Ballv  landers  and  Kilfinano  were  at  one  time  u-ed 
on  all  the  buildings  in  this  and  the  neighbouring 
counties;  but  they  are  now  completely  "  out  of 
fashion,"  corrugated  iron  forming  a  lighter  and 
cheaper  roof  covering,  and,  to  some  eyes  perhaps, 
a  more  artistic  one.  Indeed,  in  the  suburbs  ot 
some  Irish  towns  it  is  by  no  means  uncommon  to 
see  dwelling-houses  covered  with  sheets  of  corru- 
gated iron,  and  this  in  districts  where  slates  may 
be  had  for  the  working.  There  are  313  quarries 
shown  on  the  Ordnance  maps  of  the  county ;  5-1 
were  in  work  50  years  ago  ;  at  present  43  are 
scheduled  as  being  under  Ciovornment  inspection. 
^yhinstones  and  tuffs  are  c  jmmon  rocks  in  this 
district ;  the  latter  are  often  calcareous.  In- 
trusive sheets  of  elvan  and  felstone  are  also 
found.  The  only  quarries  in  them  worked  at 
present  are  at  Knockadea  and  (Jlenahoglisha. 
both  near  Ballylanders,  the  stone  being  used  for 
road  metalling.  These  igneous  rocks  have  not 
been  used  to  any  great  extent  for  building,  though 
some  of  them  would  make  strong  work  ;  the 
porphyries  are  ornamental,  and  if  they  Were  cut 
and  polished  their  colours,  which  vary  from  red, 
to  yellowish  brown  and  grey,  would  enliven  the 
siirtace  of  any  walling  carried  up  in  ordinary 
light  or  dark-blue  limestone.  The  ([uoins  anil 
general  dressings  of  Limerick  Riilwiiy  Station 
are  of  volcanic  fulf,  which  is  found  in  the 
locality  ;  fortunately  this  stone  is  bedded,  and 
rises  from  the  (|uarry  in  well-shaped  blocks.  The 
following  is  a  list  of  places  where  valuable  stone 
f 'r  decorative  purposes  may  bo  obtained  :  -- 
Killocna;  Knockroe,  end  of  boss,  centre  of  l>os8, 
and  outside  of  boss;  Long  Stone;  Cromwell's 
Hill;  Kiltcely  Hill;  ( '.istlefarn  ;  Knuckdirk  ; 
Ballynard,  and  Coolnapisha.  Uinahan  says  that 
all  these  cut  and  polish  well,  the  first  sovm  being 
porphyritic  ornamental  stones,  though  some  are 
vesicular,  and  subject  to  "cricks"  or  "verts," 
in   reality    fine    cracks,   the   prcsencs   of    which 


would  unfit  the  stone  fjr  purely  constructional 
purposes.  The  limestones  quarried  at  Roberts- 
town  and  (iilloge  Loch  yield  hydraulic  lime ;  the 
latter  was  used  in  Limerick  Docks. 


CHIPS. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Bristol  docks  com- 
mittee, the  engineer  reported  that  gool  progress 
is  being  made  with  the  excavations  for  the  Royal 
Edward  Dock.  One  and  a  quarter  million  cubic 
yards  of  material  have  been  excavated  from  the 
site,  and  2,7G2tt.  run  of  walling  has  been  constructed. 
Trenches  for  the  inner  end  of  the  entrance -lock  are 
making  rapid  progress,  and  the  graving  dock 
excavation  has  been  commenced.  The  foundation 
work  for  the  two  entrance  jiiers  is  making  good 
progress.  The  contractor  for  the  new  road  leading 
from  St.  Andrew's-road  to  the  diverted  Severn 
Tunnel  line  was  commenced  by  Messrs.  John  Aitd 
and  Co.  on  January  4,  and  at  the  present  time  is 
about  half-completed. 

The  foundation-stones  ot  two  new  municipil 
schools  in  Manchester  were  laid  last  week,  the 
first  at  Higher  Crumpsall  by  the  Lord  Mayor,  and 
the  second  at  Moston  by  Sir  James  Hoy,  chairman 
of  the  Education  Committee. 

The  bacterial  filter-beds  at  Buxton,  which  have 
cost  about  £14,000,  are  to  he  formally  opened  in 
April  on  the  occasion  of  the  visit  to  Buxton  of  the 
municipal  and  county  engineers. 

Subscriptions  amounting  to  €1,330  have  been 
promised  towards  purchasing  the  six  acres  ot  land 
adjoining  Brockwell  Park,  Heme  Hill,  for  which 
the  owner  is  willing  to  take  £12,000  on  condition 
that  the  land  is  added  to  the  park  and  the  purchase- 
money  paid  within  six  months. 

Creed  Parish  Church,  near  Grampound,  one  of 
the  few  ancient  Cornish  churches  not  yet  restored, 
is  now  undergoing  renovation,  under  a  firm  of  West- 
country  builders,  at  an  estimateil  cost  of  £750.  The 
work  to  be  done  includes  au  entire  new  roof,  new 
buttresses  to  walls,  new  windows  and  floor,  and  the 
interior  is  to  be  replastered.  The  old-fashioned  box 
seats  are  being  taken  out,  to  be  replaced  with 
modern  seating  accommodation,  and  the  ancient 
carved  oak  roof  trusses  and  mouldings  are  to  be 
restored  and  refixed  with  the  new  work. 

The  urban  district  council  ot  Bray,  Go.  Dublin, 
have  instructed  their  surveyor  to  prejure  necessary 
plans  to  lay  before  the  Local  Government  Board  for 
the  erection  of  artisans'  dwellings  at  the  Town-hall 
and  Little  Bray  sites.  The  cost  of  the  proposed 
dwellings  is  estimated  at  £10,000. 

The  formal  opening  of  a  Urge  addition  to  St. 
Mary's  Roman  Catholic  School,  Leith,  took  place  ou 
Friday  evening.  The  cost  of  the  enlargemant  was 
about  £0,000,  and  the  building  is  two  stories  in 
height,  each  fl  jor  bemg  capxblo  of  accommodating 
440  children.  The  budding  is  lighted  throughout 
by  electricity,  and  heated  by  a  hot- water  system. 
The  main  entrances  to  the  new  schools  are  from 
Kirkgate,  where  a  new  road  has  been  opened. 

An  honorarium  of  250  guineas  has  been  granted  to 
the  borough  surveyor  of  Walsall  (Mr.  B.  H.  Middle- 
ton)  and  150  guineas  to  the  borough  electrical 
engineer  for  the  extra  work  performed  by  them  in 
counaction  with  the  construction  and  equipment  ot 
the  tramways. 

At  the  Stockton  Bankruptcy  Court  last  week 
Herbert  Thomas  Jones,  buil  ler,  of  Eiglesoliffa 
Junction,  said  he  owed  £iiO,2rt2,  but  he  hud  property 
which  he  valued  at  between  L'(iO,000  and  £70,000, 
and  he  thought  he  would  have  a  surplus  of  about 
£2,000.  He  had  built  all  the  property  he  owned  at 
EaglescliiTe  as  speculations.  1(  the  properties  ouly 
realised  the  amount  of  the  mortgages,  then  he 
would  be  insolvent  to  the  extent  of  £3,000.  The 
examination  was  adjourned. 

Mr.  Carnegie  recently  profltered  to  four  American 
engineering  societies  the  gift  of  a  soaitty  building, 
to  cost  a  million  and  a  half  of  dollars,  and  to  be 
occupied  by  theiu  as  tenants  in  common.  The  most 
important  of  the  four  bodies— the  Americjiii  Society 
ot  Civil  Engineers  —has  decided  to  decline  to  profic 
in  the  prescribed  manner. 

The  German  Emperor  has  decided  to  place  the 
sarcophagus  of  his  father,  the  Emperor  Ere  lerick, 
now  in  the  mausoleum  at  Potsd;iui,iii  the  lU'Muorial- 
hall  of  the  new  cathedral  in  Berlin.  Professor 
lisiuhold  Begas  has  been  commissioned  to  exo.;ute, 
in  Pentelican  marble,  a  second  sarcophagus,  to  re- 
place the  one  taken  from  Potsdam,  and  to  liiraio- 
iiiae  with  the  sarcophagus  of  the  Empress  Frederick 
placed  there  a  short  time  ago. 

The  town  council  of  .Shrewslmry  at  their  last 
meeting,  after  some  discussion,  uuaiiiinously  adopter 
the  report  of  the  water  committee  with  relereuce  tc 
the  Castle  l*ulverbatcti  water  scheme.  The  cousuU- 
ing  engineer,  Mr.  U.  U.  Strachau,  has  estimated  for 
a  supply  of  thirty  Kallons  per  day  for  35,000  per- 
sons, at  a  cost  of  £US,000. 


478 


THE    BIJILDING    NEWS, 


April  1,  1904. 


BOOKS  KECEH'ED. 


lecture    and 

AuGVSTI.VE 


ch, 


of  Tcehniicd     Terms   used    in  Ai 
Biiildiiiri    nnd    Allied    Trades.      By 
C.    Passmoriv.       (London  :     Scott, 
Greenwood,  and   Co.,    19,  Ludgate  HUl,   E.G.) 
— This  octavo  volume  is,  the  compiler  says,   the 
result  of  the  "habit  of  putting  down  technical 
terms  met  with  in  the  course  of  study  and  prac- 
tice."    AVe  have  glossaries  and  dictionaries  with- 
out number,  good,  bad,  and  indifferent,  but  few 
we  can  put  into  the  hands  of  a  student.     Archi- 
tecture and  its  allied  arts  are  in  great  need  of  a 
■work   of    reference  of  this    kind   that  is   really 
trustworthy,  and  not  merely  second  or  third-hand 
compilation.     Two   or   three  have  been  started, 
but,    we  believe,    were  never  completed.     The 
"  Architectural  Dictionary,"  valuable  as  it  is,  is 
now  out  of  date,   and  this   is  the  fate  of  most 
books  of   the   kind.     The   author  of  this  useful 
•compUation  of  technical  terms  deserves  congratu- 
lation for  his  industry  and  labours.     As  a  general 
reader's  or  student's  handbook  it  is  well  adapted, 
but  as  a  glossary  of  architecture  and  technical 
terms  it  is  of  doubtful  value  to  the  student  of 
architecture.     To  take  a  few  terms  at  random  : 
"Architecture,"    for   instance,   we  read   "  Is  a 
science    applicable  to    the    art    of  constructing 
domestic,    ecclesiastical,    municipal,   palatial,  or 
other  buildings,   and  the  adornment  of  the  same 
according  to  the  several  Orders  or  Styles  ;  it  may 
be  divided  into  three  classes— civil,   naval,  and 
militaty."     Such  a  definition  would  have  done 
sixty  years  ago  ;  it  is  strangely  like  those  found 
in  the  older  handbooks  of  that  age,  when  the  art 
was  regarded  as  a  set  of  rules  based  on  the  Five 
Orders,  with  no  idea  of  the  artistic  function  of  the 
art  as  based  on  fundamental  principles  of  design 
applied  to  various  uses  and  materials.    The  terms 
"architrave,"   "cornice,"   "archivolt,"  are  ad- 
missible, and  the  insertion  of  terms  like  "  Arcus 
Ecclesia>,"  the    arch    dividing   nave    of  church 
from  choir   in    Mediaval   architecture:   "Arcus 
Presbyterii,"  the  arch  over  the  tribune  :   "  Arcus 
Toralis,"  the   lattice  separating  the   choir  from 
the  nave  in  a  basilica,  are  useful.     The  Greek 
terms  used  to  describe  the  intercDlumnar  sp&ce 
between  columns,  such  as  "  Areostylos,"  a  space 
of    four     diameters;    "Diastyloa,"     an     inter- 
columniation  of    3]   diameters;   "Eustylos,"   2i 
diameters;   "  Systylos,"  2  diameters:   "  Pycno- 
stylos,"    U   diameters,    are  very  useful ;  but  the 
definition  given  of  "  Ai-eostylos  "  is  not  correctly 
given.    It  runs  :  "  Intercolumuiations,  when  their 
distance    from    each   other   is   four   diameters," 
should  read,  "  when  the  columns  are  distant  from 
each  other,"  &c.     The  technical  and  trade  terms 
are,  however,  very  fuU  and  comprehensive,  and 
generally  correct.     In  a  book   of  this   kind   we 
are    surprised    to    find    fho    words    "  siphon  " 
"siphonage,"  &c.,   spelt  with  a  "  y,"  an  error 
we    have    exposed  many   times.     At   least  in   a 
dictionary  we   expect   to  find   the  right  etymo- 
logical spelling.     The   definitions  in  some  "cases 
are  _  scarcely    long     enough     for     a     technical 
dictionary.     The  usefulness  of  this  work  will  be 
appreciated  by  aU  general  readers  and  students 
who  look  for  the  meaning  only.     The  volume  is 
well    and   clearly   printed    on  "good   paper,  and 
ought   to  be  a  useful   book   for  technical  school 

purposes. P,h  .^trwliires  in  the  ll'athrook  nciir 

London  TTall,  by  F.  W.  Rkadeh  and  A.  S.  Kes- 
XAUD  (London:  Harrison  and  Sons).  — This 
IS  a  reprmt  of  papers  by  the  authors  which  have 
appeared  in  the  Arih/roloffieal  Jonrnal,  and 
which  describe  in  detail  the  pile  dwellings 
found  m  the  very  heart  of  London,  some 
'20ft.  below  the  present  surface  level,  and  first 
noticed  by  General  Pitt  Rivers  so  long  ago  as 
18C6.  3Ir.  Reader  writes  on  the  primitive"  site 
of  London,  and  Mr.  Kennard  adds  some  ob- 
servations on  the  organic  remains  and  the 
nature  of  the  snil  associated  with  the  pile  struc- 
tures. The  work  is  illustrated  by  engravings  and 
copies  of  lOth,  17th,  and  ISth-century  maps  of 
Jloorfaelds,  and  reiiroductions  of  photographs  of 
characteristic  pottery  fragments  and  other  obiects 
tound  during  the  excavations.  General  Pitt 
iMvers,  who  was  only  able  to  examine  the 
remains  south  of  the  old  City  wall,  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  all  the  tops  of  the  piles  had  rotted 
ott;  but  later  and  closer  investigation  by  the 
.authors  of  the  work  before  us  showed  that  both 
the  pUes  and  the  horizontal  timbers  were  pertectly 
preserved,  and  plentiful  remains  of  the  superstruc- 
ture, and  proved,  moreover,  that  the  wall  was 
?h„l^'=i'  fi™'\^K*,''''  •"'''^  °f  pile  structures  in 
t^on  t„  fK^l'  ^^  ''"'™'''^''  """^  ""^ed  an  obstruc- 
wlubPc^""-  *u',°T'°S  to  the  openings  in  the 
Will  becoming  choked  up,  and  subseciuently  led  to 


the  formation  of  a  swamp  on  the  site  afterwards 
occupied  by  Moorfields.  All  the  coins  discovered 
in  the  bed  of  the  stream  are  of  the  early  grcup 
ending  with  JIarcus  Aurelius.  This,  therefore, 
provides  us  with  an  approximate  date  for  the 
building  of  the  wall,  and  is  the  first  evidence  that 
has  been  produced.  This  places  the  date  at  the 
end  of  the  2nd  or  the  early  part  of  the  3rd  century 
instead  of  the  4th  or  5th  century,  as  has  been  so 
universally  conjectured  and  traditionally  sup- 
posed. On  the 'site  of  the  Londoif  Wall  "Estate 
Offices  no  stone  implements  and  only  two  flint 
flakes  were  found  by  iilessrs.  Reader  and  Kennard ; 
but  there  were  remains  of  pottery  and  vitreous 
matters,  oyster-shells,  red  Samian  ware,  and  other 
of  the  usual  Romano- British  remains,  including 
iron  fibuliu  and  bone  handles.     The  Roman  |age 

of  the  piles  seems   to  be  beyond  dispute. 

Heiitini/  bji  Hut  ll\iter,Venlilntion,  and  Hot-Water 
Si(j)plij.     Third    edition.      By    Walter    Joxes, 
M.I.Mech.E.,    M.I.H.V.E.      (London:    Crosby 
Lockwood  and  Son,  7,  Stationers'  Hall-cjurt.)  — 
As  a  summary  of  principles  and  facts  and  data, 
the   work   under   this   heading  will  be  found  of 
interest.     The   author,   Mr.    Walter  .Tones,   has 
endeavoured  to  assist  the  busy  and  practical  man 
by  giving  rules,  tables,  and  formula-  in  a  simple 
form  ;  and  the  articles  on  Radiation  (chapter  xvi.) 
and  Hot- water  Supply  (chapters  xxvii.  to  xxxv.), 
which  latter   have   been   extended   considerably, 
will  furnish  the  student  and  trade  with  the  prin- 
ciples and  practice   upon  which  success  depends. 
The    subjects    are    treated    in    a     popular    and 
descriptive   manner,   avoiding   the  too  technical 
and  all  mathematical  exposition ;  in  fact,  they  are  a 
reprint  of  articles  which   appeared  in  the  Iron- 
iiiuiigrr  in  1880  and  other  journals,  and  are  of  an 
elementary  kind.     Mr.  Jones  deals  with  each  of 
the  systems  for   artificial  heating,  pointing  out 
their  claims  and  their  objections.     The  author's 
experience  points  rather  in  favour  of  low-pressure 
hot  water.    While  he  has  removed  hot  air  systems 
for  low-pressure  hot  water  in  numerous  buildings, 
he  does   not  remember  a   single  instance  of  an 
efficient   hot-water  system   being   replaced   with 
hot    air.     AD    the    systems   employed — hot    air, 
steam,  high-pressure  (small  bore),  low  pressure — 
have  their  advantages  in  certain  circumstances, 
but  not  one  will  fulfil  all  the  conditions  required. 
The  disad%-antages  of  the  hot-air  plan,  he  says, 
outweigh   its    merits ;    the   fuel    consumption  is 
greater,  the  wear  and  tear  excessive,  the  super- 
heated air  extracts  the  oxygen,  and  is  objection- 
able to  animal  life  and  energy ;  it  is  dangerous, 
and  the   risk    of    fire    is    greater.      Steam    has 
greater  advantage,  though   it  is  not  understood. 
Sevenal     chapters     deal     with     the     advantages 
and    disadvantages  of    these  systems ;    we   have 
chapters     on     laws     of     circulation,     of    heat, 
causes  of  failure  in  heating,  air  pipes,   boilers, 
their  proper  setting,  radiation  of  pipe  surface  for 
buildings,    greenhouses,     &c.,    with    rules    and 
formulic,    radiators,    hot-water     supply,    baths, 
apparatus,  safety-valves;  and  chapters  on  miscel- 
laneous matters,  with  details  and  tables.     These 
chapters  are  well  illustrated.     The  author  quotes 
largely  from  treatises  and  from  scientific  journals. 
Domestic  boiler  explosions  are  fully  referred  to, 
with  notes  and  illustrations  of  experiments,  and 
rules  for  the  prevention  of  explosions.     The  chief 
point  is  that  every  boiler  should  have  a  reliable 
dead-weight  or  lever-weight  safety-valve,  with 
a  bore  of  \m.  to  2in.  diameter,  according  to  boiler 
power;   that  during  frosty  weather  fire  should  be 
kept,  to  keep  the  pipes  warm  during  the  night ; 
that  all  the  taps,  hot  and  cold,   should  be  tested 
before  lighting  the  fire.  In  severe  frosts,  start  with 
a  slow  fire  each  morning;  he  recommends  that  the 
cold-waterservice  be  tested  :  it  frozen  bet  ween  the 
street  main  and  cold  tank  it  must  be  thawed.     If 
this  cannot  be  done,  either  see  that  the  apparatus 
is  full,  keep  a  slow  tire,  and  do  not  withdraw 
any  water ;  or  withdraw  the  fire,  and  empty  the 
apparatus  of  water.     The  remarks  on  ventilation 
are  less  satisfactory  ;  the  author  without  sufficient 
reason  gives  preference  to  mechanical  arranp-e- 
ments,   while    he    describes   "natural"   ventila- 
tion   as    "unnatural    ventilation" — a    parado.x; 
— but    the    arguments     and    suggestions    given 
rather   indicate   that   natural    means    are    those 
which  best  fulfil  the  laws  of  nature. 


Mr.  W.  A.  Ducat,  one  of  the  Local  Government 
Board  inspectors,  held  an  inquiry  at  the  town-hall, 
Rochdale,  rcently,  into  the  application  of  the 
corporation  for  sanction  to  borrow  £3,000  for  the 
purpose  of  widening  Oldham-road,  and  £5,300  to 
cover  the  cost  of  constructing  a  new  road  between 
Richard -street  and  Maclure-road. 


OBITUARY. 

The  death  is  announced,  at  the  advanced  an-e  of 
85  years,  of  Mr.  Bex.i  vmix  Hitchcock  Xvxx, 
architect  and  quantity  surveyor.  Beginning 
work  in  the  employ  of  his  father,  a  builder,  at 
Homerton,  Mr.  Xunn  went  in  1845  to  Brighton 
and  entered  the  office  of  Mr.  John  Fabian, 
builder,  at  Xo.  12,  Western-street,  as  measuring 
clerk,  and  there  he  remained  twenty  years.  In 
1865  Mr.  Xunn  was  elected  surveyor  to  the 
Brunswick-square  Commissioners  (afterwards  the 
Hove  Commissioners),  and,  at  the  same  time, 
commenced  a  private  practice  as  architect  and 
surveyor.  Mr.  Xunn  executed  the  original 
drawings  for  the  Brighton  Workhouse,  in  which 
work  he  was  associated  with  the  late  Mr.  George 
MajTiard,  then  surveyor  to  the  guardians.  After 
Mr.  Maynard's  decease  he  designed  and  carried 
out  the  new  casual  wards  and  two  new  infirmary 
pavilions.  The  last  public  work  upon  which  he 
was  engaged  was  the  new  board-room  and  offices 
in  Prince's-street,  for  the  guardians.  In  this 
work,  completed  in  189i,  Mr.  Nunn  was  assisted 
by  Mr.  Simeon  Hunt,  who  became  his  partner  in 
1891,  and  now  continues  the  business  alone,  Mr. 
Nunn  having  retired  in  1895.  He  carried  out 
Brighton  Grammar  School,  several  additions  to 
Brighton  Race  Stand  ;  infirmary,  board-room,  and 
offices  for  the  Steyning  Guardians  ;  Cannon-street 
Mission  Hall,  Elder-street  Schools,  and  St.  Luke's 
Sunday  Schools,  Exeter- street,  all  of  Brighton  ; 
and  many  commercial  buildings.  Mr.  Xunn  also 
acted  as  engineer  for  the  main  drainage  scheme 
at  Hurstpierpoint. 

Mil.  John  PETiiitK,  J. P.,  contractor,  and  an 
alderman  of  the  Plymouth  Town  Council,  died  on 
Tuesday  at  Norley  House,  Plymouth,  from  in- 
juries sustained  in  a  carriage  accident  on  Saturday 
last.  Mr.  I'ethick,  who  was  76  years  of  age,  was 
until  recently  head  of  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Pethick 
Brothers,  which  has  just  completed  the  widening 
of  London  Bridge,  and  has  in  hand  the  rebuilding 
of  Vauxhall  Bridge.  He  was  born  near  Plymouth, 
and  early  in  life  was  a  member  of  a  building  firm 
who  erected  a  large  number  of  houses  and  other 
buildings  in  Plymouth.  In  1871  he  assumed 
control  of  the  business,  assisted  by  several  of  his 
sons,  and  developed  it  considerably.  He  built  the 
liuildhall  and  municipal  buildings  at  Plymouth, 
and  carried  out  several  important  contracts  for  the 
Government  at  Devonport,  including  the  erection 
of  the  Royal  Engineering  College  at  Keyham. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  contractors  for  the  com- 
pletion of  the  London  and  South-Western  Rail- 
way to  Plymouth,  and  was  engaged  on  other 
important  works  in  different  parts  of  the  country. 
Mr.  Pethick  had  been  for  many  years  a  member 
of  the  Plymouth  Town  Council  and  Board  of 
Guardians,  and  was  mayor  from  1898  to  1900. 

The  death  was  announced  on  Friday  of  Jlr. 
Jonathan-  Powell,  the  veteran  Welsh  engineer, 
who  succumbed  at  his  residence  at  Acrefair,  near 
Ruabon.  Mr.  Powell,  who  was  77  years  of  age, 
had  for  over  42  years  held  a  leading  position  in 
the  clay  industry  of  North  Wales.  During  his 
lengthy  career  he  had  invented  and  perfec'eu 
several  important  labour-saving  devices,  "vhich 
have  come  into  general  use  in  the  manufacture 
of  bricks  and  kindred  materials.  For  the  last 
42  years  he  had  been  chief  engineer  to  Messrs. 
J.  C.  Edwards  and  Co..  of  Ruabon. 


The  promoters  of  the  Musselburgh  electric  tram- 
ways have  abandoned  the  idea  of  proceeding  with 
the  surface-contact  system,  and  have  decided  to 
proceed  forthwith  with  the  trolley  system. 

The  Admiralty  have  entered  into  a  contract  with 
a  Plymouth  firm  for  the  building  of  an  electricity 
generating  station  for  Devonport  and  Keyham 
Dockyards,  at  a  cost  of  more  than  £35,000.  Elec- 
tricity is  to  be  used  for  lighting  the  establishments, 
for  driving  all  the  dock  and  constructive  machinery, 
and  for  running  the  railway  between  the  two  yards. 
The  cost  of  the  installation  is  estimated  at  £250,000. 


In  the  case  of  the  application  on  behalf  of  George 
Charles  Sixton,  Lawrence-road,  Upton  Manor,  E., 
builder,  the  order  of  discharge  has  been  suspended 
for  two  years,  ending  Feb.  23,  1906. 

A  new  pulpit  has  been  placed  in  St.  George's 
Church,  Truro,  to  replace  a  wooden  structure 
removed  owing  to  decay.  It  is  of  Bath  stone,  and 
was  executed  at  St,  Austell.  The  foundation  is 
formed  of  a  single  block  of  Cheesewring  granite,  the 
Bath  stone  pedestal  is  carved  in  quatrefoils.  The 
body  of  the  pulpit  is  divided  into  four  panels,  and  a 
canopied  niche  for  a  fia;ure  of  St.  George.  The 
panels  are  pierced  with  Gothic  tracery  work,  which 
is  inset  with  Scotch  rouge  marble. 


April    1,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


479 


TO    CORRESPONDENTS. 

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Received.— W.  M.  M.-C.  C.  W.-J.  L.— C.  B.  and  Co  — 
A.  B.  C— G.  J.— H.  M.  and  Co.— G.  B.  R. 

As  Architect.— We  have  no  responsibility  at  all  for  the 
designations  under  which  firms  choose  to  announce 
themselves;  but  from  what  we  know  of  ihe  firm  in 
question,  we  believe,  so  far  as  surveyors  legitimately 
concern  themselves,  they  are  quite  competent.  If  you 
mean  actual  practical  "  diflicuities,"  we  should,  of 
course,  go  to  a  sanitary  engineer. 

"BUILDING  NEWS"  DESIGNING  CLUB. 

SKVENTH    LIST   OK   SUBJECTS. 

A  Studio  and  Small  House  for  a  painter  on  a  country 
site  in  Norfolk,  near  the  Broads,  with  a  stable  sufticient 
for  a  pony  and  trap.  The  nite  is  by  the  i-ide  of  an  open 
common,  and  is  fiat,  with  the  entrance  frontapp  towards 
the  east.  The  studio  rauMt  be  on  the  ground  fioor,  and 
its  size  to  be  iiift.  by  18ft.,  and  to  have  a  large  vertical 
north  light.  The  family  room  to  be  22ft.  by  inft .  or 
of  that  area,  and  Itading  out  of  it  a  smaller  room  for 
meaK  about  liift.  by  14ft.,  arranged  so  that  the  service 
may  be  earned  on  from  the  kitchen  by  way  of  a  venti- 
lattd  lobby  between  the  meal  room  and  the  kitchen 
Out  of  this  lobby  a  door  to  the  garden  may  be 
managed,  but  the  kitchen  window  must  not  over- 
look the  garden.  There  itmst  be  a  good  entrance 
lobby,  and  a  nice  4ft.  staircase  out  of  sight  of 
the  front  door.  The  first  fioor  is  to  be  devoted  to 
five  bedrooms,  a  bath-room,  and  h.m.c,  but  no  back 
staircase  is  required.  The  itrraugrment  of  the  plan 
must  be  artistically  and  economicully  contrived.  The 
roomamay  be'.tlt.  high  on  the  ground-fluor  excepting 
the  studio,  which  must  be  lolt.  high.  Rooms  may 
be  located  over  the  studio.  The  flrHt-Muor  rooms 
to  be  8ft.  Gin.  high.  The  ofiiees  to  be  suitable  for 
such  a  house,  and  the  stable  may  be  attached  facing 
the  frontage,  with  a  small  stable-yard  between  it  and 
the  house.    The  yard  wall  and  stable  may  be  on  the 


frontage  boundary.  The  studio  must  be  quiet.  A  shed 
for  cycles  or  a  small  motor  to  be  provided.  The  plot  of 
land  is  so  large  thiit  it  does  not  restrict  the  house  in  any 
way.  The  dimensions  given  do  that.  The  walls  are  to 
be  of  brifk,  with  wooden  mullioned  wiudows  and  case- 
ments. The  upper  part  to  be  tile  hung,  and  rools  to  be 
coveied  with  tiles.  A  view  is  desirable,  and  the  style 
must  be  of  the  Cottage  type  without  elaborate  detail. 
There  will  be  a  small  garden  in  front  with  white  painted 
open  fence.  Scale  8ft.  to  the  inch.  Enough  drawings 
on  thp  j^heet  to  illustrate  the  design.  Designs  to  reach 
the  othce  on  April  30. 


Coatsponbetttt 


ARCHITECTS   AND    EDUCATION 
COMillTTEES. 

To  the  Sditor  of  the  Buildino  News. 

>SiK, — With  great  pleasure  I  read  the  valuable 
and  interesting  papers  by  Mr.  Simpson  on  school 
building  in  your  issues  of  the  11th  and  ISth 
insts.  I  was  disappointed  to  find  no  reference  was 
made  to  the  action  of  the  city  and  county  councils, 
or  certainly  many  of  them,  in  their  proposed 
manner  of  dealing  with  the  building  of  future 
schools.  All  councils  may  not  be  alike  in  this 
respect ;  but  is  it  not  a  really  serious  matter, 
"  serious  to  ratepayer  and  architect  alike,"  that 
in  the  great  majority  of  cases  where  the  educa- 
tion committees  of  the  various  councils  have 
already  taken  over  the  management  of  the  educa- 
tional affairs,  one  of  their  first  actions  has  been 
to  appoint,  or  advertise  for,  "an  architect 
thoroughly  conversant  with  school  work,"  &c., 
to  devote  the  whole  of  his  time  to  the  office,  for 
the  handsome  remuneration  of  £300  or  £-100  per 
annum  ': 

Sjme  time  ago  I  was  informed  by  one  of  the 
principal  members  of  a  certain  council  that  it  had 
been  decided  that  all  their  new  schools  should  be 
"  done  "  in  the  office  of  the  surveyor.  AVhen  I 
pointed  out  that  this  was  absolutely  impossible,  be- 
sides being  wrong,  I  was  informed  that  first-class 
assistance  was  to  be  procured.  I  inclose  herewith 
a  copy  of  that  council's  advertisement  for  this  first- 
class  assistant.  I'm  sure  the  magnificent  salary 
("  £159  per  annum  ")  will  procure  for  the  council 
a  choice  assortment  of  really  first-class  men. 

llr.  Editor,  you  have  done  good  service  in  the 
past  I  know  ;  but  if  you  can  stir  up  the  profession 
to  take  an  interest  in  this  matter,  and  for  once  in 
its  existence  to  be  united,  you  will  have  conferred 
a  boon,  not  only  upon  the  profession  itself,  but,  I 
believe,  upon  the  public  also. 

Canno  influence  from  Conduit  Street  be  brought 
to  bear  upon  the  department  at  AVhitohall,  or  are 
we  to  contentedly  witness  the  placing  of  hundreds 
— if  not  thousands — of  schools  in  the  hands  of  a 
few  surveyors,  or  understrappers  ? 

I  hope  some  much  abler  pen  than  mine  will 
take  up  this  question. — I  am,  &c., 

An  Old  Boy. 


ARCllITECTURAL    CLUB    IN     NEW 
ZEALAND. 

Sir,— I  write  on  behalf  of  a  club  formed  by 
architectural  students  for  their  general  advance- 
ment in  the  profession.  We  have  been  in  existence 
for  the  past  three  years,  and  we  now  feel  anxious 
for  wider  scope.  There  are  not  the  same  oppor- 
tunities offered  to  students  in  this  colony  as  can 
be  obtained  nearer  home,  and  this  we  feel  to  be  a 
great  drawback. 

We  would  therefore  be  glad  if  you  or  some  of 
your  numerous  readers  would  kindly  offer 
through  your  colums  a  few  suggestiocs  for  ex- 
tending our  studies,  or  making  the  club  as  help- 
ful as  possible.  We  would  also  like  to  know  the 
addresses  of  any  similar  societies,  with  a  view  to 
excb.inging  correspondence,  kc.  Would  their 
secretaries  drop  us  a  liner — I  am,  \'c., 

W,  (iitAv  YoiNc,  lion.  Sec. 

75,  Lambton  Quay,  Wellington, 
New  Zealand. 


VENTILATION. 

SiK, — I  regret  to  notice  in  your  last  week's 
iah\iu  the  vituperative  remarks  of  Mr.  Hibbv,  and 
canimt  help  expressing  my  surprise  that  he 
should  have  seen  fit  to  make  this  coirfspondence 
a  personal  matter,  rather  *han  one  which  would 
be  of  general  interest  to  your  readers.  I  do 
not  propose  to  answer  Jlr.  I'.ibby  fully,  especially 
in  view  of  his  having,  either  intentionally  or 
otherwise,  so  misconstrued  my  statenu^nts,  and  I 
think  yotir  readers  will  agree  with  ine  that  the 
first  paragraph  in  -Mr.  IJibby's  last  epistle 
indicates  that  gentleman's  idea  of  fmls  when  he 


re-asserts  that  "  Claybury  Asylum  is  ventilated 
by  fan  propulsion." 

I  have  three  or  four  times  contradicted  this 
statement,  and  I  again  repeat  that  only  a  minor 
portion  of  "Claybury  Asylum  is  ventilated  by 
fan  propulsion,"  viz. — the  workshops,  the  chapel, 
and  the  recreation  hall :  but  the  whole  of  the 
patients'  blocks,  which  form  the  major  portion, 
and  indeed  the  most  vital  parts  of  the  asylum,  is 
"  naturally  ''  ventilated. 

5Iy  regret  is  that  Mr.  Bibby  gives  me  the 
opportunity  to  again  flatly  contradict  the  state- 
ment he  makes. 

There  is  abundant  evidence  to  verify  the  truth 
of  the  statements  which  I  have  made,  that  Plenum 
systems,  when  proprrhj  instalhd^  are  all  thnt  cm  be 
iksired  ;  but  if  some  people  are  inclined  to  form 
impressions  with  biassed  minds,  no  gool  result 
can  bo  effected,  and  the  true  facts  of  the  case  re- 
main in  obscurity. — I  am,  kc. 

David  M.  Nesbit,  M.I.lIech.E^ 

12,  Great  James-street,  Bedford-row, 
London,  W.C.     March  28. 


Sir, — I  regret  that  my  views  with  regard  to 
Downward  Plenum  were  not  dear  to  Mr.  Bibby, 
especially  the  clauses  dealing  with  the  principle 
of  the  system,  as  I  endeavoured  to  make  them  so. 

Mr.  Bibby  has  made  one  mistake  in  his  com- 
ments, as  he  has  taken  the  criticisms  passed  upon 
system  No.  2  as  condemnation  of  Plenum,  where- 
as that  system,  as  well  as  the  one  tried  in  the 
House,  and  discarded,  had  no  motive  power  at  the 
inlet,  and  were  therefore  extraction  schemes,  not 
Plenum. 

The  committee's  report  cannot  be  considered  as 
proving  the  failure  of  mechanical  ventilation  j  for 
the  reason  that  one  of  the  principles  adopted  is 
that  motive  power  on  both  inlet  and  outlet  is  a 
necessity  for  the  House. 

My  idea  of  the  ultimate  adoption  of  Downward 
Plenum  may  be  visionary — it  will  be  until  the 
result  of  the  proposed  revisions  is  seen  ;  but 
whether  the  principle  is  right  or  wrong  is  a  matter 
upon  which  there  will  always  be  difference  of 
opinion. 

I  am  glad  to  see  that  Mr.  Bibby  differentiates 
between  "Extracts  from  the  Report,"  and 
"  (-iuotations  from  the  Articles"  (i.e.,  Hickson, 
Ward  and  Co.'s  Blue-book).  Had  this  been  done 
clearly  in  that  pamphlet  and  on  its  cover  by  the 
authors,  the  injustice  of  its  present  form  would 
have  been  avoided. — I  am,  kc, 

J.  NeLSOX  ElSSELL. 

109,  High-road,  Chiswick. 

Sill, — As  the  publishers  of  the  blue  pamphlet 
being  a  reprint  of  the  articles  which  appeared  in 
yonr  esteemed  column  entitled.  "  Report  of  the 
Select  Committee  on  Ventilation,"  and  as  this 
pamphlet  seems  to  be  attracting  some  attention,  we 
ourselves  having  received  a  large  number  of  letters 
from  different  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom,  the 
Continent,  and  America  expressing  approval  of 
it,  and  in  some  cases  furnishing  particiUars  of  the 
failure  of  plenum  ventilation,  we  cannot  resist 
adding  to  the  communications  appearing  in  your 
correspondence  columns  on  the  subject  the 
following  extracts  from  a  long  and  quaint  letter 
received  from  a  well-known  architect  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  as  we  feel  sure  it  will  interest 
your  readers  : — 

"  I  received  and  have  to-day  read  with  much 
interest  your  pamphlet  report  on  ventilation,  and 
thank  you  for  the  same.  I  have  had  an  experience 
and  observation  of  something  over  half  a  century 
in  the  practice  of  architecture,  and  early  in  my 
business  career  I  made  a  study  of  the  question  of 
ventilation. 

"  Reid's  work  was  one  in  the  library  of  the 
oflice  where  I  studied,  and  I  was  early  familiar 
with  '  Wyman's  Treatise  on  X'entilation,'  and  I 
may,  without  being  properly  accused  of  egotism, 
add,  about  all  the  wtU-known  works  on  the 
subject. 

"  I  have  seen  the  rise,  and  I  may  add,  the  fall, 
of  about  all  the  scientific  systems,  and  all  tho 
time  had  the  best  facilities  for  observation. 

"At  a  comparatively  early  day  in  my  pro- 
fession I  arrived  at  precisely  the  conclusions^ 
declared  in  the  pamphlet. 

"When  I  began  reading  I  did  it  with  tho 
anticipation  that  it  was  an  a-ivtitiseinent  forsomo 
iicu-  scheme  for  mechanical  work,  and  1  tell  yea 
frankly  all  that  inspired  a  r&iding  of  the  p;imphlt-t 
was  that  it  was  an  English  document,  and  1  was 
curious  to  see  how  EDglishmen  would  revamp  an 
old  story. 

"  As  I  read  the  first  seclicn,  and  fcucd  rtnj 


480 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Ipril  1,  1904. 


reasonable,  sensible  talk,  I  began  to  see  a  high- 
grade  condemnation  of  certain  systems,  as  pre- 
paratory advertisement  to  that  in  which  the 
publinherd  of  the  book  were  interested. 

"  Remember  you,  I  was  anticipating  a  de- 
scription of  a  new  scientific  mechanical  system. 
Pleased  with  article  Xo.  1,  and  presuming  No.  2 
would  introduce  the  great  and  best  invention,  I 
read  through  that,  was  delighted  with  all  I  read, 
and  felt  that  fine  talent  had  been  employed  to 
boom  the  new  thing.  I  confess  I  wondf  red  at  the 
amount  of  space  in  so  small  a  pamphlet  devoted  to 
condemnation  of  the  work  of  '  the  other  fellows,' 
but  as  all  was  so  true  I  enjoyed  the  condemnatory 
part. 

"  I  read  No.  3  and  then  began  to  think  it  a 
wonder  the  writer  was  so  prodigal  with  the  '  pre- 
liminary '  work.  Finally,  when  I  began  No.  4  I 
thought  I  iiiKst  now  be  in  the  vestibule  of  the  new 
house  I  was  to  enter ;  I  soon  found  the  great  work 
of  misjudging  I  had  done,  and  anew  thank  you 
for  the  pamphlet,  and  congratulate  all  concerned 
in  its  compilation  and  publication.  It  ia  a  valuable 
document,  and  just  such  a  one  as  would  have 
done  the  world  an  incredible  amount  of  good 
had  it  been  published  years  ago.  In  my  way  I 
have  talked  it  a  third  of  a  century,  and  all  the 
time  have  fought  everything  pertaining  to  the 
matter.  .  .  .  Anew  I  thank  you  for  the 
pamphlet,  and  for  the  full  and  unqufilified  con- 
demnation of  what  you  have  so  well  condemned. 

"  In  the  language  of  our  Mr.  Emerson,  I  say 
'You  have  builded  better  than  you  knew.' " — 
We  are,  &o.  Hicksox,  Ward,  and  Co. 

15,  Chiswell-street,  E.C  ,  M«ch  29. 


Sjr, — I  am  sorry  to  observe  that  the  discussion 
on  the  above  subject  has  degenerated  into  a  more 
or  less  personal  controversy  between  Mr.  Bibby 
and  Mr.  Nesbit,  who  both  appear  to  be  aoxi ous  to 
score  a  point  over  each  other.  This  is  a  great 
pity,  as  the  subject  is  both  interesting  and  in- 
structive, and  a  great  deal  can  be  said  on  both 
sides. 

The  question  as  to  whether  one  or  the  other  of 
the  belligerents  is  (to  u-e  Mr.  Bibby's  phrase) 
"hitting  below  the  belt,"  the  remarks  as  to  the 
colour  of  the  cover  of  the  pamphlet  referred  t). 
and  the  imputitions  of  interostej  motives  ouboth 
sides,  are  of  no  earthly  interest  t  j  your  readers, 
and  are  certainly  outside  the  discusiion  in  hand. 

To  my  mind  the  whole  controversy  has  been 
started  on  a  false  basis,  and  admits  of  no  definite 
conclusion,  for  the  simple  reason  that  so-called 
systems  of  ventilation  must  be  subservient  to  the 
requirements  of  a  building,  which  may  vary 
within  wide  limits,  and  the  engineer  who  pins  his 
faith  to  the  exclusive  use  of  one  particular  system 
to  meet  all  conditions  has  not  learned  the  first 
lessons  of  his  profession.  Advocates  of  natural 
ventilation  have  no  justification  for  advancing 
their  system  as  being  of  universal  application, 
any  more  than  those  who  favour  mechanical 
systems. 

I  think,  therefore,  if  (he  discussion  was 
narrowed  down  to  a  consideration  of  the  suiti- 
bility  or  otherwise  of  each  system  for  various 
classes  of  buildings,  it  would  lead  to  some 
practical  outcome,  and  be  of  more  use  to  archi- 
tects than  the  present  dealing  in  generalities. 
For  instance,  this  question  might  will  be  con- 
sidered in  relation  to  asylums  and  hospitals, 
theatres,  public  assembly-halls,  technical  schools, 
&c.,  and  be  capable  of  varying  answers. 

I  am  quite  in  accord  with  the  remarks  of  Mr. 
Jeffreys  as  to  outlets  at  the  floor  level  forming  no 
integral  part  of  the  Pienum  system.  Any  attempt 
to  exhaust  entirely  at  this  level  is,  in  my  opinion, 
radically  wrong.  It  is  quite  permissible  to  ex- 
haust at  the  floor  when  a  building  such  a^  a  public 
hall  or  theatre  is  unoccupied  ;  indeed,  for  eco- 
nomical reasons  it  is  desirable  to  do  so  ;  but  when 
a  buildingf  is  crowded  there  is  only  one  position 
where  vitiated  air  should  be  taken  off,  and  that  is 
well  above  the  heads  of  ttie  audience.  This  has 
within  the  last  f  ^w  years  been  recognised  as  good 
practice,  and  a  well-considered  Plenum  scheme 
should  include  outlets  near  floor  anl  ceiling.  The 
positions  of  the  outlets  has  undoubtedly  been 
responsible  for  a  great  deal  of  the  adverse  criticism 
lately  bestowed  upon  the  system. 

I  am  not  an  advocate  for  Plenum  ventilation  as 
applied  to  hospitals  and  asylums.  In  such 
buildings  the  difliculties,  and  the  expense  of 
carrying  warm  air  long  distances,  are  inimical 
to  its  success.  Sach  buildings,  as  a  rule,  cover 
an  extensive  ground  area;  and  it  cmnot  be 
denied  that  the  long  underground  ducts  involved 
are  undesirable,  as  unless  th'y  are  built  (at  greit 


expense)  of  proper  size  for  thoroughly  cleansing, 
and  precautions  adopted  to  prevent  damp,  they 
will,  in  course  of  time,  become  foul — a  state  of 
affairs  not  to  be  tolerated  in  such  a  class  of 
building.  Natural  ventilation  is,  I  think,  rightly 
regarded  as  the  more  satisfactory  system  in  these 
cases,  and  provided  that  the  cowls  fixed  can  be 
demonstrated  to  perform  the  duty  claimed  for 
them,  it  will  be  conc-ded  that  in  these  instances 
the  verdict  must  go  against  the  Plenum  system. 

Hospital  wards  cannot  be  regarded  as  crowded 
rooms,  and  the  air  change  con-equently  is  not 
high  in  relation  to  the  cubical  contents.  Allowing 
for  4,000c  ft.  per  bed  per  hour  for  24  beds,  the 
volume  to  be  dealt  with  only  amounts  to 
96, 000c. ft.  per  hour,  a  figure  within  the  limits 
of  natural  ventilation.  1  should  not,  however, 
care  to  trust  entirely  to  cowls  for  the  extraction 
of  this  volume,  but  should  provide  for  some 
auxiliary  means  fur  use  at  such  times  that  the 
external  air  is  comparatively  still. 

In  dealing  with  public  assembly-halls,  theatres, 
and  the  like,  the  conditions  are  absolutely 
changed,  and  require  to  be  met  in  an  entirely 
different  manner.  Such  buildings  are  frequently 
erected  to  accommodate  1,000  persons,  so  that, 
allowing  only  2, 000c. ft.  per  head  per  hour, 
2, 000, 000c. ft.  of  air  per  hour  would  hive  to  be 
passed,  and  this  amount  is  little  enough.  Now, 
with  all  due  respect  to  the  opinions  o '  the  ex- 
ponents of  natural  ventilation,  this  volume  of 
air  cannot  be  easily  dealt  with  by  that  system. 
F/xperience  shows  that  to  pass  this  amount  the 
total  outlet  area  of  the  cowl-shafts  should  equal 
an  aggregate  of  approximately  ItOsq.ft.  Allow- 
ing about  Itsq.ft.  to  each  cowl,  it  follows  th.at 
about  ten  4ft.  diam.  cowls  would  be  necessary — 
certainly  not  an  altogether' architectural  treat- 
ment of  a  roof.  This  arguirent  points  to  some 
form  of  mechanical  ventilation  being  necessary, 
and  is  an  apt  illustration  of  the  fdllacy  of  adopting 
one  particular  system  to  meet  all  cases. 

One  po'nt  raised  in  the  discussion  requires 
notice.  It  his  been  stated  that  the  ex'ernal  air  is 
never  abs  -lu'e'y  still.  Cxrantiog  this,  it  remains 
to  be  proved  that  the  slight  m  ivrmemt  is  sufficient 
to  cause  an  updraught,  and  as  pointed  out  by  Mr. 
Jeffreys,  the  friction  against  ths  sides  of  the  con- 
nei  ting  trunks  might  well  counteract  this,  and 
cause  the  cowl  to  become  an  inlet.  This  point  is 
an  important  one,  and  is  capable  of  demonstration 
by  tests.  Possibly  a  feeble  upcast  might  be  dis- 
cernible in  the  case  of  cowls  exhausting  direct 
fromanom  with  a  short  length  of  trunk:  but 
as  in  buildings  of  several  floors  it  is,  as  a  rule, 
necessary  to  exhaust  from  the  lower  floor  as  well 
as  the  upper,  it  follows  that  flues  have  to  b3 
carried  up  (often  in  cold  esternnl  waUs),  and 
connected  to  a  system  of  trunks  before  the  vitiated 
air  reaches  the  cowl.  Under  these  conditions  the 
friction  r'ses  considerably,  and  on  a  still  day  the 
extractive  capacity  of  the  system  may  be  regarded 
as  nil. 

To  avoid  any  suspicion  that  I  have  an  axe  to 
grind  in  contributing  to  the  discussion.  I  beg 
leave  to  subscribe  myself,  F.iiit  Pl.w. 


The  Stejning  B  jirJ  of  Guardians  have  adopteJ  a 
report  by  the  works  committee  containing  fresh 
recommendations  in  connection  with  their  new 
infirmary  scheme,  involving  a  total  outlay  of 
£37,800. 

Extensive  new  brickworks  wareopsned  at  Castle- 
craig  last  week.  The  new  plant  has  been  erected  by 
Messrs.  John  G.  S:einand  Co.,  Bonnybridge,  and 
when  entirely  finished  wdl  be  one  of  the  largest 
establishments  of  the  kind  in  Scotland.  Ojcupyin» 
28  acres  of  land  on  the  estate  of  the  Marquis  ot 
Zetland,  it  ia  situated  between  the  North  British 
and  Caledonian  railways,  and  is  in  close  proximity 
to  the  Forth  and  Clyde  Canal.  The  ground  plan  o 
the  worV  is  arranged  for  a  daily  output  of  100,000 
firebricks. 

The  Joint  Mid -Cheshire  Hospital  Bovrd  have 
decided  to  apply  to  the  Local  Govarnmeut  Board  to 
sanction  the  borrowing  ot  £14,500  for  the  erection 
of  a  hospital  for  North wich,  Winsford,  anlMiddle- 
wich  urban  an!  Northwich  rural  districts.  The 
total  outlay  will  be  €16,003. 

In  the  case  ot  the  application  made  on  behalf  of 
John  Chester  D^son  and  Hugh  Arthur  D^son, 
Blackburn  and  Thornton,  n^ar  Poulton-le-Fylde, 
all  in  Lancishire,  builders  ant  contraotors.  carrying 
on  business  with  Tnomas  Ellison,  under  the  style  ol 
John  Dyson  and  Sons,  and  lately  uuder  thg  style  of 
Ellison  and  Dyson  Brothers,  the  discharge  ot  John 
Chester  Dyson  his  been  suspsn  led  for  four  yens, 
ending  Feb.  22,  193.S  ;  and  that  of  Hugh  Arthur 
Dyson  has  been  suspended  for  three  years,  enlin" 
Feb.  22,  1907. 


dHusmctring  igotts. 


TlIK     AVlOli.VIXG     OF      LoXDON-     BllIDKE. — The 

widening  ot  London  Brilg.^,  undertaken  two 
years  ago,  has  been  completed,  and  the  improve- 
ment was  inaugurated  on  lilonday  by  the  Lord 
Mayor  and  Sheriffs.  Erected  in  1831  from  the 
design  of  .Sir  John  Rennie,  at  a  cost  of  £1,458,000, 
London  Bridge  is  supported  on  five  semi -elliptical 
arches,  each  of  the  two  outer  being  130ft.  wide, 
the  next  two  140ft.,  while  the  one  in  the  centra 
has  a  span  of  152ft.  Gin.  Before  the  present  im- 
provement the  roadway  was  a  trifle  more  than 
53ft.  wide,  but  it  is  now  G5ft.  Only  tiin.  width 
has  been  added  to  the  carriage-way,  the  greater 
width  secured  by  the  improvement  being  devoted 
to  the  footpaths,  ea'h  ot  which  has  been 
inrreased  from  9ft.  to  15ft.  The  enlargement  ia 
effected  by  means  ot  Cornish  granite  cantdevers, 
and  the  work  has  been  carried  out  from  designs 
by  Jlr.  Andrew  Muriay,  the  City  Surveyor, 
and  Mr.  E.  Cruttwe'l,  engineer.  Mr.  W.  B. 
Cole  was  the  resident  engineer,  and  Messrs. 
Pethick  Brothers  have  been  the  contractors. 
The  original  solid  parapet  is  replaced  by 
an  open  balustrade,  which  affords  a  ready 
means  of  escape  for  the  masses  ot  du>t  that 
accumulate  during  the  prevalence  of  strong 
easterly  or  westerly  winds.  The  old  solid  walls 
of  the  removed  parapet  contained  55, 000c. ft.  ot 
granite.  They  are  replaced  by  51, 000c. ft.  of 
new  granite,  forming  a  continuous  line  of  open 
balustrade,  without  any  of  the  recesses  which,  in 
recent  times,  at  least,  became  such  an  undesirable 
feature  in  the  original  design.  The  widening  is 
carried  on  325  granite  corbels  fixed  on  each  side 
of  the  bridge,  each  corbel  being  10ft.  long,  and 
1ft.  Sin.  average  width,  by  3ft.  Sin.  deep, 
anchored  down  to  the  bridge  by  two  bolts  Ijin. 
diimeter.  The  parapets,  3ft.  Gin.  high,  consist 
of  1,4  52  granite  balusters.  No  less  than  720  tons 
of  steelwork  was  used  in  the  temporary  foot- 
bridges, which  will  forthwith  be  removed. 

CoLWY.N'  B.iY. — The  directors  ot  the  Victoria 
Pier,  to  which  a  license  has  just  been  conceded, 
have  given  in-itructions  to  their  engineers,  Messrs. 
Magnall  and  Littlewood.  of  Manchester,  to  pre- 
pare the  drawings  f'r  the  second  section  of  the 
pier  with  all  speed,  with  the  object  of  endeavour- 
ing to  get  that  section  completed  by  the  middle 
ot  July,  when  the  holidiy  tovson  reaches  its 
height.  The  project  cooiprises  three  sections, 
the  first  of  which  h  is  already  been  carried  out, 
and  the  second  will  carry  the  structure  s  ime 
200  yards  further.  It  will  extend  into  the  sea,  but 
it  will  not  go  far  enough  to  enable  a  landing- 
stage  for  the  steamers  to  be  provide!  at  the  end 
of  it.  The  third  section,  which  it  is  hoped  to 
take  in  hand  next  year,  will  do  this.  When  com- 
pleted the  pier  will  be  750  yards  in  length.  It  is 
stipulated  that  the  contractor  is  to  carry  out  the 
section  now  about  to  be  let  without  interfering 
with  the  use  ot  the  present  structure. 

Soi  in.vLL  .\>'n  UxTunDOE  Tr.\m\vav. — The 
latest  extension  of  the  London  L'nited  Tramways 
Company,  from  Southall  to  Uxbridge,  via  Hayes 
and  IliUingdon,  has  now  been  constructed,  and  a 
car  conveying  Mr.  J.  Cii'ton  Robinson,  the 
managing  director,  with  members  of  the  engineer- 
ing staff  of  the  company,  made  an  initial  trip  of 
inspection  over  the  new  line  on  Monday  night. 
This  extension  is  about  five  miles  long.  At  the 
same  time  an  inspection  was  made  of  a  new  cross- 
line  which  has  been  laid  from  Studland-street, 
Hammersmith  Broadw.ay,  along  Askew-road,  and 
which  will  enable  cars  to  be  run  from  Uxbridge, 
Hinwell,  and  Ea'ing,  direct  to  the  Metropolitan 
District  Conopany's  station  at  Hammersmith. 
Hitherto  the  through  service  from  those  places  has 
been  to  Shepherd's  Bush  only.  The  distance  from 
Uxbridge  to  Hammersmith  or  Shepherd's  Bush  is 
13  or  14  miles.  A  depot  and  transformer  sub- 
station have  yet  to  be  finished  at  Haye",  but 
this  will  be  done  in  a  few  weeks,  and  th^in,  after 
the  Board  of  Trade  inspection  has  been  cirried 
out.  the  new  lines  will  be  opened  for  public 
traffic. 

■       ^m       ■ 

The  King  has  commanded  that  steps  be  taken  to 
render  all  parts  ot  Richmond  Park  more  accessible 
to  the  public  than  heretofore.  With  this  object, 
his  Majesty  has  given  directions  that  the  preserva- 
tion of  game  in  the  park  shall  be  discontiuued,  aud 
that  wools  hitherto  closed  shall  be  thrown  opsn 
where  possible  without  injury  to  the  timber,  or 
without  detriment  to  the  preservation  of  order  in 
the  park. 


TO 


a 
.J 


CO 
X 


April  1,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS, 


481 


CONTENTS. 
■♦♦t 

Unrealised  Designs       ;  .  ••• 

Manchester  Hoyal  Infirmary  Competition 

Landscapes  at  Home  and  Abroad    

Royal  Institute  of  British  Architecta    ... 

Paint  and  Colour  Mixing    

A  Concrete-Steel  Factory   

*'How  to  Judge  Architecture" 

Irish  Building  Stones. — IX 

Books  Received      

Obituary    

Correspondence       

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The  Bl'ildino  News  Directory 

Our  XUusti-ations    

Building  Intelligence    

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Statues,  Memorials,  &c 

Stained  Glass 

Our  Oifice  Table     

List  of  Competitions  Open 

List  of  Tenders  Open    

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ILLUSTRATIONS. 

«OYAL  IXFIRMARY,  M-VSCQESTER.— CHUBCH  OF  ST.  ANDREW, 
BURGESS  HILL.— PROPOSED  SIDE  CHAPEL,  CHISWICK.— 
PANEL  OF  STALLS.  KING'S  COLLEGE  CHAPEL,  CAMBRIDGE. 
— pilgrims'  CUAPEL,  nOUGHTON-LE-DALE.— WAREHOUSfi, 
MANCHESTER.—  ELECTRIC  GENERATINi!  STATION,  3IAYFAIR. 


^nx  Jllustratiorts. 

— ♦♦♦ — 

THE    ROYAL    IXriltMAllV,    MAXCHESTEU. 

"We  review  the  competition  plana  for  this  work 
elsewhere  to-day,  and  herewith  ilhistrite  a  view, 
with  block  plan,  of  the  selected  design,  showing 
the  front  towards  Oxford-road.  The  plans  have 
been  on  view  since  last  Friday  at  the  Town-hall. 
Messrs.  Edwin  T.  Il^ill,  of  London,  and  John 
Brooke,  of  Manchester,  have  collaborated  in  the 
preparation  of  the  plans.  The  building  is  to  be 
built  on  the  Stanley-grove  site,  to  I'eplace  the 
familiar  struclura  which  has  so  long  stood  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Piccadilly.  Their  plans  were 
submitted  in  competit'on  with  eleven  other  firms 
-selected  to  compete,  and  the  choice  has  been 
made  on  the  recommendation  of  Mr.  J.  J.  Burnet, 
of  Glasgow,  the  assessor  engaged  by  the  Infirmary 
Board  of  Jlanagement  on  the  nomination  of  the 
Eoyal  Institute  of  Briti  h  Architects.  It  is 
claimed  that  the  design  is  treated  throughout 
architecturally  in  harmony  with  the  plan,  simple 
in  its  lines,  and  free  from  elaboration  and  ex- 
travagance in  ornament.  The  Oxford-road  ele- 
vation, stretching  from  the  Royal  Eye  Hospital 
to  the  Union  Chapel,  shows  a  dignified  and 
imposing  building  of  Classical  composition, 
characteristic  of  its  purpose  and  site,  and 
essentially  worthy  of  the  great  institution 
and  the  city.  This  frontige,  which  has  a 
length  of  500ft.,  is  divided  into  three  blocks  of 
buildings,  the  centre  block  showing  a  dome  and 
clock  somewhat  similar  to  the  highest  point  of 
the  existing  infirmary,  and  the  wings  having 
■each  a  tower.  These  buildings  will  face  the  end 
of  Denmark-road  and  a  portion  of  the  greener 
prospect  of  Whitworth  Park.  The  central  bock 
is  intended  to  be  devoted  to  administrative  pur- 
poses. That  upon  the  city  side  will  be  used  as 
the  teaching  department,  and  the  further  one  will 
be  used  as  a  nurses'  home  of  extensive  dimensions, 
seeing  that  it  is  to  provide  some  300  b  ds  for  the 
nursing  start'.  The  wards,  to  be  built  on  the 
pavilion  princiiile  at  the  rear,  will  be  approached 
from  these  blocks  by  corridors  running  ea'jt  and 
west.  There  will  be  eight  surgicsl  and  eight 
medical  wards,  in  addition  to  eye,  skin,  and  ear 
•wards.  There  will  also  bo  a  gyniucological  ward 
in  that  portion  of  the  site  fronting  Nelton-slreet, 
behind  the  Eye  Hospital.  In  Nelson-street,  too, 
the  out-patients'  department  is  to  be  located 
in  a  separate  building,  and  entrance  to  the 
casualties  ward  will  bo  obtained  from  that 
street.  The  wards  will  bo  two-story  buildings, 
so  designed  that  a  third  story  may  be  added 
■without  any  gnat  dilliculty  as  a  means  of  future 
enlargement  of  the  instituii.m.  About  Pi  acres 
is  the  extent  of  the  site,  and  the  whole  of  this 
(irea  will  be  utilised.  Mr.  Windsor,  the  Board's 
surveyor,  estimates  that  the  carrying  out  of  the 
plans  will  cost  .£;J24,000,  with  an  additional 
fir,, .700  it  the  whole  of  the  000  bods  are  to  be 
provided  for.  llodifications  may  yet  Ve  made 
in  tlK)  plans.  They  will  be  submitted  to  a  special 
meeting  of  the  trustees  before  being  finally 
saactioaed.   The  work  will  be  commenced  as  soon 


gt^wMtS^^ 


1 1  tJ  I   f' 


axroRD        P-OAD 


GROI'ND   PLAN   OF  THE  NEW   ROYAL  IXFIRMARY,   MANCHESTER. 
A,  Administration ;  B,  Teaching  ;  C,  C,  Nurses'  Home:  D,  Servants'  Home  :  E,  Service  SUirs ;  F.  Sto«» 
(kitchen  below);  G,  Dining-rooms;  H,  Chapel;  J    Out-patients;  K    Casualty ;  L,  Electric  Biths 
M,  In-patients;    N,    Eye,^  Ear,    and    Skin;     O.    Lodge;    P,    C°nsultmg-rooms:    (j.  D-spensmg 
R,  Theatre;    S,  Laundry;    T,  Septic  Cases;    V,  V,  V,  Female  Wards;    W,  W,  W,  Male  Wards, 


X,  Mortuary. 

as  possible.  We  made  arrangements  with  the 
Jf,uir/irsfi'7-  f'uHi-ier  for  the  view  given  here, 
and  which  Mr.  Roger  Oldham  made  for  the 
proprietors.  The  other  competitors  are: — llenman 
and  Cooper,  Birmingham :  A.  Heasell  Tiltman, 
London ;  Young  and  Hall,  Loudon ;  Thomas 
Worlhington  and  Son,  Manchester :  H.  Percy 
Adams,  London ;  Heathcote  and  Sons,  Jlan- 
chester :  Campbell  Douglas  and  A.  N.  Pater^on, 
Glasgow;  J.  Thomson  and  R.  D.  Sandilands, 
Glasgow ;  John  W.  Simpson,  London ;  Wad- 
diugton.  Son,  and  Dunkerley,  Manchester  ;  and 
W.  Cecil  Hardisty,  Manchester. 

ST.    .■tXDllEw's    CHURCH,    BIHGESS    HILL,    Sl'SSEX. 

This  church  is  in  course  of  erection  some  eight 
miles  from  Brighton  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Chalk  Downs.  The  local  clay  furnishes  alike 
the  outer  facing  of  brick  and  the  internal  lining 
of  terracotta,  the  mass  of  the  walls  being  formed 
of  cement  concrete.  The  colour  is,  however, 
relieved  both  inside  and  out  by  a  somewhat 
plentiful  use  of  dressed  stone.  The  nave  has  a 
single  span,  and  is  to  be  covered  by  a  roof  formed 
with  timber  purlins  caft-ied  on  arched  steel 
trusses.  The  chancel  has  an  ample  c'erestory. 
and  is  intended  to  have  a  concrete  vault  carried 
on  arched  ribs  of  brick  and  stone.  The  seating 
accommodation  is  for  800  persons.  Mr.  Lacy  W. 
Ridge,  the  diocesan  surveyor,  is  the  architect. 

ruoroSLD  side   chapel,  st.  Michael's   ciuuch, 

KEDEOKD    PARK, 

The  need  of  a  return  way  for  communicants, 
particularly  when  there  are  large  numbers,  as 
always  happens  on  all  the  great  festiva's,  is  made 
the  more  pressing  on  account  of  the  high  eleva- 
tion of  ihe  chancel  in  this  church  above  the  level 
of  the  nave,  necessitating  several  ste.pi  which 
exist  at  the  entrance  to  the  choir.  The  only 
available  position  for  a  side  do^  rway  occurs 
between  the  east  end  of  the  choir  stalls  and  the 
communion  rail.  At  this  point  a  big  buttress 
comes  down,  as  seen  between  the  clerestory 
windows.  The  weight  of  this  liuttress  had  to  bo 
provided  for,  and  consenuently  the  contrivance  of 
the  planning  of  the  chapel,  as  i'lustrated  by 
the  accompanying  disign,  has  been  arranged 
to  distribute  its  weight  and  thrust  besides 
giving  room  for  the  stiirway  oat  of  the 
sanctuary.  By  bringing  the  steps  down  a'ung 
the  siiiith  wall  i^f  the  church  the  miximuni 
amount  of  space  is  insured  for  the  (lonr  area  of 
the  chapel  itself.  The  east  window  of  the 
present  aisle  is  worked  into  the  side  of  the  ciiapel, 
balanced  by  two  others  to  corresaond.  'J"ho 
height  of  the  building  is  determined  by  the  main 
roof  of  the  nave  and  aisle.  The  prop<isi>d  cliapel 
will  have  to  wait  for  the  nccessiry  funds  to  pay 


for  its  erection  before  the  work  can  b'^  started, 
and  the  lighting  of  the  church  by  electricity  about 
to  be  undertaken  will  have  to  be  finished  prior  to 
anything  further  being  done  with  this  matter. 
The  parish  hall  and  north  aisle  built  somHvearsago, 
also  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  Maurice  B.  Adams, 
F.R.I.B.A  ,  occupy  the  land  up  to  the  adjacent 
road  on  that  side  of  the  church ;  but  a  spacious 
churchyard  garden  is  situUe  on  th'5  south  side, 
and  this  chapel  only  extends  a  little  beyond  the 
line  of  the  aisle,  so  as  to  minim'se  any  inter- 
ference with  the  view  from  the  vicarage,  which 
stands  at  the  east  end  of  the  buildings. 

PVGIN-        TR.\VELLIN-G        sriDEXTSHIP         DSAWIXGS. 
PAXEL    FROM    king's    COLLEGE,    CAMllRIDGE. 

The  panels  on  the  back  of  the  stalls.  King's 
College  Chapel,  Cambridge,  are  in  elmwood,  and 
were  given  by  Thomas  Weaver,  Fellow,  in  1633. 
The  panel  shown  is  that  at  the  west  end  on  the 
north  side,  and  gives  the  Arms  ot  Charles  I. 

THE    PILGUIMS'    C1I.\PEL,    WALSIXGHAM. 

The  Pilgrims'  Chapel  was  formerly  a  hilting  place 
about     ooe     mile     from     Walsingham    Abbey, 
Norfolk.     The  pilgrims  are  stated  to  have  de- 
posited their  shoes  "there,  t\e  rest  if  the  journey 
\  being  made  biaret'oot.     It  is  a  Lite  Uth-Century 
I  building,  in  fiint  and  limestone,  and  has  recently 
I  been  restored,  having  been  used  a<  a  cottage  or 
barn.     Thi    drawings  on  this  plate  are    part  of 
the  series  for  which  Mr.  F.  C.  Mears  was  awarded 
the  Pugin  Trivel'ing  .Studentship  this  )e:ir. 

WAUEHOISE,    MAXCH  ester. 

Tni.'i  warehouse,  for  Messrs.  Malcolm,  Inglis,  and 
Co.,  contains  a  lloor  arei  of  '20,000  super,  feet, 
and  is  faced  with  dark  red  brick  and  buff  terra- 
cotta dressings.  The  eloping  root  i*  tiled  with 
brindled  hand-made  roofing  tiles.  The  building 
will  bo  heated  with  hot  water,  lighted  with 
electric  light,  and  have  an  elcctric-pawer  lift  to 
all  fioDis.  Mr.  .Vlexander  Ander.-on,  of  North- 
ampton, is  the  architect. 

the  we  S.  CORPORtTIOX,  LTD.,  MOTOR  OEXF.RATOR 
ST.VTIOX  AXn  ITALIAN  nAUDEX,  lUKE  STREET, 
MAVE.VIR. 

The  plans  and  sections  given  of  this  generating 
station  will  bo  found  rcf.rred  to  in  the  pap»r 
reported  e'sowher-i  which  was  read  on  Monday 
night  before  the  Institute  by  the  architect.  Mr. 
C' Stanley  Peach.  F.R.I.B.A.  We  shall  givo 
another  double-page  next  week  of  further  plans 
and  elevations. 


Mr.  S.  Dawson,  of  Dsrby,  has  been  appiinted 
surveyor  and  iiispoctor  of  nui-ances  for  the  southern 
district  under  the  Bakewell  Kural  District  Council. 


THE    BTJJLDING    NEWS,    April    1,1904 


PUAM    ftT     LrvSu     CI     C0N>CKETE      Ra^T- 


ILLUSTEATING     PAPER     READ     BEFORE     THE     R.I.B.A. 


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MAECII    28    JiV    MH.     C.    STANLEY    PEACH,     P.R.I.B.A. 


500 


THE    BUILDIIs^G    NEWS. 


Apeil  1,  1904. 


Butlbittg  InUlUsentt. 


B.iXGOvu,  N.E. — Although  the  buildings  for 
the  new  asylum  now  heing  erected  at  Bangour 
by  the  Edinburgh  District  Lunacy  Board  are  not 
expected  to  be  completed  for  a  year  or  two,  the 
demand  for  increased  asylum  accommodation  for 
the  district  has  become  so  urgent  tliat  it  has  been 
necessary  to  make  provision  for  receiving  a 
number  of  patients  at  an  early  date.  It  has 
therefore  been  decided  to  construct  houses  of 
■wood  and  iron  for  the  accommodation  of  192 
patients,  and  these  buildings  will  be  erected  on 
a  site  which  was  intended  for  homes  for  male 
■working  patients.  Provision  has  been  made  for 
administrative  offices,  the  residence  of  the  staff, 
a  general  store,  kitchen  accommodation,  a  laundry, 
a  nurses'  home,  and  the  electriclight  installation. 
All  these  buildings  are  now  completed,  and  will 
be  ready  for  dccupatiou  next  month.  In  addition 
to  the  temporary  buildings  for  the  laundry  and 
the  electric  installation  there  are  five  houses  in 
all.  One  house  will  serve  as  the  residences  of  the 
medical  superintendent  and  the  matron,  as  the 
general  store,  and  as  the  niirses'  home  ;  ■while 
«aeh  of  the  other  four  will  accommodate  4S 
patients.  The  total  co3t  of  the  buildings  is 
,£17,175,  which  gives  an  average  of  less  than  £90 
for  19'2  patients,  and,  including  the  staff  of  about 
30  persons,  the  cost  is  about  £77  per  bed. 

Herefoud    Cathedkal. — The    Archbishop   of 
Canterbury   dedicated    the    new    west    front   of 
Hereford  Cathedral  on  Friday,  erected  at  a  cost 
of  between  £14,000  and  £15,000.     The  complete 
scheme    of   restoration,  however,    will   not  have 
been  carried  out  until  another  stage — the  third — 
has  been  accomplished.     The  first  stage  consisted 
of  a  stained-glass  window,  in  memory  of  the  lite 
Queen  Victoria,  at  a  cost  of  £1,500,  and  unveiled 
on  May  13,   1902,  by  Princess  Henry  of  Batten- 
berg.     The  second  was  the  work  just  completed. 
The  third  will  be  the  renewal  of  the  fronts  of  the 
north  and  south   aisles,  surmounted  by  massive 
turrets,  with  staircases  leading  on  to  the  roofs  of 
the  nave.   This  will  be  taken  in  hand  when  funds 
permit.     In  1766  the  whole  of  the  west  tower  and 
end   collapsed.     James   "Wyatt,    the    vandalistic 
architect,  then  in  the  full  tide  of  his  popularity, 
undertook  the  rebuilding   of  the   west  end  (the 
tower   itself   was  never  again  erected) ;  but  the 
feeble  travesty  of   tiothic   he  evolved  has  since 
proved    an    eyesore.      lu    1896    an   earthquake 
Tendered  the   upper    portions    and   pinnacles  of 
"Wyatt's  front  insecure.      Mr.   J.   Oldrid  Scott, 
London,   was  consulted,  designs  were  prepared, 
and   the  present   scheme,  now   two-thirds  com- 
pleted,  was  the  result.     The  central  portion  of 
the  west  front  {which  includes  the  window  above 
referred    to)    has    been   built    in   the   Decorated 
style,  and  throughout  is  elaborately  adorned  with 
oarving.      An   entirely   new  narthex    has   been 
pro^vided,    and    it    is    flanked    by    two   massive 
buttresses,  which,  just  above  the  parapet,  recede, 
and  are   carried    up   in    the  form    of   pinnacles 
of    the     same     design     as    those    which    adorn 
the  main  tower,  with  the  addition  of  the  letters 
"  I.H.S."  carved  at  frequent  intervals.     Between 
the   pinnacles,  in   the   centre,  is   a  Latin   cross, 
constituting  the  apex  o'  the  facade,  and,  under- 
neath, above  the  window,  is  a  canopied  statue  of 
the  Madonna.     On  either  side  of  the  window  is  a 
statue — the  one  on  the  left  being  Ht.  Thomas  of 
Hereford,  and  that  on  the  right  St.  Ethelbert, 
likewise  in  canopied  niches.     Below  the  parapet, 
which    i.s    panelled,  is  more    statuary.     <  >n  the 
north  side  of  the  portal  is  a  full-length  figure  of 
Bishop  Booth,  and  on  the  south  side  a  figure  of 
like   proportions   of    Bishop    Lorraine.     Oa  the 
large  side  buttresses  will  be  placed  statuet  of  St. 
Oeorge    and    the    Dragon   on  the  English  side 
(north),  and    St.  David    on   the  Welsh  (south). 
The  main  arch  is  cusped,  and  springs  from  two 
piers,  and  is  decorated  externally  with  ball  flower, 
the  cusps  being  lions'  heads  and  roses  alternately, 
while  the   piers   are  foliated   with   bryony   and 
maple.     The  label  of  the  arc'u  is  stopped  by  long 
bosses  of  ivy  and  bryony.  Elaborate  vine  crockets 
decorate  the  main   gable,  which  is  crowned  by  a 
finial.     The  corbels  on  the  buttresses  are  of  vine, 
oak,  and  thorn   foliage,   while   the  capitals   are 
thorn,  fig,  ivy,  and  oak.    The  inside  of  the  porch 
is  rich  in  carving.     The  capitals  are  filbert  oak, 
vine,  thorn,  and  ivy,  and  the  centre-boss   in  the 
grained  vaulting  shows   the  arms  ot  Kings  Offa 
and  Cantlupe  and  the  Deanery  crest.     The  panel 
over  the  inner  doorway  represents  our  Ijord  seated 
upon  a  throne  in  majesty.     The  label  ends  on  the 


right-hand  side  in  a  figurehead  of  the  late  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  and  the  present  Archbishop. 
Representations  of  Bishop  Percival  and  Dean 
Leigh  carved  in  stone  occupying  the  correspond- 
ing situations  on  the  interior  wall  of  the  doorway. 
The  stone  used  is  mottled  HoUington  sandstone, 
excepting  the  flooring  of  the  porch,  which  is 
Portland  stone.  The  contractors  for  the  work 
were  Messrs.  John  Thompson  and  Co.,  Peter- 
borough :  the  oroamental  carving  was  intrusted 
to  Mr.  John  Baker,  and  the  statuary  to  Mr. 
Fincher. 

HoviinTON-i.E-SPRrxG. — A  richly-carved  oak 
screen  has  been  erected  in  the  ancient  parish 
church  of  Houghton-le-Spring,  in  memory  of  the 
late  Jlr.  Thomas  Wm.  I'sherwood  Robinson. 
Other  improvements  have  been  recently  effected, 
consisting  of  an  oak  groined  ceiling  to  the  tower, 
a  handsome  alabaster  reredos,  and  the  re-lighting 
ot  the  church  by  incandescent  gas,  chiefly  from 
wrought-iron  pendants  with  ornamental  scroll- 
work. An  oak  pulpit,  with  Caen  stone  base, 
des'gned  to  harmonise  with  the  screen,  will 
shortly  be  put  in  hand.  Jlessrs.  Hicks  and 
Charlewood,  cf  Xewcastle-on-Tyne,  are  the 
architects,  the  reredos  and  groined  ceiling  having 
been  designed  by  the  late  Jlr.  Wm.  Searle  Hicks. 

LoxDON  CovxTY  CofxiiL.  ■ —  At  Tuosday's 
meeting  of  the  County  Council  a  recommendation 
for  the  letting  of  a  site  in  Kingsway  at  a  rental 
amounting  to  3s.  2d.  per  foot  was,  after  a  long 
discussion,  referred  back,  several  members  ex- 
pressing an  opinion  that  such  a  rental  was  totally 
inadequate.  The  report  of  the  housing  com- 
mittee, which  was  adopted,  stated  that  during 
the  year  ending  ^Vpril  1,  1903,  the  Council  had 
housed  4,839  persons  at  a  cost  ot  £243,578. 
There  was  also  a  great  deal  of  work  progressing 
lapidly,  which,  when  completed,  would  house 
17,174  persons.  The  improvement  committee 
recommended  that,  subject  to  an  agreement  being 
entered  into  between  the  Council  and  the  Picca- 
dilly and  Regent-street  Syndicate,  and  subject  to 
the  Syndicate  lodging  £70,000  as  security.^  the 
committee  arrange  with  the  county  council  of 
Westmiuster  for  the  acquisition  by  it  on  behalf 
of  the  Council,  under  Jlichael  Angelo  Taylor's 
Act,  in  connection  with  the  widening  of  Picca- 
dilly near  the  Circus,  of  the  leasehold  and  trade 
interests  in  Nos.  19,  20,  29,  30,  and  32a, 
Piccadilly,  and  Nos.  3  and  5,  Air-street.  The 
recommendation  was  adopted.  On  the  advice  of 
the  theatres  and  music-halls  committee,  the 
Council  approved  plans  submitted  by  Mr.  B. 
Crewe  on  behalf  of  the  Lyceum  (1903)  (Limited), 
f  .r  reconstructing  the  Lyceum  Theatre  in  con: 
formity  with  the  regulations  ot  the  Council. 
The  proposed  building  will  accommodate  a  seated 
audience  of  2,800  persons,  and  it  is  intended  to 
use  the  premises  as  a  music-hall  in  which  two 
performances  will  be  given  nightly. 

PoitTSMOi'ru. — The  solemn  reopening  of  the 
R.C.  church  of  Corpus  Christi,  after  its  recent 
enlargement,  took  place  on  St.  Patrick's  Day. 
In  1893  the  first  part  of  the  church,  the  Dare  nave, 
was  built  and  opened.  Schools  were  added  in 
1900,  and  were  doubled  in  size  two  years  later  at 
a  cost  of  about  £2,000.  The  work  of  enlarging 
the  church  was  then  taken  in  hand.  The  new 
portion  just  completed  consists  of  the  sanctuary 
with  high  altar,  a  Lady-chapel,  a  side  aisle  with  a 
transept,  priests'  sacristy,  coofessionals,  &c.  The 
new  windows  throughout  have  traceried  heads. 
The  stonework  throughout  is  executed  in  Ham 
Hill  stone  to  correspond  with  the  original  portion 
of  the  building.  The  floor  ot  the  church  is  laid 
■n-ith  pitch-pine  blocks.  The  Lady-chapel  and 
sanctuary  are  paved  with  encaustic  tiles.  The 
gas-fittings  are  new,  and  are  executed  in  wrought 
iron  and  copper.  The  old  high  altar  has  been 
removed  into  the  Lady-chapel  and  a  new  high 
altar  ot  elaborate  design  has  been  built.  It  is  of 
alabaster  and  different  coloured  marbles,  and  is 
supported  by  four  columm  of  Languedoc  and 
Creek  Skyros  marble.  The  tabernacle  is  inclosed 
in  a  structure  ot  alabaster,  richly  moulded,  with 
buttresses,  carved  crockets,  and  finial.  The  throne 
is  built  of  stone  and  marble,  and  rises  to  18ft. 
from  the  sanctuary  floor.  The  building  work  has 
been  executed  by  Mr.  H.  Jone',  of  Southsea,  and 
the  high  altar  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Wall,  of  Cheltenham. 
The  whole  has  been  carried  out  from  the  designs 
and  under  the  supervision  of  the  architect,  Mr. 
C.  W.  Bevis,  of  Southsea,  at  a  cost  ot  about  £2,300. 

St.  Paul's  Cucrchyaro,  E.C. — New  business 

premises,   six  stories   in  height  and  faced   wi'h 

stone,   have   been   erected  at   the  corner  of  St. 

'  Paul's  Churchyard  and  Dean-court,  from  designs 


by  Messrs.  H.  H.  and  M.  E.  Collins,  of  Old 
Broad-street,  E.C.  The  building  is  in  ihe  Italian 
Renaissance  style.  The  ground  floor  is  faced 
with  Labrador  granite,  while  the  five  upper  floors 
are  of  Portland  and  Beer  stone.  A  distinctive 
feature  ot  the  elevation  is  the  angle  dome,  with 
its  copper  cupola.  The  construction  is  fire- 
resisting,  and  the  building  is  fitted  with  electric 
lift.  The  work  of  erection  has  been  carried  out 
—under  the  supervision  ot  Mr.  A.  T.  Waterfield, 
acting  as  the  clerk  of  works  for  the  architects— 
by  Messrs.  Kirk  and  ivirk,  of  Esher-street, 
Westminst-r. 

Waltham  AiiHEY. — A  compromise  has_  now 
been  arrived  at  with  respect  to  the  restoration  of 
the  tower  of  the  abbey  church.  The  original 
proposal  was  to  have  a  battlemented  parapet, 
with  pinnacles,  but  after  a  considerable  sum  of 
money  had  been  subscribed,  objection  was  raised 
by  anti-restorationists  to  the  projected  changes 
in  the  skyline.  Amended  plans  have  now  been 
adopted  which  are  regarded  as  a  compromise, 
showing  the  tower  battlemented,  with  turrets 
corresponding  to  the  existing  buttresses.  They 
were  submitted  to  the  approval  ot  the  subscribers, 
nearly  all  of  whom  expressed  their  agreement 
with  them.  A  faculty  is  to  bo  applied  for  to 
enable  the  work  to  be  carried  out. 

Walthamstow.— The  opening  ot  the  Selwyn- 
avenue  School,  llighams  Park,  took  place  on  . 
Saturday,  the  19th  inst.  The  school  was  erected 
from  designs  by  Mr.  H.  Prosser,  M.S. A.,  archi- 
tect to  the  Education  Committee.  Jlr.  F.  J . 
Coxhead,  of  Leytonstone,  was  the  contractor. 
The  contract,  including  iron  fencing,  was  £7,092, 
which  works  out  at  a  tiiile  over£13  12s.  per  head. 
The  buildings  are  faced  with  Adderlej-  Park  red 
pressed  bricks,  with  stringcourses  of  Euabon 
white  pressed  bricks,  and  dressings  of  Box  Ground 
Bath  stone.  There  are  ten  classrooms,  eight  of 
which  will  accommodate  50  each,  and  two  rooms 

of  60  each. 

♦-^ 

CHIPS. 

The  Ipswich  Corporation,  who  have  already 
schemes  of  street  widening  in  hand  estimated  to 
cost  nearly  £300,000,  decided  at  their  last  meeting 
to  carry  out  a  further  improvement  near  the  centre 
of  the  town,  by  acquiring  various  properties 
necessary  to  widen  a  short  section  of  Upper  Brook- 
street,  between  Tavern-street  and  the  Butter  Market, 
to  a  uniform  width  of  40tt.  throughout.  At  present 
the  total  width  varies  from  19ft.  Bin.  to  22tt.,  and 
the  undertaking  will  cost  £16,850. 

The  foundation-stone  of  the  Memorial  Church  at 
Birmingham  to  the  late  Cardinal  Newman  was  laid 
on  Friday  on  the  site  o!  the  present  oratory,  which 
was  founded  by  his  Eminence  in  1S49.  Tne  plan 
and  main  features  of  the  church,  as  designed  by 
Mr.  E.  Dorau  Webb,  are  based  on  those  ot  the 
Church  of  San  Martino  Di  Monti,  Rome— a  naodel 
selected  because  it  was  Cardinal  Newman's  ideal 
church.  The  nave,  consisting  of  seven  bays,  with 
side  aisles  and  apsidal  side  chapels,  will  have  a 
barrel  roof  ot  chestnut  ivood.  The  columns  support- 
in"  the  entablature  will  he  ot  Brescia  marble,  each 
column  being  18tt.  in  height.  Ihe  floor  will  also 
be  of  marble.  The  cost  will  be  £25,000,  and  there 
is  £14,000  in  hand. 

In  the  Kiug's  Bench  Division,  on  Monday,  the 
Lord  Chief  Justice,  Mr.  Justice  Wills,  and  Mr. 
Justice  Kennedy  gave  judgment  in  an  appeal  by 
the  Grand  Junction  Waterworks  Company  against 
a  conviction  and  fine  by  a  Metropolitan  magistrate 
for  refusing  in  June  last  to  supply  water  to  a 
stable  in  Eistbourne-mews  in  the  occupation  of 
a  Mr.  Rodocauachi.  The  dispute  arose  over  a 
question  as  to  the  repair  of  a  communication  pipe. 
Their  Lordships  allowed  the  appaal,  with  costs. 

At  Athens  on  Wednesday,  March  Hi,  the  first  sod 
was  turned  by  Lady  Evans  of  the  new  library, 
which  is  to  be  added  to  the  Students'  Hoitel  of  the 
British  School  at  Athens,  as  a  memorial  to  the 
late  Mr.  F.  C.  Penrose,  F.R  S  ,  the  first  director 
of  the  school.  Mr.  Elliot,  the  new  British  Minister, 
Mr.  R.  C.  Bjsanquet,  the  present  director  of  the 
British  School,  and  Dr.  Di.irpfeld,  the  first  secretary 
of  the  German  Institute,  spoke  on  the  occasion,  and 
Mr.  D.  Bikelas  also  said  a  few  words  in  Ihe  name 
of  the  ArchiEological  Society  of  Athens,  which  has 
offered  to  place  in  the  new  library  a  marble  bust 
of  Mr.  Penrose,  in  racoguition  ot  his  great  services 
to  Athenian  arcba' ilogy.  The  Penrose  Library, 
which  is  to  serve  also  as  a  hall  for  open  meetings 
of  the  school,  will  cost,  with  its  fittings,  from 
£1,000  to  £1,200. 

The  Royal  Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours 
is  celebrating  its  centenary  this  year,  and  in  honour 
of  the  event  a  dinner  will"  be  given  on  April  27  at 
the  Enpire  Hall,  Trocaiiero.  The  summer  exhibi- 
tion of  the  society  will  open  on  Monday,  April  U. 


7he  3-!i^c>ir^r.  [>: 


fvMG3  College  Chapel  C'amcmpge    Panel  or- ^tald.  hichm  ( 

Ubl  PUGIN  TkAV£LLING  JTUPE 


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EL  HoUGHrO'N-IXUAU  y^loW^OLl^    "WMlA^MMMri^ 


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The  Building  [^ev. 


C^pr::.  1.1904^. 


Royal  Infirmary.   Manchester    Accepted  Design 
ETHALL&  J  Brooke.  F  FR  I  BA, Architects 


Vb  "I'  Lilhojrapb'd  VR-uiwd  (it>^'«»''>  Ait^ncsa  ^  Ouf*o  Squat*  ^V  ' 


7he  B:_;n.DiHG  I^ews.Apr:-  1.1904-, 


PbotolitJwgrtfW&IViBlMVy  J«!WiAkeKnfcii,6.Qu»eoSqu«r«*.Vf  C 


April  1,  1904. 


TEE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


501 


COMPETITIONS. 

ALUEsroiii),  ICknt. — Messrs.  DuJd  and 


Dodd, 
civil  engineer,  ol  Waterloo-street,  Birmingham,  ; 
have  taken  the  prize  in  the  competition  for  ^ 
designs  of  a  new  bridge  over  the  River  Medway,  i 
at  Aylesford,  to  take  the  place  of  the  present 
bridge.  The  selected  design  shows  the  proposed 
new  bridge  will  be  of  stone,  with  elliptical 
granite  arch  span  of  main  arch  150ft.,  giving 
headway  of  18ft.  above  high-water  mark  of 
spring  tides,  width  of  bridge  over  all  40ft.,  com- 
prising carriageway  30ft.,  and  footpaths  on  either 
side  of  5ft.,  length  of  approaches  and  bridge 
(JOOft.  The  estimated  cu=t  is  £33,000.  <  >nly  one 
prize  of  100  guineas  was  offered.  Twenty-eight 
tirms  of  architects  and  engineers  took  part  in  the 
competitftm. 

B.4LSALL  Heath  Baths.  —  The  scheme  for 
erecting  baths  at  Balsall  Heath  was  advanced 
another  stage  on  Monday,  when  the  Baths  Com- 
mittee decided  to  invite  architects  to  send  in 
plans  for  the  buildings  on  the  land  adjoining  the 
Free  Library  in  Moseley-roaJ.  Mr.  .1.  Cox 
(superintendent  engineer  and  secretary  to  the 
department)  has  already  prepared  a  ground  plan 
setting  forth  the  manner  in  which  the  committee 
desire  to  utilise  the  land,  and  an  advertisement 
has  been  inserted  announcing  the  committee's 
intention  to  submit  the  plans  for  competition. 
In  response  thirty  architects  applied  for  per- 
mission to  compete,  and  the  committee  have 
selected  twelve  of  them  who  will  be  invited  to 
.send  in  designs.  The  general  information  issued 
for  the  guidance  of  the  architects  states  that  the 
expenditure  on  the  buildings  must  not  exceed 
£20,000.  The  first-class  swimming  bath  is  to 
have  a  water  area  of  81ft.  in  length  by  32ft.  in 
width,  and  a  graduated  depth  from  41t,  6in.  to 
"ft.  The  second-class  bath  is  to  have  a  water 
area  of  72ft.  in  length  by  32ft.  in  width,  with  the 
same  graduated  depth.  There  are  al«o  to  be 
sixteen  men's  first-class  and  sixteen  second-class 
private  or  slipper  bath",  and  fourteen  women's 
lirst  and  second-class  slipper  baths.  The  com- 
mittee are  also  arranging  for  a  spectators'  gallery 
over  the  dressing-rooms  of  the  first-class  swim- 
ming bath.  The  conditions  cmtain  the  follow- 
ing clause  : — All  ironwork  and  other  preptreJ 
material  vised  in  the  construction  of  the  buildings 
and  the  fitting  up  of  the  proposed  baths  shall  be 
of  English  or  British  make. 

Bakxet  Fever  Ho?rn'AL. — .-Vt  the  last  meeting 
of  the  Barnet  Joint  Isolation  Hospital  Committee 
the  clerk  reported  that  there  hid  been  over  200 
applications  for  particulars  of  the  competition  for 
the  proposed  infectious  diseases  hospital,  and  (50 
applications  for  plans.  There  had  a'ready  been 
writttn  in  connection  with  the  matter  over  200 
letters.  A  letter  was  read  from  the  Koyal  Icsti- 
tute  of  British  Ar  hitects  asking  for  particulars 
of  the  competition  and  the  appointment  of  an 
assessor.  The  clerk  said  he  had  known  of  lett-  rs 
having  been  written  to  arch'tects  asking  them  not 
to  take  part  in  competitiins  because  an  assessor 
nominated  by  the  Institute  had  not  been  ap- 
pointed. Mr.  Clayton  said  he  thought  they  could 
do  without  an  assessor.  The  clerk  taid  with  200 
applicants  he  should  think  they  could.  Major 
Creagh :  I  am  afraid  we  shall  not  g-^t  first-class 
architects  to  send  in  plans.  The  Chairman  :  I 
think  plans  by  some  capable  men  may  be  sent  in. 
It  is  not  a  question  of  getting  an  eminent  archi- 
tect ;  we  want  good  p'ans.  There  are  p'enty  of 
men  in  the  profession  who  are  not  well  known, 
but  who  are  riuite  capable  of  doing  all  we  want. 
The  matter  then  dropped,  but  intending  competi- 
tors would  do  well  to  write  to  the  clerk  to  the 
committee,  Kast  liarnet,  urging  the  ecpiity  and 
importance  of  the  appointment  of  au  asiessor,  and 
declining  to  compote  if  the  suggestion  is  dis- 
regarded. At  the  same  meeting  a  letter  was 
received  from  Dr.  Taylor,  of  the  Herts  County 
(^uncil,  complaining  that  the  sketch  plans  of  the 
proposed  hospital  HSsubmittedMhim  were  in  several 
particulars  inadequate.  He  com(jliined  thatfour 
bedrooms  for  the  nurses  and  staff  would  be  in- 
sufficient. The  chairman  suggested  that  a  reso- 
lution might  be  passtd  to  the  eft'ect  that  as  the 
matter  would  have  to  go  to  the  I,  caUiovernmont 
Board  for  sanction,  they  would  bo  ^1  id  to  roceivo 
further  particulars  from  Dr.  T.iylor.  This  was 
agreed  to. 

Cowi.N  .Statie,  Xewiasti.e.  —  \  meeting  of 
the  executive  committeo  of  the  .Joseph  Cowen 
Memorial  Fund  ha.s  been  held  in  the  committee- 
mom  of  the  council  chamber,  Nowcastle-on- 
Tyne.     The  committee,  after  consideration  of  a 


under  the  pen-names  of  "  Canny  Newcastle," 
"White  Heather,"  and  "  Freedoai."  These 
turned  out  to  bo  the  work  of  Mr.  K-Uock  Brown, 
(ilasgow;  Mr.  John  Tweed,  London;  and  Mr. 
T.  Eyre  Macklin,  Newcastle,  respectively.  It 
was  agreed  to  offer  premiums  for  the  best  models 
of  £100,  £50,  and  £25,  the  first-named  sum  to  be 
merged  in  the  total  cost.  The  models  were 
requested  to  be  sent  in  by  Aug.  1 .  The  cost  was 
limited  to  £2,500,  and  a  site  at  the  junction  of 
Westgite-road  and  Fenkle-street  was  adopted. 

Ediniuiich. — A  meeting  of  the  committee  in 
connection  with  the  proposed  tiue.  n  Victoria 
Memorinl  School  for  the  Sons  of  Scottish  Soldiers 
and  .Sailors  was  held  in  Edinburgh  on  Monday, 
under  the  presidency  of  Colonel  Tiotttr.  After 
various  competitive  plans  had  been  considered, 
Mr.  J.  A.  C impbell.  West  G-eorge-street,  Glasgow, 
was  selected  as  architect.  The  treasurer  reported 
that  the  funds  in  hand  amounted  to  £30,000. 


TBADB 


PBOFESSIONAI.   AND 
SOCIETIES. 

EniN'mnoit  Akcuitectural  Association'.  — 
This  association  held  their  first  visit  for  the 
session  on  Saturday  afternoon,  when  a  large 
party  of  members  visited  Gothic  Iron  Works  at 
Camelon,  Falkirk,  by  kind  permission  of  the 
proprietors,  Messrs.  R.  and  A.  Main.  The  Messrs. 
Main  had  arranged  to  keep  all  the  works  in  full 
operation  during  the  afternoon,  in  order  that  the 
party  might  see  the  various  processes.  The 
members  were  divided  into  sections,  and  under 
the  leadership  of  Messrs.  Main  and  Jliller,  were 
shown  over  the  works,  and  inspected  all  the 
various  departments  from  the  blast  furnace  and 
casting  shop  to  the  finishing  shop  and  showrooms. 
Additional  interest  was  lent  to  the  visit  from  the 
fact  that  the  works  are  built  on  the  site  of  two 
Roman  camps,  a  short  description  of  which  was 
given  by  Mr.  Thomas  Ross. 

Leeds  and  YoUKSHIREARCnlTECTUEALSoCIETV. 

— The  last  meeting  of  the  session  of  the  society 
was  ht-ld  on  Thursday  in  last  week,  Mr.  Butler 
Wilson  presiding.  'The  ofiicers  elected  for  the 
ensuiog  year  were: — Pre-ident,  Mr.  G.  Bertram 
Bulmer  :  vice-presidents,  Messrs.  H.  S.  Chorley 
and  W.  G.  Smithson ;  boa.  secretiry,  Mr. 
Robert  P.  Oglesby  ;  hon.  treasurer,  Sir.  W.  H. 
Thorp;  hon.  librarian,  Mr.  G.  F.  Bjwman. 
Several  members  bore  testimony  to  the  admirable 
wo  k  aecumplished  by  Mr.  Butler  Wi'son,  the 
retiring  pr  sidenl,  during  his  three  years  of  ofliee, 
and  spoke  in  praise  of  Mr.  II.  S.  Chorley's  work 
as  hon.  secretary.  A  paper  was  afterwards  read 
by  Mr.  Starkie  Gardner,  F.S..\.,  on  "  Lead  in 
Architecture." 

Norwich  Master  Beilusrs. — The  members 
of  the  Norwich  and  District  Master  Builders' 
Associatii'n  held  their  annual  dinner  on  Wednes- 
day week  at  the  Maid's  Head  Hotel,  Norwich, 
when  upwards  of  one  hundred  members  and 
friends  sat  down,  the  gathering  being  the  largest 
and  most  successful  ever  held  in  the  history  of 
the  association.  The  chair  was  occupied  by  Mr. 
Jarjes  S.  Smith,  in  the  absence,  through  indis- 
position, of  the  newly-elected  president,  Mr. 
John  Youngs  ;  while  Mr.  W.  G.  Crotch  officiated 
as  vice-chairman.  Mr.  W.  T.  Scarles,  in  a 
humorous  speech,  submitted  the  "  Norwich  and 
District  Master  Builders'  Association."  The 
chairman  replied.  The  toast  of  the  "  Mayor, 
Sheriff,  and  Corporation"  was  proposed  by  Mr. 
G.  E.  H^iwos,  the  founder  of  the  association. 
The  Sheriff  and  Alderman  Cunnell  responded. 
Mr.  G.  S.  Tinkler  proposed  the  toast  of  the 
"  Architects  and  Surveyors,"  which  was  acknow- 
ledged by  Mr.  E.  T.  Boardman.  Mr.  A.  E. 
(lollins,  the  city  engineer,  also  replied,  and 
remarked  that  during  the  year  the  builders  had 
not  been  so  much  trouble  to  him  as  in  previous 
years.  This  was,  however,  owing  to  the  slack- 
ness of  work  in  the  city.  Mr.  B.  B.  Morgan's 
name  was  also  coupled  with  the  toast.  Mr.  F.  .V. 
liainbridge  pr  iposed  the  toast  of  the  "  Merchants 
of  Norwich,"  which  was  acknowledged  by 
Mnhsrs.  E.  Ranson  and  F.  C.  Havers,  and  "The 
Gues's,"  given  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Bii-d,  jun.,  and 
responded  to  by  the  Mayor  of  Ipssich,  Mr.  Fred. 
Bennett,  and  Mr.  .V.  Brittain. 

Scottish  Soi  ietv  ol  Ouuuneh  Si  uvevoks. — 
The  fif'h  annual  report  of  ihc  council  states  thit, 
following  upon  the  resolution  of  the  eocii^ty 
at  the  annual  general  meeting  approving  of  the 
pr  .posils  of  the  special  committee,  a  stu lonts' 
large  number  of  designs  for  statues,  selected  those  '  society  has  been  formed   under  the  title  "The 


<  )rdained  Surveyors'  Students'  Society."  The 
membership  is  about  fifty.  Amngements  have 
been  made  whereby  the  students'  society  has  use 
of  the  rooms  at  117,  George-street,  for  their 
meetings.  The  first  sefsion  of  the  students' 
society  sppears  to  have  been  carried  through  in  a 
very  successful  way.  .\bout  twelve  meetings 
weie  held,  at  two  of  which  lectures  were  read  by 
members  of  the  society.  At  the  remaining 
meetings,  papers  were  read  by  members  of  the 
students'  society,  and  discussions  took  place  on 
different  subjects.  The  committee  appointed  to 
compile  modes  of  measurement  for  the  minor 
trades  has  prepared  draft  modes  for  all  these 
trades,  and  these  have  been  submitted  to  the 
respective  associat'ons  of  tradesmen  for  sug- 
gestions, where  such  associuions  exirt.  The 
committee  expects  to  hi  able  to  submit  the  com- 
pleted draft  modes  to  the  society  at  an  early  date, 
when  they  will  at  once  be  placed  in  the  hands  of 
members  with  the  view  of  their  revision  and 
adoption  by  the  society.  The  treasurer's  balance- 
sheet  for  the  year  is  satisfactory.  The  funds  of  the 
society  at  the  close  of  the  financial  year  amounted 
to  £337  15b.  Id. 


CHIPS. 

The  Local  Government  Board  has  sanctioned  a 
loan  of  £11,150  to  the  Hanley  Corporation  for  the 
extension  of  their  electrical  scheme. 

Dr.  Moule,  Bishop  of  Durham,  dedicated  the  new 
mission  church  of  St.  Hilda  at  Giteshead  on  .Situr- 
day.  The  building  has  cost  £1,700,  and  wUl  seat 
250  people.  The  building  will  first  serve  as  a  tem- 
porary church  and  Sunday-school,  while  it  is 
intended  to  erect  an  institute  and  also  a  church  at  a 
later  date.  Internally  the  hall  has  a  glazed  brick 
dado,  with  Accrington  facings  above,  while  eiter- 
nally  it  is  faced  with  Birtley  bricks.  The  whole  his 
been  erected  by  Messrs.  John  Koss  and  Son,  con- 
tractors, Gateshead,  from  desigus  prepared  by 
Messrs.  Hicks  and  Charlwood,  Newcastle. 

The  Board  of  Agriculture  call  attention  to  the 
publication  by  the  Ordnance  Survey  of  a  revised 
hiU-shaded  map  of  (Jreat  Britain.  It  is  in  eight 
sheets,  on  a  scale  of  ten  miles  to  one  inch,  and  in 
different  colours  and  shading  to  show  hills,  road?, 
and  water.  Main  roads  are  defined  by  a  double 
and  second-class  roads  by  a  single  line.  Boundaries 
and  all  principal  features  of  the  country  are  shown. 
The  corporation  of  Liverpool  are  at  present  puA- 
ing  forward  with  the  work  of  laying  a  second  line  of 
pipes  between  Lake  Vjrnwy.  their  principal  source 
of  supply,  and  Liverpool.  Messrs.  Holme  and  King 
have  for  some  time  been  engage!  upon  the  first 
section  of  the  work,  which  extends  from  Lake 
Vymwy  to  Oswestry.  The  contract  for  the  next 
section,  from  Oswestry  to  Malpis,  a  distance  of  nine 
or  ten  miles,  was  recently  let  to  Mr.  William 
Pollock,  of  Glasgow. 

Mr.  Charles  Briggs,  a  retired  surveyor  of  roads 
under  the  borough  council  of  Hampstead,  was  found 
dead  in  his  house  at  Slade,  North  Davon,  on  Friday 
last.  At  the  coroner's  inquest  it  was  stated  that 
deceased,  who  was  02  years  of  age,  had  evidently 
fallen  down  the  stairs,  and  smashing  a  jug,  cut  him- 
self so  badly  about  the  face  and  neck  that  he  bled  to 
death. 

During  the  fortnight  ended  on  Fehuary  15,  plans 
of  111  buildings,  which  are  estimitod  to  cost 
£87,085,  were  passed  in  Johannesburg. 

The  electricity  supply  committee  of  the  Birmini- 
ham  Corporation  have  recommeuled  that  authority 
to  take  steps  for  the  erection  and  equipment  of  an 
electricity  generating  station  at  S'lmmer-laiie,  and 
also  for  the  equipment  of  sub-stations  and  the  lay- 
ing of  an  extensive  system  of  underground  cables, 
which  bring  up  the  total  sum  required  to  over 
£400,000. 

The  Chelteuham  and  District  L-ght  R lilway  Com- 
pany received  on  Monday  the  decision  of  the  L'ght 
Railway  Commission  on  their  application  for 
sanction  to  the  extension  of  the  line  to  Cliarlton 
Kings  through  the  upper  part  of  High-street,  lu 
preference  to  taking  the  circuitous  route  through 
Cimbray,  as  decided  upon  when  the  extensions  to 
the  suburbs  of  the  town  were  first  sanctioned. 

The  death  occurred  on  Monday  of  Mr.  ,Iohn 
Powles  Brown,  of  a  firm  of  laud  agents,  which  has 
taken  place  at  Hereford,  at  the  age  of  fifty-eight 
years  In  1901  he  was  elected  a  memher  of  both 
the  Hereford  Town  Council  and  the  Herefordshire 
County  Council. 

The  urban  district  council  of  Walmer  have  let 
their  sewerage  contract  No.  1  to  Mr.  \.  G.  OMutou, 
of  Tilehurst,  at  about  £11,000.  Messrs.  Beesley, 
Son,  and  NichoUs  are  the  engineers. 

The  corporation  of  Guildford  have  decided  to 
apply  to  the  Local  Government  B  lar  1  for  sanction 
to  borrow  11.700  tor  n  site  for  the  erection  of  houses 
for  the  working  classes. 


502 


THE    BUILDING  NEWS. 


Apeil  1,  1904, 


liEGAI^  INTELLIGENOB. 

Dilapidated  Tenements  in  Pori,AK.— At  the 
Thames  police-court,  on  Saturday,  an  adjourned 
summons  was  heard  against  the  owners  of  the 
tenements  known  as  Arnold's  Buildings,  Emmott- 
street,  Poplar,  numbered  1  to  121  inclusive,  at  the 
instance  of  the  London  County  Council,  to  show 
cause  why  an  order  should  not  be  made  to  take 
down  or  repair  the  same,  as  they  were  so  dilapi- 
dated as  to  become  imfit  for  use  or  occupation.  The 
buildings  consisted  of  110  tenements,  or  400  rooms. 
Mr.  Dickinson  said  the  matter  had  been  before  the 
Court  nine  months,  and  he  felt  quite  satisfied  to 
make  the  order  to  take  down  within  twelve  weeks. 
If  in  that  time  the  premises  were  repaired,  he 
supposed  that  he  would  not  be  troubled  further. 
There  would  be  €1  ISs.  costs. 

A  Disputed  Teeeacotta  Conteact. — At  the 
Birmingham  Assizes,  on  Friday  and  Monday,  Mr. 
Justice  Kennedy  heard  an  action  in  which  Edward 
Lloyd  Edwards  and  James  C.  Edwards,  of  Llan- 
gollen, trading  as  J.  C.  Edwards,  sued  Geo.  Montagu 
Butterworth,  of  Swindon,  to  recover  £117  16s.,  the 
price  of  goods  sold  and  delivered.  Defendant 
counterclaimed  for  breach  of  contract.  The  Judge, 
having  early  in  the  case  discharged  the  jury,  found 
in  favour  of  the  defendant  (he  having  paid  a  sum 
into  court  which  was  considered  sufficient),  and 
dismissed  defendants'  counterclaim,  ordering  each 
party  to  pay  their  own  costs. 

In  Re  P.  Reeves. — At  the  London  Bankruptcy- 
court  an  application  has  been  made  for  an 
order  of  discharge  to  Frederick  Reeves,  granite  and 
marble  merchant,  of  Bridge  Wharf,  Old  Kent-road, 
St.  Katherine's  Docks,  London,  and  formerly  of 
Manchester  Docks,  Salford.  Mr.  Greg,  Official 
Receiver,  stated  that  in  January,  1903,  the  debtor 
opened  the  branch  business  at  Salford,  but  trading 
there  at  a  loss  until  February,  1903,  he  sold  the 
business  to  his  manager,  Mr.  Carter,  for  £'2,500, 
paid  as  to  £200  in  cash  and  the  balance  in  bills  ex- 
tending over  four  years,  and  there  was  now  due 
from  Mr.  Carter  £2,842  on  the  bills  and  goods.  The 
debtor  attributed  his  failure  to  bad  debts,  liability 
on  accommodation  bills,  loss  on  the  sale  of  the 
Manchester  business,  and  depreciation  in  the  value 
of  stock.  The  debtor's  discharge  was  suspended  for 
two  years. 

Deain  oe  Sewee? — Heaver's  ExECtrroES  v. 
Mayok,  &c.,  of  Fulham. — Mr.  Justice  Channell 
gave  judgment  last  week  in  this  action  for  an 
injunction  to  restrain  the  defendants  from  entering 
upon  the  premises  of  the  plaintiffs  and  interfering 
with  the  drains  or  sewers,  the  property  of  the 
plaintiffs,  for  the  purpose  of  convertmg  them  into  a 
drain  or  sewer.  The  plaintiffs  also  sought  a 
declaration  that  the  drain  upon  their  premises, 
No.  29,  Rosebery-road,  was  a  sewer  within  the 
Metropolis  Management  Act.  The  action  was 
brought  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the  question  as 
to  whether  under  the  circumstances  of  the  present 
case  the  drain  upon  the  plaintiffs'  premises,  No.  29, 
Rosebery-road,  was  or  was  not  a  sewer  within  the 
meaning  of  the  Metropolis  Management  Act.  In 
February,  1903,  the  defendants  served  upon  the 
plaintiffs  a  notice  requiring  them  to  abate  a 
nuisance  arising  from  a  drain  at  29,  Rosebery-road. 
A  question  having  arisen  as  to  whether  the  drain 
was  a  sewer,  and  the  London  County  Council 
having  declined  to  decide  the  question,  the  defend- 
ants, for  the  purpose  of  raising  the  cjuestion,  served 
a  further  notice  on  the  plaintiffs,  under  section  .')3 
of  the  Act,  refiuiring  them  to  disconnect  the  drain  of 
No.  27  from  the  drain  of  No.  29,  Rosebery-road.  The 
plaintiffs  thereupon  brought  this  action,  and  con 
tended  that  the  defective  drain,  inasmuch  as  it  carried 
the  drainage  of  the  two  houses,  was  a  sewer  repairable 
by  the  defendants,  and,  further,  as  to  a  part  of  the 
drain,  that  it  carried  the  rainwater  from  the  roof  of 
No.  31,  and  was  for  that  reason  a  sewer.  The  de- 
fendants contended  that  the  drain  was  not  a  sewer. 
The  following  cases  were  cited  in  the  course  of  the 
argument : — "  Bateman  v.  Poplar  Board  of  Works," 
"  Green  v.  Newington  Vestry,"  "Greater  London 
Property  Company  v.  Foot,"  "  Kershaw  v.  Taylor," 
*'  Holland  v.  Lazarus,"  "  .Silles  v.  Fulham  Borough 
Council,"  and  **  London  School  Board  v.  Bethnal 
Green  Vestry."  Mr.  Justice  Channell,  in  deliver- 
ing judgment,  said  that  the  substantial  question  was 
whether  a  certain  structure  being  the  portion  of  the 
provisions  for  the  drainage  of  two  houses,  but  being 
upon  the  premises  of  one  house,  was  repairable  at 
the  expense  of  the  owners  of  the  property  or  by  the 
defendants,  being  the  public  authority.  lu  order  to 
determine  that  point  it  was  necessary  to  consider 
whether  the  structure  was  a  drain  or  a  sewer.  It 
was  admitted  that  this  was  not  a  case  where  what 
was  originally  a  drain  had  been  converted  into  a 
sewer  by  subsequent  alteration.  Consequently 
the  question  did  not  arise  under  section  74 
of  the  Metropohs  Management  Act,  but  the  order, 
if  any,  which  made  the  structure  a  drain  and 
not  a  sewer  was  an  order  under  section  70. 
When  it  was  proposed  to  build  the  houses,  the 
owner  and  builder,  the  late  Mr.  A.  Heaver,  de- 
posited a  plan  with  the  then  local  authority.  That 
plan  showed  that  it  was  proposed  to  build  about  115 


houses,  and  it  was  obvious  from  the  plan  that  it 
was  proposed  to  drain  these  houses  in  pairs, 
although  the  plan  gave  no  details  of  the  particulars 
of  the  proposed  drains.  The  authority  might  have 
demanded  better  details  of  the  proposed  drains,  but, 
as  a  matter  of  fact,  they  did  not  do  so.  A  surveyor 
of  the  authority  advised  in  favour  of  the  plan  being 
approved,  and  a  minute  of  the  works  committee  had 
been  put  in  evidence,  which  showed  that  the  plan 
had  been  approved  by  the  committee.  Subsequently 
the  plans  were  approved  by  the  full  vestry.  Ac- 
cording to  the  cases,  the  minute  showing  that 
approval  amounted  to  an  order  under  Section  101. 
The  first  point  made  by  the  plaintiff's  was  that,  even 
if  there  had  been  an  order  for  the  houses  to  be 
drained  in  pairs  by  a  series  of  combined  opera- 
tions, there  had  been  no  notification  to  the  owner 
of  that  order  as  required  by  Section  76.  If  the 
proceedings  were  to  demolish  the  houses  or  to 
recover  expenses,  it  was  probable  that  specific 
evidence  of  the  notification  of  the  order  might  be 
required.  He  thought,  however,  that  after  the 
lapse  of  time  since  that  order  was  given,  he  was 
entitled  to  infer  that  Mr.  A.  Heaver  knew  that 
his  application  to  drain  the  houses  in  pairs  by  a 
combined  system  had  been  granted.  He  therefore 
found  as  a  fact  that  the  assent  was  notified 
to  the  owner.  The  houses  were  then  built 
and  the  drains  made  in  the  form  in  which  they  were 
now  found.  Now  with  regard  to  the  drains  there 
were  two  matters  to  be  considered ;  the  first  was  the 
drain  from  the  sinks  at  the  back  of  Nos.  27  and 
29  ;  the  second  was  a  particular  rainwater  pipe. 
For  the  present  he  would  deal  with  the  first  matter 
alone.  Now,  it  appeared  that  the  sinks  at  the  back 
of  Nos.  27  and  29  were  drained  for  both  houses  by  a 
drain  which  in  other  respects  was  the  drain  of  No.  29 
only.  It  was  an  obviously  convenient  thing  that 
the  sinks,  which  were  close  together,  should  be 
drained  in  that  manner,  as  only  some  2ft.  of  pipe 
would  be  necessary  to  connect  the  sink  of  No.  27 
with  the  drain  of  No.  29,  whereas  some  30tt.  or  40ft. 
of  pipe  would  have  had  to  be  used  if  the  sink  cf 
No.  27  had  been  connected  with  the  other  drains 
of  that  house.  It  was  alleged  that,  inasmuch  as  the 
drain  of  No.  29  carried  away  the  water  from  the 
sink  of  No.  27,  the  whole  drain  under  No.  29  was  a 
sewer.  Now,  the  facts  as  to  the  construction  of  the 
drains  were  that  the  authority  approved  a  plan  of 
combined  drainage  which  did  not  show  the  details 
of  the  drains  of  the  houses.  There  was  no 
evidence  of  a  later  and  fuller  plan  being  deposited 
with  the  authority.  From  the  evidence  before  him 
he  would  assume  the  drainage  was  carried  out 
under  the  supervision  of  two  of  the  surveyors  to 
the  authority.  In  his  opinion,  it  an  authority 
authorised  its  surveyor  to  deal  with  the  matter 
of  details,  it  would  be  true  to  say  that  the 
drainage  sanctioned  by  the  surveyor  was  a  drainage 
sanctioned  by  the  authority.  That  being  so,  the 
drainage  as  laid  was  a  combined  system  of  drainage 
laid  with  the  sanction  of  the  authority,  and  was 
therefore  a  drain  and  not  a  sewer.  It  had  been  con- 
tended that  where  two  houses  were  drained  by  a 
combined  system  of  drainage,  under  the  sanction  of 
the  vestry,  the  houses  must  be  treated  as  one  house, 
and  the  owner  had  a  right  to  alter  drains  as  if  they 
were  the  drains  of  one  house.  Tliat  proposition 
rested  on  the  authority  of  a  passage  in  his  own 
judgment  in  "Greater  London  Property  Co.  v. 
Foot."  He  was  therefore  at  liberty  to  say  that  the 
proposition  stated  in  that  passage  was  too  wide  if  he 
so  thought.  Supposing  that  the  attention  of  the 
surveyor  had  not  been  called  to  the  particular 
manner  in  which  the  drain  from  the  sink  of  No.  27 
had  been  connected  with  the  drains  of  No.  29 — that 
the  connection  had  been  made  behind  the  surveyor's 
back,  that  would  constitute  a  wrongful  act.  In  his 
opinion  it  was  impossible  to  say  that  that  wrongful 
act  turned  what  was  otherwise  a  drain  into  a  sewer 
repairable  at  the  expense  of  the  ratepayers.  There 
was  no  authority  for  such  a  proposition,  and  in  his 
opinion  there  was  authority  the  other  way.  He  was 
satisfied  that  in  Mr.  A.  Heaver's  lifetime  the  drain 
remained  a  drain  and  did  not  become  a  sewer.  This 
was  _  not  a  case  in  which  two  houses  once  the 
property  of  one  owner  had  been  separated  and  had 
become  the  property  of  two  distinct  owners.  Here 
the  title  in  the  two  houses  rdmained  in  the  same 
person  and  only  devolved  by  distribution  among 
his  own  family  in  the  trustees.  That  being  so, 
the  persons  owning  the  houses  claimed  through  the 
wrong-doer,  and  had  no  higher  rights  than  himself. 
Consequently,  if  the  connection  of  the  drain  was 
done  contrary  to  the  order  of  the  vestry,  he  was  of 
opinion  the  drain  still  remained  a  drain.  It  was  in 
the  nature  of  an  estoppel.  He  thought,  however, 
that  on  the  facts  the  drain  was  a  combined  drainage 
done  under  the  sanction  of  the  vestry.  He  there- 
fore and  on  that  ground  came  to  the  conclusion  the 
drain  was  not  a  sewer.  There  was  no  necessity  for 
him  to  deal  with  the  question  of  the  water  gully, 
as  there  was  no  evidence  that  the  drain  was  out  of 
repair  beyond  the  point  where  the  gully  carrying 
off  the  water  from  the  roof  of  No.  31  joined  the 
drain  of  No.  29.  He  would  therefore  make  a 
declaration  that  the  structure  down  to  the  point 
where  the  water  gully  came  in  was  not  a  sewer ; 
and  that  the  notice  of  July  31  was  a  bad  notice ; 


the  defendants  to  have  the  costs  of  the  action,  but 
that  they  must  pay  the  plaintiff  the  costs  of  obtaining 
the  interlocutory  injunction.  A  stay  of  execution 
was  granted. 

fr-^i^^* 

STATUES,    MEMORIALS,    &o. 

LrvEEi'OOL  Gladstone  Memoeial. — Tlie  Liver- 
pool memorial  to  Mr.  Gladstone,  j  ust  executed  by 
Mr.  Thomas  Brock,  is  about  to  be  delivered  to  the 
memorial  committee,  who  have  been  authorised  to 
arrange  for  its  unveiling  next  June.  It  will  bear 
an  inscription  recording  Mr.  Gladstone's  birth  in 
Liverpool,  death  at  Hawarden,  and  interment  iu 
Westminster  Abbey. 


STAINED    GLASS. 

Hokndon-on-the-Klll. — A  two-light  stained- 
glass  window,  executed  by  Messrs.  Percy  Bacon 
and  Brothers,  of  11,  Newman-street,  London,  W., 
has  just  been  placed  in  the  above  church  as  a 
memorial  to  Mr.  Samuel  Westwood  Squier,  for 
many  years  a  resident  and  churchwarden  of  this 
parish.  The  figures  chosen  were  David  and 
Solomon.  These  regal  figures  lend  themselves  to 
a  very  rich  and  full  treatment,  and  there  is  an  angel 
in  the  top  of  the  window  over  these  two  lights 
holding  a  curtain,  which  forms  a  rich  and  effective 
background  to  the  figures. 


CHIPS. 

A  special  sub-committee  of  the  city  council  of 
Bradford  have  approved  of  a  detailed  scheme  for 
the  extension  of  the  town-hall  at  a  cost  of  £70,000. 
The  designs  have  been  prepared  by  the  Bradford 
city  architect,  Mr.  F.  E.  P.  Edwards,  A.R.I.B.A., 
who  has  been  working  in  consultation  with  Mr.  R, 
Norman  Shaw,  R.A. 

Mr.  Robert  Bishop,  a  well-known  Windsor 
builder,  who  recently  failed  in  business,  was  found 
dead  in  a  house  in  Tichborne-street,  Paddington, 
last  week.  He  had  not  put  in  an  appearance  for 
his  public  examination  in  bankruptcy,  and  a 
warrant  had  been  issued  for  his  arrest. 

,Mr.  S.  H.  Healing,  of  Gloucester,  and  Mr.  T. 
Overhury,  of  Cheltenham,  architects  and  surveyors, 
have  entered  into  partnership  and  taken  over  the 
offices  and  architectural  practice  of  Mr.  Joseph  Hall, 
late  borough  surveyor  of  Cheltenham,  at  Lloyds 
Bank  Chambers,  Cheltenham. 

Mrs.  Catherine  Tredway,  who  resided  in  a  flat  in 
Gray's  Inn-road,  was,  in  the  King's  Bench  Division, 
on  Tuesday,  awarded  £150  damages  against  Mr. 
Machin,  the  lessee  of  the  property,  for  personal 
injuries  sustained  through  the  falling  of  a  balcony 
on  which  she  was  standing.  Mr.  Justice  Grantham 
pointed  out  that  there  was  no  evidence  of  notice  of 
defect  to  the  landlord,  but  he  entered  judgment  for 
the  plaintiff,  leaving  defendant  to  go  to  the  Court 
of  Appeal. 

Viscount  Ridley,  the  chairman  of  the  company, 
inaugurated  on  Tuesday  the  public  service  of 
electric  trains  on  the  North-Eistem  Railway  be- 
tween Newcastle  (New  Bridge-street)  and  Benton. 
The  converted  routes  consist  of  a  double  loop  of 
lines.  There  are  37  miles  of  double  and  four- way 
track,  equivalent  to  some  S2  miles  of  single  track, 
over  the  whole  of  which  the  passenger  service  will 
now  be  workel  electrically.  For  the  present  the 
goods  traffic  will  be  worked  by  steam. 

The  Court  of  Common  Council  has  adopted  a 
Report  of  the  Streets  Committee  submitted  in 
reference  to  the  recent  fire  in  Ivy-lane,  recommend- 
ing that  they  should  be  authorised  to  take  steps  to 
promote  a  Bill  in  Parliament  empowering  the 
Corporation  to  inspect  all  buildings,  and  require 
owners  to  provide  proper  means  of  exit  through  the 
roof  by  fixed  ladders  or  other  adequate  means  of 
escape. 

The  Greenwich  Borough  Council  have  resolved 
that  the  salary  of  Mr.  Ernest  J.  Heward,  the 
borough  engineer  and  surveyor,  be  at  the  rate  of 
£500  per  annum  as  from  Jlirch  25,  with  a  further 
increment  of  £100  on  March  25,  1905,  making  a 
maximum  of  £600  per  annum,  this  salary  to  be  in 
addition  to  an  allowance  of  £150  per  annum  for 
keeping  a  horse  and  trap. 

The  London  County  Council  have  decided  to 
entirely  stop  the  service  of  trams  through  Brixton 
and  Streatham  during  the  conversion  of  the  lines 
from  cable  to  electric  traction.  The  electrification 
on  the  Brixton  section  will  be  begun  on  April  0,  is 
expected  to  be  completed  in  three  months,  and 
2,000  men  will  be  employed  by  the  contractors. 
They  will  work  day  and  night. 

The  four  memerial-stones  of  the  new  Salvatiou 
Army  Barracks  in  course  of  erection  in  Old -street, 
Clevedon,  Somerset,  were  laid  on  Saturday.  The 
new  barracks  will  accommodate  about  250  persons, 
and  will  cost  approximately  £1,000.  Mr.  Henry 
Taylor  is  the  architect,  and  Mr.  Thomas  Hill  tha 
builder. 


April  1,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


503 


€>UV     CDfftCC     ZMt 


A  MSCTJSSlo>r  on  municipal  rehousing  took 
placed  on  Saturday  at  a  sessional  meeting  of  the 
.Sanitary  Institute,  in  tlie  I'arkes  Museum, 
Jlargaret-strcet,  W.  The  chair  was  occupied  by 
the  Mayor  of  St.  Marylebone  (the  lier.  H. 
KusseinVakcficld).  Mr.W.E,  Riley,  F.Ii.I.B  A., 
superintending  architect,  L.G.C.,  opened  the 
subject  in  a  lucid  address,  in  which  many  fresh 
statistics  as  to  rehousing  were  given.  Jlr.  E. 
]5ond,  M.P.,  Alderman  W.  Thompson  (Rich- 
mond), and  Dr.  Sykos  (medical  officer  of  health 
for  St.  Pancras)  took  part  in  the  discussion. 
During  the  afternoon  members  of  the  institute 
inspected  the  housing  estates  of  the  L.C.G.  in 
Clerkenwell-road  and  Tottenham. 

TnF.  last  of  the  present  series  of  six  lectures 
delivered  under  the  auspices  of  the  Carpenters' 
Co.  was  given  at  their  Hull  in  London  Wall,  on 
Thursday  night  in  last  week,  when  Mr.  ]!asil 
Mott  spoke  of  "  The  Development  of  Methods  of 
Ijocomotion."  The  cha'r  was  occupied  by  Pro- 
fessor \V.  A.  Tilden,  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Science,  South  Kensington.  The  lecturer  traced 
the  development  of  locomotion  from  the  earliest 
known  wheeled  carriage,  dated  about  4,OU0  h.c, 
to  the  electrical  motor  which  pulled  a  heavy  train 
at  Berlin  recently  at  the  rate  of  13.5  miles  an 
hour.  He  made  a  special  reference  to  the  steam 
engines  now  in  use,  and  alluded  particularly  to 
the  feat  accomplished  by  the  Great  Western  train, 
which  conveyed  the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales 
to  Plymouth  without  stopping  at  the  average  rate 
of  63  miles  an  hour.  At  times  on  that  journey 
the  train  ran  at  90  miles  an  hour,  and  the  average 
rate  between  London  and  Exeter  was  70  miles. 
Recently,  he  said,  the  Great  Western  Railway 
bought  an  engine  of  French  construction,  which 
they  were  now  testing  for  speed  and  power  along- 
side their  own  engines.  Having  referred  to  the 
electric  engines  of  the  Central  London  Railway, 
Mr.  Mott  said  that  there  was  no  limit  to  the  speed 
of  an  electric  engine,  but  the  extension  of  speed 
now  depended  largely  upon  the  permanent  way, 
and,  if  higher  speeds  were  to  be  obtained,  it  was 
to  the  improvement  of  the  permanent  way  that 
railway  architects  must  devote  their  attention.  It 
may  be  mentioned  that  the  technical  lectureHn 
connection  with  the  examination  annually  held 
by  the  ( 'arpenters'  Co.  will  commence  about  the 
middle  of  May. 

An-  appeal,  headed  by  the  Bishop  of  Win- 
chester, is  being  mide  on  behalf  of  the  fund 
which  ia  now  being  raised  to  restore  the  historic 
parish  churcli  of  St.  Thomis  a  Becket,  Old 
Portsmouth.  The  church  was  built  at  the  end  of 
the  twelfth  century,  and  the  chancel  of  the 
original  church  is  still  standing.  In  16S3  the 
Early  English  nave  and  central  tower  were  pulled 
down  and  replaced  by  a  Classical  nave  with 
western  tower,  the  cupola  of  which  was  sur- 
mounted by  the  shipvaue  which  is  still  so  familiar 
an  object.  A  recent  inquiry  into  the  sanitary 
condition  of  the  building  revealed  the  fact  that 
up  to  1,S.51  the  interior  h%d  been  freely  used  for 
interments.  It  was  decided  to  remove  the  large 
number  of  bodies  found  beneath  ti.e  floor  of  the 
church.  A  survey  of  the  foundations  shows  that 
the  walls  and  columns  had  not  been  set  on  the 
hard  bed  of  gravel  which  the  original  builders 
would  have  found  had  they  dug  a  few  feet 
deeper,  and  the  result  is  that  the  church  has 
become  structurally  insecure.  The  work  of  re- 
storation has  been  commenced,  and  is  being 
carried  out  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  T.  (i 
.lackson,  K.A.  That  part  of  the  operations 
which  affects  the  chancel  is  being  paid  for  by 
Winchester  ( 'ollego,  the  patrons  of  the  livin^'. 
The  chief  monument  in  the  church  is  in  memory 
of  George  Villi,;rs,  Duke  of  Buckingham,  assis- 
sinated  by  Fclton,  lii2S.  The  total  sum  required 
to  be  raised  liy  subscription  is  fU, 000,  of  which 
£2,400  has  already  been  promised. 

At  the  spring  meeting  of  tlve  Institution  of 
^aval  Architects,  hoM  on  Friday  evening  at  the 
.Society  of  Arts  hall,  Mr.  Kdwin  O.  Sichs,  archi- 
tect, read  a  paper  on  "  Fire  Prevention  on  Ship 
Board.  Ho  divided  the  safeguards  against  tiro 
that  called  tor  consideration  into  (1)  constructional 
safeguards,  (2)  safeguards  as  equipment,  and 
(3)  sategii  irds  in  fire  oxtin!?uishing.  Ke."ardin" 
the  first,  the  primary  safeguard  was  'that  of 
dividing  the  ship  into  a  maximum  number  of  liru- 
rcsisting  (OTupartrneiitH.  The  divisional  lines  of 
the^  water-tight  conip  irtments  would  serve  as  a 
basis  for  the  lire-resisting  compartments,  but  the 


latter  should  bo  more  numerous.  Then  he  thought 
the  reduction  of  combustible  material  to  a  prac- 
tical minimum  was  essential ;  for  the  passenger 
ship  in  particular  this  reduction  should  bo  com- 
pulsory, and  the  vast  quantities  of  highly  in- 
flammable partitioning  and  fitments  used  on  our 
ocean  greyhounds  should  be  absolutely  con- 
demned. A  good  deal  of  the  woodwork  could  be 
abolished  by  the  use  of  metal  framing,  and  the 
various  forms  of  non-conducting  sheeting  of  a 
non-inHammable  character  and  largely  composed 
of  asbestos :  for  that  which  would  always  be 
necessary  why  should  not  uon-inflimmable  wood 
be  used  ?  In  regard  to  equipment  more  atten- 
tion, ho  thought,  should  be  paid  to  the  protection 
of  hot  steam  piping  and  to  careful  electric  wiring. 
The  administrative  arrangements  for  handling 
ajid  storing  cargo  on  board  ship  were  by  no  means 
so  perfect  as  they  should  be  from  the  fire  point  of 
view.  In  the  arrangements  for  fire  extinguishing 
on  board  British  ships  tire  quarters  were  gene- 
rally very  perfectly  arranged  and  executed ;  but 
there  was  not  much  to  be  said  in  favour  of  the  fire 
service  equipment  on  board  ship. 

Some  remarkable  evidence  was  given  at  an 
inquest,  on  Wednesday  week,  on  the  three  Roch- 
dale men,  Walter  Taylor,  William  Bennett,  and 
Alfred  Whitehead,  who  were  killed  at  the  Facit 
ilill  disaster  on  the  previous  Monday.  The  mill, 
which  was  formerly  worked  by  Messrs.  J.  Whit- 
worth  and  Sons,  is  being  pulled  down  to  make 
way  for  an  up-to-date  structure  to  be  built  by  the 
new  Facit  Mill  Company.  While  the  work  of 
demolition  was  in  progress,  a  beam,  50ft.  long 
and  weighing  16  cwt.  or  17  cwt.,  fell  over  a  gable 
end  from  the  third  story  on  to  the  deceased  men, 
who  were  on  the  ground,  and  were  instantly 
killed.  They  all  had  their  skulls  fractured,  and 
one  had  his  back  broken  as  %vell.  Two  or  three 
other  men  narrowly  escaped.  The  beam  was 
supported  not  only  by  the  wall  at  each  end,  but 
also  by  cast-iron  pillars.  These  pillars  htted  into 
shallow  slots  about  half  an  inch  deep,  on  the 
floor  and  in  the  beam  overhead,  but  neither  at  the 
top  nor  at  the  bottom  were  they  bolted.  Masonry 
was  removed  from  the  top  of  the  beam,  and  also 
from  the  side  at  one  end ;  and  from  the  shaking 
of  the  building  or  some  other  cause  the  pillirs 
fell,  carrying  with  them  the  beam,  which,  not 
being  bolted,  fell  over  the  gable  end  and  crushed 
the  poor  fellows  below. 

Mr.  Joseph  Forrest  had  the  contract  to  raze 
the  building.  His  foreman,  Joseph  Hill,  who 
was  in  charge  of  the  men  on  the  job,  admitted 
that  he  did  not  know  the  pillars  were  not  bolted 
to  the  floor  or  to  the  beam  ;  and  in  cross-exami- 
nation he  made  the  further  admission  that  he  had 
only  been  engaged  on  this  class  of  work  once 
before,  at  Todmorden  four  yeirs  ago,  when  he 
combined  the  duties  oE  labourer  with  those  of 
foreman  at  the  bottom  of  the  building.  The 
coroner  declared  that  Hill  had  committed  an  error 
of  judgment  in  not  making  a  thorough  examina- 
nation  of  the  building  before  be  allowed  men  to 
work  on  the  top  of  it ;  but  added  that  he  did  nit 
think  there  was  such  negligence  as  would  justify 
the  jury  in  making  anyone  criminally  responsible 
for  the  men's  deaths.  Th5  jury  returned  a 
verdict  of  accidental  death. 

The  by-laws  proposed  by  the  Corporation  in 
connection  with  the  demolition  of  buildings  in 
the  City  have,  says  tlie  Citi/  I'l-eas,  been  subjected 
to  some  revision  by  the  Local  Government  Board. 
The  new  by-laws  provide  that  each  person 
demolishing  a  building  within  the  City  area  shall 
fix  proper  fans  at  the  level  of  the  first  floor  of  the 
building,  and  the  opening  of  other  floors  where 
necessary.  Before  any  puPing-down  is  com- 
mencad,  all  windows  in  the  external  walls  from 
which  sashes  and  gl  iss  have  been  removed  are  to 
be  boarded  up,  un'ess  a  gantry  is  constructed,  and 
the  upp^r  portion  of  such  gantry  is  boarded  to  the 
full  height  of  the  building  to  be  demolished.  The 
breaker  must,  as  far  as  practicable,  cause  the 
internal  portions  of  the  building  to  be  pulled 
down  story  by  story  before  commencing  to  take 
down  any  of  the  external  walls  of  the  respective 
stories.  Canvas  or  boardeil  or  other  suitable 
screens  or  mats  must  ba  placed  wherever  neces- 
sary to  prevent  a  nuisance  arising  from  the  escape 
of  dust.  Water  must  bo  ccmstantly  used  on  each 
floor  during  demolition  :  and  no  coiling  must  bo 
broken  down,  and  no  mortar  shot  or  allowed  to  fall 
into  any  busemont  between  the  hours  of  10  a.m. 
and  0  p.m.  on  any  day  except  Saturday,  or  between 
thn  hours  of  10  a.m.  and  2  p.m.  on  Saturday. 
This  rule  only  applies  to  buildings  within  20ft. 
of  the  public  way.     No  materials  arising  from  the 


demolition  of  buildings  must  be  carted  away,  and 
no  carts  must  be  placed  across  or  alongside  any 
footway  adjoining  the  building  for  the  purpose  of 
carting  away  between  10  a.m.  and  6  p.m.  on  any 
day  except  Saturday,  or  between  10  a.m.  and 
2  p.m.  on  Saturday.  The  rule  will  not  be  applied 
in  any  case  where  a  temporary  carriage-way 
entrance,  or  a  draw-in  across  the  footway  has 
been  provided  in  such  a  manner  that  carts  can  be 
loaded  within  the  promises,  and  without  nuisance 
arising  from  the  escape  of  dust. 

Jill.  H.  W.  Daviks  read  a  paper  before  the 
Geological  Society  at  Burlington  House  on  "The 
Recent  Discovery  of  Human  Remains  at  (Rough's 
Cavern,  near  Cheddar."  The  position  of  the 
cavern  at  the  base  of  the  cliffs,  on  the  south  side 
of  C'heddar  Gorge,  was  shown  by  plans,  which 
also  displayed  the  floor  area  and  the  site  of  the 
find.  The  skeleton  was  discovered  in  cave  earth, 
resting  on  one  bed  of  stalagmite  and  covered  by 
another.  It  must  ha.'e  belonged  to  a  muscular 
man  about  5ft.  ."iin.  high,  with  projecting  jaws, 
straight  thighs,  and  skull  of  the  "  long-headed" 
type.  From  the  position  in  which  it  wa3  found 
it  seemed  likely  that  the  man  had  been  drowned 
and  the  body  washed  in,  for  there  could  have 
been  no  interment,  owing  to  the  shape  of  the 
fissure.  The  skull,  the  bones  of  an  arm  and  a 
leg,  and  the  pelvic  girdle  were  taken  away,  but 
the  other  parts  remain  embedded  in  the  Cive 
earth.  Some  remains  of  the  lower  animals  were 
found  near  in  the  same  layer,  and  these,  which 
are  of  Late  Pleistocene  age,  help  to  fix  the  period 
when  the  bones  were  deposited.  Flint  flikes, 
scrapers,  and  borers  (some  of  which  were  ex- 
hibited) also  occurred,  and  their  shape  and  work- 
manship, in  conjunction  with  other  evidence, 
show  that  the  man  lived  about  the  end  of  the 
I  'Id  or  the  beginning  of  the  New  Stone  Age. 

Mr.  Gilrert  Fowler,  the  superintendent  and 
chemist  of  the  Jlanchester  .Sewage  Works, 
lectured  at  the  Public  Health  Laboratory, 
Stanley  -  grove,  in  that  city  on  Friday,  under 
the  auspices  of  Manchester  University,  on  "The 
Application  of  Chemical  Analysis  to  the  Study 
of  the  Biological  Processes  of  Sewage  Puri- 
fication." Mr.  Fowler's  object  was  to  show  how 
the  results  obtained  by  the  various  methods  in 
use  for  the  examination  of  sewaga  and  eflluents 
may  ser\e  as  a  guide  to  those  who  have  to  advise 
or  report  on  questions  of  sewage  purification,  and 
to  indicate  directions  where  further  knowledge  is 
desirable.  Mr.  Fowler  defined  the  objects  of 
sewage  analysis  as  to  determine  (1)  the  character 
of  the  sewage  to  be  treated  ;  (2)  the  efficiency  of 
purification  works,  and  (3)  the  effect  of  discharge 
of  sewage  or  effluents  into  various  bodies  of  water, 
either  river,  hake,  or  sea.  He  finally  gave  it  as 
his  opinion  that  "  by  a  careful  examination  of 
effluents,  and  by  giving,  at  the  same  time, 
thorough  consideration  to  the  conditions  existing 
at  or  near  the  point  of  discharge,  the  necsssary 
degree  of  purity  of  every  case  should  bo  capable 
of  being  exactly  assessed,  and  thus  the  limit  of 
necessary  expenditure  defined.  The  sewage 
problem  is  essentially  a  cost  problem.  It  is  com- 
paratively easy,  in  the  light  of  our  present  know- 
ledge, to  purity  sewage  to  any  degree  of  purity, 
provided  cost  does  not  enter  into  the  question. 
The  true  solution  is  to  purify  sewage  to  well 
within  the  limits  of  safety  from  any  given  set  of 
conditions  at  the  lowest  possible  cost.  The 
necessary  urgency  of  the  case  has  compelled  much 
of  the  experimental  work  done  in  recent  years  in 
regard  to  the  purification  of  sewage  to  be  largely 
empirical  in  its  character." 


Mr.  Batsford  will  publish  in  a  few  days  "  Homes 
for  the  Country,"  a  new  book  of  designs  and 
examples  of  houses  recently  erected  by  Mr.  U.  A. 
Briggs,    author    of     "Bungalows    and     Country 

Residences," 


The  foundation-stones  of  a  new  refuse  destroyer 
for  Gorton  were  liid  on  Mar.'h  2t.  It  is  to  he  built 
within  a  few  huuJied  yards  of  the  Balle  Vu8 
Gardens,  at  a  cost  of  i'0,0OJ. 

A  L-icitHovernment  Board  inquiry  was  hel  1  by 
Mr.  M.  K.  North,  ou  Mou'iay,  at  the  town-hall, 
Yarmouth,  with  reference  to  the  applicatiou  of  tha 
town  council  for  a  loan  of  12,000  for  the  extension 
of  the  seashore  promenade. 

.\n  institute  was  op?ned  at  Par,  East  Cirnwall, 
ou  Thursday  in  last  week.  The  building  was 
designed  by  Mr.  F.  G.  Jury,  architect,  S'.  .Yustell, 
and  the  work  was  intrusted  to  M.»ssr8.  D  lun  and 
B  irtlett.  Tlie  hall  measures  3'>ft.  by  22ft.,  aiij  is 
divided  inside  by  a  partition  which  can  ba  removed 
when  necessity  requires. 


504 THE    BTJILPmG    J^EWS. April  ],  1904. 

LIST    OP    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


Perth— Isolation  Hospital  (36  beds)  (£11,000  limit)    30gs,  20g8,  and  lOgs  John  Begg,  Town  Clerk,  Perth April   6 

Lnrgan- Thirty  Labourers' Cottages  William  J.  Corner,  Clerk,  Workhouse,  Lurgan „       6 

Malvern— Free  Library.  Graham-road £3 \  £20,  £10   H.  L.  Whatley,  Clerk,  Council  OfiBces,  Malvern   „       8 

Calne— Public  Library  (£1.200  limit)    No  premium;  5  per  cent,  commission  G.  I.  Gough.  Secretary,  Town  Clerk's  Office,  Calne,  Wilts »       & 

Llandilo-Fawr— Drainage  Scheme  for  Amman  Valley  R.  Shipley  Lewis,  Clerk,  Llandilo,  Wales t,     23 

NewcasUe-on-Tyne— Grammar  School  (J.  Bilson,  F.R.I.B.A., 

F.8.A..  Assessor: £100,  £50,  £25 Horace  J.  CridJle,  Solicitor,  2.  Collingwood-st.,  Newcaatle-on-Tyne    ..     30 

Bamet-Hospital G.  D.  Byfield,  Clerk,  16,  High-street.  Barnet  Miy    9 

Stamford— Public  Library  (limit  £2,0:0)  (Assessor)   £25  (merged),  £15,  £10    Charles  Atter,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Stamford „     31 

Hoibnry — Free  Library    Arthur  E.  Radcliffe.  Engineer.  U.D  C.  <_>ffices,  Horbury    -^ 

Ossett-Town  Hall W.  Hirst,  Borough  Surveyor,  Oisett,  Vork-i  — 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 


BUILDINGS. 

Bandon— Fifty-nine  Labourers'  Cottages  EuraJ  District  Council A.  Haynes,  Clerk.  Council  Room,  Workhiuse,  Bandon    April  i 

Dmmoak— Additions  to  Steading  of  Offices  Alex.  Stronach,  jun..  &  Son,  Advocates,  20,  Belmont-st.,  Aberdeen    „       a 

Aberavon— Red  House.  Cwmavon-road  E.  Evans  Bevan J.  Cook  Ree*.  Architect.  Neath    ■• 

Barnsley- Two  Houses,  Swift-street Wade  and  Turner,  Architects,  10.  Pitt-street,  Barnsley 

Bridlington— Alterations  to  92.  Quay-road    Joseph  Hemingway  Jo'ieph  Shepherdson.  Architect.  Bridlington 

Xumphanan— Repairs  to  Office  Houses  at  Tillylair Cochran  and  M^cpherson.  Advocate.'.  152.  Union-street,  Aberdeen.. 

Penygroes— Additions  to  County  School Local  Governing  Body Rowland  Lloyd  Jones.  County  .irohitect.  Tilysara  

GrtatHorton— Woi  king  Men's  Club   8.  Spencer,  Architect,  Old  Bank  Chambers,  Great  Horton,  Bradford 

Merrympeting.Wicklow— Cemetery  Works  . Joint  Burial  Board  The  Secretary,  Burial  Boird,  Wicklow 

Elland-Villa.  Victoria-road Fred.  F.  Beaumont,  Architect,  Southgate  Chambers,  Halifax 

Burnley— Cookery-Room  at  Abel-street  Board  Sihools Corporation The  Borough  Surveyor's  Office.  Town  Hall,  Burnley   ..    

TJrmston—Wesleyan  Church  : J.  Jameson  Green,  Architect,  19.  South  John-street,  Liverpool  

Omaph  — Cement  Plastering  of  Cottages Rural  District  Council William  Cathcjrt,  Clerk,  Omagh    

Greetland-Two  Houses  at  Cheapside John  Sutcliffe,  Well  Head.  Greetland    

Truro— Steps  from  Boscawen  Biidge City  Council Me.ishim  Lea,  City  Surveyor.  Truro  

Skewen- Public  Library Coedfrane  Parish  Council  J.  Cook  Rees.  Architect,  Ne^th    ... 

Lumphanan— House  at  Milton  of  Auchinhove Cochran  and  Macpherson.  Advocites.  1.52.  I'oion-street.  Aberdeen.. 

Greencastle- Central  Creamery  Co-operative  Agricultural  Society  ...  The  S-cretary.  Greencastle  C.A  and  D.S.,  Ltd.,  N.wtownstewart  .. 

Dundee— Buildings  at  Gasworks    Dundee  Gas  Commissioners  A.  Yuill.  Gas  Engineer,  Gasworks,  Dundee 

Guildford-Repaiis  to  Corporation  Property Town  Council C.  G.  Mason.  C.E,.  B  irough  Surveyor.  Tun3-g»te.  Guddford  

Elgin-Drapery  Warehouse T.  Baxter  and  Co R.  B.Pratt.  Town  and  County  Bank  Buildings,  Elgin 

Darlington— Addition  to  Business  Premises Corporation : G.  Winter.  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall.  DarUngton  

Stretford— Twenty-six  Houses,  Gorse  Hill Th»  Secretary's  Office.  Dowmng-street,  Ariwi^ck.  Mmchester 

Mansfield-Stables  and  House Health  Department  R.  Frank  A'allance.  Borough  Sarveyor.  Mansfield 

Kilgerran— House  at  Tiiifynon Mrs.  Griffiths.  Corner  House.  High-street.  Kilgerriu    .... 

Norwich— Alterations  to  Bi  ys'  Home.  St.  Faith's-lane Guardians, Morgan  and  Buckingham.  Architects,  Redwell-street,  Norwich 

Isleworth- Additions  to  Percy  House.  Mill  Plat Brentford  Union  Guirdians  Wm.  Stephens.  Clerk,  Union  Offices.  Isleworth.  W 

Levenshulme    Six  Houses,  Provident-avenue  The  Secretary's  Olfioe.  Djwning-street.  Ardwick,  Manchester... 

Wombwell— Two  Houses A.  Stephenson A.  B.  Linfoid.  Architect,  Carlton  Villa.  Wombwell 

Treharris— Semi-detached  Houses William  Dowdeswell,  Architect.  Treharris  

Cannock— Additions  to  Stabling  at  Workhouse  Guardians Ashton  Veall.  Architect.  81.  Darlington-street.  Wolverhampton  ..  .. 

Gomersal-Wesleyan  Manse    .., F.  and  J.  A.  Wright  Architects,  1.1(3,  Wakefleld-road.  Bradford  .. 

Aylesbury- Additional  Offices  at  County  Hall Bucks  County  Council R.  J.  Thomas.  M.I. C.E. .  County  Sur..  County  Hall.  Aylesbury 

Brussels— Public  Bonded  Warehouse ..  M,  I'lngi'^nieur  en  chef  De  Schryver,  rue  du  Caual  59.  Bruxelles 

Kinglassie— Extension  to  Cemetery Parish  Council   William  Birrell,  Architect,  '200.  High-street.  Kirkcaldy  ..  

Fartown— House  and  Boundary  Walls,  Bradford-road  North Alfred  V.  A.  I^fthouse.  Architect.  F.irtown.  Huddersfleld  

Hemsworth-  School    School  Board  W.  E.  Richardson,  Architect,  Rothwell,  Leeds 

Cork-Altering  Berkeley  Hall  into  Houses W.  H.  Hill  and  Son.  Architects, '28.  South  Mall,  Cork  ...» 

Darfleld- House  and  &hop  N.  Short   A.  B.  Linford.  Architect.  Carlton  Villa,  Wombwell 

Gnlval-Wesleyan  Church  at  Trezelah    Oliver  Caldwell,  F.R  LB. A.,  Victoria-square.  Penzance 

Chelmsford— Grand  6tand,  &c Essex  Agricultural  Society    Fred  Taylor.  Secretary.  17,  Duke-street,  Chelmsford  

Sfarsden,  Yorks  — Two  Shops  and  Three  Houses.  Market-place John  Kirk  and  Sons,  Architects.  Huddersfleld  ■■-••;;■ 

Hammersmith.  W.- Nurses'  Home.  Fulham  Palace-road    Fulham  Guardians    A.Saxon  Snell.  F.R.I, B.  A.,  22.  Southampton  Bdg9,Chancery-l.,W.C. 

St.  Hilaiy— Bible  Christian  Methodist  Chapel  Rev.  E.  A.  Coombe,  P.irthleven     •■ :"i;-- 

Whitechapel,  E.— Generating  Station.  Osboin-street Stepney  Borough  Council  M.  W.  Jame.son.  Boro'  Eug.,  15.  Gt.  Alice-street.  Whiteohapel,  E.  .. 

Lockwood— Two  Houses.  Victoria-road J.  Berry,  Architect.  3,  Market-place.  Huddersfield  

Kendal- Additions  to  Brantfield    W.H.Somervell   John  F.  Cuiwen,  F.R  I.B.A.,  26.  Highgate,  Kendal    

Hove— Church  and  Schools.  Old  Shoreham-road E.  J.  Hamilton.  Architect,  2,  Xew-road.  Brighton    

Sheffield- Crematorium  at  Citv-road  Cemetery Burial  Grounds  Sub-Committee  Charles  Hadfleld.  Architect.  Cairns  Chamber-s.  Sheffield 

Walthami.tow— Generating  Station  Extension Urban  District  Council    Q.  W.  Holmes.  A.M.I.C.E..  Town  Hall.  Wakhimstow 

Oswaldwistle— Alterations  to  Albert-street  School C.  Hansford,  Secretary.  41.  Park-road.  Accrington -... 

Belly  Oak-Depot.  Fire  Station,  and  Mortuary King's  Norton  and  Northfleld  U.D.C.  Ambrose  W.  Cross.  A.M.I.CE.,  23.  Valentine-road,  lung's  Heath  .. 

Meithyr  Tydfil-Cemeteiv  Extension  Works Urban  District  Council   Fletcher  Harvey,  Engineer.  Town  Hall.  Merthyr  Tydfil 

Gnmsby-.Stablp.  Offices,  i-c.  Doughty-road    Scavenging  Sub-Committee  Gilbert  Whyatt.  A.M. ICE.,  Borough  Engineer,  Grimsby  

Barry- Si.xteen  Houses,  Park-avenue E.  David  and  David.  27.  High-street.  Cardiff 

Penaith— Public  Library Urban  District  Council    H.  Snell.  Architect.  Stanwell-road,  Penarth 

Burnley- Manual  Instruction-room  at  Grammar  School G.  H  Pickles.  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Burnley 

Askwith— Residence  '. Emp.sall  and  Clark  son,  .Architects.  7,  Exchange.  Bradford   

Limerick -Carnegie  Free  Library  and  Museum Trustees   G.  P.  Sheridan,  A.R.I.B.A.,  25.  Suffolk-street,  Dublin 

Mortlake- Additions  to  Electricity  Station,  High-street  Barnes  Urban  District  Council G.  Bruce  Tomes.  A.M.I.CE.,  Surveyor.  High-street.  Mirtlike  

Bristol-Police  and  File  Station Watch  Committee The  City  Engineer's  Office.  63,  Queen-sqnare,  Bristol 

Homerton,  N.E.— Alterations  to  Laundry  at  Eastern  Hospital  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board  W.  T.  Hatch,  M.I.C.B.,  M.I.ME.,  Embankment,  E,C 

Woodstock— Laundry  Buildings  at  Workhouse  Guardians Geo.  Castle.  Architect,  Woodstock 

Great  Broughton-Two  Houses Rev.  A.  Greer W.  G.  r-'cottand  Co..  Architects,  Victoria  Buildings,  Workington  ,.. 

Eamham— Two  Bedrooms  at  Workhouse Guardians Friend  anl  L'.oyd,  Architects.  Grosvenor-road,  Allershot 

Airdrie-Post  Office H.M.  Commissioners  of  Woiks   The  Secretivrv.  H,M.  Office  of  Works.  Storeys-gate.  S.W 

Newry— Fever  Hospital  Extension    Down  Coiintv  Council  Robert  M-icliwaine,  Secretary.  Courttiouse,  D  jwupitrick   ....  ..  ..  .. 

Newark— Alterations  to  Bede  Houses Municipal  Charities  Trustees Saunders  and  Saunders,  A  R,I,B  A.,  Imperial  Chambers,  Newark  .. 

Rodborough— Additions  to  King's  County  School  Gloucestershire  County  Council   The  County  Surveyor's  Office.  Shire  Hall,  Gloucester 

Loughborough —Electricity  Station  Corporition Albert  E,  King.  Architect,  Baxtergate,  Loughborough 

Glentham— Additions  to  Elementary  School Lindsey  County  Council  Scorer  and  Gamble,  Architects,  Bank-street  Chambers,  Lmojln 

Bronghton,  Salford-Partitions.  &c.,  at  Old  Electricity  Station  Corporation The  Borough  Engineer's  Office.  Salford    

Todmorden— Buildings  for  Electricity  and  Refuse  Destructor,,.  Corporation Electrical  Engineer's  Office,  Todmorden  v-v: q  Hr" 

Sunderland— Engine  and  Boiler  Houses  at  Pumping  SUtion  ..  Sunderland  and  S.  Shields  Water  Co.  T.  and  C.  Hawksley,  CE.'s,  30,  Gt.  George-st.,  Westmmster,  b.  W.. 

Henley-on-Thames -Addition  to  Station  Buildings    Great  Western  Railway  Co O.  K,  Mills,  Secretary,  Paddington  Station,  W 

Tottenham.  N,— Bandstand  at  Downhills  Park  Urban  District  Council    Edward  »  rowne.  Clerk.  Tottenham,  N .^..  ........... 

Biikenhead-Stables  and  Depot  Buildings,  Cleveland-street  ...  Corporation Charhs  Brownridge,  M.I. C.E,,  Boro'  Eng..  Town  Hall.  Birkenheal 

Seaforth.  Liverpool -Sorting  Office H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary.  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Gate,  ts.W.   

GilliLgham-Thuty  Cottages.  St.  George's-road E.J.  Hammond,  C.E  .  M.S.A.,  21,  Balmoral-road,  Gillinghim  

Bilston- Iron  Timber-framed  Hospital  Urban  District  Council    J.  P.  Wakeford.  A.M.I.CE.,  Town  Hall.  Bilston 

Leigh,  Lanes— Infirmary J.  C.  Prestwich,  Architect,  Bradshawg.ite  Building-i,  Leigh  ....   .... 

Greenwich,  SE.— Superstructure  of  EiectricGenerating  Station  London  County  Council  The  Architect's  Dept.,  Trafalgar  House.  H.  Cnanng  Cross,  S.«  •  ■■■      - 

Holyhead— School  (900  places)  and  Master's  House   Schjol  Board  R.  E   Pntchard  (Solicitor),  Clerk.  Drug  Hall,  Holyhead   may 

Hereford— Ten  Cottages   W.  W.  Robinson,  Architect,  Hereford ,"  'j", 'w 

Brighton— Foundation  and  Basement Prudential  Assurance  Co P.  Waterhouse.  Architect.  20.  New  Cavendish-st.,  Portland-place,  W. 

Barnard  Castle— House,  Staindrop-road T.  Farrow.  Architect,  7.  Market-place,  Birnarl  Castle    ■•■•■"■■ 

Dundee— Co»™.,-  Buildings Niven  and  Wigglesw  )rth.  Architects.  101,-High  Holborn,  W.O — 

Stanley— Winter  Garden,  Beamish  Hall S.  D.  Eden  T.  E.  Crossling.  Architect.  Stanley,  R  S,0  ,  Dirhioi  — 

Tingley-Four  Houses  ,, George  Sharp.  Old  White  Bear,  Tingley,  Yoris ..,..■■....  ..      — 

Stratford-on- Avon  -Root  Repairs  at  Holy  Trinity  Church Cossins.  Peicock,  &  Bewlav.  Archts.,,S3,Ooliaiore-row,Bicaim.;him      — 

Stanley- Three  Houses,  Shield  Row T.  E.  Crossling,  Architect.'Stiuley,  R,S  O,,  Darhiin    .  ■•  — 

Harrogate -Country  House,  St.  James's  Park  Estate H.  and  E.  Marten,  Architects.  Cheapside  Chimbars,  Bralf.iri    

Burnopfield-Public  Building S.  D.  Eden  T.  E.  Crossling.  Architect,  Stanley,  R.S  O,.  Dirham — 

Aberavon— Vivian  Hotel  Trueman,  Hanbury,  Buxton,  aadCj.  J.  P.  Jones  and  R  )wlan Is,  Architects.  8.  Gjit-stceet.  Sffansel  

Wandsworth,  S.W.-Small  Block  of  Flats Palgrave  and  iJo  .  Architects.  2S,  Viotorii-street,  S.W ;i-:.V  '■       ~ 

Hahfax -Theatre  Royal.  Southgate Northern  Theatre  Co..  Ltd Ricliard  Horsfall  and  S  m,  Arohts.,  22\,  C.ulmjrcial-itrjet.  HiUfax      — 

Blagdon-Alterations  to  House C.  Hiscock.  Architect.  Bridgwater ■" 

^arlisle— Converting  Farm  Buildings  into  Horse-Boxes  Carlisle  Race  Stand  Co.,  Ltd Dixon  and  .Mitchell.  Land  Agents.  Devonshire-street,  Carlisle    — 

Blackrod.  Lanes-Rebuilding  Church R.  B.  Preston.  A  R  LB.  A.,  Diocesan  Chambers,  Minchester  — 

lisnponds,  Bristol-All  Saints'  Church  Lingen  Birker  and  Sm,  Architects,  9,  Clare-street,  Bastol — 


April  S,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


505 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERING  JOURNAL. 
VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  2570. 


»  » » 


FRIDAY,   A  run.  S,   1901. 


NEGLIGENCE. 

NEGLIGENCE  is  a  fault  often  .attributed 
to  the  professional  man ;  but  in  a 
large  number  of  instances  the  charge  is  not 
easily  substantiated.  What  may  appear  to 
be  negligence  in  one  occupation  or  business 
may  not  be  so  in  another.  The  charge,  too, 
is  not  easily  proved,  especially  in  the  complex 
duties  of  the  architect's  sphere.  We  have 
heard  of  charges  being  brought  against  the 
architect  for  imperfect  drains,  for  settlements 
owing  to  the  yielding  foundations,  for  failure 
of  column  or  girder  to  carry  its  load,  for 
collapse  of  floors  and  roofs.  For  some  of 
these  things  blame  may  be  attributed  to  him 
on  the  ground  that  ordinary  skill  and  reason- 
able care  were  not  used.  But  these  words 
maj'  bear  different  significations.  How  is 
the  term  "ordinary  skill''  or  "reasonable 
care ''  to  be  defined !-  It  admits  of  degrees. 
AVhat  might  be  considered  ordinary  skill  in 
the  planning  or  construction  of  a  simple 
building  would  be  extraordinary  skill  in  the 
case  of  a  complex  building,  in  which  the 
arrangement  and  construction  implied  con- 
siderable ingenuity  or  experience.  And  the 
same  remark  may  be  said  to  apply  to 
"  reasonable  care ''  or  "  negligence."  What 
would  constitute  negligence  on  the  part  of 
the  workman  or  foreman  could  hardly  be 
sufficient  to  render  the  architect  liable.  Of 
course,  we  are  aware  that  a  distinction 
ought  to  be  drawn  between  an  error  of 
judgment  in  design  or  a  structural  matter 
like  the  size  or  section  of  an  iron  column  or 
girder,  and  a  want  of  skill  in,  say,  a 
question  of  heating  or  ventilation,  or  some 
mechanical  installation,  which  is  a  subject 
rather  outside  the  architect's  province;  or  the 
negligence  of  not  inspecting  the  foundations 
of  a  wall  or  pier  to  bear  a  great  concentrated 
load,  and  that  of  overlooking  the  joints  in 
drain-pipes.  In  the  first  instances  the  actual 
safety  of  a  building  depends  on  the  area  of 
the  column  or  pier  and  the  reKable  nature  of 
the  material,  and  it  affects  the  reputation  of 
the  architect  as  a  skilful  constructionist, 
while  in  the  last  instances  the  culpability  or 
responsibility  entailed  is  not  so  dii-ect,  being 
rather  outside  the  architect's  province,  or 
devolving  on  those  who  were  specially  on- 
gaged  to  superintend,  as  an  architect  could 
not  possibly  find  time  to  be  on  the  building 
during  the  laying  and  jointing  of  drain-pipes, 
or  in  seeing  that  the  foundations  were  duly 
excavated  and  the  concrete  properly  mixed 
and  rammed.  The  law,  it  is  true,  does  not 
always  draw  these  distinctions,  but  holds 
generally  an  architect  liable  for  breaches  of 
duty.  It  has  boon  pointed  out  that  de- 
fective design  is  a  more  important  thing  than 
neglect.  As  generally  known,  in  France  the 
architect  has  been  held  criminally  responsible 
if  a  man  is  killed  by  the  fall  of  a  building 
due  to  defective  design— a  very  severe  rule  if 
carried  out  in  cases  where  the  accident  is  due 
to  some  neglect  of  shoring  or  other  pre- 
caution. Thou  the  question  arises,  IIow  can 
a  charge  of  negligence  bo  established:-  It 
cannot  bo  always  proved  by  the  architect's 
personal  absence— a  very  ordinary  mode  of 
proving.  To  tako,  for  example,  the  founda- 
tions of  a  building.  Tho  architect  could  not 
be  present  more  than  an  hour  or  so  on  tho  day 
of  his  visit— a  very  unusual  frequency  if  he 
visited  every  day— and  if  there  is  a  clerk 
of  works  there  ought  to  be  no  absolute 
necessity  why  the  architect  should  per- 
sonally and  minutely  examine  tho  founda- 
tions, or  tost  every  load  of  concrete 
or  the  manner  in  wWch  it  is  deposited.     In 


such  a  matter  as  drain-laying  it  would  not 
be  reasonable  to  expect  tho  architect  to 
examine  personally  every  pipe  before  it  is 
covered  up,  to  see  that  it  is  properly  jointed. 
Even  in  brickwork  it  would  be  expecting  too 
much  of  the  architect  to  inspect  and  test 
every  brick  that  is  used  in  the  facing.  Per- 
sonal examination,  however  necessary,  can- 
not be  always  taken  as  the  measure  of  careful 
suijonision.  To  constitute  neglect,  a  person 
must  prove  that  the  architect  has  not  thought 
about  the  work,  that  he  has  made  no  pro- 
vision for  it  in  the  drawings  or  specification  ; 
which  are  things  not  easily  proved.  A  person 
may  bring  a  charge  of  this  kind  without 
knowing  the  actual  facts.  It  is  easy  to  blame 
the  architect  for  a  defective  electric-light 
installation,  or  some  other  trade  for  which 
he  had  certified  completion,  when  a  careful 
investigation  would  have  shown  that  the 
architect  had  used  ever}'  precaution  to  insure 
success.  IIow  often  a  charge  is  brought 
against  him  that  he  has  been  negligent  in 
giving  a  final  certificate  for  a  work  that  was 
defective  or  incomplete,  or  that  the  certified 
amount  was  excessive,  as  if  the  client  was  able 
to  determine  the  point  in  such  cases.  But  in 
a  recent  case  {"  Chambers  v.  Goldthorpe,'' 
1901)  it  was  decided  that  the  employer  had 
no  redress  against  the  architect  as  agent  for 
a  negligent  decision  which  was  given  between 
the  employer  and  contractor  upon  a  matter 
under  the  contract.  The  architect  in  such 
cases  has  been  held  to  occupy  the  position 
of  an  arbitrator  in  deciding  upon  the 
final  amount  payable  under  the  conti-act, 
and  was  therefore  not  liable  to  the 
employer  for  negligence  ;  but  if  the 
architect  is  acting  only  as  agent  to  the 
employer,  he  would  be  held  liable  for  a 
negligent  decision  or  certificate.  In  the 
ordinary  course  of  a  contract,  a  tradesman 
may  complete  his  work  and  ask  the  architect 
for  a  certificate,  in  the  usual  way.  If  the 
architect  complies  and  certifies  for  a  final 
amount,  without  having  examined  the 
tradesman's  work,  or  taken  the  trouble  to 
test  its  efficiency,  he  is  certainly  negligent. 
The  certificate  given  has  to  be  honoured,  the 
employer  must  pay  the  amount  certified ;  but 
he  maj'  recover  from  the  architect  the  sum 
negligently  certified.  Yet  in  such  a  case  it 
is  very  difficult  to  assert  that  the  sum  certified 
is  in  excess  of  what  is  due.  Who  but  the 
architect  is  capable  of  deciding  the  point  ? 
But  suppose  the  work  done  is  inefficient ;  we 
will  suppose  the  contract  is  for  the  heating 
apparatus  and  hot- water  supply,  and  that  the 
results  are  not  satisfactory.  The  architect, 
before  giving  his  final  certificate,  has  not  satis- 
fied himself  of  the  work  performed — he  has 
not  exauiiued  the  apparatus,  or  tested  the  cir- 
culation ;  in  such  a  case  he.  has  negligently 
certified,  and  the  employer  has  a  good  ground 
for  complaining.  If  ho  finds  the  temperature 
cannot  be  obtained,  that  the  radiators  do  not 
give  out  the  required  heat,  or  that  the  hot- 
water  circulation  is  defective,  and  that  he 
cannot  get  a  hot  bath,  he  natui\ally  looks  to  his 
architect  for  reparation  for  having  certified 
the  full  amount.  But  there  are  so  many 
qualifying  circumstances  that  every  case 
must  be  determined  on  its  merits.  We  have 
known  of  instances  in  which  tho  importunity 
of  the  contractor  or  tradesman  to  get  a  certifi- 
cate is  so  great  that  tho  architect,  unadvisedly, 
grants  the  request,  but  obtains  a  verbal 
promise  from  the  contractor  th.at  he  will 
make  good  any  defect  that  may  bo  discovered 
to  tho  architect's  satisfaction.  Tho  architect 
doos  this  at  his  own  risk,  and  on  tho  faith  of 
tho  contractor ;  but  experience  has  proved  the 
error  of  such  a  conciliatory  mood.  To  ex- 
pedite the  completion  of  a  building  the  .archi- 
tect may  also  do  •"hings  that  are  at  least 
irregular  and  unbusinesslike.  AVe  know  of 
one  caso  where  a  tradesman  wiis  allowed  to 
undertake  to  carry  out  somo  fittings  before 
any  agreement  or  contract  was  mado,  and  tho 
architect  gave  his  final  certificate  on  com- 
pletion.    Afterwards    tho    work    was  found  I 


faulty,  and  the  committee  blamed  their 
architect  for  passing  tho  work.  It  transpired, 
however,  that  the  architect  had  used  his  best 
efforts  to  induce  tho  clerk  to  the  board  to  get 
the  tradesman  to  sign  a  contract,  and  he 
had,  furthermore,  WJ-itten  expressly  dis- 
owning any  responsibilits*  should  tho  work 
not  turn  out  satisfactory.  In  these  cir- 
cumstances it  can  hardly  be  contended 
that  the  architect  was  liable  for  failure, 
though  no  doubt  his  right  procedure  would 
have  been  to  have  refused  to  give  a  final 
certificate  till  tho  contract  was  signed.  A 
clause  in  most  contracts  to  the  effect  that 
certificates  issued  during  the  progress  of 
work  do  not  constitute  the  architect's  ap- 
proval of  the  work  done,  is  generally  inserted. 
It  may  also  be  necessary  to  introduce  another 
clause  to  the  effect  that  the  contractor  is  not 
to  bo  exonerated  from  making  defects  good 
simply  because  the  architect  has  inspected 
the  work  during  progress. 

Many  so-called  acts  of  negligence  may  be 
made  out  from  the  architect's  failure  to  dis- 
cover defects  and  mistakes,  as  in  the  cases  of 
drainage  and  foundations  we  havo  mentioned. 
An  instructive  case  was  heard  at  the  Staf- 
fordshire Assizes  a  week  or  two  ago.  The 
action  was  brought  by  the  vicar  of  I 'hrist 
Church,  Stone,  Staffordshire,  and  his  church- 
wardens, to  recover  damages  from  a  firm  of 
architects  on  the  ground  of  alleged  neghgence 
by  the  defendants  as  architects  engaged  in 
the  re -erection  of  the  nave  roof  and  aisles 
of  the  church.  The  defendants  were  archi- 
tects practising  at  Stoke-upon-Trent.  In 
1S95  the  church  authorities  determined  to 
have  the  church  rebuilt,  and  the  defendants 
prepared  the  plans  and  specifications.  A 
tender  was  accepted  (the'  original  estimate 
was  £3,000),  and  after  the  work  was  done 
the  plaintiffs  alleged  that,  owing  to  the 
defendant's  negligence,  the  builder  did  not  do 
his  work  properly,  and  that  rain  fell  from 
the  roof,  and  draughts  were  complained  of. 
Defendants  were  written  to ;  but  nothing 
was  done  to  remedy  the  condition  of  the  roof. 
Other  architects  were  called  in,  when  it  was 
found  the  slates  were  not  of  the  quality 
specified,  nor  the  tUes,  and  that  the  boards  of 
the  roof  were  unseasoned,  and  had  shrunk, 
letting  in  the  rain.  The  work  was  put  right 
by  another  builder,  and  the  cost  the  plaintiffs 
now  sued  for.  It  was  alleged  the  defeudantss 
had  given  the  builder  a  certificate  showing 
that  the  work  was  properly  done.  For  the 
defendants,  it  was  contended  there  was  a 
necessity  to  keep  down  expenditure,  as  the 
estimate  had  to  be  cut  down  by  £-300 ;  and 
they  had  to  do  the  best  they  could  with 
the  lesser  amount,  and  were  hampered 
in  the  effort  to  combine  cheapness  witb 
efficiency.  It  appears  that  much  satisfac- 
tion was  expressed  with  the  church : 
but  the  roof  was  found  faulty.  Adequate 
supervision  was  given.  In  the  evidence  the 
merits  of  felt  as  a  roof-covering  were  pointed 
out.  The  plaintiffs  endeavoured  to  show 
that  tho  architects  had  not  followed  the  best 
system  ;  but  tho  defendants  called  several 
witnesses  to  prove  that  the  draughts  were  not 
caused  in  the  way  alleged,  and  that  tho 
system  adopted  was  a  good  one,  and  that  the 
defendants  had  done  all  thoy  could  with  the 
moans  at  their  disposal.  There  was  a  neces- 
sity to  keep  down  oxponditure.  The  jury 
found  for  the  plaintiffs  for  £'1~A.  tho  amount 
of  cost  incurred  in  making  good  the  roof,  less 
the  counter-claim  of  i'lO:!  for  architect's  fees. 
■We  have  hero  an  instance  where  a  firm  of 
architects  are  charged  with  negligence  in  not 
seeing  tho  builder  did  his  work  properly  in 
tho  construction  of  a  roof  of  a  chvirch — a 
serious  charge  if  established.  From  the  evi- 
dence reported,  it  appeared  that  an  examina- 
tion of  the  roof  showed  that  tho  "  slates  were 
not  of  tho  quality  specified  " ;  that  tho  boards 
of  the  roof  wore  not  seasoned  and  had 
shrunk,  and  that  draughts  were  common  :  it 
also  appeared  that  felt  had  not  bi.eii  used. 
If  these   allegations  were  true  they  would 


506 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


April  8,  1904. 


account  for  the  non-rainproof  condition  of 
the  roof   and   its   draughtiness,    and   would 
imply  either  neglect  of  the  specification  or 
negligent     supervision.      AVithout     detailed 
particulars   it    is   impossible  to    say  which. 
There  was  a  necessity  to  reduce  the  cost ;  but 
it   would   not  have  been  justifiable   on  the 
architect's    part   to    use  an   inferior  quality 
of  slates,  or  to  provide  unseasoned  boarding, 
or  to  dispense  with  felt  to  cut  down  expendi- 
ture ; — such  a   course  would   have  b€en   to 
invite  disaster,  and  the  architects  would  have 
been  to    blame,  for  such  precautions  are  a 
necessarj-  part  of  good  construction.    If  these 
matters   were   left  to  the   builders  without 
adequate  superintendence,  there  wovild  also 
be  negligence  on  the  architect's  part ;  but  it 
would   be  difficult  in  such    a  case    to  say 
whether    the     architects     were    wholly   re- 
sponsible.    Proof  would  have  to  be  clearly 
adduced  before  a  charge  of  negligence  could 
be  established.     On  these  matters  the  terms 
of   the    contract    are   important.     One  legil 
authority  writes:  "There  is  no  case  which 
decides  what  is  implied  by  law  when  the  con 
tract  is  general,  or  not  sufficiently  distinct, 
or  altogether    silent  on    the   point.     If  an 
architect  were   to  undertake  to  superintend 
the  erection  of  works,  it  is  apprehended  that 
a  reasonable  amount  of  attention  would  be 
implied,  and  that  it  any  loss  were  occasioned 
by  any  neglect  on  the  part  of  the  architect  he 
would  be  liable.  And  there  being  no  decision 
which  defines  the   limit    of    the  architect's 
authority  in  the  general  superintendence  of 
the  works,  in   the  absence   of   any  express 
agreement,   we  apprehend  that  evidence  of 
usage  would  be  advisable,  and  that  the  usage 
would  be  imported  into  the  contract."     The 
same  writer    says    that    "if    a  man's  duty 
arising  out  of  a  contract  is  not  clearly  defined 
.n  the  agreement,  and  consequently  has  to 
be   imphed,  and  no  legal  authority   can  bo 
found  to  assist  him— it  he  can  only  ascertain 
what   is  reasonable,   he  will  discover  that 
which  in  the  large  majority  of  cases  the  law 
would  enforce,  and  on  which  he  may  rely  as 
a  guide."     When  a  duty  imposed  by  a  con- 
tract has  to  be  implied,  it  is  safe  to  conclude 
that   the   law    will    dictate    a  prudent  and 
reasonable   course.     Lord  Coke  has  indeed 
affirmed   that   the   "two   pillars  of  the  law 
are  reason  and   authority."     Therefore,  the 
safe    and     onlj-    rule    alike     confirmed    by 
nature     and     law     in     all     doubtful    cases 
of  failure  of  building,  defective  roofs,  and 
the  like    is  to  apply  this  principle — that   a 
common-sense  view  of  such  failure  will  often 
suggest  that  it  was  owing  to  some  careless- 
ness on  the  part  of  the  workmen  engaged  in 
the  absence  of  the  control  of  the  foreman  or 
clerk  of  works,  rather  than  to  the  architect's 
negligence  or  his   want  of  care  in  design. 
We   can   apply   this    principle  to  nearly  all 
those  cases  of  bad  material  or  workmanship 
which  so  often  arise,   and   which  employers 
are  so  often  disposed  to  blame  the  architect 
for — shi-inking  floor-boards  or  roof -boarding, 
interior  bricks  or  slates,  defective  foundations 
or  bad  drain-laying.    In  the  absence  of  direct 
evidence    that    the     architect    passed    these 
defects  or  seldom  paid  a  visit  to  the  works, 
or    that    his    design    is    faulty,    he    should 
certainly  be  given  the  benefit  of  the  doubt, 
as    the    most    reasonable    and    considerate 
course.     In  the  case  we  have  cited  at  Stone 
there  appears  to  have  been  negligence,  though 
to  what  extent  is  not  clear.    When  the  archi- 
tect is  to  be  held  re.sponsible  for  some  short- 
coming  in   the    heating,    or   ventilation,   or 
lighting   of  a   biiilding — a    rather    unusual 
condition — the    intention    should    be    made 
clear  in  the  terms  of  the  agreement.     Unless 
there  is  undoubted  evidence  furnished  in  the 
drawings  and  specifications  that  the  design 
is  defective  or  the  architect's  judgment  wrong, 
it  appears  to  bs  unreasonable  to  lay  down 
any  rule  as  to  the  supervision  he  is  to  bestow  : 
the  architoa  is  the  best  judge  when  and  how 
often   to    visit    the    works    in    progress.     Of 
course,  we  have  considered  the  question  of 


negligence  in  a  general  way,  when  there  is 
no  definite  rule  in  the  contract ;  when, 
however,  the  terms  are  clearly  expressed, 
the  law  will  not  afford  any  relief  to  the 
builder,  however  absurd  or  unreasonable  the 
matter  is.  A  man  who  contracts  to  do  that 
which  is  impossible  has  to  take  the  conse- 
quences or  pay  damages ;  but  the  architect 
does  not  usually  make  himself  responsible 
for  the  materials  or  workmanship  he  has  to 
look  after ;  and  therefore,  if  he  uses  ordinary 
caution,  he  cannot  be  held  liable. 


A  NEW  PROBLEM  OF  DESIGN. 

AMONG  the  many  new  structural  problems 
in  which  the  architect  is  called  upon  to 
assist    the    mechanical    engineer    are  those 
buildings  whijh  are  now  being  built  in  almost 
every  great    town    for    the   generation  and 
supply  of  electrical  power.     These  were  at 
first  very  rough  or  temporary  sheds ;  but  now 
they  begin  to  apjiear  as  structures  of  consider- 
able  size    erected    on    valuable   sites.     Mr. 
Charles    Stanley    Peach    in    his   interesting 
paper  which  we  printed  in  full  last  week  on 
"  Electrical  Central  Stations  "   (p.  472)  says 
that  within  the  last  fifteen  years  upwards  of 
750  of  these  buildings  have  been  erected  in 
the   United  Kingdom,    and  a  much  greater 
number  in  foreign  countries.      These  struc- 
tures   have  assumed   more  or  less  distinct 
types,  as  they  are  used  for  one  or  other  of 
the  purposes  required,  or  derive  their  power 
from  natural   or  other  means,  such  as  coal, 
and  the  author    describes   three  classes   of 
central     stations  —  "power,"     "sub,"     and 
"  direct  supply,"  though  these  forms  overlap 
to  some  extent ;    and   he  distinguishes  the 
subdivision  of  each   of   these  main  classes, 
depending  upon  the  particular  kind  of  power. 
But  we  are  not  going  to  trouble  the  reader 
with    the    many    mechanical  and   electi'ical 
problems  and  details  described  in  the  paper, 
but  chiefly  to  draw  attention  to  the  oppor- 
tunities presented  to  the  architect  in  this  class 
of  construction,  especially  in  the  design  of  a 
power-station,  as  the  chief  central  structure 
from  which  the  power  is  distributed  to  the 
sub-stations.     The  steam  power-station  is  a 
large     and     complex     building     having    a 
number  of  parts  or  rooms,  and  the  demand 
for  those  buildings  in  the  near  future  will  be 
great.      The   architect,    it    is   true,    has  not 
many  buildings   he  can  take  as  models,  as 
this  class   of  edifice   has    been    only  intro- 
duced  of    late  years  in  this  countrj-.     Mr. 
Peach  has  described  what  the  steam  power- 
station     should     be.      There     must    be    an 
engine-house     for     engines    and    dynamos, 
apparatus   for    the    control   of    the   current 
and  mains  which  leave  the  building,  and  other 
appointments.      These    are    matters    which 
would  tax  miny  in  the  profession  who  have 
only  a  rough  notion  of  what  engine-houses  and 
mechanical  plant  are.     We  think   it   would 
be  wise  if  the  architect  engaged  in  putting 
into  shape  buildings  of  this  kind  were  to  take 
a  rough  plan  of  the  actual  requirements  of 
these  structures,  and  try  what  he  could  to  im- 
prove'their  plan  and  external  features,  by  con- 
sultation with  a  specialist ;  or  he  may  inspect 
a  central  station  already  built,  and  known  to 
be  a  good-working  building,  and  take  it  as 
the  basis  of  plan.     The  very  plainness  and 
utility  of    the    engineer's  building  or   shed 
handicap    the   architect,  and   dissuade    him 
from  attempting  anything   like  a  new  de- 
parture. For  instance,  the  simple  rectangular 
shed  or  engine-house  leaves  very  little  to  the 
architect,  lie  cannot  change  its  form  or  bend 
it  about  without  impairing  its  usefulness,  and 
it  he  tries  to  improve  its  form  externally  by 
emphasising  a  centre  or  angles,  his  design  is 
considered    costly  and    unnecessary.     So  it 
happens  the  engineer  still  retains  his  hold  on 
buildings  of  this  character.     But  the  reason 
of  the  architect's   backwardness  in  coming 
forward  is  to  be  found  in  the  fact  that  he  is 
not  master  of  the  requu-ements.    He  is  afraid 


to  suggest  a  new  form  because  he  may  bo 
ridiculed  for  his  pains.  Now  there  appears 
to  be  no  reason  why  an  engine-house  should 
be  a  square  or  rectangular  building,  with 
nothing  expressive  externally,  nor  why  the 
battery-room  or  boiler-house  for  stcim  gene- 
rators is  invariably  to  dictate  a  certain  plan 
in  preference  to  others.  As  a  rule,  annexes- 
are  generally  required  for  pump-room, 
offices  for  engine-room  staff,  messrooms, 
and  lavatories,  for  thecondensing  plant.  These 
annexes  may  be  combined  by  a  little 
skill,  and  made  to  group  themselves 
round  the  main  building.  The  Depttord 
power-station  of  the  London  Electric  Supply 
Corporation,  erected  only  in  part  and  altered 
by  several  additions,  is  an  example  of  a  build- 
ing of  this  class  designed  by  Mr.  Forranti, 
in  which  future  development  was  anticipated. 
The  author  says:  "Although  the  original 
design  has  not  been  carried  out  in  its  in- 
tegrity, and  the  character  of  the  building  has 
been  considerably  changed  by  .additions  sub- 
sequently made  to  it,  it  was  at  its  inception 
simply  a  power  station,  and  conceived  with 
a  wonderful  prescience  of  the  line  upon 
which  the  system  of  generation  and  supply  of 
electricitj'  was  likely  to  develop  in  the 
future."  Such  a  building  will  possibly  sug- 
gest a  scheme  of  plan  and  a  mode  of  grouping- 
the  departments  for  each  kind  of  machinery 
and  apparatus.  The  additions  made  to  the 
original  design  will  indicate  the  right 
development  of  structure  for  its  several 
functions  more  truly  than  a  building  designed 
from  imperfect  data  or  experience,  and  com- 
plete in  all  its  ])arts.  In  America  many 
of  the  great  power-stations  have  been  planned 
on  the  principle  adopted  at  Depttord  we  are 
told.  Possible  variations  of  plan  even  for  the- 
same  kind  of  installation  may  also  be  observed 
in  buildings  of  this  class.  Differences  of  site, 
area,  and  various  local  conditions  enable  the 
architect  to  modify  his  design.  Primitive 
structures  are  apt  to  become  stereotj'ped  in 
our  country  ;  out  directly  the  venue  is 
changed  or  conditions  are  altered  development 
begins.  This  has  been  the  law  of  progress 
observed  in  all  building  from  the  earliest 
ages.  The  most  usual  plan  in  American 
practice  is  to  make  the  structure  a  parallel- 
ogram divided  down  the  centre  by  a  division 
wall,  one  side  of  which  is  devoted  to  the 
engine-house,  the  other  side  the  boiler- 
house.  The  engine-house  is  a  single  story 
with  basement,  which  is  fitted  with  the 
condensing  plant.  Vertical  type  engines  are 
used  directly  coupled  with  dynamos.  The 
switchboards  are  often  in  galleries.  The 
boiler  -  house  has  horizontal  tube  boilers 
in  two  tiers,  with  coal  store  above  the 
upper  boiler  -  house,  which  has  five  or 
more  stories.  The  ash-conveyors  are  placed 
over  the  coal-store.  Mr.  Peach  refers  to  the 
power-house  of  the  Manhattan  Railway  Com- 
pany between  Seventy-fourth  and  Seventy- 
fifth  streets  as  a  complete  example  of  this 
arrangement  designed  by  C.  H.  Pegram, 
assisted  by  W.  C.  Phelps  and  C.  Wellesly 
Smith.  These  buildings  have  usually  large 
windows,  and  are  built  of  brick  or  red 
sandstone.  Skeleton  steel  structures  are 
common,  as  in  the  instance  referred  to. 
One  New  York  power-house  has  the  boiler- 
house  portion  '2G7tt.  by  7(itt.,  and  H8ft.  in 
height,  and  contains  fifty-six  horizontal 
water-tube  boilers  arranged  in  two  rows  on 
two  floors ;  the  engine-room  is  the  same 
length  b}'  llott.,  and  KiGtt.  in  height ;  thus 
the  parallelogram  is  divided  longitudinally 
into  unequal  halves,  as  in  the  Manhattan 
building. 

Several  examples  of  power  stations  .are 
given  in  the  paper  we  have  referred  to. 
Among  these  we  may  mention  the  Kings- 
bridge  power-station  of  the  Third  Avenue 
Railroad  Co.,  New  York,  as  one  of  the  latest. 
The  building  stands  on  an  area  iiJOtt.  by 
2J0ft.  wide,  and  is  like  the  Manhattan  type, 
and  is  built  on  piles.  Steam  turbines  instead 
of    vertical    marine    engines    are    installed. 


April  8,  1  n4. 


THE    BUILDIXG    NEWS. 


17 


Some  of  these   buildin!»s   have  as  many  as 
eleven  storios,  as  the  Ivlison  St;ition,  Philt.- 
delphia.     The  power-stations  in  this  country 
are  based  on  American    typo-j.     One  quite 
recent   building   of   largo   area  and  of  tteel 
construction  is  to  be  seen  at  Southwick.  near 
Shoreham,  with   a  frontage   of  ()7!)ft.  to  the 
harbour,  and  "li)ft.  fronting  the  beach.     The 
building  is  over  2-17ft.  long,  and  22y;t.  (iin. 
wide,  6oft.  high  from  ground  to  apex  of  roof. 
Both   engine    and    boiler-house   are   of   one 
story.      The    building    is    erected     for    the 
county  borough  of  J5righton.     The  engine- 
room    is    20ort.    long    by    7-ift.    wide,    and 
is   intended  for  nine    l,K()Ok.w.    steam  tur- 
bines ;   the  boiler-houses  are  22Nft.  by  74ft. 
wide  each.     The  main  structure  is  faced  with 
red  bricks  and  stone  dressings,  and  has  an 
imposing  appearance  along  the  Southwick- 
road.     The   rapid   growth   of   Brighton  will 
soon  necessitate  a  building  twice  this  size. 
The  station   was    designed  by   Mr.    Arthur 
Wright  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  P.  F.  Lap- 
worth  and  F.  U.  Otle}-.   At  Eastbourne  there 
is  a  station   119ft.  by   96ft.  Gin.  wide,  and 
.52ft.  high  to  apex  of  roof,  about  a  third  of 
the  area  in  contemplation.     It  is  of  brick, 
with  fireproof  construction,  and  was  designed 
by  Messrs.  Brydes  and  IlawtajTie,  engineers, 
with  the  aid  of  Mr.  E.  M.  Gloyne,  the  archi- 
tect. Another  extensive  station  is  that  erected 
in  Liverpool,  having  a  site   of  14  acres  at 
Lister  Drive.     The   first    building  is  248ft. 
long  by  lli.3tt.  wide,    and   02ft.   to  apex  of 
roof ;  the  second   building  will  be  440ft.  long 
when    completed.     There     is    a    one-story 
engine-room,  22.jft.  by  .32ft.   4in.,  and  58ft. 
high  to  top  of  lantern.     The  buildings  are 
faced  with  red  pressed  bricks,  and  have  red 
stone  dressings.     The  engineer  was  Mr.  A. 
Bromley  Holmes,  and  the  architect  Mr.  T. 
Shelmerdine.     Lastly,    we    may  notice  the 
power-station  of  the  Lancashire  and  York- 
shire Rail  waj' Company  in  connection  with  the 
conversion  of  that  company's  lines  for  electric 
traction.     By  this  means  improved  services 
will  be  established  between  Liverpool,  South- 
port,  and  Crossens.     At  Formby  the  gene- 
rating-station  has  been  built.     It  consists  of 
a   long    parallelogram    on    plan,     280ft.    in 
length,    divided    not    (juite    equally    by    a 
division-wall    longitudinally,     making    two 
divisions — an  engine-room  the  whole  length 
by   65ft.    wide,   and  the    boiler-house   50ft. 
wide,  and  of  the  same  length.     The  cross- 
sections  show  the   roofs   over  each  division 
carried    by    steel    trussed    principals,    with 
cambered  tie-rods  carried  upon  steel  columns, 
quite  independent  of  the  brick  walls.     The 
engine-room  has  lifting  and  travelling  ma- 
chinery, or  overhead  cranes,  capable  of  lifting 
pieces  up  to  20  tons,  electrically  operated. 
The  installation    consists  of  four  l.oOOk.w. 
units,    three    of    them    being   equal  to  the 
present  demands,  in  addition  to  a  fifth  unit 
of  75()k.w.      There  are  four  main  horizontal 
cross-compound  engines,    the  fifth  being  a 
vertical  one.     These  have  been  supplied  with 
the  boilers  by  Messrs.  Yates  and  Taom,  sub- 
contractors, Messrs.  Dick,  Kerr  and  Co.,  Ltd., 
being  the  designers.      It  is  needless  here  to 
describe  in  detail  the  engines,  the  cylinders 
of  which  are    !2in.  and  64in.  diameter,  with 
4ft.  (iin.  stroke,  and  each  is  fitted  with  a  con- 
densing apparatus.     The  main  switchboard  is 
erected  over  a  portion  of  the  engine-house  on 
a  gallery  as   usual,   over  a   fireproof  high- 
ten^ion  chamber,  and  is  built  of  ;5;i  2ft.  panels 
of  enamelled   slate.      The     boiler-house   is 
equipped  with   Ki  boilers  of  the  Lancashire 
type,    .•i2ft.    long,    and    8ft.    (iin.    diameter, 
designed     for      KiOlb.      working     pressure, 
arrange(l   in   two    indopendont    batteries   of 
eight  boilers.     They  are  connected  to  a  Hue 
at  the  two  ends  of  which  are  placed  (Jreen's 
economisers,    ami  an   in<luced   draught  fan. 
There  is  littlo  to  notice  in  the  building  itself  : 
it  is  plain  and  subatautial,  the  walls  on  tho 
long  sides  being  pierced  with  18  windows.  It 
has  been   erected  from   designs  prepared  by 
Messrs.  Dick ,  Iverr  and  Co. ,  by  Messrs.  Thomas , 


Croft  and  Sons,  of  Preston,  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  engineers  of  the  L'jncashire  and 
Yorkshire  Railway  Company.     The  station  is 
carried  on  one  large  block  of  concrete  on  the 
subsoil   of    pure    sand.      This    general    de- 
.«cription  applies  to  a  large  number  of  similar 
buildings.     A  building  of  this  length  must 
look  rather    monotonous    and  commonplace 
with  its  two   rows    of  roofing,  one  a  little 
higher    and    wider    than     tha    other.      An 
architect     would      have     imparted     to     the 
station  a  little  variety  externally  by  break- 
ing   up     the    longer    walls    into   bays  with 
piers     slightly     projecting    or    in    forming 
a  transept-like  projection  across  the  building 
without     adding     materially     to    the    cost. 
There     s  economy  no  doubt   in  this  simple 
parallelogrammic  type  of  plan,  but  if  a  com- 
plete   scheme     had    to    be    prepared   in    a 
large   area   of    ground,    the    adoption    of  a 
T-shaped   block    would    be   advisable,    the 
projecting     centre     wing     being     used    as 
offices    for     staif,     messrooms,     &c.,    while 
the  long  rectangular  part  behind  would  be 
used  in   two  divisions  for  the  engine-room 
and  boiler-house.   External  ornament  would 
be  out  of  place  on  these  utilitarian  structures, 
so  that  the  main  source  of  effect  is  the  dis- 
position of  the  departments  and  their  group- 
ing.    In  connection  with    the  electrification 
of  tho  underground  railways  of  the  Metro- 
polis, we  may  just  mention  the  important 
power-station   of   steel   framework    now  in 
progress  in  Ijots-road,  Chelsea,  designed  by 
Mr.   J.   A.  Chapman,  chief  engineer  of  the 
company,  which  is  described  in  detail  in  Mr. 
Peach's  paper.    It  has  a  fine  frontage  of  over 
a  thousand  feet  to  the  Thames,  and  is  433ft. 
Gin.  long  by  175ft.  wide,  and  140ft.  high  to 
apex  of  roof.     The  elevations  of  two  and  five 
stories  respectively  for  the  engine-house  and 
boiler-house  are  faced  with  Fletton  bricks, 
with  red  terracotta  and  red  brick  dressings. 
One  of  the  chief  difficulties  to  be  encountered 
in  many  of  these  structures  is  the  foundation, 
as  the  greatest  load  is  not  evenly  distributed 
over  the  whole  area.     The  weight  added  to 
the  vibration  of  machinery  constitutes  a  con 
siderable  risk  when  a  rock  subsoil  can  not  be 
obtained,  and  means  have  to  be  taken,  as 
pointed  out  by  the  author  of  the  paper  we 
have  noticed,  to  adapt  the  loads  to  soft  and 
waterlogged    soils    by    concrete    and    other 
methods. 


DOCK  CONSTRUCTION. 
T  the  ordinary  meeting,  on  Tuesday,  March 


29,  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Knginteis 
Sir  William  H.  \Vliite,  K.C.B.,  President,  in  the 
chair,  two  papers  were  read,  namely,  "  Lowering 
the  Sill  of  the  Ramsden  Dock,  Barrow-in- 
Furnesa,"  by  L.  H.  Savile,  As'oc.lI.lDst.C.E., 
and  "  Burntisland  Harbour  :  Construction  of  the 
Enst  Dock,"  by  R.  Henderson,  M.Inst.C.E. 
The  following  are  abstracts  of  the  papers  :  — 

The  first  paper  begins  by  poiuting  out  that  the 
entrances  to  most  oi  the  docks  constructed  more 
than  twenty  years  ago  are  too  shallow  to  take  the 
largest  vessels   of   the   present   day,   and  coneo- 
quently  the  best  means  of  m.aking  these  entrances 
deeper  becomes  an  important  question  to  engi- 
neers and  others  con-ierned  with  the  management 
of  docks.     The  work  now  bting   undertaken  in 
Liverpool  is  cited   as  an  instance  of  the  impr)rt- 
anco  attached   to  the  matter   by   the  authorities 
of  that  port.     Increased   depth  on  the  entrance 
to  a  dock  is  usually  obtained  either  by  building  a 
new  entrance  alongside  tho  existing  one,  or  by 
luworing  the  sill  of  the  existing  entrance.     The 
deepening  of  the  Xo.  4  sill  of  the  Uamaden  Dock 
lock  at  Barrow-in-Furness  is  an  inetimco  of  the 
second  method.     The  contract  for  I  lie  wo  k  was  let 
on  Juno  8,  1899,  to  Messrs.  John  .Vird  and  Co., 
Mr.     Frank     Stileman     being    chief    engineer. 
IJesides  tho  lowering  of   No.  4   sill  of   Kamsden 
Dock  by  Oft.,  a  qu^y   wa'.I   llOOft.   long,  on  the 
south  side  of  tho  busio,  and  another  .'iOOtt.  long  on 
the  north  side,  had  to  be  cunstructoii.  The  contra<t 
was  let  on  the  undtrstaniling  tliat  tho  quay-walla 
were  to  be  completed  before  the  lock  was  closed 
for  the   lowering  of   the  sill.     Tho  main  object 
with   which   the    work   w;n   undeilaken   was   to 
allow  largo   battlobhips   being   built   by  Messrs.  ( 


Vii  ker^.  Sons,  and  Maxim  t)  hare  access  to  the 
do- k-i,  as  t»  t're  was  only    21ft.   of   water   on  the 
t-xistinff  sill,  and  the  liattlenhip  then  being  built 
for  the  Japanese  Navy  had  a  drought  of  271t.  3'r, 
Sect  ons  of  th*-  qu-y-w^lls  are  fciven  lo  the  paper, 
and  the  work  in  conneci  »n  with  their  coLstruction 
ia  described.     On  the  completion  of  these  walls, 
co'Terdnma  wi  re  hull*  across  the  ends  of  the  Ramsden 
Dock  lock,  an4  'he  wa'er  wa'i  pumped  out.  so  that 
the  woik  on  the  f^iU  ii  i^ht  be  done  in  i he  dry.    The 
operations   in\oh(d   iu   this    woik    we:e:  —  Re- 
moving  the   old    t^aVs ;    cutting   away    thw  old 
gate-Hotr;  retuiliiing  ihe  lloor  Gft.  lowtr,  so  as 
to  take  a  sliding  caisson  in  p'ace  of  g- tea ;  build- 
ing a  Ciiston-iecess  ;  and  providing  and  installing 
a   sliding   caisson.     Shortly   after   ihe  lock  had 
been   pumped   dry   and   the  removal  of   the  aill 
begun,   an  accident  occurred  through  the  water 
breaking  under  the  pier-head  on  the  noith-east 
side  of  the  lock,    wheieby   the   woik  was  con- 
aidf^rably  delayed,  ."is  the  cofferdam   at  Ihe  north 
end  of  the  lock  had  to  be  lengthened  t.eJoic  the 
water  could  be   again  pumped    out.     In   e->DBe- 
quence    of    this    accident,    which    damagi  d   the 
pier-head     and     ehowed     the     i.nr-  liability     of 
the    bottom,     special     precautions     were    taken 
in   carrying  out   the    remainder   cf   the   work  ; 
these  con^ieted  of  diiving  cast-iron  sheet  piles  in 
front  of  the  old  sill,  and  taking  out  the  old  floor 
in  small  squares.     No   further   trouble  was  m't 
with,  and  ihe  new  sill  was  completed  on  April 
21,    1901.      The     pier-head,    which    had    been 
damaged   by  the   water   breaking   through,  was 
removed,  and  a  timber  head  was  built  in  its  place. 
The  cofferdams  were  now  removed,  the  sliding 
caisson  was  launched  and  floated  in'o  the  recess 
prepared  for  it  on  the  weist  side  of  the  lock,  and 
the  lock  was  reopened  for  traflic  on  May  17,  1901. 
The  sliding  caisson,  which  takes  the  p'ace  of  the 
old  gates,  was  designed  to  t  «ke  a  head  of  water 
on   either    aide,   thus    doing     the    duty   of    two 
pairs   of    gates.     It    also    serves  as    a  roadway, 
12ft.  wide,  across  the  lock,   for  heavy  vehicular 
traffic.      The     caisson     is     tank  -  shaped    103ft. 
long,     12ft.     wide,    and     o9ft.     6in.    deep.     It 
has   four   watertight   compartments    so  arranged 
that   the   caiston   just   dots    not    float,    thereby 
reducing   to   a  minimum   the  friction  when  the 
caisson  is  being  drawn  across  the  lock.  Hydraulic 
machinery  is  used  for  hauling  the  caisson  to  and 
fro,   and   also   for  working    the   sluices   in    the 
caisson. 

The  second  paper  begins  with  a  short  historical 
account   of   the   harbour  of  Burntisland,   with  a 
special  reference  to  the  development  of  the  town 
as   a   port  for  the  shipment  of   coal.     The  con- 
struction of  the   new    East  Dock  involved  the 
reclamation   of   37j   acres  of  land  from  the  aea, 
and   included   the   following   work: — A    lubble- 
mound  sea-wall   2,313ft.  in  length,  with  10-ton 
concrete  bag  work  forming  the  toe  for  the  pitch- 
ing ;  two   concrete    entrance-piers,     640ft.    and 
4I2lt.  long  respectively,  built   by  deposition  of 
concrete  between  sheet  piling  below  low  water, 
and   between   timber  profiles  above   low  water ; 
embankment  work  behind   the   sea-wall,  formed 
wiih  sand  pumped  from  the  sea  bottom  ;  a  dock 
entrance  60ft.  wide,   provided  with  dock  and  aea 
gates    with    12ft.    9in.    over    the    sill    at   low- 
water,  and  28ft.  6in.   at  high  water,  of  ordinary 
spring  tides ;    the    construction    of  west,  north, 
and  east  dock  walls  on  shale  and  whinstone  rock, 
and  of  pitched  slopes  on  the  south  side  of  the 
dock,  with  concrete  hoist-jetties ;   the  construc- 
tion of  a  new  ferry-pier  in  place  of  the  old  one 
removed.     The  methods  of  carrying  out  the  fore- 
goirg  works  are  described,  and  also  the  materials 
used.     A   short    account   is    then   given   of   the 
erection  of  the  new  pumping  station  ;  also  of  the 
hydraulic  machinery,  consisting   of   three  coal- 
hoists  with  40ft.  lifts.     One  of  these  is  a  high- 
level  hoist  for    return    of    empty  waggons ;   the 
other  two  are  low -level  hoists,     lluring  the  con- 
struction of  tho  dock  some  trouble  aiose  from  the 
percolation  of  sea- water   through    the  concrete 
walls,  and  the  cracking  of  the  north  wall.     The 
plan  of  dealing  with  this  ditliculty,  by  putting  in 
a  clay  puddle  wall  across  tho  line  of  travel  of  the 
Water,  down  to  tho  rock,  ia  described. 


BUILDINt^i  NEWS"  DESIGNLNG  CLUB. 


A    lUATIXO    CLlllHOlSE. 


W^l^  place  "  Viking  "  first,  "  Tho  New  Be  y  " 

TT  second,  and  "  Ionic  "  third.  The  solecied 
design  given  tho  post  of  honour  merits  this  dis- 
tinction for  Ihe  compactness  and  balance  of  its 
plin,  which  is  square  and  suitable,  having  an  air 


508 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


April  8,  1904. 


of  clu'blike  distiactioa  without  needless  outlay. 
The  spacious  verandah  on  the  first  Hoor  for  over- 
looking the  river  is  a  great  feature.  There  is  no 
place  for  cycles ;  but  the  secondary  entrance  to 
the  bathroom  and  dressing  cubicles  i.s  good,  and 
the  housekeeper  has  a  private  door  at  the  back, 
■which  is  also  a  gain.  It  is  an  objection, 
perhaps,  that  the  bar  should  be  so  close  to 
the  stairs  where  ladies  must  go  up  to  their 
room  ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  in  a  club,  possibly, 
this  overlooking  of  the  bar  would  have  its  advan- 
tages in  the  way  of  moderating  any  tendencies  to 
e.xcess.  The  exterior  is  dignified  and  befitting. 
The  chimneys  would  show,  and  ought  to 
appear.  "  Viking  "  is  to  be  congratulated 
on  the  advance  he  is  making.  "  The  New  Boy  " 
also  has  successfullj'  marked  a  departure  from 
his  earlier  work,  which  is  encouraging ;  but 
his  perspective  hardly  helps  him — in  fact,  it  shows 
his  scheme  to  be  rather  more  of  a  fa(,-ade  than  is 
desirable,  and  particularly  when  a  picturesque 
treatment  like  this  is  adopted.  The  depth  of  the 
return  is  not  faithfully  drawn  ia  the  view,  and 
would  look  much  less  with  the  hip  on  the  rear. 
For  good  effect  it  should,  of  course,  be  really  deeper. 
The  front,  as  such,  is  distinctive  and  pretty, 
though  the  eaves  of  the  verandah  have  a  thin 
appearance,  which  an  arched  head  to  each  bay 
would  have  obviated  without  fussing  up  the  effect. 
The  plan  is  not  so  good  as  "  Viking's,"  though 
it  has  some  excellent  points.  The  verandah 
upstairs  is  hardly  spacious  enough,  and  by  being 
out  in  the  open,  is  not  quite  well  adapted  to  evening 
enjoyment  or  in  showery  weather.  Besides, 
by  being  divided  into  two  its  social  character 
is  reduced.  The  dressing  department  is  well 
arranged,  and  the  stove  would  be  a  convenience 
which  "  Viking  "  forgot,  though  a  fireplace  could 
easily  be  managed  next  to  his  billiard-room 
chimney.  "The  New  Boy"  puts  his  ladies' 
w.c.  and  bath  so  that  the  drains  must  come 
inside  the  line  of  his  building.  This  is  not 
a  good  arrangement,  and  either  the  soil-pipe 
must  come  straight  down  where  the  lockers  are, 
or  it  must  go  in  the  corner  outside  one  or  other  of 
the  adjacent  lobby  doors.  In  either  case  it  would 
be  very  objectionable.  AVe  hive  no  intention  of 
labouring  a  small  point,  but  "  New  Boy  "  will  be 
wise  to  remember  what  is  here  said.  The  stair- 
case is  conveniently  removed  from  the  bar  in  this 
plan,  and  the  secretary's  office  has  an  advantage 
in  being  near  the  front  entrance.  The  card- 
room  would  be  apt  to  be  used  as  a  passage.  The 
canted  bays  to  billiard  and  dining-rooms  scarcely 
look  well  considered,  and  the  arch,  viewed  from 
the  interior  of  these  apartments,  must  appear 
awkward  springing  off  the  splay  in  this  fashion. 

The  third  design,  by  "Ionic,"  with  its  strange - 
looking  tower  and  more  pretentious  proportions, 
is  not  equal  to  its  author's  usual  merits,  though 
the  drawings  are  good  enough.  The  roughcast 
cap  to  the  tower  seems  so  meaningless,  and  a 
belvedere  only  to  be  reached  via  a  card-room  could 
only  be  used  on  some  occasions  by  ladies.  There 
are,  however,  good  points  about  the  plan,  even  if 
tl»e  club-hall  is  so  big.  The  general  appearance  of 
the  building  hardly  looks  like  a  club.  The  passage 
dividing  the  interior  in  two  would  bo  dark,  and 
if  the  secretary  is  to  have  an  office,  it  should  not 
be  upstairs  at  the  back.  The  service  lift  on 
this  floor  is  in  a  black  hole. 

"  Adye  "  and  "  Eurymedon  "  are  rather  similar 
in  idea  and  stj'le,  very  quiet,  suitable,  and  simple, 
though  lacking  in  special  interest.  "Adye" 
takes  the  fourtli  place  of  merit,  because  he  is 
more  compact,  and  less  wasteful  in  passageway 
space.  The  whole  club  scheme  is  on  the  one 
floor,  but  the  bar  and  ante-hall  do  not  appear  to 
be  very  well  lit ;  skylights  are  introduced  above  the 
side  passages  in  a  manner  which  a  little  thought 
might  easily  have  obviated.  The  haU  as  a 
common  room  is  spoiled  by  the  prominence  given 
to  the  projecting  bar  counter.  The  bedrooms  are 
on  the  first  floor.  There  is  no  access  to  the 
dressing-room  save  through  the  main  part  of  the 
club.  "Eurymedon"  manages  his  bar  better, 
but  the  ladies  have  no  separate  lavatory,  and 
would  have  to  use  the  bathroom.  The  verandah 
is  really  only  a  large  porch,  and  the  square  little 
bays  to  the  two  main  rooms  are  mean-looking. 
"We  are  not  quite  sure  about  the  bedroom 
over  staircase  landing,  but  presume  a  flat  is 
intended  on  the  "front  elevation,"  which  is 
surely  the  back  of  the  building.  This  flat,  anyway, 
is  not  a  happy  device.  The  dressing-room  does 
not  look  well  arranged,  occupying  a  lot  of  space 

vithout    much    comfort    and    very   little    light. 

'  Lyric "  spoils  his  design  by  the  ugly  sloping 

outtresses  at  the  corners  of  the  front  elevation 


which  is  otherwi-e  rather  good  and  suitable.  The 
viewis  somewhat  inky  in  effect,  though  the  drawing 
shows  care  and  some  taste.  The  gable  to  the  central 
dormer  is  omitted  in  perspective.  The  ladies' 
room  is  on  the  first  floor,  with  a  staircase  too 
mixed  up  with  the  kitchen  department  to  be  quite 
nice ;  and  the  way  to  it  is  much  too  close  to  the 
projecting  counter  of  the  bar,  which  dominates 
the  hall.  The  details  of  "Lyric's"  planning 
are  not  well  worked  out,  as,  for  example,  the 
dining-room  door  cramped  up  in  the  corner  close 
to  the  arch  leading  to  ladies'  stairs,  and  within 
a  few  feet  of  the  bar  counter.  There  is  a  servants' 
w  c.  in  the  roof  over  the  kitchen,  and  immediately 
off  the  main  stairs.  Its  soil-pipe  would  come 
down  very  near  the  kitchener  ;  and  it  is 
not  clear  how  the  wall  forming  the  brick 
gable  for  this  contrivance  would  be  carried 
as  illustrated  by  the  back  elevation.  "Tyne'' 
is  not  an  attractive  draughtsman,  with  his 
solid  washed-in  trees  in  Indian  ink ;  and 
there  is  a  want  of  conviction  in  his  work, 
which,  however,  is  not  devoid  of  cleverness. 
The  tower  and  belvedere  are  too  ambitious,  and 
the  top-lights  over  long  sunless  passages  do  not 
commend  themselves  to  an  assessor's  judgment. 
Placed  thus  in  a  flat'twixt  two  roofs,  snow  and 
rain  would  be  constantly  giving  trouble. 
'' Stoep"  ia  uncertain  in  his  mode  of  planning, 
giving  an  internal  ysrd,  into  which  the  big 
window  of  the  dining-room  has  an  outlook,  the 
other  window  being  directed  away  from  the 
river.  His  river  front  is  well  balanced,  but  no 
attempt  is  made  to  locate  the  clubrooms  in 
that  direction,  the  two  ends  of  this  elevation 
being  occupied  by  bath-rooms.  The  Classical 
curved  portico  is  quite  out  of  character  with 
the  rest  of  the  clubhouse.  "  JIarcus  "  radiates 
his  billiard  and  dining-rooms  at  end  of  the 
south  elevation,  planning  a  terrace  in  be- 
tween, backed  by  a  verandah  and  faced  by  a 
wall  and  steps  down  to  the  foreshore.  The  long 
passages  right  and  left  in  a  clubhouse  are  not 
good,  and  to  reach  the  billiard-room  the 
members  have  to  pass  the  men's  cubicles,  and  to 
reach  the  dining-room  everybody  passes  the 
ladies'  w.c,  their  lavatory,  and  their  bathroom, 
each  with  different  doors  into  the  passage, 
while  at  the  end  of  it,  in  full  view,  is 
the  kitchen  door.  "Marcus"  has  hardly  done 
himself  justice.  "  Frena  "  radiates  his  rooms 
in  a  similar  manner  to  the  last,  but  brings 
tkem  much  closer  together  with  the  haU, 
only  between  and  over  thit  he  puts  an  octagonal 
room  for  the  ladies,  having  a  belvedere  at  the  top. 
This  makes  an  ingenious  affair,  but  the  bar  is 
excessively  dark  in  a  sort  of  cage  at  the  rear  of 
the  hall,  which  can  only  be  reached  from  the 
river  side  of  the  club.  ' '  Frena  "has  taken  pains, 
and  displays  ingenuity,  but  his  rooms  lack  grace 
and  proportion.  "  Saxon  "  ignores  the  new  rules 
as  to  size  of  sheet  of  paper.  His  river-front  for 
the  boating  club  would  look  better  had  the  two 
projecting  bays  been  of  equal  proportions.  As  it 
is,  they  differ  too  slightly,  and  the  hip  on  the 
larger  one  is  not  a  happy  variation.  'The  long, 
low  dormer  is  ugly,  and  the  planning  is  poor,  with 
long  and  dark  passages.  The  bar  opening  into  the 
dining-room  is  a  fatal  mistake.  "  Aurum"  has 
plenty  of  windows,  and  his  elevation  looks 
cheerful  outside,  but  the  interior  is  as  black  as 
night.  "Whatever  the  author  of  such  a  plan 
can  be  thinking  about  is  beyond  comprehension. 
His  kitchen  has  no  windows  whatever.  "  Bull- 
dog "  draws  carefully,  but  without  effectiveness. 
He  works  up  the  major  part  of  his  elevations  to 
the  utmost,  and  then  leaves  white  blank  spaces 
like  gaps  in  the  roofs.  The  elevations  are 
really  too  superior  to  be  described  as  quite 
ordinary,  but  the  plan  would  not  make  a 
highly  convenient  club.  .  The  serving  bar  is 
a  mere  passage  ''space,  and  the  bUliard-room 
lighting  is  inadequate.  "  Tom  "  sends  a 
riverside-looking  building  accompanied  by  a 
crude  and  cumljeroome  plan  having  a  billiard- 
room  shaped  |_  fashion.  Circular  bay  windows 
end  the  front  and  finish  off  the  verandah. 
"King's  Pawn"  gives  a  superior  elevation,  with  a 
ship-crowned  clock  turret  in  good  taste,  and  his 
verandah  is  dignified,  though  the  circular  pedi- 
ment in  the  middle  is  needless.  The  plan  is  not 
so  happy  with  the  passage  cut  out  of  the  hall  and 
the  bar  in  a  sort  of  "glory  hole"   beyond  that. 

"  Chingacagook's "  contribution  comes  un- 
finished, otherwise  he  would  rank  much 
higher.  An  octagonal  hall  with  a  porch 
in  front  forms  the  centre  from  which  the 
two  main  rooms  are  set  out  diagonally 
in    an    ingenious    way.      The     elevations    are 


modest  and  becoming,  though  we  expect  that  the 
/\-shaped  verandah  would  not  really  be  very  con- 
venient, though  some  might  fancy  the  placing  of 
it  so.  "Greyhound"  draws  brightly  and  plans 
thinly,  without  much  idea  of  relative  proportions 
or  the  value  of  passage  areas.  His  bay  projecting 
bar-counter,  jutting  out  right  in  front  of  the  main 
entrance,  is  vulgar  in  the  extreme.  "Zig-Zag" 
gives  us  a  boating  incident  in  ihe  perspective  of 
his  design.  The  river  side  has  two  hipped-roofed 
staircase  towers,  and  two  entrances  lead  to  the 
large  hall,  with  the  secretary  in  between.  The 
verandahs  are  beyond.  We  do  not  lilce  the  bar- 
counter  where  it  is.  "Orchid"  is  an  odd  con- 
triver, and  puts  an  inaer  court  to  cut  up  his 
scheme,  with  which  he  has  taken  some  pains, 
though  he  shirked  a  perspective.  "  0.  B." 
seems  to  us  rather  capable,  though  he  is  bold 
enough  to  omit  a  range  of  semicircular  dormers 
in  the  view,  because  they  are  too  crowded.  The 
ends  of  his  clubhouse  look  like  parts  of  an 
ordinary  dwelling-house,  but  the  central  gable 
is  effective.  Excessive  space  is  devoted  to  mere 
passages  and  corridors.  The  hall  is  so  cut  up 
that  it  becomes .  merely  part  of  this  categoiy. 
"Regent"  is  disjointed  in  his  plan,  and  the 
same  effect  seems  peculiar  to  his  elevations  with 
which  he  fails  to  obtain  individuality.  "Lux" 
has  au  ample  verandah  upstairs  as  well  as 
down,  though  the  first  floor  fails  to  show  it. 
Only  part  of  the  front  elevation  figures  in  the 
sheet.  "Leo"'  gives  two  conical  turrets  with 
ventilating  terminals.  These  features  do  not 
improve  the  plan,  and  the  hall  is  devoted  to  the 
bar  business.  "  Novocastria  "  draws  coarsely, 
and  puts  wave  clouds  in  his  perspective.  The 
plan  of  this  design  seems  crowded,  and  the  ladies 
are  shut  off  entirely  from  the  club,  save  by  being 
allowed  to  come  round  through  the  verandah. 
"  Woodbury "  showers  three  sheets  upon  us, 
taking  great  pains.  His  perspective  is  bright 
and  effective.  His  plan  is  a  most  wasteful  one, 
with  a  very  ungainly  passage,  the  whole  thing 
being  crude  in  its  contrivance.  The  elevations 
are  better.  "  Hereward  "  comes  next,  and  then 
"Crocket."  "Bondsman"  is  exceedingly  neat 
with  an  indifferent  plan.  "Beta"  is  chiefly  re- 
markable for  a  tall  conical  square  spire.  "  Hermit " 
plans  his  club  more  like  a  primary  school 
with  a  central  hall.  "  Pau  "  is  freehand  in  his 
style,  and  ought  to  do  really  better  work,  as  surely 
hemightjudgingfromhismannerisms.  "  Obelisk" 
is  not  inspiring,  but  he  certainly  makes  for  pains- 
taking, and  gives  a  practical  boating  elibhouse 
undistinguished  by  graceful  design.  "Yew  Tree  " 
is  another  contributor  who  tries,  but  he  wants  a 
few  lessons  in  perspective.  Ditto  to  "  Young 
Michael,"  whose  trees  resemble  no  natural 
growth  in  this  world.  There  is  an  idea,  how- 
ever, in  his  plan,  even  if  the  bar-counter  running 
under  the  stairs  is  too  foolish  for  words.  Fancy 
ladies  going  up  over  a  bar  with  all  the  bottles, 
&c.,  in  full  view,  washing-tubs,  and  all  the  things 
usually  kept  out  of  sight.  "  Loidis"  is  not  a 
success  this  time,  and  "  D'Artagnan  "  drawj  so 
thinly  and  in  so  inconsequential  a  way  that  his 
design  does  not  appear  to  advantage.  The  plan 
is  rambling  and  lacking  in  concentration. 
' '  Alpha ' '  takes  pains,  and  we  would  like  to 
encourage  him,  but  the  best  advice  we  can  give 
him  is  to  try  his  hand  at  something  else.  He  has 
not  put  his  name  on  the  back  of  his  drawing. 
"Wear"  completes  the  series.  The  conditions 
issued  were  as  follows : — 

"  A  small  boating  clubhouse  on  a  river.  The 
site  is  on  the  level  ground,  about  50ft.  from  the 
banks  of  the  stream,  where  there  is  a  landing 
place.  The  club  is  not  residential.  It  comprises 
a  billiard  and  reading-room  30ft.  by  20ft.,  a  card- 
room  12ft.  by  10ft.,  or  thereabouts,  a  dining-room 
somewhat  of  a  corresponding  size  to  reading- 
room,  and  a  kitchen  with  offices  handy  for 
service.  There  is  to  be  a  ladies'  room,  about  l-5ft. 
square  or  off  that  area,  with  a  lavatory,  one  bath- 
room, and  w.c.  close  by.  There  are  to  be  five 
dressing  cubicles,  6ft.  by  4ft.,  for  men,  a  lavatory, 
and  two  bathrooms  ni  suite  with  men's  con- 
venience and  w.c.'s.  There  must  be  a  secretary's 
office,  quite  small,  and  a  nice  club  hall  with  bar  : 
also  a  cycle  place,  but  that  will  be  to  the  rear.  A 
housekeeper's  bedroom  and  one  for  a  servant  will 
be  required  on  the  first  floor.  Verandah  to  club 
suggested.  It  is  to  face  the  river,  which  is  on  the 
south  of  the  site.  .Suffiricnt  drawings  to  show 
the  building,  which  is  mainly  to '  be  on  one  floor. 
Scale  8ft.  to  inch.  If  space  is  limited,  the  plans 
may  be  shown  to  roth  sc^le.  Style  suitable  for 
brick  and  tiles  with  woodwork  painted  white. 
Designs  tobesentin  not  later  than  March  5  next . ' ' 


April  8,  1904. 


THE    BUTLDTXG    Is^EWS. 


}09 


510 


THE    BUILDIJSG    NEWS. 


Apeil  8,  1904 


KECENT  ADDITIONS  AT  THE  VICTORIA 
AND    ALBERT   MUSEUM. 

THE  English  earthenware  from  the  Jermyn- 
street  collection  has  now  been  classified  and 
arranged.  Among  the  later  additions  to  the 
pottery  section  of  the  museum  is  a  drug  vase  made 
by  Masseot  Abaquesne,  of  Kouen,  in  the  10th 
century,  presented  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Fitzhenry.  A 
rare,  if  not  unique,  porcelain  bowl,  w^th  decora- 
tion ia  the  stj'le  of  Ehodian  earthenware,  made  at 
Florence  or  I'isa  and  dated  1638,  has  been  lent 
by  Mr.  Henry  Willett.  The  collection  of  pewter 
has  been  cnrichad  by  gifts  and  loans  from  Mr. 
J.  H.  Fitzhenry  and  Colonel  Croft-Lyons.  In 
the  water-colour  galleries  will  be  found  three 
bronze  statuettes  by  Mr.  Alfred  Gilbert,  K.A. 
The  first  is  entitled  "  Perseus  Arming."  The 
hero  wears  a  winged  helmet,  and  grasps  a  short 
sword  by  the  scabbard  with  his  left  hand.  He  is 
looking  down  towards  his  right  foot,  on  which  he 
has  just  fitted  one  of  the  talaria  or  winged  sandals 
given  to  him  by  Mercury.  Another  figure  called 
"Comedy  and  Tragedy"  represents  an  actor 
holding  a  mask ;  he  has  just  been  stung  by  a  bee. 
The  expression  of  pain  is  lost  when  the  figure  is 
viewed  from  a  position  in  which  the  head  is  visible 
through  the  open  mouth  of  the  mask.  The  third 
statuette,  "  An  Offering  to  Hs'men,"  is  that  of  a 
young  girl  holding  in  her  hands  a  tiny  winged 
figure  and  a  stem  of  flowers.  In  the  same  gallery 
is  a  replica  of  Rodin's  marble  figure  in  the 
Luxembourg,  Paris,  "  La  Danaide,"  lent  by  Mr. 
Gerald  Arbuthnot. 

In  the  Furniture  Section  are  two  carved  wood 
coffers  of  Tyrolese  and  South  German  work 
dating  from  about  1500,  of  a  style  scarcely  repre- 
sented hitherto  in  the  museum  collection ;  also 
an  oak  bed-front  from  the  North  of  Europe, 
jprobably  17th-century  work. 

Amongst  the  vestments  exhibited  in  the  east 
oloisters  of  the  North  Court  will  be  found  two 
interesting  dalmatics  and  a  chasuble  of  the  later 
years  of  the  15th  century,  which  are  said  to  have 
come  from  the  church  of  St.  Severin  at  Cologne. 
They  are  of  stamped  woollen  velvet,  with  em- 
broidered orphreys.  In  an  adjoining  case  is 
a  mauve-coloured  velvet  cope,  decorated  with 
applique  work  and  embroidery.  On  the  hood  is 
represented  the  Virgin  and  Child,  whilst  Our 
Lord  in  glory  appears  in  the  middle  of  the 
crphrey,  with  St.  Peter,  St.  Bartholomew,  and 
St.  Ursula  to  the  right,  and  St.  Paul,  St.  John 
the  Evangelist,  and  St.  Andrew  to  the  left, 
beneath  canopies.  This  splendid  example  of 
ecclesiastical  embroidery  is  German  work  of  the 
early  16th  century. 

At  the  end  of  the  South  Court  in  a  case  facing 
the  lace   collection  is  hung  an   altar-frontal  in 
three  panels,  which  is  a  characteristic  piece  of 
Flemish  pillow-lace  of    the  17th  century,  with 
bold  scrolling  patterns  united  by  brides  picotees. 
The  smaller  articles  of  costume  which  are  grouped 
in  a  large  case  at  the  foot  of  the  Art  Library 
staircase  have  been  enriched  by  an  embroidered 
silk  bodice  with  slashed  sleeves,  probably  made 
in  Italy  during  the  early  years  of  the  1 7th  century. 
Some    Tudor    tapestry     hangings,   which   for 
many  years  were  on  the  walls  of  the  audit-room 
of  Winchester  College,  have   been    lent  by  the 
Warden  and  Fellows  of  the  College,  and  are  ex- 
hibited in  the  Tapestry  Court,  where  they  will 
remain  for  a  few  days  longer.    Two  of  these 
hangings  form  part  of  a  tapestry  of  great  beauty, 
and  are  unusual  in  design.     The  field  is  in  broad 
vertical  stripes  of  red  and  blue  covered  with  a 
pattern,  over  which  are  the  following  devices  re- 
peated :    The  sacred  monogram,  red   and  white 
roses,  and  shields  azure,  three  crowns  or.     The 
central  portion  of  the  tapestry  is  missing,  but  a 
detached  fragment  bearing  the  Agnus  Dei  evi- 
dently belonged  here.    The  combination  of  the 
red  and  white  roses  probably  refers  to  the  union 
of  the  two  rival  houses  under  Henry  VII.  and  his 
<Jueen  Elizabeth  of   York.     It  is  an  interesting 
fact  that  their  eldest  son  Arthur,  the  first  prince 
who  united  the  claims  of  the  two  houses,  was 
born  at  Winchester  in  the  year  1486.  The  tapestry 
dates  from  the  latter  years  of  the  15th  century. 
Two  other  examples  form  portions  of  a  large 
tapestry  which  had  for  its  subject  the  story  of 
David  and  Abigail.    The  tapestry  is  a  Flemish 
production  of  the  second  half  of  the  15th  century. 
Another  tapestry,  less  important  in  its  character, 
has  the  advantage  of  being  complete.     It  repre- 
sents a  group  of  figures  inclosed  by  a  border  of 
ttuit   and  flowers.     It   was  probably   woven   at 
Brussels  soon  after  the  middle  of  the  1 6th  century, 
in  the  Indian  section   of   the   museum  is  an 
interestmg  coUection  of  personal  ornaments  worn 


by  native  women,  chiefly  bracelets,  armlets, 
anklets,  and  toe-rings  in  white  metal  and  brass. 
For  the  most  part  they  were  found  in  Central 
India  and  the  North-West  Provinces.  They  are 
the  gift  of  Miss  E.  M.  Herbert  Wright. 


THE  HOUSING  QUESTION  IN  LONDON. 

A  RETURN  has  jus*,  been  presented  to  the 
London  County  Council  by  the  Housing 
of  the  Working  Classes  Committee,  giving  par- 
ticulars as  to  the  more  important  works  for  the 
housing  01  the  working  classes  now  being  carried 
out  by  the  Council.  In  the  period  from  April  1, 
1903,  to  the  present  time  4,893  persons  have 
been  provided  for  at  a  total  cost  of  £243,578. 
The  most  important  of  the  schemes  completed 
duting  the  last  few  months  have  been  the 
Durham-buildings,  York-road,  Battersea,  cost- 
ing £12,160,  the  Ottawa  and  Baflin's-buifdings, 
Poplar,  costing  £15,900,  and  the  Thackeray, 
Dickens,  and  Coram-buildings,  Herbrand-street, 
Russell -square,  costing  £27,559.  Thei-e  are  at 
present  in  hand  six  schemes  for  the  clearance  of 
insanitary  areas,  and  in  each  case  considerable 
progress  has  been  made.  The  clearances  are  at 
Garden  -  row,  St.  Luke's,  estimated  to  cost 
£144,850,  Aylesbury-place,  Clerkenwell,  and 
Holborn  £189,800,  Burford  -  court.  Poplar, 
£13,300,  Webber -row,  Southwark,  £152,950, 
Nightingale  -  street,  Marylebone,-  £6,000,  and 
Providence-place,  Poplar,  £17,100.  The  total 
cost  of  the  schemes  will  be  £524,000,  and,  while 
4,789  persons  of  the  working  classes  will  be  dis- 
placed, provision  will  be  made  in  the  rehousing 
schemes  for  5,705. 

The  estimated  cost  of  the  works  now  in  progress 
in  connection  with  housing  schemes  is  £517,000, 
and  these  will  provide  for  11,469  persons.  The 
most  important  of  them  are  for  the  erection  of  a 
second  set  of  cottages  estimated  to  cost  £120,000 
upon  the  Totterdown-fields  estate.  Tooting,  and 
for  cottages  in  the  White  Hart-lane  and  Norbury 
estates.  The  buildings  now  in  course  of  erection 
include  large  blocks  at  Wedmore-street,  HoUoway 
(£32,600),  Robey-street,  Finsbury  (£20,500), 
Preston's-road,  Poplar  (£36,000),  and  Leroy- 
street,  Bermondsey  (£16,000).  The  works  about 
to  be  commenced  are  estimated  to  cost  £342,000, 
and  to  provide  for  6,842  persons.  They  include 
buildings  on  the  Caledonian  Asylum  site, 
Islington,  to  cost  £65,000,  the  George-yard  site, 
St.  Luke's,  £21,000,  the  Brixton-hill  site"  £30,500, 
the  Union-buildings  area  £86,256,  the  Garden- 
row  area  £39,670,  and  the  Webber-row  area, 
Southwark,  £52,176.  The  works  which  have 
been  sanctioned  by  the  Council,  and  for  which 
preliminary  plans  are  in  course  of  preparation, 
are  as  follows  : — Creek-road,  Deptford,  London- 
street  site  (Rotherhithe  tunnel  rehousing).  Old 
Oak- common  estate  (cottages).  White  Hart-lane 
estate.  Wood  Green  (remainder),  Totterdown- 
fields  estate  (remainder) ,  and  the  Norbury  estate 
(remainder).  These  works  are  estimated  to  cost 
£2,315,706,  and  to  provide  accommodation  for 
53,032.  The  cost  of  the  work  on  the  White  Hart- 
lane  estate  alone  is  put  down  at  £1,482,735,  and 
provision  will  be  made  for  33,778  persons. 

The  Housing  Department  is  certainly  a  credit 
to  the  London  County  Council,  thanks,  in  a  very 
great  measure,  to  the  superintending  architect, 
Mr.  W.  E.  Riley,  whose  keen  interest  in  its 
operations  has  always  been  most  marked. 


cordage  and  knot-making,  transport  of  materials, 
and  details  are  given  of  different  pulleys  and 
hoists.  He  deals,  too,  with  the  strength  and 
stability  of  scaffolds,  as  well  as  the  prevention 
of  accidents.  Added  to  the  book  is  a  chapter  on 
the  legal  aspect  of  the  subject.  The  published 
price  is  5s.  net.  The  volume  is  well-printed 
and  nicely  produced. 


SCAFFOLDING. 

SCAFFOLDING  no  longer  takes  the  sub- 
ordinate position  assigned  to  it  hitherto  by 
builders  and  their  men.  Not  only  have  the  Work- 
men's Compensation  Act  of  1897  and  the  Factory 
and  Workshop  Act  of  1901  directed  more  im- 
mediate attention  to  the  need  of  better  scaffold- 
ing, but  the  economy  of  improved  methods  has 
been  fully  realised  by  the  more  up-to-date 
contractors,  while  enterprising  engineers  have 
introduced  special  derricks  and  other  hoisting 
appliances  calculated  to  insure  the  saving  of  time 
and  labour.  The  whole  scheme  of  scaffold-build- 
ing has,  for  varied  reasons,  been  largely  developed, 
and  the  need  of  reliable  information  on  the  subject 
has  induced  Mr.  Batsford  to  issue  a  book  of  de- 
tailed particulars  about  the  erection  of  scaffolds, 
gantries,  and  stagings.  The  author,  Mr.  A.  G.  H. 
Thatcher,  has  had  a  wide  and  extensive  experi- 
ence in  all  such  matters  in  connection  with  the 
building  trade.  His  pages  are  enriched  by  150 
illustrations,  including  all  sorts  of  scaft'old-build- 
ing,     strutting,     shoring,     and    underpinning ; 


THE   STEEL  SQUARE.* 

MR.  W.  LANHAM,  a  foreman  carpenter  of 
Bath,  has  published  a  little  book  describing 
the  use  of  the  steel  square  in  rooting  operations. 
The  system  has  been  used  by  himself,  and  he  has 
been  induced  by  a  number  of  carpenters  to 
publish  the  method  he  has  found  so  helpful.  The 
little  book  before  us  describes  this  system  in  a 
practical  manner  by  the  aid  of  several  plates  of 
diagrams.  The  steel  square  is  largely  used  in 
America,  but  has  not  been  well  understood  in  this 
country,  and  Mr.  T.  B.  Silcock,  B.Sc,  F.S.I., 
and  Mr.  S.  S.  Reay,  F.R.I. B.A.,  architect,  of 
Milsom-street,  Bath,  say  that  Mr.  Laaham  is 
the  only  carpenter  whom  they  have  found 
familiar  with  its  use.  The  steel  square  has  been 
in  use  for  years  in  finding  bevels  in  roofing,  but 
the  majority  of  the  trade  are  unacquainted  with 
it.  The  system  is  applicable  to  roofs  that  are 
square  on  plan,  or  out  of  square,  with  equal  or 
unequal  pitch,  intersecting  in  hips  or  valleys,  so 
there  is  no  limit  to  its  use  in  roof-cutting.  The 
steel  square  has  advantages  over  the  bevel ;  it  is 
not  affected  by  any  little  irregularities,  such  as 
rough  sawing.  The  author  describes  the  best 
kind  of  square.  It  should  be  24in.  by  2in.  in  the 
blade,  and  18in.  by  lain,  in  the  tongue  ;  one  side 
must  be  divided  into  inches,  and  each  inch 
subdivided  into  twelve  parts,  making  an  inch 
scale.  This  side  is  used  in  roofing  ;  the  other 
side  is  divided  into  inches  and  subdivided 
into  Ain.  in  the  ordinary  way.  The  best 
squares  are  tapered  in  thickness  from  the  corner 
or  heel  to  the  ends  of  blade  and  tongue,  thus 
making  them  stronger  and  lighter  than  if  they 
had  parallel  sides.  The  author  proceeds  to 
explain  how  to  obtain  the  bevels  of  a  roof 
having  a  hipped  end  and  bay  roof  at 
one  end,  gable  and  hipped  dormer  on  the 
longer  sides,  and  an  acute  angled  hip  at 
the  other  end.  The  author  recommends  a 
model  roof  to  be  cut  on  a  board,  so  that  each  cut 
may  be  explained  and  proved,  the  pieces  being 
cut  a  little  larger  than  the  true  proportion  for  the 
purpose  of  explanation.  The  system  of  the  steel 
square  is,  says  the  author,  "  to  make  the  square 
fit  into  the  roof  in  all  the  different  ways  required 
to  obtain  the  bevels — in  other  words,  wht-never 
there  is  a  bevel  in  a  roof,  the  square  will  lay  in  a 
position  that  will  give  that  bevel,  and  the  whole 
art  of  the  system  consists  of  being  able  to  picture 
in  the  mind  the  particular  way  the  square  can  be 
placed  in  the  roof  to  obtain  the  bevel  required,  and 
this  being  able  to  see,  as  it  were,  the  square  in 
the  roof  before  it  is  cut  is,  I  believe,  the  true  way 
of  using  the  steel  square  ;  and  unless  it  can  be 
pictured  in  the  mind  in  this  way,  it  will  be 
imp  ssible  to  become  expert  in  its  use."  The 
author  in  the  various  chapters  explains  how  each 
line  is  found,  and  the  reason.  The  first  thing  is 
to  find  the  pitch  of  roof  in  the  usual  manner.  If 
the  main  roof  has  a  run,  or  distance  from  plate  of 
roof  to  centre  of  ridge,  measuring  in  a  level  Hne, 
of  7ft  ,  and  the  rise  of  rafters  is  5ft.  9in.,  the  use 
of  the  steel-square  is  explained  thus  :  "  You  must 
now  picture  in  your  mind  that  you  have  a  great 
square,  24ft.  by  ISft.— that  is,  twelve  times  the 
size  of  the  real  square — and  you  place  it  on  the 
wall-plate  of  the  building  to  be  roofoJ,  with  heel 
towards  the  centre,  the  blade  square  from  plate 
and  level,  and  the  tongue  upright.  Now,  if  7ft. 
on  the  blade  is  placed  to  outside  edge  of  plate — 
i.e.,  the  run — 5ft.  9in.  on  the  tongue  being  the 
rise,  then  a  line  drawn  from  one  to  the  other 
must  give  the  top  and  bottom  bevels,  and 
measuring  across  must  give  the  length  of  common 
rafter.  It  is  evident  if  you  were  to  place  your 
great  square  on  a  piece  of  stuff  intended  for  a 
rafter  to  the  figures  7tt.  by  5ft.  9in.,  keeping  the 
same  to  top  edge,  then  a  line  across  each  end 
would  give  bevels  and  lengths,  and  two  cuts  to 
this  would  span  the  main  roof,  after  half  the 
thickness  of  ridge  had  been  deducted  on  each." 
This  explanation  may  be  rather  obscure  to  some 
of  our  readers,  and  might  have  been  explained  by 
a  diagram  or  sketch  ;  but  by  mentally  picturing 

•  The  Steel  Sqtiare,  for  Obtaining  any  Bevel  Eequired 
in  the  Cutting  of  any  Eoof,  &c.  ByW.  Lvsham.  Bath: 
E.  and  A.  LoveU. 


AiRiL  8,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIEG    NEWS. 


511 


the  square  in  the  roof  as  described  the  bevela  can  be 
found.  The  be^•^]s  for  hips  and  ralleys,  length  and 
bevela  of  jack  rafters,  side  bevel  for  purlins,  cutting 
ralleys  over  purlins  are  all  explained  and  illus- 
trated by  diagrams.  There  can  be  no  doubt  as  to 
the  value  of  this  system  in  determining  roofing 
problems ;  it  is  a  method  of  finding  bevels  and 
lengths  of  timber  that  is  perfectly  scientific,  and 
by  an  ocular  procf  ss  the  cutting  is  proved  to  the 
mind  ;  but  Jlr.  Lanham's  explanations  are  not, 
perhaps,  always  so  clear  as  one  could  have  desired  ; 
stm,  no  one  can  fail  to  understand  the  method  if 
he  carefully  studies  the  explanatory  text  by  the 
aid  of  the  diagrams  given  in  the  first  part  of  the 
book,  in  which  the  various  positions  of  the  square 
are  shown  in  finding  the  run  of  hips  and  valleys, 
bevel  of  hips,  the  mode  of  cutting  purlins,  &c.  We 
can  heartily  recommend  Mr.  Lanham's  useful 
system  of  the  steel  square  to  all  carpenters  and 
students  of  roof  construction.  Copies  of  this  book 
can  be  obtained  post  free  for  2a.  from  the  author, 
71,  The  Triangle,  Oldfield  Park,  Bath. 


STRESSES   AND  THRUSTS. 

THIS  useful  textbook  for  students  has  reached 
a  third  edition,  which  is  really  the  fifth  issue 
of  the  work,  as  it  passed  through  two  editions 
under  a  previous  title.  Its  author,  Jlr.  G.  A.  T. 
Middleton,  A.R.I.B.A.,  has  enlarged  and  im- 
proved his  treatise,  giving  farther  details  as  to 
designing  steel  joists  and  steel  plate  girders. 
Some  useful  examination  papers  have  also  been 
added.  The  problems  set  forth  are  illustrated 
by  170  diagrams.  Mr.  B.  T.  Batsford  is  the 
publisher,  and  the  price  is  48.  6d.  net.  All 
students  would  find  it  a  timely  and  reliable  friend. 


JOINERY,    WOOD-TURNING,    AND 
CABINET- W(JRK. 

THE  divisional  vol.  VII.  of  the  Mud,>i, 
Carpenter,  Joiner,  and  Cabinet- MiiJ<cr  has 
just  been  issued  by  the  Gresham  Publishing 
Company,  though  it  is  dated  last  year.  It  opens 
with  a  continuation  of  the  essay  on  Staircase- 
building,  with  cojjioua  illustrations,  including 
diagrams  of  one  -  string  stairs,  dog  -  legged 
and  close-string  stairways.  Geometrical  and 
elliptical  stairs,  as  well  as  circular  ones,  are 
figured,  followed  by  pirticulars  of  hand-railing 
and  scroll-making,  written  by  George  Miller. 
Section  X.  begins  with  a  chapter  from  the  pen  of 
Mr.  Edward  B.  Bak<>r,  on  airtight  case- 
making,  and  Mr.  R.  W.  Cole,  B.A  ,  writes  a 
treatise  on  Cabinet  -  making,  after  devo'ing 
several  pages  very  usefully  to  a  chapter  on 
Woodturning,  with  examples.  Various  and 
particular  items  of  elementarj-  knowledge  are 
furnished  about  these  things,  accompanied  by 
photographic  and  diagrammatic  figures  and  sec- 
tions for  a  variety  of  constructional  woodwork. 
Veneering,  French  polishing,  and  fumigating  are 
likewise  dealt  with.  There  is  a  brief  chapter  on 
Shop-titting,  and  some  coloured  places  are  given 
of  sideboards  and  bookcases  designed  in  a  practical 
and  up-to-date  style,  the  same  lieces  bein" 
illustrated  hy  photographic  views.  Other 
furniture  is  included  from  the  designs  of  the 
editor,  Mr.  G.  Lister  Sutcliffe,  A.R  I.B.A.,  in- 
cluding a  Communion  table  and  an  oak  chimney- 
piece.  The  details  of  how  to  build  a  revolving 
bookcase  will  interest  many  readers.  This  is  one 
of  the  most  useful  volumes  of  the  entire  series. 


IRISH  BUILDING  STONES.— X. 

LONDONDEllKY. 

THE  rocks  here  are  Pliocene  clays  deposited  in 
hollows  of  the  great  basaltic  sheet,  Upper 
Chalk  with  flints,  underlying  the  basalt.  Upper 
Greensand,  Lower  Lias,  Rh;uiic  beds,  Keuper  red 
and  gre  n  marls  overlying  sandstones  and  con- 
glomerates. Upper  and  Lower  Carboniferous 
Limestones,  Upper  and  Lower  Calciferous  Sand- 
stone, partially  altered  ;  Lower  Silurian  and 
Jambrian,  Basalt  in  two  separate  sheets,  upper 
and  lowor  ;  Dolerite,  Volcinic  Ash,  and  other 
igneous  rocks.  Coleraine  is  built  on  basalt  and 
alluvium  ;  Londonderry  on  alluvium  and  schistose 
metamorphic  rocks  ;  Magherafelt,  basalt  ;  and 
Newtown  Limavady,  Upper  Calciferous  Sand- 
Hione.  A  continuition  of  the  great  basalt  sheet 
of  Antrim  covers  all  the  eastern  portion  of  this 
county,  its  average  width  being  about  eight 
miles.  It  extends  from  th9  sea  on  the  north  to 
Lough  Neagh    on    the    south,  where    it   enters 


Tyrone.  The  chalk,  and  some  unimportant 
beds,  which  correspond  with  the  English  Upper 
Greensand,  are  the  sole  representatives  hereof  all 
the  rocks  which  in  England  are  known  as  the 
Cretaceous  system,  including,  with  those  already 
mentioned,  the  Gault,  Lower  Greensand,  and 
Wealden  Beds.  The  newer  rocks  are  found  in 
this  county  as  a  narrow  fringe,  which  crops  out 
from  under  a  protective  basalt  covering,  the  white 
chalk  being  in  close  contact  with  the  dark  igneous 
rock  ;  in  fact,  but  for  the  latter,  there  would  be 
no  trace  of  any  Cretaceous  rocks  in  Ireland. 
Where  the  basalt  penetrates  into  the  chalk,  a 
conglomerate  of  flints  and  fragments  of  chalk  is 
formed.  The  flints  are  changed  in  colour  to  red, 
and  the  chalk  converted  into  lime  forms  a  soapy 
enveloping  paste  for  the  whole.  The  basalt  in 
such  a  case  is  concretionary,  and  as  the  softer 
portions  wear  away,  the  remainder  looks  like 
boulders  set  in  a  rough  conglomerate.  One  of 
the  strangest  facts  connected  with  this  invasion 
of  a  purely  sedimentary  rock  by  an  igneous 
one  is  the  occurrence  of  several  large  blocks 
of  hard  black  basalt,  completely  iso'ated, 
in  the  chalk.  Dr.  Buckland  found  it  diflicult 
to  account  for  them,  especially  when  several 
lumps  are  found  at  very  different  elevations, 
some  being  20ft.  lowtr  in  the  chalk  than  others. 
The  question  is  how  were  these  blocks  introduced 
there  ':'  They  are  not  connected  by  vein  or  fissure 
of  any  kind  with  a  larger  ma«B,  hence  the  p-o- 
bability  is  that  they  were  bombs,  projected  from 
some  adjacent  volcano,  which  sank  into  the  sand 
as  it  was  being  deposited  on  the  bottom  of  the 
chalk  sea.  In  the  Basalt  district  that  mateiial 
has  been  extensively  used  for  building.  The  harder 
varieties  rise  in  well  shaped  blocks  which  work 
freely  under  the  hammer.  In  some  cases  quoins 
and  dressings  of  walls  are  of  dark  basalt,  and  the 
ashlar  rubble  walling  of  chalk,  an  arrangement 
which  produces  some  startling  effects.  In  other 
cases  this  is  reversed,  and  the  dressings  are  of 
white  limestone,  while  the  main  body  of  the 
wall  is  of  basalt ;  both  these  stones  are  easily 
recognised  by  their  colours.  The  principal  basalt 
quarries  are  Ballylagan,  worked  by  Mr.  J. 
Stewart ;  Bushtown,  Mr.  R.  Max  »ell ;  Carnance, 
Coleraine  Harbour  Commissioners  ;  Freehall,  Mr. 
R.  J.  Patterson  ;  and  Spittal  Hill,  Messrs.  Hill,  all 
near  Coleraine.  There  are  whinstone  quirries  in 
scattered  dykf  s  worked  for  road  metal  at  Carneety, 
Mr.  T.  Henry,  Fincairn  ;  Mr.  R.  Campbell, 
Lisneal ;  Mr.  J.  Getty,  Tamenymore ;  Mr.  A. 
Watson,  Warbleshinney ;  Mr.  .1.  Henderson, 
and  Wilson's  Ballygrubey,  Mr.  J.  Wilson — all 
near  Londonderry.  The  white  limestone  (altered 
chalk)  is  quarried  chiefly  for  lime-burning  :  its 
brittleness  and  cleaved  structure  render  it  al- 
together unfit  for  dressed  work,  though  some 
blocks  are  sometimes  obtained  from  it  for  walling. 
A  white  limestone  quarried  at  Springhill  has 
been  used  for  building  in  Moneymore  :  the  blocks 
are  small,  and  they  weather  fairly  well.  Chalk 
raised  in  the  Saltf  rs'  Co.  quarries  at  Ballymoghan, 
Magherafelt,  and  in  another  quarry  belonging  to 
the  same  company  at  GortagiUy,  h<s  been  used 
for  general  building  purposes.  The  Drapers'  Co. 
also  own  a  chalk  quarry  at  Moneymore,  the  stone 
from  which  has  been  used  for  building.  The 
London  companies  own  qui'e  a  selection  of  stone 
quarries  in  this  county.  The  Salters  have  bisalt ; 
the  Grocers  old  red  sandstone,  the  Drapers 
limestone,  the  Fishmongers  Silurian  limestone, 
and  the  Mercers  "  Tertiary  Trap."  The  Hon.  the 
Irish  society  have  clay,  slate,  and  basalt.  Lias 
rocks  are  found  associated  wi  h  igneous  rocks  at 
Portrush  ;  they  are  met  imorphosed,  and  none  o' 
the  beds  are  used  for  building.  It  will  be  noted 
here  that  in  the  county  all  the  Lower  Cretaceous 
and  Jurassic  rocks  above  the  Lias  have  no  repre- 
sentatives ;  consequently  there  are  no  Oolites, 
Portlandian,  Corallim,  or  Bathonian  ;  the 
Inferior  Oolite  is  also  missing.  Thin  bedded 
sandstones  were  formerly  worked  in  the  Ijia", 
which  is  found  only  in  places  along  the  margin 
of  the  great  basalt  sheet ;  these  were  used  for 
flagging,  but  were  found  to  be  unsuitable  for  that 
or  any  other  purpose  in  building,  though  they 
made  good  scythe  stc^ncs.  A  narrow  strip  of 
Triassic  Sandstone  extends  from  the  sea  on  the 
north  toapoint  six  miles sou'h-east  of  Dungivon  : 
its  breadth  is  not  much  more  than  one  and  a  half 
miles,  and  it  follows  the  margin  of  the  bas.aliio 
plateau  along  its  entire  length.  In  this  district 
the  New  Red  rocks  are  usually  eundstoneii,  but  in 
some  places  clays  and  shales  are  found.  To  ihf 
south,  by  Lough  Neagh,  the  same  rocks  enter  'he 
county  from  Tyrone  :  tl^ey  pass  northwards  by 
Moneymore     and      Magherafelt     to     Mighera, 


bounding  the  basaltic  plateau  like  those  in  the 
north  of  the  county,  the  exposures  here  varying 
in  width  from  four  miles  to  half  a  mile.  The 
thickness  of  the  Triassic  rocks  varies  considerably . 
On  the  Tyrone  county  boundary  it  cannot  be  less 
than  280ft.,  whilst  farther  north  at  Magherafelt 
it  is  only  a  few  feet.  Rhastic  beds  margin  the 
chalk  north-east  of  Limavady,  but  the  total 
thickness  of  the  deposit,  which  is  made  up  of 
shales  and  Calcareous  grit,  is  not  more  than  7ft. 
or  8ft.,  the  subordinate  divisions  being  seldom 
more  than  6in.  thick.  On  the  whole,  the  Irish 
Triassic  rocke  are  much  thinner  than  the  corre- 
sponding English  strata ;  yet,  still,  the  whole 
formation  is  represented  here  in  regular  sequence 
from  the  Jurassic  (Lias)  rocks  above  to  the  under- 
lying Permian,  which  latter  seems  to  be  basal 
beds  of  the  Trias,  and  not  really  a  separate  forma- 
tion. The  sandstones  of  the  "New  Red"  just 
described  are  very  soft,  and  easily  worked  ;  they 
are  not  durable,  and  quarries  are  worked  in  them 
for  local  use  only.  There  is  very  little  Car- 
boniferous Limestone  in  this  county.  An  oval- 
shaped  tract  about  4  miles  long  and  Ij  miles 
wide  is  found  between  Maghera  and  Magherafelt, 
surrounded  by  Carboniferous  sandstone  ;  the 
limestone  is  quarried  for  lime-burning,  and  being 
more  or  less  earthy,  the  lime  is  in  some  places 
hydraulic.  Desert  Martin,  and  Drumbally  are 
quarries  which  yield  a  brownish  rubbly  lime- 
stone, sometimes  dolomitic,  and  calcining  to 
hydraulic  lime.  The  stones  from  these  quarries 
were  also  used  for  walling  and  dressings  to 
bridges  over  the  Bann  at  Coleraine  and  other 
places.  The  Lower  Carboniferous  rocks  in  this 
county  are  sandstones  of  the  Scotch  type,  and 
they  yield  first-class  building  stone  ;  they  maybe 
obtained  in  every  variety  of  grain,  from  fine  sand- 
stones to  coarse  quartzose  conglomerates,  working 
well  and  easily  when  first  quarried,  and  hardening 
on  exposure.  Some  of  the  principal  quarries 
are  Gort-a-Hurk,  Maghera;  Ranaghan;  Carna- 
money  ;  Drumard  ;  Drumquin  ;  and  Altmover. 
The  colours  of  the  sandstones  obtained  here 
(usually  known  as  "  Dungiven  Stone ")  are 
creamy  white,  greys  of  various  shades,  and 
brown  ;  they  were  used  extensively  in  Belfast 
and  Londonderry.  Ne.ar  Limavady,  Walk  Mills, 
and  Glenconway  quarries  have  furnished  good 
building  stones  and  paving  slabs  for  use 
in  Londonderry,  Limavady,  and  elsewhere. 
The  Altmover  and  Drumard  quarries  are 
still  in  work,  but  they  employ  a  few  men 
only  occasionally.  Upper  Silurian  or  Lower  Old 
Red  sandstones  are  found  near  Draperstown,  but 
they  furnish  no  good  building  stones  ;  in  colour 
they  are  red  and  purple,  and  they  vary  in  texture 
from  fine  sandstones  to  coarse  conglomerates. 
The  uplands  on  the  north-west  of  this  county  are 
underlain  by  metamorphosed  Silurian  rocks, 
from  which  some  of  the  less  altered  sandstones 
have  been  selected  for  walling  in  Londonderry 
and  that  district ;  the  stone  raised  at  Prehen,  near 
Derry,  is  slaty,  and  not  a  good  weather  stone, 
though  it  has  been  extensively  used  in  that  city. 
In  the  Dungiven  district,  Silurian  limestone  has 
been  used  for  lime-burning  ;  but  where  the  stone 
is  much  altered,  it  is  unfit  for  any  work  except 
rough  walling  and  coarse  slating,  some  of  the 
associated  chloritic  schists  being  used  for  the 
latter  purpose  in  the  parish  of  Muff  and  other 
places.  None  of  the  Silurian  rocks  are  fit  for  use 
in  dressed  work,  and  many  of  them,  even  though 
used  for  roofin?,  are  more  thin  sandstones  than 
true  slates.  Associated  with  the  Silurian  rocks 
in  this  county  are  granites,  elvans,  whinstone 
dykes,  and  other  igneous  intrudes ;  but  none  of 
these  are  used  in  building.  There  are  318 
quarries  shown  on  the  Ordnance  maps  ;  42  were 
in  work  fifty  years  ago.  At  present  21  ai-e 
scheduled  as  being  under  Government  inspection  : 
15  of  these  are  in  basalt  or  whinstone,  5  la  lime- 
stone ;  the  others  are  sandstone. 

LONT.l'OUn. 

The  rocks  here  are  Middle  and  Lower  Carbo- 
niferous Limestones  (28:>,  28(i.  317,  328)  :  Carbo- 
niferous Sandstone  (259,  287) ;  0\i  Red  Sand- 
stone (2.'i2,  2',)'.))  ;  LowerSilurian  slates  and  grits. 
liallymahon  is  built  on  C'arboniferous  Limestone  ; 
Edgworths'own  on  tho  pale  grey  Carboniferous 
Limestone  of  tho  Mcoul  llills  ;  (Jrananl,  Silurian 
Beds  and  Li_dostone,  with  Carboniferous  Sand- 
stone. Tho  north  of  the  county  is  occupied  by 
Silurian  rocks,  which  come  in  from  I'avan,  where 
they  are  well  devi  loped  ;  all  the  rest  of  the  county 
is  taken  up  with  C.irl)oniferou9  rocks,  through 
which,  in  a  few  |.l.<es  to  tho  snuth-east  of 
L  iiglVrd   lo«ii,  I.  iwur  Siluri.in  rocks  pro'.iude. 


512 


THE    BUILDIXG   IS^EWS. 


April  8,  1904. 


"The  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  this  county  is 
buried  under  layers  of  drift  grdvel  and  begin  many 
places,  so  that  good  building  stone  is  not  easily 
obtained  where  either  of  these  are  deposited  in 
beds  of  any  great  depth.  The  principal  quarries 
are  Amacassa,  Crieve,  and  Ballyreevagh.  There 
are  six  at  the  former  place,  two  at  the  latter,  and 
five  at  Crieve,  all  worked  by  different  owners. 
A  quarry  at  iluUinroe  is  worked  by  Jlr.  P. 
-Dolan,  and  one  at  Linduff  by  Mr.  J.  Kelly. 
_About  four  men  is  the  average  number  employed 
in  any  of  these.  A  black  limestone  quarried  at 
_Agharra  was  used  in  the  aqueduct  over  the  river, 
and  the  new  bridge  at  BallLnacarron ;  a  similar 
stone  from  Ahauagh  was  used  in  Cloonart  bridge ; 
Oishel  quarry  furnished  the  light  grey  stone  used 
in  the  bridge  over  the  Shannon  at  Athlone,  and 
the  E.G.  Chapel  at  Longford ;  Tarmonbarry  bridge, 
dock,  and  weir  were  built  with  Cloondara  stone  ; 
that  from  the  Crieve  quarries  was  used  extensively 
in  Longford  town,  and  the  bridge  at  Lanes- 
borough  was  built  with  limestone  quarried  near 
the  site.  All  these  have  proved  to  be  good  weather 
stones.  Other  good  quarries  are  Lisryan,  Crossrea, 
Crewes,  Richmond  Harbour,  and  KathcUne.  The 
Richmond  Harbour  stone  was  used  in  the  Shannon 
works  at  Tarmonbarry. 

The  Lower  Carboniferous  or  Old  Red  Sand- 
stones are  quarried  uearGranard  and  Longford, for 
local  use  only.  They  are  generally  grey,  splinty, 
and  hard  to  work.  Other  varieties  may  be  de- 
scribed as  freestones ;  they  are  yellowish  sand- 
stones. The  principal  quarries  in  these  rocks  are 
Ballinacrow,  Dalyetown,  BaUinamuck,  Ardagh, 
-Glack,  and  Granard,  near  Balnagall.  The 
BaUinamuck  stone  was  used  for  street  paving  in 
Longford,  that  from  Glack  in  many  buildings  in 
•the  town  of  Longford,  and  the  Granard  stone  in 
Granard  Workhouse.  These  are  very  old  quarries ; 
but  there  is  not  any  demand  at  present  for  sand- 
stones, as  limestone  is  almost  universally  em- 
ployed in  all  new  buildings  for  dressed  work. 
The  grits  and  sandstones  of  the  Silurian  strata 
are  used  locally  for  walling,  but  they  are  quite 
unfit  for  dressed  work.  There  are  15  quarries, 
all  limestone,  under  Government  inspection  in 
this  county. 


On  Thursday  in  last  week  a  new  Sunday  school- 
Toom  in  connection  with  the  Congregational  Church, 
Teignmouth,  was  opened.  It  contains  four  class- 
rooms, an  infant  room,  adult  classroom,  and  church 
parlour,  and  an  assembly-room  and  gallery,  which 
will  seat  over  200  people.  The  new  buildmg  has 
been  erected  by  Mr.  Hayman,  of  Teignmouth, 
according  to  the  plans  of  Alessrs.  Bridgman  and 
Son,  of  Torquay,  at  a  cost  of  upwards  of  £2,000. 

The  corporation  of  Ipswich  have  received  the 
sanction  of  the  Local  Government  Board  to  a  loan 
of  £7,757  for  the  purchase  of  Alexandra  Park,  to  be 
repaid  within  forty-six  years. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inspector  has  held  an 
inquiry  at  Rochdale  into  the  application  of  the 
corporation  for  two  loans — one  of  £3,000  for  the 
widening  of  Oldham-road,  and  the  other  of  £5,300 
for  making  a  new  street  between  the  Drake-street 
«nd  of  Eichard-street  and  Maclure-road. 

The  pinnacles  of  the  church  tower  at  Forvey 
have  been  taken  down  and  reset  in  Portland 
cement;  some  of  the  battlements  have  been 
strengthened,  and  the  upper  story  made  water- 
tight. The  work  has  been  carried  out  by  Mr.  E. 
Lewarne,  and  on  Saturday  the  flagstaff  was  once 
again  erected  on  the  tower. 

Mr.  James  Bradley,  a  cotton  manufacturer,  ia 
making  a  gift  to  Oswaldtwiatlo  of  twenty  alms- 
hoiises,  which  will  cost  £15,000. 

The  town  conned  of  Brighton  have  received 
sanction  from  the  Local  Government  Board  to  the 
borrowing  of  £22,770  for  the  purposes  of  the 
improvement  scheme  on  The  Spa-street  area.  Plans 
and  specifications  for  alterations  to  the  fire  brigade 
station  in  Duke-streetat  a  cost  of  £1,200  have  been 
approved. 

At  Aberdeen  the  reconstruction  of  the  bridge 
which  crosses  the  Great  North  of  Scotland  Railway 
at  Guild-street  has  been  begun.  Tiie  total  cost  of 
the  work  will  amount  to  over  £12,000.  The  con- 
tractors are  Messrs.  Alexander  Fmdlay  and  Co., 
Parkneuk  Works,  Motherwell,  the  sub- contractor 
for  the  masons'  work  being  Mr.  George  Hall, 
Blenheim-place,  Aberdeen,  whose  portion  of  the 
estimate  will  amount  to  between  £3,0J0  and  £4,000. 
The  whole  work  is  to  be  completed  by  Aug.  31. 

The  summer  meeting  of  the  Somersetshire  Archa?o- 
logical  Society  wUl  be  held  at  Gdlingham.  The 
proceedmgs  will  include  visits  to  Bruton,  Stavor- 
dale.  Mere  Stourton,  Pen  Pitts,  the  Pitt  Rivers 
Museum,  and  King  John  House.  The  meeting  wUl 
be  held  on  July  10  and  foUowing  days 


OBITUARY. 

The  death  has  been  announced,  at  the  age  of 
41  years,  of  Mr.  Ekxest  Pexkivil  Tvcker.  He 
was  articled  to  his  uncle,  Mr.  Samuel  Tucker, 
late  of  Argyll-street,  W.  He  won  the  A. A.  Essay 
Prize  in  18S5,  and  was  in  partnership  with  Mr. 
Arthur  Huntley.  For  many  years  past  he 
devoted  the  whole  of  his  leisure  to  parish  work  in 
connection  with  St.  Paul's  Church,  Heme  Hill, 
S.E.,  and  recently  carried  out  alterations  to  its 
mission-room  in  Lowden-road,  Brixton. 


CHIPS. 

At  Long  Stratton,  Xorfolk,  the  peal  of  five  bells 
in  the  parish  church  of  St.  Mary  has  been  rehung, 
and  a  new  treble  bell  has  been  added.  The  work 
has  been  carried  out  by  Messrs.  Day  and  Son,  of 
Eye. 

Alterations  and  additions  have  jast  been  com- 
pleted at  the  gasworks  belonging  to  the  urban 
district  councU  of  Wells-next-the-Sea,  Xorfolk. 
Mr,  E.  G.  Smithard  was  the  engineer,  and  Messrs. 
Cutler  and  Son  were  the  contractors. 

At  the  District  Water  Trust  meeting  held  at 
Blairgowrie,  X.B.,  a  report  by  Messrs.  Middleton, 
Hunter,  and  Duff,  C.E.,  Westminster  and  Edin- 
burgh, was  submitted  on  the  proposed  scheme  for 
generating  electricity  for  lighting  and  power  pur- 
poses in  Blairgowrie,  Rattray,  and  Coupar- Angus 
by  means  of  water-power  from  Loch  Benachally, 
seven  miles  north-west  of  Blairgowrie.  The  esti- 
mated cost  of  the  scheme,  including  street  wiring,  is 
£42,500.  The  report  was  submitted  to  a  committee 
to  report  on. 

The  Shirehouse  at  the  foot  of  the  Castle  Mound 
at  Norwich  is  to  be  enlarged  for  the  Xorfolk 
County  CouncU  from  plans  prepared  by  Mr.  Heslop, 
their  surveyor,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  £15,000. 

A  memorial  windo  s-  was  unveiled  in  the  chancel 
of  Jesmond  Presbyterian  Church,  X^ewcastle,  re- 
cently, by  Sir  George  B.  Bruce.  The  window 
was  erected  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Alderman 
John  Price,  J. P.,  of  X'ewcastle.  The  window  is  a 
three-light  one.  It  represents  the  figure  of  our 
Lord,  surrounded  by  apostles  and  martyrs. 

At  the  graduation  ceremony  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  St.  Andrew's,  X.B.,  a  memorial  bust  of 
the  Marquis  of  Bute  was  unveiled  and  formally 
presented  to  the  university.  The  bust,  which  has 
been  placed  in  the  entrance  hall  of  the  medical 
buildings,  is  the  work  of  Mr.  Pittendreigh 
MacGillvray,  R.S.A.  It  is  more  than  life  size, 
and  shows  the  marquis  in  the  rotws  of  the  Lord 
Eector  of  St.  Andrew's  University. 

The  Local  Government  Board  have  granted 
borrowing  powers  to  the  corporation  of  Eipon  for 
£5,700,  for  the  erection  of  the  Spa  buildings  under  a 
private  Act,  1901. 

A  memorial  of  the  officers  and  men  of  the  Cheshire 
Regiment  who  fell  in  the  Boer  war  is  to  be  placed 
in  the  south  transept  of  Chester  Cathedral.  The 
cost  will  be  about  itiOO.  The  design  of  the  memorial 
is  by  Mr.  Eudge,  of  London.  The  names  of  those 
who  fell  in  the  war,  numbering  over  a  hundred,  will 
be  inscribed  on  it. 

The  East  Westmoreland  District  Council  have 
decided  to  apply  to  the  Local  Government  Board 
for  sanction  to  borrow  t:2,700  for  the  provision  of 
water-mains  in  respect  of  the  Tebay  water  supply. 

The  Wallasey  Urban  District  Council  has  received 
formal  sanction  from  the  Local  Government  Board 
to  the  council  borrowing  the  sum  of  £2,600  for 
widening  a  new  street  connecting  Wheatland-lane, 
Seacombe,  with  the  junction  of  Birkenhead-road 
and  Dook-road,  and  also  the  sum  of  iS70  for  the 
widening  and  improvement  of  Oakdale-road,  Sea- 
combe. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Wetherby  Board  of 
Guardians  Messrs.  Punton  and  Parry's  plans  for 
the  erection  of  a  new  workhouse  infirmary  were 
accepted,  the  estimated  cost  being  £2,000. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Dover  Corporation  it 
was  announced  that  a  loan  of  £150,000  had  been 
arranged  for  the  purchase  of  the  local  electric 
supply  undertaking  on  May  6. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  was  held  in 
the  council  chamber,  at  the  public  offices,  Egremont, 
last  week,  by  Dr.  W.  W.  E.  Fletcher,  relative 
to  the  application  of  the  councU  for  sanction  to 
borrow  the  sum  of  £6,000  for  the  extension  of  their 
infectious  diseases  hospital  in  MiU-lane,  Liscard. 

An  important  street  improvement  has  just  been 
completed  by  the  South  Shields  Corporation.  In 
order  to  connect  the  growing  and  thickly  populated 
districts  lying  at  either  side  of  the  Pontop  branch 
raUway  line  in  Dean-road,  a  bridge  has  been  con- 
structed, extending  from  a  point  near  th9  West 
Park  in  Stanhops-road  to  Dean-road.  The  work 
has  been  carried  out  by  Messrs.  J.  Shewell  and  Co., 
of  Darlington,  the  total  cost  being  about  £7,009.        I 


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viUe."  "Ionic,"  "  Woodberry,'  "The  New  Boy,'' 
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Coatspoulittttt 
-- — ♦♦-• — 

M.\LVEEX  FREE  LIBEARV  COIIPETITIOX. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  BriLDiNO  News. 
Sir, — The  committee  is  pleased  to  inform 
readers  that  the  cDnditions  of  the  above  have  been 
revised,  and  now  recommends  the  same  as  satis- 
factory;— I  am,  &c.. 

-  Henry  A.  S.vrL,  Hon.  Sec. 

Competition  Reform  Society, 
10,  (iray's  Inn-squ^e,  London,  W.C. 

A'EXnLATIOX. 

Sin, — It  would  not  have  occurred  to  me  to  have 
made  any  comments  upon  the  paper  read  by  Mr. 
Xesbit   before   the  Society  of   Architects  had  he 


April    S,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


513 


not  incorrectly  etatod    that,   "  If    the    rienum    temperature  of   1"'  C,  therefore,  even  if    there 


con- 
even 


eyatcm  had  been  carried  out  at  tliis  asylum  (Clay 
bury)  the  troublea  met  with  would  never  have 
occurred.  The  only  portions  of  the  Claybury 
Asylum  treated  on  the  I'lenura  system  are  the 
recreation  hall  and  the  chapel." 

Mr.  Nesbit,  in  your  issue  of  April  1,  corrects 
this  by  adding  the  very  extensive  workshops  to 
the  list  of  buildings  still  ventilated  by  the  Plenum 
system.  I  may  say  that  I  had  the  opportunity  of 
inspecting  the  plans  for  the  Plenum  ventilation 
of  this  asylum  ;  the  warmed  air  was  intended 
to  be  introduced  near  to  or  at  the  ceiling  level  of 
the  wards,  \c.,  and  the  foul  air  to  have  been 
removed  from  near  to  the  Uoor  level. 

But  either  the  warm  fresh  air  was  obstinate, 
or  the  foul  air  was  contumacious,  and  for  many 
years  the  oUicials  of  the  asylum,  the  asylums 
committee  and  sub-committee,  and  the  Com- 
missioners in  Lunacy  took  turns  to  find  fault  with 
the  whole  of  the  ventilation  arrangements,  as 
may  be  seen  by  a  reference  to  the  Annual  Re- 
ports of  the  Asylums  Committee  for  the  ten  years 
following  the  erection  of  the  buildings.  If  this  is 
not  sufficient  evidence,  I  will  venture  to  add  that 
I  saw  the  great  passageways  and  ducts 
structed  for  the  Plenum  ventilation,  and 
went  into  them. 

I  do  not  doubt  for  one  moment  Mr.  Nesbit's 
statement  that  the  most  vital  parts  of  the  asylum 
;the  wards)  are  at  the  prrsint  tiiiii-  ventilated 
according  to  some  system  which  //r  describes  as 
being  "natural,"  and  that  the  Plenum  or  fan 
arrangements  have  had  to  be  discarded  in  favour 
of  something  more  effective. 

At  the  present  time  the  question  of  ventilating 
buDding-s  has  become  of  very  groat  importance  ; 
it  was  discussed  at  a  recent  meeting  of  the 
R.I.B.A.,  when  an  adjournment  was  proposed, 
and  is  now  pending,  I  believe.  A  lecture  is  about 
to  be  given  in  Dublin  on  the  same  subject, 
and  a  lecture  or  paper  may  be  brought  forward 
before  another  professional  society  in  liondon 
shortly. 

As  evidence  that  Plenum  ventilation  is  in 
disfavour  for  hospitals,  kc,  I  wish  to  direct  par- 
ticular attention  to  the  fact  that  a  number  of 
leading  arcliitects  were  recently  invited  to  submit 
plans  for  the  Manchester  Infirmary  (a  very  ex- 
tensive institution),  and  one  of  the  most  important 
restrictions  placed  upon  the  competing  architects 
was  the  distinct  injunction  not  to  adopt  the 
Th/ifttH  system  ! 

Mr.  Nesbit  stites  that  he  does  "  not  propose  to 
answer  Mr.  Bibby  fully . ' '  This  is  perhaps  all  for 
the  best,  unless  he  takes  the  statements  I  have 
made,  one  by  one,  and  replies  to  them,  giving 
adequate  authorities  for  any  objections  he  might 
desire  to  advance. 

I  have  not  yet  given,  but  I  am  prepared  with  a 
very  complete  history  of  the  introduction  of  the 
Plenum  or  "Modified  Plenum"  into  the  Clay- 
bury  Asylum  ;  but  as  it  would  occupy  about  two 
pages  of  valuable  space  in  this  journal,  I  scarcely 
feel  justified  in  bringing  it  forward  now  :  but  I 
have  given  some  extracts  that  cannot  fail  to  im- 
press all  concerned  with  the  erecLion  of  asylum, 
hospital,  and  workhouse  buildings,  kc.  and  to 
lead  them  to  follow  the  example  i  f  the  Man- 
chester Infirmary,  where  the  Plenum  system  has 
recently  been  sternly  prohiMted.  Mr.  Xesbit 
flatly  contradicts  me  rr  the  Claybury  Asylum  ; 
but  he  neglects,  or  refuses,  to  give  the  dates  when 
the  alterations  were  made  from  the  original 
Plenum,  modified  Plenum,  or  artificial  ventila- 
tion ;  upon  whidi  an  enormous  sura  was  ex- 
pended, to  the  s:itisfaction  of  no  one  concerned. 

In  connection  with  this  correspondence,  I  have 
received  numerous  private  letters  from  all  parts 
the    country,    ihiefiy    from    those    strongly 


of 


opposed  to  Plenum  ventilation.  .Some  of  these  are 
from  architects,  who  comirlain,  very  bitterlv, 
that  they  have  been  drawn  into  using  the  system^ 
and  that  their  clients  have,  as  a  result,  suffered 
loss  and  great  inconvenience.  One  firm  of 
immont  architects,  late  on  the  Council  of  the 
Ivoyal  Institutoof  lirilish  Architects,  has  recently 
sent  me  details  of  a  serious  failure  of  a  Plenum 
instalment  in  a  large  bank  in  Yorkshire. 
I  ossibly  I  may  refer  to  this  later. 

I  Ither  writers  have  asked  me  to  pass  opinions 
on  new  systems  of  ventilation ;  but,  curiously 
enough,  these  are  all  upon  a  natural  basis. 

One  point  (in  relation  to  the  fact  that  air  is 
never  stationary)  may  escape  the  attention  ct 
many,  and  that  is  th»  Law  of  Charles,  which  was 
the  result  of  exact  and  laborious  experiments, 
which  proved  that  air  and  gases  expand  jj,  part 
"     their   to/,nnc  at  0"   C.  for  every   increase  in 


of 


were  no  inlits  for  fresh  air  in  a  rcom  provided 
with  ceiling  outlets,  yet  the  air  within  would 
tend  to  be  ejected  by  the  slightest  increase  of 
temperature  upon  account  of  its  increase  in 
volume,  as  well  as  by  the  natural  rising  of  heated 
air,  kc. 

Jacques  Charles  lived  between  the  years  17IG- 
1823  ;  but,  long  before  his  time,  there  flourished 
a  certain  Robert  Boyle,  who  discovered  the  law 
representing  the  relation  between  the  volumes  of 
a  gas  and  the  pressures  to  which  they  may  be 
subjected  ;  it  states  that  the  roliimc  occKpkd  by  nir 
or  (1/11/ ff(i.\  is  inrn-xehi  pyopnrtional  to  the  pressure 
to  irhieh  it  is  siitijeeteil,      . 

_  It  is  remarkable  that  this  law  should  have  been 
discovered  by  a  Robert  Boyle,  who  lived  between 
the  years  1626-l(i92,  as  a  knowledge  of  it  con- 
firms an  opinion  of  the  advantages  to  be  derived 
from  systems  of  natural  ventilation,  the  most 
noted  advocates  of  which  have  been  the  two 
Robert  Boyles  (father  and  son   of  our  own  times. 

The  deiisitij  of  gas  and  air  diminishes  with  rise 
of  temperature  (no  gas  is  known  which  contracts 
when  heated)  ;  therefore  with  the  cool  air  coining 
in  at  the  lower  leve's  of  a  room,  acting  as  a 
buffer  of  greater  density  than  the  air  above,  the 
vitiated  air  is  in  every  way  forced  to  rise,  even 
on  the  calmest  day,  and  "  air-pump  "  ventilators 
effectually  complete  what  the  bad  air  has  been 
trying  to  do  for  itself,  for  the  temperature, 
atmospheric  pressure,  and  other  conditions  never 
permit  the  outer  or  inner  air  to  be  really  still  for 
a  moment  of  time. 

Another  physical  property  of  air  and  gasea  is 
that  of  ilijt'Ksiiii.  Gases  which,  when  brought 
into  contact  with  one  another,  do  not  combine 
chemically,  have  the  power  of  becoming  inti- 
mately mixed  together  even  when  the  heavier  gas 
is  placed  at  the  bottom,  and  both  remain  at  rest. 
This  important  property  is  called  the  dijfiisiie 
poirer  of  i/iises,  and  has  an  important  bearing 
upon  the  atmosphere  of  towns  and  dwelling- 
rooms,  which  is  kept  pure  to  a  great  extent  by 
this  diffusive  power  of  gases. 

I  am  very  sorry  that  ilr.  Nesbit  should  have 
made  it  necessary  for  me  to  reply  to  personal 
remarks,  which  are  quite  beside  the  questions  at 
issue,  and,  to  a  considerable  extent,  justify  the 
remarks  of  your  correspondent  "  Fair  Play," 
whose  interesting  letter  shows  him  not  to  be  an 
advocate  for  the  introduction  of  the  Plenum 
system  into  asylums,  hospitals,  i'c. — I  am,  kc, 
George  H.  Bihby. 

60,  Queen's-road,  Twickenham,  April  6. 


Sir, — Shakespeare  gives  it  as  an  axiom  that 
if  you  have  anything  to  sell  there  are 
no  means  that  will  so  effectually  secure  the 
desired  end  as  "bold  advertisement."  If, 
however,  we  are  to  accept  Mr.  Nesbit's  view 
of  this  dictum  so  far  as  he  himself  is  concerned, 
it  is  anathema  I  and  a  thing  accursed  ;  and  the 
insinuations  that  have  been  made  in  your  Corre- 
spondence columns  that  the  papers  he  reads  before 
architectural  societies  are  devoted  to  that  end,  and 
to  the  depreciation  of  his  fellow  craftsmen's 
appliances,  are  cruel  calumnies.  Mr.  Xesbit 
says  : — 

'"I  leave  these  to  the  judgment  of  your  readers,  who 
can  say  whether  I  attempted  to  advertise  myself  or  nut. 
I  was  moat  careful  to  say  nothing  which  my  audience,  or 
your  readers,  could  consider  hurtful  to  my  friends  and 
competitors  in  the  same  hne  of  business." 

As  Mr.  Xesbit  has  "  appealed  to  C.-esar,  "and 
made  the  question  personal,  one  of  principle  as 
well  as  principles,  let  us,  as  Mr.  Nesbit  says, 
"  examine  the  facts,"  and  see  to  what  eitent  he 
has  been  misjudged. 

Mr,  Nesbit,  I  believe,  is,  or  was,  a  member  of 
the  Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating  Kngineers, 
and  in  the  paper  read  by  him  before  the  Society 
of  Architects,  he  refers,  as  follows,  to  one  of  the 
principil  appliances  used  in  the  trade,  and  manu- 
factured and  sold  by  the  majority  of  the  members 
of  the  society  named  : — 

*'  The  radiator  question  is  one  of  the  most  serious 
matters  in  relation  to  this  subject  that  heating  engineers 
and  architects  have  to  face  at  present.  Some  of  the 
designs  are  not  attractive,  and  liardly  suitable  to  the 
architecture  of  this  country  ;  but  bej'ond  tlie  fact  of  tlieir 
unsiglitly  appearance,  their  defective  heating  qualities 
have  to  be  considered. 

"  .  .  .  But  my  opinion  is  tliat  many  of  the  ra^Iiators 
now  being  sold  in  the  English  market  are  too  highly  rated. 

"  .  .  .  While  you  may  obtain  a  catalogue  giving  all 
particulai-s  which  the  mukers  wish  to  state,  this  is  not  all 
that  is  required  by  any  means  ;  for  some  radiators  actually 
will  not  beat  within  TjO  per  cent,  of  their  rated  cjipacity. 
Some  of  the  radiators  on  the  market  have  been  so  dis- 
appointing that  /  /I'ir.  ''U  cnti  f !''."■{  to  mak'.  a  radiofor 
m:,,:  I/." 


Mr.  Nesbit  goes  on  to  say  :  "  The  best  ventila- 
ting or  indirect  radiator  is  prob.ably  that  used  .'it 
the  I'niversity  College  Hospital,  London  " :  being, 
as  I  understand  it,  the  radiator  invented  by 
himself. 

As  the  evils  of  hot-air  heating  and  ventilating 
on  the  Plenum  principle  have  now  been  so  fully 
demonstrated.  Sir.  Xesbit  has  obviously  arrived 
at  the  conclusion  that  ventilating  radiators,  so 
long  employed  by  natural- ventilation  engineers, 
may,  after  all,  have  great  possibilities,  being  now, 
in  fact,  "  the  only  wfar,"  and  it  was  thoughtful 
of  him  to  put  his  auditors  at  the  Society  of  Archi- 
tects on  their  guard  against  the  inferior  and  dis- 
appointing productions  of  his  trade  competitors, 
stating  that,  "tome  of  the  radiators  on  the 
market  have  been  so  disappointing  that  I  hnrefelt 
eonstrai/ied  to  make  a  rndititor  nujsetf.^^ 

One  can  only  hope  that  Mr.  Nesbit  may  reap 
the  reward  of  his  ingenuity  and  enterprise,  for  a 
really  good  radiator  is  a  most  excellent  thing, 
and  his  disinterested  endeavour  to  purge  the 
market  of  the  inferior  contrivances  of  other 
makers  by  exposing  in  his  papers  their  defects 
and  shortcomings  should  meet  with  substantial 
recognition,  for,  undoubtedly,  as  Mr.  Xesbit 
assures  us,  the  curse  of  the  heating  trade  is  the 
"  defective  heating  qualities  of  many  of  the 
radiators  now  being  sold  in  the  English  market."' 

Mr.  Nesbit  will  doubtless  set  all  this  right  " 
with  the  "best  ventilating  radiator"  which  he 
has  "  felt  constrained  to  make  "  and  to  which  he 
has  so  timely  drawn  our  attention.  Mr.  Xesbit 
has  evidently  no  old-fashioned  prejudices  in 
respect  to  out-of-date  "live  and  let  live  "  theories. 

An  interesting  historical  fact,  gleaned  from 
Mr.  Nesbit's  paper,  is  that  he  was  the  first  to 
introduce  the  Plenum  downward  system  by  r.r- 
trtietioii  to  the  British  Isles.     Mr.  Nesbit  says  : 

"In  work  of  this  description  [theatres,  halls,  &c.T 
where  the  Plenum  system  is  adopted,  I  am  an  advocate  of 
downward  ventila  tion  (extraction,  similar  to  that  which  is 
shown  by  the  drawings  of  the  theatre  for  the  Royal 
Dublin  Society,  This  was  the  first  installation  of  its  kind 
in  the  British  Isles,  and  whilst  there  have  been  many 
copyists,  which  I  am  pleased  to  note,  there  has  been  none 
to  surpass  it.'' 

"Which  is  doubtless  very  satisfactory,  although  it 
cannot  be  denied  that  there  are  other  Richards  in 
the  field  who  lay  claim  to  the  honour  of  this 
introduction,  though  perhaps  not  Plenum  by 
e.ctructioii,  and  who  express  themselves  as  equally 
confident  in  regard  to  their  work  that  "there- 
has  been  none  to  surpass  it." 

In  further  proof  that  there  was  nothing  of  a 
self-laudatory  character  in  his  paper,  Jlr.  Xesbit 
says  )■(?  installations  made  by  him:  "I  have  no 
hesitation  in  saying  that  when  these  installations 
aie  completed  they  will  rank  as  the  best  of  their 
kind  in  the  kingdom." 

It  will  be  observed  that  Mr.  Xesbit,  in  the 
extract  given,  describes  Plenum  downward  venti- 
lation as  being  effected  by  ej:fraitio».  I  have 
always  understood  that  Plenum  ventilation,  as 
the  name  impl  ies,  consisted  in  the  compression 
and  displacement  of  the  air  within  a  chamber  by 
mechanical  propnlston  uh/ie,  but  in  the  case  men- 
tioned Jlr.  Nesbit  makes  no  mention  of  propulsion, 
but  that  the  "Plenum  system"  is  by  "  extrac- 
tion." 

I  have  also  understood  that  ventilation  by  ex- 
traction was  technically  known  as  the  "  vacuum  " 
principle,  the  exact  opposite  or  antithesis  of 
' '  plenum . ' '  There  is  another  method  of  ventilation 
by  mechanical  extractionandpropulsion  combined, 
but  that  is  nether  "plenum  "  nor  "  vacuum," 
though  it  accentuates  the  evils  of  both  these 
systems  when  attempted  mechanically,  and  falls 
between  two  stools,  through  being  neither  fish, 
flejh,  fowl,  nor  good  red  herring. 

.Vs  the  point  is  an  important  one  I  here  give 
the  definition  of  the  word  "  Plenum,"  as  con- 
tained in  the  Tunes  Dictionary,  that  being  the 
most  up-to-dato  authority. 

**  *  Ptitiiim.^ — (0  The  fulness  of  matter  in  space  ;  the 
oppositeof  vacuum;  also  used  to  denote  fulness  in  general. 
{'ii  A  qminlity  of  a  gaseous  body  in  an  inclosed  space 
greater  than  would  remain  there  under  normal  atmo- 
spheric jiressure.  Plenum  method  or  system^  of  ventila- 
tion ;  A  system  in  which  the  air  is  lorced  byartiticial 
means  into  the  .space  to  be  ventilated,  while  vili.ited  or 
heated  air  is  forced  out  by  displacement." 

As  Plenum  downward  ventilation  in  this 
country,  as  is  the  case  in  others,  has  now  to  all 
intents  and  purposes  ceased  to  be,  so  far  nt  least 
as  the  future  is  concerned,  it  is  hardly  worth 
while  discussing  it  further.  The  deplorable  re- 
sults of  its  adoption  have  demonst rated  that  ita 
action  is  of  a  very  deadly  character  indeed,  and 
it  is  justly  condemned  by  all  the  author!' ies  aa 
"  a  menace  to  health." 


A 


514 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


April  8,  1904. 


It  is  noticeable  that  many  mechanical  heating 
and  ventilatini;:  engineers  do  now  themselves  admit 
that  the  success  that  has  attended  I'lenum  ventila- 
tion, particularly  downward,  as  advocated  by  Mr. 
Kesbit,  has  not  justified  their  anticipations,  and, 
as  an  instance  of  this,  I  may  quote  from  the  letter 
in  your  columns  of  March  1 1  from  a  well-known 
eng^eer : — 

*'The  writer  has  had  many  years'  experience  of 
*  Plenum,*  *  Assisted,'  and  '  Natural '  systems  of  ventila- 
tion, and  has  designed  some  of  the  largest  Fienum  instil- 
lations in  this  country. 

"...  There  is  apparently  a  consensus  of  opinion 
against  downward  extraction  of  the  vitiated  air.  'This  is 
not  an  integral  feature  of  Fienum  in  this  country,  and  is 
rightly  condemned  on  sanitary  grounds. 

"...  The  question  of  the  best  means  of  exhaust- 
ing the  foul  air  next  deserves  consideration.  It  is  not 
always  sufficient  to  provide  outlets  or  flues  for  its  escape, 
trusting  to  the  pressure  produced  by  the  Plenum  fans  to 
eject  it,  as  it  is  found  in  practice  that  the  compression  of 
the  air  is  a  negligible  quantity,  and  altogether  insufficient 
to  produce  a  stable  current  in  the  apcast  flues. 

"...  The  Plenum  system  should  only  be  adopted 
where  other  and  less  expensive  systems  cannot  reasonably 
be  expected  to  answer." 

Referring  to  natural  ventilation,  the  same  writer 

says  : — 

"  When  properly  designed  and  applied  to  buildings 
where  only  a  small  amount  of  ventilation  is  required,  it 
can  often  be  advantageously  and  economically  adopted." 

This  engineer  seems  not  to  he  aware  that  a 
scicntijic  natural  system  of  ventilation,  which  is 
an  entirely  different  thing  from  ordinary  natural 
ventilation,  has  been  successfully  applied  to  some 
of  the  largest  public  buildings  in  the  world, 
compared  with  which  the  ventilation  of  the 
Houses  of  Parliament  is  mere  child's  play.  It 
has  also  been  successfully  applied  to  buildings 
where  artificial  systems  had  previously  been  tried 
and  failed. 

Many  erroneous  ideas  exist  in  respect  to  what  a 
seieiitlftc  system  of  natural  ventilation  really  is  and 
what  it  can  accomplish,  and  those  who  do  not 
properly  understand  it  suppose  that  the  venti- 
lators or  "cowls,"  which  are  employed  to  pro- 
tect and  to  remove  the  atmospheric  pressure  from 
the  tops  of  the  outlet-fhafts,  constitute  the 
system.  This,  however,  is  an  entire  mistake,  and 
if  a  natural  system,  as  is  professed  to  be  believed  by 
those  who  certainly  ought  to  know  better, 
depended  upon  the  action  of  these  cowls  ohiir 
and  a  constant  wind,  it  could  not  but  fail  to 
secure  effective  ventilation  under  all  conditions, 
and  if  it  did  not  do  this,  then  it  would  be  a 
defective  and  unreliable  system  and  unworthy  of 
adoption. 

It  would  take  up  too  much  of  your  valuable 
space  to  enter  into  a  detailed  description  of  the 
essentials  which  constitute  a  scientific  natural 
system  of  ventilation  ;  but  with  it,  I  may  say, 
generally  are  utilised  the  powerful  forces  of 
nature  which  are  as  constant  a^  gravity,  and 
provide  a  never-failing  motive  power  to  ventilate 
a  building  when  intelligently  applied,  and  beside 
which  mere  mechanical  power,  extraordinary  as 
it  may  seem  to  those  who  do  not  understand  it, 
sinks  into  insignificance.  A  great  deal,  however, 
depends  upon  the  construction  of  the  ventilators 
or  cowls,  for  if  they  were  in  any  way  defective, 
the  succofS  of  the  syotem  might  be  materially 
affected,  though  they  form  but  a  part  of  the 
system.     De  Chaumont  says  :  — 

'*  It  is  essential  to  the  success  of  a  natural  system  of 
ventilation  that  both  the  outlet  and  inlet  ventilitors  be 
of  correct  construction  and  skilfully  applied.  Where  this 
is  not  observed,  failure  generally  ensues  with  this  form 
of  ventilation." 

As  an  example  of  what  a  scientific  natural 
system  of  ventilation  can  accomplish,  I  may 
mention  the  smallpox  hospital  ship  Castalin,  to 
which  the  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board,  under  the 
advice  of  its  expert  advisers.  Professor  Ue  Chau- 
mont and  Sir  Dougl-is  Ualton,  applied  what  was 
considered  to  be  the  most  efficient  method — namely, 
the  "  Boyle  "  natural  system.  This  system  was 
applied  under  a  guarantee  of  efficiency  under  all 
conditions,  and  in  the  reports  of  the  official  tests 
made  by  the  Board  during  every  season  and 
under  all  conditions  of  the  weather  the  "air- 
pump"  ventilators  are  stated  to  have  extracted 
in  the  aggregate  an  average  of  five  million  cubic 
feet  of  air  per  hour,  and  that  even  when  the 
external  atmosphere  seemed  to  be  perfectly  still  a 
powerful  and  constant  updraught  was  maintained, 
and  at  no  time  was  the  slightest  downdraught 
experienced.  Could  a  mechanical  system  accom- 
plish this  at  anything  like  the  same  cost  ?  The 
system  was  pronounced  to  be  a  complete  success, 
and  has  since  been  applied  to  a  large  numSer  of 
the  hospitals  under  the  control  of  the  Boird, 
which  does  not  employ  mechanical  ventilation. 
The  great  cathedral  at  Odessa,  accommodating 


over  12,000  people,  is  also  perfectly  ventilated 
with  this  system,  and  likewise  The  new  municipal 
hospital,  OJessa,  one  of  the  largest  in  Russia,  and 
if  anyone  des'res  to  verify  this  they  have  merely 
to  write  to  the  respective  authorities  of  these 
buildings,  when  they  will,  doubtless,  be  duly 
furnished  with  particulars.  Mere  carping  and 
contentious  criticism  cannot  alter  or  affect  accom- 
plished facts. 

Since  the  ililmdr  of  Plenum  downward  ventila- 
tion, which  i<  by  no  means  an  event  of  yesterday, 
it  is  curious  to  note  the  number  of  mechanical 
heating  and  ventilating  engineers  that  have 
accepted  the  principles  of  natural  or  automatic 
ventilation,  which  they  formerly  opposed.  There 
is  no  more  striking  example  of  this  than  Mr 
Nesbit  himself,  whose  papers  have  hitherto  been 
partially  devoted  to  an  exposition  of  how  valueless 
and  unreliable  natural  ventilation  systems  were. 
The  following  extract  from  one  of  your  corre- 
spondent's letters  illustrates  the  change  that  is 
taking  place  in  Mr.  Nesbit's  views. 

*'  It  is  to  be  noted  that  Mr.  Nesbit.  though  a  manufac- 
turer of  mechanical  ventilating  appliances,  admits  the 
efficiency  of  automatic  or  natural  ventilation,  stating  in 
connection  with  the  ventilation  of  tLeatrej  with  the 
Fienum  system  that  '  automatic  ventilation  has  proved 
equally  successful ' ;  also  *  a  thorough  good  system  of  ex- 
traction shou'd  be  carried  out ' ;  and  this,  although  in 
direct  oppoaition  to  the  Plenum  system,  which  consists  of 
propulsion  only  I 

"Mr.  Nesbit  further  says  in  regard  to  a  natural 
system  ;  *  I  would  like  to  say  that  it  is  quite  possible  to 
make  a  satisfactory  installation  which  will  work  auto- 
matically.* 

"This  is  certainly  a  very  frank  confession,  coming  as  it 
does  from  so  strong  an  advocate  of  mechanical  and.  up  t  j 
now,  determined  opponent  of  natural  ventilation,  though 
to  me  it  smacks  somewhat  of  *  hedging  *  and  of  '  running 
with  the  hare  and  hunting  with  the  hounds  ' ;  and  after 
such  a  ralU'-j'trf  it  would  not  surprise  me  to  see  Mr. 
Nesbit  eventually  blossoming  out  into  a  full-blown  advo- 
cate of  natural  ventilation,  and  adjuring  the  Plenum 
system  and  all  its  works  to  get  behind  him  as  a  device  of 
the  evil  one.'* 

Which,  from  its  baleful  effects  upon  the 
occupants  of  the  buildings  to  which  it  has  been 
applied,  of  which  we  have  the  history,  it  certainly 
seems  to  be. 

It  is  always  a  sure  sign  of  a  falling  cause 
when  its  strongest  supporters  begin  to  sidle  over 
to  the  opposite  camp. 

Mr.  Nesbit,  in  his  paper,  says  of  the  par- 
ticular form  of  air  inlet  commonly  employed 
by  natural-ventilation  engineers,  "  I  am  no 
believer  in  Tobin's  tubes,"  and  after  describing 
the  defects  of  these  unfortunate  appliances, 
supplied  by  his  competitors,  intimates  that  he 
himself  has  in  use  "  a  better  plan." 

We  now  come  to  what  seems  to  b3  popularly 
known  as  Mr.  Nesbit's  betr  noir,  the  "  air- 
pump  "  ventila'or,  though  for  the  matter  of 
that  this  appliance  would  appear  to  be  equally  the 
hete  >ftir  oi  all  the  mechanical  ventilating  engi- 
neers, as  they  never  seem  to  tire  of  reviling  it 
and  the  natural  system  of  ventilation  of  which  it 
forms  a  part  in  their  papers  and  publications, 
which  are  is-ued  broadcast. 

Mr.  Nesbit  in  his  protest  says,  "  I  was  most 
careful  to  say  nothing  which  my  audience  or  your 
readers  could  consider  hurtful  to  competitors  in 
the  same  line  of  business."  As  proof,  this  is 
how  he  refers  to  the  "  air-pump  "  ventilator.  "  I 
must  mention  too  that  there  is  no  '  air-pump  ' 
or  other  kind  of  cowl  fixed  on  the  shafts.  Much 
money  is  sp  -nt  on  these  useless  devices." 

In  the  letter  containing  his  protest,  Mr.  Nesbit 
continues  his  attack  as  follows: — "I  have  not 
found,  however,  in  my  expeiience  the  u<efulne83 
or  desirability  of  attaching  so-called  '  air-pumps  ' 
to  systems  of  natural  ventilation  ....  I  should 
not  use  the  top  for  the  expedient  described  by 
some  as  an  '  air-pump.'  .  .  .  Why  add  extrava- 
gant contrivances  when  no  corresponding  advan- 
tage is  to  be  gained  r  "  Woy,  indeed  I  when  it  is 
well  known  that  to  apply  the  natural  system,  of 
which  the  "air-pump"  ventilator  forms  a  part, 
coatH  pounds,  where  the  mechanical  system  sup- 
plied by  Mr.  Nesbit  costs  hundreds. 

As  to  the  relative  efficiency  of  the  two  systems, 
it  would  appear  that  Bjyle's  is  aucctss'uUy 
applied  to  over  ISOO.OOO  buildings,  and  that  over 
a  million  "air-pump"  ventilators  are  iu  use. 
What  record  can  the  downward  Plenum  show !" 

Does  Mr.  Nesbit  believe  for  a  moment  that 
anyone  outside  of  Colney  Hatch  will  accept  the 
implication  conveyed  by  his  condemnation  of 
this  natural  system  of  ventilation  and  the  "air- 
pump  "  ventilator — that  the  thousands  of  archi- 
tects and  others  who  have  employed  it  to  the 
extent  mentioned  were  ignorant  and  incom- 
petent':' And  does  Mr.  Nesbit  contend  that  the 
scientists  and  architects,  such  as  Lord  Kelvin  and 


Sir.  Alfred  Wa'.erhouse,  who  have  testified  so 
strongly  in  its  favour,  are  not  to  be  believed,  and 
that  he  alone  speaks  the  truth  'i  This  is  un- 
doubtedly the  position  Mr.  Nesbit  assumes. 

Mr.  Nesbit  is,  of  course,  entitled  to  attack  the 
principle,  and,  according  to  his  lights,  expound 
the  worthkssness  of  natural  ventilation,  always 
excepting  the  perfect  system,  which,  judging 
from  his  latest  utterances,  he  himself  is  apparently 
developing,  and  which  we  will  doubtless  hear 
more  of.  But  when  he  depreciates  and  system- 
atically endeavours  to  discredit  the  special  appli- 
ances of  his  trade  competitorj  for  his  own  personal 
benefit,  and  names  these  appliances,  it  is  quite 
another  matter,  and  it  is  not  surprising  that  such 
proceedings,  which  are  hardly  in  accord  with  the 
higher  code  of  commercial  ethics,  should  be 
resented. 

Mr.  Nesbit's  ungracious  reflections  on  the 
technical  Press  that  does  not  see  eye  to  eye  with 
him  in  these  matters,  and  his  regrettable  reference 
to  the  late  Sir  Douglas  Galton,  can  do  neither 
himself  nor  his  cause  any  good. 

It  is  possible  that  when,  in  the  fulness  of  time, 
Mr.  Nesbit  has  developed  the  more  perfect 
natural  system  which  he  his  foreshadowed,  em- 
bracing, of  course,  the  indispensable  cowl,  though 
I  see  that  he  employs  another  designation  for 
that  contrivance,  his  views  in  regard  to  natural 
ventilation  may  undergo  a  radical  change,  though, 
of  ciurse  his  restrictions  only  apply  to  the 
interior  natural  systems  of  his  competitors, 
which  he  so  graphically  exposes  in  his  papers  and 
publications,  and  of  which  he  will  doubtless  soon 
purge  the  market. 

I  note  that  natural  ventilation  engineers  do 
not  read  papers  before  societies.  They  perliapa 
prefer  to  bring  their  appliances  under  the  notice 
of  prospective  clients  through  the  customary 
channels,  although  that  is  not  the  most  economical 
plan.  I  also  notice  that  they  do  not  attack  or 
name  their  opponents'  special  appliances  in  their 
discussions  and  publications,  but  stick  strictly  to 
principles. 

Regarding  the  manner  ilr.  Nesbitreferred  to  the 
"  Kew  cowl  tests,"  we  must  assume  that  he  was 
ignorant  at  the  time  of  the  true  facts,  and  did  not 
deliberately  intend  to  mislead  his  hearers,  though 
the  said  facts  are  common  knowledge  in  the  archi- 
tectural and  engineering  professions  ;  and  if  they 
had  not  been  promptly  drawn  attention  to  in  your 
columns,  grievous  and  wholly  unmerited  injury 
might  have  been  inflicted  upon  certain  of  Mr. 
Nesbit's  competitors. 

I  do  think  that  when  such  a  grave  error  as 
thi4  was  brought  under  Mr.  Nesbit's  notice,  he, 
in  justice  to  his  competitors  and  to  himself,  should 
have  frankly  admitted  it,  and  made  the  atwndf 
honornlih-  by  immediately  notifying  the  technical 
journals  in  which  his  paper  appeared  as  to  how 
the  matter  really  stood,  that  it  might  be  set 
right  in  their  columns  and  so  prevent  injustics 
being  done. — I  am,  &c., 

London,  April  2.  R.  Gordon. 


Jnttttommunicati0n. 


QUESTIONS. 

[1204S]— Decayed  Stone.— The  church  which  I 
attend  had  a  considerable  quantity  of  Bath  stone  used  in 
its  construction.  This  is  being  acted  upon  very  much  by 
the  dim  tte,  and  a  great  pirt  of  it  is  decaying  very  badly. 
Could  any  reader  of  this  paper  tell  me  what  is  the  best 
course  to  adopt  and  whit  means  to  take  to  prevent 
further  decay  !— A.  G.  W.  B.,  West  Bromwich. 


The  memorial  to  the  late  Dean  Farrar  at  Canter- 
bury is  to  take  the  form  of  filling  the  eight-light 
west  window  in  the  chapter-house  with  stained 
glass. 

A  new  Royal  library  is  about  to  be  built  in  Berlin 
on  the  site  of  the  academy  in  Unter  den  Lindeu.  It 
will  be  Baroque  in  style,  and  will  have  a  frontage 
of  328tt.,  and  a  height  of  nearly  79ft.,  the  whole 
structure  being  crowned  by  a  cupola.  There  will 
be  a  reading-room  capable  of  seating  four  hundred 
persons. 

The  work  of  erecting  the  new  combination  poor- 
house  for  Renfrewshire  has  now  been  begun.  The 
site  is  at  Crookston,  and  extends  to  11  acres.  The 
estimate  1  cost  of  the  poorhouse,  not  including  the 
p-rice  of  the  ground  and  some  minor  contracts 
which  are  still  to  be  fixed,  is  £37,000. 

The  new  Wesleyan  Methodist  chapel  recently 
built  at  North  Somercotes,  Lincolnshire,  was  opened 
on  Thursday  in  last  week.  Mr.  Dinsley.  of  Chorley, 
was  the  architect,  and  Messrs.  Mawer  Bros.,  Louth, 
were  the  builders.    The  cost  amounted  to  £1,450. 


April  8,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIXG    NEWS. 


515 


CONTENTS. 

•-•-♦ 

Negligence       

A  New  Problem  of  Design 

Dock  CoDstruction 

BiHLDiNo  Xkws  Designing  Club      

Recent  Additions  at  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum 

The  Housing  Question  in  London 

Scaffolding     

The  Steel  t^quare    

Stresses  and  Thrusts    

Joinery,  Wood-Turning,  and  Cabinet-Work      

Irish   Building  Stones. — X 

Obituary   

Correspondence       

Intercommunication     

The  Building  News  Directory 

Our  niustrationa    

Building  Intelligence    *... 

Professional  and  Trade  Societies      

Competitions   

Legal  Intelligence 

Water  Supply  and  Sanitary  Matters      

Statues,  Memorials,  &c 

Our  Office  Table     

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  Week      

Trade  News    

IJst  of  Competitions  Open 

List  of  Tenders  Open    ■ 

Tenders     

Jlateat  Prices  


505 
506 
507 
507 
510 
510 
510 
510 
511 
511 
511 
51*2 
512 
514 
XI. 

515 
534 

5;u 

535 
535 
336 
536 
536 
537 
537 
538 
538 
540 
.  541 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

SECOND  PREMIATBD  OESIGN  FOR  STOCKl'ORT  TOWN  HALL. — 
SKETCHES  or  HISTORIC  ARMOUR.—  SKETCHES  IN  OXOS 
AND  GLOCCKSTEBSnmE.  — ST.  MARY's  CHURCH,  OATLANDS, 
SURRET.  —  "  BUILDING  NEWS  "  CLUB  DESIGNS  FOR  A 
BOATING  CLUBHOUSE.— THE  W.E.S.  CORP.,  LTD.,  MOTOR 
GENERATION    STATION,    DUKE    STREET. 


Our  5llttstt:ati0ns. 


SECOND    PHEMIATED    DESIGN"    TOR    STOCKPOUT 
TOWN    HALL. 

We  illustrated  the  selected  design  for  these 
buildinga  in  our  i'33ue8  for  Feb.  19  and  20  last, 
and  to-day  give  a  view  of  Messrs.  Willoughby 
and  Langham's  design,  which  wen  the  second  pre- 
mium. The  architects'  report  gives  the  following 
particulars  of  their  admirable  scheme  : — The  key- 
note of  the  design  is  the  council  chamber  (semi- 
circular on  plan),  which  has  been  placed  exactly 
in  the  centre  of  the  site  in  order  to  be  equally 
accessible  from  every  point,  and  be  free  from 
street  no'ses.  It  is  situate  at  the  head  of  the 
principal  staircase  and  approached  both  left  and 
right  by  spacious  lobbies.  The  committee-rooms 
are  in  front,  en  suite  with  the  mayor's  parlour, 
and  the  town  clerk  in  close  proximity.  The 
council  chamber  is  amply  lighted  by  lunettes  in 
the  curved  ceiling,  together  with  a  range  of 
clerestory  windows  above  the  chairman's  seat.  A 
gallery  to  seat  ilO  persons  is  provided  to  the 
council  chamber  for  the  public  to  hear  the  debates, 
having  a  separate  access  and  staircase.  A  mintrels' 
balcony  also  is  shown  to  the  No.  1  committee- 
room,  approached  from  the  second-floor  corridor  ; 
this  would  be  found  very  convenient  when  the 
committee- rooms  are  being  used  '■//  suite  for 
mayoral  banquets,  Arc.  Suitable  servery  and 
kitchen  over  (fitted  with  cooking  range,  food 
lifts,  kc.)  are  also  planned  in  conjunction  with 
the  suite  of  committee- rooms  for  use  on  similar 
occasions,  due  provision  hiving  been  made  fur  the 
exclusion  of  fumes,  ire,  whilst  in  use,  either 
to  rooms  or  corridors,  by  the  provision  of  dou>'le 
doors.  As  the  public  hall  is  to  be  used  for 
purposes  other  than  municipal,  access  is  required 
to  it  at  such  times  as  the  oflices  may  be  closed 
as  well  as  when  the  otlices  are  open,  and  with- 
out causing  obstruction  to  the  municipal  work. 
.Separate  entrances  from  the  street  were  therefore 
essential,  although  it  is  also  accessible  on  the 
ground  floor  (and,  if  desired,  on  the  first  floor  also) 
from  the  council  suite  for  civic  purposes,  kc.  To 
provide  independent  access  and  egress  both  back 
.ind  front  to  this  hall  from  the  street,  without 
separation  from  the  municipal  offices,  wjs,  in  our 
opinion,  a  necessity.  This  we  have  accomplished 
by  placing  same  at  the  easterly  side  of  the  site, 
being  the  least  important  for  position  and  aBpoct, 
«nd  yet  where  these  objects  can  bo  attained  in 
the  best  and  simplest  manner.  1 1  should  bo  noted 
also  that  the  ground  level  of  the  public  hall  in  our 
scheme  is  the  .same  as  the  upper  ground  floor  of 
the  municipal  oflices.  The  hall  is  lighted  by 
windows  from  both  sides.  The  ceiling  is  seg- 
mental in  form,  and  the  roof  principals  are  of 
steel  construction  without  thrust  on  either  side 
wall.  The  most  careful  consideration  has  been 
given  to  insure  tliat  the  acoustic  properties  of 
both  the  public  hull  and  council  chamber  shall  bo 
good.  The  main  ceiling  \i  slightly  varied  in 
level — not  one  unbroken  surface — with  sufficient 


number  of   distinct  breaks,    so  that  any   sound 
waves  which  might  impinge  on  the  ceiling  would 
bo  scattered  and  dispersed  rather  than  reflected  to 
the  audience,     t'olumns  and  deep   recesses  have 
been  avoided  on  the  side  walls,  which   never  aid 
sound,  but  a  simple  surface  treatment  has  been 
suggested  in  lieu  of  same.     The   public   hall  is 
planned  so  that  if  desired  it  can   be   built   at  a 
future    date    to   the   municipal   oflices    without 
entailing    any    structural    alterations.      It    will 
be   observed  that    in   planning   the   public   hall 
and  council  chamber  we  have  avoided  columns, 
either  for  construction   or  ornament,    in    order 
that    an    uninterrupted    view    may    be    secured 
to  every  occupant.      The  gangway  at  the   back 
of  the    council    chamber    is    also  worth  noting. 
By  this  a-rangement  the  amount  of  traflic  across 
the  floor  will  be  greatly  reduced,  each  member 
being  enabled  to  reach  his  particular  scat  without 
distracting  the  others.     Everj-  door  also  would 
have  a  check  spring  fixed  in  the  floor  to  prevent 
slamming,  and  glazed  with  embossed  glass,  with 
a  email  portion  left  clear  to  enable  a  member  to 
see  through  from  the  corridor  with.'ut  opening 
same.     Although  the  site  is  somewhat  irregular 
in  shape  (apart  from  the  discrepancy  in  levels), 
yet  the  whole  of  the  offices  and  rooms  have  been 
made  rectangular  in  our  scheme,  the  spare  spaces 
being  utilised  for  lighting  purposes,  knowing  the 
bad  effect  of  crooked  roofs,  &c.,  on  the  fa<;ade8, 
apart  from   the   undesirable  corners  and  angles 
that  necessarily  arise  in  the  p'ans.    Architectural 
Character  :     After  careful  reflection,  we  decided 
that    a    structure    in     the     eighteenth  -  century 
English    Kenaissance    of    stem   simplicity    (and 
conforming    to    the   instructions)   would  be  the 
most  appropriate.     So  far  as  we  know,  our  design 
is  as  original  as  any  may  be  in  the  twentieth 
century  ;  certainly  no  existing  building  has  been 
consciously    copied,    either    in    whole    or   part, 
excepting,  of  course,  in  matter   of  detail.     Our 
ideal  has  been  to  obta'n  the  dignity  essential  for 
the  municipal  buildings  of  an   important  town, 
combined    with    the    utmost  convenience  of  in- 
ternal arrangement  together  with  the  maximum 
amount  of  light.     The    architecture  throughout 
has    been     kept    subordinate     to    the    practical 
requirements,   and  in  no  sinale  case  throughout 
the    design   has    the    convenience  of  plan   been 
sacrificed   in    order  to   improve   the   elevations, 
tlur   first   consideration   has   been   to  produce  a 
design  of  a  monumental  yet  simple  character,  and 
one  that  will  harmonise  with  the  adjoining  build- 
ings, also  to  avoid  a  "  great  portico  "  (two  stories 
in  height),  which,  apart  from  the  grave  objection 
as  to  interference  with  the  light  to  many  import- 
ant rooms,  would  enter  into  competition  with  the 
present  erections  in  the  immediate  vicinity.    We 
have  also  refrained  from  costly   balustrading  to 
any  appreciable  extent,  relying  upon  the  skyline 
being  broken  by  one  central  and  two  angle  domes 
of  modest  proportions.     Sculpture  has  been  very 
sparingly  introduced  (see  ^in.  detail) :  the  curved 
pediments   over   ground-floor   windows  to  front 
elevation  would  lend  themselves  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  heraldic  quarterings  of  appropriate  cha- 
racter.    \Ve  desire  to  direct  attention  to  the  suite 
of  committee-rooms,  which  on  occasion  can  be 
converted  into  a  large  banqueting  hall.  The  great 
arched  window,  being,  in  fact,  the  ctntre  of  the 
composition,  besides  expressing  the  internal  treat- 
ment, provides  access  also  to  a  balcony  of  ample 
dimensions  over  the  portico  for  civic  announce- 
ments, &c.,  as  well  as  giving  increased  height  and 
dignity  and  extra  ventilation  to  the  suite  of  rooms. 
The  materials  proposed  were   as   follows: — The 
walls  to  be  canied  up  in  brick.     The  principal 
elevation  to  "Wellington-ro.id  to  be  faced  through- 
out  with    stone    (Portland    preferred),    and   tlie 
remaining  elevations  and  the  two  internal  court- 
yards  to  have   stone   dressings,  with   red   slock 
brick  (Accrington  orRuabon)  for  facing  generally, 
as  indicated  on  the  drawings.    The  floors  to  be  of 
flre-resistingconstruction.   Theroofsto  becovered 
with  Westmoreland  green  slate,  finishing  at  the 
apex  with  a  lead  roll.     The  domes  to  be  roofed 
with  lead,  the  figure  of  "Justice,"  shown  at  the 
ajiex  of  the  central  dome,  to  be  in  bronze.     The 
oflices  to  have  pitch-pine  wood  block  flooring  cut 
and  laid  on  the  quarter.     The   council  suite  to 
have   hard    floors.     We   would    recommend   the 
council    chamber     floor    to    be    laid    with    cork 
linoleum  for  quietness.     The  vestibules,  entrance 
hall,  corridors,  public  spaces,  lavatories,  ic,  to 
have  marble  mosaic  floors  of  simple  design.     The 
principal  staircase  to  be  in  Ilopton  Wood  stone 
and   the    others    in    York   stone.     The    joinery 
generally  to  be  selected  Kauri  pme  stained  and 
polished,  the  council  and  committee  rooms  to  bo 


in  hard  wood,  either  oak  or  mahogany.  The 
estimated  cost  of  this  scheme  wac  £G0,-H8. 

STUDIES     IX     IIISTOUIC     AlOIOCR  :    SATIOXAL     PKIZE 
DUA  WINGS. 

These  spirited  drawings,  illustrative  of  notable 
examples  of  historic  armour  of  sarly  loth  and 
ICth- century  date,  are  from  the  pencil  of  Jlisa 
Gladys  M.  fialy,  of  Brook  Ureen,  W.,  and  were 
awarded  a  National  Prize  at  South  Kensington 
last  autumn.  As  specimens  of  draughtsmanship 
they  leave  nothing  to  be  desired,  while  as  accu- 
rate representations  of  typical  armour  they 
cannot  iail  to  be  of  use  to  the  artist  and  collector. 

SKETCHES   IN"    OXOX    AND    GLOICESTERSHIHE. 

Biiiiuv  CotiiT  is  a  typical  Old  English  Slanor 
House,  roughly  an  £  on  plan.  The  house  has 
been  the  subject  of  considerable  additions  and 
alterations  at  various  times,  but  the  east  front,  a 
portion  of  which  is  shown  on  sketch,  appears  to 
retain  most  of  the  old  work.  The  south  front, 
with  lawn  sloping  to  the  river  and  geometrical 
flower-beds,  forms  a  very  delightful  picture.  The 
churchyard  adjoins  the  grounds,  and  the  Norman 
and  Transitional  detail  of  the  church  is  well 
worth  study.  I  am  greatly  indebted  to  the 
occupier  for  his  courteous  permission  to  sketch. 
Bibury  village  is  most  picturesque,  and  the 
group  of  cottages  sketched  is  representative  of 
the  many  delightful  and  characteristic  old  build- 
ings in  the  village.  Northleach  was  formerly  a 
thriving  market  to»n,  but,  being  isolated  from 
the  railway,  it  has  dwindled  to  a  small  village. 
It  is  fuU  of  the  quaint  llith  and  17th-century 
domestic  work  for  which  the  district  is  noted. 
Northleach  Church  is  a  very  fine  example  of 
Perpendicular  work,' with  a  south  porch  rivalling 
that  at  Burford  Church.  Burford  is  too  well 
known  to  need  comment.  The  gable  sketched 
was  seen  above  the  adjoining  buildings  from  a 
distance,  and  attracted  attention  by  its  delightful 
colouring  and  weathered  tone.  After  much  in- 
quiry a  sketchable  point  was  found  in  the  yard  of 
an  inn  in  High-street.  The  materials  used  are 
local  stone  with  rough- cast  or  rubble  walling, 
with  roofs  of  Cotswold  stone  slates,  which  have 
weathered  in  the  course  of  time  to  a  beautiful 
colour.  The  examples  given  were  sketched 
during  a  brief  cycling  tour  in  the  district  last 
summer.  Fu.ank  H.  Jones. 

NEW    TOWEU,  ST.    MAIU'S    CHURCH,    OATLANDS, 
SUUKEV. 

This  new  tower  is  shortly  to  be  erected  from  the 
drawings  prepared  by  ilr.  Compton  Hall, 
F.R.I.B.A.,  of  Stone  Buildings,  Lincoln's  Inn. 
Sketches  for  the  tower  were  first  prepared  by  him 
three  years  ago,  when  a  partner  in  the  firm  of 
Messrs.  Milne  and  Hall,  and  a  drawing  showing 
the  plan  and  elevation  of  the  tower  was  hung  in 
the  Academy  of  1901 .  Mr.  Compton  H.all  has  now 
instructions  to  proceed,  and  has  completed  his 
detail  drawings.  Our  illustration  is  a  detail  of 
the  belfry  windows.  The  tower  is  to  be  78tt. 
high,  built  in  a  substantial  manner,  and  faced 
with  Bargate  stone,  and  with  Bath  stone  dress- 
ings. A  feature  of  the  design  is  is  that  the  tower 
is  detached  from  the  church,  and  has  open  arches 
on  the  ground  floor.  The  large  belfry  windows 
also  are  to  be  open  (without  louvres),  with  a  lead 
floor  below.  The  richness  of  the  design  is  to  be 
concentrated  in  the  belfry  and  the  ground  floor, 
a  severe  simplicity  being  aimed  at  between  these 
levels. 

"  lllILDING    news"    designing    CLl'B  :    .*.    BO.VTINO 
CLViniOCSE. 

(For  description  and  third  promiated  design  sea 
see  pp.  507-9.) 

TUE    W.KS.    CORPORATION,     LTD.,     GENERATION- 
STATION",    DCKK    STREET,    MAVl.UR. 

We  complete  the  elevations  and  plans  of  this 
undertaking,  the  first  instalment  of  which  wo 
gave  last  week.  I'he  whole  were  described  in 
Mr.  C.  Stanley  Peach's  paper  road  at  the  Royal 
lubtitute  of  British  .Vrchitec'.s  on  March  ■JS,  and 
reported  in  our  last  itsuo. 


The  Bethnal  Green  Borough  Council  have  re- 
solved to  supply  electric  light,  to  erect  a  dust 
destructor,  and  carry  out  other  work,  the  total 
expenditure  involved  lieiug  .l'200,000. 

Foundation-atones  were  laid  last  week  in  the  new 
parsonage  for  Christ  Church,  which  is  being  erected 
in  l'>idge-road,  Crowliorough.  The  i^irsonage  is 
situated  adjacent  to  the  church,  and  is  of  red  brick, 
with  Bath  stone  dresiiugs,  relieved  with  roughcast, 
and  the  cost  will  be  £1,200. 


THE    BUJLDma    NEWS,   AprU   8,  1904. 


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THE    W.E.S.    COEPORATION,    LTD.,    MOTOR    GENERA 


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TATION,    DUKE    STREET.— Mb.   C.   Stanley   PEAcir,   Architect. 


534 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Apeil  8,  1904. 


— ♦♦-. — 

BooTLE. — Ths  new  fire  station  in  Strand-road 
is  to  be  opened  on  Wednesday  next  by  the  Mayor. 
The  engine-house  in  the  centre,  with  the  super- 
intendent's and  deputy-superintendent's  house 
on  either  side.  The  Etables,  which  will  accom- 
modate eight  horses,  are  at  the  rear  of  the 
engine-house,  divided  into  two  portions  by  a 
•coTered  yard.  Houses,  on  the  flat  sj-stem,  have 
been  built  for  20  men,  and  are  placed  on  either 
side  of  the  yard.  The  hose-drying  tower,  lOOIt. 
in  height,  has  a  balcony  at  the  summit.  Un  the 
north-west  corner  of  the  land  facing  Pacific-road 
there  will  be  a  police-station,  including  quarters 
for  married  and  single  men,  charge  offices,  and 
four  cells.  The  front  elevation  of  the  building  is 
faced  with  red  pressed  bricks,  and  the  other 
portions  of  the  building  are  built  in  grey  bricks, 
the  whole  being  relieved  with  red  sandstone 
dressings.  Internally  the  engine-house  and  cells 
are  lined  with  grey  brick-".  The  architects  are 
Messrs.  Anderson  and  Crawford,  Liverpool,  and 
the  contractor  is  Mr.  Walter  Musker,  Bootle. 

DcxGEXEss. — On  Thursday  evening,  March  31, 
in  the  presence  of  the  committee  of  the  Elder 
Brethren  of  the  Trinity  House,  the  new  light- 
house at  Dungeness,  which  has  taken  two  years 
to  construct,  was  brought  into  use  for  the  fir3t 
time.  ^  Accompanying  the  Elder  Brethren  were 
BIr.  T.  Matthews,  engineer-in-chief  to  the 
corporation  of  the  Trinity  House,  and  Mr. 
Reading,  the  district  superintendent.  Next  to 
the  new  light  at  Cape  Grisnez  the  new  Dungeness 
light  is  the  most  powerful  in  the  English  Channel, 
and  is  visible  for  ITimiles.  The  old  lighthouse 
which  it  replaces  was  built  Hi  years  ago.  The 
new  lighthouse  is  circular  in  shape  and  HOft. 
high  from  base  to  top  of  the  lantern.  It  stands 
40  jardi  inland  from  the  old  lighthouse. 

Sleuech. — Several  improvements  have  recently 
been  made  ii.  Slebech  parish  church,  a  building 
which,_  designed  by  Sir  Charles  Barry,  replaced 
some  sixty  or  seventy  years  ago  the  ancient  parish 
•church,  which  had  fallen  into  decay.  An  ad- 
dition to  the  church  is  the  restoration  and  re- 
erection,  by  Baron  de  Rutzen,  in  the  Slebech 
Park  transept,  of  the  old  monuments  removed 
from  the  ruined  church  at  the  time  when  it  was 
finally  dismantled.  These  consist  of  an  alabaster- 
canopied  tomb  of  Late  I  ith -century  date,  on  the 
platform  of  which  are  the  original  efligies  of  a 
lady,  the  costume  of  which  indicates  a  date  con- 
temporary with  the  tomb,  and  of  a  knight  of  the 
Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece.  The  date  of  this  is 
f  uliy  a  century  later  than  that  of  the  lady.  Whom 
the  lady's  cfligy  commemorates  it  is  impossible  to 
say.  The  effigy  of  the  knight  is,  there  is  every 
reason  to  suppose,  that  of  Sir  Roger  Barlow.  The 
other  monuments  are  three  mural  tablets  to 
members  of  the  Barlow  family.  The  restoration 
will  be  completed  by  Saturday  next. 

Thohnham,  NoiiFoLK.— The  parish  church  of 
All  Saints  has  undergone  considerable  renovation 
during  recent  years.  It  is  of  flint,  in  the  Deco- 
rated style,  consisting  of  chancel,  a  lofty  nave, 
north  and  south  aisles,  and  an  unfinished  tower, 
with  one  bell.  The  chancel  was  restored  in  1S77 
at  a  cost  of  £2,800.  The  lower  portion  of  the  old 
screen  under  the  chancel  arch,  on  which  are 
several  painted  figures  nearly  obliterated,  is  now 
replaced  in  its  original  position — and  has  been 
partly  restored.  In  1S98  the  nave  roof  was  re- 
stored at  a  cost  of  £G00.  But  as  both  the  aisles 
leaked  badly,  and  as  there  was  no  money  to  put 
in  a  new  floor,  the  chancel  only  has  of  late  years 
been  available  for  services.  A  restoration  com- 
mittee was  recently  appointed,  and  the  nave  has 
been  reopened.  The  work  done  includes  a  tempo- 
rary roof  to  the  tower,  the  completion  of  the 
belfry  floor,  rehangiog  the  bell;  a  floor  has  also 
be  n  laid  at  the  base  in  order  to  use  this  portion 
of  the  tower  as  u  choir  vestry.  The  total  cost  of 
the  work  has  been  £288. 

Truko  Catkedual. — The  stained  glass  in  the 
western  windows,  the  gift  of  an  anonymous 
donor,  will  be  fixed  during  the  present  month. 
Mrs.  Hawkins,  of  Trewithen,  has  presented  two 
lights  in  the  south  aisle  of  the  nave,  the  cartoons 
t.r  which  have  been  approved  by  the  Dean  and 
Chapter.  In  one  window.  King  Charles  I 
Oeorge  Herbert,  and  Sir  John  Eliot  are  repre- 
sented, with  the  martyrdom  of  Charles  in  the 
predella.  In  the  other,  Margaret  Godolphia,  Sir 
Kevil  (rrenville,  and  Bishop  Trelawnv  appear. 
Ihe  scene  beneath  is  that  of  the  noble  protest 


made  against  the  lax  morality  of  the  Court 
of  Charles  II.  of  Margaret  Godolphin  when 
she  deliberately  left  it.  The  statuary  for 
the  west  front  is  making  guod  progress,  and 
several  figures  are  likely  to  be  fixed  in  a  few 
Weeks.  A  statue  of  King  Arthur  and  another  of 
Queen  A'^ictoria  have  lately  been  offered  by  two 
donors,  in  addition  to  the  others  already  promised. 
A  statue  of  the  late  Archbishop  Temple  has  been 
ordered  for  the  niche  reserved  for  it  in  the  west 
front.  ^Vdditions  have  been  made  to  the  collection 
of  engravings  and  prints  in  the  Chapter-room.  A 
photograph  of  the  late  I'recentor  Donaldson  has 
been  placed  by  the  side  of  the  portrait  of  Bishop 
Wilkinson.  Three  prints  of  St.  Germans  Church 
in  the  ISth  and  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century 
have  been  presented,  and  also  a  framed  reprint 
(in  black  letter)  of  the  famous  letter  of  Charles  I. 
to  the  County  of  Cornwall.  Additions  have  also 
been  made  to  the  small  collection  of  books  of  local 
interest  forming  the  nucleus  of  a  library. 


CHIPS. 

At  the  next  meeting  of  the  Devon  and  Exeter 
Architectural  Society  the  paper  recently  given  before 
the  Architectural  Association  by  Mr.  Maurice  B. 
Adams,  F.R.I.B.A.,  "On  the  Making  of  Archi- 
tects," will  be  re-read,  and  the  hon.  secretary,  Mr. 
Harbottle  Reed,  is  collecting  a  number  of  drawings 
by  local  and  other  architects  to  illustrate  the  subject. 

Thus  far  £2,3,000  has  been  contributed  towards 
the  £48,000  required  for  the  purchase  of  the  eighty 
acres  proposed  to  be  added  to  Hampstead  Heath, 
and  as  the  option  of  purchase  expires  on  May  4 
steps  are  being  taken  to  raise  the  balance. 

The  Emigrants'  Office  announces  that  the  labour 
market  in  Cape  Colony  is  overstocked,  and  a  great 
many  mechanics  and  labourers  are  unable  to  obtain 
work.  Tliere  is,  therefore,  now  no  opening  for 
mechanics  in  the  building  or  other  trades,  and  all 
persons  (especially  general  labourers)  are  warned 
against  going  at  the  present  time  unless  they  go  out 
to  situations  engaged  for  them,  or  have  means  of 
their  own  sufficient  to  keep  them  for  some  months. 
But  in  any  case  there  is  no  opening  for  indifferent 
workmen. 

The  erection  of  new  buildings  to  the  value  of 
£10,770  was  sanctioned  at  the  last  meeting  of  the 
plans  committee  of  Aberdeen  Town  Coun'-il. 

The  new  concert  pavilion  on  St.  Anne's-on-Sea 
Pier  was  opened  on  Saturday.  The  total  cost  of 
reconstruction  has  been  £30,000.  The  promenade 
has  been  widened  from  19ft.  to  34ft.  and  the  pier- 
head from  06ft.  to  220ft.  The  hall  will  accommo- 
date 1,000  persons. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  town  council  of  Lan- 
caster, tenders  were  accepted  for  the  riverside  im- 
provement at  Skerton,  amounting  to  £3,500,  and 
for  sanatorium  extensions  £2,400.  A  large  vege- 
table market  scheme  wag  finally  abandoned,  and 
compensation  voted  to  Mr.  Handyside,  Derby,  for 
the  release  of  the  contract. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Barbir,  surveyor  to  the  Clown  rural 
council,  has  been  appointed  surveyor  to  the  Goole 
council. 

The  new  Lorain  tramway  at  Wolverhampton, 
from  Horseley  Fields  to  the  borough  boundary  at 
Moseley  Village,  was  opened  on  Saturday. 

The  new  Roman  Catholic  Church  of  the  Holy 
Ghost  and  St.  Stephen  at  Shepherd's  Bush  was 
formally  opened  on  Tuesday.  The  church,  which 
was  built  from  designs  by  Canon  Scoles,  of  Basing- 
stoke, is  in  the  Eirly  Gothic  style  of  architecture, 
and  has  cost  about  £4,000.  Under  the  will  of  the 
late  Hon.  Mrs.  Charles  Petre  a  sum  of  £2,000  has 
been  left  to  the  church,  and  this  will  be  devoted 
towards  erecting  the  high  altar,  and  completing  the 
chancel. 

On  Sunday  at  Pembroke  Congregational  Church, 
Clifton,  a  stained-glass  window  was  unveiled  in 
memory  of  the  late  Rev.  L.  H.  Byrnes,  B.A.,  who 
was  minister  of  the  church  for  over  20  years.  The 
subjects  are  "Christ  Blessing  the  Children"  and 
"The  Sower." 

Mr.  William  Davies,  superintendent  of  the  Vyrnwy 
aqueduct,  is  retiring  from  office  after  45  years' 
service  under  the  water  committee  of  the  Liverpool 
Corporation. 

The  Wimbledon  Urban  District  Council  have 
increased  the  salary  of  Mr.  H.  T.  Lse,  electrical 
engineer,  from  £300  to  £400. 

A  permanent  church  of  St.  Siviour  is  to  be 
built  at  Riynes  Park,  Wimbledon,  from  plans  by 
Mr.  Arthur  C.  Blomfield. 

The  parish  church  of  Moretonhampstead,  South 
Devon,  is  about  to  be  restored.  The  entire  cost  of 
the  work,  which  will  include  the  erection  of  a 
replica  of  the  beautiful  screen  removed  during  the 
last  restoration,  will  be  borne  by  the  Hon.  W.  F.  D. 
Smith,  M.P. 


PROFESSIONAL   AND    TRADB 
SOCIETIES. 

Roman  AucHiTECTiin;  ix  .Scotland. — At  the 
last  meeting  of  the  Edinburgh  Architectural  As- 
sociation— Mr.  A.  Hunter  Crawford,  F.R.I.B.A., 
the  president,  in  the  chair — Mr.  Thomas  Rofs, 
F.. S.A.Scot.,  read  a  paper  on  "  The  Remains  and 
Evidences  of  Roman  Architecture  in  Scotland." 
Mr.  Ross  stated  that  many  evidences  still  re- 
mained of  great  architectural  and  engineering 
works  carried  out  in  this  country  in  the  first  and 
second  centuries,  and,  although  no  actual  Roman 
remains  now  existed  in  anything  like  a  complete 
state,  still  from  the  numerous  plans  of  Roman 
buildings  revealed  by  the  excavations  of  the 
Antiquarian  Society  of  Scotland  during  the  last 
ten  or  twelve  years,  and  from  the  many  fragments 
of  detail  found  in  these,  and  in  the  camp  of  Bar- 
hill,  recently  searched  with  so  much  success,  it 
was  now  possible  to  obtain  a  fair  idea  of  what  a 
Roman  station  in  this  country  was  like,  lying 
four  square,  with  rounded  corners,  and  a  gate  on 
the  north,  south,  east,  and  west,  with  streets 
leading  from  these  inward.  The  buildings 
within  the  eight  or  ten  camps  excavated  Wds 
found  to  be  arranged  on  a  definite  principle,  and 
before  these  camps  were  reached  there  was  no 
reliable  knowledge  whatever  on  this  subject. 
Although  no  two  camps  were  exactly  alike  in 
size,  in  strength  of  defence,  and  in  arrangement 
of  buildings,  the  modifications  were  seen  to  be 
only  such  as  were  dictated  by  local  requirementf. 
These  modifications  were  of  the  same  kind  and 
for  the  same  reason  as  were  those  found  in  the 
arrangements  of  the  cathedrals  and  abbeys  of  the 
middle  ages,  where,  notwithstanding  much 
variety,  there  was  a  normal  plan.  Having 
described  the  character  of  the  buildings,  Mr. 
Ross  observed  that  the  architectural  details 
found  in  the  ruins  had  a  remarkable  likeness  to 
the  details  of  twelfth  century  buildings,  so  much 
so  that,  were  they  not  beyond  suspicion,  it  would 
scarcely  be  credited  that  they  belonged  to  some 
time  before  the  third  century. 

Society  or  Outiaixed  Sirveyoks. — The  sixth 
annual  general  meeting  of  the  society  was  held  on 
Tuesday  night  at  117,  George-street,  Edinburgh, 
Mr.  A.  IC.  Smith,  the  retiring  president,  in  the 
chair.  The  council's  report  on  the  work  of  the  pa^t 
session,  published  by  us  last  week  (p.  501),  was 
adopted,  and  the  following  were  appointed  oflSce- 
bearers.  itc,  for  the  ensuing  year: — President, 
T.  Fairbairn  :  vice-president,  J.  Walker  ;  secre- 
tary, T.  I.  S.  Watson  ;  secretary  and  treasurer  to 
the  society  and  to  the  examining  board,  D.  E. 
Wallace,  C.A. ;  council,  A.  K.  Smith,  F.  H. 
Lightbody,  1).  Reid,  and  R.  Jordan. 

The  (JiAXTiTY  Si'RvEYuRs'  Associ.ATiox. — The 
council  of  the  above  association  met  on  Monday, 
March  28,  to  consider  the  application  forms  which 
had  been  forwarded  to  the  hon.  secretary  from 
gentlemen  desirous  of  being  elected  to  member- 
ship. The  bylaws  of  the  association  insist  on 
stringent  inquiry  being  made  by  the  council  of 
intending  members  as  to  training  and  practice 
qualification  under  Clause  5  of  the  Articles  of 
Association.  It  was  resolved  by  the  council,  that 
out  of  133  applicants  considered,  81  be  voted  as 
eligible.  32  be  referred  for  further  particulars  of 
training,  vtc,  and  20  be  rejected. 


Mr.  J.  Wibberley,  assistant  borough  surveyor  of 
Guildford,  has  been  appointed  engineering  assistant 
to  the  borough  engineer  of  Plymouth. 

The  new  union  infirmary,  Chesterfield,  is  being 
warmed  and  ventilated  by  means  of  Shorland's 
patent  Manchester  stoves,  both  single  and  double- 
fronted,  with  ornamental  tiled  sides  and  descending 
smoke-flues,  the  sam3  being  supplied  by  Messrs. 
E.  H.  Shorland  and  Brother,  of  Manchester. 

The  Komsey  Guardians  have  appointed  Mr.  C.  W. 
Chiddy,  of  Winchester,  surveyor  and  sanitary 
inspector. 

Major  Pringle,  R  E  ,  having  certifiel  the  routes 
satisfactory,  and  the  Board  of  Trade  certificates 
having  been  received,  the  West  Ham  Corporation 
electric  tramcars  began  on  Saturday  running  be- 
tween Canning  Town  Riilway  Station  and  the 
Boleyn  Castle,  Eist  Ham,  whence  the  East  Ham 
Council  cars  run  to  Barking.  On  Eister  Monday 
a  further  extension  of  the  West  Ham  system  was 
publicly  inaugurated  between  Stratford  and  East 
Ham,  via  West  Ham  Park  and  Upton  Park,  and 
this  route,  too,  connects  with  the  East  Ham  tram- 
ways, giving  access  to  the  whole  of  the  latter's 
system  to  Barking,  the  Royal  Albert  Docks,  Wan- 
stead  Park,  and  Ilford,  where  the  Ilford  Urban 
District  Council's  system  Ijegins. 


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THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


535 


OOUPETITIONS. 

KlXc's  C'o!.'..EGi;  IIosl'ITAI.  Kkiioval. — At  a 
meeting  of  the  builJinfj  committee  held  ia  the 
council  room  of  Kinij's  CjUege,  it  was  resolved 
to  invite  the  following  architects  to  send  in 
designs  in  competition  for  the  appointment  of 
architect  for  the  new  buildings  of  Kings  College 
Hospital  at  Denmark  Hill : -Mr.  E.  T.  Hall, 
Mr.  A.  Saxon  Snell,  Mr.  J.  H.  T.  Woodd, 
Messrs.  Campbell,  Douglas,  and  Paterson,  Jlr. 
W.  A.  Pile,  Mr.  Wm.  Harvey. 

Malverx  Free  LinuAUV. — This  competition, 
which  closes  to-day  (Friday),  when  designs  must 
he  sent  in,  appears  far  from  satisfactory,  and  Mr. 
H.  T.  Hare,  P. A. A  ,  the  assessor,  has  a  di6Scult 
task  before  him.  The  limit  of  cost,  £8,000,  in- 
cluding all  preliminary  and  competitive  expenses, 
anhitects'  premnims  and  fees,  fencing,  fi'tings, 
&c.,  is  totally  inadequate  for  the  accommodation 
required.  The  premiums  offered  are  £30,  £20, 
and  £10.  Although,  as  Mr.  H.  A.  Saul  informs 
us,  the  most  objectionable  clause  has  been  with- 
■drawn — that  reducing  by  one-half  the  amount  of 
the  first  premium  should  a  tender  from  a  builder 
chosen  by  the  council  exceed  the  estimate — yet 
the  whole  tenor  of  the  conditions  is  ill-conceived, 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  urban  council's 
in  .'itation  will  fall  flat. 


r 


CHIPS. 

Professor  Seeley,  King's  College,  London,  will 
conduct  a  series  of  ten  geological  excursions  on 
Saturdays  to  observe  the  geological  conditions  of 
the  main  channel  of  the  Thames  and  some  of  its 
tributary  streams.  The  first  excursion,  on  April  '23, 
will  examine  conditions  of  the  outflow  of  the 
Thames  from  the  London  Basin,  at  Purfleet. 

An  extensive  fire  occurred  at  the  Hailing  (near 
Rochester)  factory  of  the  Amalgamated  Portland 
Cement  Manufacturers  (Limited)  on  Tuesday.  The 
mill -house,  a  large  four-story  building,  containing 
some  valuable  machinery,  was  totally  destroyed, 
and  it  was  with  difficulty  that  the  adjoining  property 
was  saved.  The  damage  is  estimated  at  over  £10,000. 

Danby  Church,  one  of  the  most  interesting  fabrics 
on  the  North  Yorkshire  Moors,  was  reopened  on 
Eiiter  Monday,  after  undergoing  alterations  and 
renovation  at  a  cost  of  £1,500. 

The  rural  district  council  of  Cosford,  West 
Suffolk,  at  their  last  meeting,  held  at  Semer,  pro- 
ceeded to  elect  two  surveyors  in  the  place  of  Mr. 
E.  W.  Veale,  resigned.  A  large  number  of  candi- 
dates offered  their  services,  and  the  two  surveyors 
appoiuted  were  Mr.  W.  B.  Fairchild,  assistant 
surveyor  to  the  Alton  Rural  District  Council,  Hants, 
and  Mr.  John  H.  Qwillm,  Ewias  Harold,  Pontrilas, 
Herefordshire — the  former  to  take  the  Lavenbam  or 
B  Division,  and  the  latter  the  B  or  Semer  Division. 

When  inquiry  was  recently  made  in  the  borough 
•of  St.  Pancras  by  the  medical  officer  of  health  as  to 
the  number  of  underground  rooms  illegally  occupied 
as  dwellings,  it  was  found  that  over  400  tenements, 
affording  accommodation  for  over  1,000  persons, 
were  occupied  separately  in  contravention  of  the 
law  relating  to  underground  rooms.  As  a  result  of 
a  subsequent  inspection  of  the  district,  the  borough 
medical  officer  reported  that  there  were  640  rooms 
in  which  the  conditions  were  practically  irremediable, 
and  he  suggested  that  these  rooms  should  be  dealt 
with  consecutively  and  at  intervals.  The  first  set 
of  notices,  deaUng  with  50  houses,  was  served  by 
the  borough  council  in  August  last,  and  since  that 
<late  another  225  notices  have  been  served. 

The  Mayoress  of  Crewe  opened,  on  Monday,  an 
additional  ward  to  the  corporation  isolation  hospital. 
The  hospital  was  erected  in  1S97  with  16  beds  for 
scarlet  fever  and  10  beds  for  enteric  fever,  and  an 
•observation  ward  with  two  berts.  The  cost  of  the 
hospital  was  about  £10,000.  The  extension  now 
opened  ia  for  diphtheria  cases,  the  provision  being 
for  twelve  beds,  with  seven  additional  beilrooms  lu 
the  administrative  block.  The  cost  has  been  between 
£3,000  and  i;4,000. 

A  destructive  fire,  which  has  been  traced  to  alight 
carelessly  thrown  away,  occurred  on  Tuesday  after- 
noon at  377,  Albany-road,  Camberwell.  on  the 
premises  of  Messrs.  Courtney  and  Fairbairn, 
builders.  A  large  stack  of  timber  was  blazing 
fiercely  when  the  Old  Kent-road,  Camberwell,  and 
J>few  Crops  firemen  arrived,  and  this  was  practically 
destroyed.  A  large  building,  used  as  engine-house, 
■workshops,  and  stores,  narrowly  escaped  destruc- 
tion, and  was  damaged. 

The  Auld  Brig  of  Ayr,  said  to  have  been  built  in 
12)2,  and  rendered  famous  by  Butns's  poems,  has 
been  closed  for  traffic.  Mr.  B.  Hall  Blyth,  an 
K  linburgh  engineer,  who  has  been  ciillod  in  by  the 
corporation  to  examine  the  structure,  has  reported 
th  It  thfl  bridge  is  unsafe,  and  ought  to  be  closed. 
The  bridge  has  been  closed  accordingly,  and  its 
repair  will  cost  £5,000. 


LEOAIj  intelliqbnoe. 

Neolect  to  Give  Notice  to  Distkicit  Shrveyoe 
OK  Work  i.v,  to,  or  uroN  a  Buildiso  is  Cosnec- 
Tio.v  WITH  Drainage.— "AsiiHRiDOE  v.  gVANS."— 
Mr.  Ashbridge,  district  surveyor  for  St.  Muryle- 
bone,  summoned  Mr.  Evans  for  having  done  certain 
work  in,  to,  or  upon  a  building,  consisting  of  digging 
trenches  under  and  in  close  proximity  to  the  walls 
of  a  house  in  Queen-street,  Edgware-road,  for  the 
purpose  of  redraining  without  first  giving  him 
notice  under  the  London  Building  Act,  l.SOl.  Mr. 
Andrews,  from  the  Sphcitors'  Department  of  the 
London  County  Council,  by  direction  of  the  Council, 
appeared  in  support  of  the  summons,  and  having 
called  the  attention  of  the  magistrate,  Mr.  Curtis 
Bennett,  to  certain  sections  of  the  Act,  explained 
that  the  trenches  in  question  had  been  dug  under  the 
rear  wall  of  the  house,  through  the  centre  of  the 
building  under  the  basement  floor,  and  along  the 
side  front,  the  latter  trench  being  in  an  area,  and 
coming  within  a  few  inches  of  the  side  front,  and 
causing  the  house  to  at  once  commence  to  collapse, 
no  proper  shoring  having  been  erected  before  the 
commencement  of  the  work.  He  further  explained 
that  it  became  necessary  for  the  building  to  be 
dealt  with  promptly  as  a  dangerous  structure  case, 
and  that  at  the  request  of  the  district  surveyor  the 
house  was  immediately  shored-up  by  the  Works 
Department  of  the  London  County  Council,  and 
afterwards  almost  entirely  demolished  under  an 
order  obtained  before  Mr.  Plowden.  Thus,  by 
prompt  action,  what  might  have  been  a  very  serious 
accident,  possibly  attended  by  loss  of  life,  was 
averted.  The  defendant  having  admitted  the  facts 
of  the  case,  and  having  explained  that  he  did  not 
know  that  he  was  required  to  give  notice,  the 
magistrate  inflicted  the  maximum  penalty  of  forty 
shillings,  with  twenty-three  shillings  costs. 

CiiARQB  Against  a  Bankrupt. — At  the  South- 
Western  Police-court  on  March  31,  Charles  William 
Atkins,  described  as  a  director  of  public  companies, 
whose  address  was  given  as  Clairville,  Esher, 
Surrey,  was  re-examined  on  the  charge  of  obtaining 
credit  to  the  extent  of  £175  without  disclosing  the 
fact  that  he  was  an  undischarged  bankrupt.  Mr. 
Prynne  prosecuted  for  the  Solicitor  to  the  Treasury. 
The  accused,  it  appeared,  was  adjudicated  a  bank- 
rupt 16  years  ago,  when  he,  with  a  partner,  carried 
on  the  business  of  an  architect  and  surveyor  in 
Shaftesbury-avenue.  His  liabilities  on  that  occasion 
were  returned  at  £1,697,  his  father  1  eing  the  largest 
creditor,  and  his  assets  were  valued  at  £1  15i.  :JI. 
He  made  no  application  for  his  discharge,  though 
his  partner  did  in  November,  1892,  and  the  applica- 
tion, an  individual  one,  was  suspended  for  three 
weeks  only.  The  accused  came  under  the  notice  of 
the  bankruptcy  authorities  for  the  second  time  in 
1903.  His  liabilities  were  then  declared  to  be 
£520  lOs.  9J.,  and  assets  nil.  Mr.  Francis  com- 
mitted the  accused  for  trial,  and  accepted  bail  for 
his  appearance. 

The  Law  of  Drains  in  a  Tangle.  —In  the  King's 
Bench  Division,  the  Lord  Chief  Justice  and  Justices 
Dirling  and  Channell  have  considered  the  case  of 
Thompson  v.  the  Mayor  and  Corporation  of  Eccles, 
which  cameuponappeal  from  a  decision  of  the  justices 
of  the  borough  of  Eccles.  The  appellant  was  Mr. 
Thomas  Thompson,  the  owner  of  a  block  of  seven 
houses  numbered  426  to43S  in  Liverpool-road,  Eccles, 
who  was  convicted  under  section  41  of  the  Public 
Health  Act,  1875,  and  section  19  of  the  Public  Health 
Ants  Amendment  Act,  1890,  of  having  neglected  to 
abate  a  nuisance  in  obedience  to  notice  served  upon 
him  onbehalf  ofthecorporation.  Itappearedthatthe 
notice  required  him  to  take  up  the  existing  defect- 
ive yard  and  cellar  drain  and  gullies  and  lay  down 
efficient  drains.  The  case  was  heard  on  the  19th 
October  last,  when  the  justices  found  that  the  cellar 
drain  complained  of  was  used  by  two  or  more 
houses  belonging  to  diit'erent  owners,  and  declared 
that  such  drain  was  a  single  private  drain  within 
the  meaning  of  section  19  of  the  Public  Health  Acts 
Amendment  Act,  1890,  and  made  an  order  upon  the 
defendant  (now  the  appellant)  to  abate  the  nuisance 
within  28  days.  They  consented,  however,  to  state 
a  special  case  for  the  decision  of  the  High  Court. 
From  this  it  appeared  that  the  appellants'  drain  ran 
under  the  cellars  of  his  seven  houses  and  received  the 
drainage  from  twelve  houses  belonging  to  another 
man,  and  the  drainage  of  the  three  separate  blocks 
was  conveyed  through  private  property  into  the 
public  sewer  in  Hampton-street.  It  was  contended 
for  the  appellants  that  the  drain  was  a  public  sewer 
for  which  the  local  authority  was  responsible.  Mr. 
Rhodes  appeared  for  the  appellants,  and  Mr.  Prit- 
chard  tor  the  corporation.  Nearly  a  dozen  decided 
cases  were  referred  to  by  counsel  in  support  of  their 
contending  views.  The  Lord  Chief  Just'ce  said  he 
thought  the  justices  had  takei'  a  wrong  view  of  the 
law.  It  had  no  doubt  been  held  in  that  court  that 
where  a  drain  constructed  through  private  property 
received  the  drainage  of  more  than  one  building  tio- 
longing  to  different  owners  it  became  a  sewer.  But 
the  law  was  very  uncertain  on  the  matt^  r,  and  he 
►hould  1)6  glad  to  see  an  appeal  to  the  House  of 
Lords  to  settle  the  matter  once  for  all.  His  Lord- 
ship   expressed  the  opinion   that    the    Ijegislaturo 


intended  to  say  that  where  a  drain  drained  one 
house  it  should  be  a  private  drain,  but  where  it 
drained  more  than  one  house  belonging  to  diflereut 
owners  it  was  a  sewer  repairable  l)y  the  sanitary 
authority.  In  the  present  case  he  was  of  opinion 
that  the  drain  in  question  was  a  sewer.  Mr.  Justice 
Darling  said  he  was  going  to  give  the  same  opinion, 
but  what  he  would  say  was  lb  it  he  agreed  to  give 
the  same  decision,  for  it  was  absolutely  impossible 
to  have  any  reasonable  or  logical  opinion  in  the 
tangle  which  had  occurred  under  this  legislation 
without  becoming  involved  in  manifest  absurdities. 
He  thought  the  best  thing  to  do  would  be  to  ac- 
knowledge frankly  that  a  great  error  had  been 
fallen  into  in  this  legislation,  to  sweep  it  away 
altogether,  and  to  go  back  and  legislate  on  the 
matters  involved  over  again.  If  anybody  under- 
stood the  tangle  it  was  Mr.  Justice  Channell,  and 
he  should  want  to  hear  what  he  had  to  say  and  then 
agree  with  him.  Mr.  Justice  Channell  said  he  was 
afraid  he  must  agree  that  this  was  an  insoluble 
problem.  He  should  like  to  see  the  case  go  before 
another  tribunal.  However,  he  agreed  with  the 
decision  of  his  brother  Judges.  The  appeal  was 
accordingly  allowed,  and  leave  given  to  appeal 
further. 


It  has  been  decided  to  take  steps  for  the  restora- 
tion of  the  tower  of  the  parish  church  of  Ellesmere, 
in  accordance  with  a  report  by  Mr.  Blomfield,  of 
London.  Messrs.  Thompson  and  Co.,  of  Peter- 
borough, have  sent  in  an  estimate  for  the  work 
necessary  for  the  general  repair  of  the  tower,  in- 
cluding taking  down  and  rebuilding  the  unsafe 
portions  of  the  masonry,  and  renewing  and  making 
good  the  shattered  or  otherwise  unsound  work,  for 
the  sum  of  £1,438.  The  subscriptiou  list  has  \>een 
headed  with  £500  by  Lord  Brownlow. 

The  Victoria  Hospital  for  Children,  in  Tite-street, 
Chelsea,  has  just  been  enlarged.  The  institution 
now  contains  six  wards  and  an  isolation  block  of 
three  wards,  comprising  103  beds  in  all.  Eich 
ward  is  complete,  possessing  bathroom,  lavatory, 
and  kitchen ;  and  it  can  be  entirely  shut  off  from 
other  parts  of  the  hospital.  There  is  a  operating 
theatre  on  the  first  floor,  an  X-ray  department,  a 
clinical  laboratory,  apparatus  for  sterilising  milk  for 
patients  and  dressings  for  the  theatre,  and  outside 
each  ward  is  a  balcony  for  cases  requiring  fresh  air 
treatment.  The  cost  of  the  additions  has  been 
£40,000,  towards  which  £27,000  has  been  subscribed. 

The  Earl  of  Eadnor  has  offered  to  the  town  of 
Folkestone  a  site  for  a  winter  garden,  or  kursaal, 
on  practically  nominal  terms.  The  land  is  just 
beneath  the  Leas,  opposite  Clifton- crescent. 

A  memorial  in  bronze  is  to  be  erected  at  Liverpool 
to  the  men  of  the  Kmg's  Regiment  who  fell  in  the 
South  African  war.  Mr.  W.  Gos;ombe  John, 
A.R.A.,  is  the  sculptor. 

Under  the  scheme  initiated  by  Bishop  Perowna 
for  the  rearrangement  of  the  parishes  of  Worcester, 
a  new  church  has  become  necessary  for  St.  Mirtin'a 
parish.  A  site  has  been  secured  at  the  comer  of 
Victoria-avenue  and  London-road.  Mr.  G.  H. 
Fellowes-Prynne,  F.R.I.B.A.,  of  London,  has  sub- 
mitted plans  for  an  edifice  to  seat  800  people,  which 
have  been  fully  approved,  and  everything  is  now 
ready  for  the  work  to  commence. 

At  the  Manchester  Consistory- court,  faculties 
have  been  granted  for  the  following  purposes  :  — 
Albert  Memorial  Church,  Manchester,  various  in- 
ternal alterations  ;  Whitworth  Parish  Church, 
erection  of  chancel  screen ;  Walton-le-Dale  Parish 
Church,  Preston,  reroofing  of  nave  and  transepts, 
reflooring,  reseating,  refurnishing,  erection  of  a  new 
organ  and  gallery  ;  St.  James's,  Oldham,  external 
alterations:  and  Goodshaw  Pjrish  Church,  erection 
of  new  porch,  gallery,  font,  and  other  alterations. 

The  Naval  College,  now  in  course  of  erection  at 
Dartmouth  from  Mr.  Aston  Webb's  plans,  will  be 
completed  by  July,  1905.  By  that  time,  including 
additions  to  the  original  contract  which  have  already 
been  sanctioned,  the  work  will  have  cost  upwards  of 
£400,000.  Accommodation  will  be  provided  for  400 
cadets. 

The  Rathmines  T'rban  District  Council  have 
decided  to  apply  to  the  Local  (i.ivernraent  Board 
to  sanction  a  loan  of  £8,01)0  for  the  erection  ot  a 
refuse  destructor,  and  of  L'15,(HHt  for  street  improve- 
ments. 

Bishop  Whiteside,  of  Liverpool,  has  opened  a 
new  wing  and  a  new  high  altar  at  St.  Peter's  U.C. 
Foreign  Missionary  t^ollege,  Freshlield,  near  Liver- 
pool. The  addition  has  been  completed  at  a  cost  of 
about  £2,500,  and  includes  a  new  corridor  on  the 
south  side  and  a  new  classroom,  with  dormitory 
overhead  on  the  west  side  to  accommodate  30  lads. 

In  the  Consistory  Court  of  London,  the  Chancellor, 
Dr.  Tristram,  K.C,  has  granted  an  amended 
petition  by  the  rector  and  churchwardens  of  St. 
Luke's,  Chelsea,  for  a  faculty  to  suthorise  the 
placing  in  the  church  of  a  movable  Holy  Table  of 
wood,  standing  on  brass  casters,  and  decorated 
with  marble  mosaics. 


536 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


April  S,  1904. 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

Gainsboeough. — A  gathering  has  been  held  at 
Gaineborough  to  celebrate  the  completion  of  a 
scheme  of  water  supply,  which  has  occupied  atten- 
tion for  twenty  years,  and  involved  boring  to  the 
great  depth  of  l.JUift.  The  boring,  which  is  the 
deepest  sunk  for  waterworks  purposes  in  this 
kingdom,  if  not  in  the  world,  involved  difficulties 
and  delays  of  no  ordinary  kind.  In  fact,  owing  to 
the  breaking  of  the  boring  rope,  and  the  burying  of 
the  boring  tool  at  a  depth  of  725ft.  from  the  sur- 
face, this  work  was  practically  at  a  standstill  for  a 
period  of  20  months.  However,  by  the  exercise  of 
patience  and  perseverance  on  the  part  of  the  con- 
tractors (Messrs.  E.  Timmins  and  Sons,  Limited,  of 
Runcorn),  the  boring  tool  was  at  last  recovered, 
and  the  boring  completed  in  1900.  Pumping- 
engines  have  been  provided  capable  of  dealing  with 
60,000  gallons  per  hour,  and  although,  up  to  the 
present,  the  maximum  yield  has  been  only  32,000 
gallons,  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  as  time  goes 
on  the  fissures  in  the  sandstone  will  open  out,  and  a 
still  further  increase  will  be  secured.  The  present 
yield  is,  however,  more  than  sufficient  for  the 
maximum  requirements  of  the  town. 

Peescot. — The  Countess  of  Derby  has  formally 
opened  the  new  reservoir  for  storage  purposes  built 
near  Kuowsley  Hall,  Prescot,  at  a  cost  of  over 
£138,000.  It  will  store  122  million  gallons  of 
water,  which  will  flow  into  it  from  Lake  Vyrnwy 
and  Rwuglon,  so  that  in  the  event  of  the  breakage 
of  the  long  line  of  pipes  between  those  places  and 
Liverpool,  there  will  be  sufficient  water  to  supply 
Liverpool  and  neighbourhood  for  a  week.  The 
reservoir  covers  27  acres.  It  has  been  constructed 
from  plans  by  Mr.  Joseph  Parry,  M.Inst.C.E., 
water  engineer  to  the  corporation  of  Liverpool; 
Mr.  T.  Duncannon  was  assistant  engineer,  Mr. 
J.  E.  Davidson  resident  engineer,  and  the  con- 
tractors were  Messrs.  Holme,  King,  and  Co.,  of 
Liverpool. 

The  Teeatjien't  of  Sewage. — The  Royal  Com- 
missioners appointed  to  inquire  and  report  upon  the 
methods  of  treating  and  disposing  of  sewage  have 
issued  a  third  volume  of  their  fourth  report,  consist- 
ing of  a  copiously-illustrated  folio  Blue-book  of 
316  pages,  the  whole  of  which  is  devoted  to  reports 
by  Dr.  Houston  on  bacteriological  investigations, 
with  special  reference  to  the  contamination  of  shell- 
fish. The  volume  contains  an  enormous  mass  of 
material  of  a  kind  which  will  be  highly  useful  and 
instructive  to  bacteriologists,  but  which  could 
scarcely  be  rendered  intelligible  to  those  who  are 
unacquainted  with  the  details  and  methods  of  that 
department  of  inquiry.  The  following  results  are 
stated  as  general  inferences  which  are,  perhaps, 
warranted  "on  a  broad  and  common-sense  view 
of  the  whole  investigation "  :—{</)  That  a  water 
which,  from  tne  bacteriologist's  point  of 
view,  would  be  considered  very  impure,  may, 
after  filtration,  although  still  containing  an 
appreciable  number  of  bacteria  seemingly  of  in- 
testinal derivation,  be  used  for  domestic  purposes 
without  any  very  definite  or  detectable  harm 
resulting.  (*)  That  the  water  of  a  tidal  river 
grossly  polluted  in  its  lower  estuarial  reaches  may 
after  a  flow  of  some  2.3  miles  become  so  far  purified 
by  sedimentation,  dilution,  and  the  operation  pre- 
sumably of  bactericidal  agencies,  as  to  become 
seemingly  as  Uttle  objectionable,  or  in  some 
respects  less  objectionable,  bacteriologically,  than 
certain  of  our  public  water  supplies,  (c)  That 
the  deposition  in  the  eea  of  chemically  precipitated 
sludge  in  enormous  quantities,  if  carried  out 
under  proper  conditions,  need  not  result  neces- 
sarily in  the  production  of  nuisance  or  serious 
pollution  of  the  surrounding  water,  and  that  such 
deposition  may  be  thought  of  as  an  economical  and 
seemingly  not  unsatisfactory  means  of  disposing  of 
this  material.  Conclusion  {a)  is  somewhat  modified 
by  an  appended  note  setting  forth  that,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  writer,  who  holds  rather  a  contrary 
view,  it  in  no  way  implies  that  impure  waters,  even 
after  careful  filtration,  are  necessarily  uniformly 
safe  for  potable  purposes.  The  question  to  be  dealt 
with  in  the  report  concerns  the  facts  elicited  daring 
the  period  of  observation,  and  these  seem  to  indicate 
the  danger  of  hastily  condemning  waters  and  other 
materials  without  a  wider  knowledge  of  comparative 
bacteriology,  and  of  the  correlation  of  bacteriology 
and  epidemiology,  than  at  present  available.  It  is 
obvious  that  the  results  so  far  obtained  are  only 
contributions  towards  the  attainment  of  a  final 
decision  on  the  questions  which  are  involved. 


STATUES,    MEMORIALS,    &c. 

WOLVEEHA:iirTcy. — A  memorial  brass  with  green 
Cornish  marble  base  has  within  the  last  few  days 
been  placed  in  the  south  aisle  of  St,  Peter's 
Collegiate  Church,  Wolverhampton,  to  the  memory 
of  the  late  George  Wallis,  F.S.A.,  who  was  succes- 
sively head  master  of  the  Spitalfields,  Manchester, 
and  Birmingham  Schools  of  Art. 


On  Tuesday  evening  in  last  week,  at  the  town- 
hall,  Southwold,  an  inquiry  was  held  on  behalf  of 
the  Local  Government  Board  by  Mr.  M.  K.  North, 
M.Inst.C.E.,  inspector,  with  reference  to  a  loan  of 
£3,200  for  the  erection  of  workmen's  dwellings. 
Mr.  Key,  architect,  of  Aldeburgh,  explained  the 
plans,  and  stated  that  the  cost  of  the  sixteen 
cottages  was  estimated  at  £101  each,  a  sum  for 
which  similar  dwellings  had  been  built  at  Alde- 
burgh. 


CHIPS. 

Mr.  J.  W.  Bottomley,  assistant  gas  manager  at 
EUand,  Yorkshire,  has  been  appointed  manager  of 
Milnrow  Gas  Company,  in  place  of  Mr.  R.  H. 
Nuttall,  who  has  obtained  a  similar  post  at  Marsden. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Jones  has  been  appointed  surveyor  to 
the  Frimley  Urban  District  Council. 

Dr.  W.  W.  E.  Fletcher  held  an  inquiry  on  behalf 
of  the  Local  Government  Board  at  the  Wallasey 
District  CouncU  offices,  on  March  3 1 ,  respecting  the 
council's  application  for  power  to  borrow  £6,000  to 
extend  the  infectious  diseases  hospital,  Mill-lane, 
Liscard. 

Colonel  W.  R.  Ludlow,  of  Birmingham,  the 
umpire  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Trade,  has 
published  his  award  in  the  case  of  Mr.  John  Meikle 
and  the  Corporation  of  Newcaatle-on-Tyne  for 
property  forming  the  corner  of  New  Bridge-street 
and  Trafalgar -street.  Mr.  John  Hopper,  of  Leeds, 
was  the  arbitrator  for  the  vendor,  and  Mr.  Joseph 
Potts,  of  Neweastle-on-T}-ne,  for  the  purchaser. 
The  umpire's  award  is  the  sum  of  £16,S30. 

Lytham  Pier,  which  was  wrecked  in  the  storm  of 
last  October,  has  been  reconstructed,  and  was  re- 
opened on  Thursday  in  last  week. 

A  lecture  under  the  auspices  of  the  National 
Registration  of  Plumbers  was  delivered  in  the  Hall, 
30,  St.  Andrew-square,  Edinburgh,  the  other  night, 
by  Mr.  Alexander  Morrison,  Mem.  San.  Inst.  R.P., 
&c.,  on  "Public  Baths."  Mr.  J.  K.  Paterson 
occupied  the  chair. 

Louth  Town  Council  have,  after  long  considera- 
tion, decided  to  memorialise  the  Local  Government 
Board  for  powers  to  borrow  £700,  in  order  to  provide 
additional  exits  and  improved  sanitary  conveniences 
at  the  town-hall. 

rbe  foundation-stone  of  the  Gordon  Memorial 
Hall,  which  is  being  presented  to  the  inhabitants  of 
Rosemarkie,  near  Fortrose,  N.B.,  by  Mrs.  Gordon, 
in  memory  of  her  late  husband.  Bailie  John  Gordon, 
was  laid  on  Thursday  afternoon  by  the  donor. 

An  inquiry  was  held  at  the  Council  House,  Sutton 
Ccldfield,  on  March  31,  by  Mr.  F.  H.  Tulloch, 
inspector  under  the  Local  Government  Board,  into 
an  application  by  the  town  council  for  sanction  to 
borrow  £1,417  for  street  improvements  iu  respect  of 
six  roads  recently  made  in  different  parts  of  the 
borough,  and  mainly  for  widening,  kerbing,  and 
channelling.  Plans  "of  the  proposed  work  were 
submitted  by  the  borough  surveyor,  Mr.  W.  A.  H. 
Clarry. 

A  tender  for  the  erection  of  the  Wesleyan  Central 
(Charles  Garrett  Memorial)  Mission  Hall  at  Liver- 
pool has  been  accepted.  The  hall  is  expected  to  be 
ready  for  use  in  less  than  two  years. 

Professor  Furtwiingler  has  discovered  portions  of 
the  foundations  of  the  famous  Temple  of  Apollo  at 
Amykles. 

New  malt  stores  and  offices  are  about  to  be  built 
on  the  quay,  at  Wells-next-the-Sea,  for  Messrs. 
F.  and  G.  Smith.  The  architects  are  Messrs. 
Brewill  and  Bailey,  of  Nottingham. 

The  new  council  elementary  schools,  which  have 
been  erected  on  the  Lodge  estate  at  West  Bromwich, 
were  opened  last  week  by  the  Mayor.  The  schools 
provide  accommodation  for  1,060  boys,  girls,  and 
infants.  The  contract  for  the  erection  of  the  build- 
ings was  £12,225,  and  this  was  entered  into  by  the 
old  School  Board.  The  cost  of  the  furniture  and 
fittings  was  £725.     The  architect  is  Mr.  A.  Long. 

The  new  church  of  the  Good  Shepherd  in  Carr- 
lane.  West  Derby,  was  consecrated  on  Saturday  by 
the  Bishop  of  Liverpool.  It  is  the  gift  of  an  anony- 
mous donor. 

At  Hatfield  parish  church  on  Sunday  the  unveil- 
ing took  place  of  the  memorial  window  which  has 
been  inserted  in  the  east  wall  of  the  Brocket  chapel, 
as  a  tribute  to  the  eight  men  who.  of  the  fifty-one 
who  went  out  from  Hatfield  to  South  Africa  on 
active  service,  died  during  the  war.  The  window, 
which  is  by  Messrs.  Burlinson  and  Grylls,  has,  as 
its  central  figure,  a  representation  of  Christ  bearing 
the  cross  with  angels  above  holding  the  crown  of 
thorns  and  the  scourge. 

Letters  have  been  received  by  the  town  clerk  of 
Brighouse  from  the  Local  Ixovernment  Board, 
giving  that  authority's  sanction  to  the  Brighouse 
Corporation  to  borrow  various  sums  of  money, 
totalling  iu  the  aggregate  to  over  £20,000,  for  the 
construction  of  new  sewers,  enlarging  the  municipal 
buildings,  and  other  works  of  improvement  in  the 
borough. 


cDur  €>fftct   <iablc. 


The  London  County  Council  are  about  to 
commence  an  important  widening  of  Piccadilly 
on  its  northern  side  between  the  Circus  and 
SackviUe-street.  This  portion  of  the  thorough- 
fare will  he  widened  to  SOft.,  and  a  syndicate  has 
acquired  from  the  Commissioners  of  Woods  and 
Forests  a  lease  of  the  remaining  area.  The  total 
compensation  to  be  paid  for  the  area  thrown  into 
the  street  will  be  £200,000,  of  which  £40,000  will 
be  borne  by  the  Westminster  City  Council,  and 
the  remainder  by  the  London  County  Council. 
The  improvement  will  proceed  on  the  understand- 
ing that  the  soil  will,  as  in  other  cases,  remain 
vested  in  the  Crown,  which  is  to  be  at  liberty  to 
form  and  maintain  cellars  and  vaults  under  the 
new  footway  up  to  the  outside  edge  of  the  kerb. 

The  report  of  Sir  Edward  J.  Poynter,  the 
Director  of  the  National  Gallery,  for  1903  haa 
been  issued  as  a  Parliamentary  paper.  The  pictures 
purchased  during  the  year  were : — "  Portrait  of 
a  Lady  as  St.  Margaret,"  by  Francisco  Zurbaran 
(out  of  the  Clarke  Bequest  fund);  "  The  Market 
Place  at  The  Hague,"  bv  Paul  Constantin  La 
Fargue  ;  "Judith"  and  "  King  Alfred  and  his 
Mother,"  by  Alfred  Stevens  (out  of  the  Lewis 
fund).  The  donations  to  the'  Gallery  were : 
—"Life's  Illusions,"  by  G.  F.  Watts,  R.A., 
presented  by  Mrs.  Seymour  ;  "  Victoria  Regina  " 
by  H.  T.  Wells,  R.A.,  presented  by  Mrs. 
Street  and  Mrs.  Hadley  ;  "Scottish  Jacobites," 
by  CUude  Calthrop,  presented  by  Mrs.  Cal- 
thr.ip  :  "  Portrait  of  Jlrs.  Hartley  and  her 
Child,"  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  presented  by  Sir 
William  Agnew  ;  and  "Portrait  of  a  Man,"  by 
Lucas  Cranach  the  elder,  presented  by  Jlr.  J.  P. 
Heseltine.  The  following  pictures  and  statues 
were  purchased  for  the  nation  by  the  President 
and  Council  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  under 
the  terms  of  the  Chantrey  Bequest:— "In  the 
Country  of  Constable,"  by  David  Murray, 
A.R.A. ;  "Autumn  in  the  Mountains,"  by 
Adrian  Stokes;  "The  Springtide  of  Life,"  by 
W.  R.  Colton,  A.R.A. :  and  "Remorse,"  by 
Hugh  II.  Armstead,  R  A.  Sir  E.  J.  Poynter 
adds  that,  in  reply  to  representations  made  by  the 
trustees  to  the  Treasury  in  reference  to  the  re- 
cognition of  the  claim  of  the  National  (iallery 
to"  the  site  in  the  rear  of  the  Gallery  hitherto 
occupiedby  St.  George's  Barracks,  the  Treasury 
are  prepared  to  sanction  the  extension  of  the 
Gallery  as  the  ground  should  be  surrendered  by 
the  War  Department,  but  that  no  definite  promise 
has  been  given  that  the  entire  site  shall  be  set 
aside  for  this  purpose.  The  Treasury  are  ascertain- 
ing what,  if  any,  part  of  the  space  in  question 
might  be  available  for  an  extension  of  the 
Gallery,  to  be  commenced  in  the  course  of  the 
ensuing  financial  year.  The  (Tallery  in  Trafalgar- 
square  was  visited  by  457,251  persons  on  the  free 
days  during  the  year,  showing  a  daily  average 
attendance  on  such  days  (20S  innumber)  of  2,198. 
The  National  Gallery  of  British  Art  at  MiUbank 
has  been  visited  by  200,494  persons  on  free  days 
during  the  vear,  showing  a  daily  average  attend- 
ance on  such  days  (206  in  number)  of  1,002.  The 
visits  on  Sunday  afternoons  show  an  average  of 
1,211  and  1,168  respectively. 

Goon  progress  is  being  made  with  the  arrange- 
ments for  the  annual  Congress  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  Public  Health,  to  be  held  at  Folke- 
stone next  July.  There  will  be  sections  for  pre- 
ventive medicine,  municipal  and  Parliamentary 
subject-i,  comparative  pathology,  bacteriology, 
and  chemistry,  engineering  and  building  con- 
struction, child  study  and  school  health  (of  which 
St  George  Ktkewich  is  President),  and  a  ladies' 
section  (with  the  Countess  of  Radnor  as  Presi- 
dent'. The  committee  have  also  decided,  in  view 
of  Shorncliflie  Camp  and  Dover  Garrison  being  so 
near  at  hand,  to  have  a  military  section  for  the 
discussion  of  such  subjects  as  early  military  train- 
in"  and  Tropical  medicine.  In  addition  to  other 
fixtures,  the  Earl  of  Radnor  (the  President)  will 
give  a  reception  and  an  evening  entertamment, 
and  Sir  Edward  Saesoon,  M.P.,  a  garden  party. 
The  trips  to  other  towns  will  include  visits  to 
Canterbury  and  Boulogne. 

Aukasgemexts    are    now    being    made    for  a 
special     course     of     advanced     instruction     for 
plum>ers  at  King's  College,   London,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Worshipful  Company  of  Plumbers, 
■  and  several  of  the  county  and  municipal  educa- 
tion   authorities.     The    company    has   specially 
1  equipped    workshops    and     laboratories    at    the 
I  college  for  the  purpose  of   giving  advanced  in- 


April  8,  1904, 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


537 


struction  in  the  principles  of  science  underlying 
the  operations  of  the  plumber,  as  well  as  in  the 
practice  of  the  plumbing  craft,  to  plumbers  wlio 
are,  or  likely  to  become,  teachers  of  plumbing 
classes.  By  the  advanced  instruction  given  at 
these  courses  and  the  inspection  of  notable  plumb- 
ing works  in  and  around  Landon,  students  from 
the  provinces  acquire  knowledge  which  they  could 
not  otherwise  obtain,  and  the  influence  of  their 
improved  knowledge  is  traceable  in  the  higher 
standard  of  efficiency  of  the  plumbing  classes  in 
the  provincial  centres.  It  is  expected  to  liave  its 
inlluence  also  in  the  character  of  the  plumbing 
work  done  locally.  The  classes  are  held  in  the 
summer  of  each  year,  and  plumbing  teachers  and 
advanced  students  desirous  of  availing  themselves 
of  the  facilitiej  available  at  the  college  should 
apply  to  the  education  authority  of  the  town  or 
county  in  which  they  reside  for  the  recjuisite 
grant  or  scholarship  to  enable  them  to  attend. 

A  SCHOOL  of  forestry  has  been  started  by  the 
Commissioners  of  Woods  and  Forests  in  the 
Forest  of  Dean.  When  the  departmental  com 
mittee  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  to 
inquire  into  the  state  of  British  forestry  reported 
at  the  end  of  1902  the  Commissioners  of  Woods 
and  Forests  took  up  the  question  of  education  for 
foresters  and  woodmen.  The  claims  of  the 
Forest  of  Dean,  in  preference  to  the  Alice  Holt 
Woods  in  Hampshire  (an  alternative  sphere), 
were  urged  by  Sir  Charles  Diike,  M.P.,  and  the 
Commissioners  decided  to  establish  a  school  in 
the  Forest,  a  large  area  being  available  for  prac- 
tical instruction,  and  there  being  the  additional 
advantage  that  this  area  had  been  worked  for  six 
years  under  a  scientific  plan  prepared  by  the  late 
BIr.  Hill,  head  of  the  Indian  Forest  Department. 
The  school  was  established  at  Coleford,  classroom 
accommodation  being  proHded  for  20  studen's, 
and  Jlr.  C.  D.  Hansor.,  of  the  Indian  Forest 
Department,  was  engaged  as  instructor.  It  was 
decided  to  start  with  a  small  number  of  students, 
and  the  class  was  opened  in  January  last  with 
nine  students.  The  students  are  all  in  the  employ 
of  the  Crown,  two  being  from  Windsor  Forest. 
Classes  are  held  on  two  days  a  week  ;  on  the 
other  five  the  students  work  in  the  woods.  Their 
ages  are  from  17  to  22.  The  instruction  is  free, 
no  deduction  being  made  from  wages.  The  full 
course  will  extend  over  two  years.  Instruction 
will  be  given  in  aU  branches  of  forestry,  theoretical 
as  well  as  practical,  including  the  questions  of 
soil,  situation,  sowing,  transplanting,  thinning, 
the  treatment  of  fungi,  &c.,  and  also  in  the 
valuation  of  standing  timber.  It  is  hoped  to 
start  a  second  class  next  year. 

The  Carnegie  trustees  at  Dunfermline  have 
decided  to  hold  early  in  May  a  loan  exhibition  of 
civic  and  social  art,  comprising  photographs, 
drawings,  plans,  &c.,  of  cottages  or  tenement 
houses,  village  halls,  schools,  clubs,  libraries,  and 
other  public  buildings,  street  architecture, 
gardens  and  parks,  and  their  furniture,  and  of 
civic  improvements  generally,  especially  such  as 
are  suitable  for  adoption  in  villages  and  smaller 
towns.  The  special  object  of  the  exhibition  will 
be  to  promote  interest  in  housing  reform  and  in 
the  improvement  of  civic  and  social  art  generally, 
and  to  show  what  is  being  done  iu  other  parts  of 
the  kingdom  and  abroad.  The  trustees  are 
inviting  architects  and  other  specialists  to  forward 
illustrations  of  work  done  on  the  lines  suggested, 
and  they  believe  that  the  exhibition  will  have  a 
considerable  educational  influence. 

^  TiiB  town  clerk  of  Longton,  Staffs,  Mr. 
G.  C.  Kent,  recently  attended  a  meeting  of  the 
gas  committee  of  the  corporation  of  that  borough, 
and  gave  a  description  and  statement  of  the 
process  and  cost  of  firing  pottery  ovens  with 
natural  gas,  as  carried  on  at  East  Liverpool, 
I'.S..V.  Ho  also  gave  the  result  of  his  own  and 
the  gas  manager's  investigations  into  the  possi- 
bility of  firing  both  with  ordinary  coal  gas  and 
with  Mond  gas,  with  a  comparative  statement  of 
the  consumption  ami  cost  in  each  case,  including 
the  method  and  coat  of  converting  existing  ovens 
for  gas-firing.  The  matter  is  under  conaidciration, 
and  a  proliuiinary  report  has  been  made  to  the 
corporation  of  tlie  committee. 

TuK  Committee  of  the  South-Eastern  Union  of 
Scientific  Societies  is  anxious  for  tho  formation  of 
a  Photographic  Record  and  Survey  Association 
for  the  County  of  Kent.  Tho  object  is  to  make 
and  preserve  by  permanent  photographic  prints 
records  of  the  present  condition  of  objects  of 
archa'ologiial,  historical,  or  literary  interest ;  the 
geology,  fauna,  and  Mora  of  the  district  under 
survey,    customs    and  costumes    of  its    people, 


notable  events,  and  portraits  of  its  prominent 
men  and  women.  The  Kentish  survey  will 
probably  form  its  principal  deposit  of  records  in 
the  county  museum  at  Maidstone,  and  will  also 
contribute  to  the  collection  of  the  Kational  Photo- 
graphic Record  Association  in  the  British 
Museum.  A  meeting  of  persons  interested  in  the 
proposal,  and  of  delegates  from  photographic, 
archaeological,  and  other  societies,  is  to  be  held  in 
Jlaidstone  on  Saturday  in  next  week,  the  Kith 
inst.,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  Provisional 
Committee  to  draw  up  rules  and  to  submit  a 
working  scheme  to  the  Congress  of  IheS.E. 
Union,  which  will  meet  in  Maidstone  on  June  9, 
10,  and  11.  The  exhibition  in  connection  with 
the  Congress  will  have  a  section  devoted  tn  photo- 
graphic record  and  survey  work.  Mr.  H.Snowden 
Ward,  Hadlow,  Kent,  has  undertaken  the  pre- 
liminary organisation. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Saturi>ay  i.To  -  morrow)  .— Northern  Architectural 
Asrociation.  Visit  to  the  New  Inlirmary, 
the  Leazes,  Newcaatle-on-Tyne.    3  p.m. 

MoxDAY.— Bristol  Society  of  Architects.  Annual  Meet- 
ing.   8  p.m. 

Thursday.— Sheffield  Society  of  Architects  and  Sur- 
veyors.   Annual  Meetingj. 


CHIPS. 

Mr.  J,  Jenkins  has  been  appointed  borough  sur- 
veyor of  Penryn,  near  Falmouth.  Mr.  Jenkins 
formerly  held  the  post  for  four  years. 

The  Kent  and  Canterbury  hospital  is  about  ^o  be 
altered  and  extended  from  plans  by  Mr,  W.  J. 
Jennings,   of  Canterbury,  at  an  estimated  cost  of 

£5,600. 

Mr.  A.  Creer,  the  city  engineer  of  York,  has 
prepared  plans  for  laying  out  Scarcroft  as  a  re- 
creation ground,  the  estimated  cost  being  £2,200. 

A  light  railway  is  being  constructed  from  the 
ferry  at  Benfleet  Station  to  the  eastern  extremity  of 
Canvey  Island,  a  distance  of  about  four  miles,  which 
will  be  opened  in  July.  The  contract  price  is  about 
£4:8,000.  A  bridge  is  to  be  erected  over  the  creek  to 
connect  the  island  with  the  mainland  at  South 
Benfleet,  on  the  London  Tilbury  and  Southeud 
Railway. 

The  restored  central  tower  of  Rochester  Cathedral 
will  be  dedicated,  the  Bishop  hopes,  on  St.  Andrew's 
Day. 

Mr.  F.  Jenvey,  of  Romsey,  has  been  elected 
district  surveyor  to  the  Romsey  Rural  District 
Council. 

Memorial  stones  of  a  new  Wesleyan  chapel  were 
laid  in  Mount  Gold-road,  Plymouth,  on  Monday. 
Mr.  H.  J.  Snell,  of  Plymouth,  is  the  architect,  and 
Mr.  A.  X.  Coles,  of  the  same  town,  the  contractor. 
The  cost  will  be  about  £6,000. 

The  old  church  of  St.  Peter's,  Ruthin,  has  been 
seriously  damaged  by  fire,  which  broke  out  near  the 
vestry  through  children  playing  with  matches.  A 
portion  of  the  fine  roof,  containing  ')00  carved  pieces 
presented  by  Henry  VII.,  has  been  destroyed,  and 
the  new  organ,  erected  as  a  Jubilee  memorial,  was 
greatly  damaged. 

The  memorial  to  the  flfty-four  Old  Cheltonians 
who  lost  their  lives  in  the  war  in  South  Africa  was 
was  marked  on  Wednesday  by  the  dedication  of 
a  new  reredos  in  Cheltenham  College  Chapel  by 
Bishop  Taylor-Smith,  the  Chaplain-General  of  the 
Forces.  The  first  portion  of  the  memorial,  an 
Eleanor  cross,  erected  in  front  of  the  college 
entrance-hall,  was  unveiled  by  General  Sir  Power 
Palmer  last  June.  The  new  reredos  is  in  the  Per- 
pendicular style,  an<l  the  aim  of  the  designer  has 
been  to  surround  the  Saorifice  of  Christ  on  the 
Cross  with  good  and  great  men  of  our  own  land,  th« 
fifty-four  statues  which  it  contains  including  those 
of  statesmen,  warriors,  poets,  church  dignitaries 
and  martyrs,  reformers,  philanthropists,  scientists, 
explorers,  and  others.  The  material  used  is  Cam- 
bridgeshire stone,  the  structure  being  Mtft.  wide  and 
21ft.  high. 

Mr.  W.  E.  II.  Clarke,  architect  and  surveyor,  has 
moved  from  -t,  Portland-street,  Hereford,  to 
Cathedral  Chambers,  King-street,  Hereford. 

His  Majesty's  Commissioners  have  intimated 
that  the  erection  of  a  small  convict  prison  is  to  be 
commenced  at  Maidstone  in  May,  and  aliout 
£20,000  is  to  be  spent  on  the  building.  It  will  be 
reserved  for  prisoners  during  the  first  nine  or 
twelve  mouths  of  their  sentences. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  tho  Liveqiool  Library, 
Museum,  and  Arts  Coiniuittee,  Sir  W.  B.  Forwood 
announced  that  Mrii.  William  Coltart,  of  Birken- 
head, had  presented  to  the  city,  in  memory  of  her 
husband,  the  oil-painting  by  William  Ford  Madox 
Brown,  entitled  "  The  Coat  of  Many  Colours." 


€m^t  ©tbjs. 


WAGES    MOVEMENTS. 

BisiGnousE. — In  accordance  with  a  code  of  rules 
and  regulations  agreed  upon  some  years  ago 
between  the  employers  and  employed  in  the 
Brighouse  joinery  trade,  the  operative  carpenters 
and  joiners  served  their  employers  with  a  notice  six 
months  ago  for  an  advance  in  wages  of  ^d.  per  hour, 
totalling  to  3j.  per  week,  making  the  rate  of  wages 
in  Brighouse  the  same  as  in  Halifax,  Hudders- 
field,  and  other  surrounding  towns.  At  present  the 
rate  paid  in  Brighouse  is  TJd.  and  Sd.  per  hour. 
The  new  rat«  should  have  come  into  operation  on 
Good  Friday,  but  owing  to  the  depression  in  the 
building  trades  in  the  Brighouse  district,  the  work- 
men have  decided  to  withdraw  the  notice  and  go  on 
at  the  old  terms. 

Manchestee. — The  Amalgamated  Society  of  Mill 
Sawyers,  Woodcutting  Machinists,  and  Wood 
Turners  have  forwarded  a  communication  to  the 
members  of  the  Manchester  City  Council  com- 
plaining that  the  members  of  the  society  employed 
by  the  Manchester  Cleansing  Committee  have  made 
an  unsuccessful  application  to  the  committee  for  an 
advance  of  wages  to  the  minimum  rate  of  the 
district.  The  application  has  the  support  of  the 
Manchester  District  Building  Industries'  Federa- 
tion, who  contend  that  the  cleansing  committee  are 
acting  contrary  to  the  spirit  of  the  city  council's  fair 
contract  clause. 

TiinvoETH.— The  bricklayers'  labourers  of  Tam- 
worth  and  district  have  struck  work.  "They  demand 
an  increase  of  jd.  per  hour  in  their  wages,  which 
would  bring  their  remuneration  up  to  lid.  per  hour. 
A  uniformity  in  wages  is  also  sought,  and  also  tho 
allowance  of  "  walking  time." 


The  Mayor  of  Kingston-on-Thames  laid  on 
Wednesday  the  foundation-stone  of  a  new  museum 
and  art  gallery  to  be  erected  on  the  Fairfield, 
Kingston,  adjoining  the  new  public  library.  The 
cost  of  the  building,  as  well  as  that  of  the  free 
library,  amounting  to  about  £12,000,  has  been 
defrayed  by  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie. 

Mr.  George  Holland  York,  of  73,  New-street, 
Wellington,  Salop,  plumber,  who  died  on  Feb.  1 
last,  left  estate  valued  at  £6,266  gross,  with  net 
personalty  sworn  at  £3,203,  and  probate  of  his  will 
has  been  granted  to  his  sons,  George  Harold  and 
William  Henry  York,  both  of  "5,  New-street, 
Wellington,  plumbers  and  decorators. 

The  Birmingham  Education  Committee  propose 
to  provide  a  new  council  school  at  Nechells  to 
accommodate  about  700  children.  A  site,  contain- 
ing about  6,310  square  yards,  has  been  obtained 
with  frontages  to  Charles  Arthur-street  and  Walter- 
street. 

Lord  Ashton  has  given  to  the  corporation  of 
Lancaster  the  terraced  property  overlooking  the 
River  Lune,  known  as  BuUbank,  and  will  defray 
the  cost  of  laying  it  out  as  gardens  and  provide  for 
its  maintenance  in  perpatuity.  The  gift  will  pro- 
vide a  riverside  park  with  extremely  picturesque 
surroundings.  Lord  Ashton  is  about  to  erect 
in  Lancaster  a  statue  of  Queen  Victoria  at  a  cost  of 
£10,000. 

The  first  section  of  the  permanent  church  of 
St.  WUfrid  is  about  to  be  built  in  Duchy-road, 
Harrogate,  from  plans  by  Mr.  Temple  Moore.  It 
will  be  built  of  stone,  and  Early  English  in  style, 
and  the  nave  now  to  be  begun  will  seat  600  people, 
and  will  cost  not  less  than  €S,000.  The  completed 
church  will  accommodate  900  worshippers,  and, 
exclusive  of  tower  and  spire,  will  demand  an  outlay 
of  £21,000. 

The  Otley  U^rban  District  Council  have  been 
officially  informed  that  the  Local  Government 
Board  have  agreed  to  the  borrowing  of  a  further 
sum  of  £40,000  to  complete  the  new  waterworks. 


PILKINGTON  &  CO. 

(ESTABLIBSKD    1S3S), 

MONUMENT    CHAMBERS, 
KINO  WILLIAM  STREET,  LONDON,  E.G. 


A«Q%iitraA  Trad4  Mark: 

POLONCEAUASPHALTE 

Patent  Asphalte  and  Felt  Roofing. 

ACID-KB8ISTINO    A8PH.\LTB. 

WUITB  8IUCA  PAVING. 

PYRIMONT  8EY8SEL  ASPHALTE, 

TsLsriiONE  No.  6319  Avkni'e. 


538 THE    BUILDING    NEWS. Afhil  8,  1904. 

LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


Cainc— Public  Library  (£1.200  limit)    No  premium;  5 per  cent,  commisaion  O.  I.  Gough,  Secretary,  Town  Clerk's  Office,  OUne,  Wilts April  9 

Llandilo-Fawr— Drainage  Scheme  for  Amman  Valley  R.  Shipley  Lewis,  Clerk,  Llandilo,  Wales ,     23 

Newcastle-on-Tyne — Grammar  School  (J.  Bilson,  F.B.I. B. A., 

F.8.A.,  Assessor) £100,  £50,  £25 Horace  J.  Criddle,  Solicitor.  2.  CoUingwood-st.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    ..     30 

Baraet— Hospital G.  D.  ByBeld,  Clerk,  16.  High-street,  Bamet  May    9 

Stamford— Public  Library  (limit  £2,0.0)  (Assessor)   £25  (merged),  £15,  £10    Charles  Alter,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall.  Stamford 31 

Ossett-Town  Hall W.  Hirst,  Borough  Surveyor,  Oasett,  Yorks  — 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 


BTTILDINQS. 

Penarth— Public  Library Urban  District  Council    H.  Snell.  Architect.  Stsnwell-road.  Penarth    April  9 

Barry— Sixteen  Hoasfs.  Park-avenue E.  David  and  David.  27.  High-stiect,  Cardiff „  9 

Elgin— Additions  to  Kirkhill  House John  Wittet.  Architect,  Elgin  „  9 

Dundee— Waehhouse  for  Lodge  at  King's  Cross  Hospital   Town  Council Wm.  Mackison.  F.R.I.B.A..  Burgh  Engineer,  Dundee  9 

Atherton— Carnegie  Public  Library Bradshaw  and  Gas.",  FF.R  IB. A.,  Bolton   9 

Burnley— Manual  Instruction-room  at  Grammar  School G.  H.  Pickles,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Burnley ,  9 

Donnirgton- Clastrooms  at  School  F.  N.  Hobgen,  East-street.  Chichester  „  9 

Great  Yarmouth— Fish-Curing  Premises,  Admiralty-road  J.  8.  Johnson Arthur  8.  Hewitt,  A. R.I. B.  A..  Bank  Chambers,  Great  Yarmouth...     „  11 

Cupar  Fife— Semi-detached  Villas David  Storrar,  Architect.  Cupar  Fife.  Scotland 11 

Thoinbill— Pavilion Cricket  Club    Lister  Kaye.  Secretary.  Coombs  Top.  Thomhill,  Yorka  11 

Hayle— House  and  Shop H.  T.  Broad,  Builder.  Hayle,  Cornwall ,  11 

Levenshulme-Additions  to  Stable  Urban  District  Coundl    James  Jepson.  Surveyor.  Tiviot  Dale,  Stockport  ,  11 

Aphton-nnder-Lyne— Six  Houses,  Beauchamp-street J.  H.  Burton  and  J.  A.  Percival,  Architects.  Ashton-undez^Lyne  ...    „  11 

Fgremont — Alterations  to  Premises,  South-street  Industrial  Co-operative  Society    W.  G.  Scott  and  Co.,  Architect.**,  ^'icto^ia  Buildings,  Workington  ...     „  11 

Winchester— Repairs  to  Cottages  Cottage  Improvement  Society  J.  Ashton  Sawyer.  Surveyor.  62,  High-street,  Winchester „  11 

Askwith— Residence Empsall  and  Clarkson,  Architects.  7.  Exchange.  Bradford   „  II 

Limerick- Carnegie  Free  Library  and  Museum  Trustees   O.  P.  Sheridan.  A.R.I.B.A.,  25,  Suffolk-street,  Dublin  „  11 

Bahath-New  Wing  to  Residence F.  Douglas  Osborne F.  Shaw.  M.R  I  A.I.,  36.  South  Frederick-street,  Dublin „  18 

Partick- Exteofions  of  Destructor  and  Electricity  Station  Town  Council The  Electricity  Works.  Mauldslie-street.  Partick 12 

Burnley— Alterations  to  Corporation  Aims  Inn  G.  H.  Pickles.  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall.  Bumlev  ,,  12 

South  Bank.  Middlesbiough-Twelve  Houses  N.E.  Improved  Dwellings  Co.,  Ltd...  Moore  and  Archibald,  Architect.-*.  27.  Albert-road.  Middlesbrough  ..    „  12 

Cardiff- Fmiths'  Shop  and  Chimney  Stack Corporation W.  Harpur.  M.I.C.E..  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Cardiff „  12 

Burpbead-  Semi-detached  Houses James  Jamieson,  Architect  51,  High-street,  Elgin  „  12 

Mortlake— Additions  to  Electricity  Station,  High-street  Barnes  Urban  District  Council G.  Bruce  Tomes.  A. MICE.,  Surveyor,  High-street,  Mortlake  „  12 

Bristol— Police  and  File  Station Watch  Committee The  City  Engineer's  Office.  63,  Ciueen-sqnare.  Bristol „  12 

Heywood— Free  Library.  Church-street North  and  Robin.  Architects,  203,  Strand,  W.C „  12 

Launceston— Two  Semi-Detached  Villas Wesleyan  Circuit  Ministers  Wise  and  Wise,  Architects,  Launceston  12 

Hcmtrton,  N.E.— Alterations  to  Laundry  at  Eastern  Hospital  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board  W.  T.  Hatch,  M.I.C.E..  M.I.M.E.,  Embankment,  E.C 12 

Bradford— Iron  and  Wood  School  Buildings Education  Committee  Thos.  Garbult,  Secretaiy.  Education  Office,  Manor-row,  Bradford  ..     „  12 

Noiwood,  8. E— Repairs  at  Schools  I,ambeth  Guardians W.  Thumall.  Clerk.  Brook-street.  Kennington-road,  8. E ,  19 

Woodstock— Laundry  Buildings  at  Workhouse   Guardians Geo.  Castle.  Architect.  Woodstock „  13 

Bradford- Grand  Stand,  &c J.  H.  Cox,  City  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Bradford    „  13 

Trebarris- Sixteen  Cottages    Graigberthlwyd  Building  Club Wm.  Dowdeswell,  Architect,  Treharris,  Wales ,  13 

Great  Broughton— Two  Houses Bev.  A.  Greer W.  O.  Scott  and  Co..  Architects.  Victoria  Buildings,  Workington  ...    „  IS 

Farnbam— Two  Bediooros  at  Workhouse   Guardians  Friend  and  Lloyd,  Art-hitects.  Grosvenor-road,  Aldershot „  18 

Stockvtell-road.  8.W.— Repairs  at  Relief  Station Lsmbeth  Guardians W.  Thumall.  Clerk,  Brook-street,  Kennington-road,  8.E „  IS 

Kincardine  O'Neil-Bchool School  Board   Jenkins  and  Marr,  Architects,  16,  Bridge-street,  Aberdeen  13 

Richmond,  Yorks— Mortuary  at  Victoria  Hospital Clark  and  Moscrop.  Architects.  Darlington „  H 

Airdiie— Post  Office H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works   The  Secretaiy,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's-gate,  S.W „  14 

Wbitcchapel,  E.— Generating  Station,  Osbom-street    Stepney  Borough  Council M.  W.  Jameson.  Boro' Eng,  15,  Great  Alie-etreet,  Whitechapel,  E.    „  14 

Noith  Clifton,  Newark— Rerooflng  Nave  of  Church  C.  Hodgson  Fowler.  F.8.A..  The  College.  Durham  „  1* 

Banbury- Additions  to  Cheiwell  Schools  Education  Committee  W.  E.  Mills,  Architect,  12,  Horse  Fair,  Banbury  „  14 

Harrow— Stables Uiban  District  Council J.  Percy  Bennetts.  Engineer.  Harrow    „  15 

Brighouse— Miffion  Hall  at  Birds  Royd A.  O.  Dalzell.  Architect.  15,  Commercial-street,  Halifax  „  IS 

Newiy— Fe^er  Hospital  Extension   Down  County  Council Robert  Macllwaine,  Secretary.  Courthouse,  Downpatrick „  15 

Gifat  Yaimouth- Furniture  Showrocms,  Middlegate-street .' Jaa.  E.  Teasdel,  Architect.  .S.  Queen-street,  Great  Yarmouth „  15 

Newark— Alterations  to  Bede  Houses Municipal  Charities  "Trustees Paunders  and  Saunders,  A. R. I. B.  A.,  Imperial  Chambers,  Newark  ..    „  15 

Udny- Additions  to  House Wm.  Davidson,  Architect,  Ellon.  N.B „  1* 

RodboTough— Additions  to  King's  County  School  Gloucestershire  County  Council   The  County  Surveyor's  Otfice.  Shire  Hall,  Gloucester „  16 

Louphboroogh— Electricity  Station  ..  Corporation Albert  E.  King.  Architect.  Baxtergate,  Loughborough „  16 

Glentham— Additions  to  Elementary  School Lindsey  County  Council  Scorer  and  Gamble,  Architects,  Bank-street  Chambers,  Lincoln „  16 

York— Rebuilding  Onsebridge  Inn Samuel  Smith Thomas  Winn  and  Sons,  Architects,  92.  Albion-street,  Leeds  „  16 

Coventry— Joiner's  Work  at  Folesbill  Works   Gas  Committee   Fletcher  W.  Stevenson.  Engineer,  Gas  Works,  Coventry   „  18 

Bronghtrn.  Salford— Partitions,  ic,  at  Old  Electricity  Station  Corporation The  Borough  Enginter's  Office.  Salford 18 

Portsmouth- Cookeiv  Centre  at  Drayton-road  School  Education  Committee  Alfred  Bone,  Architect.  Cambridge  Junction,  Portsmouth „  18 

Hastings— Addition  to  Kiosk.  Alexandra  Park   Corporation P.  H.  Palmer,  M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Engineer, Town  Hall,  Hastings  ..    „  18 

Dundee-Cattle  Shed  (8,S6ft.  by  I2Cft.)    Harbour  Trustees J.  Thompson.  Harbour  Engineer,  Dundee 18 

Tcdmoiden— Buildings  for  Electricity  and  Refuse  Destructor...  Corporation Electrical  Engineer's  Olhce.  Todmorden „  18 

Royal  Oak,  W.— Reconstructing  Station Great  Western  Railway  Co C.  K.  Mills,  Secretary,  Paddington  Station,  W „  19 

Brighton— Alterations  to  Firc-Brigade  Station,  Duke-street  ...  Town  Council F.  J.  C.  May.  M.I.C.E.,  F.8.I.,  Boro'  Eog.,  Town  Hall,  Brighton  ..    „  19 

Northoipe—Bestoiing  Nave  and  Aisle  of  Church C.  Hodgson  Fowler.  F.8. A.,  The  College,  Durham  „  19 

Sunderland— Engine  and  Boiler  Houtes  st  Pumpirg  Station...  Sunderlrind  and  S.  Shields  Water  Co.  T.  and  C.  Hawksley,  C  E.'s,  30,  Ot.  Gecrge-st..  Westminster,  8.W..    „  19 

Henley-on-Thames— Addition  to  Static  n  Buildings   Great  Western  Railway  Co G.  K.  Mills,  Secretary.  Paddington  Station,  W 19 

Tottenham,  N.— Pandstand  at  Downhills  Perk  Urban  District  Council    Edward  (Drowne.  Clerk,  Tottenham,  N •■  1* 

New  Tredegar- Stables,  &c Bedwellty  Urban  District  Council  ...  J.  H.Lewis,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Surveyor.  Blackwood,  Mm „  20 

Birkenhead— Stablis  and  Depot  Buildings,  Cleveland-street  ...  Coiporalion Charles  Brownridge.  M.I.C.E.,  Boro'  Eng..  Town  Hall,  Birkenhead    „  20 

Peafoilh,  Liverpool- Soiling  Office  H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works.  Storey's  Gate,  S.W „  21 

Gillicgham-Thirty  Cottages,  St.  George's-road  E.  J.  Hammond,  C.E  ,  M.8.A..  21,  Balmoral-road,  Gillingham 21 

Bilston— Ire  n  Timber-fiamed  Hospital Uiban  District  Council   J.  P.  Wakeford,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Town  Hall.  Bilston ,.  21 

Leiph,  Lanes- Infirmary J.  C.  Prestwich,  Architect,  Bradshawgate  Buildings,  Leigh „  22 

Durham-  Coastguard  Signal  Station  at  Seaham  Harbour   Admiralty    The  Director  of  Works  Dept,,  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C. ...    „  22 

Winscombe— House    Hans  Price  and  Wni.  Jane,  Architects,  Weston-super-Mare... „  22 

Ludlow— Additions  to  Workhouse    Board  of  Guardians W.  W.  Robinson.  Architect,  10,  King-street,  Hereford 29 

Uandaff- Laboratoiy    .. Howells  Glamorgan  8ch.  Governors..  G.  E.  Halliday,  F  li.I.B.A.,  H,  High-street.  Cardiff  2? 

Bristol-Repairs  to  Roofs  of  Mayor's  Psddoek  Paths Baths  Committee   T.  H.  Yabbicom,  M.I.C.E.,  City  Eng,  63,  Uueen-sqoare,  Bristol  ...    „  25 

Greenwich,  8  E.—  SDpeistructureofElectricQeneiatingStation  London  County  Council  The  Architect's  Dept.,  Trafalgar  House,  IS,  Charing  Cross,  S.W.  ...    „  28 

Thornton,  Bradford  -Branch  Store  ..  Queensbury  Industrial  Society,  Ltd..  Medley  Hall,  M.S. A.,  1,  Hamson-road,  Hahfax  ,,  '26 

Hereford— Additions  to  General  Hospital Nicholson  and  Hartree.  Architects.  Hereford 27 

Whitby,  Yoiks-Coastguaid  Station  Admiralty    The  Director  of  Works  Dept,  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C.  ...    „  29 

Blaenclydach— School Ebondda  Urban  District  Council Jacob  Hees.  Architect,  Hillside  Cottage.  Pentre >,  ^ 

Robin  Hood's  Bay,  Yolks- Coastguard  Station   Admiralty    The  Director  of  Works  Depl..  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C. ...    .,  29 

Holyhead- School  (SCO  places)  and  Master's  House SchDol  Board  B.  E.  Pritchard  (Solicitor),  Clerk.  Drug  Hall,  Holyhead   May 

Poplar,  E.— Additions  to  Langley  House.  East  India  Dock-td.  Guardians J.  and  W.  Clarkson,  Architects,  136,  High-street,  Poplar,  E „  6 

Sutton  Coldfleld— Town  Hall  and  File  Station Corporation Mayston  and  Eddieon.  Archts.,  7,  St.  James-st.,  Bedford  row,  W.C.    „  16. 

Aberavon— Vivian  Hotel  Tiueman,  Hanbury,  Buxton,  and  Co.  J.  P.  Jones  and  Rowlands,  Architects,  3,  Goat-street.  Swansea  — 

Wandsworth,  S.W.— Small  Block  of  Flats  ., Palgrave  and  Co..  Architects.  '28,  Victoria-street.  S.W — 

Halifax- Theatre  Royal.  Soutbgatc Northern  Theatre  Co.,  Ltd Richard  Horsfall  and  Son,  Archts.,  •iii.,  Gv^mmercial-street,  Halifax      — 

Blagdon- Alterations  to  House C.  Hiecock.  Architect.  Bridgwater ~ 

Carlisle— Converting  Farm  Buildings  into  Horte-Boxes  Carlisle  Race  Stand  Co.,  Ltd Dixon  and  Mitchell.  Land  Agents,  Devonshire-street.  Carlisle    — 

Blackrod,  Lanes— Rebuilding  Church R.  B.  Preston,  A  RIB. A.,  Diocesan  Chambers,  Manchester  — 

Fishponds,  Brittcl— All  Saints'  Church  Lingen  Barker  and  Son.  Architects,  9,  Clare-street,  Bristol — 

ELEOTBIOAI.    FI.ANT. 

Belfast— Wiring  and  Fittiigs  at  City  Hall Corporation A.  Brumwell  Thomas,  5,  Queen  Anne's  Gate,  Westminster  .......^  April  11 

Partick- Dynamo    Town  Council Kincaid,  WaUer,  Manville,,it  Dawson,  Eogs..  29.  Gt.Oeorge-jt.,  S.W.    „  li 

St.  Pancras,  NW.- Two  I,00C-kw.  Steam  Turbines  Borough  Council  The  Electricity  Department  Offices,  57,  Pratt-street,  N.W 

Manchester— Generators Corporation  Electricity  Committee...  F.  E.  Hughes,  Secretary,  Town  Hall,  Manchester  

London.  E  C— Electric  Plant  for  Locomotive  Woikshops  East  Indian  RailwayCo C.  W.  Young,  Secretary.  Nicholas-lane,  E.C ■ 

Woolwich,  8. E.— Electric  Crane Borough  Council    F.  Sumner.  Borough  Engineer.  M»xey-road,  Plumitead,  8  E 

Belfast-Electrical  Plant  Electric  Committee  Victor  A.  H.  M'Oowen,  M.I. E.E.,  City  Elec.  Eng,  Belfast  

Gnmsby- Wiring  and  Fitt>ngs  at  Dobson  Schools Education  Committee  W.  A.  Vignoles,  M.I  E.E..  Boro'  Elec.  Eng.,  Orimiby  ...  ^ 

Westminster.  S.W.-Switehboards  Westminster Elec.bnpplyCorporation  Kennedy  and  Jenkin,  17,  Victoria-,-treet.  Westminster.  S.W._. 

tdinburgh-  Extension  Switchboard  Panel Edinburgh  CorporaUon    Resident  Electrical  Engineer,  Dewar-place  Station.  Edinburrt  


3; 


ii  .  1  u^'w-^'""',- Oreat  We.tem  Railway  Co Kennedy  and  Jenkin.  Con.  Eagineers,  17,  Victoria-street,  S.W 

JNatal.  B.  Africa— Klwtrio  ToloT,i,«».,««  x,„*„i  ^ *  *-,. i^.,    ,.__£*_  »#  t /i  t,     tT„_i c<„.*;»aor   ic«tj.l  


B.  Afnca-Electnc  Telephenge  Natal  Government Charles  J.  Crofts,  M.I.C.E.  Harbour  Engineer,  Natal    Miy    » 


April  15,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


539 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERING  JOURNAL. 

VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  2571. 
•-•-• 

FRIDAY,  APRIL  15,   1904. 


NEW   BUIJ.DIXG  TVrKS. 

BUILDINGS  are  too  often  looked  at  and 
considered  as  erections  to  conceal  opera- 
tions and  businesses  or  industi'ies  that  are 
carried  on  within   their  walls,  rather  than  as 
external  witnesses  of  these  activities.     Is  not 
this  kind  of  illusive  architecture  a  mistake  ': 
The  architect  is  jirone  to  fall  into  the  error 
of  trying  to  make  Lis  design  appear  some- 
thing better   than    its    real   purpose   would 
suggest,  of  misrepresenting  its  object,  and  of 
making  it  more  like  a  building  of  another 
class.     The    wish     becomes    father    to  the 
thought.     The  bank  and  insurance  office  are 
made   to    look   like  private  residences,   the 
warehouse  and  big  shop  to  assume  the  pro- 
portions and    architecture    of    palaces,   and 
many  of  the  free  public  libraries  and  technical 
schools  err  in  the  attempt  of  their  designers 
to  make  them  as  much  like  town  or  country 
viUas  as    possible.     The    tendency  is  more 
apparent  in   the  design  of  utilitarian  build- 
ings which  have  been  developed  during  the 
last  fifty    years.     The    motive    is    obvious. 
There  is  the  attempt  to  give  them  a  monu- 
mental character,   an  appearance  of  solidity 
and  permanence  which  belong  to  buildings  of 
a  moi-e  historic  type.     And  this  aim  is  com- 
pletely contrary  to  the  process  adopted  by  the 
architects   of  previous  ages — to  develop  the 
structure    from    within    outward — to   make 
the     external     shell    adapt    itself     to    and 
to  agi-eo    with    the    internal    arrangement. 
€onsidering    the    design,    rather    than  the 
purpose,  of  the  building  has  been  a  common 
■error  among  the  profession,  and  has  led  to 
many  failures  in  architecture,  such  as  making 
a  building  for  a  particular  use   conform  to 
an    ideal    design,    instead    of    being    made 
to  suit  the  structure,  as  has  been  the  usual 
procedure  for  the  last  two  centuries  or  more ; 
but  our  modern  social  and  commercial  re- 
<iuirements  are  leading  us  to  revert  to  the 
•older  and  more  logical  process  of  regarding 
the  building   first.      We   have   been    in  the 
habit  of   studying   our  problems   too  much 
through  the  vista  of  an  architectural  past  as 
buildings  ajmrt  from  their  uses,  whereas  it  is 
now  being    forcibly   brought  to   our  minds 
that  we  have  to  consider  our  buildings  in  at 
least  three  aspects— as  shells  or  receptacles 
for  the  storage  of  goods  or  the  installation  of 
machinery  or  plant,  as  dwellings  or  as  places 
of  assembly,  and  as  monuments ;  in  short, 
we  have  to  consider  whether  a  building  is  to 
shelter  goods  or  incase  mechanical  plant,  or 
to  be    used  as  a  habitation.     In  the   first 
sense  a  shod  -such  as  a  railway  shed— is  the 
commonest  and  most  primitive  typo,  a  roof 
with  open  or  closed  sides;   while  in  the  latter 
sonso  tlio  dwelling,  the  great  hotel,  or  the 
municipal  building  becomes  the  real  modern 
expression.      And   it  is  on  tho   first   aspect 
we   now  desire   to  say  something  —namely, 
inclosing  or    incasing  '  something,   to  build 
a    warehouse    tliat    will  in  the   best   sense 
inclose    and    shelter    our    goods,    whatever 
thoy  may   bo;   to   provide   a   receptacle   for 
mechanical    plant,     installations   of     i.ower 
hydiwilic  or  oloctrioal;  to    incase  our  huge 
engines  and  batteries  of  boilers.     This  sense 
of  inclosing  or  building  round  these  works  or 
apparatus    is   not    i)resont   to   the   ordinary 
architect.       ifo     plans   a    building,   and  be 
expects    tho    goods     or    tho    plant    to    bo 
lilaced  or    packed  into  it.     But  this  is  the 
wrong   way.     Take   a  waroUouso.     Imagine 
the  goods  stored  in  the  best  way  on  a  number 
of  floors  of  limited  area  which  can  easily  bo  got 
at  and  inspected,  admitting  of  classification, 
means    of    transit    or    intercommunication 


between  one  floor  and  another,  with  proper 
otlices  for   staff    and   convenience.     Let   us 
imagine  each  class  of  goods  is  disposed  to  the 
best  advantage,  and  means  of  removal  made 
convenient — that  there  is  no  waste  of  space 
on  any  of  the   floors.     Then  if  we  conceive 
these  floors  of  goods  closely  built  round  by 
walls   with  convenient  windows  and  doors, 
we   shall    have    a    mental  idea   of    what  a 
well-designed  warehouse  for  such  a  class  of 
industry  should  be  like.     In  another  class  of 
industry,     where     fittings     and     machinery 
bulk    largely,   if   the  architect    would   take 
tho    trouble  to   arrange   the  fittings  in  tho 
most    convenient     manner     on     each     Hoor 
before  deciding  on  tho  outline   or    shape  of 
his  plan,  a  good  deal  of  waste  area  might  be 
saved  in  the  design .  And  similarly  in  factories 
and  workshops,   laboratories   and    buildings 
for  machinery,  the  plan  should  be  arranged 
to   suit    the   fittings    and  mechanical  plant, 
instead  of,  as  is  now  the  case,  being  designed 
independently  of  them.      The  plan  in  each 
case  ought  to  be  made  to  suit  the  contents, 
not  the  contents  the  building.     But  this  way 
of  looking  at  the  problem  of  design  for  build- 
ings of  a  special  class  is  not  in  accordance 
with  precedent.      The  external  architectural 
appearance  and  features  become  the  ruling 
motive  rather  than  the  occupation  or  purpose. 
A    large    block    of    offices,    warehouses,  or 
factories  is  erected  in  a  street ;  the  windows 
are  equally  spaced  along  the  frontage,  every 
floor  is  on  the  same  plan,   the  entrances  and 
stairs  or  lifts  are  placed  where  they  appear  to 
tho  architects  in  the  most  desirable  positions ; 
it  is  a  huge  shell.  After  the  carcase  is  erected 
the  fittings  are  put  in,  often  at  random,  where 
the  manager  or  owner  thinks  suitable,  before 
the  occupants  or  goods  arrive  on  the  scene. 
All  is  confusion  when  the  building  is  occu- 
pied.    The  fittings,  racks,  shelves,  desks,  and 
mechanical  plant  are  found  not  to  be  in  the 
positions  required  for  use :   they  are  altered 
and  shifted.     The  windows  are  found  to  be  in 
the  wrong  place  for  effective  lighting.     The 
doors,  lifts,  and  stairs  are  inconvenient,  par- 
titions do  not  answer  any  classified  arrange- 
ment of  goods,  and  iu  fact  the  whole  interior 
arrangements  have  to  be  remodelled  to  bring 
them  into  working  order.      If  machinery  has 
to  be  installed,   the  engineer  makes  sundry 
alterations    for    his     shafting   and    belting, 
and  the  transmission  of  power  from  one  story 
to  another.     The  architect  has  not  consulted 
an   engineer   as  to    the  required  areas   and 
heights  of  basement  for  engines  or  dynamos, 
so  that  a  good  deal  has  to  be  altered  or  re- 
constructed. 

These  inconveniences  and  the  vexations 
arising  from  them  are  known  to  the  owners 
and  managers  of  new  buildings  of  this  class 
in  which  there  is  a  good  deal  of  internal 
fitting.  When  will  the  architect  learn  that 
internal  arrangement  and  equipment  are  of 
the  very  essence  of  buildings  of  this  kind, 
and  that  no  amount  of  external  study  on 
elevations  will  compensate  for  defective 
planning  and  thoughtless  internal  arrange- 
ments 'r  It  is  the  well-equipped  building 
that  is  found  to  be  the  most  successful  in 
this  class,  and  the  structure  must  derive  its 
form  from  the  fittings  and  equipment.  Every 
kind  of  industry  or  manufacture  has  its  own 
mo3e  of  storing,  stacking,  or  displaying  its 
goods.  Some  materials,  like  woollen  goods, 
admit  of  folding,  require  no  special  form  of 
room — they  occupy  comparatively  small 
space  ;  but  in  factories  for  furniture  thoro 
must  be  floors  devoted  to  tho  manufaituro 
used  as  workshops,  others  for  tho  display  of 
tho  heavier  piocos — wardrobes,  sideboards, 
tables,  others  for  cabinets  and  suites  of  furni- 
ture for  rooms ;  each  floor  must  have  its 
passages  for  customers,  room  for  turn- 
ing, removal,  <.^c.  Manufactured  articles  of 
rigid  materials  like  wood,  metal,  or  stone- 
.  ware  require  care  in  tho  division  of  areas  ;  a 
limited  Hoor  area  has  to  bo  allotted  to  each 
table,  sideboard,  bedstead,  Ac.  So  in  sani- 
tary storerooms,  warehouses  for  the  exhibi- 


tion of  stoneware  and   fine-art  pottery,  the 
architect  must  consider  the  re<iuirements  of 
area  for  each.    In  every  case  the  materials 
stored  or  the  products  displayed  in  various 
classes  of  business  ought  to  be  a  matter  of 
arrangement  and  caliulation,  and  not  left  to 
take  care  of  themselves.     The  area  of  site  is 
generally  taken   and  divided  into  so  many 
floors,  as  if  the  goods  were  all  squeezable  and 
could  be  made  to  fit  any  space.     Even  more 
strictly  is  the  plan  and  form  of  a  building  to 
be  determined  by  its  contents  in  the  case  of 
structures  which  have  to  receive  machinery. 
Mechanical  installations  have  given  rise  to  a 
large  class  of  structures  which,  though  not 
perhaps  strictly  architectural,  aro  yet  very  im- 
portant, and  the  architect,  if  he  does  not  wish 
the  engineer  to  .supplant  him,  must  be  able  to 
compete  for  this  building  problem   of  the 
future.     We  refer  more  particularly  now  to 
tho  design  and  construction  of  those  large 
buildings  connected  with  the  generation  and 
supply    of     electricity — known     as    ( 'entral 
Stations.     Last  week  we  noticed  the  useful 
and  suggestive  paper  of  Mr.  Charles  Stanley 
Peach,  F.E.I.B.A.,  read  before  the  Institute. 
It  is  one  of    those  ■  economic  developments 
which  the  profession  cannot  afford  to  pass  by, 
if    they    are    to    keep  pace  with  industrial 
progress  and  maintain  the  traditions  of  tho 
art  in  the  past.     These  works  have  not,  it  ia 
true,  the  poetry  or  romance  which  belong  to 
the  church,  to  the  palace,  the  fortress,  or  the 
dwelling,  the  municipal    buildings    of    our 
great  cities,  buildings  which  are  united  to 
our  life  by  many  ties  and  associations ;  but 
they  still  have  a  claim  on  the  attention  of 
the  architect  as  expressing  the  greatness  of 
the  industries  associated   with  them.     Un- 
like   many    of    those  buildings  for  storage 
of    goods     or    industries    we    have    men- 
tioned,   the     central-power    station    has    a 
distinct  character  of  its    own.     Fitted  with 
machinery  of  a  certain  type  and  size  having 
room  for  working  and  the  supply  of  fuel,  &c., 
they  are  much  less  capable  of  external  modi- 
fication th.Tu  the  ordinary  warehouse.     The 
engines  and  boilers  have  to  be  spaced  out  and 
fitted    with    necessary    gangways    between. 
They  are  so  many  units  in  the  plan,  and  the 
only  method  is  to  set  off  the  areas  of  each 
floor  for  them.     Such   setting  out  must  be 
done   before  the  actual    dimensions   of  the 
building  can  be  finally  settled.     In  this  work 
the    architect  and   engineer  may  well   co- 
operate so  as  to  prevent  overlapping  and  save 
time.     The  engine-house  or  boiler-house  is 
not  a  very  attractive  problem  to  the  architect ; 
but  it  has  been  made  more  repulsive  to  the 
artistic  miud  by  the  fact  that  tho  engineer 
has  had  all  his  own  way  and  a  free  hand  in 
building  such  structures.     He  has  dealt  with 
it  simply  as  a  matter  of  inclosing  a  certain 
space  with  walls — of  building,  in  fact,  a  shed. 
But  this  want  of  interest  need  not  be.    It  the 
architect  was  consulted  ho  would  tako  an 
interest,   and   the  moie   he   understood  the 
requirements     of    tho    machinery,    or    had 
mastered  certain  details,  the  sooner  he  would 
come  to  grasp  the  subject  and  to  muko  it  his 
own.     It  would  bo  a  useful  and  suggestive 
subject  for  an  architectural  class,  or  may  bo 
taken  up  in  our  technical  and  art  schools,  and 
would  form  a  suitable  competition  problem 
for  tho  younger  members.     A  central  power 
station  for  a  small  municipality  would  be  a 
good  thome.     There  is  never  anything  fasci- 
nating in  a  first  attempt  to  solve  a  building 
of  this   kind  ;  but  when  onco  tho  technical 
ditficultios  aro  overcome  there  is  immediately 
a  host  of  followers.     AH  our  best  work  in  the 
design   of   hospitals,  baths  and  washhousee, 
asylums,  public   libraries  confirm  this  fact. 
1  )irectly  the  engineer  or  export  has  laid  down 
tho  right  lines  of  arningomont,  or  of  construc- 
tion, there  is  no  want  of  architectural  talent  to 
take  it  up.     Wo  have  instances  of  this  iu  our 
groat  ho~pit;il  designs,   such  as  those  whicL 
were  sent  in  for  competition  for  the  Royal 
Infirmary,  Manchester,  many  of  them  show- 
ing excellent  arrangement  and  good  archi- 


540 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Apeil  15,  1904. 


tectural  treatment.  Compare  these  buildings 
with  those  erected  a  quarter  of  a  century 
siBce ;  or  our  first  baths  and  washhouses 
with  many  of  those  which  adorn  public 
thoroughfares  in  our  large  towns.  In  the 
e.arlier  efforts  we  discern  imperfect  planning, 
crudeness  of  elevation,  or  an  effort  to  conceal 
difficulties  by  extravagant  ornament ; — they 
are  replicas  of  other  designs.  But  in  the 
later  buildings  the  plans  are  more  econo- 
mical, and  the  architects  have  boldly  given  a 
new  and  suitable  character  to  the  external 
design,  without  so  much  that  is  uncertain. 
To  refer  again  to  the  central  electrical 
stations.  Since  these  were  first  erected  some 
fifteen  years  ago,  the  science  of  electricity 
and  its  many  applications  have  advanced : 
the  tentative  phase  has  been  passed,  and  the 
practical  engineer  proceeds  on  more  definite 
lines  to  develop  his  wants.  Comparing  the 
earlier  stations  or  sheds  with  those  lately 
erected,  we  notice  at  once  a  greater  direct- 
ness in  the  design — less  "  beating  about  the 
bush  " — till  we  have  such  buildings  as  those, 
when  comj)leted,  of  the  Central  Electric 
Supply  Company,  of  Grove-road  St.  John's 
Wood,  to  supply  power  for  general  purposes 
to  the  western  districts,  designed  by  Mr.  C. 
Stanley  Peach,  F.B.I. B.A.,  and  Trof.  C.  H. 
Eeilly.  Onlj-  half  of  one  section  has  been 
built.  In  this  structure  the  architects  have 
artistically  broken  up  the  engine-house  bj' 
piers,  with  circular  gable-ends  over  the  bays, 
in  each  section  or  block :  there  being  four 
blocks  separated  by  roadways,  each  block 
224ft.  by  110ft.,  with  a  boiler-house  behind. 
In  this  design  there  will  be  a  range  of  six 
tower-like  chimney-shafts  of  large  dimensions, 
260ft.  in  height,  and  the  architects  have  made 
these  architectural  features  of  the  design  by 
utilising  the  set-offs  of  the  brickwork  exter- 
nally, thus  obtaining  relief  in  the  form  of 
panels,  with  pediments  on  each  face ;  the 
diminution  of  the  shafts  upward  is  also  made 
to  aid  the  effect.  These  gi-eat  tower-like 
shafts  rise  from  the  boiler-houses  at  intervals, 
and  will  form  an  imposing  array.  Then  the 
breaking  up  of  the  line  of  engine-houses  by 
circular  gables  in  each  block  and  the 
ornamental  treatment  of  the  windows 
in  front  are  points.  Behind,  the  struc- 
ture is  of  skeleton  steel  construction. 
Other  examples  of  treatment  of  these  build- 
ings are  mentioned  in  the  paper  we 
reported,  and  another  good  example  we 
illustrated  last  and  the  previous  week  of  the 
W.E.S.  Corporation,  Ltd.,  Motor  Generator 
Station  and  Italian  Garden,  Duke-street, 
MayfaLr,  by  the  same  architects,  in  which  the 
engine-room  is  partly  sunk  below  the  level 
of  streets.  The  end  domical  pavilions  are 
quite  architectural  features.  In  these  and 
some  of  the  Continental  buildings  used  for 
this  purpose  the  effect  is  largely  obtained  by 
making  the  chimney  shafts  prominent  features 
instead  of  trying  to  hide  them  or  to  leave 
them  as  unsightly  stack?,  and  to  ti-y  and 
utilise  as  much  as  possible  the  immediate 
adjuncts,  as  in  the  case  of  the  lifts  on  the 
Generator  Station,  Duke-street.  In  all 
buildings  which  are  steel  skeleton  structures, 
walls  of  some  thickness  are  of  value  if  the 
architect  is  to  obtain  any  effect  externally, 
but  the  steel  or  ironwork  should  be  inde- 
pendent of  the  walls  if  possible.  No  doubt 
in  sub-stations  the  problem  may  be  best 
solved  by  partly  sinking  the  building, 
utilising  the  flat  roof  for  gardens  or  other 
purposes.  But  we  are  not  discussing  details. 
Our  main  object  is  to  show  that  these  and 
other  similar  buildings,  baths  and  wash- 
houses,  mills  and  factories,  can  be  made 
architectural,  and  should  claim,  as  develop- 
ments of  the  industrial  enterprise  of  the  age, 
to  have  a  share  in  its  architecture. 


THE  NEW  ENGLISH  AET  CLUB. 

THERE  is    much    that    is    truthful    and 
natural   on   the    walls   of  the  Dudley 
Gallery  contributed  by  members  of  the  New 


English  Art  Club,  though  many  visitors  will 
no  doubt  take  exception  to  the  methods 
adopted  by  some  of  the  more  advanced 
paii.ters.  llung  on  the  short  wall  to  the  left 
of  entrance  we  see  a  few  water-colour  studies 
and  sketches,  some  of  them  in  outline  with 
washes  of  tint,  broad  and  sketchy,  reminding 
us  of  the  earlier  water-colour  painters  of  the 
De  Wint  school.  Fresh  and  strong  is  the 
characteristic  note  of  Roger  B.  Fry's  work, 
as  we  see  it  in  his  "Louvre,"  "The  Cobb, 
liyme  Regis  "  (20),  a  grey-toned  sketch,  with 
sky  reflection,  and  the  pen  and  sepia  drawing 
of  "  Ijyme  Regis  "  (30),  his  "  London,"  a 
distant  sketch  (34),  "Tivoli"  (50),  the  latter 
a  very  admirable  impression.  Alfred  W. 
Rich  sends  also  a  few  broad-washed  draw- 
ings of  "Arundel  Castle,"  a  pleasing 
landscape,  with  the  historic  castle  in  the 
distance,  midst  the  rounded  masses  of  foliage 
of  the  trees,  which  form  so  admirable  a 
setting  ;  "  Beeding  Bridge,  Sussex  "  (3), 
"  Ditchling  "  (12),  all  excellent  in  their  grasp 
of  landscape  and  tone  values.  The  Sussex 
bridge  is  simple  and  quiet.  "  The  Church  of 
the  Holj^  Name,  Manchester,"  a  pastel  draw- 
ing, is  also  broad  and  dignified,  and  is  by 
Francis  Dodd,  who  also  sends  a  pleasant 
piece  of  gt'nre,  an  old  lady  examining  a 
number  of  "  Old  Socks  "  at  a  table  by  lamp- 
light. Francis  E.  James,  as  usual,  shows  us 
some  delightful  flower  pieces.  "  Pink  and 
Grey,"  a  study  of  rhododendrons  in  water. 
His  "  Ranunculus,"  in  glass  vase,  is  ad- 
mirable in  its  harmony  of  colour  and  treat- 
ment. The  mauve  and  blue  "Primulas" 
(26)  is  also  captivating  in  its  arrangement. 
Henry  Tonks"  sketch,  "  A  Landscape"  (6),  is 
a  direct  transcript  in  two  or  three  tints,  with 
the  aid  of  a  reed  pen.  Wc  must  also  men- 
tion the  admirable  sketch  by  1).  S.  Mac- 
Coll,  of  "  Eel  Pie  Island"  (7),  and  the  same 
master's  "Richmond  Castle  "(13).  Then  we 
have  two  or  three  of  P.  Wilson  Steer' s  clever 
"notes"  or  impressions,  rather  dabby, per- 
haps, but  effective  in  "Morning,"  in  which 
sunshine  is  well  suggested  ;  and  a  broad  grey- 
toned  view  of  "Richmond"  (!4).  Henry 
Tonks's  drawing,  "  The  Garden  Gate,"  is 
delicate,  the  wrought  iron  being  left  white  in 
pencil  and  the  piers  tinted  a  light  red, 
slight,  but  artistic,  and  full  of  feeling. 
Otier  drawings  by  Moffat  Lindner,  "  Sailing 
Boats  "  (10),  "  On  the  Maas  River  "  (25),  are 
suggestive  of  Dutch  atmosphere.  H.  Belling- 
ham-Smith,  in  "  Knaresborough,"  charms 
by  his  sunlit  foliage,  quite  De  Wint-like 
in  treatment.  John  S.  Sargent,  R.  A.,  sends  two 
masterly  and  spirited  studies :  one  of ' '  Spanish 
Soldiers,"  sitting  and  lounging — a  soldier  in 
scarlet  trousers  leans  against  a  wall,  and 
gives  a  strong  note  of  colour ;  but  it  is  the 
remarkable  power  and  vitality  of  a  few  well- 
chosen  touches  of  the  brush  that  make  this 
so  convincing  a  picture.  His  other  contribu- 
tion, "  Stable  at  Cuenca"  (53),  is  even  more 
remarkable  for  its  vigour,  light,  and  move- 
ment in  the  donkeys,  which  occupy  the  rough 
stalls — a  marvel  of  rapid  execution  and  a 
skilled  hand.  Passing  to  the  oil  paintings 
we  notice  the  personality  and  character  of 
the  "  Portrait  of  Mr.  George  Moore"  (39), 
by  Mark  Fisher — a  man  of  fair  complexion 
and  hair,  with  blue  ej-es — is  quite  a  success 
even  for  this  master  of  portraiture.  The 
study  of  a  little  girl's  head  by  Miss  M. 
AVallace-Dunlop,  "  Lydia"  (41),  in  a  circular 
frame,  must  also  be  noticed  as  strong.  James 
Charles's  "A  Quiet  Nook  "  (43)  is  a  charming 
study  of  cottages  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  along 
which  a  narrow  road  passes.  L.  A.  Harrison's 
"  '\''ersailles  "  (44)  and  Alice  Fanner's 
"Autumn"  are  simple  and  agreeable;  the 
latter  ploughing  a  field — a  piece  of  re.alism 
honestly  painted.  "  The  "N'alley  of  St. 
Romolo,"  by  Alfred  Thornton  (46)  is  rather 
tame  in  the  handling.  W.  W.  Russell,  "  A 
Country  Road,"  with  trees  meeting  overhead 
and  the  flickering  light  on  the  foliage  of  trees," 
has  a  charm  of  genuine  rusticity  and  fresh- 
ness ;     and    James     Henry's     "  Gathering 


Clouds,"  with  the  meadow  and  river  and 
the  high  bank,  is  full  of  fresh  colour. 
Mrs.  Mary  McEvoy  has  an  attractive 
gt7ire  subject,  "  The  Tame  Bird,"  suggest- 
ing in  its  tranquil  colouring  and  figures 
and  handling  a  Dutch  piece.  A  lady  and 
child  are  watching  a  canary  in  a  cage  on  a 
table.  The  red  jacket  of  the  lady  who 
stands  brightens  up  the  subdued  and  mellow 
tones  of  the  room.  The  same  lady  artist 
paints  "The  Task"  (67),  a  work  of  similar 
character.  "The  Talmud  School"  (52),  by 
AV.  Rothenstein,  is  a  strong  figure  sub- 
ject, painted  and  handled  with  all  th© 
depth  and  tone  of  the  Dutch  school,  repre- 
senting students  or  rabbis  in  their  gowns 
studying  the  Rabbinical  traditions  at  a  table 
lighted  by  small  candles.  The  chiaroscuro 
is  perfect.  A  second  picture  by  the  sam& 
painter,  "Corner  of  the  Talmud  School "  (105), 
is  equally  delicate  in  the  chiaroscuro.  Thero 
is  charm  and  poetic  feeling  in  the  moonlight 
scene  of  Herbert  Goodall,  "  Entrance  to 
Village"  (57),  and  the  pale  greenish  hue  of 
the  moonbeams  as  they  fall  over  the  houses 
on  the  street;  Mark  Fisher's  "On  the 
Essex  Weald ''  is  subtle  in  its  bright  sunny 
effect.  P.  Wilson  Steer  in  his  portrait  of 
"Mrs.  D.  S.  MacCoU"  (61)  exhibits  skill  in 
handling;  but  his  ablest  figure  subject  is 
"The  Black  Domino'  (89),  the  study  of  a 
fair  young  giil  in  opera  clock  and  hood  Id 
a  strong  light  which  catches  the  folds  of 
her  dark  dress,  and  is  both  vigoiou?  and 
fascinating.  A  pretty  rustic  subject  by 
James  Charles,  "  Hide  and  Seek,"  childret>' 
playing  in  a  cottage  garden,  is  thoroughly 
natural  in  its  drawing  and  sentimeut.  A.  S. 
Hartrick  has  a  clever  subject,  "Heavy- 
weights" (63),  skilful  in  drawing:  and 
M'illiam  Orpen,  whose  work  has  alwaya 
freshness  and  indication  of  promise,  sends 
several  subjects.  "  La  Route  de  Vealettes  '' 
(65),  nuns  on  their  mission  of  mercy,  a 
lofty,  bare  building  forming  the  back- 
ground, is  sombre  and  quiet  in  colour,  bu' 
impressive  in  its  breadth  and  shade.  His 
other  subjects,  "A  Birmingham  Lass''  (111), 
"The  Bath  Hour"  (108),  mother  with  child 
in  her  arms,  are  at  least  fresh  in  treatment 
and  colour.  His  large  picture,  "  The  Cider 
Press,"  is  perhaps  the  strongest,  if  less 
attractive  in  subject.  W.  G.  von  Glehn 
paints  dexterously  the  flicker  of  sunlight 
through  trees  on  a  lake  "  Landing  Place  " 
(68) ;  the  colouring  is  harmonious.  Pro- 
fessor Fredk.  Brown  sends  a  landscape  in  his 
accustomed  style.  "  Swaledale  "  (69)  is  an 
extensive  landscape,  in  which  the  painter  has 
suggested  the  brilliant  effect  of  sunshine. 
This  is  done  at  the  cost  of  other  qualities  by 
the  "loaded"  lights;  bat  the  atmosphere 
and  distance  are  admirable.  Bernhard  Sickert 
has  an  interesting  subject,  "  Jack  Straw's 
Castle,  Hampstead  Heath"  (71),  and  two  or 
three  other  works  of  merit.  Movement  and 
strong  light  and  shade  characterise  A.  Hugh 
Fishers  "  Sheepshearors,"  which  is  painted 
with  vigour.  The  largest,  and  one  of  the 
strongest,  pictures  is  that  at  the  end  of  the 
gallery  by  Chas.  W.  Furse,  A.R.A.,  "  Timber 
Haulers  "  (77).  The  scene  is  a  rough  cut- 
ting between  banks  of  sand  and  undergrowth, 
through  which  a  waggon  with  a  log  of  timber 
is  being  dragged  by  fivehorses.  It  is  painted 
with  much  freshness  and  power,  and  a  strong 
suggestion  of  light  and  movement,  and  is 
certainly  one  of  the  best  pictures.  Sydney 
Lee  has  a  clever  moonlight  scene,  a  cattle- 
shed  under  treei,  with  open  country  beyond. 
W.  W.  Russell's  "  A  Student,''  a  young  lady 
drawing  looking  out  from  the  picture,  has 
life;  and  his  grey  and  light  picture,  "The 
Bridge,  Barnard  Castle,"  is  interesting,  and 
delicate  in  tone.  Graceful  and  dramatic,  and 
painted  with  technical  skill  is  J.  E.  Blanche's 
"  Cherubino  "  (Mozart,  "  Nozzedi  Figaro"). 
One  of  the  ablest  works  is  No.  79,  "  Portrait 
Study,"  by  I;.  A.  Hariison,  a  new  member, 
whose  work  points  to  a  fresh  departure.  The 
seated  lady  wears  a  kind  of  hood ;  the  pictures 


i 


Apeil  15,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


541 


are  refined,  and  the  painter  has  happily 
realised  the  vivacity  and  character  of  the 
face.  II.  Mann  Livens  has  a  tradition  and 
a  subtle  manner  of  his  own.  His  sombre 
picture,  "  Early  Compositions,"  a  young  com- 
poser at  tho  piano,  is  undoubtedly  poetic  : 
there  is  subtlety  in  the  chiaroscuro  effect 
of  the  darkened  room.  "  An  Evening  Meal" 
is  a'.most  painfully  dark,  despite  much 
feeling  and  refinement.  Then  Mr.  Shackle- 
ton's  idealised  landscape,  "  .Vtitumn  in  Par- 
ham  Park"  (SO),  a  harmony  of  sunset  hues 
of  rose  red  and  gold  in  the  trees,  and  re- 
flection in  the  lake,  is  a  visionary  piece. 
More  naturalistic  and  vigorous  in  skj'  and 
water  is  James  Henry's  "A  West  Coast 
Harbour,"  a  bluish-toned  and  frosh  piece  of 
painting,  full  of  light  and  moving  masses  of 
cloud.  Brilliant  and  gleaming  in  its  distance 
is  the  clever  landscape  of  II.  Bellingham 
Smith,  "The  Shower''  (86),  and  Lily 
Blatherwick's  "At  the  Back  of  the  Farm," 
with  its  ricks,  may  be  noticed  for  its  honesty 
and  truthful  painting.  The  effect  of  sun  and 
rain  over  a  wooded  landscape  by  C.  J. 
Holmes,  "The  Portsmouth  Road''  (90)  is 
dexterously  painted,  and  we  mu>t  not  pass 
by  the  performance  of  1'.  'Wilson  Steer.  His 
"  Ilichmond  Castle"  is  a  brilliant  wooded 
landscape,  but  lacking  repose  in  the  flicker- 
ing high  lights,  which  break  up  all  shadow  ; 
there  is  also  a  lack  of  atmosphere  and 
distance  ia  this  very  naturalistic  treatment 
of  landscape,  in  which  flashing  light  is  made 
the  main  aim.  ' '  The  I  )aughter  of  Ypocras  " 
(94),  a  dark  girl  modelled  with  skill,  is  a 
strong  work,  and  near  it  Henry  Tonks  has  a 
clever  piece  of  genre  in  the  gallery  entitled 
"  "Ways  and  Means  "  (99)— a  young  couple, 
probably  just  married,  sitting  at  a  small 
round  table  over  fruit  and  wine  in  a  room 
with' bay  window  flooded  with  light.  The 
young  wife  in  white  dress,  her  arms  resting 
on  table,  is  watching  her  husband,  who  sits 
leaning  back  in  an  easy  manner  with  a 
cigarette  in  his  hand,  thinking  over  the 
subject  which  is  engaging  their  attention. 
The  sideboard  and  table  with  its  dainties  are 
well  painted  and  in  harmony,  and  there  is 
character  and  refinement  in"  the  work.  A. 
Ambrose  McEvoy's  "Evening"  is  a  per- 
plexing theme ;  a  bare  studio,  on  the  floor 
of  which  reclines  a  lady  in  blue  dress  on  a 
rough  bed,  another  lady  talking  to  her  at  the 
foot.  An  easel  is  the  only  other  piece  of 
furniture.  It  belongs  to  a  school  of  thought 
and  sentiment  that  has  a  future.  11.  Belling- 
ham Smith's  picture,  "The  Sortie,"  a  castle 
keep  on  a  hill  surrounded  by  a  wooded  land- 
scape diversified  by  slopes,  down  which 
the  armed  garrison  are  cautiously  making 
their  way,  is  strong  and  picturesque.  A.  E. 
Bates  has  a  study  of  a  girl  on  a  >>alcony  (1CI0\ 
and  David  Muirhead  has  a  small  landscape, 
"Summer^' (98),  pleasing  in  treatment  and 
colour.  'We  cannot  admire  the  composition 
or  colour  of  A.  E.  John's  "  Meekly  Through 
Billows,"  the  figure  of  the  girl  in  its  pose  and 
drapery  is  more  coarse  than  refined.  Muir- 
head Bone  has  a  sketch  of  '■  Clare  Market " 
(118)  as  it  was  lately,  and  a  girl's  head  (123), 
and  his  i)encil  drawings  and  etchings,  in- 
cluding "  So\ithampton  from  Eling"  (•>8) 
"Somerset  IIou.so,"  "View  in  Cambridge,'' 


black  and  white,  the  former  being  reproduced  in 
the  coloiu'S  of  the  original  paiotinge. 

Within  the  space  of  some  three  hundred  pages 
Mr.  Hind  mentions  rather  more  than  as  many 
painters,  passing  from  artist  to  artist,  and  pictuie 
to  picture,  with  a  method  which  he  describes  as 
"  eclect'c,  to  pick  and  choose  from  the  abundance, 
and  to  be  abundantly  thankful  for  the  joy  the 
purruit  gives." 

That  is  just  the  spirit  ia  which  readers  will 
welcome  the  book,  which  is  really  excellent  value. 


AS    A 


O.XIDE     (IF     ZINC     CONSIDEKED 
PAINTER'S  MATERIAL.* 

By  J.  CitiUKSiiANK  Smith,  B.Sc  ,  F.C.S., 
Member  of  the  ISoiiety  of  Chemical  Industry, 
Jlember  of  tlie  Society  of  Arts. 

IT  would  be  imjossible  mithin  the  limits  of  a 
paper  like  the  present  one  to  discuss  in  any- 
thing like  a  satisfactory  munner  the  whole  range 
of  white  paint.  I  shill,  therefore,  confine  my 
remarks  on  this  <  ccasion  to  a  single  pigment, 
oxide  of  zinc,  which  conslitu'es  the  base  or  pig- 
mentary  principle  of  an  ever-increasing  propor- 
tion of  the  white  paint  of  commerce.  I  would 
ask  }ou  in  passing  to  note  that  I  prefer  to 
designate  the  pigment  by  its  full  descriptive  title 
"Oxide  of  Zinc,"  rather  than  by  the  vaguer 
and  mote  general  name  "  Zinc  White," 
because  the  latter  term  may  be  correctly 
applied  to  another  pigment  otherwise  de- 
sciibed  as  "Sulphide  Zinc-White,"  which  is 
also  the  pigmentary  base  of  many  tons  of  white 
piint  manufactured  and  used  at  the  present  time. 
I  a-k  your  leave,  therefore,  to  direct  your  atten- 
tion to  the  nature  and  properties  of  oxide  of  zinc 
considered  as  a  painter's  material,  and  in  doing 
this  I  shall  endeavour  to  lay  before  you  some  of 
the  essential  facts  that  bear  upon  the  subj  ct,  and 
not  mere  opinions.  I  sh.all  also  direct  your 
attention  to  some  of  the  misapprehensions  that 
appear  to  exist  regarding  this  pigment,  and  to 
present  the  subject  to  you,  not  from  the  point  of 
-■-—     f  the  chemist  or  the  paint  manufacturer, 


are  clever  and  interesting  to   the  collec°tor. 
Cr.  I'.  Wyndham  Lewis's  "  '    ' 


"A  Girl's   Head 
may   be  mentioned  in   passing.     There   are 
distinct  aims  in  tho  works   of  this  gallery 
and   of   their   realisation   only   the  cultured 
few  can  judge. 


ADVENTURES  AMONG  PICTURES.* 
"]\TANV  readers  who  remember  the  pleasant 
.  /  series  of  appreciations  published  in  the 
AcuJnny  during  tho  author's  editorship  of  that 
journal  will  be  glad  to  possess  them  in  this  com- 
plete volume,  embellished  as  it  is  with  twenty- 
four  illustrations^ight  in  colour  and  sixteen  in 

7,V^^''''"'J"."''  Among   rictures.    By  C.  I,e-,v.9  Hi.vn. 
l^EduD  :  Adam  and  Charles  Black,  Soho-square.    78.  (id. 


but  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  practical  painter 
who  happens  to  possess  an  accurate  know'edge  of 
the  nature  and    properties    of   his  materials.    I 
always  regard   oxide  of  zinc  as  an  unfortunate 
material.     Through  no  apparent  fault  of  its  own 
it  is  constantly  being  made  the   subjtct  of  the 
most  severe  condemnation,  oris  having  its  virtues 
extolled  with  an  exuberance  of  imagination  that 
might  well  change  the  virgin  pallor  of  its  counten- 
ance to  a  vivid  crimson.  In  discussing  the  relative 
merits   of   oxide  of    zinc    and    white    lead,    for 
example,  the  disputants   in  many  eases — I  may 
say  in  most  cases — lose  sight  of  the  main  issue  ; 
the  consequence  of  which    is  that  after  a  soul- 
stirring  argument  we  are  left  in  precisely  the  same 
advanced  state  of  knowledge  as  before.     I  am  re- 
minded of  Sir  Horace  Plunkett's  tale  of  tho  Irish 
football   match.     He    once   witnessed  a  football 
match  between  two  villages  representing  different 
political    factions.      When    he    arrived    on    the 
ground  the  game  had  begun  in  deadly  earnest, 
but  the   ball  was    lying   unmolested  in  another 
quarter  of  the  field.     The  players  had  forgotten 
the  main  issue.     So  it  ia  sometimes  in  connection 
with  oxide  of  zinc,   and  the  result  is  that  con- 
fusion reigns.     There  is  much  debatable  matter 
that  might  be  touched  upon   in   discussing   the 
relative  merits  of  oxide  of  zinc  and  white-lead. 
AU  such  debatable  matter  I  shall  endeavour  to 
put  on  one  side,  and  I  shall  be  gratified  if  I  can 
in  some   measure    assist   you   in   viewing   these 
matters  in  the  light  of  that  organised  common- 
sense  which  we  are  reminded  by  I'rofcssor  Huxley 
is  the  keynote  of  science.     What  is  the  a'titude 
of  the  painter  to-day  towards  oxide  of  zinc  r     As 
a  rule,  if  one  mentions  oxide  of  zinc  (from  the 
point  of  view  of  a  painter's  pigment)  to  a  painter, 
he  at  once  assumes  a  hostile  attitude,     lie  tells 
you  that  zinc- white  is  a  very  nice  and  a  pretty 
pigment,  but  that  it  is  totally  \iseless  for  painting, 
that  it  possesses  no  body,  that  it  is  very  expen- 
sive ;  in  short,  that  it  is  a  fancy  article  entirely 
beneath     his    notice.      Is    this    view    justified ';■ 
Should   oxide   of    zinc    really   be   regarded  as  a 
material   whoso   value    to    the   painter   is   prac- 
tically   nil  ?     Or    are    the    views    that    [    have 
just  rofoirod    to    the   outcome    of    an    imperfect 
knowledge     of    tho     properties    of     the     mate- 
rial, and   of   an    erroneous   judgment  as   to   its 
capabilities   if   used    with    due    regard    to  these 
special  properties ':     It  cannot  be  reiterated  too 

'A  paper  r^ad  Lefore  tlie  Incorporated  Institute  of 
Britieti  Decoretora,  March  lt)th,  I'JOI. 


often  that  habit — I  will  not  go  so  far  as  to  call  it 
prejudice— plays  an  enormous  part  in  the  judge- 
ment  of    every   man   in   regard  to  the  ommon 
things  of  life.     When  we  cjU  a  certain  thing  bad 
we  inv'jluutarily  compare  it  with  something  else 
which   is    set   up   in   our   Diinds   as  a  standard. 
\\Tien,  therefore,  the  painter  ca  Is  oxide  of  zioc 
a  useless  pigment,   or  zinc  paint  an  indifferent 
paint,  he  ne  essarily  comparei  it,  knowingly  or 
unknowingly,    with    some   standard   of   qualitv. 
What  is  that  standard  of  qua'ity  '■     The  standard 
of  quality,   if  we  pursue  the  liiatt  r  to  its  con- 
clu  ion,  is,   I   beheve,  a  fort  of  glorified  white- 
lead,  so  superlatively  excellent  that  it  has  become 
a  sort  of  fetish.     I  doubt  much  whether  all  the 
virtues  ascribed  to  this  visionary  st'indard  are  to 
be  found    in    the    commercial    samples   to-day. 
Thirty  years  ago,  when  paint  materials  were  used 
in  much  smaUer  quantities  thin  at  the  present 
time,  commercial  white-lead  was  a  product  which, 
on  the  average,  differed  very  considerably  from 
the  material  sold  under  tliat  name  to-day.     Well 
authenticattd  analyses    and    records   prove  that 
conclusively.     Originally,    painters'    white-lead 
consisted  exclusively  of  genuine  stack-made  white- 
lead  gruund  in  refined  Baltic  oil.     Not  only  was 
the  white-lead  manufactured  exclnsively  by  the 
stack  process,  but  the  grinding  in  oil  was  carried 
out  in  a  more  thorough,  m'lnner  than  is  possible 
under  modern  condiii'.ns— that  is  to  say,  it  was 
ground  less  hurriedly  but   more  effectively.     In 
saying  this  I  would  .ask  you  to  bear  in  mind  that 
I  do  not  with  ynu  for  one  momt  nt  to  imagine  th:it 
I  am   suggesting    that    the    ground   white-lead 
turned  out  to-day  by  our  leading  lead  houses  is 
indifferent  in  quality,  or  is  imperfectly  ground, 
because  this,  I  know,  is  not  the  case,  but  I  do  say 
that  the  quantity  of  properly  prepared  white-lead 
that  is  nowadays  offered  to  ihe  painter  and  deco- 
rator forms  but  a  smaU  proportion  of  the  total. 
In  short,   the   tendency   during  the   last  thirty 
years  has  been  for  white-lead  to  deteriorate  in 
quality.      On   the   other   hand,    during   the  last 
thirty  years  oxide  of  zinc  as  a  p.ainter'8  material 
has  improved  in  i[uality.     Greater  attention  has 
been  paid  to  the  manufacture  ;  greater  experience 
and  skill  have  been  brought  to  tear  on  producing 
an  article  suited   to  the   painter's  requirements, 
and    consequently    the    painter    who    wishes  to 
intelligently  compare  oxide  of  zinc  with  white- 
lead  must  disabuse  his  mind  of  the  idea  that  the 
lead  in   vogue   30   years   ago   is   in   general  use 
to-day,  and  he  must  compare  the  two  materials 
strictly  with   regard  to  their  present  properties 
and  composition.     Let  us  review  briefly 

THE    XATUKE    AX1>    I'llOrEUTIES    OF    OXIDE    OF    ZINC. 

I  suppose  we  are  all  familiar  with  the  peculiarly 
white  attractive  appearance  of  dry  oxide  of  zinc. 
The  sample  which  you  see  before  you  represen's 
the  pigment  as  it  is   found  in  commerce.     You 
will   observe   the    snow-like    appearance   of  the 
material  when  I  bum  near  it  a  piece  of  magnesium 
wire.     This  purity  or  cleanness  of  hue  is  one  of 
the  most  characteristic  properties  of  oxide  of  zinc 
of  good   quality.      It   afffcts  not  only  a  white 
painted  surface  but  also  a  tinted  one.     That  is  to 
say,   tints  or  shades   made  by   staining  oxide  of 
zinc  with   some   staining    colour  are  purer  and 
cleaner  in  tone  than  the  corresponding  tints  or 
shades  obtained  from  a  lead  base.  Oxide  of  zinc  is 
fortunate  in  being    described  by  a  name  that 
briefly  and  correctly  expresses  its  chemical  com- 
position.    It  is  in  fact  an  oxide  of  zinc,  that  is  to 
say  a  compound  of  the  metal  zinc  and  the  gaseous 
element  oxygen.      'I1ie  simplicity  of  its  constitu- 
tion, taken  in  conjunction  with  tho  fact  that  it  is 
produced  at  a  high  temperature  by  the  burning 
or  roasting  of  the  metal  zinc  or  its  ores,  partly  ex- 
plains the  remarkable  stability   of   the  pigment 
and  its  unalterability  under  many  conditions  that 
would  seriously  affect  the  stjibility  of  other  pig- 
ments.   Paint  is  exposed  to  m,any  destructive  in- 
fluences, some   physical,    some  chemical.      It  is 
only  a  matter  of  common-sense  re-asoning  to  con- 
clude   that     those    pigments     that     best    resist 
such  influences   will,   other   thing    being   equal, 
make  the  best  and  most  durable  paint.     If  con- 
sidered from  this  point  of  view,  oxide  of  zinc  is 
worthy  of  a  high  place  in  tho  list  of  paint  pig- . 
ments.      Oxide  of  zinc,   whether  dry  or  in  oil, 
always  remains  ox'de  of  zinc  cf  the  composition 
[    have    indicated.     White  -  lead    is    extremely 
liable  to  ch  ingo  in  composition.  New  dry  white- 
lead     has     a    different    composition    from    that 
of  the  sample  after  six,   nine,  or  twelvemonths. 
It  changes  still  more  when  ground  in  oil.     Now 
all  such  changes  must  necessarily  cause  strains 
and  stresses   in   the   paint  film,    and   must   lead 
ultimately  to  its  frac'ure  and  destruction.    Oxide 


542 


THE    BUILDINa    NEWS. 


April  15,  1904. 


of  zinc  is  practically  without  action  on  linseed 
oil ;  therefore,  when  it  is  ground  in  that  meilium, 
the  conditions   that   obtain   cannot  be  compared 
•with  those  that  exist  in  the  case  of  white-lead. 
The  drying  of  paint  mai'e  from  oxide  of  ziqc  is 
due  entirely  to   the  siccative  nature  of  the   oil 
itself  in   which   the  oxide  of  zinc  may  be  con- 
sidered  as   mechanically   suspended.      We  have 
here  a  state  of  things  mora  readily  under  control 
than  is  the  case  with  white-lead  paints,  in  which 
the  powerfully   siccative   action   of   the  hydrate 
portion  of    the   white-lead    often    proceeds    too 
far.     The   oil   is   then   burnt   up,   so   to   apeak, 
the   paint    perishes,    and    "chalking"    results. 
Besides    being    stable    in     itself     and    without 
action     on     linseed-oil,     oxide     of     zinc     pos- 
sesses the   further  advantage  that   any  pigment 
whatsoever  may  be  mixed  with  it  without  fear 
of  secondary  reactions    being   set  up.     Finally, 
oxide  of  zinc  is  far  less  liable  than  white-lead  to 
be  acted  on  by  the  chemical  and  physical  destruct- 
ive agents  usually    described  as  atmospheric  in- 
fluences.    This    I    have    proved    from   my  o"wn 
observation  to  be  the  case,  and  others  who  have 
investigated  the  matter  have  arrived  at  the  sime 
conclusion.     Moisture  and  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold  are,  as  a  "rule,  better  resisted  by  zinc  paints 
than  by  lead  paints.     The  traces  of  mineral  acids 
found  in  the  air  of    towns    have    less  corrosive 
action  on  oxide  of  zinc    than  on  hydrated  car- 
bonate of    lead.     In    order  to  prove  this  I  have 
examined  boards  and  sheets  of  metal  painted  with 
various  paints,  and  exposed  to  the  air  of  London, 
Glasgow,  Wigan,  and  C'ardiff.     In  several  cases 
I  found  that   paint  films  composed  of  white-lead 
and   oil   were   practically    honeycombed   by  the 
corrosive  acid  in  the  air  acting  on  the  small  pig- 
mentary particles  of  white-lead.     This  result  is 
not  always  apparent  to  the  naked  eye,  but  can  be 
detected  by  microscopical  examination.     Sea  air 
and  salt  water  have  a  peculiarly  severe  action  on 
most  paints,  partly  owing  to  the  extreme  humidity 
of  sea  air  at  certain  times  of   the  year,  and  to  ex- 
treme variations  of  temperature,  and  partly  owing 
to  the  abnormally  oxidising  effect  of  warm  sea  air 
on  drying  oils.     The  saline  constituents  of  sea 
air,  .and  still  more  of  sea  water,  also  exercise  a 
noticeable  effect  on  the  metallic  constituents  of 
paint.      AVhite  -  zinc     and     white  -  lead     paints 
have    been   tested     side     by  side   under   similar 
conditions     in     these     respects,  and   results    go 
to  show  that  when  properly  mixed  and  applied 
white-zinc  paints  last  longer  and  give  better  pro- 
tection  than    white-lead  paints.      (IJefer  to  test 
boards   exposed    by    independent  observers.)     I 
should  like  to  say  in  this   connection  that  I  do 
not  wish  to  be  understood  as  advocating  the  sub- 
stitution of  oxide  of  zinc  for  white-lead  for  every 
coat  of  paint  applied  on  work  of  the  nature  I  have 
just  indicated.     On  some  surfaces  priming  coats 
of  white-lead  fellowed  by  finishing  coats  of  oxide 
of  zinc  yield  the  best  results.     It  is  just  as  in- 
correct to  say  that   zinc  paint  is  always  better 
than  load  paint,  as  it   is   to  say  that  the  latter 
material  is  always  better  than  zinc  paint.     One 
of  the   arch   enemies   to   lead   paint   is   sulphur. 
Sulphur  is  present  in  the  air  of  all  towns  and 
manufacturing    centres,     either  in  the   form   of 
acid  (which  I   have   already  referred  to),   or  as 
sulphuretted  hydrogen.    White-lead  is  peculiarly 
liable  to  attack  by   this  compound   with  forma- 
tion of  black  sulphide  of  lead.  The  discolouration 
of  lead-painted  surfaces    is    usually  due    to  the 
formation  of  this   black  sulphide  of  lead,  and  a 
very  small  quantity  of  the  gas  is  sufiicient  to  pro- 
duce a  marked  discolouration.     Zinc-white  paints 
are  not  exposed  to  this  danger.  In  the  first  place, 
sulphuretted  Iiydrogen  gas  has  exceedingly  little 
action  on  oxide  of  zinc  when    suspended  in  oil 
in    paint ;    and,    secondly,    if    any    action    does 
happen  to  take  phce,  there  is  no  darkening  in 
colour,  because  the  sulphide  of  zinc,  which  will  be 
produced  if  any  action  takes  place,  is  also  white. 
Everyone   is  familiar  with  the   loose    flocculent 
texture  of  oxide  of  z  nc.     It  is  a  loose  powdery 
pigment  occupying,  when  packed  in  the  ordinary 
way,  a  large  volume  relatively  to  the  weight  of 
dry  material.     I   have   here    a    rectangular  keg 
which    represents    with    tolerable    accuracy  the 
volume  occupied  by  U2Ib.  of  dry  oxide  of  zinc. 
This  other  keg  represents  the  volume  occupied  by 
the  same   weight  of  dry  white-lead.     Note  the 
difference.     Tne    relative  weight    or    density  of 
these  two  pigments  is  apparently  all  in  favour  of 
white-lead.     Seeing  this  and  nothing  more,  the 
P*t!'i     1*^™*^'^'"°^  °"^^  °^  ^'°<=  as  a  light  material. 
T  ",;*''  l;^'^"-'"''^  """l  body,"  he  says,  and  so  on 
1  believe  thit  thia  ni;<,/./^„„„„»; le'    \<..^  :,  ■ 


the  root  of  many  of  tho  erroneous  statements 
made  regarding  oxide  of  zinc.  Let  us  pursue  the 
matter  a  little  further.  I  have  here  another  pair 
of  kegs.  One  represents  the  volume  of  ll'21b. 
of  paint  made  of  oxide  of  zinc  ground  in 
linseed-oil,  the  other  the  volume  of  U'ilb.  of 
ground  white-lead.  Although  the  balance  is 
still  in  favour  of  the  white-lead,  there  is  not 
nearly  the  difference  in  volume  that  is 
observable  when  we  compare  the  two  dry  pig- 
ments. I  therefore  invite  you  to  accompany  me 
one  stage  further  still.  If  we  compare  the 
weights  of  equal  volumes  of  oxide  of  zinc 
and  white-lead  under  conditions  that  permit 
of  the  elimination  of  errors  ;  in  other  words,  if 
we  determine  with  scientific  e.xactness  the  specific 
.gravities  of  these  two  pigments,  we  find  that  the 
specific  gravity  of  dry  oxide  of  zinc  is  practically 
the  same  as  that  of  white-lead.  This  may  seem 
a  startling  statement,  but  it  is  none  the  less  per- 
fectly true.  Oxide  of  zinc  in  powder  possesses 
the  property  of  inclosing  between  its  particles  a 
very  large  volume  of  air,  and  consequently  the 
apparent  volume  occupied  by  a  known  weight  of 
dry  oxide  of  zinc  is  in  reality  the  combined  volumes 
of  oxide  of  zinc  and  air.  I  have  performed  a 
number  of  experiments  in  connection  with  this 
subject,  details  of  which  you  will  find  in  Table  I. 


TABLE    I. — S1'£CI1-'IC    OBAVITV   OV   TYPICAL  PIGSIESTS. 

(J.  Cruickshank  Smith.) 

O.-side  of  zinc 5'65 

Ditto         6-60 

White-lead     6-60 


white-lead  will  be  required  to  mask  a  given  sur- 
face to  the  same  extent.  The  relationship  is  ex- 
pressed thus,  where  W  is  the  weight  of  the 
standard,  and  X  that  of  the  pigment  under  com- 
parison :  — 

100     _      X 
W 


X 


=  HW 


Ditto         0-43 

Ditto  5-51 

Ditto  5-6J 

Ditto  5-8G 

Barytes  (best white)...  t02 

Oxide  of  iron 5'12 

Purple  brown 4"23 

Red-lead  8-62  to  9-19 


Chemically  pure  sample. 
Commercial  sample. 
Highe.-it    figure    found  for 

Engli..'h  stack-made. 
Commercial  sample. 
American  stack-made. 
German  charaber-mide. 
Belgian  stack-made. 
Commerial  sample. 
Chemically  pure. 
Commercial  sample. 
Commercial  sample. 


lOOW 
80 

But  I  have  also  found  that  while  this  is  true 
when  we  compare  small  qu^ntitie3  of  pigment 
much  diluted  and  spread  over  a  comparatively 
large  area,  it  ceases  to  be  true  when  the  respective 
pigments  are  applied  in  fairly  heavy  coats, 
and  the  relation  is  ■  quite  incorrect  in  the 
ease  of  second  and  third  coats.  In  order 
to  present  these  facts  to  you  in  a  tangible 
manner  I  have  had  two  boards  painted,  one  with 
oxide  of  zinc  and  the  other  with  white-lead.  The 
boards  have  been  painted  in  such  a  manner  that 
you  see  strips  representing  one,  two,  and  three 
coats  respectively  on  each.  The  difference  in 
opacity  in  the  case  of  the  one-coat  strip  is 
striking,  in  the  case  of  the  two-coat  strip  the 
difference  is  less,  while  the  two  three-coat  strips 
mask  the  black  ground  practic  illy  to  the  same 
extent.  W'e  cannot  discuss  this  question  of 
opacity  from  a  practical  point  of  view  for  long, 
before  we  find  it  to  be  closely  bound  up  in  the 
question  of  spreading  power.  Let  us  therefore 
turn  to  this  subject  for  a  moment.     In  Table  II. 

TABLE  ir.— COVEHING    OE    8PEEADING    POWER    OF    TYPICAL 

PAINTS. 

(G.  H.  Hurst.) 

The  figures  represent  square  feet  covered  by  101b.  of 
paint  of  the  usual  consistency,  applied  evenly  with  a 
brush. 

On  Wood. 

1st  Coat.  2nd  Coat. 


252 
324 
453 
540 

872 
540 

477 


misconception  (for,  that  it  is  a 


misconception  I  hope  to  be  able  to  show  you)  is  at 


contained  in  the  leaflets  which  you  have  before 
you.  Here  you  will  see  that  commercial  oxide 
of  zinc  possesses  a  specific  gravity  of  5-6 — that  is 
to  say,  it  is  approximately  .5J  times  heavier  than 
water.  Commercial  white-fead  possesses  on  the 
average  about  the  same  density.  It  is  true  that 
white-lead  perfectly  free  from  water,  and  of  the 
very  highest  grade  manufactured  by  one  of  the 
leading  houses  by  the  English  stack  process,  has 
been  found  to  possess  a  specific  gravity  of  6  6. 
This,  it  is  needless  to  say,  is  a  figure  that  repre- 
sents a  product  deserving  of  the  highest  praise  ; 
but  you  may  take  it,  I  think,  that  a  comparatively 
small  proportion  of  the  white-lead  used  in  ordinary 
painting  work  is  manufactured  from  a  dry  material 
possessing  anything    like  this  specific  gravity,    you  will  find  details  of  the  covering  or  spreading 


We  see,  therefore,  that  oxide  of  zinc  is  not  a 
/ii//il  pigment  at  all  unless  we  include  in  the  term 
"  light  "  white- lead,  barj'tes,  oxide  of  iron,  and 
other  pigments.  A  minute  pigmentary  particle 
of  oxide  of  zinc  weighs  just  as  much,  bulk  for 
bulk,  as  a  minute  pigmentary  particle  of  white- 
lead.  Let  us  turn  for  a  moment  to  the  question 
of  the  body  and  covering  power  of  oxide  of  zinc. 
The  terms  "  body  and  covering  power  "  are  often 
used  so  vaguely  and  indefinitely  that  it  is 
necessary  for  us  to  understand  exactly  what  we 
mean  when  we  use  them.  I  define  body,  which 
I  prefer  to  call  opacity,  as  the  degree  in  which 
the  same  weight  of  different  pigments  mask  or 
obscure  equal  areas  of  similar  surfaces.  There 
is  no  absolute  measure  of  opacity.  It  is  a  com- 
parative term  merely,  but  for  the  sake  of  con- 
venience a  standard  may  be  taken,  this  being 
usually  white-lead.  Covering  power,  which  for 
the  sake  of  definiteness  I  prefer  to  call  "  spread- 
ing; power,"  is  the  area  which  similar  weights  of 
different  paints  ready  for  the  brush  cover  when 
evenly  applied  under  the  conditions  of  actual 
work.  Now  the  painter  in  using  these  two 
terms  "  opacity  "  and  "  spreading  power,"  very 
frequently  does  so  forgetful  of  the  essential  fact 
that  the  term  ' '  opacity ' '  refers  to  the  dry  pigment, 
and  the  term  "  spreading  power"  or  "covering 
power  "  refers  to  the  mixed  paint.  In  compar- 
ing opacities,  also,  he  usually  compares,  not  the 
opacities  of  the  pigments,  but  the  opacities  of 
the  paints,  which  is  a  very  different  thing. 
I  conclude  from  numerous  experiments  that  the 
opacity  of  dry  oxide  of  zinc  is  20  per  cent,  less 
than  that  of  white-lead.  That  is  to  say,  if  we 
represent  the  opacity  of  dry  white-lead  by  100, 
the  opacity  of  dry  oxide  of  zinc  is  represented 
by  SO.  Since  the  opacities  vary  inversely  as  the 
weights  of  pigments  required  to  mask  similar 
areas  to  the  same  degree,  this  means  that  one- 
fourth  more  by  weight  of  oxide  of  zinc  than  of 


Red-lead    112 

White-lead  221 

O.tideofzinc  378 

Red  oxide 453 

Raw  linseed  oil   759 

Boiled  linseed  oil    412 

On  Metal. 

Red-lead 

White-lead    648 

O.^ide  of  zinc    1,134 

Red  oxide 870 

Raw  linseed  oil 1,417 

Boiled  Unseed  oil 1,295 

On  Plaster. 

Bed-lead 324) 

White-lead 352  [  On  sized  wall. 

O.'tide  of  zinc 504; 

Haw  linseed  oil 55  1st  coat,  99  2nd  coat,  on 

unsized  wall. 


power  of  various  typical  paints.  Tnese  figures 
have  been  carefully  compiled  by  Mr.  George  H. 
Hurst.  Most  of  them  have  been  checked  by 
myself,  and  my  results  are  so  nearly  in  acco  J- 
ance  with  Mr.  Hurst's  that  I  have  preferred  to 
place  before  you  his  results  in  their  entirety. 
Let  us  assume  that  a  painter  has  been  comptring 
the  merits  of  white-lead  and  oxide  of  zinc,  and 
that  he  has  applied  paints  made  from  the  respect- 
ive pigments  on  wood  and  on  plaster.  Let  us 
assume  that  his  results  accord  with  those  of 
Mr.  Hurst,  and  that  he  finds  that  101b.  of 
white -lead  paint  covers  221sq  ft.  on  wood  one 
coat,  and  that  101b.  of  oxide  of  zinc  paint 
covers  378sq.ft.  on  wood  one  coat.  The  painter 
will  no  dou\)t  acquiesce  in  the  statement  that  the 
covering  or  spreading  power  of  the  zinc  paint  is 
better  than  that  of  the  lead  paint ;  but  he  will  m 
all  probability  at  once  condemn  the  zinc  paint, 
owing  to  the  i'act  that  the  surface  coated  with  the 
paint  is  less  effectually  "hidden  "  or  "  masked  " 
than  the  surface  coated  with  the  white-lead  paint. 
But  let  him  consider  for  a  moment.  The  lOlb. 
of  zinc  has  been  spread  over  an  area  that  would, 
on  his  own  showing,  have  received  171b.  of 
white-lead  paint ;  or,  to  put  the  matter  in  another 
way,  the  paint  on  22lEq.ft.  of  lead-coatel  surface 
weighs  101b.,  while  that  on  211sq.ft.  of  zinc- 
coated  surface  weighs  only  5"Slb.  Similarly  in 
the  case  of  the  plaster  wall,  101b.  of  lead-paint 
covers  302sq.ft.,  and  101b.  zinc  paint  covers 
59isq.ft.  That  is  to  say,  101b.  of  zinc  paint  is 
being  asked  to  do  the  work  that  would  be  done  by 
141b.  of  lead  paint ;  or,  to  put  it  the  other  way 
round,  "lb.  of  zinc  paint  is  being  used  on 
362sq.ft.,  which,  if  coated  with  lead  paint,  would 
receive  101b.  It  is  small  wonder,  then,  that  when 
comparisons  are  made  under  unequal  conditions, 
the  results  arrived  at  are  erroneous  ;  and  yet  it  is 
from  statements  based  on  such  incorrect  experi- 
ments that  many  of  the  painter's  views  concerning 


Apeil  15,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


543 


oxide  of  zinc  are  derived.  I  have  already  shown 
you  that  the  specific  gravity  or  density  of 
o.\ide  of  zinc  is  practically  the  fame  as  much  of 
the  white-iead  of  commerce.  I  have  also  pointed 
out  that  the  fancied  inferiority  in  the  opacity  of 
oxide  lit  zinc,  and  the  consequent  neglect  of  the 
pigment  as  a  painter's  material,  is  largely  a 
matter  of  misapprehension.  You  may  justly  ask 
me  in  what  way  paints  made  from  oxide  of  zinc 
and  white-lead  respectively  should  be  compared 
80  as  to  give  each  an  equal  chance,  so  to  speak. 
To  place  the  two  on  equal  terms,  the  same  weight 
of  each  pigment  must  he  spread  over  the  same 
area.  Now  it  is  obvious  that  this  resolves  itself 
practically  into  a  question  of  paint-mixing. 
Make  the  white-lead  paint  more  fluid,  so  that  it 
will  spread  out  more,  or  make  the  oxide  of  zinc 
paint  less  fluid,  so  that  it  will  spread  out  less.  It 
is  hardly  necessary  in  an  assemblage  of  painters 
to  remark  that  this  procedure  is  admissible  only 
within  limits.  Paint  can  only  be  thinned  with 
due  regard  to  the  limitation  set  by  its  mode  of 
application  by  manual  labour  with  a  brush.  The 
problem  is,  therefore,  to  modify  the  thinners,  so 
that  more  pigment  may  be  introduced  relatively 
to  the  quantity  of  thinners  without  causing  the 
paint  to  become  unworkable.  For  a  paint  manu- 
facturer to  offer  dry  zinc  paint,  or  even  zinc- 
white  ground  in  oil  to  the  painter,  and  leave  him 
without  information  as  to  how  to  convert  it 
into  workable  paint  is,  I  venture  to  submit, 
neither  reasonable  nor  business-like.  By  reason 
of  a  happy  combination  of  circumstances,  white- 
lead  ground  in  oil  is  capable  of  being  transformed 
into  a  workable  paint  simply  by  the  addition  of 
drying  oil  and  a  volatile  spirit.  No  other  pig- 
ment is  capable,  without  special  preparation,  of 
being  treated  in  this  simple  manner,  and  I  hold 
strongly  to  the  opinion  that  the  problem  of 
thinning  paint  for  use  is  one  that  belongs  to  the 
province  of  the  expert  paint  manufacturer.  To 
send  out  to  painters  and  decorators,  without  a 
word  of  warning  or  advice  as  to  thinning  and 
mixing  oxide  of  zinc  ground  to  a  stif¥  paste  in 
refined  linseed  oil  is,  in  my  humble  opinion, 
simply  to  court  disaster,  and  to  put  a  weapon 
into  the  hands  of  those  who  are  only  too  ready  to 
condemn  anything  and  everything  that  partakes 
of  novelty  or  progress.  When  a  painter  uses 
white  zinc  at  all  he  naturally  thins  it  in  the  same 
manner  in  which  he  has  been  in  the  habit  of 
thinning  white-lead -namely,  with  raw  linseed 
oil  and  turpentine.  Is  this  the  method  of  thin- 
ning best  calculated  to  bring  into  prominence  the 
special  properties  of  the  pigment  r  I  doubt  it. 
Raw  linseed  oil  is  used  with  white-lead  chiefly  on 
account  of  the  drying  action  of  the  white-lead 
itself,  which  has  to  be  kept  within  bounds  by 
the  use  of  as  mild  a  form  of  drying  vehicle 
as  possible.  Wi'h  oxide  uf  zinc,  however, 
a  more  powerfully  siccative  medium  is  not 
only  permissible,  but  necessary.  To  increase 
the  drying  action  of  the  medium  by  cram- 
ming in  patent  driers  or  terebene  is  in  the 
one  case  to  reduce  the  opacity  and  wearing 
properties  of  the  paint,  and  in  the  other  to  run 
the  risk  of  setting  up  a  powerful  oxidising  action 
which  is  liable  to  result  in  cracking  an  1  perishing 
of  the  paint  film.  It  is  conceivable  that  a  properly 
modified  vehicle  would  greatly  increase  the  opacity 
of  mixed  zinc  paints,  and  would  render  them  com- 
parable on  ecjual  terms  in  this  respect  with  the 
best  lead  paints.  There  is  nothing  novel  or 
startling  in  the  idea  of  the  optical  properties  of  a 
pigLjent  being  modified  by  the  nature  of  the 
vehicle  in  which  it  is  suspended.  An  everyday 
example  is  presented  by  whiting.  Putty  (which 
consists  of  whiting  and  linseed-oil)  thinned  with 
linseed-oil  and  turpentine  would  make  but  a  poor 
paint  so  far  as  mankinif  a  dark-coloured  surface  ia 
concerned,  and  yet  the  same  pigment  when  sus- 
pended in  water  and  size  possesses  such  excellent 
opitcity  that  "  on«  coat  of  distemper"  is  often 
held  up  as  a  pattern  of  all  that  is  excellent  in 
opacity.  I  would  direct  your  attention  in  this 
connection  to  these  boards,  one  of  which  is  painted 
with  oxido  of  zinc  thinned  in  the  usual  manner 
with  raw  linseed-oil  and  turpentine,  and  the  other 
with  the  same  plxment  thinned  with  a  vehicle 
consisting  chiefly  of  boiled  oil.  In  actual  practice, 
case  in  working,  suitable  hardness,  and  speed  in 
drying  may  be  secured  by  the  addition  of  a  little 
specially  prepared  terebene.  Here  is  another 
Iward  painted  with  two  coats  of  Hat  zinc  paint. 
There  is  no  deficiency  of  opacity  observable  here, 
and  yet  oxido  of  zinc  is  tho  only  pigment  used. 
This  question  of  thinners  is  inseparably  bound  up 
with  the  suliject  of  the  permanence  and  protective 
value  of  paints.      I  have  been  able  to  refer  to  it 


here  in  very  general  terms,  but  it  is  a  wide  and 
important  subject  and  one  that  merits  far  more 
attention  than  it  receives  at  the  hands  both  of 
point  manufacturers  and  painters. 

THE  rUESF.NT-l).\V  COXSl'MrTIOX   OF  OXinU  OF  ZINC. 

I  believe  people  are  still  to  be  met  with  who 
imagine  oxide  of  zinc  to  be  a  material  that  is  used 
in  comparatively  small  quantities,  and  that  it  is 
still  on  its  trial  as  a  constituent  of  paint  and 
allied  products.  Nothing  can  be  more  incorrect 
than  this  view.  Although  for  certain  reasons, 
some  of  which  I  have  adverted  to  in  the  course  of 
my  remarks,  oxide  of  zinc  has  not  taken  its  place 
among  pointers'  materials  in  Britain  in  anything 
like  the  same  proportion  that  it  has  in  many  other 
countries,  it  is  used  in  large  and  ever-increasing 
quantities  in  the  preparation  of  many  kinds  of 
paints  and  protective  materials.  The  export 
paint  trade  is  responsible  for  the  consumption  of 
very  large  quantities  of  oxide  of  zinc,  and  paint 
made  from  this  same  pigment  is  daily  shipped  to 
India,  Australia,  China,  South  America,  and 
other  places.  In  the  United  States,  oxide  of 
zinc  has,  to  a  very  large  e.xtent,  superseded  white- 
lead  as  an  everyday  article  of  painter's  con- 
sumption. There,  white  paints  sometimes 
contain  oxide  of  zinc  as  the  only  pigmentary 
ingredient,  at  other  times  oxide  of  zinc  and  white- 
lead  are  blended,  and  paints  of  this  description 
are  highly  valued  for  their  weather-resisting 
properties.  Coming  nearer  home,  our  attention 
is  drawn  to  the  fact  that  in  France  legal  restric- 
tions have  been  placed  upon  the  use  of  white- 
lead,  and  in  Belgium  and  Holland  and  in  the 
coast  towns  along  the  Mediterranean  the 
traveller's  eye  is  arrested  by  numerous  white- 
painted  buildings,  most  of  which  are  painted 
with  oxide  of  zinc  paint.  The  white  enamels 
and  japans  so  much  used  by  the  British  decorator 
to-day  are  practically,  without  exception,  merely 
zinc  paints  thinned  in  a  special  manner,  while  by 
far  the  greater  proportion  of  the  lighter-coloured 
anti- corrosive  paints,  anti-fouling  compositions, 
and  similar  materials  contain  oxide  of  zinc  as 
their  leading  pigmentary  ingredient.  It  cannot 
be  mere  chance  or  mere  fancy  that  has  led  to  such 
widespread  use  of  this  pigment,  and  I  put  it  to 
you,  gentlemen,  whether  the  British  decorator 
has  as  yet  puc  himself  in  the  position  of  being 
able  to  judge  quite  impartially  as  to  the  merits  of 
oxide  of  zinc.  As  the  base  of  what  we  are 
accustomed  to  term  in  somewhat  vague  language 
"  anti-corroaive  "  paints,  oxide  of  zinc  holds  a 
secure  position,  inasmuch  as  in  this  field  it 
has  been  studied  with  the  greatest  accuracy 
and  scientific  care  by  much  authorities  as 
Newman,  Breton,  Spenrath,  and  others.  New- 
man, in  his  work  on  "  The  Corrosion  of  Iron 
Structures,"  assigns  to  oxide  of  zinc  a  high  place 
in  the  listof  anti -corrosive  pigmentary  substances ; 
while  Breton,  having  compared  the  pigment  under 
various  conditions  with  white-lead,  has  recently 
summed  up  very  fairly  the  merits  and  demerits  of 
zinc  paints,  with  special  reference  to  their  substitu- 
tion for  lead  paints.  He  concludes  that  white-lead 
paints  resist  better  than  paints  made  from  zinc 
oxide  or  zinc  sulphide  the  action  of  strong 
mineral  acids  and  the  penetration  of  elHorescence 
to  saltpetre  ;  but  beholds  white-lead  to  be  inferior 
to  zinc  pigments  in  resisting  heat,  sudden  changes 
of  temperature,  hydrogen  sulphide,  and  oxidising 
agents  like  hypochlorites.  White-lead  paints,  he 
aflirms,  adhere  less  firmly  and  show  a  greater 
tendency  to  blister  than  zinc  paints.  The  verdict 
of  this  authority  is  for  this,  as  well  as  for  sanitary 
reasons,  in  favour  of  the  extended  use  of  zinc 
paints.  To  the  architect  and  the  engineer  the 
subject  of  the  protection  of  structures  and  build- 
ing materials  is  one  of  paramount  importance, 
and  much  might  bo  said  with  reference  to  oxido 
of  zinc  from  this  point  of  view.  I  am  in  a  posi- 
tion at  the  present  time  only  to  glance  in  the  most 
cursory  manner  at  this  aspect  of  the  question.  I 
have  once  again  to  express  the  view  that  it  is 
primarily  to  tho  paint  manufacturer  that  wo  have 
to  look  for  skilled  advice  in  tho  fabrication  of 
paints  capable  of  withstanding  the  commonly- 
occurring  sources  of  corrosion  or  decay  met  with 
in  the  various  structural  niaterials.  I  have  re- 
corded elsewhere  that  it  is  somewhat  dis- 
concerting to  And  that  tho  number  of  paint 
manufacturers  who  have  studied  the  question  ot 
corrosion,  and  tho  best  means  to  be  adopted  for 
its  prevention  from  a  scientific  and  technical 
point  ot  vi(!W,  is  almost  as  limited  as  tho  number 
of  practical  engineers  who  have  an  txict  and 
technical  knowledge  of  the  subject  of  paints.  Tho 
outcome  of  this  is  that  the  psiintmaker,  being  in 


many  cases  unable  to  advise  in  a  rational  manner 
as  to  the  selection  of  materials  for  use  under 
given  conditions,  the  engineer  is  obliged  to  make 
the  selection  himself,  with  the  result  that  he  talks 
of  white-lead  or  rtdlead  paint  or  zinc-paint  as 
if  these  terms  always  referred  to  materials  of 
exactly  the  same  composition,  and  possessing  in 
every  ('ase  identical  physical  and  protective 
properties.  The  subject  of  effective  protection 
against  corrosion  is,  unfortunately,  too  often  con- 
fused by  introducing  the  question  of  cost.  The 
prime  cost  of  the  paint  is  too  often  regarded  as 
the  "end  all"  and  "  be  all  "  of  the  question. 
Ono  may  go  to  the  length  of  saying  that  of  all  the 
factors  that  go  to  make  up  the  ultimate  economic 
value  of  paint,  that  relating  to  its  prime  cost  is 
the  least  important.  In  selecting  a  paint  for  any 
particular  purpose,  especially  one  in  which  the 
ultimate  economic  value  of  tho  paint  is  an  important 
factor,  there  are  four  points  of  pre-eminent  im- 
portance. The  first  is  the  composition  of  the 
paint,  and  here,  as  I  said  before,  advice  from 
experienced  and  technically  equipped  manufac- 
turers is  desirable.  The  second  is  the  prime  cost 
of  the  paint,  the  third  is  the  covering  or  spread- 
ing capacity  of  the  paint,  and  the  fourth  is  the 
durability  of  the  paint.  .\  distinction  must  be 
drawn  between  the  durability  of  the  surface  of 
the  paint  and  the  preservative  action  of  the  paint 
on  the  metal  beneath.  The  two  things  are  by  no 
means  identical,  and  a  paint  film  often  presents  to 
the  eye  an  apparently  perfect  and  continuous 
surface  when  the  metal  or  other  material  that  is 
being  protected  has  been  seriously  corroded 
underneath.  In  Table  III.  I  have  reproduced  some 


TAULE    111. —  RELATIVE    COST   MP   TVl'ICiL   PAt.VTS   OX    A 
TWENTY  tears'    BASIS. 

(J.  Cruickshank  Smith.) 

Coverintf  t"'a/iac(7^/.— Calculated  from  the  figures  given 
by  Mr.  G.  H.  Hurst  that  101b.  of  the  following  paints 
cover  on  metal :  — 

White-lead  ejSsq.ft. 

Zinc-white    1,134    „ 

Eed-Iead    477    „ 

Redoxide 870    „ 

D<'rahilio/.— The  relative  figures  are  those  currently 
accepted  by  British  and  Amencau  engineers. 

Cosf. — This  is  estimated  at  what  is  probably  a  maxi- 
mum figure  for  the  very  best  materials  in  large  quanti- 
ties. 

The  paints  here  mentioned  are  undeistood  to  be  sap- 
plied  ready  for  the  brush,  and  to  be  made  with  special 
reference  to  the  purpose  for  whieh  they  are  to  be  used. 


Covering  capacity  in 
square  yards  per 
cwt. 

Price  per  cwt.  in 
shillings  

Cost  (in  shillings)  per 
lOOsq.ft 

Times  painted  in  20 
years    

Cost  (in  shillings)  per 
lOOsq.ft.  for  20 
years 

Relative  economic 
value  on  20  years' 
basis,  the  highest 
value  being  repre- 
sented by  100 


White 
Lead. 

Zinc 
White. 

1 

Red 
Lead. 

806 

1,411 

591 

329. 

863. 

Sfii. 

•41 

■23 

•6J 

5 

5 

3 

2-20 

1-40 

1-80 

Gl 

100 

'  '             1 

Red 
O-tide. 


1,083 

28s. 

■28 

7 


figures  that  I  have  arrived  at  in  regard  to  the 
relative  cost  of  some  typical  paints  on  a  '20-years 
basis.  It  will  be  seen  from  these  figui-es  that  the 
cheapest  paint  initially  is  by  no  means  always 
the  cheapest  paint  in  the  long  run.  To  the 
painter  and  decorator  this  aspect  of  the  iiuestion 
is,  perhaps,  hardly  so  important  as  it  is  to  the 
architect,  the  engineer,  and  the  owner  of  property. 
But  it  can,  I  think,  hardly  be  gainsaid  that  the 
painter  or  decorator  who  possesses  the  fullest  and 
most  accurate  knowledge  as  to  tho  nature  and 
capabilities  of  the  various  materials  at  his  disposal, 
will,  in  tho  long  run,  come  to  be  regarded  as  the 
craftsman  whoso  opinion  is  most  worthy  of 
reliance,  and  who  may  bo  expected  to  reap  the 
reward  ot  his  knowledge  in  th-j  increased  esteem 
and  consideration  ot  his  clients. 

Mr.  CiiAULF'i  Hakuison,  having  referred  in 
appreciative  terms  to  the  practical  ard  suggestive 
nature  of  the  paper,  drew  attention  to  the 
pro'cnco  of  small  quantities  of  fvoe  fatty  acid  in 
tho  linsecd-oil  used  in  grinding  white  paints, 
and  asked  whether  tho  lecturer  could  throw  any 
light  on  the  rispcctivo  actions  of  white-lead  and 
oxido  of  zinc  respectively  on  t)>is  frfc  acid'r 
\N'ith  reg.ard  to  tho  substitutim  of  oxide-ot-zinc 
paint  for  white-lead  paint,  ho  was  inclined  to 
consider  tho    difference   in   Iha  current  market 


544 


THE    BUILDIN^G    NEWS. 


April  15,  1904. 


1 


values  of  the  two  miterials  as  too  greak.  The 
present  price  of  white-lead  might  be  taken  at 
£18  10s.  per  ton,  while  that  of  oxide-of-zinc 
paint  would  probably  be  about  £32  per  ton. 
Then,  in  regard  to  the  covering  power,  many 
contrary  statements  were  to  be  found  ;  but  he  had 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  these  could  in  many 
cases  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  ground 
zinc  oxide  contained  about  17  per  cent,  of  oil, 
while  ground  white-lead  only  contained  8  per 
cent,  of  oil,  and  therefore  in  comparing  the 
covering  power  of  these  two  substances,  a  larger 
proportion  of  oil  was  being  weighed  out  in  the 
one  case  than  in  the  other.  As  regards  the 
resistive  action  of  oxide-of-zinc  paint  to 
weather,  he  thought  that  as  the  re.-ult  of  the 
combination  of  sulphuric  acid  and  oxide  of  zinc 
gave  rise  to  a  soluble  material — viz.,  sulphate  of 
zinc — oxide  of  z'nc  was  less  likely  to  give  effec- 
tive protection  than  white-lead,  which  gave  rise, 
under  similar  conditions,  to  insoluble  sulphate  of 
lead.  Mr.  Harrison  thought  that  it  oxide  of  zinc 
could  be  ground  with  a  similar  proportion  of  oil 
to  that  used  in  the  grinding  of  white-lead  a 
material  would  be  obtained  which  painters  could 
compare  on  more  equal  terms  with  white-lead 
than  existing  samples  of  white-zinc  paiot.  He 
produced  a  sample  of  oxide-of-zinc  paint  ground 
ground  by  a  friend  of  his,  which  contained  only 
8  per  cent,  of  linseed  oil,  and  he  found  the 
capacity  of  this  material  much  superior  to  that 
of  ordinary  zinc  paint. 

Mr.  John  IjEwis  said  that  the  lecturer  had  only 
referred  incidentally  to  a  very  important  differ- 
ence between  white-lead  and  oxide  of  zinc — 
namely,  the  poisonous  nature  of  the  former 
material.  He  was  quite  sure  thit,  in  spite  of  all 
precautions,  cases  of  lead-poisoning  amongst 
lead  painters  were  very  common,  whereas  oxide 
of  zinc,  used  as  the  base  of  the  modern  non- 
poisonous  colours,  was  not  open  to  this  objection. 
He  thoroughly  concurred  in  Mr.  Cruickshank 
Smith's  view  that  the  vehicle  in  which  the  oxide 
of  zinc  was  suspended  was  one  of  the  most 
important  factors  in  the  case,  and  he  was  con- 
fident that  if  painters  recognised  the  value  of 
boiled  oil  in  thinning  such  paints  oxide  of  zinc 
would  gain  in  favour. 

Another  speaker  considered  the  paper  full  of 
interesting  information.  He  had  for  many  years 
made  notes  of  the  special  properties  of  oxide  of 
zinc,  and  many  of  his  conclusions  entirely  agreed 
with  those  of  Mr.  Smith.  He  drew  attention  to 
the  necessity  for  distinguishing  between  oxide  of 
zinc  and  the  other  zinc  white  known  as  sulphide 
zinc  white. 

The  CnAiUM.iN  thought  that  if  it  couldbe  shown, 
as  appeared  to  be  the  case,  that  painters'  views  in 
regard  to  oxide  of  zinc  were  to  some  extent 
erroneous,  and  were  based  on  several  misappre- 
hensions, it  was  highly  important  that  they 
should  make  themselves  familiar  wi'h  the  ma- 
terial. Hef  erring  to  a  previous  speaker's  remarks, 
he  doubted  whether  lead-poisoning  was  really 
common  among  skiUed  decorators  ;  he  was  under 
the  impression  that  it  existed  practically  entirely 
among  those  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  the 
dry  white-lead. 

Mr.  J.  Crvickshank  Smith,  in  replying, 
thought  that  too  much  reliance  ought  not  to  be 
placed  on  the  very  complicated  and  more  or  less 
theoretical  actions  supposed  to  take  place  between 
pigments  like  white-lead  or  oxide  of  zinc  and 
linseed  oil.  Chemical  equations  could  be  pro- 
duced by  the  yard,  but  these,  after  all,  were  often 
very  far  from  representing  the  actual  practical 
results.  Referring  to  the  difference  in  price 
between  white-lead  and  oxide  of  zinc,  he  thought 
that  Mr.  Harrison  had  quoted  rather  extreme 
figures,  and  that  before  comparing  the  values 
accurately  the  quantities  represented  by  the 
different  quotations  would  have  to  be  considered. 
He  quite  agreed  with  Mr.  Harrison's  remarks  in 
connection  with  the  difficulty  of  comparing  the 
capacities  of  ground  paints.  This  was  one  of 
the  points  he  had  endea\oured  to  bring  out  in 
his  paper.  He  thought  the  sample  shown  by 
Mr.  Harrison  was  very  interesting  as  showing 
what  could  be  done  in  the  ,way  of  modifying  the 
physical  properties  of  pigments ;  at  the  same 
time  he  thought  that  the  mere  fact  of  reducing 
the  percentage  of  oil  in  zinc  paint  in  the  stiff  form 
was  not  a  matter  of  great  moment.  It  was  afttr 
thinning  ready  for  the  brush  that  was  the  chief 
thing.  He  thought  thitit  was  not  permissible  to 
make  too  sweeping  deductions  as  to  the  weather- 
resisting  properties  of  zinc  paints  and  lead  paints 
respectively  from  the  chemical  nature  of  the  salts 
lemltingfrom  the  action  of  acids  on  white-lead 


THE   "DULCE   DOMUM,"   DESIGNED    BY   WALTER   CE-\NE. 


and  white-zinc,  because  if  these  actions  took 
place  in  the  paint  film  the  compounds  formed 
were  not  suspended  in  water,  but  in  oil,  and 
were  therefore  not  soluble  in  the  ordinary  sense. 
The  point,  to  his  mind,  was  whether  action  took 
place  at  all,  and  his  experiments  had  tended  to 
show  that  white-zinc  was  more  immune  against 
action  than  white-lead.  Jveplying  to  Mr.  Lewis, 
Mr.  Smith  said  that  he  had  purposely  omitted 
reference  to  the  difference  in  poisonous  properties 
between  white-lead  and  white-zinc  partly  for  the 
reason  that  he  felt  sure  that  someone  would  refer 
to  it,  and  partly  because  it  was  quite  possible  to 
make  too  much  of  this  point.  Fiom  his  own 
experience,  however,  he  was  convinced  of  the 
poisonous  nature  of  the  gaseous  emanations  from 
white-lead  mixed  with  oil,  both  in  the  process  of 
paint-grinding  and  in  painting,  and  he  assured 
the  Chairman,  who  had  also  referred  to  this  point, 
that  many  cases  of  lead-poisoning  occurred  after 
white-lead  had  left  the  hands  of  the  manufac- 
turers. 

Mr.  Thomas  Fostek,  speaking  as  a  practical 
painter  and  decorator,  thought  the  lecturer  had 
been  able  to  lay  before  the  Institute,  in  a  manner 
as  free  as  possible  from  technicalities,  some  verj- 
interesting  facts  concerning  oxide  of  zinc.  He 
thought  that  painters  might  test  the  truth  of  the 
claims  made  in  connection  with  oxide  of  zin3  for 
themselves.  He  concluded  by  moving  that  a  vote 
of  thanks  be  accorded  to  Mr.  Cruickshank  Smith 
for  his  lectuie. 

A  member  of  the  Institute  said  that  he  had  used 
oxide  of  zinc  paint,  and  had  some  in  his  place 
then.  He  fancied,  from  the  price  he  gave  for  the 
material,  that  he  must  have  received  something 
besides  oxide  of  zinc.  He  concluded  by  second- 
ing Mr.  Foster's  motion. 

The  Chaikman  then  formally  put  the  vote  to 
the  meeting,  which  was  carried  unanimously,  and 
formally  conveyed  the  thanks  of  the  Institute  to 
Mr.  Cruickshank  Smith  for  his  lecture. 

Mr.  Ckvilkshank  Smith  thanked  the  meeting, 


and  expressed  the  pleasure  it  had  given  him  to 
prepare  and  read  the  paper.  He  thought  that 
Mr.  Foster,  had  put  the  matter  in  a  nutshell  when 
he  advised  painters  to  experiment  for  themselves. 


NEW  WALLPAPER  DECORATIONS 

FOR  1904. 

THE  coming  of  spring,  as  a  matter  of  course, 
is  nowadays  invariably  marked  by  the 
introduction  of  fresh  patterns  for  wall  and  ceiling 
renewings  in  the  shape  of  decorative  papers 
adapted  to  varieties  of  taste  and  many  differing 
requirements.  In  few  things  does  fashion  change 
more  continually,  and  every  year  manufacturers 
vie  with  each  other  in  an  endeavour  to  produce 
"novelties"  likely  to  accommodate  the  passing 
fancy  of  their  patrons.  Messrs.  Jeffrey  and  Co. 
take  a  foremost  place  in  issuing  annually  some  of 
the  best  designs  to  be  had  in  this  country,  and 
once  more  their  papers  will  well  repay  a  close 
examination,  both  for  excellence  of  colouring  and 
charm  of  patterning.  The  "Dulce  Domum " 
decoration,  designed  by  Mr.  Walter  Crane,  and 
herewith  illustrated  to  a  small  scale,  is  sel 
out  to  a  4'2in.  repeat,  the  paper  being  21in.  wide. 
Its  scheme  is  very  free  in  general  idea,  set 
out  with  shaped  borderings  forming  panels, 
bound  into  a  continuity  of  ornamentation  by 
suspended  swags,  while  an  emphasis  cf  cen- 
tralisation is  obtained  with  wreaths  and  birds 
having  outspread  wings,  which  are  drawn 
in  marked  contrast  to  the  foliations  of  the  back- 
ground. The  same  artist  is  responsible  for  the 
"myrtle  wreath"  pattern,  which  consists  of 
vertical  ribbons  connected  with  intertwining 
wreaths,  as  shown  by  our  reproduction.  Follow- 
ing also  the  current  preference  for  vertical 
lineaments,  Mr.  Heywood  Sumner  gives  us  a 
square  contrivance  of  foliage  and  flower  blocked 
into  an  interchanging  arrangement  of  bineweed 
growth,   repeated    every  21in.  measured   either 


April  15,   1904. 


THE    BDILDllSG    NEWS. 


545 


^^^f^Mm 


THE    "JUPITER"    CEILING    PAPER.    DESIGNED    BY    LEWIS    F.    DAY 


THE  "BINDWEED,"  DESIGNED  BY  HEYVVOOD  SUMNER. 


THE  "  MYRTLE  WEEATH,"  DESIGNED  BY  WALTER  CRANE. 


way.  The  effect  is  clever  as  well  as  unusual, 
and  the  dfaign  is  capable  of  a  great  varii;'}-  of 
coIouriDff.  Among  the  best  ceiling  papers  is  ihe 
one  we  hero  also  illustrate  with  the  "  liindweed  '' 
just  named.  This  design  ia  called  the  "  Jupiter," 
and  each  breadth  of  the  paper  reverses  in  hinging 
every  42in.     Mr.   Lewis    F.    Day,   the  author. 


is  to  bo  congratuliitoJ  for  his  very  handsome 
and  capable  pattern.  Messrs.  Jiil'roy  have  also 
on  view  at  their  showrooms  at  31,  Mortimer- 
btreet,  Regent-street,  W.,  several  other  designs, 
such  as  the  "  formal  Garden "  wall  decora- 
tion by  Mr.  Walter  Crane ;  and  the  firm  is 
making     likewise      a    great    feature    of    their 


"Frieze"  and  "Filling"  combined  p."ipo  s,  so 
that  the  horizontal  joint-line  to  the  iormer  's 
obviated.  Single  as  well  as  double  bread'h 
designs  are  made  in  this  way.  The  "  Wistsria  " 
is,  porhiips,  the  mott  remarkable  of  the  latter 
arrangement.  The  "  Laurel "  of  swags  and 
festoons    and   "The  Stimdard  Rose"  are  other 


546 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Apeil  15,  1904. 


varieties  of  the  same  idea.  We  may  draw  the 
attention  of  our  readers  to  the  admirahle  selection 
of  "all  over"  patterns  printed  by  Messrs.  Jef- 
frey, and  among  these  "The  Shrewabviry," 
designed  by  Jlr.  A.  F.  Tigers,  should  be  men- 
tioned. The  black-and-white  blocks  given  with 
these  notes  do  not  enable  one  to  realise  the 
delightful  grace  and  variety  of  value  obtained  by 
the  colour  of  the  originals  ;  but  these  prints  will 
suffice  to  lead  the  reader  to  visit  the  showrooms, 
where  the  papers  themselves  are  on  view. 


CHIPS. 

Preparations  are  now  being  made  for  the  erection 
ot  a  pier  at  the  township  of  Brevig,  on  the  Island  of 
Barra,  which  lies  about  two  miles  east  of  Castlebay, 
The  Congested  Districts  Board  have  given  a  grant 
of  £440  towards  the  erection,  while  the  residents  are 
to  supply  one-tnird  of  free  labour.  The  contract 
has  been  secured  by  Mr.  William  Bain,  Lochmaddy. 

The  parish  church  of  Worsley,  Lanes,  built  58 
years  ago,  is  about  to  be  extensively  restored,  the 
soft  stone  then  used  for  external  work  having 
perished  to  a  great  extent. 

Mr.  W.  R.  Court,  the  engineer  and  chief  super- 
intendent of  the  Liverpool  Corporation  bathing 
establishments,  has  prepared  sketch  plans,  which 
have  been  approved  by  the  baths  committee,  for  the 
public  baths  which  it  is  proposed  to  erect  in  Garston. 
Working  drawings  and  a  specification  are  now  to  be 
provided  by  Mr.  Court. 

The  scheme  recently  formulated  by  the  Duke  of 
Argyll  and  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  Dunstaftnage  Castle,  near  Uban,  is  now 
being  carried  out,  and  a  number  of  workmen  are 
engaged  on  roof  and  walls.  In  the  course  ot  the 
last  half-century  much  work  of  an  unostentatious 
character  has  been  done  in  the  way  of  patching  the 
decaying  masonry  by  successive  captains  of  the  keep 
and  owners  of  Dunstaifnage  estate,  and  consequently 
the  fabric  is,  comparatively,  in  a  good  state  of 
preservation.  In  response  to  the  appeal  for  con- 
tiibutions  towards  the  renovation  fund,  £400  has 
been  received,  but  a  much  larger  sum  is  necessary 
in  order  to  complete  the  work. 

At  Vickerstown,  Walney,  near  Barrow,  the 
foundation-stone  of  a  new  Wesleyan  Church  was 
laid  last  week.  The  new  building,  the  ground  for 
whicli  was  given  by  Messrs.  A^ickers,  Sons,  and 
Maxim,  will  cost  between  £2,000  and  €3,000,  and 
have  eitting  accommodation  for  400  people. 

Representatives  of  the  Government  and  the  Duke 
of  Buccleuch  have  visited  the  site  of  the  new  mag- 
netic observatory  at  Eskdalemuir,  Drumfriesshire, 
and  building  operations  are  to  be  pushed  on  as  soon 
as  possible.  In  the  first  place  a  road  has  to  be  made 
to  the  site,  and  thereafter  a  quarry  in  the  vicinity 
is  to  be  opened  up  to  provide  the  bulk  of  the  stone 
required.  The  quarry  is  a  whinstone  one,  but  the 
facings  or  dressings  are  intended  to  be  of  freestone, 
and  this  will  probably  be  obtained  from  a  quarry 
near  Langholm.  The  new  buildings  will  comprise 
the  observatory  underground,  offices  for  the  staff, 
and  villa  residences. 

The  Birmingham  City  Council  adopted,  on  Tues- 
day, the  report  of  the  Electric  Supply  Committee 
which  recommended  that  the  Local  Government 
Board  be  asked  to  cancel  their  sanction  to  a  loan 
for  £251,973  so  far  as  related  to  the  unexpended 
portion  of  £167,770,  and  that  sanction  be  sought  for 
borrowing  £441,142  for  the  first  equipment  of 
Summer- lane  generating  station  and  underground 
cable,  that  the  committee  be  authorised  to  proceed 
with  the  work,  and  to  engage  Mr.  Ewen  Harper  as 
architect  for  the  Summer-lane  generating  station. 

Aid.  Alfred  Peace  (chairman  of  the  Bridgwater 
and  District  Electric  Supply  and  Traction  Company) 
laid  on  Monday  last  the  comer  stone  of  the 
electric  power  station,  which  is  being  erected  on  a 
site  in  the  Mount,  Bridgwater.  The  building, 
which  is  being  put  up  by  Mr.  Charles  Bryer,  jun., 
of  Bridgwater,  will  comprise  the  offices  of  manage- 
ment, engine-room,  containing  the  powerful  gene- 
rating plant,  accumulator  room,  and  house  for  the 
creation  of  gas,  with  which  to  drive  the  engines. 

An  east-end  window,  to  be  dedicated  to  the 
memory  of  the  late  Dean  Farrar,  is  to  be  erected 
in  the  Church  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  Hoxton. 

The  Eadcliffe  Urban  District  Council  appointed, 
on  Monday,  Mr,  M.  B.  Henry,  of  Nelson,  to  be  the 
town's  electrical  engineer,  at  a  salary  of  £150, 
There  were  100  applications  for  the^  position.  An 
agreement  was  approved  for  the  laying  of  an 
electric  tramway  in  Radcliffe  by  the  Bury  Corpora- 
tion. 

All  doubt  as  to  the  disposition  of  the  site  of  the 
old  Blue  Coat  School  in  Newgate  Street  is  now  re- 
moved by  the  oflio  al  statement  that  the  Government 
has  acquired  the  freehold  ot  the  whole  for  the  pur- 
poses ot  the  General  Post  Office,  at  a  perpetual 
rent-charge  of  £23,000  a  year. 


OBITUARY. 

News  of  the  death  of  Mr.  John  Mossor,  for- 
merly in  practice  as  an  architect  in  Kidderminster, 
has  been  cabled  from  China.  Mr.  Sloasop  pur- 
chased the  practice  of  the  late  Mr.  T.  D.  Baker 
at  Kidderminster,  and  was  a  well-known  man  in 
that  borough.  He  became  associated  with  the 
Volunteer  force,  and  was  captainof  the  3rd  Kidder- 
minster Company.  He  took  great  interest  in 
various  local  matters.  Mr.  Mossop  left  Kidder- 
minster about  ten  or  twelve  years  ago  to  take  up 
a  public  appointment  in  Hong  Kong.  Subse- 
quently he  moved  to  Shanghai.  His  death,  which 
occurred  at  Shanghai  at  the  end  ot  last  week,  was 
due  to  typhoid  fever  followed  by  dysentery.  Mr. 
Mossop  was  married  to  a  Kidderminster  lady, 
who  has  been  out  in  China  with  him.  Owing  to 
Mr.  SIossop's  state  of  health  they  had  both  taken 
their  passages  for  Eogland  in  a  vessel  that  was 
to  have  left  Shanghai  on  Monday  next.  The 
deceased  gentleman  was  forty-five  years  of  age. 


Mr.  W.  Wybrow  Robertson,  F.S.L,  F.S.A.Scot., 
who  for  twenty-seven  years  has  been  the  principal 
architect  and  surveyor  for  Scotland  of  the  Commis- 
sioners of  H.M,  Works  and  Public  Buildings,  and 
was  previously  an  active  member  of  the  London 
Architectural  Association,  has  resigned  his  appoint- 
ment and  retired  on  pension,  owing  to  recent  severe 
illness.  Mr.  Wdliam  T.  Oldrieve,  F.S.L,  from 
H.M,  Board  of  Works  Office,  London,  where  the 
planning  and  design  of  Metropolitan  and  provincial 
post-offices  have  been  under  his  direct  supervision, 
has  been  appointed  Mr,  Robertson's  successor,  and 
has  already  taken  up  his  duties.  Prior  to  188N  Mr. 
Oldrieve  was  for  many  years  the  principal  assistant 
in  the  Edinburgh  Office  of  Works, 

The  Local  Government  Board  have  sanctioned 
the  borrowing  of  £52,360  for  public  improvements 
by  Nelson  Corporation,  £24,000  being  required  for 
sewerage  works  extension. 

Priucess  Christian  opened  at  Bury  St,  Edmunds, 
on  Tuesday,  the  Suffolk  Regimental  Homes,  recently 
erected  in  memory  of  Prince  Christian  Victor,  who 
died  at  Pretoria  during  the  South  African  War. 

There  has  recently  been  dedicated  at  Merriott 
Church,  Crewkerne,  a  stained-glass  window, 
erected  in  memory  of  the  late  Rev,  Joseph  Cross, 
M,A.,  formerly  vicar  of  Merriott,  and  of  his  wife, 
Caroline  Mary  Cross.  The  window  contains  three 
figures : — David,  armed  with  a  sling,  emblematic  of 
Fortitude;  Moses,  holding  a  scroll,  emblematic  of 
Justice ;  and  St.  John,  with  pen  and  book,  em- 
blematic of  Godliness.  In  the  tracery  are  kneeling 
angels  bearing  shields  containing  sacred  monograms. 
The  work  was  designed  and  executed  at  the  studio 
of  Messrs,  Joseph  Bell  and  Son,  12,  College  Green, 
Bristol, 

The  Burslem  Town  Council  have  resolved  to 
apply  to  the  Local  Government  Board  for  sanction 
to  a  loan  of  £21,000  for  electric  lighting  purposes. 

The  Cannock  Rural  District  Council  adopted  at 
their  last  meeting  the  recommendation  of  the 
Isolation  Hospital  Committee  that  the  surveyor 
(Mr.  H,  M.  Whitehead)  be  granted  an  honorarium 
of  £100  for  services  rendered  in  the  selection  of 
site,  preparation  of  plans,  and  supervision  of  the 
work  of  erecting  the  hospital. 

The  staff'  of  the  late  county  surveyor  of  Kent, 
Mr.  F.  W.  Ruck,  including  Messrs.  W.  Forrester, 
A.  F.  Ginn,  F.  G.  Maxted,  and  F.  H.  Philips, 
assistant  surveyors,  and  Messrs.  R.  and  E.  Milliner, 
clerks,  have  presented  Mr.  Ruck  with  a  silver  rose- 
bowl  on  ebony  plinth  as  an  indication  of  their 
opinion  of  his  past  services  and  of  their  sentiments 
towards  him. 

The  formal  opening  of  the  Urban  Electric  Supply 
Company's  power  station  and  works  at  Berwick 
took  place  on  Friday. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  was  held 
last  week  at  Chelmsford  concerning  an  application 
ot  the  corporation  for  sanction  to  borrow  £4,000  for 
the  proposed  science  and  art  school  and  museum, 
and  £0,9.)U  for  the  purpose  of  water  supply. 

At  Salford  Sessions,  on  Monday,  John  Hickson, 
described  as  an  architect,  was  charged  with  stealing 
a  silver  cup,  valued  at  £5  53.,  the  property  ot  Mr. 
George  Henry  Watson,  Lansdowne  Villa.  Sentence 
of  one  month's  imprisonment  in  the  second  class 
was  passed.  i 

The  partnership  hitherto  subsisting  between 
Messrs.  John  Pollard  Seddon  and  J.  Coates  Carter, 
architects  and  surveyors,  Cardiff,  under  the  style 
of  Seddon  and  Carter,  has  been  dissolved. 

The  formal  opening  of  the  new  electric  generating 
station  erected  by  the  corporation  of  West  Ham 
took  place  on  Wednesday  week. 

The  Caversham  Urban  District  CouncU  have 
selected  as  surveyor  Mr.  Alfred  J.  Smith,  assistant 
surveyor  at  Ilkeston. 


Butltimg  ItttelliQence. 


BiiAPruRn. — The  Cartwright  Memorial  Hall, 
which  Lord  Masham  has  erected  in  Bradford  as  a 
tribute  to  the  memory  of  Dr.  Cartwright  for  hia 
inventions  of  the  power-loom  and  wool-combing 
machinery',  was  opened  on  Wednesday,  Com- 
petition was  invited  for  plans  and  designs,  and 
Mr,  Alfred  Waterhouse,  R.A.,  awarded  the  first 
premium  ot  £150  to  Messrs.  J.  W.  Simpson  and 
E.  J.  Jlilner  Allen,  of  London.  Their  design  was 
illustrated  in  the  Bvildisg  News  for  Jan.  4, 1901, 
bj-double-page  perspective  and  plan.  The  hall  is 
erected  on  the  site  ot  the  old  mansion  in  Lister 
Park,  where  formerly  his  lordship  resided,  and 
its  main  entrance  is  turned  nearly  south.  The 
design  is  a  type  of  Italian  Renaissance  based  on 
coupled  Ionic  columns  and  pilasters  with  appro- 
priate entablature,  standing  on  a  basement  of 
rusticated  masourj'. 

Darlinc'iox. — A  limited  company  has  been 
registered,  styled  the  Darlington  Hippodrome, 
Ltd.,  who  have  purchased  a  suitable  site,  with  the 
object  ot  erecting  thereon,  at  a  total  cost  ot  about 
£20,000,  an  up-to-date  place  of  entertainment. 
The  site  has  been  acquired  from  the  Darlington 
Corporation,  and  created  by  the  demolition  of  the 
old  properties  purchased  by  that  authority  to 
enable  it  to  carry  out  its  much-needed  and  long- 
contemplated  scheme  for  the  widening  and  con- 
sequent improvement  of  Parkgate,  The  building 
will  be  erected  from  the  designs  of  Mr,  (i,  Gordon 
Hoskins,  J,P,,  F.R.I.B.A.,  and  will  have  a 
frontage  of  not  less  than  150ft.  towards  Parkgate 
and  80ft.  towards  Borough-road.  The  Parkgate 
fai,ade  will  consist  chiefly  of  a  number  of  lock- 
up shops  and  three  emergency  exits,  while  that 
towards  Borough-road  will  be  entirely  devoted  to 
entrances  and  exits,  and  still  more  of  the  latter, 
of  an  emergency  character,  will  be  provided  in 
the  side  street,  yet  to  be  formed,  which  will 
divide  this  building  from  that  of  the  new  fire- 
brigade  station,  &c. 

Gl.vsoow. — The  Magasin  des  Tuilerics  in 
Sauchiehall-street,  Glasgow,  was  opened  on  the 
21st  ult.  The  buildings  were  formerly  known  as 
the  Corporation  Galleries,  where  for  half  a 
century  the  corporation  art  treasures  were  housed. 
These  "have  now  been  transferred  to  Kelvin  Grove, 
but  part  of  the  old  building  is  still  devoted  to  art,_ 
the  ex'nibitions  of  the  Royal  Glasgow  Institute  of 
the  Fine  Arts  being  held  there.  The  remainder 
is  occupied  by  Messrs,  Treron  et  Cie,  the  pro- 
prietors of  the  Magasin  des  Tuileriea,  The  ware- 
house has  a  frontage  to  Sauchiehall-street  of 
245tt.  There  are  in  all  48  show  windows,  35  of 
these  being  in  Sauchiehall-street,  and  the  others 
in  Rose-street  and  Dalhousie-street,  <  'ne  of  the 
chief  features  of  the  building  is  the  dome  at  the 
corner  of  SauchiehaU-atreet  and  Rose-street,  The 
warehouse  is  decorated  and  furnished  in  the  style 
of  the  period  of  Louis  XIV.  ilr.  Burnett  was  the 
architect.  The  ten  electric  pillars  in  the  front  of 
these  new  premiaes  were  supplied  by  Alexander 
Ritchieand  Co,,  Upper  Thames-street,  London. 

Xewihrx. — In  connection  with  the  local  branch 
of  the  British  Steel  Smelters',  Jlill,  Iron,  and 
Tinplate  Workers'  Association  a  demonstration 
took  place  at  Newburn  on  Saturday  afternoon,  on 
the  occasion  of  the  laying  of  memorial  stones  of 
dwelling-houses  which  are  being  erected  in  that 
village  by  the  Association.  The  Steel  Smelters' 
Association  is  erecting  23  model  cottages  on  the 
north  side  of  the  main  road  at  Newburn.  Each 
house  is  to  consist  of  six  rooms  and  a  bathroom, 
and  the  total  cost  of  the  undertaking  will  probably 
reach  £7,500.  Mr.  Alfred  Gou'd  (Hull),  of  the 
Amalgamated  Society  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners, 
presided  at  the  ceremony,  and  the  stones  wer« 
laid  by  Councillor  Henr3-"Nicholson,  of  Newburn 
and  Mr.  John  Hodge,  general  secretary  of  th( 
Association. 

SiNDEiu.AXD.— The  new  Congregational  churcl 
which  has  been  erected  in  Roker  Baths-road  wa 
dedicated  on  Wednesday.  It  is  faced  with  Hun 
coat  pressed  bricks,  with  stone  dressings,  i 
Gothic  in  style,  and  will  seat  520  persona.  Th 
roof  is  on  the  hammer-beam  principle,  and  covei 
the  whole  width  of  the  building,  43ft.,  in  on 
span,  the  height  from  floor  to  ridge  being  41f' 
Pitch-pine  has  been  employed  in  its  constructioi 
and  no  stain  or  varnish  has  been  used  on  it, 
three  points  in  the  ridge  are  placed  three 
Messrs.  Boyle's  patent  concealed  air-pump  vent 
lators,  which  acting  in  conjunction  with  Tobin 
I  tubes  in  the  side  walls,  provide  for  ventilatio 
iThe  chancel  has  a  frieze  under  the  ceiling 


April  15,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


547 


plaster  panels,  while  the  windows  are  treated  in 
a  more  decoratire  manner  than  those  in  the  hody 
of  the  church.  The  floor  is  laid  with  tiles,  with 
ornamental  horder  and  panels.  The  pulpit  is 
supported  by  six  small  columns  en  a  largo  plinth  ; 
this  work  has  been  carried  out  by  Mr.  H.  J. 
Wooton,  of  Xewcaatle.  The  heating  is  by  hot- 
water  pipes  and  radiators.  The  contractor  is  Mr. 
J.  B.  Stott,  5Ionl«vearmouth.  The  architects 
ara  Messrs.  Joseph  Potts  and  Sons,  Sunderland. 

YouK. — In  a  report  on  the  restoration  of  York 
Minster,  now  in  progress  under  the  direction  of 
Mr.  G.  V.  Bodlej",  R.A.,  the  Dean  states  howthe 
work  on  the  west  f ron  t  is  proceeding  satisfactorily 
but  very  slowly.  The  condition  of  the  fabric  has 
been  found  to  be  very  faulty,  owing  to  the 
inefficient  manner  in  which  repairs  were  executed 
at  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century.  Dr.  Parry 
at  least  hopes  that  part  of  the  scaffolding  may 
be  removed  by  next  autumn.  The  Dean  and 
Chapter  propose  to  restore  the  elaborate  canopy 
of  the  tomb  of  Archbishop  Bowet,  which  was 
grievously  damaged  in  the  fire  of  1S29,  and  Mr. 
Bodley  has  prepared  designs  for  groups  of  figures 
to  be  placed  in  the  niches  of  the  reredos  (the 
centre  one  consisting  of  the  Holy  Family,  and  on 
either  side  the  Shepherds  and  the  Magi  coming  to 
the  Manger  at  Bethlehem)  as  a  memorial  to  Queen 
Victoria. 

»-^ 

St.  Fillaxs  and  Locueakxhead  Railway. — 
The  extension  of  the  railway  from  St.  FiUans  to 
Lochearnhead  is  now  rapidly  approaching  com- 
pletion. AVith  the  exception  of  one  or  two  short 
stretches,  the  whole  of  the  permanent  way  is  now 
laid  from  St.  FiUans  to  Lochearnhead  village. 
On  Wednesday  afternoon  the  first  train  passed 
over  it  with  a  company  of  officials  for  the  pur- 
pose of  inspection.  These  included  Messrs. 
Crouch  and  Hogg,  the  engineers  of  the  line,  and 
Mr.  Duncan,  the  contractor.  The  new  section 
will  be  ready  for  opening  by  .Tuly  1.  The  other 
and  final  section  of  the  line  between  Lochearn- 
head village  and  the  junction  with  the  CaUander 
and  Oban  lUilway — some  two  miles  in  length — 
is  making  rapid  progress,  and  is  expected  to  be 
completed  before  the  end  of  the  present  year,  so 
that  there  will  then  be  through  connection 
between  Dundee  and  Oban. 


TO    OOBBESPONDENTS. 

[We  do  not  hold  ouraelveB  responmble  for  the  opinions  ol 
oar  correspondents.  All  communications  should  be 
drawn  up  as  brieily  as  possible,  as  there  are  many 
claimants  upon  the  space  allotted  to  correspondents.] 

It  ia  particularly  requested  that  all  drawings  and  all 
eommnnications  respecting  illustrations  or  literary  matter 
Bhould  be  addressed  to  the  EDITOR  of  the  Buildino 
News,  Clement's  House,  Clement's  Inn  Passage,  Strand. 
W.C,  and  not  to  members  of  the  staff  by  name.  Delay 
is  not  unfrequently  otherwise  caused.  All  drawings  and 
other  communications  are  sent  at  contributors'  risks,  and 
the  Editor  will  not  undertake  to  pay  for,  or  be  liable  for, 
onsought  contributionB. 

Cheques  and  Post-offlce  Orders  to  be  made  payable  to 
The  Stbano  Newspapeb  Compant,  Liuited. 

Telegraphic  Address : — '*  Timeserver,  London." 
Telephone  No.  1633  Holbom. 


NOTICE. 

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CHIPS. 

In  the  case  of  the  application  on  behalf  of 
Frederick  Reeves,  Whitworth-road,  South  Nor- 
wood, S.E.,  Bridge  Wharf,  Old  Kent-road,  S.E., 
late  Lorrimore-road,  Walworth,  S.E.,  and  St. 
Katherine's  Docks,  E.,  marble  and  granite  mer- 
chant, the  order  of  discharge  has  been  suspended  for 
two  years,  ending  March  IS,  1906. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  will  be  held 
at  the  Town-hall,  Sunderland,  on  Wednesday  next, 
by  Colonel  A.  G.  Durnford,  R,E.,  into  the  applica- 
tion of  the  Sunderland  Corporation  for  leave  to 
borrow  £,50,170  for  the  purpose  of  providing  quarter 
session  and  pohce-court  buildings,  police  and  iire 
brigade  stations,  ice. 

The  Clacton  Urban  District  Council  are  retaining 
as  consulting  engineer  Mr.  Francis,  the  gas  and 
water  manager  and  engineer,  who  has  resigned 
his  position  under  the  council,  at  a  salary  of  ,£175 
per  annum. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Richmond  Town  Council, 
held  on  Tuesday  night,  plans  were  submitted  for 
the  building  of  a  large  block  of  residential  flats, 
Mven  stones  in  height,  upon  land  at  the  top  of 
Richmond-hiU,  adjoming  the  Star  and  Garter  Hotel. 
The  highways  committee  reported  that  they  were 
in  accordance  with  the  by-laws;  but  Alderman 
Charles  Burt  and  other  members  strongly  con- 
demned them  as  being  out  of  keeping  with  the 
character  of  their  surroundings  and  destructive  to 
the  beauty  of  Richmond-hill  as  viewed  from 
Petersham  Meadows,  Marble-hill  Park,  and  from 
the  liver.  It  was  resolved  by  a  large  majority  that 
the  consideration  of  the  plans  should  be  adjourned, 
and  that  the  architect  should  be  approached  with  a 
view  to  securing  some  reduction  in  the  height  of  the 
budding.  " 

Messrs.  E.  H.  Shorland  and  Brother,  of  Man- 
chester, have  just  supplied  their  patent  Manchester 
stoves  with  descending  smoke-llues  and  patent 
Manchester  grates,  to  the  Isolation  Hospital, 
Gosport.  ' 

A  new  council  school,  which  has  been  built  at 
Copley,  Halifax,  at  a  cost  of  about  £10,00(1,  was 
opened  on  Monday  by  the  chairman  of  the  Halifax 
Education  Committee.  The  school  has  accommo- 
dation for  .'J.S-t  scholars. 


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u\F.D. — W.   M.     and    Co.- 
R.  W.-M.  H.  and  Co.-J. 


-H.    Z.    P.- 
H.  and  Son. 


■Anxious.- 


— •-•-• — 

VENTILATION. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildino  News. 

Silt,  —  In  reply  to  inquiries  received,  a 
description  of  natural  ventilation  may  be  found 
in,  among  others,  the  following  works :  "  A 
Manual  of  Hygiene"  (Parkes),  "  Hospital  ('un- 
struction  "  (Sir  I  'oughis  tialton),  '•  Hospitals  and 
Asylums  of  the  World"  (Sir  Henry  Burdott). 
In  tho  latter  work  a  large  number  of  very  striking 
cases  are  given  of  the  failure  of  mechanical  and 
other  forms  of  artificial  ventilation,  and  of  the 
success  of  natural  ventilation. 

Dr.  John  Hayward,  of  liirhcnhead,  and  Mr. 
Robert  lioyle,  of  llulborn  \'iaduct,  are  also  the 
authors  of  several  publication.s  on  tho  subject. — 
I  am,  \:c.,  R.  OoanoN. 


Silt,—  I'nder  the  heading  of  tho  above,  I  should 
be  obliged  if  you  would  allow  me  to  say  a  few 
words  on  a  paper  read  before  tho  Mancbcatcr 
Association  of  l''ngincors  by  Mr.  J.  D.  .Siitclitle. 


In  the  first  place,  he  seems  to  wish  to  convey  the 
idea  that  a  ventilator  of  itself  is  entirely  useless 
when  placed  on  the  roof  of  a  building  to  extract 
or  pump  air.  So  it  is.  It  is  like  a  pump  without 
water.  If  you  feed  the  pump  with  water,  it  will 
pump  it.  The  same  thing  applies  to  air.  When 
a  house  is  built,  a  Hue  is  made  and  a  chimney 
built.  What  is  this  for  r  It  is  to  take  away  the 
smoke  and  help  the  fire  to  burn,  and  to  ventilate 
the  room.  Suppose,  however,  that  the  doors  and 
windows  are  made  airtight,  and  no  air  is  let  into 
the  room,  the  chimney-ilue  then  becomes  an  air- 
inlet  instead  of  an  exhaust.  Open  the  door  or 
window  and  let  air  into  the  room,  then  the 
chimney  does  its  work.  The  same  thing  applies 
to  a  ventilator  on  a  roof.  Let  it  have  plenty  of 
air  to  pump,  and  if  it  is  a  proper  ventilator  it  will 
do  its  work. 

He  spoke  of  one  half  of  the  exhaust-ventilators 
on  a  building  exhausting,  while  the  other  haU" 
were  admitting  air.  That  that  is  often  the  case 
I  admit ;  but  the  reason  is  there  is  not  an 
adequate  supply  of  air  to  feed  all  the  ventilators. 
Only  half  of  them  are  being  supplied,  while  the 
other  half  are  not.  If  there  is  suflicient  air  to 
exhaust,  the  ventilators  will  do  their  work. 

Next  I  notice  his  criticism  of  the  model 
ventilator  and  the  piece  of  cotton-wool.  He  says 
"  The  inventor  proudly  tells  you,  as  he  draws 
your  attention  to  the  model,  that  if  you  blow 
across  the  ventilator  it  plainly  exhausts,  as  it  lifts 
a  piece  of  cotton- wool  from  the  bottom  to  the  top. 
You  have  only  to  remove  the  ventilator  and  blow 
across  the  glass  tube,  when  the  cotton- wool  comes 
up  just  the  same." 

If  the  cotton-wool  does  rise  by  blowing  on  the 
top  of  the  model,  what  does  it  show  '?  It  shows 
that  the  ventilator  is  made  in  such  a  shape  that 
the  natural  supply  of  air  coming  from  any  direc- 
tion will  produce  an  upward  current ;  and  if  it  is 
an  exhaust,  it  will  also  be  a  preventive  of  a 
blow-down.  Mr.  Sutcliife  said  that  if  he  blew 
over  the  top  of  the  glass  tube  it  would  produce 
the  same  effect — i.e.,  an  upward  current.  But 
5Ir.  Sutcliffe  cannot  control  the  wind,  and  if  it 
happens  to  blow  downwards,  then  what  htippens  'r 
If  a  person  were  sitting  under  the  tube  who  had 
no  more  hair  on  the  top  of  his  head  than  has  the 
writer,  he  woulil  want  a  fresh  seat.  Let  us  look 
at  the  question  from  a  common-sense  standpoint. 
If  we  want  a  healthy  room,  where  it  is  to  be 
ventilated  ;-■  The  vitiated  air  in  the  room  rises  to 
the  top,  so  the  extracting  cowl  must  be  as  high 
up  as  possible,  and  by  putting  it  on  the  top  of 
the  roof  we  get  nature's  assistance.  The  air 
must  be  supplied  either  by  an  air  filter,  or  by  a 
window  opening,  in  such  a  way  as  to  give  it  an 
upward  current,  at  a  height  of,  say,  7ft.  from  the 
floor  line.  This  will  insure  a  well-ventilated 
room. 

Just  a  word  on  the  query  of  "JI.I.C.E." 
((•!*■  Feb.  26).  He  asks  what  happens  when  tho 
air  inside  the  room  is  heated,  and  a  stagnant 
damp  atmosphere  outside.  Why  does  the  air  in 
the  upper  part  of  a  room  become  so  much  warmer 
than  the  air  below  'r  It  is  because  there  is  not  a 
sufficient  inlet  and  outlet  above  tho  people's 
heads.  We  will  suppose  a  case.  Suppose  you 
put  a  fan  in  a  room  to  extract  the  heated  air, 
what  would  happen  under  the  same  circumstances 
as  the  above 'r  It  would  bo  like  a  turbine  working 
in  stagnant  water.  It  would  disturb  the  water 
around  it,  but  it  would  neither  bring  water  nor 
take  it  away.  If,  however,  you  supplied  it  with 
water,  and  made  an  outfall,  it  would  do  all  that 
was  required.  As  the  flow  from  the  wheel  gives 
power,  so  does  the  air  give  suction,  and  helps  the 
ventilator.  What  you  would  have  to  do  for  a  fan — 
namely,  supply  it  with  air — you  must  do  in  the 
case  of  natural  ventilation,  as  there  is  never  a 
time  when  there  is  no  motion  in  the  air,  and 
especially  on  the  top  of  a  building.  The  wisest 
plan,  I  think,  is  to  luakoa  good  extract,  and  an 
adequate  supply  of  air  to  feed  it,  and  make  tho 
best  use  possible  of  tho  air  nature  has  given  us 
by  making  tho  apparatus  the  right  fhape,  and 
putting  it  in  tho  best  place. — I  am,  &c., 

H.  B.  S.  S. 

Sni, — As  your  correspondent,  when  referring 
to  tho  ventilation  of  the  smallpox  hospital  ship 
(',(sl,iliii,  has  omitttcd  to  state  hffw  often  ihc  air  in 
the  wards  was  changod.  and  as  the  point  is  an 
important  one,  perhaps  tho  following  extracts 
from  a  published  report  of  the  tests  may  bo  of 
interest  to  your  readers  : — 

"  Knowing  that  in  many  hospitals  there  is  ioetlicient 
vontiliilion,  the  Metropolitan  Asylums  Boiril  invoked 
the  aid  of  sevtral  fxpert-*  on  tho  subject,  Prafessor  de 
Chaumont  being   the  principal  adviser.    After  careful 


-548 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Afril  15,  1904. 


inquiry,  it  was  decided  to  adopt  Messrs.  Robert  Boyle 
and  Son's  system  of  ventilation  as  being  the  best  and 
most  suitable  for  the  purpose.  The  Local  Government 
Board  approved  of  the  selection,  and  Messrs.  Buyle  duly 
received  instructions  to  proceed  with  the  work . 

"This  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  important  venti- 
lating contracts  that  the  firm  has  yet  undertaken,  and  is 
considered  to  be  one  of  the  most  unique  examples  of 
ventilation  in  this  country,  or  indeed  in  the  world. 

"  Several  scientific  and  medical  men  watched  the  pro- 
gress of  the  work,  and  much  interest  was  excited  as 
to  how  it  would  answer.  Experiments  were  instituted 
by  the  Board  in  order  to  test  the  efficiency  of  the  system. 
The  results  were  most  satisfactory ;  indeed,  they  are 
stated  to  have  been  far  beyond  anything  that  was  antici- 
pated. After  an  extended  series  of  experiments  to  test 
the  '  Air-Pump '  Ventilators  under  atmospheric  changes, 
such  as  when  there  was  a  good  wind  blowing,  and  when 
there  was  no  wind  at  all,  it  was  found  that  the  ventilators 
extracted  at  the  average  rate  of  5,000,000  cubic  feet  of  air 
per  hour,  the  air  in  the  wards  being  entirely  changed 
once  in  every  five  minutes,  whilst  there  was  not  the  least 
disagreeable  draught.  During  the  whole  of  the  tests  no 
appearance  of  a  down-draught  was  found  in  the  venti- 
lators. Several  anemometers  were  placed  in  the  shaf  fa  of 
the  ventilators,  and  the  readings  were  taken  every  two 
hours.  Anemometers  were  also  fixed  outside  to  register 
the  velocity  of  the  wind.  Messrs.  Boyle  were  not  present 
at  any  of  these  tests  except  the  first,  the  engineers  and 
experts  appointed  by  the  Asylums  Board  being  alone  en- 
trusted with  the  trials.  Dr.  Bridges,  Chief  Inspector  of 
Hospitals,  after  carefully  investig;ating  the  system,  ex- 
pressed his  full  approval  of  its  action,  informing  Messrs. 
Boyle  that  even  when  he  tested  it  in  a  calm  he  found  a 
considerable  up-draught  in  the  shafts,  and  at  no  time  any 
down-draught.  Sir  Charles  Dilke  and  other  members  of 
the  Royal  Commission  on  the  Dwellin|r8  of  the  Poor 
visited  the  d/.t'd'c,  for  the  purpose  of  examining  the 
arrangements,  and  expressed  themselves  satisfied  with  all 
they  saw.  Messrs.  Boyle  applied  their  system  to  the 
Ca^t'ilia  under  a  guarantee,  and  it  is  evident  that  the 
Asylums  Board  was  satisfied  that  all  the  stipulated  re- 
quirements had  been  fulfilled,  and  the  system  a  success, 
when  it  is  mentioned  that  immediately  after  the  conclu- 
sion of  the  experiments  their  account  was  paid.  The 
system  is  also  applied  to  the  ambulance  and  transport 
steamers  R"1'Tos.s,  Emlnmi.-n.  and  Afh.  rt  ]'irto.-. 

"From  their  practical  character,  the  value  of  the^e 
experiments  must  be  very  great,  as  they  demonstrate  the 
true  worth  of  Messrs.  Boyle's  system  and  iU  capabilities.' ' 

The  following  extracts  from  a  published  rpport 
of  the  tes*8  made  at  the  Lo3don  Custom  House 
may  be  given  to  show  that  a  natural  system  cor- 
rectly arranged  will  secure  effective  ventilation 
at  all  times,  even  under  the  most  trying;  condi- 
tions— that  ia  to  say,  when  the  external  air  is  cold 
and  still  and  a  fog  exists  :  — 

"  The  Long  Room  of  the  London  Custom  House —one 
of  the  largest  rooms  in  the  world— has  recently  been 
ventilated  by  Messrs.  Robert  Boyle  and  Son,  Ventilating 
Engineers,  of  London  and  Glasgow,  under  the  direction 
of  Her  Majesty's  Office  of  Works.  The  system  applied 
is  a  combination  of  the  well-known  *  Air-Pump  '  Venti- 
lators and  vertical  tube  air  inlets.  As  the  Long  Room  of 
the  Custom  House  has  long  been  notorious  for  being  one 
of  the  worst  ventilated  room^  in  London,  and  was  so 
officially  reported  to  be  by  Professor  Faraday  and  Dr. 
Ure  BO  far  back  as  thirty  years  ago,  considerable  interest 
has  been  displayed  amongst  those  skilled  in  sanitary 
science  as  to  the  result  of  Messrs.  Boyle's  efforts  to 
remedy  the  evil.  Accordingly,  on  the  completion  of  the 
work,  a  series  of  experiments  were  instituted  to  test  the 
efficiency  of  the  system.  A  large  number  of  scientists 
and  others  attended  those  experiments. 

"  It  is  interesting  to  notice  that,  when  a  dense  fog  pre- 
vailed outside,  the  atmof^phere  of  the  Long  Room  remained 
quite  clear,  and  continued  so  throughout  the  day.  During 
the  whole  of  the  experiments  there  was  not  the  slightest 
down-draught  discernible  in  the  '  Air-Pump '  Ventila- 
tors, even  when  all  the  inlets  were  closed.  AU  those 
present  at  the  experiments  expressed  themselves  highly 
satisfied  with  the  results  obtained.  The  *  Air-Pump ' 
Ventilators  have  in  this  instaace  been  put  to  a  series  of 
the  most  severe  and  searching  tests  by  m^n  the  best 
qualified  for  such  work  in  this  country,  and  they  have 
undoubtedly  maintained,  in  the  most  satisfactory  and 
conclusive  manner,  the  high  reputation  they  have  long 
enjoyed  as  the  most  efficient  foul-air  extractors  in 
existence.  They  have  also  been  tested  under  conditions 
more  than  usually  unfavourable  for  their  action— viz.,  in 
the  middle  of  winter,  with  a  frosty  external  atmosphere, 
and  at  a  time  when  most  so-called  self-acting  ventilators 
are  usually  closed  up,  to  prevent  the  down-draught  they 
would  otherwise  admit,  as  was  notoriously  the  case  in  this 
very  room  under  the  old  ventilating  rt-;/>i-n-. 

*' .  .  .  Before  Messrs.  Boyle's  system  was  applied 
there  used  to  be  a  perpetual  haze  or  cloud  hanging  below 
the  ceiling.  This  has  since  entirely  disappeared.  In 
foretime,  when  a  fog  got  into  the  room,  it  was  several 
days  before  it  found  its  way  out,  even  though  windows 
and  doors  were  kept  open.  On  entering  the  room  on 
Monday  morning,  after  the  dense  fog  of  Sunday,  the  air 
was  found  to  be  perfectly  clear,  not  a  trace  of  fog  being 
discernible.  A  number  of  clerks  engaged  in  the  room  in- 
formed us  that,  under  the  old  arrangement,  before  the 
day  was  half  over,  they  suffered  from  severe  headaches 
and  general  prostration  caused  by  the  vitiated  atmo- 
sphere; but  since  the  application  of  Messrs.  Boyle's 
system  they  felt  almost  as  fresh  when  they  left  in  the 
evening  as  when  they  came  in  the  morning,  and  that  they 
do  not  now  suffer  from  headaches  is  certamly  a  moat  con- 
vincing proof  of  the  efficiency  of  the  ventilation. 

"  .  .  .  Messrs.  Robert  Boyle  and  Son  are  to  be  con- 
gratulated upon  the  success  they  have  achieved,  and  the 
London  Custom  House  may  proudly  be  added  to  ihe  long 
list  of  public  buildings  successfully  ventilated  by  them, 
a^ad  which  bear  testimony  to  the  soundness  of  the  prin- 
ciple they  advocate.  As  founders  of  the  profesr^ion  of 
ventilating  engineers,  they  have  raised  the  subject  to  the 
dignity  of  a  science,  and  brought  their  system  t )  such  a 
state  of  perfection  that  we  understand  they  are  prepired 
">  paarantee  the  efficient  ventilation  of  any  building 
entrusted  into  their  hands,  no  matter  how  many  other 
systems  may  have  been  previously  tried  and  found  un- 
successful." 


The  following  report  was  received  from  the 
Long  Room  Ventila'ion  Committee  : — 

"  I  have  to  inform  you  that  I  have  conferred  with  the 
other  members  of  the  Ling  Room  Ventilation  Comaiittee. 
and  to  state  that  we  are  unaaimoualy  of  the  opinion  thai; 
your  ventilation  appliances  have  been  a  success.  It  is 
evident  that  no  system  of  ventilation  in  so  large  a  space 
as  the  Long  Room  can  be  rendered  so  perfect  as  to  suit 
all  idiosyncrasies  and  temperaments,  but  I  conSlently 
assert  that  we  have  enjoyed,  since  your  appliances  have 
been  in  action,  a  purity  and  clearness  of  atmosphere  to 
which  we  have  long  been  strangers.  —  H.  Hancock 
Hooper,  chairman,  Long  Room  Ventilation  Cjmmittee, 
H.M.  Customs.  Loudon. 

The  editor  of  the  accredited  organ  of  the  Civil 
Service  (a  member  of  the  L^ng  Room)  also  said  :  — 

"Messrs.  Boyle  are  to  be  congratulated  up3n  having 
successfully  grappled  with  a  grave  diffieulcy,  which  had 
almost  becom?  a  public  scandal." 

Some  of  your  readers  may  perhaps  remember 
the  criticism  on  this  installation  by  Mr.  John  P. 
Seddon  in  the  columns  of  the  BnilthTy  and  that 
the  editjr,  when  clonng  the  correspondence, 
stated  that  Mr.  Seddon  had  failed  to  substantiate 
his  views,  and  that  the  evidence  was  all  in 
favour  of  the  system  criticised. 

We  have  grown  accustomed  during  the  post 
fifty  years  or  so  t>  the  criticisms  oE  opposing 
interests  and  theories,  and  do  not  now  take  them 
too  seriously.  Fair  criticism  is  always  welcome, 
as  too  much  light  cmaot  be  shed  upon  this  im- 
port mt  subject,  to  the  elucidation  of  which  we 
have  devoted  our  lives,  though  we  feel  that  we 
have  still  much  to  learn,  and  are  only  as  yet  upon 
the  threshold. 

The  Builder  further  sa'd  :  — 

"The  e.xperiments  seem  to  have  demonstrated  the 
perfect  success  of  Messrs.  Boyle's  work.  The  system 
has  the  great  merit  of  being  automatic,  and  has  received 
the  favourable  notice  of  many  distinguished  experts 
and  authorities." 

As  an  up-to-date  eximple  of  the  value  that  is 
new  attached  to  scientific  natural  ventiUtion,  the 
following  extract  from  your  esteemed  columns 
may  perhips  be  permitted  :  — 

"  As  a  significant  instance  of  the  change  that  is  taking 
place  in  ideas  regarding  ths  respective  merits  of  artifit^ial 
and  natural  methods  of  ventilation,  the  results  of  Uie  new 
Odessa  Hospital  competition  are  distinctly  instructive, 
this  hospital  being  one  of  the  largest  in  Russia,  if  mX  in 
the  world. 

"  As  the  efficient  ventilatioa  of  th5  hospital  was  con- 
sidered to  be  of  the  first  importance,  very  special  atten- 
tion was  given  to  the  subject,  the  leading  ventilating 
engineers  in  Europe  being  invited  to  subm  t  plans.  There 
were,  it  is  stited,  thirty-four  schemes  in  all  sent 
in,  nineteen  of  which  were  from  this  country,  four 
being  American  systems.  All  were  mev:hinical  with  the 
exception  of  one.  which  was  a  naturil  system.  The  deci- 
sion arrived  at  in  respect  to  these  p'ans  was  that  a  me- 
chanical system  should  be  adopted.  It  was  i-esotved, 
however,  that  before  selecting  any  particular  plin  Irom 
amongst  the  number  submitted,  a  committee  should 
be  appointed,  consisting  of  engineer*,  architects,  and 
others  qualified  to  judge,  to  invtstigate  into  the  merits 
of  the  respective  systems,  as  applied  to  buildings 
in  different  countries.  This  omraittee  commenced 
its  labours  in  Odessa,  where  several  public  buildings 
are  mechanically  ventilated.  It  seems  that  in  none 
of  the  buildings  inspected  was  the  mechanical  system 
found  to  be  in  operation,  though  of  the  latest  construc- 
tion, the  commitee  being  informed  in  each  case  that  the 
ventilation  was  better  and  less  objectionable  without  it, 
and  it  had  therefore  been  disused.  The  comaiittee  paid  a 
visit  to  this  country  and  made  exhaustive  investigations 
into  the  different  systems  in  u^e  here,  including  the 
natural  system.  Up>n  the  completion  of  their  investi- 
gations, the  repirt  of  the  comiiittee  was  laid  before  th^ 
Municipality  of  Odessa,  who  had  also  received  reports 
from  other  quarters,  the  result  being  that  it  was  unani- 
mously resolved  that  mechanic  il  ventilation  should  n  >• 
be  employed,  and  that  the  natural  system  .Boyle's)  be 
adopted. 

"This  certainly  speaks  volumes  as  tj  which  of  these 
systems,  the  natural  or  the  mechanical,  was  found  to  be 
the  bust  when  the  test  of  actuil  experience  was  applied  to 
them  by  competent  and  unprejudiced  judges." 

We  are,  &c.,  Rohert  Boyle  axd  Sox." 

(ji,  Holborn  Viaduct,  E.C.,  April  11. 


Jntertommuttication, 


REPLIES. 

[1234S.]— Decayed  Stone.— loquire  i 
Bath  8loae  Co.,  Bath.— KKiiexx's  Pabk. 


PROFESSIONAL  AND   TBADB 
SOCIETIES. 

Glasgow  Insiitite  of  Architects. — The 
thirt,--8ixtli annual  general  meetingof  theGlasgow 
Institute  of  Architects  was  held  in  the  rooms 
of  the  Institute,  Pitt-street,  on  Friday.  Mr. 
Horatio  K.  Bromhead,  president,  in  the  chair. 
The  sfcrctary  read  the  annual  report,  which 
stated  that  the  numher  of  ordinary  members  now 
on  the  roll  was  73.  Three  new  members  had 
been  admitted  during  the  year,  whilf  two  members 
had  resigned.  The  finances  of  the  Institute  were 
in  a  satisfactory  condition.  The  reports  were 
adopted,  and  members  of  council  for  the  ensuing 
year  afterwards  elected.  A  me  ting  of  the  council 
was  thereafter  held,  at  which  Mr.  John  Keppie, 
F.R.I.B.A.,  was  elected  president,  and  Mr. 
James  A.  Monro  vice-president. 

NoilTIlEllX     ARCniTECTl'RAE     ASSOCIATION'.  A 

number  of  the  members  of  the  Northern  Archi- 
tectural Association  were  conducted  over  the  new 
infirmary  at  Newcastle  on  Saturday.  Mr.  W. 
Lister  Newcombe,  of  Newcombe  and  Adam", 
architects,  London,  together  with  Mr.  C.  F.  New- 
combe and  Mr.  Ilirry  Cockerill,  clerk  of  works, 
conducted  the  jiarty  over  the  buildings. 

Sewage  Disposal. — At  a  meeting  of  the  Society 
of  Engineers  held  at  the  R  )yal  United  Service 
Institution,  Whitehall,  on  Monday  evening, 
April  11,  1904,  Mr.  B.  B.  Butler,  president,  in 
the  chair,  a  paper  was  read  on  "The  Latest 
Practice  in  Sewage  Disposal,"  by  Mr.  H.  C.  H. 
Shenton,  and  of  which  the  following  is  an  ab- 
strict:— The  author  first  pointed  out  that  the 
practicil  engineering  side  of  the  question  of 
sewage  disposal  as  distinguished  from  the  theo- 
retical side  had  not  received  the  attention  it 
deserved  in  papers  read  on  the  subject.  He  then 
briefly  reviewed  the  present  methods  of  sewage 
disposal  in  the  following  order :  Natural  and 
artificial  precipitation;  upward  filtration,  and  the 
septic  tank  system,  all  tor  the  removal  of  sludge. 
Broad  irrigation,  lateral  filtration,  and  downward 
filtration,  on  land.  Tne  fine  filter,  the  washed- 
out  filter,  the  contact  bed,  and  the  continuously 
aerating  filter.  He  stated  that  a  careful  exami- 
nation of  existing  works  throughout  the  country 
led  him  to  the  conclusion  that  each  and  all  of  the 
foregoing  systems  had  their  uses,  and  produced 
good  results  in  certain  cases.  The  biological 
methods,  he  said,  included  every  recognised 
system  of  final  sewage  purification.  Some  of  the 
details  of  construction  of  septic  tanks,  contact 
beds,  and  continuously  aerating  filters  were  then 
described.  The  absolute  importance  of  proper 
construction  in  order  to  give  theoretical  principles 
fair  play  was  insisted  upon.  Failures  were  often 
clue  either  to  bad  design  ar  construction,  or  to 
careless  working,  and  not  to  any  mistake  in 
principle.  The  contact  bed  and  the  continuous 
filter  were  compared,  their  depths  were  discussed, 
and  also  their  practical  advantages  and  disadvan- 
tages. Methods  for  overcoming  the  latter  were 
suggested,  which  were,  briefly,  to  keep  the  out- 
let of  the  septic  tank  at  a  suBiciently  low  level,  to 
intercept  sludge  which  by  any  irregular  working 
p  isses  out  of  the  septic  tank,  to  allow  humus  to 
wash  o\U  of  first  contact  bads,  and  to  intercept  it 
on  the  surface  at  tlie  second  beds  ;  to  catch  the 
humus  washed  out  of  the  continuously  aerating 
filters  in  pools,  channels,  on  in  fine  filters.  The 
Dibdin  bed  of  tiles  and  slates,  dengned  to  do  the 
work  of  the  septic  tink,  and  the  multiple  contact 
system  for  places  where  the  fall  of  thcj  land  is 
very  slight,  were  referred  to.  In  conclusion,  the 
author  observed  that,  to  his  mind,  the  differences 
of  opinion  on  the  subject  of  sewage  disposal  were 
more  of  a  tlieoretical  than  of  a  practical  nature. 


•Fluate"  of 


The  new  sanatorium  at  Scarborough  for  the  treat- 
ment of  infectious  diseases  has  just  been  opened  by  | 
the  Mayoress.     It  has  cost  £15,000,  and  has  been 
erected   from  plans    by    Mr.    H.  W.    Smith,   the 
borough  engineer. 

Colonel  Durnford,  RE.,  an  inspjctor  unjerthe 
Local  Government  Board,  held  an  inquiry  at  the 
L'Jton  TowD-hall  on  Wednesday,  respecting  an 
application  by  the  town  council  for  sanction  to 
borrow  £20,000  for  the  purchase  of  Wardown 
Estate,  which  the  council  propose  to  form  into  a 
new  park  for  the  town. 


The  foundation-stone  of  the  llkley  Coronation 
Cottage  Hospital  was  laid  on  Friday  by  the  Bishop 
of  Kipon.  The  cost,  about  £2,250,  has  already  been 
raised.  The  present  scheme  is  to  make  provision 
for  six  beds,  and  the  necessary  staff  accommodation. 

Commander  Frederick,  R.N.,  held  an  inquiry  in 
the  Courthouse,  Oban,  on  Tuesday,  on  behalf  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  into  an  application  by  the  Northern 
Lighthouse  Commissioners  for  power  to  construct  £ 
pier  in  Manor  House  Bay  at  the  south  end  of  Obai 
Biy.     The    Lighthouse  Commissioners  propose  t 
acquire  ground  also  for  the  erection  of  stores  for  th 
accommodation  of  coal,  oil,  and  buoys,  and  a  gaa 
works  for  supplying  the  buoys  on   the  coast,  th 
whole  cost  of  which  is  estimated  at  about  £20,00C 
Ml-.  David  Stevenson,  engineer  for  the  Lighthous 
Board,  described   the  proposed  pier,  and  a  numlx 
of  other  witnesses  gave  evidence,  counsel  afterwarc 
addressing  the  Court. 


April  15,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


549 


CONTENTS. 

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The  Building  News  Directory 

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list  of  Competitions  Open 

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Tenders     


,  539 

,  540 

5il 

511 

oU 

.  54(J 

,  516 

.  547 

.  547 

.  546 

.  543 

.     XI. 

.  549 
.  549 

.  568 
".  568 
.  569 
.  570 
.  570 
.  570 
.  571 
.  571 
.  574 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

niE  SOUTHERN  HOSPITAL,  CAESHALTON'.  —  AN  IDEAL 
MEDI.tVAL  CITV.— WESLEYAN  CHURCHES  AND  SCHOOLS 
AT  OPENSHA\\',  BOLTON,  GORTON,  AND  HOBWICH. — 
TASWORTII  VILLAGE  HALL,  NEAR  BIRMINGHAM.— OWEN 
JONES  TRAVELLING  STUDENTSHIP  DRA\VINGS  OF  FRIEZE 
FROU  CHOIR  SCREEN  IN  SAN  MINIATO  CHURCH,  NEAR 
FLORENCE.-  GROUP   OF   LATE    XVIII.  CENTURY  FURNITURE 

— ST.  David's  mission  premises,  hollowat. — Alexandra 

HALL  AND  CORPORATION  ARMS  HOTEL,  LANCASTER. — 
NEW  WALLPAI'ER  DECORATIONS  BY  MESSRS.  JEFFREY  AND 
COMPANY. 


(©ut  5llttstrati0tt3. 
— *■¥* — 

SOUTUEKX    HOSI'IT.VL,    CARSHALTOX. 

This  hospital,  now  in  course  ot  construction  for 
the  Jletropolitan  Asylums  Board,  is  situated  on 
an  elevated  site  near  Carshaltou  and  Suttcn,  and 
is  intended  for  the  use  of  convalescent  fever 
patient^!.  As  will  be  seen  from  the  view  illus- 
trated, the  central  idea  governing  the  design  is  to 
provide  accommodation  for  720  occupants  in  24 
double  cottages,  there  being  15  patients  in  each 
half-cottage,  in  charge  of  a  house  mother.  At 
the  north  of  the  site  are  grouped  the  administra- 
tion block,  general  kitchen  and  stores,  and  male 
and  female  staff  blocks.  From  this  point  radiate 
roads  leading  to  the  various  double  cottages  and 
nursea'  houses.  To  the  south  is  situated  a  com- 
plete isolation  hospital  for  SO  patients.  To  the 
east  are  boiler-house,  lav.ndry,  electric  generating 
s'ation,  mortuary,  &c.  Tlie  buildings  are  of  the 
simplest  character  architecturally,  bi»ilt  of  red 
bricks,  with  slated  roofs,  the  cost  of  maintenance 
and  upkeep  having  been  specially  borne  in  mind 
in  the  selection  of  materials.  The  general  con- 
tractors are  Messrs.  W.  Johnson  and  Co.,  of 
Wandsworth  Common,  and  the  clerk  of  works  is 
Mr.  t-t.  C.  Hoiper.  The  total  cost  of  the  various 
works,  including  equipment,  will  api  roximate  to 
£250,000.  The  architects  are  Messrs.  Treadwell 
and  Martin,  of  Waterloo-place,  Tall  Mall, 
'^.W.,  who  are  also  responsible  for  the  entire 
onstruction  of  roads  and  laying-out  of  grriunds. 

AX   IDEAL    MKDI.i:VAL    CITY. 

Tins  free  composition  ot  a  pen-draughtsman's 
lancy  shows  at  any  rate  a  picturesque  rendering  of 
an  old-world  town  street  with  its  gables  and 
turrets  such  as  might  serve  for  a  Modia-val 
historic  scene  or  tableau.  The  artist  states  that 
Iho  view  is  presumed  to  have  been  taken  from  the 
'alcony  of  a  monastery.  The  original  drawing, 
wo  understand,  belongs  to  Mr.  E.  M.  tiibbs  (of 
Messrs.  Gibbs  and  Flockton),  of  Shellield,  who 
gave  his  permission  to  its  publication  by  the 
luthor,  Mr.  Edward  Tempest. 

roi'll    WICSLEV.IX    fllUKCHKS    AXO    SCHOOLS. 

Tin:  United  Methodist  Free  Church,  Gorton, 
includes  church  to  seat  :V>0,  with  Sunday-school, 
hurch  parlour,  and  classrooms.  Materials  : 
Accrington  red  prtssed  bricks  and  liuabon  red 
terracotta.  (>)st,  £3,300.— The  Wesleyan  Cfturch, 
<'horloy,  Gld-road,  Bo'ton.  Church  seats  (i50  on 
the  ground  floor,  with  possible  future  galleries 
for  another  200.  Ituabon  rod  bricks,  with  Vcjrk- 
shire  stone  dressings.  Domes  of  concrete,  with 
hleel  ribs  orabeddcd.  Cost,  £0,000.— The  United 
Methodist  Free  Church,  Openshaw.  Church, 
with  end  gallery,  seats   altogether  about  350. 


Church  parlour  and  minister's  vestry.  Local 
pressed  bricks,  with  red  terracotta  fiom  North- 
■wich.  Internal  arcade  and  piers,  also  red  pressed 
brick.  Cost,  £2,ii00.— The  Wesleyan  Ch\irch 
and  School,  Fall  Birch,  Horwich.  Church  will 
seat  150  and  school  100,  with  four  classrooms. 
The  schoolroom  can  be  added  to  the  church 
accommodation  for  special  occasions  by  moving 
the  intervening  screens.  Pressed  red  bricks  to 
sill,  with  roughcast  and  creosoted  half-timber 
work  above.  Roofs  covered  with  red  tiles.  Cost, 
£1,G00.  The  architects  of  all  are  Messrs.  Potts, 
Son,  and  Hennings,  of  Manchester. 

VILLACE    HALL,     TAXWOUTH,     XEAR     IlIRMIXOnAM. 

This  small  village  hall  is  to  be  erected  at 
Tanworth,  near  Birmingham,  to  accommodate 
about  250.  The  material  is  to  be  2Jin.  Leicester 
sand  -  faced  bricks,  with  stucco  and  halt- 
timber  work,  and  Hartshill  tile  roof.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  Horace  C.  Bradley,  of  Bir- 
mingham. The  plan  shows  another  bay,  which 
has  been  added  since  the  perspective  was  made  ; 
otherwise  the  view  is  correct. 

OWEN  .lOXES  TRAVELLIXG  STUDEXTSnU'   DUAWIXflS  : 
rA^•EMEXTS    AXn    1-RIEZE    rUOM    FLOKEXCE. 

These  admirably  drawn  Studies  by  Mr.  William 
Davidson  formed  part  of  the  series  of  coloured 
decoration  sketches  for  which  he  was  awarded  the 
Owen  Jones  Travelling  Studentship  by  the  Council 
of  the  Koyal  Institute  of  British  Architects.  We 
gave  in  the  Bl  ildixo  Ne-ws  for  March  18  last  a 
double-page  plate  of  some  other  pavements  drawn 
by  Mr.  D.avidson.  The  patterns  figured  4  and  5 
are  from  the  Baptistery,  Florence,  and  the  others 
on  our  presf  nt  plate  are  from  the  Church  of  San 
Miniato,  near  Florence.  The  pavement  designs 
were  cut  into  the  white  marble  slabs  ;in., 
and  the  black  marble  inserted  a-  d  fixed  with  reJ 
cement.     The  date  is  probably  about  1200  a.h. 

OllOrr    OF    LATE    XVIII.-CEXTUllY    FC'RXITfKE. 

These  pieces  are  familiar  enough  in  their  style 
and  character,  but  as  genuine  e.^camples  of  the 
period  they  represent  are  distinct  and  interesting. 
The  Card  Table  is  painted  white  and  green,  the 
flutings  being  whi'ie.  The  fretcut  splat-backed 
Chair  has  a  very  sturdy  appearance,  and  is  more 
uncommon  than  the  Arm  Chair  in  the  foreground. 
The  Sideboard  i^  inlaid  with  satinwood  in  the 
usual  fashion.  The  pieces  belong  to  the  collection 
of  Mr.  T.  B.  Ewbank,  of  Parson's  Green,  S.W. 

PROrOSED     XEW     MISSION     PREMISES,    ST.     DAVIl/s, 
HOLLOWAT. 

These  premises  are  proposed  to  be  erected  in 
connection  with  the  church  of  St.  David,  W. 
IloUoway,  and  will  consist  on  the  ground  floor 
of  a  gymnasium  and  meeting- room,  classrooms, 
and  caretaker's  apartments,  with  lavatory  accom- 
modation for  gentlemen  and  ladies  ;  on  the  first 
floor  the  upper  hall  (illustrated  this  week)  and 
classrooms.  Adjoining  it  is  proposed  to  erect  a 
small  block  of  flats.  The  material  for  the  whole 
to  be  brick,  with  terracotta  dresjings.  The  halls, 
meeting-rooms,  &c.,  will  be  treated  internally 
with  simple  colour  decoration  and  tiled  dadoes. 
The  architects  are  Messrs.  James  and  Laycouk, 
of  Bloomsbury  -  place,  Bloomsbury  -  square, 
London,  W.C. 

ALEXANDRA    HALL    AXD  CORPOR.ATIOX    ARMS  HOTEL, 
LANCASTER. 

These  buildings  are  in  the  free  Renaiesmce  style 
ot  architecture  built  externally  of  Yorkshire 
s'one,  the  roofs  being  covered  with  Burbington 
slates,  and  are  erected  on  the  site  ot  an  old 
hostelry  formerly  belonging  to  the  Lancister 
Corporation,  who  sold  the  premises  and  adjoining 
land  to  Messrs.  Yates  and  Jackson,  a  local  firm 
of  brewers,  stipulating  that  the  new  buildings 
should  be  set  back  to  give  a  loadway  some  sixty 
feet  in  width,  and  according  to  plans  prepared  by 
Mr.  (-'.  J.  Ashworth,  architect,  of  Lancaster, 
who  was  specially  engaged  for  the  work  by  the 
corporation.  The  .Mc.xandra  Hall  corarises  a  large 
suite  of  rooms,  with  separate  entrance  in  Pinney- 
strcet,  and  is  set  apart  from  the  hotel.  The 
accommodation  provides  a  ballroom  70ft.  by  3(!ft., 
supper  room  55ft.  by  22ft.,  spacious  corridor, 
bitting-out  rooms,  and  ladies  and  gents'  retiring 
rooms,  lavatories,  \c.,  and  is  designed  in  an 
eclectic  style.  The  ballroom  is  lofty,  and  has  a 
panelled  and  domed  ceiling,  this  and  the  walls 
being  enriched  with  fibrous  plaster  which 
has  been  modelled  from  designs  specially  pro- 
pared  by  the  nn  liitect.  At  one  end  of  the  room 
there  is  a  minstrels'  ga'lery.  The  floor  is  of 
oak  laid  for    dancing.     The    ventilation  is  by 


natural  means,  with  inlets  close  to  the  floor,  and 
outlets  at  the  ceiling  level,  and  gives  satisfaction. 
The  heating  is  by  hot  water  on  the  low-pressure 
system,  and  the  buildings  are  lighted  by  electri- 
city. The  Corporation  Arms  Hotel  is  thoroughly- 
up-to-date,  and  is  well  furnished  and  decorated. 
In  the  rear  there  is  a  large  yard  and  covered 
space  for  carts  ;  also  stabling  for  thirty-eight 
horses.  The  totdl  cost  of  the  buildings,  exclusive 
of  land,  has  been  upwards  of  £10,00(J.  The  work 
has  been  carried  out  entirely  by  local  tradejmen. 

NEW     WALLPAPER    DECORATIOXS    BY    MESSRS. 
JEFFREY   AXD   CO. 

(For  description  and  designs,  see  pages  514-5.) 


COMPETITIONS. 

BiKXHAM,  Somerset. — At  Tuesday's  meeting 
of  the  urban  district  council,  plans  in  response  to 
the  premium  offered  were  txamined.  That  ot 
Mr.  G.  J.  Fox,  architect,  of  Newport,  Mon.,  for 
laying  out  the  Manor  Estate  wjs  unanimously 
accepted ;  the  sum  of  £20  to  ba  paid  forthwith. 
The  offer  of  Jlr.  Fox  to  superintend  the  carrying 
out  of  the  work  proposed  for  £22  was  also  accepted. 

Erdixgton. — A  meeting  of  the  urban  district 
council  was  held  on  Thursday  in  last  week.  With 
reference  to  the  question  o"f  plans  for  the  new 
public  buildings  and  library,  the  general  purposes 
committee  reported  that  they  had  instructed  the 
clerk  to  reply  to  letters  received  from  Messrs. 
Ashford  and  Gladding,  of  Xew-street,  Birming- 
ham (winners  of  the  first  premium  in  the  recent 
competition),  the  Uoyal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects, the  Birmingham  Architectural  Association, 
the  Competition  Reform  Society,  and  Mr.  \\'illiam 
Henmau  (the  assessor,  who  had  adjudged  the 
prizes  in  their  order  of  merit),  ri^uesting  an 
explanation  ot  the  action  of  the  council  in 
choosing  Mr.  J.  F.  Osborne,  of  Birmingham  (the 
winner  of  the  third  premium)  to  carry  out  the 
work  in  preference  to  Messrs.  Ashford  and  Glad- 
ding. The  action  of  the  committee  was  approved. 
It  was  f urthef  stated  th'.t  the  surveyor  had  been 
authorised  to  have  photographs  taken  of  the  plins, 
and  furnish  copies  to  Mr.  Carnegie  and  request 
his  approval  of  them.  We  understand  that  Jlessrs. 
Ashford  and  Gladding  are  considering  the  possi- 
bility of  taking  further  action  in  the  ra  itter,  in 
which  we  have  already  expressed  an  opinion  that 
a  grave  injustice  seems  to  h*ve  been  done  to  them. 

Hutchiesoxtowx',  Glasgow.  —  Tke  libraries 
committee  of  the  Glasgow  Town  Council  have 
adopted  the  design  submitted  by  Mr.  James  R. 
Rhind,  of  High-street,  Inverness,  for  the  district 
free  library  to  be  built  at  Hutchiesontown.  No 
premiums  were  offered  in  this  competition. 

KiUKiXTiLLOcH. — Eighteen  competitive  plans 
for  the  erection  of  the  town-hall  and  municipal 
buildings  have  been  submitted  to  Messrs.  Jchn 
Danskiu  and  Purdie,  Glasgow.  The  cost  of  the 
hall  is  restricted  to  £7,000,  while  the  whole 
scheme  is  not  to  exceed  £15,000. 

Wakefield — The  public  library  competition 
for  the  city  ot  Wakefield  has  this  week  been 
settled,  though  the  names  of  the  successful  archi- 
tects were  not  ascertained  on  Tuesday  at  the 
council  meeting,  when  the  report  of  the  Library 
Committee  was  confirmed.  The  award  has  been 
made  in  agreement  with  the  recommendations  of 
the  advisory  architect,  Mr.  Maurice  15.  Adams, 
F.R.I.B.A.,  who  was  appointed  early  in  March 
by  the  city  authorities  to  advise  upon  the  81 
designs  received.  The  first  premium,  value  £80, 
is  awarded  to  the  plans  marked  No.  GO,  and  under 
the  competition  conditions  its  author  will  be 
appointed  to  carry  out  the  building.  Moditica- 
CJitions  will  be  necessiry.  The  second  premium 
of  £G0  is  to  bo  paid  to  the  author  of  design 
No.  17,  and  the  third  prizsof  £10  to  plan  No.  06. 
The  envelopes  containing  the  architects'  names 
were  to  be  opened  at  a  meeting  of  tho  committee 
last  evening,  so  the  competitors  will  soon  know 
how  they  stand. 


The  bust  of  the  late  John  Gibson,  F.R.I.B.A., 
Royal  Gold  Medalist  for  ISOO,  and  a  well-known 
bank  architect,  kindly  presented  to  the  Royal 
Institute  of  Uritish  Architects  by  Mr.  William 
Glover,  V  IM.li.A.,  has  been  placed  in  the  lobby 
at  the  foot  of  tho  staircase  leading  to  tho  library, 
at  0,  Conduit-street,  W.  The  bust  was  modelled  m 
ISliS  by  tho  late  Mr.  II.  Uursdl,  who  executed  the 
bronze  statues  on  Ilolliorn  Viaduct,  and  the  figures 
and  panels  at  the  National  Provincial  Bank  in 
Biahopsgate  -  street. 


550 


THE     BUILDING    NEWS. 


AiRii,  15,   1004. 


The  B'liildinc 


UNITED 

METHODIS' 

t       FREE 

CHURCH 

GORTON 

POTTS  SOUCrHEtlNIW 

AKCHITECTS 

MANCHESTEK 


^<^  ,        WESLEYAN  CHURCH 

Sf:S     CHORLEY     OLD       ROAD      BoLTON 

.'^&^?'*j^  POTTS     SON    &    HENNINCS      AR 


15.1904^. 


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THE    BUILDING    NE\Y3. 


567 


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568 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


April  15,  1904. 


LEQAIi  INTEIililQENOE. 

Deaths  by  Lightning  and  the  AVokkmen's 
CosiPENSATiON  Act. — Ant)Eew  v.  Failswoeth  In- 
BUSTEiAL  Society  (Limited.)— In  the  Court  of 
Appeal  on  Wednesday  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  Lord 
Justice  Romer,  and  Lord  Justice  Mathew  gave 
judgment  in  this  appeal  by  the  employers  from  an 
award  by  Judge  Bradbury,  at  the  Oldham  County- 
court,  under  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act, 
1897.  The  applicant  for  compensation  was  the 
widow  of  a  deceased  workman,  in  the  employment 
of  the  appellants,  the  Failsworth  Industrial  Society 
^Limited).  The  deceased,  a  bricklajer,  was  employed 
upon  a  building  of  two  stories  and  exceeding  30ft. 
in  height,  which  was  being  constructed  by  the  em- 
ployers by  means  of  a  scaffolding.  The  deceased  man 
was  working  with  another  man  on  the  scaffolding, 
about  2.3ft.  above  the  level  of  the  ground,  when  the 
two  men  were  killed  byaflashotlightning.  Itwasuot 
suggested  that  there  was  anything  in  or  connected 
with  the  building  that  was  specially  likely  to  attract 
lightning.  Dr.  Garrard,  an  engineer  and  elec- 
trician, in  his  evidence,  said  a  scaffold  23ft,  from 
the  ground  was  a  very  exposed  position.  If  it  was 
wet,  the  danger  was  increased.  The  man  would 
constitute  a  well-defined  point  at  which  a  discharge 
would  be  more  likely  to  oocur.  The  County  Court 
Judge,  in  the  course  of  his  j  udgment,  said  as  follows  : 
"  The  question  is,  did  the  accident  arise  out  of  the 
employment':^  It,  no  doubt,  arose  in  the  course  of  the 
employment,  but  that  is  not  sufficient ;  it  must  aho 
arise  out  of  the  employment.  That  is  not  a  question 
of  law  ;  it  is  a  question  of  fact.  I  have  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  in  this  case  under  the  circumstances 
there  was  a  substantial,  abnormally  increased  risk, 
■owing  to  the  position  in  which  the  man  had  to 
work  ;  and  I  find  that  the  accident  did  arise  out  of 
the  employment,  and  I  give  judgment  for  the 
widow  for  £300,  and  costs." — Mr.  Arthur  Powell, 
K.C.,  and  Mr.  Adshead  Elliott,  for  the  employers, 
contended  that  the  accident  in  this  case  was  not  an 
accident  arising  out  of  the  employment  of  the  de- 
ceased, but  was  in  the  nature  of  an  act  of  God. 
They  referred  to  the  Scotch  case  of  "  London  and 
Glasgow  Engineering  Company  v.  Falconer,"  in 
which  Lord  Trayner  said  :  "  A  servant  engaged  in 
a  factory  and  struck  by  lightning  in  the  course 
of  his  employment  would  have  no  claim  to 
compensation  under  the  Act.  There  must  be  some 
connection  between  the  accident  and  the  employ- 
ment." They  referred  to  "  Armitage  v.  Lancashire 
and  Yorkshire  Railway  Company"  (1902).  The 
Court,  without  calling  upon  counsel  for  the  appli- 
cant, dismissed  the  appeal.  The  Master  of  the  Rolls 
said  that,  in  his  opmion,  this  was  a  perfectly  clear 
case.  The  primii  f'icir  dii^culty  had  been  pointed 
out  and  dealt  with  in  the  remarkably  lucid  j  udgment 
of  the  County  Court  judge.  He  was  of  opinion 
that  there  was  evidence  in  this  case  which  j  ustified 
the  County  Court  judge  in  coming  to  the  conclusion 
"that  the  deceased  was  killed  by  an  accident  arising 
out  of,  as  well  as  in  the  course  of,  his  employment. 
The  Lords  Justices  deliveied  judgment  to  the  same 
effect. 

Woekjien's  Co-mpensation  Act  Awaed. — NoE- 
MAN  and  Buet  v.  Waldee.— In  the  Court  of  Appeal 
on  Tuesday,  the  Master  of  the  Rolls  and  Lords 
Justices  Romer  and  Mathew  gave  judgment  in  an 
appeal  by  a  tirm  of  builders  from  the  refusal  of  the 
Judge  of  the  Hayward's  Heath  County-court  to 
vary  an  award  made  some  time  previously  in  favour 
of  a  workman  in  their  employ.  Mr.  Arthur  Powell, 
K.C.,  who  appeared  in  support  of  the  appeal,  said 
that  the  workman,  a  carpenter,  lost  two  fingers  of 
his  left  hand  and  received  some  other  injuries  while 
in  the  employment  of  the  appellants.  His  average 
weekly  earnings  were  assessed  at  3Ts.  and  the  Judge 
awarded  him  ISs.  Cd.  a  week,  which  was  the  full 
compensation  he  was  entitled  to  under  the  Act. 
That  was  in  1901,  and  the  appellants  had  continued 
to  pay  the  ISs.  6d.  a  week  every  since.  Meanwhile 
the  workman  had  startei  a  small  bakery  business, 
in  which  he  was  assisted  by  his  wife  and  two  of  his 
children.  The  appellants  moved  to  have  the  award 
reviewed  and  the  order  for  payment  reduced  to  a 
nominal  amount  only  or  entirely  set  aside,  on  the 
ground  that  the  workman  was  now  earning  as  much 
or  more  than  before  the  accident.  The  learned  Judge 
considered  that  he  was  not  entitled  to  take  into  con- 
s  ideration  any  profit  or  earnings  that  the  man  made 
from  his  own  business,  on  the  ground  that  the 
profits  so  earned  were  no  more  "  wages"  than  any 
rent  he  might  receive  from  house  property  that  he 
might  own.  The  masters  thereupon  brought  this 
appeal,  asking  that  Court  to  direct  the  Judge  to 
institute  an  inquiry  as  to  the  profit  of  the  business, 
and,  when  this  was  found,  take  it  into  consideration 
in  deciding  whether  the  award  should  stand  or  be 
reduced.  Counsel  said  the  words  of  the  Act  were  : 
' '  In  fixing  the  amount  of  the  weekly  payments, 
regard  shall  be  had  to  the  difference  between 
the  amount  of  the  average  weekly  earnings  of 
the  workman  before  the  accident  and  the  average 
amount  he  is  able  to  earn  after  the  accident." 
There  was  also  nothing  in  the  provision  of  the 
Act  enahlmg  masters  to  apply  to  have  an  award 
dimmished  if  they  had  reason  to  believe  that  the 
man  was   earning  as   much  as  he   did  before  the 


accident,  that  limited  his  earnings  to  "wages. 
Mr.  Stuart  Bevan,  for  the  workman,  said  the  whole 
scope  of  the  Act  was  to  make  masters  liable  to  com- 
pensate workmen  for  injuries  they  received  to  their 
earning  capacity  as  workmen.  There  was  no  evi- 
dence before  the  Judge  that,  qi(a  workman,  Walder 
could  go  back  and  make  the  same  wages  as  a 
carpenter  as  he  did  before  the  accident.  It  this 
appeal  were  allowed  and  the  case  remitted,  it  would 
open  up  a  great  field  of  inquiry  as  to  a  man's  actual 
income,  which  had  never  before  been  the  subject 
of  inquiry.  "  Weekly  wages  "  equalled  earning 
power  in  the  trade  in  which  he  was  employed  when 
the  accident  happened  that  prevented  him  earning 
in  the  future  the  same  amount  as  he  had  earned  in 
the  past.  That  difference— that  falling-off  of 
earning  power — the  Legislature  said  the  master  in 
whose  service  he  was  when  the  accident  happened 
should  make  good.  The  earning  power  of  the 
workman  has  not  increased  here,  and  the  compen- 
sation was,  therefore,  still  payable.  The  Master  of 
the  Rolls,  in  giving  judgment,  said  in  fixing  the 
amount  to  be  paid  to  an  injured  workman  he  had 
to  be  regarded  as  a  money-earning  machine.  One 
had  to  find  out  what  he  earned  before  the  accident, 
and  by  how  much  his  earnings  were  reduced  by  the 
accident.  The  case,  therefore,  would  be  sent  back 
for  the  learned  Judge  to  make  the  necessary  inquiry. 
The  Lords  Justices  concurred.  The  appeal  was 
accordingly  allowed. 

The  Building  of  Millee  Abcade,  Peeston. — 
At  the  Preston  County  Court,  on  Tuesday,  Mr. 
Mansfield  mentioned  to  his  Honour  Judge  Coventry 
the  action  of  "  Morley  v.  Miller,"  in  which  Wm. 
Morley,  builder,  Theatre  -  street,  Preston,  sued 
Nathaniel  Miller,  J.P.,  dental  surgeon,  Fishergate, 
to  recover  £31  lOs.  Counsel  explained  that  Mr. 
Morley,  after  the  death  of  his  uncle,  completed  the 
erection  of  Miller  Arcade.  There  was  a  dispute 
between  Mr.  Miller  and  the  architects  of  the  arcade 
with  regard  to  the  remuneration,  and  they  sued  Mr. 
Miller  for  £1,296.  That  action  was  defended,  the 
allegation  being  that  the  architects  had  received 
commission  from  the  various  contractors  which  they 
had  no  right  to  receive,  and  Mr.  Miller  put  in  a 
counter-claim  for  breach  of  contract.  The  architects 
thereupon  abandoned  tlieir  claim,  and  paid  to  Mr. 
Miller  £1,.500  in  full  settlement.  Prior  to  the  dis- 
posal of  this  action,  however,  Mr.  Morley  was 
instructed  by  Mr.  Miller  to  look  out  certain  docu- 
ments for  the  purpose  of  giving  evidence  to  show 
whit  moneys  had  been  paid  to  the  architects.  After 
the  settlement  of  the  action,  Mr.  Morley  sent  to 
Mr.  Miller  an  account  for  £(30  Ss.  This  Mr.  Miller 
regarded  as  a  most  outrageous  charge  for  the  work 
done,  and  when  that  gentleman's  solicitor  com- 
plained of  it  as  being  ridiculous,  Mr.  Morley  wrote 
sending  an  amended  account  for  £31  lOs.,  and 
pointing  out  that  had  he  known  Mr.  Miller  would 
have  to  pay,  he  should  not  have  charged  as  much  as 
he  did  in  the  first  bill.  As  the  claim  of  £31  10s. 
was  still  looked  upon  as  outrageous,  a  cheque  for 
£12  r2s.  was  sent  to  Mr.  Morley.  This,  however, 
he  returned,  and  then  entered  an  action  to  recover 
the  £31  lOs.  The  12  guineas  was  then  paid  into 
court,  and  that  amount  Mr.  Morley  accepted.  His 
(Mr.  Mansfield's)  application  now  was  that  Mr. 
Morley  having  failed  in  his  action  by  accepting  the 
sum  in  court,  costs  should  be  allowed  Mr.  Miller  up 
to  the  time  of  the  acceptance  of  Mr.  Morley  of  the 
12  guineas.  After  some  discussion  his  Honour 
granted  the  application. 

An  Aechitect's  Affaies.  —In  re  S.  Knioht. — 
The  adjourned  first  meeting  of  creditors  under  the 
failure  of  Samuel  Knight,  F.R.I.B.A.,  described  as 
of  Temple  Chambers,  Tudor-street,  E.C.,  was  held 
on  Monday  at  the  Court  of  Binkruptcy,  before  Mr. 
H.  E.  Burgess,  Official  Receiver.  The  debtor,  who 
returned  his  liabilities  at  £7,6i9,  of  which  £3,666 
was  expected  to  rank,  and  his  assets  at  £1,626, 
attributed  his  failure  to  want  of  business  and  to 
other  causes.  It  was  stated  that  there  were  diffi- 
culties preventing  him  from  submitting  a  proposal, 
and  Mr.  H.  B.  Tuffil,  chartered  accountant,  was 
nominated  as  trustee  to  wind  op  the  estate  in 
bankruptcy. 

w-^ 

Mr.  Dmiel  Ruddle,  formerly  in  practice  as  an 
architect  and  surveyor,  died  at  his  residence,  65, 
Pepys-road,  Wimbledon,  in  his  S3rd  year. 

At  a  meeting  of  Ayr  Town  Council  on  Monday  a 
minute  of  the  recreation  committee,  containing 
detailed  report  by  the  burgh  surveyor  as  to  proposed 
recreation  and  concert-hall  at  the  esplanade,  near  the 
County  Buildings,  was  submitted.  The  report 
recommended  the  erection  of  pavilion  and  public 
baths,  and  gardens,  at  a  total  cost  of  £17,750.  The 
committee  recommended  that  the  public  baths 
scheme  should  be  dropped  in  the  mean  time;  but 
that  the  pavilion  should  be  erected  at  a  cost  of 
£9,000,  and  that  competitive  plans  be  advertised  for. 
After  a  good  deal  of  discussion,  it  was  agreed  by  11 
votes  to  6  to  delay  adopting  the  recommendation  of 
the  committee  as  to  the  pavilion,  but  to  advertise 
for  competitive  plans  of  the  proposed  erection  before 
deciding  to  proceed  with  it.  The  minute  was  other- 
wise approved. 


STATtTES,    MEMORIAXS,    &0. 

AxLOA,  N.B.— On  Saturday,  the  war  memorial 
erected  at  the  top  of  Mar-street,  Alloa,  to  com- 
memorate the  soldiers  connected  with  the  county 
of  Clackmannan  who  had  fallen  in  action  or  who 
had  died  from  wounds  or  disease  m  connection 
with  the  South  African  War,  was  unveiled  by  the 
Eirl  of  Mar  and  Kellie,  lord- lieutenant  of  the 
county.  The  memorial  consists  of  a  pedestal  on 
square  base,  surmounted  by  a  figure  of  a  High- 
lander, with  hand  on  revolver,  standing  over  a 
wounded  comrade.  The  height  from  base  to  top  of 
monument  is  Uft.,  and  the  standing  figure  of  the 
Highlander  on  top  is  Sft.  6in  ,  making  a  total 
height  of  22ft.  -tin.  On  one  of  the  sides  of  the 
square  the  names  of  the  fallen  are  engraved.  Mr. 
R.  S.  Lorimer,  R.S.A.,  was  the  designer,  and  Mr. 
W.  B.  Birnie  Rhind,  Edinburgh,  the  sculptor.  The 
memorial  has  been  executed  in  Prudhoe  freestone. 

ToNBEiDiJE.— Major- General  Sir  Reginald  Hart, 
V.C.,  on  Saturday,  unveiled  a  memorial  in  Ton- 
bridge  parish  church  to  the  men  of  the  district 
who  fell  in  the  South  African  War.  The  memorial 
takes  the  form  of  a  copper  bronze  tablet.  It  is 
designed  on  the  conventional  lines  of  a  mural  tablet 
of  the  Renaissance  date,  with  external  pilasters, 
carrying  a  pediment  and  supported  on  a  plinth. 
In  the  central  portion  are  two  figures  of  angels, 
modelled  in  high  relief,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
tablet  propsr,  on  which  are  inscribed  the  names  of 
those  soldiers  of  Tonbridge  and  district  who  died 
in  the  war. 

■ ■     —    ■ 

CHIPS. 

The  town-hall  at  Knottingley,  which  was  soma 
time  ago  purchased  from  the  owners  by  Mr.  J.  G. 
Lyon,  J.P.,  of  the  Aire  Tar  Works,  and  handed 
over  by  him  as  a  free  gift  to  the  township,  was 
formally  opened  on  Monday  night  by  the  donor  after 
undergoing  thorough  renovation. 

Messrs.  Carrcre  and  Hastings  have  been  retained 
as  consulting  architects  by  the  Department  of 
Bridges  of  New  York,  succeeding  Mr.  Henry  F. 
Hornbostel. 

The  Edinburgh  Town  Connc  I,  at  its  meeting  on 
Wednesday,  adopted  a  recommendation  by  the  Lord 
Provost's  Committee  that  an  honorarium  of  £2,000 
be  paid  to  the  widow  and  children  of  Mr.  John 
Cooper,  late  burgh  engineer,  in  respect  of  his 
services  in  connection  with  the  cabling  of  the 
tramways. 

The  Rev.  E.  S.  Savage,  rector  of  Hexham  Abbey, 
has  announced  that  Mr.  Thomas  Ellis  and  his  two 
sisters  have  promised  to  fill  in  with  stained-glasa 
the  three  east-end  upper  windows ;  and  that  Mr. 
Henry  Bell  and  Mr.  George  Hogarth  Bell  have 
promised  to  do  the  same  with  the  central  lower 
light. 

A  peal  of  eight  bells  was  dedicated  at  Emmanuel 
Church,  Plymouth,  on  Saturday.  It  was  presented 
to  the  church  by  Mr.  A.  R.  Tilby,  of  Teignmouth, 
in  memory  of  his  wife. 

A  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons 
passed  on  Wednesday  the  preamble  of  the  Amersbam. 
Beaconsfield,  and  District  Water  Bill,  which  proposes 
to  confer  further  powers  on  the  Amersham,  Beacons- 
field,  and  D.strict  Water  Company,  and  to  include 
the  district  of  Gerard's  Cross  within  the  area  of 
their  supply. 

At  Swansea  Corporation  meeting  on  Wednesday, 
a  letter  was  read  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Glyn  Vivian, 
brother  of  the  late  Lord  Swansea,  offering  to  provide 
an  Art  Gallery  for  Swansea,  and  asking  the  Corpora- 
tion to  grant  him  a  site  for  the  purpose.  Mr.  A'ivian 
desired  he  should  be  appointed  director  and  have 
personal  control  of  the  building  while  he  paid  the 
annual  expenses,  and  afterwards  the  Corporation  to 
take  over  the  maintenance.  It  was  decided  to  accept 
the  oft'er. 

The  St.  Paul's  School  for  Girls,  erected  by  the 
Mercers'  Company,  at  a  cost  of  nearly  £100,000,  in 
Brook-Green,  Hammersmith,  is  to  be  formally 
opened  to-day  (Friday)  by  the  Princess  of  Wales. 
Mr.  Gerald  C'  Horsley  is  the  architect. 

On  Palm  Sunday  the  Bishop  of  St.  David's 
dedicated  a  new  Westminster  chiming  clock  in  St. 
Peter's  Parish  Church  at  Carmarthen.  It  was 
made  generally  to  the  designs  of  Lord  Grimthorpe 
by  Messrs.  John  Smith  and  Sons,  Midland  Clock 
Works,  Derby,  who  are  also  now  making  a  large 
Westminster  chiming  clock  for  Redruth  Town  Hall, 
Cornwall. 

The  Local  Government  Board  have  approved  the 
scheme  of  sewage  disposal  for  Wooler,  North- 
umberland. At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Glendale 
Rural  District  Council  the  engineer,  Mr.  Harry  W. 
Taylor,  A.M.I.C.E.,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne  and 
Birmingham,  was  instructed  to  obtain  tenders  at 
once. 

A  new  school  of  art  is  about  to  be  buUt  at 
Burslem  from  plans  by  Mr.  Wood,  of  that  town,  a 
plot  of  land  in  tiueen-street  having  been  given  to 
the  corporation  as  a  site  by  Mr.  T.  Hulme. 


April   15,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


569 


Our  ODfftcc   <JLMt 


TitE  Eii^thoiintt  Gazi'tti'  has  Just  been  criticising 
the  architecture  of  the  new  Technical  Institute  and 
Public  Library  now  on  the  point  ot  completion 
from  the  plans  of  Mr.  Philip  Ilobson,  whose 
design  wa8  chosen  in  competition  four  years  ago 
(aee  Bi'ildixg  News,  June  22,  1900,  when  we 
also  illustrated  the  second  and  third  promiated 
designs).  Certainly  at  that  time  serious  exception 
was  taken  by  a  correspondent  in  our  pages  to 
some  of  the  details  of  the  scheme,  and  these 
objections  were  mainly  on  structural  details  and 
items  of  wliat  were  rightly  considered  bad 
planning,  and  we  by  no  means  confirmed  the 
award  which  was  made  by  the  late  Professor 
Eoger  Smith.  The  editor  of  the  above-named 
local  paper  has  asked  us  for  our  opinion  on 
what  one  of  his  correspondents  calls  the  Eist- 
bourne  "White  Elephant."  Having  had  the 
opportunity  of  seeing  the  Institute  the  other 
day,  we  can  only  characterise  this  as  a 
misnomer,  seeing  that  the  building  is  exe- 
cuted in  the  reddest  of  red  brick.  We  did 
not  go  over  the  building,  as  it  is  still  in 
the  contractor's  hands  ;  but  we  gather  that  the 
criticisms  levelled  at  the  erection  are  not  so  much 
in  reference  to  its  interior  arrangements  as  to  the 
external  treatment  of  its  fai^ades  and  big  arched 
windows.  We  are  bound  to  say  that  it  struck 
us  as  a  rather  effective  and  tuitable  building, 
and  it  appears  to  have  been  much  improved 
since  the  design  was  chosen.  ( tf  course,  the 
scheme  has  also  been  much  enlarged,  and  the 
Institute,  when  finished,  certainly  will  take  its 
place  from  an  architectural  point  of  view  among 
the  most  striking  buildings  in  the  not  too  beau- 
tiful town  of  Eastbourne.  A  vast  number  of 
new  residences  have  lately  been  built  at  the  west 
end  of  the  place,  and  red  brick  wisely  enough 
is  the  mattrial  most  in  vogue,  as  it  should  be  in 
Sussex,  if  flint  is  not  employed.  Very  few  of 
these  bouses,  however,  are  satisfactory  from  an 
artistic  point  of  view,  for  the  simple  reason  that 
they  are  too  full  of  features,  and  are  so  very  much 
cut  up  and  over-elaborated  with  endless  dormers 
and  aimless  gables.  A  little  more  reserve  on  the 
part  of  their  designers  would  have  made  these 
houses  much  more  effective  and  worthy  of  the 
name  of  domestic  architecture. 

I.M  the  Silverdale-road  there  is  rather  a  capital 
modern  middle-cNss  school  which  has  no  little 
merit  architecturally.  A  new  morning  chapel  is 
in  course  of  erection  on  the  south  side  of  the  late 
George  Edmund  Street's  beautiful  br!ck  church 
of  St.  Saviour's.  The  building  remains,  out 
and  away,  the  best  church  in  Eistbourne.  We 
do  not  know  who  the  architect  is  for  this  addition, 
which  seems  to  ill  accord  with  the  style  and 
* '  Early ' '  characterof  Street's  most  excellent  work. 

The  Streets  Committee  of  the  Public  Health 
Department  of  the  City  Corporation  has  just 
issued  a  series  of  regulations  relating  to  lamps, 
clocks,  cranes,  and  projecting  boards  within  the 
City.  In  future  every  application  for  a  lamp, 
cla(k,  or  crane  must  be  accompanied  by  drawings 
showing  the  dimensions,  mode  of  fixing,  and  total 
projection  from  the  frontage  line.  Lamps  not 
used  for  shop- window  lighting  must  not  be  less 
than  12ft.  from  the  footway,  while  their  external 
dimensions,  including  frame  and  ornauents,  must 
not  exceed  5ft.  in  height  and  3ft.  in  any  other 
direction.  They  must  not  project  more  than 
4ft.  6in.  from  the  front  of  the  house,  or  be  less 
than  2ft.  from  the  carriage-way.  Advertisements 
may  be  placed  on  the  sides,  but  not  on  the 
bottom?  of  such  lamps,  which  must  be  kept 
lighted  from  sunset  until  the  promises  upon 
which  they  are  fixed  are  closed.  Wi'h  regard  to 
lamps  used  for  shop-wiudow  lighting,  the  under- 
side portion  must  not  be  less  than  8ft.  from  the 
pavement,  the  extreme  projection  over  the  public 
way  not  exceeding  3ft.  when  the  widtli  of  the 
pavement  permits,  and  not  less  than  2ft.  from  the 
carriage-way.  The  external  dimensions  of  such 
lamps  must  not  exceed  2ft.  3in.  in  any  direction. 
Xo  lettering,  by  way  of  advertisement,  will  ha 
permitted  on  the  dials  of  clocks,  which  must  be 
synchronised  withCroenwich  time  at  theexponse 
of  the  owners.  Trade  advertisiiment  boards  may 
be  erected  provided  they  do  not  exceed  .'ift.  in 
width  by  2tt.  in  height,  and  3ft.  in  thickness, 
with  a  projection  of  not  more  than  :ift.  Gin.  from 
the  front  of  the  building  to  the  extreme  edge  of 
the  board  or  tiblet;  but  in  no  in3t.ance  l)eyond 
2ft.  inside  the  line  of  kerb.  The  height  of  such 
projections  must   in  future  be  of  a  minimum  of 


9ft.  from  the  pive^ient  to  the  underside  of  tin 
board. 

The  Trustees  of  the  National  Portrait  Gilery 
have  made  some  important  acquisitions  to  their 
collection  since  the  beginning  of  the  present  year. 
They  have  received  by  bequest  from  the  late  Mr. 
Herbert  Spencer  a  portrait  ot  himself,  painted  by 
J.  B.  Burgess,  K.A.,  and  a  marble  bust  of 
himself,  by  Sir  J.  E.  Boehm,  R  A.  The  trustees 
have  accepted  the  four  following  portraits  as 
donations  : — DividLucis,  the  mezzotint  engraver, 
drawn  by  T.  Hunn  after  a  p  irtrait  by  John  Lucas, 
Right  Hon.  William  E.  H.  Lecky,  (J.M.,  a  terra- 
cotta bust,  modelled  by  Sir  J.  E.  Boehm,  li.A. 
Thomas  Carlyle,  a  cast  taken  from  the  face  after 
death  by  Sir  J.  E.  Boehm,  R.  A.,  and  Gilbert  Abbott 
a  Beckett,  the  comic  writer  and  police  magis'rate,  a 
miniature  portrait.  The  following  portraits  have 
been  purchased  by  the  trustees  :  — Sir  Thomas 
Roe,  diplomatist,  traveller,  and  explorer  under 
James  I.,  and  Charles  I.,  painted  by  Michiel  Jansz 
van  Miereveldt.  John  l^uick,  the  comic  actor, 
painted  perhaps  by  W.  Score.  Catharine 
Macaulay  {Mts.  Graham),  the  historian,  attri- 
buted to  Ange  ica  Kauffmann,  R.A.  Charles, 
second  Viscount  Townshend,  K  G.,  statesman  and 
diplomatist  in  the  time  of  George  I.  and  George 
II.,  painted  probab'y  by  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller — 
purchased  at  the  sale  of  the  Townshend  heir- 
looms. George  Colman  the  eld^r,  the  dramatist, 
painted  by  Sir  Jojhul  Reynolds,  I'.U.A.,  pur- 
chased at  the  Huth  sale.  Sir  Isaac  Newton, 
painted  as  a  young  man,  and  attributed  to  Robert 
Walk-r,  purchased  at  the  Huth  s^Ie.  Charles 
Mordaunt,  thiid  Eirl  of  Peterborough,  K.G.,  the 
famous  admiral,  general,  and  diplom  itist,  attri- 
buted to  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller.  George  Gordon, 
Lord  Byron,  the  poet,  a  marble  bust,  executed  by 
Bartolini,  ot  Florence,  at  Pisa  in  1SS2.  Sir 
Charles  James  Napier,  G.C.B.,  the  conqueror  of 
Sind,  a  sketch  in  oils  by  Edwin  Williams. 
William  Etty,  R.A. ,  painted  in  oils  by  himself . 
John  Gibson,  R.A.,  and  David  Roberts.  R.A., 
companion  tinted  drawings  by  Henry  Iloppner 
Jleyer.  John  SisU  Cotman,  the  painter,  a  tinted 
drawing  by  Horace  Beevor  Love. 

Under  the  auspices  of  a  committee  of  the  Oxford 
Historical  Society,  of  which  5Ir.  C.  F.  Bell  is  the 
honorary  secretary,  an  exhibition  of  a  collection 
of  portraits  of  English  historical  personages  who 
died  prior  to  the  year  162.5,  was  opened  on 
Tuesday  in  the  Examination  Schools  at  Oxford. 
The  collection,  which  is  arranged  chronologically, 
has  been  formed  from  the  contributions  ot  the 
colleges  and  other  corporate  institutions  in  the 
I'niversity,  the  only  outside  contributors  being 
the  City  of  Oxford,  Viscount  DiUon,  Sir  George 
D  ishwood,  and  Miss  Gordon,  and  comprises  about 
150  ex'iibits.  They  include  a  half-length  portrait, 
by  Holbein,  lent  by  Viscount  Dillon,  of  Arch- 
bishop Warham,  who  was  chancellor  ot  the 
University  1506-32,  and  who  died  in  the  latter 
year.  Another  portrait  of  interest  is  that  ot 
Richard  Foxe,  founder  of  Corpus  Christi  College, 
who  died  in  1528.  The  interest  in  this  exhibit, 
although  only  a  copy,  the  orignal  not  being 
allowed  to  leave  the  college,  arises  froan  the  fact 
that  it  is  the  first  portrait  of  a  founder  painted 
from  life.  The  city  contributes  a  portrait 
of  Sir  Thomas  White,  the  founder  ot 
St.  John's  College,  wh]  died  in  1567. 
It  and  a  simi'ar  portrait  lent  by  St.  John's 
College,  and  also  one  of  Sir  Thomas  White's 
siater,  Mrs.  Bridgman,  who  is  said  to  have  served 
as  a  model  for  her  brother's  portrait,  are  all  three 
by  a  painter  named  Sampson .  Among  others  are 
Edward  III.,  William  ot  Wykeham,  Henry  V., 
and  five  of  Henry  Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales, 
eldest  son  of  James  I.  Two  of  these  latter  are 
fuU-Iongth,  two  half-length,  and  one  the  bust 
only,  and  representing  the  Prince  at  ditfiirent 
ages.  There  is  alsi  a  portrait  of  Bishop  King, 
who  died  in  1621,  attributed  to  Daniel  Mytens, 
is  loaned  by  Christ  Church,  and  is  from  the 
Chipter  House,  where  is  a  collection  of  portraits 
the  leait  known  of  any  in  Oxford.  The  exhibi- 
tion will  remain  open  until  May  26. 

A  coritsEot  ten  lectures  on  "The  History  of 
Architooturil  Djvelopmont,"  by  Profossor  1'".  M. 
Simpson,  will  begin  on  i''iid'iy,  April  22,  at 
11  a.m.,  at  University  College,  London  (I'ni- 
versity  of  London).  The  introductory  lecture 
deals  with  the  work  in  Egypt  and  the  East  which 
influenced  tho  development  of  Greek  Architecture ; 
mouldings  and  ornamentation  ot  Greek  and 
Roman  Architecture ;  Greek  and  Roman  Orders, 
their  proportions  and  characteristics ;  Greek 
Temples,  their  plans,  proportions,  materials,  con- 


'  struction,  workmanship,  refinemen's,  method  of 
lighting,  and  sculpture  ;  the  Acropolis  at  Athens 
and  other  centres;  the  Parthenon;  Propylaie  — 
Doric  temples  in  Greece,  Magna  Graecia  and 
Sicily  ;  Ionic  temples  in  Greece  and  Asia  Minor ; 
buildings  of  the  Corinthian  Order  and  secular 
work.  The  lectures  will  be  illustnted  by  lantern 
slides,  diagrams,  photographs,  and  cast*.  After 
each  lecture,  from  12.0to  1.0,  students  will  sketch 
from  the  diagrams,  casts  ic,  and  from  the  slides, 
which  will  be  repeated,  or  visit  the  British 
Museum. 

Sir  Svonev  H.  W.vteulow  gives  in  a  letter 
statistics  showing  that  the  Improved  Industrial 
Dwelling*  Company  have  spe..t  £1,117,413  in 
providing  18,955  rooms  at  an  average  cost,  per 
room,  for  building  only,  of  iVi  lOs.,  accom- 
modating 27,600  persons  at  a  weekly  average 
rent  of  2s.  4d.  per  room,  with  a  death  r^te  of  only 
10  3  per  1,000,  as  co^upared  with  11-8  in  the 
County  Council  dwellings  and  11 '4  in  the 
Peibody  buildings.  The  Peabody  Trustees  have 
expended  £1,370,367  on  land  and  buildings  at  a 
total  cost  per  room  ot  £115.  and  the  London 
County  Council  have  spent  £1,261,000  at  a  cost 
per  room  of  £131.  The  weekly  avenge  rent  is 
29.  4d.  per  room  at  the  Peabody  TiU'itees'  build- 
ings, and  3s.  at  those  of  the  London  County 
Council.  He  further  points  out  that  the  In- 
dustrial Dwellings  Company  have,  for  forty 
years,  paid  their  shareholders  who  subscribed  the 
capital  5  per  cent,  per  annum,  but  adds  that  the 
great  increase  in  local  taxation  and  in  the  pri;e 
of  Ubour  in  the  building  trade  prevents  any 
more  workmen's  buildings  from  being  erected  by 
private  enterprise. 

The  Report  of  the  Fire  Brigade  Committee  of 
the  London  County  Council,  submitting  the 
report  of  the  chief  ofiicer  ot  the  fire  brigade  for 
the  year  1903,  states  that  the  fires  reported  to  the 
brigade  were  3,400  in  number,  or  174  fewer  than 
those  in  the  previous  year.  The  number  of  fires 
classified  as  serious  declined  from  76  to  61,  that 
is  to  say,  from  2-126  per  cent,  to  1-79  per  cent, 
of  the  total  number  ot  fires  in  each  year.  The 
number  ot  fires  returned  in  1901  as  serious  was 
99,  so  that  a  steady  reduction  in  the  number  of 
these  conflagrations  continues.  The  satisfactory 
results  attained  appears  to  be  due  in  great 
measure  to  the  augmentation  of  the  staff, 
appliances,  and  horses  of  the  brigade,  and  of  the 
facilities  for  insuring  rapid  and  elKcient  mobilisa- 
tion. For  some  years  past  the  work  of  periodically 
inspecting  theatres,  music-halls,  and  other  places 
of  public  entertainment  has  been  undertaken  by 
the  brigade,  on  whom  there  has  now  devolved  a 
like  duty  as  regards  common  lodging-houses 
which  are  licensed  by  the  Council. 

Mil.  H.  A.  Biuxrox,  valuer  to  one  of  the 
largest  timber  merchants  in  the  Midlands,  has 
quoted  to  the  Select  Parliamentary  Committee  of 
Inquiry  some  startling  preferential  rates  accorded 
to  foreign  importers.  Ha  stated  that  to  Notting- 
ham, Birmingham,  or  Leicester  foreign  timoer  is 
conveyed  from  the  ports  at  a  trifle  under  a  panny 
per  ton  per  mile  ;  while  the  rates  for  carrying 
English  timber  to  these  towns  over  abou".  the 
same  distance  varied  from  twopence  halfp?nny  to 
threepence  per  ton  par  mile.  At  the  time  Mr. 
Britton  gave  his  evidence  the  rate  for  foreign 
timbor  from  Cardiff  to  Birmingham  was  Ss.  lOd., 
while  for  English  timber  the  rate  was  16s.  Sd. 
Asked  if  he  had  ever  attempted  to  try  the  ques- 
tion whether  this  enormous  difference  of  rate  for 
foreign  timber  as  against  English  did  not  como 
within  the  "  law  of  undue  preference,"  he 
replied:  "  It  has  never  been  tried  in  that  form 
to  my  knowledge.  We  have  had  several  actions 
with  tho  railway  companies,  but  they  have  in- 
variably won.  To  cut  down  timber  in  Wales 
and  send  it  to  tho  Jlidlands  ot  England  would 
cost  considerably  more  for  carriage  than  Nor- 
wegian timber  could  be  sold  for  at  tho  same  place." 

In  the  course  of  his  visit  to  Glasgow  on  Friday, 
Mr.  Graham  Murray,  the  Secretary  for  Scotland, 
received  a  deputation  from  tho  Parliamentary 
Committee  ot  the  Trades  Congress,  with  repre- 
sentatives of  workmin  in  tho  building  trade  from 
Glasgow,  Edinburgh,  Perth,  l)unlt>e,  Abordoon, 
and  other  towns  in  Scotland.  The  deputation 
urged  that  there  was  insullicient  provision  for 
protecting  workmen  against  accident  owing  to 
unsafe  scaffolding;  in  connection  with  the  erection 
of  buildings.  Mr.  Graham  Murr.ay,  in  reply, 
expressed  himself  as  in  hearty  symp  ithy  with  the 
object  of  the  deputation  in  taking  meisures  to 
prevent  injurj'or  death.  So  far  as  Glasgow  was 
concerned,   there    were,    he  thought,    sulhcient 


570 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Apbil  15,  1904. 


powers  contained  in  the  Buildings  Kegulationg 
Act  for  carrying  out  what  the  deputation  asked. 
To  deal  with  the  subject  generally,  he  advised 
that  a  private  member  of  Parliament  should  be 
asked  to  introduce  a  measure  dealins:  with  the 
subject.  He  was  of  the  opinion  that  it  would  be 
for  local  authorities  rather  than  the  Govt rnment 
to  appoint  inspectors,  as  conditions  differed  in 
different  towns. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSXTING  WEEK. 

Monday.— Koyal Institute  of  British  Architects.  "The 
Statues  of  WtUs  Front,"  by  E.  S.  Prior. 
S  p.m. 

Surveyors'  Institution.  "  London 
Streets  and  London  Street  Traffic."  by 
Thomaa  Blashill,  F.R.I.B.A.,  F.8.1. 
8  p.m. 

Liverpool  Architectural  Society.  Annual 
Meeting.    13,  Harrington-street.    6  p.m. 

Tuesday. — Institute  of  Builders.  Conditions  of  Con- 
tract Committee.  3  p.m.  Special  council 
meeting.    3..S0  p  m. 

Society  of  Arts.  "The  Sentiment  of 
Decoration,"  by  Alfred  East,  A.R.A. 
8  p.m. 

Institute  of  Civil  Engineers.  *' Aerial 
Suspension  Cableways,"  by  John 
Macdonald  Henderson,  Assoc.M.I.C.E. 
8  p.m. 
"Wednesday.  —  Society  of  Arts.  "  Motor  Cars  for 
Popular  Use."  by  J.  C.  Medd.    8  p.m. 

Edinburgh  Architectural  Association. 
Annual  Meeting  and  President's  Valedic- 
tory Address.    8  p.m. 

TuuHSDAY. —London  Master  Builders'  Association. 
Council  meeting.    3  p.m. 

The  Society  of  Architects.  "The  Cot- 
tancin  System  of  Armoured  Construc- 
tion," by  A.  R.  Galbraith.    8  p.m. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. — "In- 
ternal Combustion  Motors,"  the  twelfth 
"  James  Forrest "  lecture,  by  Mr.  Dugald 
Clerk,  M.I.C.E.    8  p.m. 

Friday.— The  Society  of  Architects.  Twentieth  Annual 
Dinner,  De  Keyser*3  Royal  Hotel. 
Victoria  Embankment,  E.G.  6.30  p.m. 
for  7  pm. 

Architectural  A'^sociation.  *'  Crafts- 
manship "  by  W.  Gilbert.  9,  Conduit- 
street,  W.     7.30  pm. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  "  No.  2 
River  Pier  of  the  Beckton  Gasworks."  by 
A.  Trewby,  B.A.,  Stud.I.C.E.    8  p.m. 

Satubday  (April  23.)— Edinburgh  Architectural  Associa- 
tion. Visit  to  Glasgow  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Glasgow  Architectural 
Association. 


THE  ABCHITECTUKAL  ASSOCIATION. 
APRIL  22nd:  ORDINARY  GENERAL  MEETING  at  No  <*. 
Coadmt-stre<?l,  W.,  at  7  W  p.m.  PAPER  by  Mr.  AV.  GILBERT  on 
"  Craftsmanship.  " 

APRIL   23rd:    SIXTH    SPRING   VISIT-to   the   new   War   Office 
Buildines,  Whitehall  (opposite  Horse  Guards),  bv  kind  permission  of 
Mr,  Clyde  Ioudr.     Members  to  r.*eet  at  the  buildins  at  2.30  p  ni. 
LOUIS  AMBLER  1 

HENRY   TANNER,  Jun.( 


[  Hon.  Sees. 


THE  SOCIETY  OP  ARCHITECTS. 
Founded  IKsl,  Incorporated  1S9;1,  Staple  Inn-buiIdings. 
Holborn,  WX.  Telmtunis:  "Crjpt,  london."  Telephone:  1852 
Holbor..-OHD1NARV  MEETING,  THURSDAY.  April  il.t,  130). 
at  Eight  p.m.  PAPER  on  "The  Cottancin  System  of  Armoured 
Construction,     by  Mr.  A.  R.  GALBRAITH,  A  .M.Inst.C.E.,  1. 


OHIPS. 

The  foundation-stones  of  the  new  miners'  hall  and 
institute  at  Cambois,  County  Durham,  were  laid  on 
Saturday.  The  building,  which  has  been  designed 
by  Mr.  Thomas  Tulip,  of  ChoppingtoD,  will  com- 
prise, on  the  grouud  floor,  reading,  billiard,  smoke, 
and  committee  rooms,  together  with  apartments  for 
a  resident  caretaker,  whilst  on  the  first  floor  is  a  hall 
and  lecture-room  to  accommodate  COO  people  and  to 
be  fitted  up  with  a  platform  and  retiring-rooms. 
The  estimated  cost  is  £2,000,  and  the  contract  for 
its  erection  has  been  placed  with  Messrs.  Cook 
Bros.,  of  Blyth. 

Mr.  Ernest  Frederick  Dawson,  M.Inst.C.E., 
superintending  engineer  in  the  Public  Works 
Department,  Bombay,  died  on  Saturday  at  his 
residence  in  King  Henry's-road,  South  Hampstead, 
in  his  46th  year. 

Col.  A.  J.  Hepper,  D.S.O.,R.E.,  Local  Govern- 
ment Board  inspector,  held  an  inquiry  at  the 
council  office.  The  Castle,  Tonbridge,  on  Thursday 
in  last  week,  with  reference  to  the  application  made 
by  the  urban  district  for  sanction  to  borrow 
£1,400  for  purposes  of  the  Small  Dwellings  Acquisi- 
tion Act,  1S99. 

A  memorial  tablet  to  the  memory  of  the  men  of 
the  Isle  of  Ely  who  fell  in  the  South  African  war 
was  unveiled  in  Ely  Cathedral  on  Tuesday  week 
by  Major-General  Plumer.  The  brass  tablet  con- 
tams  the  names  of  one  officer  and  51  privates,  with 
one  able  seaman  of  H.M.S.  Foncrful ;  it  is  sur- 
mounted by  Union-Jack  flags,  with  a  shield  between, 
beaming  the  arms  of  East  AngUa,  and  is  the  work 
of  Mr.  M.  A.  Moore,  of  London. 


— » » I 

WAQES    UOVEUENTS. 

BAEEOW-iN-FnKNEsa.— The  building  trade  dis- 
pute is  to  be  submitted  to  arbitration.  Meanwhile 
the  men  have  resumed  work  on  the  old  conditions. 


LATEST    PRICES. 


IBON,    fto. 

Per  ton.  Pel  ton. 

EoUed-Iron  Joists,  Belgian £5  10    0    to  «5  15    0 

RoUed-Steel  Joists,  EngUsh   6  10    0    „  6  12    6 

Wrought-Iron  Girder  Hates  7    00,,  7    60 

Bar  Iron,  good  Staffs 6    6    0,,  8  10    0 

Do.,  Lowmoor,  Flat,  Bound,  or 

Square    20    0    0    „  20    0    0 

Do.,  Welsh  5  16    0    „  6  17    6 

Boiler  Plates,  Iron — 

SouthStafls 8  15    0    „  8  15    0 

BestSnedshill 9  10    0  »  10    8 

Angles  IDs.,  Tees  208.  per  ton  extra. 
Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  for  bonding,  &c.,  £7  73,  6d. 
Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  galvanised,  £12  to  £13  per  ton, 

Qalvanised  Corrugated  Sheet  Iron — 

No.  18  to  20.  No.  22  to  24. 


6ft.    to    8ft.   long,   inclusive     Per  ton. 

gauge £1115    0    ... 

Best  ditto IS    6    0    ... 

Per  ton. 

Oast-Iron  Colonms £8  10    0   to 

Cast-iron  Stanchions 6  10    0    „ 

EoUed-Iron  Fencing  Wire  8    0    0,, 

EoUed-Steel  Fencing  Wire 6    5    0,, 

„         „  J,       Qalvanised.      7  15    0    „ 

Cast-iron  Sash  Weights  4  12    6    „ 

Cut  Clasp  Nails,  Sin.  to  6in 9    5    0,, 

Cut  Floor  Brads 9    0    0,, 

Wire  Nails  (Points  de  Paris)— 
6  to  7      8       9       10       11       12       IS       14 
8/-      8/6     9'-    9'6      9/9    10/6     11/8    12/- 
Cast-lron  Socket  Pipes — 

Sin.  diameter    £6  16    0 

4in.  to6in 6  12    6 

7in.  to  24in.  (all  sizes)  6    7    6 


Per  ton. 
£12  0  0 
12  10  0 
Per  ton. 
£8  10    0 

8  10 

8    5 

6  10 

8  0 
4  12 

9  5 
»    0 


15    B.W.G. 

IS/-  per  cwt. 

to  £6  0  0 
„  6  17  6 
„      5  10    0 


[Coated  with  composition,  Ss.  Od.  per  ton  extra;  tamed 
ftnd  bored  joints,  5s.  Od.  per  ton  extra.] 


Pig  Iron — 
Cold  Blast,  liUeshall 
Hot  Blast,  ditto  


Per  ton. 
1058.  Od.  to  112b.  6d. 
658.  Od.  to    70s.  Od. 

Wrought-Iron  Tubes  and  Fittings — ^Discount  o£E  Standard 
lists  f.o.b.  (plus  5  per  cent.)  : — 

Ga8-Tubes 67Jp.c. 

Water-Tubes  621  „ 

Btcam-Tubes    57}   „ 

Galvanised  Gas-Tubes 55 

Galvanised  Water-Tubes 60 

Galvanised  Steam-Tubes 45 

.  Scwt.  casks. 
Per  ton. 
to  £25  15  0 
„  27  15  0 
„  13  15  0 
„  14  5  0 
„  15  2  6 
„  16  2  6 
„  17  12  6 
„  16  2 
„  16  2 
„  10  17 
„  15  5 
„  74  5 
„  62  0 
„  127  15 
„  129  0 
,,      22  12 


lOcwt.  casks. 
Per  ton. 

Zinc,  English  (London  mill)  £24  15  0 

Do.,  Vieille  Montague 27  10 

Sheet  Lead,  31b.  and  upwards  ...     13  15 
Lead  Water  Pipe  (F.O.B.  Lond.)    14    5 

Lead  Barrel  Pipe   15    2 

Lead  Pipe,  Tiimed  inside  16    2 

„        „  „        ,,  and  outside    17  12 

Composition  Gas-Pipe 16    2 

Soil-Pipe  (Sin.  and  6in.  extra)  ...    16    2 

Pig  Lead,  in  lowt.  pigs 10  16 

Lead  Shot,  in  281b.  bags 15    0 

Copper  Sheets,  sheathing  and  rods    74    0 
Copper,  British  Cake  and  Ingot...    6110 

Tin,  Straits  127    5 

Do.,  English  Ingots  128  10 

Spelter,  Bilesiau 22    3 

TIUBEB. 

Teak,  Burmah per  load  £10    0  0    to  £18    0    0 

„    Bangkok „    ...      9    5  0,,      16    5    0 

Quebec  Pme,  yellow „    ...      3  15  0    „       6  10    0 

„    Oak ,    ...       5    0  0,,        7  10    0 

„    Birch  „    ...      3    0  0,,       600 

„    Elm ,     .„       4    0  0,,        800 

„    Ash ,    ...       3  15  0    „        7    0    0 

Dantsic  and  Memel  Oak      „    ...      2  15  0,,       6    0    0 

Fir „    ...      2  15  0    „       5    0    0 

Wainscot,  Eiga  p.  log...      „    ...      2  10  0    „       6    0    0 

Lath,  Dantsic,  p.f ,    ...      4    0  0,,       600 

St.  Petersburg „    ...      4    0  0,,       600 

Greenheart ,      „    ...      7  15  0    „       8    0    0 

Box 7    0  0,,     16    0    0 

Sequoia,  U.S.A percubefoot     0    3  6,,       039 

Mahogany,  Cuba,  per  super  foot 

lin.  thick  0    0  6,,       008 

„           Honduras  ...      „    ...      0    0  6,,       00  7| 

„           Mexican 0    0  4,,       005 

„           African 0    0  SJ  „       0    0  5J 

Cedar,  Cuba    „    ...      0    0  8,,       00  3j 

„  Honduras    ,    ...      0    0  3^,,       0    0  3| 

Satinwood    ,    „.      0    0  10    „       0    19 

Walnut,  Italian .,    ...      0    0  8,,       00  7J 

„      American  (logs)      „    ...      0    8  1,,       031 

Deals,  per  St.  Petersburg  Standard,  120— 12ft.  by  IJin. 
by  11m.  ; — 

Quebec,  Pine,  Ist  £22    0  0    to  £29    6    0 

„             2nd 18    5  0    „      23  10    0 

„            3rd  11  15  0    „     14    0    0 

Canada  Spruce,  1st 11    0  0    „     15  10    0 

„           2nd  and  3rd   9    0  0,,     10  10    0 

New  Brunswick 8    0  0,,       9  15    0 

Riga    7  10  0    „       8  10    0 

St.  Petersbiurg 8    0  0,,     16  10    0 

Swedish 11    0  0    „      19  10    0 

Finland 9    0  0,,      10    0    0 

White  Sea ii  lo  0    „     19  10    0 

Battens,  all  sorts  6  10  0    „     13  10    0 


Flooring  Boards,  per  square  of  lin. : — 

Istprepared £0  12  6    „  £0  18  8 

2nd  ditto    0  11  6    „  0  15  6 

Other  qualities    0    5  0,,  0  IS  0 

Staves,  per  standard  M : — 

U.S.,  pipe £37  10  0  „  £45  0  0 

Memel,  cr.  pipe  220    0  0  „  230  0  0 

Memel,  brack 190    0  0  „  200  0  0 

STONE.* 

Darley  Dale,  in  blocks per  foot  cube  £0    2    3 

Red  MansBeld  ditto „    ...    0    2  4i 

Hard  York  ditto    „    ...    0    2  10 

Ditto  ditto  6in.saWB  both  sides,  landings, 

random  sizes per  foot  sup.    0    2    8 

Ditto  ditto  Sin.  slabs  sawn  two  sides, 

randomsizes  0    18 

•  AU  F.O.B.  London. 

Bath  Stone,  delivered  on  rail  at  quarry  stations 

per  foot  cube  £0    10 
Delivered  on  road  waggons,  Paddington 

Depot „    ...    0    16} 

Ditto       ditto       Nine  Elms  Depot  0    1  8i 

Portland  Stone,  in  random  blocks  of  20ft.  average  : — 

Brown         White 
Whit  Bed.   Base  Bed. 
Delivered  to  railway  depot  at  the 

quarry per  foot  cube  £0    1    5}  ...  £0    1  7J 

Delivered  on  road  waggons  \ 
at  Paddington  Depot    ...{  noi  n    •>  oi 

Ditto    Nine  Elms  Depot  ..  (    0    ^    i    -    o    ^  ^J 

Ditto    Pimlico  Wharf I 

OILS. 

Linseed   per  tun  £15  0  0    to  £15  12  6 

Eapeseed,  EngUsh  pale 22  5  0    „  24    5  0 

Do.,  brown „     ...  21  0  0    „  22    0  0 

Cottonseed,  refined ,    ...  19  5  0    „  21    5  0 

OUve,  Spanish  „     ...  31  0  0    „  31     5  0 

Seal,  pale  IS  0  0    „  28    0  0 

Cocoanut,  Cochin „    ...  31  0  0    „  32    0  0 

Do.,  Ceylon  „    ...  27  0  0    „  27  10  6 

Pahn,  Lagos ,     ...  28  0  0    „  28  10  0 

Oleine „    ...  17  6  0    „  19    5  0 

Lubricating  U. 8 per  gal.     0  7  0,,  080 

Petroleum  refined ,     ...  0  0  55  „  0    0  0 

Tar,  Stockholm perbarrel  16  0,,  160 

Do.,  Archangel „    ...      0  19  6    „  10  0 

Turpentine,  American  ...per  tun  87  0  0    „  87    6  0 


Mr.  A.  H.  Tiltman  has  removed  to  No.  1,  Ray- 
mond Buildings,  Gray's  Inn,  W.C. 

The  opening  services  of  the  new  Free  Methodist 
chapel  m  Portland-street,  Lincoln,  were  held  od 
Wednesday  week.  The  contract  for  the  chapel  was 
£1,793,  while  the  total  cost  will  be  about  £2,000. 
Mr.  J.  H.  Cooper  was  the  architect,  and  Messrs. 
W.  and  M.  Halkes  were  the  builders. 

At  the  vestry  meeting  held  last  week  of  the  parish 
of  St.  Benet,  Paul's  Wharf,  E.C.,  a  resolution  was 
unanimously  passed  according  the  thanks  of  the 
parishioners  "  to  Mr.  Arthur  Charles  Bulmer- 
Booth,  A.R.I.B.A.,  on  his  retirement  from  the  office 
of  overseer  of  the  poor,  consequent  upon  his  removal 
from  the  parish,  in  recognition  of  the  great  care  and 
attention  he  has  given  to  the  duties  during  the  long 
period  of  fourteen  years."  It  was  decided  that  the 
above  resolution  should  be  inscribed  on  vellum, 
framed,  and  presented  to  Mr.  Bulmer-Booth. 

At  a  special  meeting  of  the  Swansea  Harbour 
trustees,  on  Friday,  the  executive  committee's 
report  regarding  the  tenders  for  the  construction 
of  new  docks  and  works  was  considered.  Thirteen 
tenders  had  been  received,  and  on  the  committee's 
recommendation  that  of  Messrs.  Topham,  Jones,  and 
Railton,  Great  George  -  street,  Westminster,  was 
accepted,  the  amount,  which  was  the  lowest  quoted, 
being  £796,581.  The  contract  does  not  include  the 
final  completion  of  the  whole  of  the  dock  works,  as 
dock  gates  and  hydraulics  are  excluded.  The 
successful  firm  is  now  constructing  a  new  dock  at 
Cardiff. 

The  foundation-stone  of  the  new  hospital  for 
women  in  Showell  Green-lane,  Sparkhill,  Birming- 
ham, will  be  laid  on  Wednesday  next  by  Mr. 
Arthur  Chamberlain. 

Brixton  Oval,  the  open  space  in  front  of  the 
Tate  Library — a  part  of  Rush  Common — will  shortly 
fall  into  the  hands  of  Lady  Tate  by  purchase  for 
£3,500,  and  will  eventually  be  laid  out  as  a  public 
garden. 

. %-^ 

W.  I USGELLES  aiid  Co., 

121,  Bunhill  Row,  London,  E.C. 

TELEPHONE   Ng.  1365. 

HIGH-CLASS  JOINERY. 

LASCELLES'  CONCRETE. 

Conservatories  &  Greenhouses. 

WOODEN    BUILDINGS. 

BANK,  OFFIOB,  *  SHOP  FITTINaS. 

CHURCH  BENCHES  &  PULPITS. 

MBiniATiB  aiTin  on  ArpLKuiioir. 


April  15,  1904. THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 571_ 

LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


Llandilo-Fawr— Drainage  Scheme  for  Amman  Valley  R.  Shipley  Lewis,  Clerk,  Llandilo,  Wales April  23 

Newcastle-on-Tyne— Grammar  School  (J.  Bilson,  F.R.I.B.A., 

F.S.A.,  Assessor £100,  £50,  £25 Horace  J.  CriiUle,  Solicitor,  2.  CoUingwood-at.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    „     30 

Baraet— Hospital G.  D.  Byfleld,  Clerk,  16,  High-street,  liirnet May    9 

New  Sometby,  Grantham— St.  Anne's  Church  (500  sittings; 

limit  £3,000)  £10 The  Rev.  H.  H.  Surgey,  Dudley-road,  Graatham „     SI 

Stamford— Public  Library  (limit  £2,0C0)  (Assessor)   £25  (merged),  £15,  £10    Charles  Atter,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall.  Stamford    „     81 

Ossett— Town  Hall W.  Hirst,  Borough  Surveyor,  Ossett,  Yorks  — 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 


BtJlLDINGS. 


Wombwell— Six  Houses,  Hough-lane T.  TumbuU John  Robinson,  Architect,  Park  Cottage,  Wombwell,  Tolks    April  16 

Rodborough— Additions  to  King's  County  School  Gloucestershire  County  Council    The  County  Surveyor's  OflSce.  Shire  Hall.  Gloucester „  16 

Loughborough— Electricity  Station  Corporation Albert  E.  King.  Architect.  Baxtergate.  Loughborough ,  16 

Hull— Rebuilding  the  Grapes  Hotel,  Stoneferry  T.  Beecroft  Atkinson.  M.S.A..  Archt.,  11.  Trinity  House-lane.  Hull    „  16 

Glentham— Additions  to  Elementary  School Lindsey  County  CoimcU  Scorer  and  Gamble,  Architects.  Bank-street  Chambers,  Lincoln 16 

York— Eebuilding  Onsebridge  Inn    Samuel  Smith Thomas  Wion  and  Sons.  Architects,  92.  Albion-street,  Leoda  „  16 

Rotherham— Shed   Corporation J.  Platts.  Architect,  High-street,  Rotherham  „  16 

Udny— Additions  to  House Wm.  Davidson,  Architect,  Ellon.  N.B 16 

Coventiy— Joiner's  Work  at  Foleshill  Works    Gas  Committee   Fletcher  W.  Stevenson,  Engineer,  Gas  Works,  Coventry   „  18 

Llwynypia— Alterations  to  St.  Andrew's  Church Rev.  R.  W.  Evans    T.  W.  Millar,  Architect,  Mountain  Ash   18 

Broughton.  Salfnrd— Partitions.  &c.,  at  Old  Electricity  Station  Corporation The  Borough  Engineer's  Olfloe,  Salford    ,  18 

Honley— House - Lunn  and  Kaye,  Architects,  Miluibridge,  Hnddersfield „  18 

CrabbsCrofs.  Redditch— Shops Alcester  Co-op.  Industrial  Soc,  Ltd.  J.  W.  Adams,  Architect.  Hay  Mills,  Birmingham „  18 

Portsmouth— Cookery  Centre  at  Drayton-road  School  Education  Committee  Alfred  Bone,  Architect.  Cambridge  Junction.  Portsmouth ,,  18 

Oldmeldrum— House  at  Corehill    James  Cobban.  Architect,  Haddo  House,  X.B ,,  18 

Hastings— Addition  to  Kiosk,  Alexandra  Park   Corporation P.  H.  Palmer,  M.I.C.E..  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Hastings  ..    „  18 

Dundee— Cattle  Shed  (336ft.  by  120ft.)    Harbour  Trustees J.  Thompson.  Harbour  Engineer.  Dundee ,  18 

Llanrhaiadr—Wesleyan  Chapel Shayler  and  Ridge,  Architects,  Bank  Chambers,  Oswestry    „  18 

Todmorden-Buildinss  for  Electricity  and  Refuse  Destructor...  Corporation Electrical  Engineer's  Oihce.  Todmorden  ,,  18 

Lincoln— Elementary  School.  Monk's-road    Education  Authority   W.  Watkins  and  Son.  Architects.  Silver-street,  Lincoln 18 

Old  Kirk— Additions  to  House James  Cobban,  Architect.  Haddo  House.  X.B „  18 

Strichen- Renovating  House  Strichen  Auction  Co G  Y'oung.  Secretary,  Strichen.  Scotland    ,  18 

Royal  Oak,  W.— Reconstructing  Station Great  Western  Railway  Co C.  K.  Milla,  Secretary,  Paddington  Station,  W ,,  19 

Longwood-Warehouse  at  Cliff  End  Mills C.  P.  Mallinson  and  Sons.  Surveyors,  Market-place,  Huddersfleld  ..    „  19 

Brighton— Alterations  to  Fire-Brigade  Station,  Duke-street  ...  Town  Council F.  J.  C.  May.  M.I.C.E.,  F.S.I.,  Boro'  Eng.,  Town  Hall,  Brighton  ..    „  19 

Northorpe-Eestriring  Nave  and  Aisle  of  Church    C.  Hodgson  Fowler,  F.S.A.,  The  College,  Durham   „  19 

Sunderland— Engine  and  Boiler  Houses  at  Pumping  Station...  Sunderland  and  S.  Shields  Water  Co.  T.  and  C.  Hawksley,  C.E.'s,  30,  Gt.  Gecrge-st.,  Westminster,  S.W..    „  19 

Milnsbridge— House,  Cowlersley-lane Lunn  and  Kaye,  Architects,  Milnsbridge 19 

Swansea— Electricity  Station  Corporation The  Borough  Siirveyor,  13,  Somerset-place,  Swansea  19 

Henley-on-Thames— Addition  to  Station  Buildings   Great 'W'estem  Railway  Co G.  K.  Mills.  Secretary,  Paddington  Station.  W.    ..: ,  19 

Manchester— Terracotta  for  Plymouth-grove  School  The  Secretary,  Education  Committee,  Deansgate,  Manchester „  19 

Tottenham.  N.—Pandstand  at  Downhills  Park   Urban  District  Council    Edward  Crowne,  Clerk.  Tottenham,  N „  19 

Audlem— Town  Hall  Public  Hall  Co.,  Ltd E.  Matthews,  Architect.  Parr's  Bank  Chambers,  Nantwich „  20 

Wenvoe— Additions  to  Yackia  Cottages R.  L.  Bassett  Hltyd  Thomas,  F.S.I.,  17,  Quay-street,  Cardiff 20 

Dalvey— Cottage Peter  Fulton.  Architect,  Forres.  X.B „  21 

Guiseley-  OfBce  and  Shop Guiseley  Coal  Co.,  Ltd Harold  Chippindale,  Architect,  Guiseley,  Yorka 20 

Amside,  Kendal— Stables  and  Coach-house,  Far  Close John  Formby  J.  Banks,  Land  Agent.  Kendal    20 

New  Tredegar- Stables,  Ac Bedwellty  Urban  District  Council  ...  J.  H.  Lewis,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Surveyor,  Blackwood,  Mon ,  20 

Hereford— Residence  at  The  Barton Henry  Evans  Groome  and  Bettington,  Architects,  Palace  Chambers.  Hereford    ...    „  *20 

Sedbergh— Farm  Homestead  Joseph  Dover  and  8on Stephen  Shaw.  F.R.I.B.A.,  Kendal    „  20 

Gla.°gow— Alterations  to  Dennistoun  Depot  'Tramways  Department   John  Y'oung,  Gen.  Manager,  102.  Rentield-street,  Glasgow „  20 

Birkenhead- Stables  and  Depot  Buildings,  Cleveland-street  ...  Corporation Charles  Brownridge,  M.I.C.E.,  Boro'  Eog..  Town  Hall,  Birkenhead    „  20 

Golcar— Villa ..                                       ....               ..  J,  Berry,  Architect.  3,  Market-place,  Huddersfleld  ,  21 

Seaforth,  Liverpool-Sorting  Office  H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Gate,  S.W 21 

Crewe— Additirn  to  Stables  at  Sewage  Farm Town  Council G.  Eaton  Shore,  Borough  Surveyor,  Crewe „  21 

Gillirgham— TbiilT  Cottages.  St.  George's-road E.  J.  Hammond,  C.E  .  M.S.A..  21,  Balmoriil-road,  Gillingham  „  21 

Bilston— Iron  Timber-framed  Hospital  Urban  District  Council    J.  P.  Wakeford.  A.M.LC.E..  Town  Hall.  Bilston 21 

Linthwaite— Additions  to  Church  Schools John  Kirk  and  Sons,  Architects,  Huddersfleld    „  21 

Perth-Block  of  Shops  and  Warehouses City  of  Perth  Co-operative  Society  ...  Maclaren  and  Mackay.  Architects,  56,  Georue-street.  Perth  ,  21 

Leigh,  Lane.?— Infirmary  J.  C.  Prestwich.  Architect.  Bradshawgate  Buildings,  Leigh „  22 

Meithyr-l:tbuildinglC4,  High-street '. C.  M.  Daries.  112,  High-street,  Merthyr  22 

Shilbottle-Two  Houses    Sir 'Wiiliam  Church M.  Temple  Wilson.  Architect,  Alnwick  22 

Forth- Enlarging  Tabernacle  (EnglLsh)  Baptist  Chapel D.  W.Jones,  16.  Cemetery-ro.ad.  Forth.  Wales  ,  22 

Oriffithstown- Twenty-nine  Houses Grifflthstown  Building  Club D.  J.  Lougher,  Architect.  Bank  Chambers,  Pontypool  „  22 

Halifax— Machinery  Warehouse,  Deal-street    .        .  J.  F.  Walsh  and  Graham  Nicholas  .Uchiteots,  Halifax „  22 

Skewen-Misi-ion  Church Eev.  T.  C.  Phillips    J.  Cook  Rees,  Architect,  Neath,  Wales 22 

Mertbyr-Eebuilding  irs.  High-street - C.  M.  Davies,  112.  High-street,  Merthyr  „  22 

Durham- 1  oastguard  Signal  Station  at  Seaham  Harbour            Admiralty    The  Director  of  Works  Dept.,  21.  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C ,  22 

Winscombe-House Hans  Price  and  Wm.  Jane,  Architects,  Weston-super-Mare „  22 

Llandafl'— Rebuilding  Cow  and  Snuffers'  Inn  Rhondda  Valley  Brewery  Co Arthur  O.  Evans.  Architect,  Pontypridd  ,  23 

Caerphilly-Enlarging  Parish  Church  ..  Rev.  C.  L.  Price G.  E.  Halliday.  F.R.I. B. A,  Cardiff, „  23 

Shgo— Galvani.=ed  Iron  House  at  Fever  Hospital Rural  District  Council M.  F.  Conlon,  Clerk,  Court  House.  Sligo  -. „  23 

Ludlow— Additions  to  Workhouse    Board  of  Guardians W.  W.  Robinson,  Architect,  10,  King-street,  Hereford „  23 

Carditt— Large  Temporary  Structure  in  Cathays  Park  W.  Beddoe  Rees.  Architect,  37,  St.  Mary-street,  Cardiff ,  23 

Llandaff— Laboratory    Howells  Glamorgan  Sch.  Governors..  G.  E.  Halliday.  F.H.I.B.  A.,  11,  High-street,  Cardiff  „  23 

Bristol— Repairs  to  Roofs  of  Mayor's  Paddock  Baths   Baths  Committee T.  H.  Y'abbicom,  M.I.C.E.,  City  Eng  ,  03,  Queen-square,  Bristol  ...    „  25 

Leeds- Jewish  Batlis  Buildings Corporation        J.  Lane  Fox.  Architect,  Oxford-place.  Leeds ,  25 

Waltefleld—Stortlirs  Hall  Asylum    West  Hiding  County  Council J.  Vickers  Edwards,  County  Architect.  Wakefield „  25 

Chertsey— Boiler  House  at  Workhouse    Guardians C  Welch,  Architect.  London-street,  Chertsey    „  25 

Rhymney— Rebuilding  Penywaun  Inn .      .           Buchan  and  Co T.  Roderick,  Architect,  Chft<in-street.  Aberdare  „  28 

Greenwich.  S.E  -Superstructure  of  Electric  Generating  Station  Ijondon  County  Council  The  Architect's  Dept.,  Trafalgar  House.  13.  Charing  Cross,  S.W.  ...    „  26 

Cwmbran-Additions  to  Railway  Inn Buchan  and  Co T.  Roderick,  .\rrhitect.  Clifton-street.  Aberdare  „  26 

Southall-CaTupgic  Free  Library  Southall-Norwood  U.D.C Reginald  Brown.  Architect.  Public  DlKce.",  Southall   26 

Brynnmwr,  Wales— Repairing  Clarence  Hotel Buchan  and  Co T.  Roderick,  Architect,  Qkbcland-street.  Merthyr  „  26 

Thornton,  Bradford  -Branch  Store  Queensbury  Industrial  Society,  Ltd..  Medley  Hall,  M.S.A.,  I,  Harrison- road,  Halifax  '26 

Garnditfaith-Rebuilding  Six  Bells  Inn Buchan  and  Co T.  Roderick,  .Architect,  Clifton-street.  Aberdare  ,  26 

Herel.ird— Additions  to  General  Hospital , , Nicholson  and  Uartree.  Architects,  Hereford „  27 

Noithallerton— Isolation  Hospital Urban  and  Rural  District  Councils...  W.  Fowle,  Clerk,  Northallerton  27 

Bl.ackpool-Pavement  Liehts  (633  .super,  feet)  ..                                                                                               John  S.  Brodie.  Borough  Engineer.  Town  Hall,  Blackpool  „  27 

Hereford— Residence,  Adam's  Hill    '.      E.  F.  Bulmer     ."       '.' Oronme  and  Bettington.  Architects.  Palace  Chambers.  Hereford 27 

Buoktaatleigh-Three  Cottages,  Jordan-street Buckfastleigh  Co-operative  Society...  A.  Warren,  Architect,  Fore-street.  Buckfa.stleigh   2S 

Bellingham- Court  House   „ J.  A.  Bean,  County  Surveyor,  Jloot  Hall,  Newcastle-on-Tyne ,  29 

Whitby,  Yorks -Coastguard  Station Admiraity !  !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!  The  Director  of  Works  Dept.,  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C ,  29 

Cork -Thirty  Houses Thomas  Donovan      W.  H.  Hill  and  Son, /ircliitcct.s. 'iti.  South  Mall.  Cork    „  29 

Stamfordham— Police  Station     .  J.  A.  Bean,  Countv  Surveyor,  Moot  Ilall,  Newcastle-on-Tyne ,  18 

Blaenc^dach-Pchool !!!.'."...;.!!!!;!!;!!!!!!!  Rhondda'Urbanbiatrict  Council .Jacob  Rees.  Architect.  Hillside  Cotta-e,  Pcntre .^,. » 

Robin  Hood  s  Bay,  Yorks -Coastguard  Station   Admiralty    The  Directo»of  Works  Dept.,  21.  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C 29 

Hahfa.x— Works  and  Residence,  Spring  Hall-lane     ..                     .                                C.  F.  L.  Hor^fall  and  Son. -Vrchitects,  Halifax 30 

Gnmsby-Showronms.  Sheepfold-.street Great  Grimsby  Gas  Co Herbert  Heap,  A.M.LC.E.,  Architect,  Oibomo  Chambers,  Gnmsby    .,  30 

Sheliield— Workshops  and  Stores  United  Gaslight  Co.                          .   .  J.  W.  Morrison.  Engineer,  Commercial-street.  ShelHeld May  2 

Holyhead  -  School  fiioo  places)  and  Master's  House    .'.'....     Schiol  Board    R.  E.  Pntchard  (Solicitorl.  Clerk.  Drug  Hall.  Holyhead   „  3 

Portsmouth-  llusiness  Premises,  Eastney-road    I'ortsea  Island  Mutual  Co-op.  Hoc. ...  G.  E.  Smith.  Architect.  1  !.'>.  Victoria-road  North,  Portsmouth „  4 

8outhend-on-Sea-Court-Room,  &c.,  at  Police  Station Standing  Joint  Committee F.  Whitmore,  Architect,  Duko-street,  Clielnnford 4 

Poplar,  F,. -Additions  to  Langley  House,  East  India  Dock-rd.  Guardians J.  and  W.  Clnrkson,  Architects,  136,  High-street.  Poplar,  h.   .^.„.    „  6 

Button  Coldflcld-Town  Hall  and  Fire  Station Corporation Mavston  and  Eddison,  .Vrchts.,  7,  St.  James-st.,  Bcdlor.li-ow,  W.C.    „  18 

Aberavon— Vivian  Hotel Trueman,  Hanbury,  Buxton,  and  Co.  J.  P.  Jones  and  Rowlands,  Architects,  3.  (ioat-street.  bwansea  — 

Wandsworth,  8. W.— Small  Block  of  Flats  ...  .  Palgrave  and  Co..  Architects. '28.  Victoria-street.  S.W — 

Halifax— Theatre  Royal,  Soutligate .'.'.■..■ Northern  Theatre  Co.,  Ltd Richard  Horsfall  and  Son,  Archts.,  '22*,  C^miuercial-street,  Halifax      — 


572  THE    BUILDING   NEWS.  April  15,  1904. 


BTJIIiDINGS— condniieii. 

t^^s^Mot^^^^^^^^hZ::::z::.::::::::.z:z ;;.:::::::::;::.;.: Li^geo  Barker  and  son,  Architects,  9,  aare-street,  Bn^toi - 

ELECTKICAL    PLANT. 

Grimsby -WiriDtr  and  Fittings  at  Dobson  Schools Education  Committee W.  A.  VignoleP,  M.I  E^E    W  Elec.  En?..  Grimsby  April  18 

WMtmin.tfr  8  W  -  Switchboards  Westminster  Elec. "upplyCorporation  Kennedy  and  .lenkin,  17.  Victoria-street.  Westminster,  8.W 18 

Deiby-WiriDe  for  Electric  Lieht  of  Carsheds Tramways  Committee The  Borough  Electrical  EoKinepr,  Full-street.  Derby  ...   19 

Glasgow- Electric  Light  Installation  at  Woodside  Library Corporation A.  B  Watson  Measurer,  189,  St.  \  incent-street,  Gla'^oj'  - « 

EdiDb.irgh-^  Extension  Switchboard  Panel Edinburgh  Cor^ration     Resident  Electrical  Engineer.  Dewar-p  ace  RtM.on  Edmburrt 23 

P»rk  T!nval- Plant  Great  Western  Railway  Co Kennedy  and  Jenlin.  Con.  Engineers.  17,  Viotona-street,  8.W .,     26 

Swansea-Accumulator' ::.;:::;.'.:: Harbour  Trustees : J A  O.  Schenk,  M.I  C.E.,  Harbour  OiBces.  Swansea  ..    May    5 

Natal,  8.  Africa— Electric  Telepherage  Natal  Goycmment Charles  J.  Crofts,  M.I.C.E.,  Harbour  Engineer,  Natal    ,       9 

ENOINEERINa. 

Normanton  -Laying  Gas  Mains   NormantonGas  Co E.H.Hudson,  Secretary  Gasworks.  Normanton,  Yorks   April  16 

Belfast— Enaine.'!  and  Pumos Harbour  Commissioners G.  F.  L.  Giles.  Harbour  Engineer.Belfast  „     1» 

18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
IS 
19 
19 
20 
20 
21 
21 
22 
23 
23 


Belfast-Engines  and  Pumps 7;  -    v.   ;„   ^- ^.  ^      ■     i      n     j 

nundee— Eeraiiing  PuriBers  Gas  Commissioners   Alex.  ^V  uill.  Engineer,  Gasworks  Dundee 

Wallham  Abbey- Engine Urban  District  Council    W.  T.  Streather,  Engineer,  Highbridge-street,  Waltham  Abbey  .... 

PtaKbiidge— Machine  Tools,  &c Tramway  and  Electricity  Board  Frank  Scbofleld  Clerk.  Town  Hall.  Stalybridge         ..... 

Clydebank- Railway  North  I<ritish  Railway  Co Blythe  and  Wei-tland.  C.E.'s,  13.5,  George-street.  Edinburgh    

Hippeiholme-  Pipelaying Uiban  District  Council    G.  W.  Thompson,  Surveyor,  Council  Offices,  Hipperholme    

Dundee-  Steam-Engines  and  Gas  Exhautters Gas  Commissioners  Alex.  Yujll,  Engineer,  Gasworks,  Dundee    ...^ -:;;■,, ;■•■:••• 

Mamhester-Track  Work Tramways  Committee J.  M'EIroy,  Gen.  Man..  Tramways  Dept..  5.5,  PiccadiUy,  Mjinohester 

SaUshury-Two  Purifiers Oaa  Co N.  H.  Humphrys,  Gas  Engineer,  Salisbury...    ......^^ 

East  Dereham- Gasholder    Urban  District  Council    Henry  Kitson,  Gas  Manager   East  Dereham,  Norfolk 

Bristol— Heating  and  Ventilating  Schools Education  Committee  Latrobe  and  Weston,  Architects,  20,  Clare-street,  Bristol 

Tralee-WatfiTvorlis  Extension Urban  Sanitary  Authority G.  A.  E.  Hickson,  M.I.C.E  I.,  Engineer,  Tralee    

Dundee- Hydraulic  Hoist  at  Gasworks  Gas  Commissioners   Alex.  YuiH   Engineer.  Gaswork.s.  Dundee 

Cannock— Alterations  to  Water-supply  System  Guardinns Wilcox  andRaikes,  Engineers,  6.3,  Temple-row,  Birmingham 

Pembroke— Railway  (11  milesl   Great  Western  Railway  Co G.  K.  Mills.  Secretary,  Paddington  Station,  W 

Egremont- Branch  Eailway  to  Gasworks  Wallasey  Urban  District  CounoU W.  H.  Cook,  Clerk.  Public  Offices.  Egreraont  Cheshire      

Burnley- Sewage-Tank  Ironwork Corporation G.  H.  Pickles,  A.M.I, C  E.,  Boro'  Surveyor.  Town  Hall,  Burnley  ... 

Manchester- Retorts    Gas  Committee  J.  G.  Newbigging.  M.I.C  E.,  Eochdale-ro.ad  Station,  Manchester  ... 

Chelmsford- Ram  Pump Rural  District  Council James  Dewhirst,  A  M.I.M  E.  Avenue  Chambers,  Chelmsford 

North  Tawton— Reservoir Okehampton  Rural  District  Council  Harrv  Geen,  Engineer,  North  Tawton 

Edinburgh— Steam  Pipe  Work  f'orporatirn The  Resident  Elec.  Engineer,  Dewar-place  Station,  Edinburgh  

Batrow-in-Furress- Reservoir   Town  Council      A.  H.  Mrongitharm,  C.E.,  Bamsden-square,  Barrow-in-Furness    ... 

Addiewell,  Glasgow- Pipelaying   Young's  Paraffin  Light  Co D.  and  O.  R.  Rankine.  Engineer,  2.38,  West  George-street.  Glasgow 

Barrow-in-Fumess-S»athwaite  Tarn  Dam  Corporation A.  H.  Stroneitharm.  C.E.,  Ramsden-square  Barrow-in-Fume.ss 

Stanwell-Brid'»e  Middlesex  County  Council H.  T.  Waktlam,  M  I.O.E..  Middlesex  Guildhall,  Westminster.  8. W. 

Leeds-Three  Railway  Turntables    Gas  Committee   R.  H.  Townslev.  General  Manager,  Ga^  OfiBces,  I^eds 

Port  Natal-  Coaling  Plant   Natal  Government Charies  J.  Crofls.  M  I.C.E..  Haibour  Dept.,  Durban,  Natal^. 

India  Office,  S.W.-Deck  Bridges Secretary  of  State  for  India  The  Director-General  of  Stores.  India  Office,  Wh'tehall,  b.W 

Gateshead-Widening  Railway Noith-Eastem  Railway  Co Charles  A.  Harrison,  Central  Station.  Newcastle-on- 1 yne 

Bradfoid-Reservoir  Corporation    The  Waterworks  Engineer,  Town  Hall.  Bradford      ........  

Flamborough— Well  BridUngton  Rural  DistrictCouncil  ...  Elliott  and  Brown,  Engireers,  Burton  Buildings,  Nottingham    

Eojton  and  Crompton— Tramway Urban  Disbict  Council    R.  P.  Wilson,  C.E.,  66,  Victoria-street,  Westminster  

Golspie -Bridge  over  River  Hope  Sotherland  County  Council    John  Baxter,  C.E.,  County  Road  Surveyor,  Brora        

Liscannor,  Ireland-Extension  of  Groyne  H.  Willism,  Secretary,  Office  of  Public  Works,  DubUn 

Swansea-Cranes Harbour  Trustees A.  O.  Schenk,  M  I. C.E.,  Harbour  Offices,  Swansea M.ay    5 

Wesham,  Lanes— Hot-Water  Supply  to  New  Workhouee Fjlde  Union  OuardianB  Haywood  and  Harrison,  Architects,  Accringtem 

Corunna,  Spain— Waterworks  (£62.000)  Aguaa  de  1»  Coruna,  Piazza  de  Lugo,  21,  So,  Corunna,  Spain  .......^ 

Lahore-Cotton-Seed  Oil  Mills  and  Flour  Mills  Managing  Proprietor.  Cntton  &  Commerce  Agency,  Lahore,  Punjab 

Folkestone-Heating  Town  Hall  and  Police  Courts    Corporation Reginald  Pope,  F.R.I  B.A.,  Folkestone    — 

FENOINO    AND    WALLS. 

Manchester-Boundary  WaU.  Whitworth-strect Parks  Committee  The  City  Surveyor's  Office,  Town  Hall,  Manchester ■*-P'''' 'S 

York-Fence  Posts  (25,000)  and  Rails  (120,000)    North-Eastern  RaUway  Co E.  H.  Clark,  Stores  Supt..  Gateshead    ............. .^.... „     .<» 

Cork— Boundary  Walls  and  Fences  T.Donovan W.  H.  Hill  and  Son,  Architects,  28,  South  Mall,  Cork    „      .» 


23 
2.5 
25 
23 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
SO 
80 


9 
15 


FUBNITX7BB    AND    PITTINOS. 

Egremont-New  Windows  to  Oddfellows'  Property  James  Cowan,  Surveyor,  Egremont „...^..... April  16 

West  Ham-Furnishing  Whalebone-lane  Schools  Education  Committee  W.  Jacejues,  A.R.I.B.  A.,  2,  Fen-court,  Fenchurch-street,  fc.U 1» 

Gorton— Furni.shing  St.  George's  and  St.  Francis's  Schools Education  Committee  W.  A.  Clegg,  Secretary,  Town  Hall,  Gorton,  lanes „     ^i 

Bristol-Furnishing  Ham  Green  Hospital Health  Committee The  Gen.  Medical  Supt.  of  City  Hospitals,  40,  Pnnce;«t^  Bristol    ^» 

Newcastle-on-Tyne-School  Furniture    Education  Committee  C.  Williams,  Sec,  New  Bndge-street,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    .^ ..     »0 

Leyton,  E.— Furnishing  Norlington-road  School Education  Committee  W.  Jacques,  A.R.I.B.A.,  2,  Fen-court,  Fenchurch-street,  B.C May    s 

PAINTINO. 

Worsborough— Sewage  Farms  and  Offices Urban  District  Council    John  Whitaker,  Surveyor,  Worsboroagh April  16 

Canterbury- Cemetery  Cemetery  Committee    Arthur  C.  Turiey,  A.M.I. C.E.,  City  Surveyor,  Canterbury  ,  lb 

Egremont-  Oddfellows'  Property James  Cowan,  Surveyor,  Egremont J6 

Leeds-Public  Street  Lamps    Lighting  Committee Robert  E.  Fox,  Town  Clerk,  Leeds lb 

York- Ousebridge  Inn  S.Smith    Thomas  Winn  and  Sons,  Architects,  92,  Albion-ttreet,  Leeds lb 

Hajfleld— Shop  and  Cottages  Co-operative  Society Daniel  Mellor,  Secretary,  Hayfleld i.  1* 

Milnsbridge— House,  Cowlersley-lane     Lunn  and  Kaye,  Architects,  Milnsbridge IV"  i  "ij ia 

LoDgwood-Warehouse  at  Cliff  End  Mills C.  F.  MaUinson  and  Sons,  Surveyors,  Market-place,  Hudderstteld  ..    „  19 

Congleton -Workhouse  Hospital  at  Arclid    Guardians H.  Ferrand,  Clerk,  Union  Offices,  Sandbach  >  -!0 

Linthwaite- Church  Schools  John  Kirk  and  Sons,  Architects,  Huddersfleld  ,.  ^1 

Shilbottle— Two  Houses    Sir  Wm.  Church    M.  Temple  Wilson.  Architect,  Alnwick    i  ^^ 

Leeds-Jewish  Baths  Buildings Corporation J.  Lane  Fox,  Architect,  Oxford-place,  Leeds i  ^» 

Brynmawr- Clarence  Hotel Buchan  and  Co T.  Roderick.  Architect,  Ulebeland-street,  Merthyr  _...... ^b 

Thornton,  Bradford- Branch  Store Queensbury  Industrial  Soc.  Ltd.    ...  Medley  Hall,  M.8.A.,  Architect,  1,  Hamson-road,  Halifax ^b 

Halifax— Works  and  Residence,  Spring  Hall-lane C.  F.  L.  Horslall  and  Son,  Archts.,  Lord-st.  Chambers,  Halifax    ...    ..  3) 

Kingston-on-Thames— Workhouselnftrmary Guardians Wm.  H.  Hope,  Architect,  Seymour-road,  Hampton  Wick May  2 

PLTIMBINa    AND    GLAZINO. 

Peith-BIock  of  Shops  and  Warehouses City  of  Pertli  Co-operative  Society  ...  Maclaren  and  Mackay,  Architects,  56,  George-street  Perth April  21 

Halifax— Machinery  Warehouse,  Deal-street   J.  F.  Walsh  and  Graham  Nicholas,  Architects,  Hahfax ,.     ^ 

BOADS    AND    STBEETS. 

Chester-le-Street-Making-up  Foundry-lane Highways  Committee  G.  W.  Ayton,  Highway  Surveyor,  Chester-le-Street April  16 

Coventry-Making-up  Road    Gas  Committee   Fletcher  W.  Stevenson,  Engineer,  Gasworks,  Coventry  ..  J» 

Tottenham,  N.-Making-up  Hendrick's-terrace  Urban  District  Council    W.  H.  Prescott,  A.M.I.C.E.,  712,  High-road,  Tottenham „  I» 

Carshalton-Making-upStanley-ruad  Urban  District  Council    Wm.  Willis  Gale,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Surveyor,  Carshalton  »» 

Slough— Roads  and  Sewers  on  Castle  View  Estate Perrin  and  Woolsey  Lee  and  Farr,  Architects  and  Surveyors,  Slough <•  ^^ 

Chi.-wick,  W.— Making-up  Cranbrook-road  Urban  District  Council    John  Barclay,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Chiswick,  W.  _...„.... ■.■^.    ..  ^ 

Fulham  S.W.— Making-up  Roads    Borough  Council    F.  Wood,  A. M.I.C. E.,  F.G.S..  Boro' Sur.,  Town  Hall,  Fulham,a.W.    „  ^o 

Cowbndge  and  Pontyclun— Road  Widening Glamorgan  County  Council    T.  Mansel  Franklen,  Clerk,_We8tgate-street,  Cardifl   ••  ^^ 


Enfield— Making-up  Holmwood-road  Urban  District  Council    Richard  Collins,  Surveyor,  Public  Offices,  Enfield.. 

■n  -.,         -—  — ,  .     .  ->  .       ~  -.  .-.-...    ^    ...  n  ,    .T..  ,n TT-ll       TT "leiSUHIHi,      »» ».  — " 

_.  _ __  _  '•'* 

Swinton-Making-up  Adwick-roadandSpencer-strett Urban  District  Council    Robert  Fowler,  Surveyor,  Swinton,  near  Rotherham  ■.     '•'0 

Che-shunt-Channelling Urban  DistrictCouncil    Reginald  H.  Jettes,  M.S.E.,  Engineer,  Manor  Hou" 

Aston  Manor— Slaking-up  Street  Town  Council The  Borough  Engineer,  Council  House,  Aston  Ma 

New  Tredegar— Lowering  Road Bedwellty  Urban  District  Council  ...  J.  H.  Lewis,  A.M.I. ,  Surveyor,  Blackwood,  Mon. 


Che-shunt-Channelling Urban  District  Council    Reginald  H.  Jettes,  M.S.E.,  Engineer,  Manor  House,  Cheshunt ,     ^i 

*-*--'" ....  r,.       .  ^  ^  .,  —      ..  ,    T,     .: /^ ..,  TT AstouManoF t*      *^ 

lOd,  Mon .» 

^  .^ ^ ^ ^ .  ,  Catford,  S.E 

Luton— Paving  Roads.. .!'....'. Town  Council ...°. O.  Sell.  "Town  Clerk,  'Town  Hall,  Luton 


Aston  Manor— Making-up  Street  Town  Council The  Borough  Engineer,  Council  House,  Aston  Manor 

New  Tredegar— Lowering  Road Bedwellty  Urban  District  Council  ...  J.  H.  Lewis,  A.M.I. ,  Surveyor,  Blackwood,  Mon.    ..^ ..     f^ 

Sydenham,  S.E. —Paving  Sydenham-road  Lewisham  Borough  Council  The  Surveyor's  Department,  Town  Hall,  Catford,  S.E f> 


Kingston-on-'fhames— Paving  at  Workhouse Guardians Wm.  H.  Hope,  C.E.,  Architect,  Seymour-road,  Hampton  Wiok May  2 

Windeor- Making-up  Bourne-avenue 7  Town  Council The  Borough  Surveyor's  Office,  Alma-road,  Windsor  .......^... » 

Leyton,  E.— Situ  Concrete  Paving  at  Norliugton-road  School...  Education  Committee  W.  Jacques,  A.R.I.B.A., '2,  Fen-court,  Fenchurch-street,  E.C .,  » 

Blackrod— Paving  Main  Roads  (One  Year)    Urban  District  Council    J.  Gardner,  Clerk,  Blackrod,  Lanes    

SANITAB7 

Whitchurch-Additions  to  Police  Station  Drainage  .".....  W.J.  Taylor,  County  Surveyor,  The  Castle,  Winchester    April  IS 

Macroom— Sewer  at  Workhouse    Guardians D.  Creedon,  Acting  Clerk,  Macroom,  Ireland ..  |» 

Bourne  and  Boston- Boding  and  Cotting  Drains  (One  Year)...  Black  Sluice  Commissioners  F.  Sanderson  Robins,  Surveyor,  5,  Horncastle-road,  Boston i  J* 

Wooler-Sewerage  Works    Glendale  Rural  District  CouncU  Harry  W.  Taylor,  A.M.I.C.E.,  NewcasUe-on-Tyne ;<? 

Pontypridd-Drainage  and  Street  Works  (One  Year)  Urban  District  CouncU    P.  R.  A.  Willougbby,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Pontypridd ..■• ^» 

SexhiU- Intercepting  Sewer    Corporation G.  BaU,  Borough  Surveyor,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Town  Hall,  BexhiU „  £» 

BoUington— Sewerage  Works Urban  District  Council   W.  H.  Radford,  Eng.,  Albion  Chambers,  King-street,  Nottingham  ..    „  30 


AiEiL  22,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


573 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERING  JOURNAL. 

VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  2572. 

►♦-• 

FRIDAY,  ArrjL  il,  1901. 


PROFESSIONAL  EiiUIPlIENT. 

FOR  the  profession  and  its  several  allied 
branches  our  existing  educational  means 
afford  very  little  and  imperfect  aid.     How, 
for    instance,    can     a     young    architect    or 
engineer    prepare   himself    to    compete    for 
a  municipal  office  ?    He  has  been  articled  to 
an  architect  or  surveyor :    has  attended,  it 
may  bo,  the  classes  of  the  Association  or  the 
courses  of  instruction  at  King's  (JoUege,  or 
the  London  University,    or   has  passed  the 
examinations  of  the   Institute   or  the  Sur- 
veyors' Institution ;  but  he  is  still  far  from 
knowing  anything  about  the  various  branches 
and  subjects  which  a  municipal  architect  or 
engineer  will  be  required  to  be  familiar  with. 
Probably  he  knows  little  or  nothing  of  the 
Public  Health  Act  (187.5)  or  of  Local  Govern- 
ment Board  regulations,   or  the  model  by- 
laws   in    force    for    buildings.     As    to   the 
provisions  of  the  Public  Health  and  Housing 
Acts,  he  has  very  little  definite  knowledge. 
The  Acts  relating  to  the  sanitation  of  dwelling- 
houses  are    alone    a    considerable   study  to 
master.     To  learn  the  various  sections  of  the 
Public  Health  Act — such  as  those  relating  to 
sanitary  conveniences,  of  power  to  make  by- 
laws, water  supply,  cellar  dwellings,  common 
lodging-houses  contained  under   sections  '66 
to    89,    or    those    relating    to    houses    let 
in    lodgings,    nuisances    and    their    abate- 
ment,   overcrowded    houses,    by-laws,    sec- 
tions 90    to    157 — would  take   considerable 
time  and  careful  reading  before  the  candidate 
for  any  such  public  office  could  be  said  to  be 
weU  equipped  for  his  duties.     The  municip.al 
engineer  ought,  of  course,  to  be  proficient  in 
all  the  sections  empowering  local  authorities 
to  own,  purchase,  maintain,  and  make  or  alter 
sewers  to  enforce  drain.age  of  houses  into  a 
sewer.     He  must  therefore  study  sections  13 
to  23.  The  prohibition  of  cellar  dwellings  and 
the  conditions  which  have  to    be   observed 
before    they    are    allowed    to    be    occupied 
(section    72)  ;     the    by-laws    as    to  common 
lodging-houses;    the  building    by-laws  and 
the  by-laws  under  section  157  relating  to  the 
construction    of    new    streets;    structure    of 
walls,   foundations,  roofs,   and  chimneys  of 
new  buildings,  and  for  prevention  of  fires  and 
for  purposes  of  health ;  air  space  about  build- 
ings and  their  drainage,  &c.,  have  all  to  be 
mastered  in  detail  before  he  can  examine  or 
recommend  any  buildings  to  be  erected  in 
the  borough.     But  how  can  these  enactments 
of  the  law  be  learned,  unless  they  have  been 
acjuired  by  a  practical  acquaintance  in  the 
office  of  a  provincial  architect  who  has  had  to 
submit  designs  for  various  buildings,  public 
and  domestic,   before  the  borough  surveyor, 
and  who  is  conversant  with  the  requirements 
of  the  various  by-laws  and  regulations  r   The 
architectural  schools  and  classes  do  not  pre- 
pare the  student  for  these  essentials  of  the 
municipal  surveyor's  work.     Then  there  are 
questions    of    a    more    or    less  engineering 
kind,    sewer  construction  and  laying.      The 
design  of   the  walls,  embankments,  groynes, 
jetties;     schemes   for    the  storage   and  uti- 
lisation   of    sewage    and    refuse,    buildings 
for  electrical    or    power    stations,    markets, 
abattoirs,  refuse  destructors,  street  construc- 
tion, matters  involving  the  study  of  existing 
works    of     the    best    models,    of    electrical 
development  in  its  various  phases  and  experi- 
ence.    How  can  the  young  professional  man 
who  has  been  educated  and  trained  in  ordinary 
lines  for  private  practice  over  hope  to  master 
those  varied  questions  ?     ^[any  of  them  are 
quite  new  to  him.     His  examination  papers 
do  not  touch  the  practical  requirements  of 


these  branches  of  the  profession.  What  he  is 
in  need  of  is  to  pick  up  one  or  more  of  these 
subjects  after  he  has  passed  his  pupilage  and 
examination,  to  be  able  to  enter  a  school  or 
technical  college  where  these  branches  of 
.applied  construction  are  dealt  with  in  a 
thorough  manner  by  men  who  have  a  prac- 
tical acquaintance  with  them — not  a  mere 
theoretical  smattering.  What  he  has  already 
learned  in  the  office  and  architectural  or  en- 
gineering classrooms  may  be  sufficient  for 
private  practice  of  an  ordinary  kind,  but  such 
knowledge  is  quite  inadequate  to  cope  with 
greater  works  of  magnitude,  and  with  special 
engineering  structures  where  an  error  of 
design  or  judgment  would  be  serious.  In 
short,  a  man  who  goes  in  for  a  town  surveyor- 
ship  ought  to  serve  an  apprenticeship  to  a 
municipal  engineer,  or  several  apprentice- 
ships —  the  one-subject  student  has  no 
chance  of  success,  and  had  better  confine 
himself  to  tlie  practice  of  an  architect  or 
engineer  simply,  in  one  direction  or  another, 
where  his  talent  will  be  appreciated  and 
promoted.  It  is  a  waste  of  talent  and 
effort  for  such  a  student  to  take  up  a 
variety  of  subjects  and  think  he  can 
master  them.  The  municipal  surveyor  or 
engineer — whichever  title  we  give  him — 
should  be  a  man  of  many  sides  and 
capabilities,  and  be  able  to  turn  his  attention 
from  one  question  to  another  with  alertness ; 
his  tastes  should  be  omnivorous,  and  of  wide 
sympathies,  able  to  take  in  the  points  of  a 
refuse  destructor  as  weU  as  the  requirements 
of  a  town-hall.  But  there  are  few  in  the  pro- 
fession th.at  are  so  constituted  by  nature  or 
by  training.  Those  who  have  the  power  of 
turning  their  attention  in  several  directions 
are  more  gifted  as  organisers  than  as 
specialists.  Men  of  the  stamp  of  James 
Watt,  Smeaton,  Rennie,  or  Robert  Stephenson 
were  of  that  class ;  the  steam  engine  in  its 
various  forms  and  application,  harbours, 
canals,  bridges,  lighthouses,  road  construction 
were  questions  which  engaged  their  attention. 
They  were  the  pioneers  of  engineering  con- 
struction. No  educational  facilities  or  train- 
ing will  impart  this  diversity  of  gifts.  We 
cannot  turn  out  such  men  by  any  known 
process,  and  yet  the  requirements  of  our 
large  municipalities  call  for  officials  who  can 
bring  the  highest  skill  to  bear  on  schemes  of 
locomotion,  water  supply,  of  sewerage,  of 
utilisation,  in  the  design  of  buildings  for 
power  production,  of  the  laying  out  of  new 
streets,  and  for  municipal  and  other  purposes 
too  varied  to  mention.  How  to  train  men 
for  such  work  is  the  question.  The  ordinarily 
trained  young  architect  or  engineer  is,  as  we 
have  seen,  unqualified ;  his  work  has  been 
limited  to  making  designs  for  buildings  of  a 
domestic  or  commercial  kind,  he  knows 
nothing  of  municipal  business,  law,  or  re- 
quirements of  a  large  borough  or  of 
engineering  work ;  the  youthful  engineer 
has  no  legal  business  or  building  qualifi- 
cations. Those  who  enter  as  candidates 
for  appointments  are  often  of  these  cla-ses. 
Confidence  is  a  great  help,  and  many  men 
who  have  this  qualification  and  pluck  manage 
to  fall  into  the  groove  where  more  reserved 
and  cautious  men  fear  to  tread.  But  the 
public  are  likely  to  suffer  from  such  appoint- 
ments. This,  it  appears  to  us,  is  a  strong 
argument  for  the  statutory  qualification  of 
architects  ;  for  it  is  the  duty  of  a  municipal 
authority  to  protect  the  public  from  uu- 
qualifiod  practitioners,  anil  it  is  the  duty  of 
the  profession  also  to  jn'oteot  themselves. 
Congresses  of  architects  hold  at  Brussels 
(1S97),  in  Paris  (1900),  tho  States  of  Iowa, 
Illinois,  California,  and  other  .Vmorican 
States  have  passed  "osolutions  and  laws,  and 
in  Germany,  Italy,  Spain,  and  Russia 
government  diplomas  and  registration  havo 
boon  adopted  for  the  same  reasons.  For  the 
public  interest  those  who  administer  the 
Building  .Vets  and  regulations,  who  havo  tho 
design  and  building  of  town-halls,  public 
ollices,  courts   of  law,    marketplaces,  of  in- 


firmaries and  workhouses,  model  dwellings, 
technical  school-^,  and  libraries,  who  have 
the  laying  out  of  new  streets  and  parks,  tho 
water  supply,  and  other  matters  should  be 
(jualificd  men.  It  is  the  fortune  of  most  of 
our  great  provincial  towns  to  possess  men 
able  to  direct  these  works  with  ability  and 
skill ;  but  we  cannot  expect  that .  suppl}-  to 
be  maintained  up  to  the  high  and  ever  rising 
standard  required  if  no  provision  is  made. 
To  secure  that  all  likely  candidates  for  such 
offices  are  at  least  competent  in  all  the 
elements  of  sanitary  and  hygienic  and  con- 
structive science,  and  have  knowledge  of 
all  matters  where  the  life,  health,  and 
financial  interest  of  the  community  are  con- 
cerned, are  reasonable  demands.  A  proper 
and  competent  training  in  engineering  and 
building  operations  are,  of  course,  of  import- 
ance. 

The  successful  municipal  engineer  or  sur- 
veyor has  genei-ally  been  unremitting  in 
application,  a  keen  observer  and  experi- 
menter, never  taking  anything  for  granted. 
Our  greatest  engineers  never  accepted  any 
conclusions  save  on  experimental  evidence. 
Watt  remarked  to  Murdoch,  tho  engineer, 
it  was  a  great  thing  to  find  out  what  will  not 
do,  as  it  leads  to  finding  out  what  ii;ill  do. 
Many  of  the  greatest  men  in  the  pi-ofession 
relied  on  facts,  though  they  were  often  great 
theorists  as  well,  and  it  is  impossible  to  be  a 
great  inventor  without  also  being  a  theorist. 
Watt's  invention  of  the  separate  condenser 
was  itself,  as  Smiles  says,  the  result  of 
theory.  Rennie,  we  know,  was  a  great  experi- 
mentalist, and  his  researches  into  the  nature 
of  materials  and  cements  are  well  known. 
These  were  typical  men.  We  cannot  expect 
the  municipal  engineer  of  our  great  towns  to 
be  individual  investigators.  Since  the  days 
of  the  men  we  have  alluded  to,  construction, 
architectural  and  engineering,  have  advanced 
by  leaps  and  bounds.  The  world  has  moved 
on.  There  are  so  many  new  claims  on  the 
attention  of  both  professions,  that  we  cannot 
expect  any  man,  however  capable,  to  be 
master  of  all.  He  must  learn  a  good  deal 
from  books  and  the  experience  of  others. 
Many  who  are  successful  in  municipal 
appointments  are  able  to  appropriate  the 
results  of  others ;  they  can  digest  and  turn 
to  useful  service  facts  and  conclusions,  and 
are  often,  as  we  know,  alas  I  not  afraid  to 
borrow  the  brains  of  others,  and  even  to 
appropriate  designs.  As  to  the  status  of  art, 
it  is  higher  than  it  once  was.  Twenty  years 
ago  the  municipal  surveyor  was  not  looked 
upon  as  an  authoritj-  in  art  matters,  nor  was 
his  opinion  sought  after.  The  designs  for 
the  chief  municipal  buildings,  such  as  public 
office?,  town  halls,  libraries,  &o.,  were 
entrusted  to  outsiders.  -Vnd  such  a  course 
of  action  appears  to  be  the  most 
reasonable  now.  The  most  successful 
buildings  of  a  municipal  kind  have  been 
designed  and  carried  out  by  independent 
architects,  and  many  havo  been  the  result  of 
public  competition.  However  valuable  the 
practical  experience  of  a  municipal  surveyor 
may  bo,  or  however  good  a  plan  he  may 
suggest,  the  designs  for  buildings  of  this 
class  involve  a  study  and  artistic  cultiu-o 
which  can  oniy  be  secured  by  tho  employ- 
ment of  those  who  make  architectural  design 
their  chief  business.  lUit  tho  municipal 
surveyor  is  called  upon  to  exercise  his  taste 
in  other  buildings— in  markets,  buildings  for 
technical  purposes,  alterations  to  public 
buildings,  in  tho  laying  out  of  streets  and 
parks.  Ho  is  thoroforo  expected  to  know 
something  of  architooturo.  Statutory  regis- 
tration will  not,  of  course,  train  tho  imagin- 
ative faculty  required  in  design,  nor  will  it 
make  artists ;  a  man's  taste  is  too  subtle  to  bo 
tested,  or  weighed  by  any  to>t.  But  it  may 
bo  pointed  out  that  in  .Vmorica  colleges  exist 
which  train  architectural  students,  and  which 
lead  up  to  dogroes  in  architecture  and  artistic 
attainments.  Tho  official  who  now  becomes 
tho  controlling  architect  aui   engineer  of  a 


574 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


April  22,  1904. 


large  municipality  represents,   or   ought  to 
represent,  the  best  engineering  as  well  as  the 
best  architectural  talent  available,  as  many 
duties  are   obb'gatory   on    him.     lie  is  the 
corporation's  adviser  in  all  matters  of  a  con- 
structional and  architectural  kind.     And  it  is 
this   many-sidedness    of    his    calling  which 
makes  those  who  contemplate  going  in  for 
such  appointments   hesitate.      Other  official 
appointments,     such     as     those    of    district 
surveyor     and     London     Borough     Council 
surveyorships,    are    in    the    same    position. 
They  demand  men  who  are  good  organisers, 
able  in  construction,  and  capable  of  judging 
upon  the  qualities  of  design.     But  it  is  just 
this  all-round  knowledge  and  varied  qualifi- 
cation which  is  required  for  such  a  position, 
which  only  a   few   of    the  Continental  and 
American  universities  can  supply.  As  regards 
the  ever-growing  special  requirements  of  our 
great  cities,   they  are  sufficiently  numerous 
to  deter  many  from   entering  a  profession 
which  requires  so  much.     We  have  spoken 
of  the  legal  and  statutory  knowledge ;  how 
much  the  official  architect  or  engineer  has  to 
know    of   (Questions    that  have    sprung  up 
quite  lately,  on  the  di.sposal  of  sewage  and 
refuse,  ot  electricity  in   its   many  develop- 
ments in  tramways,  electric  traction,  electric 
lighting   and   power    in   various   directirns. 
Take,   for  instance,  the  generation  of  ekc- 
tricity  for  traction   and  lighting  only — two 
most  important   and   far-reaching  subjects, 
the  capabilities  of  which  are  ever  extending. 
The  engineer  of  the  old  school  of  30  or  -10 
years    since    has    to    forget   much   that  he 
leamed,  and  to  begin  again.     A  new  kind  of 
engineering  has  been  developed  of  late  years 
which   our    older    engineers  know   nothing 
about.     The  steam-engine  is  no  longer  the 
chief  motor ;  it  is  being  supplanted  gradu- 
ally by  the  electric  motor,   so  that  it  means 
a  relearning  of  much  that  has  been  learned 
before.     Electricity   is  a  new  power  to   be 
dealt  with,  requiring  different  conditions  and 
modes  of  application.     And  as  mechanical 
engineering  has  been  revolutionised  by  the 
introduction  of  electricity,  so  the  construc- 
tional   requirements    of     the     age     of     the 
steam     power     have     (hanged     also.      The 
municipal     official     has    to    understand  the 
construction     of     lefuse     destructors,     and 
the    use    of  electricity  in    connection   with 
them.     These  destmctors.  plain  and  ugly  as 
they  often  are,  have  to  be  mastered.     They 
were  no  sooner  introduced  than  a  new  kind 
of  destructor  has    come   into  being,   which 
provides  for  a  large  amount  of  power  from  the 
refuse.     The  combination  of  destructors  with 
electricity  works  and  with  sewage  and  pump- 
ing works  is  comparativelj-  a  new  develop- 
ment  of  engineering   that   has  to  be  faced, 
and  we  have  in  conufction  with  this  develop- 
ment the  design   of  buildings  of  a  special 
type  adapted  for  the  purposes,  also  for  central 
power    stations    in    connection    with    street 
traction.     These   buildings  have   to   be  de- 
signed  for   various   sites,    and   the  ordinary 
architect  cannot  be  expected  to  know  much 
of     them.      At      Northampton,     Salisbury, 
Ipswich,   Sheerness,    Weymouth,    and  many 
other  towns  there  have  been  erected  more 
or   less  primitive  types  of  these  structures. 
In  this  one  direction,  therefore,   we  have  an 
instance   of  an  unexpected   development  of 
industry,    and   with   it   a   demand   for  con- 
structional design  involving  a  knowledge  of 
electrical  engineering.  Here,  then,  the  archi- 
tect and  engineer  have  to  play  their  part  if 
they  are   to   keep   pace   with  the   industrial 
progress  of  the  age,  and  these  are  subjects 
for  which  our  architectural  and  educational 
e.'tablishments    afford    us    little    aid.     The 
architectural  schools  in  this  country,  at  least, 
are  too  conservative  to  break  new  ground  ; 
and  there  is  also  the  inertness  of  the  student 
who  has  been  brought  up  in  the  older  tradi- 
tions  of  the   profession.      These  are  strong 
influences.    We  have  to  look  to   the  United 
States  for  schools  and  colleges  in  which  the 
student  is  taught  on  the  newer  lines,  or  are 


prepared  for  appointments  such  as  those  we 
have  been  considering.  At  the  present  time 
we  have  not  these  facilities  for  advanced  or 
specific  instruction,  so  the  student  and  pro- 
fessional man  has  to  acquire  such  knowledge 
as  best  he  can. 


THE   NEW   GALLERY. 

WITH  the  splendid  achievements  of  Mr. 
O.  E.  Watts,   Mr.  J.  S.  Sargent,  Mr. 
Alfred  East,   Mr.  North,  the  success  of  the 
New  Gallery  in  Regent-street  may  be  said  to 
be  assured,  in  spite  of  the  absence  of  those 
leaders  which  made  this  gallery  noted  as  the 
representative    gathering   of   the   New  Art 
Movement  which  began  at  the  old  Grosvenor 
Gallery.   It  is  true  we  have  no  Bume-Jones, 
whose  poetic  conceptions  lent  charm  to  the 
central  positions  of  the  gallery ;  but  we  have 
in  his  place  five  works  by  that  veteran  painter, 
G.  F.  Watts,  one  of  which  would  have  given 
it  a  distinction  ;   besides  those  of  painters  of 
opposite  schools  who  have  won  a  place  in 
painting,  Sir  George  Reid,  J.  E.  Blanche,  Mr. 
J.  Lavery,  T.  0.  Gotch,  and  others.     In  the 
South  Room,  one  of  the  principal  subject- 
pictures  is  Sir  James  I).  Linton's  "  Ecclesia 
Docens  —  a     Crucial     Point "    {'--)■     In     a 
large  interior    two   ecclesiastics,  or  monks, 
are    engaged    in    settling    a    knotty    point 
—  it    may    be    of     doctrine     or    canonical 
law.    A   young  lady   is  also   present.     One 
of     the     monks     standing     at     the     table 
is  pointing  to  a  large   book,    directing  the 
attention  of  a  nobleman,    who   stands  in  a 
defiant  attitude,  his  arms  folded,  and  back  to 
the  tribunal,     and    apparently    hard    to  be 
persuaded  by  the  ecclesiastic,  who  appeals  to 
the  authority.     The  costumes  and  details  are 
learned,  and  the  technique  admirable.     His 
other  work,   "St.  George  and  the  Dragon" 
(271),  is  also  clever;   but  there  is  a  wooden 
look  about  the  horse,  which   detracts  from 
the  work,  and  the  dragon  is  not  so  formidable 
as  it  might  be.     But  to  go  back  to  the  South 
Room.    We  have  three  by  G.  F.  Watts.    His 
"  Progress"  (4o)  is  perhaps  the  most  powerful 
composition.     "Progress"  is  personified  by 
a  man  riding  a  white  horse — a  sort  of  mytho- 
logical    Phaethon     (or     Helios    the     Sun), 
who    is    holding    a    bow    as    he    advances 
forward     through     effulgent     clouds.     The 
strides   of    the    white    horse    are    about  to 
overtake  the  crouched  figures  of  men,  who 
are    engaged    in     studying    or     pondering 
over  old  manuscripts,  and  examining  relics 
as  representing  the  old  world.     It  is  full  of 
warm  and   mellow   colour.     In   the   smaller 
picture,     "Whence — Whither?"    (39),    the 
painter  depicts  an  allegoiy  ;  a  plump-limbed 
child,  who  has  been  borne  by  the  waves  of 
the  sea  on  an  unknown  shore.     With  arms 
extended,  the  helpless,  wondering  child  finds 
his  feet   on  the  shore  of  a  new  world— ex- 
ceedingly simple,  but  convincing.    His  other 
subject,   "Prometheus'"   (50),   is  painted  in 
a    low    key    of    colour.     The    mythic    hero 
is     chained     to     the     rock  ;     the     subject 
arrests  attention  by  its  power.     Portraiture 
is  strongly  represented.     David  Carr  sends 
"In  Fancy   Dress,   Portrait   of   Phyllis,  his 
Daughter,"  a  pretty,  fair  maiden  with  yellow 
chr3-santhemums  in  her  hair,  in  a  blue  and 
flowered  dress.     Henry  J.  Ford  has  a  lady 
resting  in  an   easy-chair  in  a  conservatory, 
dressed  in  a  blue  spotted  material  with  large 
hat.     The  sunlit  garden  beyond  lends  charm 
to  the  scene.     Montague  Smyth's  "  Bathers  " 
is  a  subtle  harmony  of  grey,  a  peep  of  the 
sea  between  clifls.     Hubert  Schmalz's  sub- 
ject,  "  Sweet  Lavender,"  is  a  three-quarter 
figure    of   a    girl   holding    a  basket   of   the 
fragrant  herb.    She  stands  against  the  corner 
of  a   house — pleasingly  painted.     Then   we 
have  a  portrait  of  "  Miss  Norah  Bourne,"  by 
P.    Ar  Hay— a   fair-haired   young  lady    in 
green.     T.  C.  Gotch,   in  the  "  Ice  Maiden,'' 
is  perhaps  symbolic,  certainly  clever ;  the  figure 
of  the  nude  maiden,  whose  greenish  white 
hue  contrasts  with  the  blue  iceberg  scene, 


holds  one  finger  up  as  if  listening  to  the 
cataract  of  water.  Near  it  John  R.  Reid.  in 
"  A  Sheer  Hulk  ''  (12),  shows  a  boy  seated  by 
the  side  of  his  sailor  father,  with  a  hulk  of 
a  small  boat — full  of  open  air,  light,  and 
freshness.  Very  gruesome  is  the  allegory 
"  The  Two  Guests  " — a  reaper  and  the  figure 
of  Death  behind,  by  Miss  Dorothea  Laudau. 
More  phasing  is  S.  Melton  Fisher's 
"  Kathleen,  Daughter  of  Mr.  G.  Myaw,"  in 
low  white  dress,  fair,  and  softly  painted  ; 
and  then  we  have  a  clever  piece  of  hill 
painting,  "November  in  the  Dolomites  ' 
(IG),  by  Adrian  Stokes  —  a  contrast  of 
steep  purple  hills,  with  trees  of  golden 
foliage  in  the  foreground ;  perhaps  scarcely 
natural,  almost  too  much  like  a  decorative 
panel.  James  Orrocks's  view  in  "  Stake 
Nets,  Holy  Island"  (IS)  is  a  picture  of 
characteristic  breadth  with  good  eky.  Mr!». 
Normand  (Henrietta  Rae)  has  in  "  Poppies  " 
an  idealised  face  of  a  dreamy  dark  girl  iu 
light  drapery,  refined  in  colour  and  expres- 
sion, and  Alfred  Parsons,  A.R.A.  "Mag- 
nolias "  (30)  is  admirable  in  the  white 
blossom  and  leaves  and  skilful  execution. 
Full  of  summer  light  and  colour  is  Edward 
Stott's  "The  Willow  Pond"  (3N),  cows, 
drinking — is  fu'l  of  naturalness ;  it  is  a 
tranquil  piece  of  pastoral  painting.  Ha 
"  Folding  Time"  (lofS)  is  even  stronger  :  it  is 
a  moonlight  or  twilight  effect  with  sheep- 
and  figures,  painted  with  fidelity  and 
much  charm.  Then  we  have  a  figure 
subject  by  Charles  F.  M.  Cleverley  "  When 
Autumn  Turns  the  Leaves,"  an  emblematic 
figure  of  a  girl  in  red  drapery  and  graceful 
in  the  lines  of  her  figure.  The  "  Nut  Brown 
ilaid  '  by  Joseph  E.  Southall,  is  a  decorative 
subject,  clever  in  treatment.  "The  Hilly 
Pastures,"  with  cows  near  a  pond,  by 
Fred  Hall  (52),  is  a  charming  picture,  and 
we  must  notice  Markham  F.  Skipworth's 
clever  piece  of  genrr  "Chess:  a  Critical 
Move,"  a  young  lady,  and  a  gentlemau 
playing ;  and  WilUam  Wontner's  "  Nicolete  " 
(58)  a  young  lady  in  green  low  dress  and 
light  hair ;  the  admirable  seated  portrait  of 
"  Lord  Rayleigh  "  (C8),  by  Sir  George  Reid, 
showing  the  distinguished  scientist  sitting 
before  a  table  with  books,  very  direct  if 
somewhat  commonplace,  is  honest  and 
strong  as  a  presentment.  Alfred  Hartley's 
"Sunset "  (73)  is  a  nice  harmony  of  colours  ; 
Mrs.  Swynnerton's  "Faith"  (74),  an 
armoured  knight  resting  on  the  cross  handle 
of  his  sword ;  W.  H.  Barlett's  "  Sea  Wrack  " 
and  J.  Woolliscroft  Rhead's  "  A  Sacrifice  to 
Neptune,"  a  large  imaginative  picture  (79) 
exhibiting  invention  and  painted  a  greenish 
hue,  are  leading  subjects.  The  series  of 
Sicilian  landscapes  and  studies  by  Walter 
Crane  from  Girgenti,  Syracuse,  I'aletmo, 
Taormina  (80  to  92),  are  interesting. 

Passing  to  the  West  Gallery  we  have  fore- 
most Mr.  G.  F.  Watts's  greatest  performance 
"  A  Fugue."  Mr.  Watts  has  realised  on 
canvas  the  composition  known  in  music  iu 
which  the  parts  fly  or  run  after  each  other, 
and  repeat  the  subject  at  intervals.  The 
pile  or  wreath  of  round-limbed  sportive 
cherubs  or  cupids,  but  without  wings,  which 
rises  like  a  spiral  column,  is  a  fine  concep- 
tion in  form,  colour  and  movement.  The 
scrambling  babes  are  mounting  higher  and 
higher,  surrounded  by  garlands  of  flowers. 
<.>thers  round  the  base  are  repeating  the 
ascent,  but  falling  short  of  it.  Some  are 
blowing  bubbles  ;  but  all  are  healthy,  round- 
limbed,  and  are  whirled  up  as  in  a,  cloud. 
It  is  needless  to  say  the  colour  is  rich  and 
Venetian-like,  and  the  painter  exults  in  the 
idea  and  form  of  the  mounting  cupids.  born 
of  earth,  soaring  higher  and  higher.  The 
moral  is  obvious;  it  is  the  striving  after 
something  higher  and  better — an  aspiration, 
exaltation  of  mind  or  soul.  His  "  Endymion' 
(132),  in  the  West  Boom,  will  be  admii-ed  for 
its  powerful  and  poetic  treatment.  I<ady 
Mraa,  Tadema,  in  her  dainty  little  (imre 
subject,  "  Sweet  Industry  "  (102).  is  imbued 


April   22,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


575 


with  the  Dutch  feeling  of  the  1 7th  century. 
A  lady  in  light  dress  is  at  her  tambour-frame 
near  a  casement  window,  very  delicate  in 
finish,  and  fall  of  delightful  harmony  of 
tones. 

The  allegorical  picture  by  J.  M.  Strudwick 
(104)  entitled  "Passing  l.)ays "  is  quite 
decorative,  and  does  not  claim  any  higher 
significance;  the  figures,  stiffly  drawn,  of 
youths  and  maidens  look  rather  archaic  and 
conventional,  and  the  painter  represents  his 
theme  as  a  terrace  by  the  sea.  On  the  right- 
hand  side  one  sees  the  youth  and  pleasures 
of  life,  on  the  other  the  winter  gloom  and 
cares  depicted  culminating  in  the  aged  man 
disappearing  in  clouds  below.  The  subject  is 
arranged  as  a  procession,  youths  and  maidens, 
old  men  and  women,  passing  from  the  sun- 
Bhine  of  youth  and  gaiety  to  the  darkness 
and  sorrows  of  old  age.  There  is  a  large 
number  of  uninspired  canvases.  Of  these  we 
may  mention  the  tempera  subject,  "  Beauty 
and  the  Beast,"  by  John  D.  Batten 
(112),  and  some  other  pictures.  John 
MacWhirter,  E.A.,  has  a  charming  little 
picture,  "  A  Little  (Jorner  in  Taormina, 
Sicily"  (110),  a  glimpse  of  blue  sea  from  a 
terr.ace;  Francis  S.  Anderton  in  "  Souvenir 
de  Boccace,"  a  long  canvas  representing  a 
banquet  table,  s->ated  along  which  are  three 
couples  of  ladies  and  gentlemen  drinking  to 
each  other's  health.  Behind  are  windows 
through  which  the  glow  of  sunset  enters.  The 
fair  and  dark  women,  who  have  each  a 
partner,  are  in  rich  colour,  and  the  adjuncts 
are  well  painted ;  but  the  work  lacks  the 
qualities  that  convince,  and  the  whole  subject 
may  be  regarded  as  a  piece  of  decoration. 
Arthur  Hacker,  A.R.A..  is  represented  hei'e 
by  "Study''  (119),  a  girl  seated,  a  small, 
stiffly-drawn  figure  in  blue,  with  a  landscape 
background  ;  hardly  convincing  as  a  work  by 
this  painter.  Smoothly  modelled  and  exqui- 
site in  its  finish  is  Herbert  Schmalz's 
"Thoughts"  (127),  a  study  of  a  dark  girl 
resting  her  face  on  her  arms,  with  a  blue 
scarf  round  her.  J.  Coutts  Miohie  has  a 
large  landscape,  "Winter's  Crest,"  a  fine 
hilly  subject,  we'.l  painted,  and  we  have 
portraits  of  "Canon  C.  P.  ilaclear,  1».D., 
Head  Master  of  Kmg's  College  School,''  by 
Sidney  P.  Hall,  and  of  "Joan  Ratcliffe,"  a 
little  girl  with  a  doll,  cleverly  handled  by  F.T. 
Shannon.  W.  Llewellyn's '•  Miirgot,  Daughter 
of  Geoffrey  Alexander"  (14 J),  in  white 
dress,  and  further  on  C.  E!  Hal'e  has 
a  portrait  of  "Azalia"  (149),  a  c'larming 
young  lady  in  white  dress,  seated,  with 
delicate  llosetti-like  features,  in  amber  and 
pearly  tones  of  colour — a  portrait  of  much 
refinement.  Sir  George  Eeid's  portrait  of 
"  W.  Ilolman  Hunt''  (13;i)  is  r(  interest,  and 
is  full  of  character,  and  we  must  notice  the 
standing  figure  of  "Miss  Borwick "  (lj9), 
with  violin,  in  white  dress,  near  a  piano,  and 
the  very  excellent  portrait  of  "Mrs,  G.  A. 
Paley,  of  .Ampton  Hall,''  by  Robert  Brough 
(163),  in  low-cut  black  dress",  a  three-quarter 
life  figure  with  much  character  in  the  face  ; 
and  Fred.  Yates's  "  The  Day's  "Work  is 
Done'  (1'j7),  horses  with  rider  going  home 
from  work,  is  conscientious  and  truthful. 
Robert  W..Vllan's  view  of"  Orvieto"isa3trong 
work.  The  largo  landscape  of  almost  spring- 
like freshness,  which  occupies  a  centre  posi- 
tion, by  J.  W.  North,  A.R.A.,  '.'Little  Rivers 
Rising  in  the  We.t"  (102),  is  one  of  tho 
wild  ro(-k  and  woodland  scenes  of  1  »evon- 
shiro.  The  rocks  aro  clothed  with  foliage 
and  bracken,  and  there  is  a  soft,  subtle 
blending  of  greens  and  autumn  tints,  with 
riiipling  stream.  J.  J.  Shannon's  "Jack" 
is  a  jiortrait  of  a  boy,  thorouglily  bov-like, 
witli  a  book  ou  his  kni'os  in  a  iniMitativo 
mood,  painted  in  dark  sombre  tones.  Tho 
fresh  open-air  work  of  Miss  Flora  Reid  as 
in  "A  Cornish  Fishwife  '  (l.J4),  and  her 
"  Combien  !  deux  francs  't  "  a  bright  market 
scene  (l(i9)  is  of  interest,  and  we  must  note 
also  P.  A.  Hay's  French-like  study,  "Tho 
Toilet''  (172),  a  young  lady  arranging  her 


hair  before  a  mirror,  and  T,  ( '.  Gotch's  "In- 
nocence,'' a  small  study  of  a  child  with 
dragon  and  serpents  round  her,  is  clever. 
His  "Dear  Lady  Disdain''  (107)  is  more 
satisfactory  and  eh.aracteristic.  A  large, 
luminous  sea  and  landscape,  "  Calm  Before 
the  Storm,''  by  Charles  W.  "Wyllie  ;  Oswald 
Von  Glehii's  "  tia Route  d'Kspagne,  Pyrenees  " 
(1S3),  J.  Fi'z  Marshall's  daffodils  "they  Toil 
Not,  Neither  do  They  Spin"  (187),  are  of 
merit.  Alfred  East's  charming  picture,  "  The 
Sunny  "V'alley  of  the  Somme"  (192),  his 
"  Villa  Borghese,  Rome,"  are  both  harmonies 
of  colour,  and  delicate  in  handling.  William 
Wontner's  "Amine"  (197),  a  dark  Oriental 
beauty  leaning  against  a  wall  of  a  court, 
clad  in  a  scarlet  veil  which  covers  her  head 
and  shoulders,  is  one  of  the  best  figure- 
studies.  We  must  also  notice  the  fine  work 
of  portraiture  of  George  Henry's  "  Poinsetta  " 
(20()),  a  full-length  seated  figure  of  lady  in 
black  and  grey,  on  an  Empire  settee.  A  vase 
of  the  scarlet  flowers  in  a  ca'cedon  vase  stands 
behind  —  the  grey  background  and  the 
amber  covering  of  the  settee  make  a 
pleasing  subdued  harmony.  Tho  portrait  of 
the  "  Archbishop  of  Armagh,  Primate  of  all 
Ireland  "  (20  ),  by  H.  Harris  Brown,  is  an 
excellent  rendering. 

Coming  to  the  North  Room,  several 
portraits  of  ladies  are  to  be  noticed.  "Miss 
Ruby  Lindsay  and  her  St.  Bernard  Dog, 
'  RoUo,'  "  is  a  full  -  length,  in  white 
dress,  wiih  girJen  background,  by  Hugh 
de  T.  Glazebrook  (212),  and  quiet  in 
colour.  The  Hon.  John  Collier  has  a  portrait 
of  "  Mrs.  Anthon}'  Hope  Hawkins,"  seated 
in  a  pale  canary-colour  low  dress  against  a 
grey  hanging.  The  rich  auburn  hair  and  the 
cane  easy-chair  make  a  graceful  and  rich 
scheme  of  colour.  And  then  we  have  J.  E. 
Blanche's  portrait  of  Mrs.  Cosmo  Gordon 
Lennox  (Marie  Tempest),  scarcely  a  flatter- 
ing portrait  of  the  well-known  actress  (221), 
in  a  flat-shaped  straw  hat  with  blue  trim- 
ming. The  face  has  a  rather  puckered  ex- 
pression, that  is  not  satisfactory,  though 
there  is  cleverness  in  tho  work.  His  other 
portrait  of  Mme.  Jacques  Baugnies  (275),  a 
lady  in  black  velvet,  seated  somewhat  awk- 
wardly, with  fur  boa,  is  very  sombre  in  key, 
but  painted  with  much  .skill.  The  portrait 
of  "  Mrs.  Leonard  Avery,"  by  Richard  Jack 
(230),  a  tall  and  graceful  standing  full- 
length  figure,  in  a  creamy  white  dress  with 
blue  bands  of  satin  on  the  skirt,  has  a  dis- 
tinguished air  against  the  panelled  back- 
ground. Her  hands  are  behind,  and  the 
whole  scheme  of  colour  is  harmonious.  "  Mrs. 
Norman  Forbes-Robertson,"  by  Harrington 
Mann  (233),  seated,  in  white  dress,  her  face 
turned  towards  the  spectator,  as  in  the  act  of 
speaking,  is  also  a  success.  Probablj'  one  of 
the  best  portraits  is  by  John  S.  Sargent,  R.  A., 
of  "  Mrs.  Hugh  Smith"  (239),  a  seated  figure 
of  that  lady  in  a  dress  of  delicate  shades  of 
grey  with  fur  cloak,  against  a  deep  red 
drapery  background.  The  attitude  is 
natural  and  unrestrained,  and  there  is 
character  in  tho  oxpres'^ion.  Graham  Petrio 
has  a  small  richly-coloured  subject,  "The 
Market,  Venice "  (21()).  Byam  Shaw's 
"Last  Days  at  Ludlow,  1483"  (220),  is 
a  clever  piece  of  historical  i/mre,  representing 
the  unfortunate  young  I'jdward  ^'.  as  a  boy, 
with  his  younger  brother  Richard,  I>iike  of 
York,  in  a  small  room  of  the  Castle,  lighted 
by  a  narrow  ])ointod  window,  barred  with 
iron,  and  looking  over  a  pleasant  sunny 
landscape.  Their  forced  restraint  aro 
pathetically  expressed  in  Byam  Shaw's 
picture.  Hugh(i.  Uiviero  (222),  has  a  largo 
amvas  "  A  Libation  to  01)'mpus,"  hanging 
in  a  central  pofition  on  tho  long  w,ill,  a 
Homeric  subject.  A  largfl,  fully  manned 
Greek  boat  is  being  rowed  over  "  wine-dark  " 
seas  of  deeji  purple,  against  which,  as  a 
background,  the  ruddy  and  bronze  faces  of 
the  seamen  make  a  stnmg  contract  of  colour. 
Tho  land,  with  its  bright  peaSs,  is  visible, 
and  two  or  three  of  the  crow  at  tho  bow  aro 


pouring  a  libation  of  dark  wine.  The  com- 
position is  strong  and  full  of  movement  and 
light.  George  Henry's  "  Miss  Idonia  la 
Primaudaye "  (22j),  in  grey  tones,  Ls  a 
pleasing  portrait,  and  we  note  (ieorge  H. . 
Boughton's  "  Braving  the  Storm,"  two  young 
ladies  crossing  an  o])en  common,  with  snow 
falling,  but  too  busy  chatting  to  regard  the 
their  inclement  surroundings  —  cleverly 
p  anted.  Leslie  Thomson  has  a  fine  land- 
scape, "  Peaceful  Summer"  (242),  with  its 
quietude  and  air.  J.  J.  Shannon's  portrait 
of  the  eminent  medical  specialist,  Dr. 
Mitchell  Bruce,  in  his  robes,  and  the  capital 
portrait  of  tho  "  Rev.  Arthur  H.  (or  Father) 
Stanton,'  by  Sir  James  D.  Linton,  cannot  be 
overlooked  among  those  of  notable  men. 
"  Miss  Sylvia  Anderson,"  a  fair  girl,  with  a 
fresh  face,  in  a  white  dress,  standing  with  her 
arm  on  sideboard,  by  W.  E.  Symonds,  Ls 
pleasing  in  colour.  G.  P.  Jacomb-Hood,  in 
his  large  circular  picture,  "  The  Child,"  re- 
minds one  of  a  Holy  Family  group,  but 
the  characteristics  of  the  Nativity  are  only 
momentarily  suggested.  The  central  figure 
is  a  peasant  mother,  in  whose  lap  rests  a 
naked  child,  the  surrounding  figures  of 
father  bending  over,  young  girls,  boy,  and 
a  collie  dog  make  up  a  freshly-painted 
family  group  well  composed.  "A  Chinese 
Cloak,"  a  lady  dressed  in  a  rich  dark  cloak, 
by  T.  Austen  Brown,  is  clever,  if  a  little 
hard  in  expression  ;  it  is  a  good  example  of 
the  Scotch  school.  Then  we  have  R.  Thome 
Waite's  large  and  freshly-painted  subject, 
"Haying"  (262),  and  his  "Land  of  Far 
Distances,  Kent,"  a  fine  undulatory  land- 
scape ;  Frank  Spenlove  -  Spenlove's  Dutch 
scene,  "  In  the  Shadow  of  the  Church, 
Dordrecht,"  in  nice  warm  tones ;  T.  Austen 
Brown's  "Sunny  Hours,"  children  playing 
under  the  deep  shadow  of  trees  near  a  pond, 
with  gleams  of  sunset,  very  rich  and  sombre, 
quite  Scotch  in  handling ;  Miss  Donald 
Smith's  portrait  of  "Mrs.  Ritchie"  (267),- 
Stuart  G.  Davis's  "  Summer,"  a  bright  garden 
scene  with  playing  maidens  and  bowers  of 
flowers — too  green;  A.  L.  Baldry's  " AVhere 
Winds  Come  Lightly  Whispering  from  the 
AVest"  (277),  a  poetically-conceived  work; 
and  portraits  by  Antonio  Mancini,  of  "  Baroa 
A.  Caccamisi, "  a  strong  and  vigorous  work,  and 
Wilfrid  von  Glehn's  "  Portrait  of  a  Lady," 
rather  curiously  seated  on  a  large  red-  covered 
armchair  in  black  evening  dress  are  notable. 
The  Hon.  John  Collier's  "  The  Land  of 
Dreams, "  two  young  ladies  in  white  dresses 
without  hats,  seated  on  the  rising  ground 
overlooking  a  bay,  dreamily  gazing  upon  the 
expanse  of  sea  and  distant  hills,  is  too  arti- 
ficial, and  lacks  reality  and  truthfulness, 
though  the  landscape  is  not  without  its  charm 
of  open  daylight  effect.  A.  D.  Peppercorn's 
"  Near  Falmouth  "  (283),  in  black  and 
groy  tones,  is  well  painted  ;  and  .Arthur 
Streeton's  "Blue  and  Gold,"  woodland  and 
water,  is  agreeable  in  colour.  We  have  no 
space  to  notice  tho  water  colour  and  oil 
subjects  in  the  balcony,  though  it  contains 
a  few  clover  drawings.  R.  Phone  Spiers  has 
a  nice  drawing  of  tho  "  Keep  of  the  Castle  of 
Provins,  Soiue-et-Marno,"  an  octagon  lantern 
on  a  massive  square  tower  with  angle  turrets. 
The  miniatures  and  sculpture  in  the  Central 
Hall  will  repay  examination. 


SIU    EDAVARD    BURNE-JONES'S 
DK,\AVIXGS. 

AA'ERA'  interesting  exhibition  of  drawings 
and  studies  by  Sir  Edward  Burne-Jones, 
Bart.,  is  to  be  seen  at  the  Leicester  (ialleries, 
I.Licestor-niUiiro  (Mes-srs.  Ernest  r.rown  and 
I'hillips'dalleric!-),  T.  eBe'ectienco.iipriiesa'arge 
number  of  desifjns  and  studies,  in  pencil,  red  chalk, 
and  water  eol  >u'  for  various  purposes.  Some 
of  the.so  were  hung  at  Ibo  Burliiigtun  Club 
Exliiliiiion,  other,*  at  I'.erlin,  but  a  largo  number 
have  never  bom  shown  before.  The  earlier  draw- 
ini^s  are  in  fine  pencil  and  red  ch.alk,  and  aro  da'ad 
I8(;,>,  and  resemble  l.ei^hton'a  early  work,  and 
the  exquisite  pencil  drawings  of  lilies  aro  of  that 


'576 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Apkil  22,  1904. 


dats.     The  tulk  of   the   selection  belongs  to  a 
later  date,  from   1S7S  to  1S98.     These  exhibit  a 
wide   ran^e   of  material  and  technical  method, 
and  are  interesting.     Most  of  all,  the  stm^ent  and 
admirer   of    Biirne-Jones  wiU   be    interested    in 
studying  the  lines  and  arrangements  of  fagures,  the 
decorative  effect  of  many  of  the  charming  circular 
designs  for  Intaglios  (42),  the  studies  for  figures 
in  the  picture  "  Arthur  in  Ayalon  "  (38),  of  head 
of  Virgin  in  "Annunciation"   (39),  and  yarious 
studies  of  figures  and  heads  in  "  Laus  Veneris, 
and  the  beauty  of  the  heads  Nos.  49,  5o,  60_,  also 
the  water-colour  design    for   "  Girls  Dancing 
66),  in  sepia,  remarkable  for  grace,     ihe  lines 
of  figure  and  drapery,  their  decorative  effect  and 
handling,  are  alone  worth  attention,  to  say  nothing 
of    the    wonderful    instances    of     the    intensely 
personal  feeling  and  temperament  of  the  painter. 
Eurne-Jones's    definition    of    a   picture  may  be 
recalled  here.     He  says:   "I  mean  by  a  picture 
a  beautiful,  romantic   dream  of  something  that 
never  was,  never  will  be— in  a  light  better  than 
any  light  that  ever  shone— in  a  land  no  one  can 
define  or    remember— only   desire."     With  this 
definition  in  mind  the  visitor  must  inspect  this  col- 
lection to  understand  it.    If  he  expects  to  see  realistic 
phases  of  nature  or  life  he  wiU  be  disappointed. 
Everything  is    ideal.     His    aims    were    beyond 
the  time  in  which  he  lived  and  strove  ;  his  was 
an  imagined  world  of  beauty,  in  which  the  old 
romance  and  old  religion  should  be  conjured  up. 
Passing  rapidly  through  the  room,  we  notice  the 
drawing  for  Venus  in  the  "  Mirror  of  Venus" 
(103),  a  very  charming   study,  or  the  Dancing 
Girls  (5) ,  a  drawing  in  gold  on  purple,  the  ' '  Design 
in  Gol<i  for  Metal  work  of  Two  Girls  Dancing" 
(24'l.     The ''Study  of  Hair"  in  plaits  (3)   and 
the'"  S'udy  in  Water  Colour  for  Wood  Nymph," 
with  its  delicate  background  of  leaf-decoration 
(2) :    the   drawing  in   colour  of    "  Orpheus  and 
Eurydice,"  a  circular  panel— a  beautiful  arrange- 
ment of  lines— and  the  "  Study  for  Group  "  (13), 
in  chocolate  and-  white,  are  all  remarkable  es- 
imples.     No.    16,    "  Desiderium  " — a  sketch  for 
the  Masque  of   Cupid— is   a  fine  face   of   much 
spiritual  power.     We  can  admire,  too,  the  pencil 
studies    for    pictures    on    "Car    of    Love     and 
Fame"     21),     the    delicate   pencil  drawings  of 
Head   (3.5),    and    the   Head   in   red   chalk    (32). 
The   full-sized  studies    of    heads    (53    and    60) 
are  also    delicate  and  refined   pencil   drawings, 
in  which  the  painter,  as  in  nearly  all  other  in- 
stances, has  tried  to  express  the  winsome,  weary, 
eager  face,  the   ' '  far  away  desire   never  absent 
from  the  eyes  and  lips. "     In  "  Desiderium ' '  we 
have  this  expression  realised,  and  it  is  chosen  as  a 
sign  on  the  card  of   Messrs.  Ernest   Brown  and 
riiUlips'   exhibition.     No.  49  is  also  a  sad,  win- 
some face.    The  "  Study  of  a  Head,"  for  "  Venus 
Concordia,  the  First  of  the  Three  Graces"  (72), 
is   exquisitely   delicate  in  the  features,  side-face. 
The  Head  for   "Love's   "Wayfaring"    (78),   the 
studies  for  figure  in  ' '  The  Garden  Courts  of  the 
Briar  Kose  "  series,  and  the  black  and  red  chalk 
pencil   heads,   Nos.  99,    101,   104,   106,   108,  are 
worthy  special  praise  for  their  grace  and  beauty. 
The  collection  contains  many   of  the   painter's 
drawings   of    figures  in  gold    on    chocolate    or 
rich  brown,  purplish  grey,  purple  or  red  papers. 
One  of  the  most  attractive  in  this  manner  is  a  girl 
with  a  shield,  called  "Study  in  Gold  on  Black," 
No,  34.     This  style  of   drawing  was  adopted  in 
the    later    years    of    the    painter's    life.      The 
outline    drawings    in    pencil    for    the    woodcut 
illustrations    for    the    noted    Kelmscott    Press, 
"  Chaucer,"  seen  in  designs  No.  1,  7,  12,  IS,  23, 
29,  37,   &c.,   are   of   great  interest.     The  tinted 
chalk  studies,  the  pastels,  and  water-colours  give 
a   charming   variety    to   this  unique   collection. 
Thus  the  pastel  study  of  sky  (27),  and  the  water- 
colour   drawing   of   sea   and   subset    (75),  and  a 
design  with  a  bay  of  the  sea  and  two  figures  (51) 
— rather  weird — are  good  examples.     The  studies 
of  hands  and   draperies   (61)   are  interesting  as 
details  of  this  consummate  painter's  work,  who 
considered  nothing  too  small  to  engage  his  atten- 
tion. 

In  the  same  galleries  Messrs.  Ernest  Brown 
and  Phillips  have  an  exhibition  of  very  choice 
old  stipple  engravings,  the  property  of  a  well- 
known  collector,  which  are  well  worth  inspection 
by  all  lovers  of  engravings  of  the  great  masters. 


ROYAL  INSTITUTE   OF   BKITISH 
ARCHITECTS. 

THE  twelfth  ordinary  meeting  for  the  present 
session  of  the  Institute  was  held  on  Monday 
eveniog,  the  chair  being  occupied  by  the  President, 
Mr.  Aston  Webb,  R.A.,  F.S.A. 


The 


THE   BEGISTR.1TI0X    MOVEMEXT. 

Peesident  said  he  wished  to  refer  to  a 


The  vestry  meeting  of  St.  Chai's  Church,  Over, 
near  Winsf  ord,  has  approved  plans  for  an  enlargement 
in  the  direction  of  the  north  aisle.  The  work,  which 
IS  oitimatBd  to  coat  .£1,100,  wiU  be  commenced 
shortly.     The  churchyard  also  is  to  be  extended. 


matter  which  closely  concerned  the  affairs  of  the 
Institute.  A  number  of  London  members  had 
formed  themselves  into  a  committee  to  promote 
the  registration  of  architects,  and  proposed  to  issue 
a  circular  to  the  general  body  to  ask  for  an 
expression  of  opinion  for  or  against  on  that  ques- 
tion. He  thought  it  was  only  right  to  mention 
that  a  committee  had  been  openly  appointed  by 
the  members  at  a  recent  meeting  cf  the  Institute 
to  inquire  into  the  whole  subject.  They  were 
stiU  considering  the  matter,  and  felt  that  it  would 
be  very  unwise  for  any  section  of  the  membership 
to  attempt  to  prejudge  this  question  by  sending 
out  any  circular  before  they  (the  special  com- 
mittee) had  come  to  a  decision  on  the  general 
point  of  the  advisability  or  inadvisability  of 
adopting  the  principle  of  registration.  The 
unanimous  opinion  at  which  the  special  committee 
had  arrived  had  not  been  formally  communicated 
to  those  who  were  moving  in  the  matter  ;  but  it 
had  come  to  their  knowledge,  and  notwithstanding 
this,  he  understood  the  notices  had  been  sent  out 
and  might  lead  to  some  misunderstanding.  Three 
members  of  the  first-named  London  committee, 
Messrs.  Seth-Smith,  Wimperis,  and  tiuy  Dawber, 
had  resigned  in  consequence,  and  the  President 
hoped  that  others  would  follow  their  example. 
He  would  add  a  hope  tliat  members,  in  voting, 
would  consider  not  only  the  attitude  on  this 
question,  but  the  general  qualifications  of  those 
who  sought  to  represent  them  on  the  Council 

THE     STATUES      OF      WELLS,      WITH      SOME 
CONTEMPORARY    FOREIGN    EXAMPLES. 

Mr.  Edward  S.   Prior,  M.A.Cantab,  read  a 
paper  on    this    subject,   illustrated    by    a  large 
number  of  lantern  views  from  excellent  photo- 
graphs of   the   west   front   and   return   sides  and 
individual  sculptures  at  Wells.     The  statues  of 
Wells  front,  said  the  author,  have  escaped  the 
chances    which    have    been    almost   everywhere 
destructive  to  Mediicval  sculpture  ;  they  have  not 
been  largely  defaced  by  iconoclastic  or  politic  il 
riot ;  they  still  possess  their  heads,  arms,  and  their 
main  features  unbroken.     The  face  of  the  stone 
has  not  conpletely  perished  as  so  much  of  English 
building  stone  has  done,  and  it  has  been  but  little 
coated  with  dirt ;  and.  as  a  crowning  mercy,  they 
have  not  been   "restored"    away   by  the  "re- 
storer."    They  belong  to  that  fresh,  early  period 
of  Gothic  art  when  its  expression  seems  to  leap 
upward  like  a  flame ;   when  in  the  heat  of  it  art 
ran  molten  into  the  moulds  of  new  motives,  when 
the  image  and  superscription  that  for  the  thousand 
years   of   the   Byzantine   dynasty  had   been  the 
currency  of  art  was  in  a  couple  of  generations 
entirely  coined  afresh,  minted,  as  it  were,  for  the 
Gothic  dynasty.     We  can  see  in  the  Wells  statues 
the  genesis  of    a  dominant  art,  the  triumphant 
progress  that  marks  the  creation  of  a  great  style, 
till  in  the  latest  and  best  of  our  Welle  figures  has 
been  reached  the  highest  level   of   the  Eoglish 
accomplishment.     The  author  explained  that  his 
intention  was  to  develop  certain  views  upon  one 
aspect  of  the  Wells  statues  which  circumstances 
had    brought    to    his    notice.      The    scaffolding 
recently      erected     had     given    opportunity     of 
observing  at  close  quarters  not  only  the  matter 
of  the  portrayal,  but  its  manner ;  and  Mr.  Arthur 
G  ardner  had  made  photographic  studies  of  certain 
features  of  the  sculptures  and  contemporary  work 
on  the  Continent. 

SCrLPTlRE    AX    ART    OF    THE    CHISEL. 

The  art  of  the  statuary  in  stone  is  the  art  of 
his  chisel.  His  craft  lies  in  the  edge  of  the  chisel 
or  other  implement  with  which  he  shapes  and 
models  liis  stone.  The  author's  point  was  that 
the  consideration  of  that  use  of  the  chisel  gives 
the  key  to  the  history  of  English  sculpture.  In 
the  simple  action  of  cutting  stone  lies  a  world  of 
diversity  in  which  can  be  clearly  mapped  out 
territories  of  style.  Even  in  the  main  dressing 
and  walling  of  freestone,  the  date  and  style  of  the 
masons  were  expressing  themselves  all  through 
the  Middle  Ages,  and  this  expression  can  be  traced 
from  one  period  to  another  by  the  variations  in 
the  finishing  and  setting  of  .the  stone  employed. 
Fully  as  expressive  of  date  and  style  is  the 
signature    of    the    figure   sculptor   in  his  use  of 


the  chisel  point  upon  his  statue  ;  it  is  the  ex- 
pression of  his  time ;  it  shows  a  growth  from  one 
stage  of  execution  to  another,  exhibits  certain 
peculiarities  arising  from  the  phases  of  his  craft, 
from  the  traditions  of  his  age,  from  the  texture 
of  the  stone  ho  uses,  from  the  commerce  and 
connections  of  the  habitat  in  which  he  works. 
His  chisel  conventions  are  the  nature  tongue  of 
the  sculptor.  From  the  consideration  of  them 
we  may  say  he  is  Englishman,  Frenchman, 
Italian,  or  German,  that  his  craft  has  grown  up 
in  the  works  of  this  or  that  stone,  that  he  was 
living  at  a  certain  date,  and  had,  in  fact,  a  certain 
position  in  the  history  of  English,  French, 
Italian,  or  German  art.  The  building  of  Wells 
Cathedral  was  the  work  of  sets  of  masons  who 
began  in  the  12th  century  and  carried  on  what 
was  practically  a  continuous  succession  of  stone- 
cutting  craft,  culminating  in  the  statues  of  the 
west  front,  and  leading  on  in  them  from  step  to 
step  of  progress  until  tlie  highest  attainment  was 
reached.  The  combination  in  the  building  of 
oolite  in  wall  and  arch- moulding,  with  limestone 
shafts,  makes  a  distinct  and  peculiar  sub-species 
of  13th  century  mason-craft.  It  is  distinguished 
by  certain  peculiarities  of  moulding  in  arch 
moulds  and  capitals,  and  by  not  having  its  wall 
stone  dressed  with  the  notched  chisel.  It  occurs 
at  Sherborne,  Gloucester,  and  Exeter,  but  its 
great  accomplishment  was  the  west  front  of 
WeUs,  and  it  was  in  connection  with  its  style 
that  the  great  statue-making  of  the  front  was 
achieved. 

THE    llEfilNXrSG    OF    ENGLISH    STATUARY. 

The  author  proceeded  to  trace  back  this  13th- 
century  style  of  figurework  to  its^  early  begin- 
nings,'showing  how  the  free  statue  in  stone  grew 
up  without  any  special  effort  in  the  Wells  build- 
ing. The  head  expression  had  been  long  in 
practice  for  label  and  corbel ;  the  full  relief  and 
the  attitude  of  a  statue  had  by  1,220  been  for  some 
time  in  the  ambitions  of  the  carver  of  recumbent 
efligies,  by  1,220  the  draperies  had  made  their 
expression  in  the  ordinary  architectural  carving 
of  the  mason.  Nor  was  the  motive^  of  this  great 
enterprise  of  setting  up  ranges  of  life-size  saints 
any  sudden  and  new  idea.  Life-size  free-stand- 
ing images  had— from  the  10th-century,  at  any 
rate— been  in  the  habit  of  English  art.  The 
manner  of  such  representation  was  part  of  the 
ordinary  church  fitting  of  the  time.  But  this 
statue-making  was  goldsmith's  work— adapted 
for  the  niches  of  an  internal  screen  reredos ;  the 
new  thing  was  that  the  Wells  figures  were  stone- 
mason's work.  When  the  mason's  skUl  had 
reached  that  power  of  carving  the  human  figure 
which  the  building  of  WeUs  gave  him,  im- 
mediately the  project  of  using  his  powers  to 
furnish  the  great  iconostasis  of  stone,  which  the 
west  front  of  Wells  is,  would  arise  and  would  be 
in  the  natural  functional  development  of  E  iijlish 
Gothic  style.  Exhibiting  the  statues  by  slides, 
the  author  arranged  them  in  a  dozen  groups  to 
show  their  successive  stages  of  development,  and 
to  bring  out  the  evidence  of  a  peculiar  AVeUs 
technique  which  was  a  distinctly  native  posses- 
sion, growing  out  of  the  WeUs  building,  and 
declaring  itself  as  the  production  of  no  foreign 
hand.  In  a  figure  remaining  at  Winchester  the 
Wells  manner  could  be  seen  carried  a  stage 
further. 

THE    DISTIXCTXESS    OF    THE    WELLS  TREATMENT 

would  display  itself  beside  other  English  work, 
contemporary  or  nearly  contemporary,  at  West- 
minster and  Lincoln.  Yet  in  them  all— at  Wells, 
Westminster,  and  Lincoln— will  be  seen  a  general 
flavour,  a  generic  likeness,  which  seems  to  be 
evident  under  the  distinctions  of  species  in  the 
three.  To  emphasise  this  point  the  author 
referred  to  contemporary  work  abroad.  Despite 
similarities  and  often  identities  of  the  subject  of 
statue-making,  despite  the  likenesses  of  treatment 
as  to  the  characters  represented,  despite  the  close 
parallelism  in  the  conditions  of  the  sculptors, 
abroad  as  in  England  working  up  from  Roman- 
esque traditions  in  stone-cutting  to  the  ac- 
complishment of  Grothic  ideals,  the  handling  of 
the  English  work  shows  as  distinct  from  that 
abroad.  There  is  a  generic  French  manner  dis- 
played at  Chartres,  Amiens,  and  Rheims,  which, 
just  as  our  English  generic  manner  had  its  own 
varieties,  so  in  the  sculptural  development  of 
each  of  these  three  cathedrals  developed  a  par- 
ticular specific  technique  that  can  in  each  case 
distinguish  them. 

THE    WELLS     STATUES     ESSENII.VLLY     ENGLISH. 

The  author's  conclusion  was  that  the  WeUs 


April  22,  1904. 


THE   BUILDIj^G    NEWS. 


577 


statues  were  a  production  of  English  art,  not,  as 
much  assertion  has  declared  thom,  the  work  of 
any  foreign  sculptor.  For  as  it  can  be  clearly 
seen  that  neither  the  sculptors  of  Westminster 
nor  Lincoln  carved  figures  like  those  of  Wells,  so 
equallj-  must  those  of  Chartrcs,  llheims,  or 
Amiens  be  acquitted  of  having  had  a  share  in 
them. 

CON'TIXEXT.tL    FIGUnE    WdHK. 

Mr.  ARTiiri;  Gaudxer  gave  a  short  address  in 
explanation  of  a  series  of  further  photographs  of 
Late  12th  and  13th-century  figure  -  carving, 
chiefly  in  France,  shown  as  lantern  slides.  Of 
these  the  earliest  were  some  statues  in  the  west 
porch  of  Chartrcs  Cathedral,  and  the  great  differ- 
ence in  the  treatment  of  the  drapery  was  insisted 
upon.  Other  examples  followed  from  the  cathe- 
drals of  Santiago  di  Compostella,  Amiens,  Rheims, 
other  portions  of  Chartres,  Nuremberg,  Lincoln, 
these  being  effectively  contrasted  treatments  of 
like  subjects  at  Wells  in  order  to  demonstrate  the 
distinctive  character  of  the  work  at  Wells. 

Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  F.SA.,  said  he 
thoroughly  agreed  with  Mr.  Prior  in  all  his  con- 
clusions as  to  the  English  and  distinctive  character 
of  the  Wells  statuary.  The  Compte  de  Lasteyrie 
had  recently  remarked  to  him  that  there  was  no 
trace  whatever  of  French  influence  in  the  carvings 
at  AVells,  and  in  this  he  concurred.  All  over  the 
country  it  was  interesting  to  find  on  studying  the 
contemporary  records  that  work  was  done  by  men 
bearing  purely  English  names,  and  the  work 
itself  at  Wells,  as  Jlessrs.  Prior  and  Gardner  had 
demonstrated,  was  no  exception  to  the  rule,  an 
opinion  in  which  he  was  confirmed  after 
examining  the  actual  sculptures  from  the  scaffold 
with  Professor  Lethaby. 

Professor  W.  H.  Lethaby  said  he  was  in  entire 
accord  with  Messrs.  Prior  and  St.  John  Hope. 
The  west  front  of  Rheims  Cathedral  was  just  now 
being  veiled  by  a  vast  mass  of  scaffolding  working 
round  from  the  south  side,  and  those  who  wished 
to  examine  the  marvellous  sculpture  should  make 
haste  to  visit  that  city,  for  no  one  could  foresee 
how  much  of  original  work  would  be  left  when 
the  scaffolding  was  again  removed. 

Professor  Beresford  Pite,  in  proposing  a  vote 
of  thanks  to  Messrs.  Prior  and  Gardner,  remarked 
that  to  architects  there  was  a  delightful  sense  of 
beauty  in  the  front  of  Wells.  The  contrast 
between  the  various  forms  of  sculpture  and  the 
evident  harmony  of  the  draperies  with  the  lines 
of  the  mouldings  were  charming,  while  the  archi- 
tecture of  the  whole  front  seemed  subservient  to 
the  carving.  He  was  disappointed  that  Mr. 
Prior  had  not  attempted  to  elucidate  the  storia- 
tion  of  these  groups  of  sculpture.  The  Biblical 
scenes  on  the  plintli  level  and  the  Resurrection* 
scenes  at  the  highest  point  were  didactic  to  a 
degree  ;  but  what  was  the  connection  between 
these  and  the  figures  of  kings,  orators,  bishops, 
monks,  deacons,  and  ladies  which  filled  the  in- 
tervening niches  and  panels  and  quatrefoils  ? 
The  west  fronts  of  Salisbury,  Peterborough,  and 
Lincoln,  like  that  at  Wells,  seemed  to  lend  sup- 
port to  the  theory  that  the  architecture  was 
arranged  to  provide  a  broad  setting  for  isolated 
sculpture.  There  was  a  feeling  of  great  origin- 
ality about  the  Wells  facade  which  was  fasci- 
nating, and  the  form  of  the  central  gable 
was  certiinly  exceptional,  if  not  unique  ;  while 
there  was  evidently  always  an  intention  to  add 
similar  towers  to  those  which  were  actually  built 
on  either  side  of  the  gable  in  the  1.5th  century. 

Mr.  Hlcii  Stannv.s  seconded  the  vote  of 
thanks,  observing  that  Professor  Pite  had  given 
a  large  order  in  asking  for  a  consistent  explana- 
tion of  the  storiatiun  at  Wells.  He  had  been 
struck  during  tlio  reading  of  the  paper  with  the 
similarity  between  the  course  of  development  of 
Greek  art  and  that  of  the  Wells  sculpture,  and 
especially  in  the  treatment  of  the  folds  of  the 
draperies.  Further,  he  had  felt  that  the  great 
failing  of  the  Wolla  fa(,'ade  was  a  want  of  repose. 
Here,  as  at  the  Cortosa  of  Pavia,  ttio  west  front 
was  boldly  broken  up  by  buttresses,  and  in  both 
cases  the  effect  was  utterly  destroyed  by  breaking 
up  the  surfaces  by  niches, 

iMr.  Conkai)  DiiESSLER  dwelt  also  on  the 
similarity  liotweon  the  development  of  (ireek  and 
(iothic  art,  and  added  that  in  all  ages  the 
emancipation  of  the  statue  had  been  injurious  to 
the  effect  of  the  building.  Applying  tliis  lesson 
to  the  problems  of  modern  life,  lie  tlmiight 
sculptors  should  be  called  into  collaboration  with 


architects  so  that  the  figure-sculpture  and  its 
drapery  and  dimensions  should  be  in  harmony 
with  the  surrounding  architecture. 

The  PuEsiiiEXT,  in  putting  the  vote  of  thanks, 
which  was  heartily  accorded,  referred  to  the 
practical  diliiculties  in  the  conditions  of  modern 
work  in  insuring  cordial  co-operation  between 
the  architect  and  the  sculptor. 


UNIVERSITY 


EXTENSION 
TECTURE. 


AND   ARCHI- 


A 


CONVERSAZIONE   was  held    on  Eriday 


under  the  auspices  of  the  Central  Association  of 
University  Extension  Students.  The  evening's 
success  will  be  encouraging  to  the  Association  in 
the  work  it  is  doing  in  developing  and  furthering 
the  University  Extension  Jlovement. 

Short  addresse.s  were  given  by  the  following 
lecturers  on  the  Panel  of  the  University  Exten- 
sion Board  of  the  University  of  London,  in 
general  descriptive  of  their  work  in  the  coming 
term : — 

Mr.  Hilaire  Belloc  on  "  The  Histofy  of 
London,"  Major  Martin  Hume  on  "The  Influ- 
ence of  Spanish  Jews  on  European  Culture," 
Mr.  Banister  Fletcher,  F.R.I.B.A.,  on  "Archi- 
tecture and  the  Humanities,"  Dr.  Emil  Reich  on 
"  General  History,"  "  The  University  ExtensioQ 
Movement  in  Relation  to  Women,"  and  "  Reason- 
ing Proofs  in  Historical  Sciences." 

We  give  in  exteiiso  Mr.  Banister  Fletcher's 
address  on — 

AECniTECTVRE     .\ND     THE    Hl'MAXITIES. 


•  A  scries  of  nine  detailed  illustrations  of  the  Resurrec- 
tion »eulpturea  was  given  as  a  double-page  illustration  iu 
the  BiiM-uLNG  Nkws  of  Nov. .')'),  1903 


The  connection  between  architecture  and  the 

humanities  is  one  of   the   most  entrancing  and 

interesting  of  subjects,  inasmuch  as  throughout 

the   ages   architecture    has   been    the    mirror  to 

history  of  each  period,  and  has  been  an  index  of 

the  social  and   political    condition  of  the  people 

swayed  by  those   great    religious  and  historical 

events  which  serve  as  landmarks  in  the  history  of 

mankind.     As  we  glance  along  the  perspective 

of  past  ages  we  can  find  in  the  buildings  of  each 

period  a  lithic  history  which  fells  us  of  conditions 

of  existence  perhaps  more  truthfully  than  those 

written  by   man  in    more   perishable  materials. 

Architecture,  then,  may  be   said  to  be  insepar- 
able from  and  the  result  of  history,  because  the 

work  of  man  in   each  period  is  before  us  as  we 

look  upon  the  mighty  structures  of  past  civilisa- 
tions.    As  we  open  the  book  of  architecture  we 

can  tell  of  the  condition,  hopes,  fears,  and  the 

very    thoughts    of    the    men    who    made    it    as 

certainly,  if  not  more  surely,  than  by  the  con- 
temporary written  chronicles  of  each  period.  The 

historical  study  of  architecture  has  principles  and 

special  evidences  of  its  own  that  enable  one  to  in- 
terpret the  moral,  artistic,  and  religious  character 

of  humanity,  and  a  special  insight  into  the  pro- 

foundest  characteristics  of  a  people  is  to  be 
obtained  by  a  study  of  the  remains  of  their 
buildings.  Arcliitecture  thus  being  not  only  the 
relleotiou  of,  but  more  properly  speaking,  itself 
one  of  the  humanities,  or,  a  petrified  history  of 
each  period,  let  us  look  at  its  place  in  the  educa- 
tionalsystemof  the  day,  prefacing  our  remarks  with 
some  reasons  why  a  detMiled  study  of  its  systems 
has  not  been  included  in  past  educational  schemes. 
Firstly,  we  think  that  its  absence  has  been 
largely  due  to  its  technical  nature,  and  to  the 
belief  that  it  was  impossible  for  the  lay  mind  to 
grasp  its  forms  and  the  constructive  principles  of 
which  it  is  the  outcome.  There  seemi  to  be  no 
other  valid  reasons  to  account  for  the  fact  that 
the  oducitional  door  should  have  been  shut  for  so 
long  upon  so  entrancing  a  subject.  But  pro- 
bably a  stronger  reason  was  the  inability  to 
discuss  the  subject  from  the  educational  point  of 
view  because  of  the  absence  of  illustrations.  To 
talk  of  architecture  to  the  layman  without 
adequate  views  and  p'ans  is  like  reading  a  play 
instead  of  witnessing  it  upon  the  sta!»o  with  the 
ucturs.  .\nd  this  lack  of  illustration  and  difKculty 
of  presentment  must,  have  been  a  great  deterrent 
which  in  these  days  no  longer  exists.  The  pos- 
sibilities of  the  inclusion  of  architectural  history 
in  any  scheme  of  liberal  education  seem  to  bo 
rendered  more  easy  and  inoro  necessary  at  the 
present  time  for  many  reasons.  The  open- 
mindednoss  and  progro'sivo  tendencies  of  certain 
inoilorn  educational  authori'itss,  of  which  the 
L'>n(b>n  University  is  an  exam|)lo,  have  already 
provided  for  courses  of  lectures  on  various  periods 
of  architeitural  history,  and  the  attendance  of 
those  must  have  shown  the  authorities  that  they  |  architects,  which  are  a  sotting  also  in  their  highest 


have  catered  for  a  much-needed  want,  in  spito  of 
the  fact  that  the  lectures  are  given  without  any 
relation  to  or  cohesion  with  the  general  history  of 
the  period.     The  facilities  for  travel,   which  in 
these  daj's  have  been  much  improved,  both  from 
the  point  cf  view  of  comfort  and  thi  shrinkage 
brought  about  by  the  univ-rsal  introduction  of 
steam,  petrol,  and  electricity,  have  doie  much  to 
arouse  a  genuine  interest  in  architectural  works 
erected  in  past  ages.     The  personally. conducted 
educational  expeditions  which  are  a  feature  of  the 
age,  are  also  largely   responsible  for  the  desire 
to  know  something  of  the  forms  of  art,  which  are 
thus  brought  more  prominently  before  travellers. 
Photography  has  also  been  an  important  factor 
in  interesting  a  large  section  of  the  community, 
especially  of  the  travelling  and  educated  public,  in 
matters  of   art  and  of  architectural  history,  and 
has  caused  a  desire  for  a  knowledge  of  the  subject 
which   can   only   be   obtained   by  attendance  at 
lectures  at  which  it  is  systematically  denlt  with. 
The  general   spread  of  education  in   matters  of 
art  has  caused  a  yearning  for  some  knowledge  of 
architectural  forms  by  those  who  travel  and  by 
the  dilettanti  unprovided  for  by  any  educational 
scheme  yet  in  vogue.     As  to  the  class  of  persons 
for  whom  I  am  appealing  I  am  leaving  out  of  the 
question  the  professional  ■archit"Ct,  for  whom,  of 
course,  it  has  long  been  held  necessary  to  have 
intimate  acquaintance  with  the  styles  of  his  art  in 
past   ages.     I    would    include    every   person   to 
whom  a  liberal  education  is  a  necessity,  not  as  a 
means  of  gaining  a  living,  but  as  being  able  to 
enjoy  to  the  utmost  his  daily  existence,  and  in 
giving   to    him    an    additional   interest    in   the 
history   of   past  ages.     I   have   touched   on   the 
facilities  for  travel  which  exist  in  these  days,  and 
this  it  is  which  has  aroused  such  an  interest  in 
the  history    of  architecture    and  the  allied  arts 
among   so   many   people     who    are     continually 
moving  about  in  quest  of  interest  and  change. 
There  is  no  way  of  reaching  such  people  except 
through  lectures  such  as  those  of  the  University 
Extension  Movement.      To    them    the   ordinary 
college  technical  course  is  of  no  avail  for  many 
reasons.    For  the  travelled  and  cultured  class  you 
must  bind  up  your  architectural  results  with  the 
causes  —  geographical,      geological,      climatic, 
religious,  social,    and   historical,   and   you  must 
show  more  clearly  than  jou  can  in  a  technical 
course   for   young   students,    the   intimate    con- 
nection of  all  these  influences  upon  architecture. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  dwell  here  upon  the  need 
for  some  systematised  courses  of  lectures,  for  it  is 
nothing  less   than  pitiable   to   discover   the  un- 
satisfied   desire    for    knowledge    which    exists, 
especially   among    the    educated    and    travelled 
classes.     To  the  majoritj-  architecture  is  a  sealed 
book  ;   people  wander  amongst  the  most  beautiful 
and  most  soulful  creations  of  the  past,   and  are 
unable    to    appreciate  {either  their  meaning   or 
their   qualities.    To   them  form   means  nothing, 
and  a  Grecian  temple,  a  Roman  amphitheatre,  or 
a  Gothic   spire     recalls   none   of   the    conditions 
which  rendered  each  reflection  of  its  own  period 
in  history.    Therefore  the  inclusion  of  architecture 
in  any  systematic  course  seems  essential,  and  it 
will  give  to  those  who  study  it,  even  in  a  super- 
ficial way,  a  general  ground  plan  of  the  arts  of 
form  and  of  the  trend  of  humanity  in  past  ages, 
which  is  very  necessary  to  a  proper  ami  complete 
comprehension   of    history.     It     will    also    give 
additional  pleasure  in  travelling  and  an  interest 
in  the  great  works  of  architecture,  because  of  the 
knowledge  which  it  will  give  of  the  place  of  such 
work  in  the  evolution  of  art.     It  h.is  become  the 
fashion  to   know  something    about   pictures — to 
talk  with  an  air  of  knowledge  about  tliu  various 
schools  of    painting  and    sculpture,   and   of  the 
galleries  in  which  you  will  find  them  ;  but  has  it 
ever  struck  us  that  with  a  knowledge  of  archi- 
tecture, the  world  is  our  picture  gallery— indeed, 
every  street  is  a  gallery  where  O'lO  may  enter, 
without  80  much  as  the  payment  of  an  entrance 
fee  ':     Then  of  the  buildings — have  they  not  been 
erected  by  the  general  mass  of  the  couimunity  in 
past   ages,  are   they  not   in   the  h'gncst  degree 
human  ':  For  we  ses  the  marks  of  s  iw  and  of  chisel 
made,   may   bo,    hundreds    of    yoa^s    ai{0,    still 
telling  us  of  methods  of  construction,  methods  of 
craftsmanship,  me'hodsof  design,  and  "n  thods  of 
thought  and  life  thenprevalcut.     Hut  in  a^ldition 
01^  free  gallery  of  buildings  varies  with  ih"  day 
anu  time  of  year  ;  sometimes  we  see  our  buildings 
in  the  hazo  of  early  dawn  or  ii  the  full  flood  of 
noonday  sun,  at  others  in  the  dimnnss  of  twilight 
or  in  tlie  weiriintss  of  a  moonlight  ii'ght.     We 
want   no  special   lighting  for   the  wo  k«  of  the 


578 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


April  22,  1904. 


and  repass  it  daily,  we  must  not  forget  the  effect 
of  environment,  and  the  sentiment  of  age  which 
fives  colour,  interest,  and  texture  to  the  wiUsand 
fichen-covered  roofs.     By  environment  we  mean 
not  only  the  position  of  the  buildings  on  some 
specially  interesting  spot,  but  the  environment  o£ 
the  period  in  which  the  building  was  erected— 
viz.,  the  history  of  that  period  and  of  the  people 
who  helped  to  erect  the  structure,  for  i£  we  study 
either  architecture  or  history  aright,  we  must  get 
into  the  "  atmosphere  "   of  the  period.     Truly  it 
may  be  said  that  history  has  been  to  architecture 
■what  steam  is  to  machinery  :  the  grand  propelling 
power;  and  again,  that  architecture  has  been  the 
printing  press  of  all  periods.     Tf  there  be  any  one 
of  the  fine  arts  more  particularly  en'itled  to  the 
attention  of  the  general  student,  that  one  surely 
is  architecture,  because  it  calls  into  action  so  many 
and  such  various  branches  of  mechanical  labou', 
and  because  operating    thus    extensively    upon 
national     industry,    it     also    promotes    national 
prosperity.     And    consequently    the    dissemina- 
tion   of     a     taste    for     it    among    the    middle 
as    well    as    the    more    opulent    classes    of    a 
state    is     to     be     recommended     no      less    by 
sound   policy  than  by  a  regnrd   to  more   direct 
and  more  obvious  results.     Is  it  not,  therefore, 
time,  in  these  days  of  enlightenment  and  in  the 
interests  of  true,  as  against  superficial  education, 
to  provide  for  the  study  of  architecture  and  its 
history  in  the  curriculum  of  the  education  neces- 
siry  for  e%ery  man,  woman,   and  child  r     Is  it 
not  the  art  that  shelters  us  from  the  elements, 
and  with  which  we   must  be  brought  in  daily 
contact;  the  art  which    gives   us   what  we  call 
"  home  "  ;  the  art  thit  enshrines  and  illuminates 
the  most  sacred  of  our  associations  ;   the_  art  that 
has  been,  and  is,  the  outcome  of  conditions  inti- 
mately bound  up  with  history  of  the  human  race  ; 
the  art  that  forms  the  home,  and  fashions  the 
ornamentation  of  our  religion,  which  it  aids  by 
the  mystery    of    its  light,    shade,    and  colour  r 
Finally,  is  it  not  the  art  which  is  the  mother  of 
all  arts  'r— for  from  it  sprang  painting,  sculpture, 
and  all  the  arts  and  crafts  of  succeeding  ages  of 
development.     A  final  word,   just  to  say  that  no 
student  will  eTer  regret  the  time  spent  in  the 
study  of  such  an  enthralling  subject,  fur  every 
ruin  which  he  now  regards   with  blank  amaze- 
ment will  then  teU  him  of  the  history  of  other 
days,  and  will  enable   him   to    conjure    up  the 
character  of  the  men  of  the  period  in  which  it 
was  erected,  and  will  open  wide  to  him  the  enjoy- 
ment of  contemplation  of  forms  of  which  he  will 
then  know  the  meaning. 


CITY  OF  WAKEFIELD  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 
COllI'ETITION. 

THE    following    extracts   from   the   Advisory 
Architect's    Report    refer    to    the   designs 
which  have  been  chosen  by  the  Council.    No.  60, 
which  is  placed  first  and  awarded  the  premium  of 
£80,  is  by  Messrs.   Alfred  Cox,  H.  C.  Trimnell, 
A.R  I.B.A.,   and   "\V.   Rupert    Davison,   of   the 
Adelphi    and    Woldingham,    Surrey.     No.    17, 
awarded    the    second   premium    of    £60,   is   by 
Messrs.  Hector  and  Thornton,  Y'ork-street,  AVest- 
minster,  and  No.  66,  placed  third  and  premiated 
£40,  is  by    Mr.  Arnold  Mitchell,    F.R.I.B.A., 
of    Great  Marlborough -street,  AY.     There  were 
SI   designs,    but    No.    21    was  excluded  for  an 
infringement    of    the    conditions,    through    the 
author's    name     being    divulged.      Of    the    SO 
the     following    dozen     were     placed     by     the 
referee  for  the  final  choice — •pz.,   Nos.  3,  5,  12, 
17,   20,   30,    34,    36,  48,    55,    00,   and  66.     Mr. 
Maurice  B.  Adams,  F.R.I.B.A.,  in  his  report, 
sajB  :  '•  The  instructions  issued  to  the  competitors 
were  sufficiently  precise,  the  problem  set  amount- 
ing to  the  provision  of  the  best  library  building 
for  the  particular  site  and  suitable  for  the  City  of 
Wakefield  in  so  far   as   the  provisional  sum  of 
£8,000    will  allow,    including   clerk    of   works' 
salary,    and    the    architect's    usual    fees.     Two 
further  stipulations  occur  as  to  minor  matters  of 
detail  in  the  answers  furnished  to  competitors' 
questions — viz  ,    cloakroom     accommodation  for 
two  sexes,  for  the  staff,  and  conveniences  for  the 
public.       Broadly      speaking,      therefore,      the 
tssentials  of  the  scheme  are  comprised  in  securing 


because  it  is  the  only  reasonably  appropriate 
scheme  which  can  be  really  executed  for  the 
money,  though  it  cannot  be  said  that  as  a  libr  .ry 
this  plan  takes  precedence  as  a  model  arrange- 
ment. It  is,  however,  very  compact,  the 
chief  defect  in  the  contrivance  being  that  the 
supervision  of  the  newspaper  and  magazme-room 
tai  to  be  conducted  from  the  ru:!  of  the  lending- 
library,  across  the  entrance-haU,  with  people 
coming  and  going,  as  well  as  the  borrowers 
waiting  at  the  counter,  and  indicators  necessarily 
intervening  between  the  library  officials  and  the 
readers  whom  they  would  have  to  supervise. 

"  The  character  of  the  building,  designed  as  it 
is  in  a  rather  commonplace  type  of  the  Georgian 
style,    is   distinguished  by  comparative  baldness 
which  hardly  insures  any  special  degree  of  archi- 
tectural interest.     Nevertheless,  I  am  disposed  to 
think   that   perhaps    the   elevatims   would   look 
fairly  well,  and   certainly  they  would  be  much 
improved  if  the  work  were  well  detailed  on  a  bold 
and  handsome  scale.     No  price  is  quoted  per  foot 
cube  to  show  how  the  estimate  of  £7,300  for  the 
fabric  is  arrived  at.     I  calculate  the  contents  at 
considerably  more  than  the  146,146c.ft.  given  by 
the  architect  in  his  report ;  but  at  the  3»me  time 
the  money  he  has  allocated  for  the  building  would 
appear    to   be   sufiicient   to  carry  the   work   out 
properly.    The  reading-room  is  much  the  smallest 
of  any  of  the  plans  mentioned  in  this  report.  .  . 
Ample   light    is    provided,    and   doubtless   these 
would   make   good  useful   rooms.     If   anyth'ng, 
they  are  too  lofty.     In  the  absence  of  a  section, 
it  is  not  easy  to  be  exact.   .   .  The  coun'er  for 
borrowers  is  not  ample   enough.     The  hall  and 
borrowers'  space  is  economically  arranged.     The 
box  for  the  attendant  at  the  end  of  the  reading- 
room  ought  to  be  removed,  and  instead  of  the  two 
doorways  a  large  supervision  window  should  be 
inserted    with   one   wide   double-swing  doorway 
placed  beside  it  towards  the  centre  of  the  build- 
ing. .   .  The  ladies'   and  children's  room  is  not 
well   placed    for    supervision,   and   the   au'hor's 
remark  as  to  the  need  of  privacy  in  this  depart- 
ment is  at  variance  with  my  experience. 

"  The  room  for  the  librarian  is  too  spacious,  as 
the  committee  would  not  meet  here,  but  in  the 
town  haU  close  by.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
staff  accommodation  is  small,  and  indifferently 
provided,  the  girls  being  without  a  cloakroom. 
The  mending-room  in  the  basement  is  incon- 
venient, with  an  awkward  approach.  The  public 
conveniences  are  very  cramped,  and  would  be 
better  omitted  entirely.  The  back  entrance  is  a 
good  feature,  and  the  caretaker's  rooms  are  not 
badly  arranged." 

"  The  other  designs  herein  referred  to  are  all 
more   extensive    than  the  available  money  will 
pay  for ;   but  they  err  less  in  this  respect  than 
many  which    I    have    been    compelled,  for  this 
reason,  to  leave  out  of  consideration,  while  the  few 
remaining  cheaper  plans  presented  radical  defects 
in  other  ways,  which  left  me  no  alternative  but 
to  pass  them  by,  and  to  select  ....  some  of  the 
more  suitable  ....  and   least  expensive   ones. 
Foremost  among  them  is  No.    66  (by  Mr.  Arnold 
Mitchell,     F.R.I.B.A.)      The  author's    figures, 
192,430tt.  cube,  are  short  of    what  they  should 
be  ;  but   his  price,   reckoned   at    lOd.   per  foot, 
leaves  nothing  for  the  architect  and  the  clerk  of 
the  works.     I  am,  however,  of  opinion  that  this 
plan,  as  a  basis  for  a  reconsideration,  is  not  sur- 
passed by  any  of  the  plans  submitted.     It  em- 
bodies a  direct,  roomy,  and  square  method  in  the 
main  contrivance  of  the  buildings,  which  renders 
the   making    of    a   good   library  quite  possible, 
without    altering   the   leading   essentia's    of    its 
arrangement.     These  appear  to  me  as  worthy  of 
the  occasion,  in  spi'e  of  some  serious  defects  in 
matters  of  detail,  such  as  the  cramped  head-room 
to  the  staircase  of  the  rear  premises.     Externally 
the   design   is   dignified,   and    free   from    over- 
elaboration,   broad  in  its  proportions,    and  well 
adapted    to    the    local    brickwork,    without   too 
liberal  a  use  of  wrought  masonry. 

"  The  height  of  the  intermediate  parts  of  the 
elevation  is  too  low,  and  would  have  to  be  in- 
creased.    The  main  entrance  also  needs  modifica- 
tion.    The  chief  fault  against  the  plan  is  that  it 
large  an  area,  and  the  rooms   are  tio 


in  this  plan.  The  cloakrooms  asked  for  the  staff 
are  not  provided,  and  I  do  not  think  the  author 
has  made  the  most  of  the  different  levels  of  the 
two  streets,  front  and  rear." 

(It   No.   60   (the  design  by  Messrs.  Alfred  Cox, 
Trimnell,  and  Davison,  chosen  by  the  city  council) 
Mr.  Maurice  B .  Adams  reports :  — "  A  considerable 
area  of  the  site  is  covered   by  th^s  plan,  which, 
however,  is  a  good  one,  and  the  heights  are  wisely 
kept  low  generally,  to  moderate  the  cube  contents. 
They  exceed   the  cube  of  No.  66,  and  the  total 
amount  of   cube  given   by   the  author  (208,  106) 
does  not  come  up  to  my  estimate  of  them.     His 
price  of  8id.  per  foot  is  too  low,  consequently  his 
calculation  of  £7,370  for  the  fabric  is  not  reliable. 
The  exterior  of  this  design  is  treated  in  a  pic- 
!turesque,  inexpensive,    and    somewhat    pleasant 
way.     Its  effect  would   be  greatly  improved  by  a 
more    decided    projection    where    the    entrance 
occurs.     The  perspective  indicates  something  ot 
the  sort,  as  the  draughtsman,  with  this  end,  his 
taken    some  little  liberty  with  the  plan  oE  the 
columns  uf  the   portal.     The   interior  views  are 
misleading  in  respect  to  the  extent  of  the  build- 
in"     The  arched  nave-like  centre  to  the  lecding- 
lib°rary  makes  a  capital  feature  as  seen  from  the 
entrance-hill,     though     it     iacreases     the     cost 
materially.  ,     , 

' '  The  male  and  female  staff  cloakrooms  are  con- 
venient.    The  goods  entrance  and  lift  are  nicely 
managed,  and  the  staircase  is  weU  lit.    The  care- 
taker's house  is  a  good  one.     The  lending  library 
is  62ft.  by  27ft.     Two  rooms,  one  for  newspapers 
and  one  for  magazines,  are  provided,  each  46tt. 
by  25ft.,  giving  somewhat  less  reading  space  than 
No   66  (see  schedule  of  superficial  areas  at  end  of 
this  report).     The  reference  room  and  the  room 
for  ladies  and   children   are   both  30ft.  by  2o£t. 
The  hooka  in  the  reference  room  range  round  the 
wall,  furnishing  not  too  ample  a  provision.     Ihe 
caretiker's   yard  is  ver)'  much  in  evidence  from 
the  main  thoroughfare   at  the  north  end  of  the 
site      The  storeroom  over  the  entrance-hall  gives 
a  reason  for  the   central   external  feature  of  the 
facade  ;  but  in  itself  it  is  not  a  great  advantage, 
with  its  double  circular  stiirways,  and  it  might  be 
omitted.     The  inclosing  railing  fence  to  the  land 
is  neat,  and  looks  suitable  as  seen  m  the  Mew. 
This  design  certainly  runs  No.  66  very  closely  in 
many  respects,  and  could  be  moderated  m  size 
without  changing  its  main  essentials  of  arrange- 
ment.    Cost  would  make  such  reduction  inevit- 
able      From    the     point    of     view    of     library 
management  this  scheme  has  much  to  recommend 
it  to  3'our  consideration." 

Designs  marked  5,  12,  and  3  were  placed  after 
Nos.  17,  66,  and  60,  among  the  six  selected  for 
the  ultimate  award,  Nos.  30,  20,  and  34  being  also 
favourably  alluded  to,  as  well  as  proposals  N  os.  3b, 
48,  and  55,  all  of  which  are  good  designs  marked 
by  merit,  but  they  are  either  too  large  or  too 
expensive.  The  whole  of  the  drawings  will  be 
on  public  exhibition  in  ^Vakefield. 


LONDON 


STREET 


STREETS    AND 
TRAFFIC. 
A  T  the  ordinary  general  meeting  of  the  Sur- 
A     vejors'     Institution,     held     on     Monday 
evening   last,  a    paper   deaUng    with   the  many 
problems  presented   by    the   growing  difficulties 
of   locomotion   in   London   was  read  by  Mr.   J-. 
Blashill,  Member  of  Council  and  formerly  super- 
intending architect  to  the  London  County  Council. 
Although  the  question  was  one  which,  the  author 
said,  would  be  viewed    differently  according  to 
different  degrees  of  experience  and  responsibility 
of  the  person  dealing  with  it ;  but  everyone  must 
allow  that  some  reform  ot  the  London  thorough- 
fares was  urgent.     The  fost,  however,  must  of 
necessitv  be  heavy,  and  it  should  be  clearly  shown 
that  any  suggested  project  was  called  f>^r  and  was 
worth  while.     AVere,iuired  to  go  about  the  streets 
quickly,  easily,  comfortably,  safely,  and  ff^P}y.- 
and  all  means  to  be  worth  their  cost  must  tend  m 
thedir6ction  of  public  utility  and  convenience 
A  new  London  was  net  w.inted,   however  weU 
laid  out ;  not  many  districts  required  rebuilding, 
and  not  one  quarter  of  the  many  proposed  nevs 
streets   were  necessary      First    must   come  the 
removal  of  obstacles.     For  a  long  tinae  back  the 
population  of  London  had  gone  on  doubling  every 
40  years,  and   each   new   generation  became  m 
turn   weary   ot   the   increasing    pressure  ot   tne 
traffic.     Nearly  40  years  ago.  Colonel  Haywood 
considered   in  an   able   report    how   far  modern 


covers  so   large  an  area,  , —   — 

.==<=u..i..»  oi  m..-  si-.ueiiie  ».o  ^^i„,,^K^  .11  =,ol,>...i.s  ,  big,  particularly  the  reference-room  (over  2,000tt.  j  consiaereu  m  ««  <^u.^  l^^"V,,^r7i-ie  of  pressure, 
the  largest  and  most  conveniently-arranged  public  super.),  where  space  is  lost  in  a  way  easily  avoided  arrangements  then  ™"  "^f  "^'"^^  ''  ;  |^t  ^p  the 
rooms,  capable  of  easy  and  complete  supervision,    bv  a  more  compact  redrawing,  without  departing  ]  and  it  then  appearea  '^"^S'^™__„  „,^^„„anee- 


rooms,  capable  of  easy  and  complete  supervision,    bv  a  more  compact  redrawing,  witnout  aepanmg    anu  n  meu  aj;i^i.<uov>  ..^..  „  snnh  arrange- 

in  a  weU-designed  and  appropriate  building  for  jfrom  the  principle  already  mentioned  as  embodied  |  temporary  rehet,  the  enect  oi  au  suc^u 


April  22,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


579 


ments  quickly  disappeared,  and   within   a  very 
short  time  the  crowding  was  even  greater  than 
before.     The    facilitating    of    business  increased 
the  throng.     Since  that  report  the  Ilolborn  Via- 
duct, Uueen  Victoria- street,   the  Embankment, 
Shaftesbury-avenue,  Charing  Cross  and  Clerken- 
well-roads,  Rosebery-avenue,  the  Tower  Bridge, 
and  other  improvements  had  been  carried  out ; 
the  Inner  Circle  Railway  had  been  completed,  and 
the  "Tubes"   were  carrying  their  hundreds  of 
thousands  :  but  the  overcrowding  of  the  thorough- 
fares and  blocks  at  crossings  were  now  in  many 
cases  worse  than  ever  before.     This  was  the  state 
of  things  for  which  a  remedy  was  sought.  Among 
the  first  remedies  mnst  be  the  removal  of  obstacles. 
The  King's  highway  was  dedicated  to  the  general 
public,    and   no  local   authority   had   a  right  to 
permit  or  assist  in   blocking  it.     The  arrange- 
ments by  which  works  necessary  for  the  carrying 
out  of  the  business  of  the  gas  and  water  and  other 
companies  are  affected  must   be  clear,  and  work 
must  be  continuous  where  necessary   on  the  high 
road.     Three  gangs,  with  hours  and  wages  suit- 
ably arranged,  should  work  night  and  day.  Again, 
the  ideal  surface  for  a  town  road  should  be  one 
which  would  form  an  easily  and  speedily  renew- 
able skin  surface  on  a  permanent  road  foundation. 
Once  such  a  foundation  was  properly  laid,  what 
was  desirable  would  be  some  wearing  surface  that 
could    be    renewed   in   a    night,    rougher    than 
asphalte  under  the  hoof  and  smoother  than  wood 
under  the  wheel.     The  placing   of  goods  outside 
shops,  the  stalls  and  barrows   of   costerraongers 
and  small  dealers,  and  the  loading  and  unloading 
of   vehicles   outside  the    premises    or    frontages 
further  obstructed  the   traffic.     To  remedy  the 
last  of  these  evils  it  would  seem  necessary  that 
each  block  of  business   premises  should   have   a 
courtyard,  even  if  only  of  a  hundred  feet  super- 
ficial,  for  the  accommodation  of  a  vehicle  while 
loading  or  discharging.     Then  came  the  question, 
If   factories,  or  even    warehouses,    were  rightly' 
placed   in   the    central    and   crowded   streets   of 
London,    while    their  materials   and   even  their 
workpeople   came   from   outside  the   Metropolis': 
Many    of    the    fac'ories     could    be    beneficially 
removed  to  the   suburbs   where  the   workpeople 
live,  and  it   was   very   doubtful   whether  it  was 
necessary  to  have  in  the  more  crowded  localities 
warehouses  where  goods  were  stored  in  bulk  for 
sale.     Surely    the    system   of    purchasing   from 
samples,  and  delivering  the  goods  purchased  from 
a  warehouse  more  conveniently  situated  in  the 
suburbs,  might  be  well  developed  in  these  days  of 
easy  communication  by  wire.     The  heavy  market 
traffic  was  another  dilficulty.     Smithfield  market 
was  built  over  a  network  of  converging  railways, 
which  was  now  only  used  by  one  company,  the 
great  bulk  of  the  meat  being  brought  in  and  dis- 
tributed by  vans  through  the  streets.   The  move- 
ment   towards   decentralisation   was    proceeding 
slowly,  or  otherwise  the   congestion   in   Central 
London  would  be  intolerable.  Business  establish- 
ments, theatres,  banks,  hospitals,  andothtr  public 
buildings  were  to  be  found  more  and  more  in  the 
nearer  and  outer  suburbs,  and  in  the  near  future, 
when  we  should  all  be  in  direct  telephonic  com- 
munication  with   tradespeople   and  City  agents, 
some  improvement  in  the   conditions  of  London 
itself  might  be  possible.     Some  classes  of  vehicles 
were  themselves  obstructive   to   all   other  traffic. 
The  traction-engine,  with  its  cars  behind  it,  was 
the    most    serious     offender ;    but     in    crowded 
thoroughfares  the  tramcar  was  a  source  of  very 
real  obstruction  and   danger,   running  as  it  did 
down  the  centre  of  a  road  with  continuous  lines  of 
fast  and  slow  traffic  on  either  side.     Having  much 
experience  of  these  vehicles  both  at  home  an  d  abroad , 
the  author  held  a  very  strong  opinion  that  their 
use  should  not  be  extended  in  our  streets,  which 
are  becomiLg  more  crowded  than  ever  by  ordinary 
traffic,  and  more  obstructed  than  ever  by  refuges 
and  lamp  standards.     The  crowdiLg  of  cabs'  to 
railway  stations  for  particular  trains  was  also  a 
source  of  danger,   for  which  no  rtmedy  could  be 
suggested,  unless  it  might   :ome  to  pass  that  the 
general  electrification    of    the    lines    of    railway 
would   result   in    the   running   of   a   continuout 
stream  of  small  trains,  made  up  of  one  or  two 
self-driven  c^rs,  so  that  one  would  not  be  obliged 
to   go    to   a   station   for  a  particu'ar  train,  but 
wr.uM  simply  go  at  his  leisure,  and  have  to  wait 
only  a  few  minutes  for  the  next  train,   even  on 
the  main  lines.     We  were  still  suffering  from  the 
timidity   with    which    the    great    railway   lines 
approached  f.ondon,  and  established  their  termini 
on   its  very  edge.     It  they  had   to    begin  now, 
there  is  little  doubt  that  they  would  have  placed 
their  stations  at  the  very  opposite  side  of  the  town 


from  that  by  which  they  entered  it,  and  have 
picked  up  thtir  traffic  en  rviitf.  When  the  maze 
of  underground  railways  is  completed  it  is  possible 
some  relief  may  be  afforded  in  this  direction — 
both  in  the  case  of  passengers  and  also  of  goods. 
Motor  vehicles  were  also  a  step  in  the  right 
direction.  They  occupied  only  about  two-thirds 
of  the  length  of  horsed  carriages,  and  there  was 
not  the  same  necessity  for  their  going  at  varying 
speeds — from  two  miles  to  perhaps  six  or  eight 
miles  an  hour.  Shorter  vehicles  all  going  at  a 
uniform  speed  would  tend  immensely  to  avoid 
the  present  blocks  and  dangerous  crossings. 
These  crossings  of  two  streams  of  traffic 
running  at  right  angles  to  each  other  was  a  con- 
stant source  of  delay  and  danger,  and  the  only 
mitigation  that  has  been  attempted  was  the  for- 
mation of  a  circus  at  the  junction  of  two  such 
lines,  and  even  this  in  some  cases,  such  aa  Lud- 
gate-circus,  which  was  obstructed  by  monuments 
and  other  obstacles,  was  not  successful.  Ilolborn 
Viaduct,  although  its  original  purpose  was  the 
avoidance  of  the  steep  gradients  of  Snow-hill, 
Skinner-street,  and  Holborn-hiU,  effected  the 
purpose  of  separating  two  crossing  streams  of 
traffic,  now  that  Farringdon-street  has  become  an 
important  thoroughfare,  and  similar  bridge§ 
might  be  possible  in  other  places ;  but  their 
expense  was,  of  course,  considerable.  The 
author  then  proceeded  to  take,  as  an  illustration 
of  the  needs  of  certain  classes  of  improvements, 
the  district  lying  between  the  Thames  and  the 
City-road,  and  Eus'on  and  Marylebone  Roads, 
and  bounded  east  and  west  by  Kensington  and  St. 
Paul's,  as  being  central,  and  containing  buildings 
of  every  class,  from  tbe  highest  to  the  lowest,  as 
well  as  business  premises,  parks,  and  public  build- 
ings, in  fact,  a  typical  capital  city  in  itself. 
Although  it  included  some  of  the  most  important 
improvements  and  some  of  the  finest  new 
thoroughfares,  there  were  whole  large  areas 
without  any  important  street  or  omnibus  route, 
dependent  for  public  vehicles  on  the  main 
thoroughfares  outside.  From  Kensington  on 
the  west,  to  Whitehall  on  the  east — a  distance  of 
three  mi'es — there  was  only  one  unrestricted 
route  north  and  south,  that  by  Park-lane  and 
Grosvenor-place.  Whether,  if  roads  were  un- 
allowable across  the  parks,  tunnels  might  be  per- 
missible, the  author  would  not  venture  to  say  ; 
but  they  would  certainly  be  convenient  for  the 
traffic.  A  carriageway  from  the  Duke  of  York's 
Column  to  Storey's  Gate  and  A'ictoria-street 
would  help  the  traffic  from  Pall  Mall  and  Regent- 
street  to  Westminster.  Again,  a  very  useful 
street  for  the  relief  of  the  Strand  could  be  made 
by  widening  Chandos-street  and  Tavistock-strfet 
as  far  as  Kingsway.  The  main  line  of  Piccadilly 
extending  by  Coventry-street  and  Long-acre  to 
Lincoln's  Inn-fields  must  form  a  portion  of  any 
improved  route  to  the  Ci'y,  and,  in  spite  of 
difficulties,  might  be  carried  some  day  from 
Lincoln's  Inn  to  Holborn- circus,  and  possibly 
thence  by  the  Viaduct,  from  St.  Sepulchre's 
Church,  thrciUi^h  the  site  of  Christ's  Hospital, 
between  the  Poat-Office  and  St.  Bartholomew's, 
and  north  of  the  Guildhall  to  Whitechapel-road. 
It  would  run  through  some  excefding'y  costly 
City  property  between  Little  Britain  and  Bishops- 
gite  -  street.  Failing  this  route,  the  author 
suggested  a  line  somewhat  further  north.  From 
llolborn-circus,  by  Charterhouse- street,  across 
F.irringdon-road,  north  of  the  Meat  Markets,  by 
Aldersgate  Station  and  Moo'gate-street,  through 
Finsbury-circus,  leaving  Bishopsgate  Station, 
and  going  straight  to  the  Whitechapel-road, 
passing  in  front  of  Broad-stieet  and  Liverpool- 
street  Stations.  It  might  be  of  ample  width. 
The  structural  works  over  the  line  of  railway 
wuuld  be  costly  ;  but  the  purchase  of  property 
would  probably  be  comparatively  light.  For  the 
relief  of  London  Bridge,  Mr.  Blashill  advocated 
the  reduction  of  the  height  of  Southwark  Bridge 
as  much  as  possible,  and  a  new  route  in  tunnel 
on  the  east  side  of  Hueen-street  under  Cannon- 
street  and  (iueon  Victoria  -  street,  rising  to 
tiresham  -  street.  If  these  two  routes  were 
made,  the  omnibus  traffic,  which  was  the  chief 
CHiiso  of  the  obstruction  at  the  Bank,  might 
be  diverted  from  that  point.  A  substantial 
municipal  tax  might  even  be  levied  on  every 
omnibus  using  the  congested  area.  There  were 
not  many  crossing  places  whore  bridges  and 
tunnels  were  necessary  or  desirable,  but  Ludgato- 
circus  might  bo  one  at  which  a  sunk  road  from 
Farringdon-street  to  Bridge-street  might  bo  con- 
structed with  advantage.  Bridges  over  etro'ts 
weTo  very  costly  objects,  and  aid  not  always  meet 
with  approval.       'I'he    trathc    of   Oxford  stieet. 


between  the  Marble  Arch  and  Gray's  Inn-road, 
suffered  from  the  fact  that  there  were  only  four 
crossing-places  in  two  miles,  while  the  great  bulk 
of  the  north  and  south  traffic  crossed  at  two  only 
— Regent  Circus  and  Tottenham  Court-road. 
This  might  be  remedied  if  the  omnibus  service 
were  in  the  hands  of  the  County  Council.  A 
street  to  relieve  this  route  had  been  suggested  by 
Sir  J.  Wolfe  Barry,  from  the  southern  end  of 
Edgware- road ,  north  of  Oxford-street  to  Farring- 
don-ioad,  and  then  north  of  the  city  to  the 
Whitechapel-road.  Many  other  new  routes  were 
suggested  by  the  author  for  the  relief  of  conges- 
tion, some  of  which  would  have  undoubtedly  to 
be  carried  out,  if  only  in  part,  if  the  present  rate 
of  increase  of  traffic  were  maintained,  and  a 
parallel  was  drawn  with  the  immense  improve- 
ment which  had  been  effected  in  the  case  of  the 
town  of  Kingston-upon-HuU,  by  clearances,  and 
the  formation  of  new  streets,  but  the  custom  of 
mixing  up  the  question  of  the  housing  of  the 
working  classes  with  any  scheme  for  improved 
transit  was  to  be  deprecated,  and  was  indeed  fatal 
to  any  real  progress  with  municipal  action  in  the 
matter.  A  vote  of  thanks  to  the  author,  proposed 
by  Mr.  Daniel  Watney,  and  seconded  by  .Mr. 
T.  M.  Rickman  was  heartily  accorded,  and  the 
discussion  of  the  paper  was  adjourned  to  the  next 
meeting. 


"BUILDING  XEWS"  DESIGNING  CLUB. 

A   PAIE    OF   LYCH    GATES. 

THESE  are  the  particulars  for  this  competi lion, 
as  issued  for  the  use  of  members  of  our  Club 
in  this  subject : — "  ALych  Gate  in  timber  and  an 
alternative  one  in  stone,  suitable  for  a  country 
churchyard.  The  timber  erection  (.\)  is  to  be 
designed  for  execution  in  sawn  oak  :  not  a  copy  of 
an  old  example,  but  set  out  on  the  old  lines  with- 
out any  turned  balusters  or  needlesslj-  delicate 
moulded  work.  Tbe  Lych  Gate  is  to  comprise 
two  openings  or  gates  under  one  troadly-treated 
roof  or  canopy,  which  should  be  shingled 
or  tiled,  line  gate  is  to  be  wide  enough  for 
funerals,  when  the  body  will  be  carried  under- 
hand on  a  bier,  and  the  other  gate  or  wicket  is 
for  ordinary  use  every  day.  The  height  out  to  out 
must  not  exceed  20ft.,  and  the  greatest  projection 
outside  the  6ft.  stone  wall  of  the  churchyard 
towards  the  road  shaU  not  be  more  than  5ft.  The 
timber- work  is  to  rest  on  a  wrought  stone  base. 
The  stone  Lych  Gate  (B)  is  to  be  adapted  to  hard 
masonry  without  any  floral  carving,  and  only  a 
little  ornament,  which  must  be  simple,  though  a 
crucifix  in  a  mural  panel  not  more  than  3ft.  Gin. 
high  may  be  introduced.  The  roof  to  be  of 
timbering,  and  covered  with  stone  slates,  or  reed 
thatch.  The  same  general  conditions  given  for 
the  timber  erection  are  to  apply  in  the  matter  of 
size,  &c.,  to  this.  Each  design  is  to  be  provided 
with  a  resting-stage  for  the  coffin  should  the 
procession  have  to  wait  lor  the  priest.  Both 
designs  mu^t  be  drawn  on  the  one  sheet  of  paper 
24in.  by  18in.  as  usual.  Toe  scale  to  be  fin.  to 
the  foot,  but  some  parts  and  sketches  of  flaming 
may  be  larger.  A  view  is  suggested  as  a  key 
sketch  in  each  case  with  plan,  side  and  front 
elevations,  and  if  space  allows  a  section  of  both 
designs.  The  site  faces  south,  and  is  practically 
level,  though  the  ground  falls  away  in  front 
towards  the  road.  Drawing.'!  must  bo  delivered  to 
the  Bi'iLiiiNG  News  office  not  later  than  Saturday, 
April  2."  —  We  place  "Ghost"  first,  "New 
Boy"  second,  and  "Ionic"'  third.  All 
three  designs  are  illustrated  with  this  notice 
of  all  the  designs  sent  in  for  this  subject. 
"Ghost"  cannot  claim  any  marked  degree  of 
originality,  and  the  rigid  stability  of  his  timbci 
framing  depends  upon  the  mortises  and  shoulders 
of  his  uprights,  of  which,  however,  there  are  five. 
We  do  not  consider  that  this  construction  is 
satisfactory,  though  perhaps  the  curved  end  up- 
rights would  in  a  sense  act  as  struts,  and  the 
scale  of  the  whole  affair  is  smtill :  still,  the  wind 
pressure  would  be  considerable.  The  plan  is  more- 
like  that  which  we  intended  than  any  other.  The 
sloping  buttresses  to  his  stone  design  give  a  very 
elementary  foim,  and  possibly  a  sense  of  quaint- 
noss  ;  but  wo  do  not  think  the  arrangement 
interesting.  "  The  New  Boy  "  in  some  ways  is 
better,  so  far  as  the  stone  gateway  goes,  but  the 
side  openings  to  it  are  ugly  and  crude-looking. 
The  timber  lych-gate  house  is  more  in  accord 
with  the  conditions  than  the  masonry  building, 
as  a  second  or  small  gate  is  also  given,  but  the 
cotlin  rest  should  have  been  located  between  tbo 
two  openings,    aa   in   "Ghost's"    plans.     Bjth 


580 


THE    BriLDING   NEWS. 


April  22,  1904, 


these  two  sheets  of  drawings  are  workmanlike  and 
well  arranged. 

"  Ionic "  sends  a  timber  scheme,  which  is 
modem  certainly,  done  in  a  style  which  in  many 
respects  passes  for  originality  ;  but  the^  roofing 
looks  shorn  and  unequal  to  its  object  by 
being  curtailed  at  the  ends  in  this  fashion,  leaving 
the  extraneous  posts  to  appear  as  buttresses  so  to 
speak  without  rhyme  or  reason.  The  heads  of 
the  main  body  should  have  run  through  and  be 
as  deep  as  the  carved  scroll  brackets,  which  ought 
to  have  belongei  to  it,  and  so  be  made  out  of  one 
solid  piece,  thus  becoming  enriched  termina- 
tions to  a  straightforward  piece  of  construction, 
and  capable  of  doing  some  work.  The  tenon  and 
pins,  as  now  shown,  are  unequal  to  the  task  for 
which  the  brackets  presumably  exist.  The  sole- 
pieces  and  ft  et  spurs  are  all  very  well  ;  butthatkind 
of  handling  in  carpentry  seems  to  require  a  bigger 
method,  and  the  "hang"  of  this  design  hardly 
accords  either  with  that  style  of  picturesque 
simplicity,  or  as  belonging  to  a  church  such 
as  generally  would  have  to  be  reckoned  with. 
The  colfin-rest  should  have  been  in  the  centre, 
so  that  the  bearers  might  get  at  it  all  round. 
The  stone  lyeh  gate  with  the  holy-water  stoups 
at  the  sides  is  not  a  success.  The  quasi-tower 
angles  are  too  pretentious,  and  the  sloping  but- 
tresses are  horrid  little  trumperies.  The  boys 
would  soon  lob  stones  into  these  otherwise  pur- 
poseless niches  and  fill  them  up  with  rubbish. 

"Gayville"  does  a  far  less  original  thing  in 
timber,  and  with  resignation  carves  "  Thy  will 
be  done  "  on  a  central  beam  which  runs  through 
the  end  uprights,  something  like  the  straining 
piece  of  the  drawing-board  trestles  used  in  every 
architect's  oflices.  Still,  "tTayville"  has  made 
up  a  neat  sheet  carefully  drawn.  His  stone  gate 
sprawls  too  much,  and  is  verj'  ordinary  without 
being  vulgar  on  the  one  hand  or  attaining  attract- 
iveness on  the  other.  "  Xovocastria  "  is  vulgar 
with  his  performance  in  stone,  and  ugly  also. 
Its  inception,  aimed  no  doubt  at  freshness,  fails 
to  realise  anything  worthy  of  imitation,  and  this 
is  so  for  the  simple  reason  that  it  is  devoid  of 
good  lines,  and  lacks  the  repose  of  natural  con- 
struction. "  Novocastria  "  has  done  more 
worthy  work  than  this,  else  we  should  not 
take  the  trouble  to  find  fault  with  his  contri- 
bution ht-re.  He  has  nevertheless  taken  great 
pains,  and  made  a  telling  sheet  of  drawings,  crisp 
and  bright  for  reproduction.  The  timber  design 
is  only  ordinary,  and  the  arched  pieces  are 
spider-like  and  much  too  thin.  "Woodbury" 
has  an  idea  in  his  wooden  erection,  with  the  side 
porch  to  the  bigger  gateway  :  but  the  arched  heads 
to  the  openings  are  a  little  too  overdone  and 
over-shapey  for  outdoor  carpentry  of  the  country- 
side type,  with  these  key-blocks  and  pendants. 
"Woodbury's"  stone  lych  gate  is  a  three-way 
affair,  two  side  gates  and  one  grand  entrance  in 
the  middle  :  the  whole  being  extremely  indif- 
ferent and  not  well  put  on  the  sheet.  "Koh-i- 
Ncor  "  draws  trees  in  a  fizgig  sort  of  way  ;  other- 
wise his  per.-pectives,  though  thin  in  line,  are 
useful  by  really  representing  his  designs.  The 
perspective  lines  are  not  always  correct,  par- 
ticularly in  minor  matters  showing  carelessness. 
The  timber  gate-house  is  by  far  the  better  of  the 
two.  We  have  se^n  many  like  it  before  with  the 
pierced  end  traceries  ;  but  (the  inevitable  "  but ") 
this  proposal  might  pass  muster  in  'the  hope  of 
the  author  learning  to  do  better,  having  got  so 
far  on  the  road  to  success.  "Marcus"  merits 
similar  comments,  though  the  little  buttresses 
cut  out  of  the  solid  end  uprights  do  look  small  in 
scale  as  compared  with  the  plain  arched  piece 
coming  down  and  framed  in  on  the  bald  plain 
side  of  these  posts.  There  is  nothing  actually 
wrong  about  the  design,  only  that  it  misses  all 
sense  of  proportion  when  work  is  treated  thus  in- 
congruously in  parts.  The  stone  gate  arch  is 
ingenious  in  so  far  as  the  springing  blocks  are 
concerned.  The  attempt  at  the  kej-stone,  as  a 
platform  for  a  crucifix,  is  a  failure,  and  out  of  keep- 
ing with  an  acute-pointed  Gothic  arch.  "Zig 
Zag"  ranks  here  in  scale  of  merit  because  he 
triec  to  get  an  effect  with  plain  big  square-shaped 
carpentry,  which,  with  a  little  more  idea  of  pro- 
portion, would  have  put  him  higher  still.  He  is 
unequal,  however.  For  example,  sills  occur  in 
front  but  not  between  the  main  uprights  at  the 
ends,  where  the  spacings  are  wider  and  bond  in 
building  is  more  needed.  The  stepped  gabled 
frontispiece  to  his  stone  lych  gate  permits  of  no 
approval.  "Tom,"  with  dots  between  the  letters, 
haa  copied  a  good  specimen  of  lych-gate  building 
for  the  timber  one,  which  he  has  drawn  capitally, 
giving  in  general  effect  a  pretty  picture.     His 


stone  composition  is  very  badly  designed,  and  the 
side  entrance  in  the  return  wall  of  the  build- 
ing is  awkward  and  too  much  out  of  sight. 
"Primrose"  over-elaborates  his  carpentry  with 
piercings  and  imitation  stonework  forms  done  in 
wood  ;  otherwise  we  have  seen  many  worse  tim- 
bered lych  gates  done  by  F.S.A.  architects.  We 
have  no  commendation  to  give  his  stone  gateway. 
"Loidis"  is,  however,  less  successful  in  this 
respect.  His  timber  gate-house  is  tetter,  and 
solid  and  broadly  handled.  The  openwork 
tracery  over  the  openings  for  people  to  pass  in 
and  out  by  is  much  too  delicate  to  stand,  and 
would  get  knocked  off  in  no  time.  "  Grey  Fox  " 
sends  a  cunningly  devised  scheme  of  framed 
funniosities  in  fumigated  oak,  balanced  out  in  a 
wondrous  waj^  with  pendent  lanterns  to  match. 
There  is  no  little  ability  in  all  this ;  but  oh  I  it 
is  "too  butch  for  bee,"  and  "  Grej'  Fox  "  would 
be  well  advised  to  try  more  simple  effects  another 
time.  With  such  ideas  he  ought  to  avoid  at- 
tempting such  vagaries.  "Ben"  is  safer  and 
solid.  "  Old  Mercer  "  shows  better  to  advantage 
in  his  geometrical  drawings  than  the  views, 
which  look  so  toy-like.  The  Classic  stone  porch  of 
"Saxon's"  makers  one  of  the  best  of  its  kind, 
but  the  gates  to  it  in  iron  are  paltry.  "Leo" 
is  very  indifferent.  "  Bucolic  "  is  neat  and  very 
careful.  "  Chingachgook  "  is  less  interesting 
than  his  name,  and  his  work  is  less  wonderful. 
"Obelisk"  draws  in  outline  without  feeling  or 
idea  of  jointing  in  masonry.  "  Hereward  "  comes 
next,  the  "  Spectre,"  with  rising  sun,  say,  or 
wheel-spoked  framings  to  the  gates,  are  startling 
enough  to  puzzle  a  carpenter;  while  "Alpha" 
closes  the  series  in  a  way  about  which  we  have 
nothing  to  add. 


At  University  College,  Gower-street,  W.C.,  to- 
day (Friday),  at  11  a.m..  Professor  F.  M.  Simpson 
will  deliver  the  first  of  a  course  of  ten  lectures  on 
"  The  History  of  Architectural  Development,"  to  be 
illustrated  by  lantern-slides,  diagrams,  photographs, 
and  casts. 

The  first  section  of  the  new  buildings  of  the 
Royal  Waterloo  Hospital  for  Children  and  Women, 
Waterloo  Bridge-road,  was  reopened  to  patients 
yesterday  (Thursday).  Messrs.  Waring  and  Michel- 
son,  of  Westminster,  are  the  architects  of  the 
hospital,  which  was  illustrated  in  our  issue  of  July 
1",  1903,  and  Messrs.  HoUiday  and  Greenwood  are 
the  contractors.  The  cost  of  the  present  section 
has  been  £100,000. 

At  Nantwich  a  new  Congregational  Sunday- 
school  in  Mouk'a-lane  has  just  been  begun.  The 
plans  show  a  central  hall  65ft.  by  36tt.,  five  class- 
rooms, and  infants'  classroom,  and  the  usual  offices. 
The  central  hall  will  provide  accommodation  for  350 
scholars ;  each  of  the  classrooms  will  seat  25  scholars, 
and  the  infants'  classroom  will  provide  sitting  space 
for  145  children.  The  building  is  being  erected  by 
Messrs.  Cox  and  Vaughan,  of  Nantwich,  from  the 
designs  of  Mr.  Richard  Matthews,  architect,  Nant- 
wich and  Audlem,  and  the  stone  work  is  being 
executed  by  Messrs.  Henry  Harding  and  Son, 
monumental  masons,  Nantwich. 

A  new  Baptist  chapel  is  about  to  be  built  in  the 
Maidstone- road,  Rochester,  upon  a  site  adjoining 
the  present  chapel,  which  will  then  be  used  as  a 
Sunday-school.  Mr.  G.  E.  Bond,  M.S.A.,  of 
Rochester,  is  the  architect,  and  the  estimated  cost 
is  £3,600.  The  new  edifice  will  seat  about  700 
persons,  and  will  be  lighted  by  electricity. 

A  memorial  stained- glass  window  to  the  Rev.  W. 
Campbell,  late  rector  of  Stoke  Dry  and  many  years 
an  assistant- master  at  Uppingham  school,  has  been 
unveiled  in  the  parish  church  of  Stoke  Dry. 
The  window  was  supplied  by  Messrs.  Butler, 
Heaton,  and  Bayne,  oE  London. 

A  new  post-office  is  to  be  built  on  the  site  of  the 
present  premises  at  Broad-street,  Penryn.  The 
new  building  will  be  constructed  in  reinforced 
concrete,  and  the  floors  of  wood-block  throughout. 
Mr.  J.  Partridge  Jenkins,  the  Penryn  borough 
surveyor,  is  the  architect. 

A  peal  of  eight  bells  is  about  to  be  placed  in  the 
tower  of  the  new  church  at  Kea,  near  Truro. 
Messrs.  J.  Taylor  and  Sons,  of  Loughborough,  are 
the  founders. 

The  British  Seamen's  Hospital,  Constantinople,  is 
being  warmed  and  ventilated  by  means  of  Shorland's 
double-fronted  patent  Manchester  stoves  with 
descending  smoke  flues,  the  same  being  supplied  by 
Messrs.  E.  H.  Shorland  and  Brother,  of  Manchester. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Normanton  Urban 
District  Council,  it  was  resolved  to  purchase,  for 
£1,500,  Hawe  Hdl  Estate,  area  10a.  2r.  25p.,  for 
conversion  into  a  public  recreation  ground,  the  free 
library  to  be  erected  on  the  end  facing  Castleford- 
road,  and  a  technical  school  (if  needed  in  the  future) 
at  some  other  point. 


OBITUARY. 

■We  regret  to  hear  of  the  death  of  Mr.  S.imcf.l 
William  Francis,  the  head  and  founder  of  the 
well-known  firm  of  S.  W.  Francis  and  Co.,  Ltd., 
of  64,  66,  68,  and  70,  Gray's  Inn-road,  W.C., 
the  well-known  and  old-established  manufacturers 
of  revolving  shutters  and  collapsible  gates.  Mr. 
Francis,  who  had  reached  the  age  of  four-score 
years,  died  very  suddenly  from  heart  failure  on 
the  i2th  inst.  at  his  residence,  Huntingdon 
House,  Hornsey-lane,  N.  The  interment  took 
place  at  Highgate  Old  Cemeterj'  on  Saturday 
last.  The  business  was  established  so  far  back  as 
1S54  by  Mr.  Francis,  who  took  a  close  interest  to 
the  last,  and  he  was  at  the  office  so  recently  as  the 
Saturday  preceding  his  death.  The  business, 
which  some  years  ago  was  converted  into  a  limited 
company,  will  be  carried  on  as  hitherto,  and  on 
precisely  the  same  lines. 


CHIPS. 

A  discourse  on  "  The  Queen  Victoria  Memorial" 
will  be  delivered  by  Mr.  M.  H.  Spielmanu  at  the 
Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain  on  Friday, 
May  13.  Mr.  Spielmann  will  give  a  descriptive 
history,  with  lantern  slides,  of  the  present  under- 
taking, and,  besides  illustrating  the  final  work,  will 
place  before  the  audience,  for  purposes  of  com- 
parison, the  greatest  works  of  a  similar  kind  upon 
the  Continent. 

The  equestrian  statue  of  General  Bailer  for 
Exeter  is  approaching  completion  in  Adrian  Jones's 
studio  in  London,  and  will  be  ready  by  the  coming 
summer.  The  artist  is  now  awaiting  the  pleasure 
of  the  Exeter  Committee  with  regard  to  the  design 
for  the  pedestal.  The  statue  is  to  be  fixed  near 
Bury  Meadow,  along  the  main  approach  to  Exeter 
from  the  Great  Western  RiUway  Station. 

The  Local  Government  Board  has  sanctioned  the 
borrowing  of  £20,000  by  Brighouse  Corporation  for 
the  enlargement  of  the  municipal  buildings  and  for 
sewerage  purposes. 

The  Local  Goverument  Board,  as  a  result  of  its 
recent  inquiry,  has  sanctioned  the  borrowing  of 
£5,000  by  the  Eton  Urban  District  Council  for 
erecting  a  fire-engine  station  and  depot  in  the  High- 
street,  Eton. 

The  work  of  constructing  a  line  of  railway  which 
will  connect  Dunfermline  with  Kincardine,  from 
which  there  is  a  line  to  Alloa,  is  to  be  proceeded 
with  at  once,  part  of  the  ground  to  be  acquired 
being  staked  off. 

New  police-station  buildings  are  about  to  be 
erected  at  Old  bury,  for  the  Worcestershire  County 
Council,  from  plans  by  their  surveyor,  Mr.  Rowe, 
of  Worcester. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Lord  Provost's  com- 
mittee of  the  Edinburgh  Town  Council,  a  motion 
by  Councillor  Eraser  as  to  the  appointment 
of  a  surveyor  for  the  new  City  Hall  was  under 
consideration.  It  was  agreed  to  recommend  homo- 
logation of  the  appointment  of  Mr.  George  Morham, 
29,  Hanover-street,  Edinburgh,  and  to  remit  to  a 
sub-committee  to  report  on  the  terms  of  the 
appointment. 

The  Lancashire  Education  Committee  have  de- 
cided to  build  four  pubhc  elementary  schools.  One 
at  Worsthorne,  near  Burnley,  will  accommodate  200 
children  ;  another  at  Huncoat,  near  Accrington,  250 
children  :  a  third  at  Audenshaw,  400  children  ;  and 
the  fourth  at  Ansdell,  near  Lytham,  150  children. 

Two  stained-glass  windows,  each  representing  a 
scene  connected  with  the  Resurrection,  have  been 
inserted  in  the  north  wall  of  Turweston  parish 
church,  near  Brackley,  to  the  memory  of  the  late 
John  Locke  Stratton,  of  Turweston  House.  An 
accompanying  marble  monument  explains  that  the 
windows  were  erected  by  the  magistrate  and  staff  of 
Brackley  poUce  division  and  members  of  Brackley 
Corporation  and  Board  of  Guardians. 

The  foundation-stone  has  been  laid  of  a  new 
Baptist  chapel  at  Niton,  Isle  of  Wight.  Mr.  F.  S. 
Cotton  is  the  builder. 

The  mayor  of  Rotherham  and  the  members  of  the 
corporation  paid  an  official  visit  to  Kimberwoith 
parish  church  on  Sunday  to  take  part  in  a  service 
of  dedication  of  a  new  stained-glass  window,  given 
by  the  ex-mayor  and  mayoress  (Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  B. 
Jenkinson)  as  a  memorial  to  four  members  of  their 
family.  The  subject  of  the  window  is  "St. 
Thomas  doubting  the  Resurrection." 

The  Bishop  of  Manchester  reopened  on  Friday, 
after  renovation,  the  church  of  St.  Mary  and  All 
Saints',  in  the  parish  of  Goodshaw,  near  Rawten- 
stall.  The  church  had  been  closed  since  April  10, 
1903,  and  during  the  succeeding  twelve  mouths  the 
interior  has  been  almost  wholly  renewed,  at  a  cost 
of  £3,0110.  The  pews,  pulpit,  choir  stalls,  gallery, 
and  other  woodwork,  and  much  of  the  interior 
masonry,  are  all  new. 


Apeil  22,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    I^EWS. 


581 


Builtims  KitttlUsmct 
— I  >  > 

Bei.mont,  Epsom. — At  Saturday's  meeting  of 
the  Metropolitan  Asylums  I'.oard,  the  works  com- 
mittee reported  that  plans  had  been  prepared  by 
Messrs.  Thomas  Dinwiddy  and  Sons  for  adapting 
that  section  of  the  Belmont  Asylum  buildings 
which  had  previously  been  known  as  the  infants' 
school  to  the  accommodation  of  male  unim- 
provable imbeciles.  These  plans  (which  had 
received  the  approval  of  the  asylums  committee) 
provided  accommodation  in  the  section  of  the 
buildings  referred  to  for  355  patients  (including 
36  cases  in  separation  beds,  and  19  in  iaolation 
■wards),  and  for  53  male  and  2'2  female  staff,  as 
well  as  quarters  for  the  senior  assistant  medical 
officer  and  matron.  The  total  estimated  cost  was 
.£U,000.     The  report  and  plans  were  adopted. 

Bexsuam,  Gateshe.id. — The  senior  section  of 
the  Kelvin  Grove  School  at  Bensham  was  opened 
last  week.  Two  other  departments  were  com- 
pleted fifteen  months  since,  and  the  ijresent  block 
finishes  the  school.  The  general  character  of  the 
design  is  a  scholastic  treatment  in  Free  Kenais- 
sance,  faced  throughout  with  Commondale  red- 
facing  bricks.  Stone  dressings  are  used  up  to  the 
first  floor,  and  buff  terracotta  dressings  to  all 
gables  and  parapets.  The  premises  have  been 
erected  from  the  design  and  under  the  supervision 
of  Messrs.  Xieholson  and  Dotchin,  architects, 
Newcastle,  whose  plins  were  placed  first  in  open 
competition  and  under  motto.  The  building 
contracts  amount  to  about  £18,000  this  including 
the  infants  and  junior  schools,  senior  boys'  and 
girls'  school,  playgrounds,  sheds,  latrines,  and 
caretaker's  house.  The  schools  are  arranged  on 
the  central-hall  plan,  the  maximum  space  being 
provided  in  classrooms  and  the  minimum  in  cor- 
ridors. The  accommodation  provided  in  the 
infants'  and  junior  block  is  for  "UO  fcholars.  The 
whole  of  the  work  has  been  carried  out  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Hunter,  of  Washington,  as  general 
contractor,  with  Mr.  Creighton  as  clerk  of  works. 

BooTLE. — The  mayor  opened  on  Friday  the 
new  central  fire  station  and  district  police  station, 
situated  in  Strand-road  and  the  corner  of  Irlam- 
road.  The  new  building  occupies  3,238  square 
yards  of  land,  the  total  cost  of  the  structure  and 
site  being  about  £32,000.  The  station  comprises 
an  engine-house,  with  accommodation  for  four 
steam  fire-engines,  one  hose  carriage,  and  one 
horse  ambulance ;  a  workshop,  stabling  for  ten 
horses,  yard,  residential  quarters  for  twenty 
married  men  and  ten  single  men,  laundry, 
superintendent's  office,  men's  duty  room,  hose- 
drying  tower  and  look-out  (height  100ft.), 
recreation  room,  fire-escape,  shelter,  and  other 
necessary  buildings  and  offices.  The  district 
police  station  (facing  Pacific-road)  comprises 
charge-room  and  office,  four  cells,  quarters  for  a 
married  constable  and  a  single  constable.  Jlessrs. 
C.  J.  Anderson  and  R.  P.  Crawford,  of  Dale- 
street,  Liverpool,  were  the  architects,  and  Mr. 
W.  Musker  was  the  contractor. 


BnooK  Gkeen,  W. — The  Princess  of  Wales 
opened  the  new  buildings  of  the  St.  Paul's  Girls' 
School,  Brook  Green,  Hammer-mith,  on  I"riday 
afternoon.  The  school  has  been  built  on  a  site  of 
two  acres  on  the  south  side  of  Brook  Green.  At 
the  rear  of  the  buildings  there  is  a  pIaygro\md. 
The  buildings  consist  of  a  centre  and  two  wings. 
In  the  centre  is  the  large  hall,  80ft.  long  by  45ft. 
wide,  with  classrooms  opening  from  it.  A  wide 
coriidor  leads  right  and  left  from  the  principal 
entrance  and  central  hall  to  the  wings.  In  the 
right  wing  are  the  pupils'  and  teachers'  libraries 
and  the  museum,  while  the  left  wing  contains  the 
lecture  theatre,  chemical  laboratory,  and  the 
physics  room.  The  further  provision  includes  a 
cookery  classroom,  a  drawing  schoolroom,  with 
special  appurtenances,  and  a  gymnasium.  The 
buildings,  for  which  Mr.  (J.  C.  Iloraley  has  been 
the  architect,  are  carried  out  in  red  brick,  while 
Portland  stone  has  been  used  for  the  external 
elevations.  The  principal  elevation  to  Hrook 
Green  has  some  sculpture  in  low  relief.  The 
chool,  with  site,  has  cost  about  £70,000. 

CuEsLVN  IIav,  near  Can"no(  k . — The  new 
isolation  hospital  which  has  been  erected  at 
Cheslyn  Uay  by  the  Cannock  Rural  District 
Council  was  formally  opened  the  other  day. 
The  hospital  is  situate  about  two  miles  from 
the  workhouse,  and  has  cost  about  £2,000, 
and  occupies  a  site  about  three-quarters  of  an 
acre  in  extent,  at  an  elevation  of  1.50(1.  above  sea 
level.     It  consists  of  three  blocks,  the   central 


forming  the  administrative  section,  Banked  on 
either  side  by  the  ward  blocks  connected  by 
covered  ways.  Each  ward  is  separate,  and  con- 
tains four  beds,  making  a  total  of  IC  beds. 
Leading  off  from  the  vestibule  in  the  centre 
block  are  the  nurses'  sitting-rooms,  and  adjoining 
are  the  sleeping  apartments.  In  the  rear  are 
situated  the  caretaker's  apirtments,  surgery, 
bathi'oom,  kitchen,  linen-room,  ic.  The  con- 
tractors for  the  erection  of  the  hospital  were  Jlessrs. 
Jlitson  and  Harrison,  of  Camberwell,S.E.,  whose 
tender  amounted  to  £850.  The  foundations  and 
drains  were  put  in  by  Mr.  F.  T.  Williams,  of 
Great  Wyrley.  Mr.  Herbert  Holloway,  of 
M'olverhampton,  constructed  the  sewage  outfall 
works.  The  plans  for  the  erection  of  the  hospital, 
drainage  system,  and  sewage  works  were  prepared 
by  ilr.  Herbert  M.  Whitehead,  engineer  and 
surveyor  to  the  council,  who  perEonally  super- 
intended the  carrying-out  of  the  work. 

Llaxdegfan". — -The  parishioners  of  Llandegfan 
have  been  presented  by  the  Rathbone  family  with 
a  well- equipped  village  hall  and  a  site  for  a 
recreation  ground,  which  were  handed  over  to 
them  last  week.  The  plan  of  the  hall  is  that 
of  a  central  entrance-hall,  entered  through  an  ex- 
ternal porch,  and  with  a  large  hall,  43ft.  by  22ft., 
opening  out  of  it  on  one  side,  whilst  on  the  oppo- 
site side  a  door  leads  to  the  caretaker's  cottage. 
The  large  hall  is  divided  by  a  folding  partition 
into  two  rooms,  the  smaller  intended  for  a  smoking 
and  reading-room,  and  the  larger  for  a  committee 
room.  For  meetings  and  entertainments  the  two 
rooms  will  lie  thrown  into  one.  The  entrance- 
hall  is  fitted  with  shelves,  and  adapted  for  a 
library.  The  work  has  been  carried  out  by 
Jlr.  Evan  P«rry,  builder,  Menai  Bridge,  from  the 
designs  of  Mr".  Harold  Hughes,  F.R.I.B.A., 
Bangor. 

PoLLOKSnAws. — At  the  meeting  of  Pollok- 
shaws  Town  Council  on  Friday  night,  the  special 
housing  committee  reported  that  Councillor 
Baird  had  voluntarily  submitted  for  their  use  a 
set  of  plans  of  model  three-story  tenements  of 
working-class  houses  of  one,  two,  and  three  apart- 
ments, costing  £886,  £996,  and  £898  respectively. 
There  was  also  submitted  a  plan,  prepared  by  the 
master  of  works,  of  a  four-story  tenement,  con- 
taining eight  houses  of  one  room  and  kitchen,  the 
estimated  cost  being  ±,1,300.  The  committee 
agreed  to  defer  coming  to  a  decision  until  further 
information  could  be  obtained  regarding  the 
tenements  recently  trected  in  Glasgow  and 
Aberdeen,  and  the  houses  proposed  to  be  erected 
in  Hamilton  under  the  Housing  of  the  Working 
Classes  Act. 

SnEPnERo's  BisH,  W.  —  The  new  Roman 
Catholic  church  was  opened  la=t  week.  The 
church  is  in  the  Early  English  style,  and, 
when  completed,  wiU  consist  of  nave,  sanctuary, 
and  two  aisles  :  at  present  one  aisle  remains  to  be 
built,  but  it  will  be  proceeded  with  immediately. 
At  the  end'  of  this  aisle  there  will  be  a  Lady- 
chapel,  and  along  the  side  two  jJaces  for  side 
altars,  two  confessionals,  and  the  baptistery.  The 
church  ia  built  of  brick,  with  Bath  stone 
dressings,  and  is  covered  with  Major's  angular 
tiles.  The  walls  of  the  interior  are  plastered 
with  stucco  of  a  terracotta  tint.  The  church, 
which,  when  completed,  will  accommodate  500 
people,  has  cost  about  £4,000,  including  the  altar 
and  throne.  The  Very  Rev.  Canon  Scoles  and 
Mr.  G.  Raymond  were  the  architects  ;  the  general 
contractor  was  Mr.  John  McMannus,  of  Ham- 
mersmith-road, and  for  the  altar  Jlr.  A.  B.  Wall. 
Mr.  J.  Wilkie  acted  as  honorary  clerk  of  works. 

SiiuEwsiu'UY. — The  new  premises  trected  at 
the  junction  of  the  High-street  and  Miirdol  Head 
for  ihe  Shropshire  branch  of  the  Royal  Insurance 
Co.  were  opened  last  week  Tlio  face  of  the 
building  in  the  lower  portion  is  of  polished 
granite,  and  above  of  Portland  stone.  The  lower 
part  is  of  steel  construction,  and  the  floors  are 
fireproof  throughout.  In  the  basement  are  the 
strong  room,  stationery  store,  heatiug  chamber, 
&c.  On  the  ground  lloor,  opening  off  the  street, 
is  the  public  ollice.  Here  a  mezzanine  lloor  over 
a  portion  of  the  room  gives  additiiuial  accommo- 
dation for  clerks.  This  is  faced  with  a  screen  of 
carved  oak.  The  boardroom  and  manager's  room 
are  situated  on  the  first  lloor,  and  in  addition  to 
rooms  for  typists,  A:c.,  there  is  also  provision,  on 
the  fccond  floor,  for  a  caretaker  to  live  on  tho 
premises.  The  building  is  panelled  with  oak 
throughout :  the  entrance  doors  and  staircases  are 


erected  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  A.  E.  Lloyd 
Oswe'l,  of  Shrewsbury.  The  contractors  were 
Messrs.  R.  Priceand  Son.  Mr.  H.  L.  Whitting- 
hara  acted  as  clerk  of  the  works.  The  premises 
were  illustrated  in  the  Building  News  for  Dec.  1 1 , 
1903. 

Wavkrtuee,  Liveupool.  —  A  new  Baptist 
chapel  and  schools  are  about  to  be  erected,  at 
a  cost  of  £10,000,  in  Djvedale-road,  Wavertree. 
The  plans  of  Messrs.  Geo.  Baines  and  Son, 
London,  have  been  accepted  by  the  building 
committee,  after  competition,  the  drawings  for 
which  were  exhibited  some  months  ago  in  the 
Walker  Art  Gallery.  The  chapel  is  estimated  to 
seat  700  persons,  and  the  fchool  accommodation 
is  on  a  corresponding  scale.  The  freehold  site, 
contiiaing  some  2,000  yards,  was,  we  under- 
stand, presented  by  a  Liverpool  alderman:  and 
towards  the  cost  o"f  the  building  the  committee 
have  received  £4,700,  the  proceeds  of  a  legacy 
bequeathed  bv  the  late  Mr.  W.  J.  Clowes,  of 
Wavertree.  The  Baptist  Twentieth  Century 
Fund  has  granted  £1,000  to  the  scheme,  and  it  is 
hoped  that  at  least  £1,000  more  will  be  secured 
before  the  foundation-stone  is  laid  by  the  Countess 
of  Derby  on  May  2r,.  The  buildings  are  designed 
in  Perpendicular  Gothic  freely  treated,  and  will 
be  faced  with  whole  white  flints  combined  with 
pressed  red  brick  facings  and  red  C'ottessey  dres- 
sings, tracery,  Sec.  The  tower  and  cupola 
termination  rises  to  a  height  of  S3ft.  All  windows 
will  be  filled  with  lead  lights  of  quaint  design. 


CHIPS. 

The  opening  ceremony  in  connection  with  a  new 
Orange  Hall  at  Crumkill  took  place  last  week.  The 
buildmg  has  been  erected  on  the  road  leadmg  from 
Ballymena  to  Antrim.  The  contract  was  carried 
out  by  Messrs.  Gault  Brothers,  Ballymena. 

The  foundation-stones  of  a  new  Primitive  Metho- 
dist Chapel  have  been  laid  at  Weybourne,  Norfolk. 
The  building  will  be  30ft.  by  21ft.,  and  give  a  seat- 
ing capacity  for  one  hundred  persons.  It  will  1)6 
constructed  of  red  brick,  with  tiled  roof,  and  stone 
window  dressings.  Mr.  H.  Winkworth,  of  Ipswich, 
is  the  architect,  and  Mr.  J.  W.  Neale,  of  Bacons- 
thorpe,  the  contractor. 

lu  the  village  of  St.  Colomb  Minor  the  stone-laying 
took  place  last  week  of  a  new  Wesleyan  Methodist 
chapel.  The  architect  is  Mr.  Sampson  Hill,  of 
Redruth,  is  the  architect,  and  Mr.  Tippatt  the 
contractor. 

The  work  of  erecting  the  Testing  memorial 
episcopal  throne  and  stalls  in  the  choir  of  the 
cathedral  of  St.  Albans  has  now  commenced  in 
earnest.  The  clearing  away  of  the  old  stalls  and 
the  preparation  of  the  foundations  of  the  new  are 
well  advanced.  The  pulpit  replaces  a  19th-century 
one  of  meagre  proportions  and  poor  design,  dis- 
carded from  Rochester  Cathedral,  and  was  illustrated 
in  the  Building  News  for  August  28,  1903.  The 
choir  stalls  are  32  in  number.  The  total  cost  will 
be  £3,500.  The  new  fittings  have  been  designed  by 
Mr.  J.  Oldrid  Scott,  P.S.A.,  and  are  being  executed 
in  oak  by  Mr.  Bridgeman,  of  Lichfield.  The 
return  stalls  at  the  west  end  of  choir  were  erected 
some  years  since  from  Mc.  Oldrid  Scott's  designs. 

The  Board  of  Trade  have  recently  confirmed  the 
undermentioned  orders  made  by  the  Light  Riilway 
Commissioners:—!.  Clacton-on-Sea  aud  St.  Osyth 
Light  Railway  Order,  1904,  authorising  the  con- 
struction of  light  railways  from  St.  Osyth  to 
Clacton-on-Sea,  in  the  county  of  Essex,  in  the  rural 
district  of  Teudring,  aud  the  urban  district  of 
Clacton.  2.  Rugby  aud  District  Light  Railway 
Order,  1004,  authorising  the  construction  of  light 
railways  in  the  urban  aud  rural  districts  of  Rugby, 
in  the  county  of  Warwick.  3.  Leicester  and  District 
Light  Railways  Order,  lOOi,  authorising  the  con- 
struction of  "light  railways  in  the  borough  of 
Leicester  ami  in  the  rural  districts  of  Barrow-upon- 
Soar,  and  of  Market  Bosworlh,  in  the  county  of 
Leicester. 

A  new  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  in 
Currans-road,  Larne,  was  opened  last  week.  It 
has  cost  £1,300. 

Ou  Thursday  in  last  week  a  Locnl  Government 
Board  inquiry  was  held  by  an  inspector  of  the 
Local  Government  Board,  Mr.  II.  Percy  Bulnois, 
at  the  Oddfellows'  Hall,  Crowhorousb,  relative  to 
the  application  of  the  rural  district  council  to  borrow 
ill  000  for  a  drainage  scheme  for  that  part  of 
RotherfieUt  parish  known  as  Crowborough  Hid 
Jarvis  Brook.  Opposition  was  nused  on  lielialf  ol 
the  Marquis  of  Abergavenny,  and  the  uisiwctor 
intimated  that  he  could  not  recommend  approval  of 
the  scheme. 
There  wore  over  one  hundred  applicAtions  for  the 


of  toak,  the  fittings  are  of  mahogany,  and  the  position  of  electrical  engineer  to  the  UadolitYe  l^rhan 
upper  floor  is  laid  with  oak  blocks  and  the  ground  ]  District  Council,  a  post  worth  LUiO  a  year.  Mr. 
floor  with  mosaic  paving. 


The  building  h?ufbeen  I  M."  B.  Henry,  of  Nelson,  has  been  appointed. 


582 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Apeil  22,  1904. 


OOUFETITIONS. 

Ayr. — Competitive  designs  are  to  be  invited 
for  a  pavili  n  to  cost  £9,000,  and  premiums  of 
£50,  £30,  and  £20  will  be  offered  for  designs,  to 
be  lodged  by  July  1. 

Barnkt  Isolation  Hospital. — At  the  last 
meeting  of  the  Hospital  Committee  of  the  Barnet 
Urban  District  Council,  a  letter  was  read  from 
Dr.  Gerard  C.  Taylor,  the  medical  ofKcer  of 
health  to  the  Herts  County  Council,  pointing  out 
that  the  specifications  issued  by  the  committee 
required  four  bedrooms  to  be  provided;  two  for 
nurses  and  two  for  servants.  If  the  committee 
desired  the  place  to  be  effectual,  all  reasonable 
precautions  must  be  taken.  Each  isolation  block 
should  have  a  distinct  staff  of  nurtes,  for  night  as 
well  as  for  day  duty,  and  each  nurse  should  hive 
a  separate  bedroom.  Dr.  Taylor  was  of  opiaion 
that  the  number  of  nurses  required  at  any  one 
time  would  depend  both  on  the  number  of  patients 
and  on  the  variety  of  diseases  under  treatment, 
and  there  should  be  sufficient  accommodation 
provided  for  a  full  staff.  At  the  very  least  ten 
bedrooms  should  be  provided,  and  twelve  would  be 
a  more  satisfactoryprovision.  The  bedroomaccom- 
modation  for  servants  was  another  matter  which  it 
would  be  well  for  the  committee  to  carefully  con- 
sider, and  the  specifications  mentioned  two  bed- 
roomsonly.  Dr.  Taylor's  communication  alsodealt 
in  some  detail  with  the  site,  thoaren  of  which  was 
given  as  6f  acres.  It  was  stated  that  several 
letters  had  been  received  from  architects  with 
reference  to  the  inadequacy  of  the  accommodation 
to  be  provided  for  the  staff.  After  a  long  dis- 
cussion, the  committee  weakly  shelved  any 
settlement  of  these  points,  it  being  resolved  to 
adhere  to  the  conditions  already  issued,  and  to 
send  the  competitive  plans  to  the  County  Council, 
and  let  that  body  "pick  them  to  pieces."  The 
clerk  also  read  a  letter  fmrn  Mr.  W.  Weymouth, 
Finchley,  withdrawing  his  nami  as  one  of  the 
competing  architects  for  the  hospital.  The  reason 
assigned  was  that  the  committee  declined  to 
employ  a  professional  adviser.  The  clerk  sa'd  he 
had  also  received  other  letters  from  architects  in 
somewhat  similar  terms.  A  member  asked  what 
the  fees  would  amount  to,  supposing  an  assessor 
were  employed,  and  100  guineas  beiog  named,  it 
was  decided,  at  any  rate  for  the  presen*",  not  to 
engage  a  professional  adviser.  It  remains  to  be 
seen  whether,  under  these  thoroughly  unsatis- 
factory conditions,  any  architects  of  repute  and 
standing  will  trouble  to  prepare  and  submit  plans. 

BiiixTox  Hill. — The  Lambeth  B  .rough 
Council  have  decided  to  build  municipal  offices  on 
the  Brixton  site.  I^and  is  to  be  left  f-.r  the 
erection  of  a  town-hall,  baths,  police-court,  and 
othtr  buildings  at  a  later  date.  An  assessor  is  to 
be  appointed  to  consider  the  competitive  designs. 

Hctchieson'town,  Gl.*.sgow. — We  have  re- 
ceived two  letters  from  competitors  in  the  Free 
Library  competition  decided  last  week,  remind- 
.  ing  us  that  we  were  in  error  in  stating  in  our 
last  issue  that  no  premiums  were  promised. 
Three  were  offered,  of  £50,  £30,  and  £25 
respectively. 

London  Lying-in  Hospital. — A  limited  com- 
petition has  been  held  to  obtiin  plans  for  re- 
building the  London  Lying-in  Ho<pital,  situate 
at  the  corner  of  City-road  and  <,)ld-street.  The 
six  architects  invited — Messrs.  T.  W.  Aid- 
winckle  and  Son,  Cheston  and  Perkin,  IJ. 
Hyndman  Collins,  W.  C:.  Marshall,  C.  Reilly 
and  Son,  and  T.  U.  Smith— all  submitted  plans, 
and  the  assessor,  Mr.  Rowland  Plumbe,  has  just 
made  his  award.  The  first  premium  of  100 
guineas  goes  to  Mr.  H.  II.  Collins,  the  second 
of  50  guineas  to  Messrs.  Rtilly  and  Son,  and  two 
other  competitors,  bracketed,  each  receive  25 
guineas,  a  sum  of  20  guineas  being  awarded  to 
the  remaining  two  competitors.  The  proposed 
outlay  on  rebuilding  is  £25,000. 

Malvehn. — At  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Malvern  Urban  District  Council,  on  Tuesday,  it 
was  reported  that  fifty-eight  designs  had  been 
received  for  the  new  public  library.  The  adjudi- 
cator, Mr.  H.  T.  II  ire,  awarded  the  first  priz3  to 
Mr.  II.  A.  Crouch,  of  London  ;  the  second  to 
Messrs.  Collins  and  Knott,  Chelsea;  and  the 
third  to  Mr.  M.  liunney,  Westminster.  The 
des'gn  of  Mr.  A.  C.  Baker,  Malvern,  was  highly 
commended,  but  was  ruled  out  because  the  cost 
exceeded  the  amount  stipulated.  Sir  Henry 
Lambert  (as  the  giver  of  the  site)  and  Mr.  C.  W. 
Dyson  Perrins  (the  donor  of  £3,000)  approved  of 
the  first  premiated  design,  and  the  committee  will 
at  once  proceed  with  the  erection  of  the  buildin", 
the  estimated  cost  of  which  is  £7,000.  " 


I'LTEUiiououGn  FiiEK  LiHRAiiv.  —  The  city 
council,  at  their  meeting  last  Friday,  decided  to 
throw  open  the  competition  for  designs  for  the 
new  public  library.  The  prizes  awarded  will  be 
£50,  £25,  and  £15,  the  £50  to  merge  in  the  com- 
mission. The  committee  appointed  to  deal  with 
the  matter  were  instructed  that  £3,500  of  the 
£f  ,000  given  by  Mr.  Carnegie  be  the  inclusive  cost 
of  the  building,  together  with  fees  and  premiums. 

Selly  Oak  Baths. — Thirty-four  sets  of  designs 
were  received  by  the  King's  Norton  and  North- 
field  Urban  District  Council  for  the  proposed  new 
Public  Library,  the  estimated  cost  of  which  was 
not  to  exceed  £9,000.  The  assessor  selected  three 
designs,  which  will  be  placed  in  the  following 
order  of  merit : — First  (No.  16),  by  Mr.  E.  Hard- 
ing Payne,  A. K.I. B. A.,  11,  John-street,  Bedford- 
row,  \V".C.  ;  second  (No.  I),  by  Mr.  H.  Deighton 
Pearson,  A.R.I.B.A.,  27,  Chancery-lane,  W.C.  ; 
and  third  (No.  20),  by  Messrs.  North  and  Robin, 
203,  Strand,  W.C,  and  Cliftouvi'le,  Margate. 

TiPTO.v. — A  special  meeting  of  the  urban 
district  council  has  been  held  in  reference  to  the 
scheme  for  the  erection  of  a  free  public  library 
and  town-hall  on  a  site  contiguous  to  the  \'ictoria 
Park.  The  report  of  a  sub-committee  stated  that 
there  were  thirteen  competitive  designs,  and  they 
had  awarded  the  prizes  as  follows  :  Ist,  £50,  Mr. 
E.  G.  Coslett,  Dudley;  2nd,  £20,  Mr.  E.  H. 
Wenyon,  Great  Bridge;  3rd,  £10,  Mr.  A.  G. 
Lathom,  Birmingham.  Mr.  Doughty,  moving 
the  adoption  of  the  report,  stated  thai",  the  council 
had  had  a  gift  of  the  site,  and  Mr.  Andrew 
Carnegie  had  given  £5,000  for  the  erection  of  the 
free  library.  Mr.  I'owell  argued  that  the  esti- 
mate for  the  free  library  and  a  town-hall  to  seat 
900,  of  £3,500,  was  much  under  the  mark.  In 
his  opinion  it  would  cost  double  that  amount  and 
turn  out  another  "park  job."  He  noticed  that 
Mr.  Carnegie  had  agreed  that  his  £5,000  given 
to  Rowley  Regis  should  be  devoted  to  the  erection 
of  three  library  buildings,  and  he  thought  that  a 
similar  schRme  should  be  carried  out  in  Tipton. 
He  moved  that  the  mat'er  be  deferred.  Ultimately 
the  report  was  adopted  by  the  casting  vote  of  the 
chairman. 

ToKQTJAY. — The  award  in  thd  Town  Hall  .and 
C.irnegie  Free  Library  competition,  made  by  Jlr. 
H.  V.  Lanch'ster,  F.K  LIS. A.,  the  assessor,  has 
now  been  confirmed  by  the  town  council.  As  was 
announced  on  March  25,  nearly  lOO  designs  were 
sent  in,  and  the  first  premium  has  been  awarded 
to  Mr.  T.  Davison,  Great  Ormond-ttreet,  W.C, 
whose  design  we  shall  illustrate  in  an  early 
issue,  and  the  second  to  Messrs.  Harris  and  Towre, 
New-square,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 

Wakeiieli)  Free  Lidrary. — The  names  of  the 
successful  competitors  for  the  free  library  building 
at  Wakefield  are  :  1st  premium,  Messrs.  Trimmell, 
Cox,  and  Davison,  Woldington,  Surrey :  2nd, 
Hector  and  Thornton,  York-street,  Westminster  ; 
and  3rd,  Mr.  Arnold  Mitchell,  Great  Marl- 
borough-street,  London.  Sir.  Maurice  B.  Adams, 
F.R.I.B.A.,  of  London,  was  the  architectural 
adviser  to  the  city  council,  and  the  salient  pointj 
in  his  report  are  given  on  p.  57S  ante. 


The  new  mission  church  at  Newlyn  was  dedicated, 
on  Wednesday  week,  by  the  Archdeacon  of  Corn- 
wall. The  church  is  dedi  ated  to  St.  Andrew,  aa  the 
patron  saint  of  fishermen,  and  seats  350  persons.  It 
contains  some  specimens  of  art  of  the  Newlyn 
school,  including  an  altar-piece  given  by  the  late 
Mr.  O.  V.  Ostrehan,  and  an  offer  has  been  made  by 
a  Swedish  artist,  Mr.  Brorkronstrand,  who  has  spent 
two  months  iu  the  town,  to  provide  some  fresco 
canvases  for  the  east  end  of  the  building. 

At  a  special  meeting  of  the  town  council  of 
Wisbech,  held  last  week,  the  contract  with  the 
National  Electric  Construction  Co.,  Ltd.,  for  the 
supply  of  electric  light  in  the  town,  was.  after  a 
long  discussion,  ordered  to  he  sealed.  Messrs.  R. 
Hammond  and  Sons  were  appointed  electrical 
engineers,  and  an  application  to  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board  for  their  sanction  for  the  loan  of 
£25,000  for  the  purpose  of   electric  lighting  was 


Mr.  George  Lee,  of  Skirbeck,  Boston,  Linos, 
timber  merchant,  who  died  on  Dec.  26  last,  left 
estate  valued  at  £13,014  7s.  6J.  gross,  the  net  person- 
ality being  nil. 

Ssa  defence  works,  costing  £2,000,  are  about  to 
be  commenced  at  S.indgate  by  the  local  urban 
district  council,  the  K'jnt  County  Council  having 
consented  to  l>ear  the  expens3.  A  new  sea  wall  is 
to  be  constructed,  the  work  being  necessary  to 
protect  the  main  road  between  Sandgate  and 
Hythe,  which  runs  along  the  sea  front  protected 
only  by  a  low  embankment. 


Troon  HAiuiorR. — Messrs.  Robert  M'AIpine 
and  Sons,  the  contractors,  are  making  good 
progreas  with  the  improvements  at  Troon  Harbour. 
These  are  being  carried  out  at  a  cost  to  the  Glas- 
gow and  South- Western  Railway  Company  o 
about  £30,000.  The  work  includes  the  rebuilding 
of  about  200  yards  of  the  quay  wall,  extending 
from  the  pier  southwards  ;  the  erection  of  a  new 
50-ton  steim  crane,  and  the  heightening  by  12 
feet  of  No.  2  coal  crane,  the  elevation  of  the 
present  cranes  being  insufficient  for  the  bunker- 
ing of  large  steamers.  The  depth  of  wat  r  will 
be  increased  by  three  feet  at  the  deep-loading 
berth,  which  is  necessitated  by  the  enlargement 
of  cargo  steamers.  The  foundation  of  the  new 
wall  consists  of  fourteen  lengths  of  iron  caissons 
filled  with  concrete.  Ten  of  these  caissons  are 
on  the  ground,  and  four  of  them  have  been  sunk 
to  the  required  level,  and  two  are  under  weigh. 
From  the  excavations  of  Troon  new  graving  dock 
700  concrete  blocks  of  an  average  weight  of  four 
tons  each  have  been  prepared,  and  this  week  a 
beginning  has  befn  made  with  the  building  of 
the  wall.  An  additional  discharging  berth  has 
been  provided  at  the  ballast  quay  by  lengthening 
the  wharfage  at  the  north  end  by  "Oft.  The 
wharf,  which  is  practically  finished,  is  made  of 
greenheart,  and  the  piles  have  been  put  down  to 
the  rock  and  fastened  with  iron  shoda. 


CHIPS. 

A  petition  has  been  presented  to  the  Gloucester 
Consistorial  Court  for  a  faculty  for  the  restoration 
of  the  interesting  parish  church  of  Syde.  The  pro- 
posed work  includes  the  reroofing  of  the  nave, 
reseating  of  the  church,  and  the  substitution  of 
a  single  lancet  window  for  the  present  east  window 
of  the  chancel.     It  is  estimated  to  cost  £'>70. 

Mr.  R.  H.  Bicknell,  M.Inst.C.E  ,  a  Local  Govern- 
ment Board  inspector,  has  held  an  inquiry  at 
Margam  into  an  application  made  by  the  urban 
district  council  for  sanction  to  borrow  £15,000  for 
purposes  of  electric  lighting.  Mr.  Prussmann, 
electrical  engineer  of  the  Swansea  Corporation, 
gave  a  detailed  acconnt  of  the  proposed  electric 
lighting  scheme. 

An  application  for  sanction  to  borrow  £1,000  for 
machinery  and  buildings  at  the  sewage  pumpiug- 
station  at  Winchester  was  the  subject  of  a  Local 
Goverument  inquiry  held  on  Tuesday  week  at  the 
City  Guildhall,  before  Mr.  H.  P.  Boulnois,  M.I.C.E. 

Mrs.  Selina  OJdy-Gray,  of  3,  Eastern-terrace, 
Brighton,  who  died  on  March  13,  aged  85  years, 
widow  of  Mr.  Jonathan  Gray,  bequeathed  her  oil- 
painting  called  "  Trefryn  Castle,"  by  William  T. 
Richards  (datel  1880),  to  the  National  Museum  at 
South  Kensington,  for  the  Gallery  of  British  Artists 
there. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Liverpool  City  Council 
a  decision  to  appoint  a  new  curator  to  the  Walker 
Art  tiallery  in  succession  to  Mr.  Charles  Dyson, 
resigned,  at  a  salary  of  £400,  was  adopted  after  some 
opposition,  based  on  the  contention  that  Liverpool 
should  secure  an  official  more  highly  qualified  than 
such  a  remuneration  would  command. 

The  Liverpool  City  Council  have  approved  a 
recommendation  of  the  tramways  committee  em- 
powering them  to  apply  to  the  Board  of  Trade  for 
sanction  to  the  borrowmg  of  £75,000  for  the  pur- 
chase of  land  iu  Hatton-garden  and  the  erection 
thereon  of  tramway  offices. 

The  new  dock  about  to  be  constructed  at  Swansea 
for  the  harbour  trustees  will  be  about  GO  acres  in 
area,  and  the  lock  875ft.  long  by  90ft.  iu  width, 
with  a  depth  of  40ft.  at  spring  tides.  The  amount 
of  the  contract  referred  to  is  about  £800,000,  but  tbe 
total  cost  of  the  work  will  be  about  one  and  a  half 
millions.  The  engineers  are  Mr.  P.  W.  Meik  (of 
Thomas  Meik  and  Sons,  Edinburgh),  and  Mr.  A.  O. 
Schenk,  of  Swansea,  and  the  contractors  Messrs. 
Topham,  Jones,  and  Biilton, 

In  connection  with  Usworth  Parish  Church  a 
faculty  is  to  be  applied  for  for  its  enlargement  and 
renovation.  It  is  proposed  to  add  chancel,  organ 
chamber,  and  vestries  at  an  estimated  cost  of  £900. 
A  commencement  has  also  been  made  with  the  new 
mission-hall  at  Usworth  Colliery.  The  architects 
for  the  whole  of  the  work  are  Messrs.  Hicks  and 
Charleswood,  of  Newcastle. 

The  Leeds  City  Council  have  accepted  tenders  for 
£3,049  for  the  provision  of  plant  for  making  bricks 
and  paving  slabs  from  gasworks  clinkers  and  spent 
lime— refuse  which  the  city  has  hitherto  expended 
£2,000  a  year  in  getting  rid  of.  The  process  has 
been  patented  by  Alderman  Lowder  and  Mr.  J. 
Bond,  late  the  gasworks  manager,  and  is  placed  at 
the  disposal  of  the  corporation  in  perpetuity,  free 
of  all  cost  or  royalty. 


April  22,  1904. 


THE    BmLDrNG    NEWS. 


583 


CONTENTS. 
*-*-» 

Prof easioDal  Equipment     

The  New  Gallery   

Sir  Edward  Burae-Jones's  Drawings     

Eoyal  Institute  of  British  Architects     

University  Extension  and  Architecture 

City  of  Wakefleld  Public  Library  Competition 

London  Streets  and  Street  Traffic   

Building  News  Designing  Club      

Obituary    

Building  Intelligencfl    

Competitions   

Engineering  Notes 

The  BriLDiNG  News  Directory 

Our  niustrationa    

Professional  and  Trade  Societies     

Correspondence       

Intercommunication     

Legal  Intelhgence 

Statues,  Memorials,  S:c 

Parliamentary  Notes    

Water  Supply  and  Sanitary  Matters      

Our  Office  Table     

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  Week      

Trade  News    

List  of  Competitions  Open 

List  of  Tenders  Open   

Tenders     

Latest  Prices    


573 
,  574 
,  575 
,  576 

.  577 
,  578 
.  578 
.  679 
.  580 
.  581 
.  582 
.  582 

.  XI. 

.  583 
.  583 
,.  602 
.  602 
.  602 
.  (i03 
..  a03 
.  6C3 
,.  603 
,.  OO-i 
..  605 
..  606 
..  6'6 
..  608 
..  GIO 


ILLUSTBATI0N8. 

THE  ROYAL  L0Nr>0X  FRIENDLY  SOCIETY,  I'lNSUURY  SQUARE. 
— SOUTH  AFRICAN  MEMORIAL  REREDOS,  COLLEGE  CHAPEL, 
CnELTENHA.U.  —  BUNGALOW,  HAWKCHXTRCU,  DEVON.— 
NATIONAL  BRONZE  MEDAL  DESIGN  FOB  A  PAIR  OF 
BELLOWS. — "BUILDING  NEWS  "  CLUB  DESIGNS  FOR  LYCH 
r.ATES. — TOWER,    TEWKESBURY    ABBEY. 


<Bux  Sllttsttatt0ng. 


EOY.^L    LONDON"     FllIENDLY     SOCIETY  S     IIVILDIXGS, 
FINSBURY    SaU.iKE,    E.C. 

Tnis  important  block  of  City  buildings  is  ap- 
proaching completion  at  the  corner  o£  Moorgate- 
street  and  Finsbury-square,  from  the  designs  of 
Mr.  John  Belcher,  A.R.A.  On  the  corresponding 
■corner  of  the  square  on  the  south  side,  the 
London  and  Slanchester  Industrial  Association  is 
erecting  a  similar  pile  of  offices.  These  latter  are 
from  the  plans  of  Messrs.  Gilbert  and  Constan- 
duros,  whose  design  we  shall  illustrate  shortly. 
Mr.  Belcher  exhibited  a  fine  model  of  the  angle 
composition  of  the  premises,  herewith  shown  in 
perspective  by  Mr.  John  .Joass,  at  the  lioyal 
Academy  last  year.  The  view  herewith  given 
has  only  now  been  made. 

SOUTH    .IFRIC.IX    MEMORIAL    REREDOS,  CHELTENHAM 
COLLEGE    CHAPEL. 

We  herewith  illustrate  a  photograph  of  the  new 
reredos  for  Cheltenham  College  Ctiapel,  which  is 
now  completed,  and  was  unveiled  on  April  6  by 
the  Chaplain-General  to  the  Forces.  It  was 
erected  to  the  memory  of  old  boys  who  fell  in  the 
South  African  War.  It  is  executed  in  clunch 
(a  Cambridgeshire  stone),  both  masonry  and 
sculpture,  and  took  about  1,1 00c. ft.  or  SO  tons 
of  stone.  It  is  31ft.  wide  and  stretches  extreme 
width  of  chancel,  and  is  21ft.  high.  Messrs. 
Prothero  and  Phillott  are  the  architects,  and  the 
work  was  carried  out  by  Messrs.  Boultons,  of 
Cheltenham,  both  the  mason>'y  and  sculpture.  The 
large  figures  represent  great  leaders  in  the  English 
Church  from  the  earliest  times  down  to  the  later 
Kefonners,  while  the  small  figures  are  representa- 
tive of  great  Englishmen  in  the  realms  of  science, 
music,  poetry,  painting,  architecture,  sculpture, 
&c.  The  reredos  has  taken  over  a  year  to  execute. 
On  the  south  tide  of  the  crucifix  is  St.  John, 
supported  by  Wycliife,  Tyndale,  Bede,  and 
Cranmer ;  to  the  north  are  the' Virgin,  St.  Anselm, 
St.  Dunstan,  Hccket,  and  Langton.  Immediately 
over  the  altar  is  a  group  of  the  Adoration  of  tho 
Magi.  The  south  wing  has  small  statues  of 
l\[ilton,  Shakespeare,  Bunyan,  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
Butler,  and  Isaac  Walton,  wiili  large  figures 
beyond  of  John  Keble,  Dean  Colet,  \Vm.  Wilbor- 
furce,  Wesley,  Itobert  Kaikcs,  and  Howard  the 
prison  reformer.  The  statuary  on  the  last  sovith 
pier  includes  small  figures  representing  Sir  Thos. 
Grcsham,  Sir  John  Franklin,  Sir  Thomas  More, 
IJr.  Jenner,  (ioo.  Herbert,  and  Dr.  lAvingstone. 
The  small  statues  north  of  the  centrepioci'  show 
tJonoral  tiordon,  King  Alfred,  Dr.  Arnold  of 
Kugby,  William  of  Wykeham,  I,ord  Lawrence, 
and  Simon  do  Afontfort.  The  larger  figures  further 
north  are  thoso  of  St.  Cobunba,  St.  Augustine, 
St.  Aldan,  St.  Alban,  King  Arthur,  and  St. 
Kdraund  the  King.  To  the  extreme  north  the 
statues  represent  Caxton,  Sir  Isaac  Xewton,  Sir 
Christopher  Wren,  Handel,  (Jhantrcy,  and'  Sir 
Joshua  Iteynolds, 


IirXGALOW,    HAWKCnURCK,    DEVON. 

TuF.  above  bungalow  has  been  erected  on  a 
charming  site,  and  in  the  midst  of  exquisite 
scenery,  for  Mrs.  B.  E.  Beach.  The  lower  part 
is  built  of  rinhoo  facing-bricks,  and  the  upper 
psrt  is  stuccoed  and  part  tile  hung.  The  roof  is 
covered  with  deep  old  hand-made  tiles  from  the 
yard  of  the  Somerset  Trading  Co.,  Bridgwater. 
The  work  has  been  carried  out  by  Messrs.  Harris 
and  Wolcott,  contractors,  of  Chard.  The  archi- 
tect is  Mr.  Arthur  W.  Yeomans,  F.R.I.B.A., 
Chard,  Somerset. 

NATIONAL    miONZE     MEDAL     DESIGN'     FOR     REPOl'SSK 
11ELL0\YS. 

Tins  pair  of  bellows  was  exhibited  at  South 
Kensington  in  the  last  National  Competition 
Exhibition.  The  examiners,  Messrs.  T.  G.Jack- 
son, U.A.,  Seymour  Lucas,  R.A.,  and  Sir  Wm. 
Uichmond,  K.C.B.,  R.A.,  in  their  report  say: 
"  A  Bronze  Medal  is  awarded  to  Mr.  John  W. 
Wilkinson,  of  the  Lancaster  School  of  Art,  for  a 
suitable  design  for  bellows  with  repousse  copper 
front.  The  examiners  admire  the  constructional 
beauty  of  this  design,  and  the  ingenious  way  in 
which  the  nozzle  has  been  fastened  to  the 
bellows."  There  remains  nothing  for  us  to  add 
to  this  paragraph  of  approval  from  such  authori- 
ties of  technical  design. 

"building  news"  designing  CLUii  :   A  PAIR  or 

LYCH    G.ATES. 

(For  description  and  awards  see  p.  579.) 

THE    TOWER    OF    TEWKESBURY    ABBEY. 

This  tower  is  considered  to  be  one  of  the  finest 
and  most  perfect  Norman  towers  now  existing  in 
England.  Rising  from  the  crossing,  its  massive 
size  (each  side  measuring  46ft.)  takes  off  from  its 
actual  height.  It  stands  well,  both  from  its 
position  and  surroundings,  and  is  impressive 
from  its  proportions  and  the  simplicity  of  its 
ornament.  It  is  132tt.  high  from  the  ground  to 
the  battlements  inclusive,  and  148ft.  high  to  the 
top  of  the  pinnacles.  The  pinnacles  and  battle- 
ments were  added  in  1660,  as  the  inscription  on 
the  north-west  pinnacle  testifies.  They  were 
restored  in  1S2.5.  As  to  what  original  Norman 
work  completed  the  top  of  the  tower  is  only  a 
matter  of  conjecture  ;  but  it  had  been  undoubtedlj- 
damaged  by  the  fall  of  the  wooden  spire  covered 
with  lead,  which  event  occurred  on  Easter  Day, 
1509.  The  tower  is  supported  by  four  piers, 
which  are  very  massive.  The  two  piers  towards 
the  east  are  in  plan  Tory  similar  to  the  two 
corresponding  piers  in  Gloucester  Cathedral. 
There  are  two  windows  in  each  side  of  the  lower 
story  or  base,  immediately  over  the  roofs  of  the 
nave  and  transepts ;  and  between  the  windows  is 
the  stone  drip-course,  which  indicates  the  pitch 
of  the  original  roof.  Gn  three  sides  of  the  tower 
the  drip-stone  is  almost  perfect.  The  next  stage 
or  story  has  an  arcade,  with  two  lights  in  each 
side  of  the  tower.  The  third  s'age  has  a  narrower 
intersecting  arcade  of  great  beauty  and  delicacy, 
with  a  curious  effect  produced  by  the  warm 
colouring  of  some  of  the  stones.  In  the  topmost 
stage  there  is  another  range  of  arcadfs  and 
columns.  Some  of  the  stone  in  the  tower  is 
undoubtedly  Caen  stone,  brought  from  Normandy 
for  the  original  work.  The  drawing  was  made 
from  a  position  on  the  nave  roof  looking  east. 
Walter  H.  Steadman,  A.R.I.B.A. 


The  new  municipal  buildings  at  Jarrow-on-Tyne 
will  be  ready  for  occupancy  after  the  middle  of 
May,  and  Sir  Charles  M.  Palmer  has  been  invited 
to  perform  the  opening  ceremony.  It  is  Free 
Renaissance  in  style,  faces  Grange-road,  and  has 
been  built  at  a  cost  of  £9,0(10  from  plans  by  Mr. 
Fred  Uennoldson,  of  South  Shields.  The  builder 
was  Mr.  Jaa.  C.  Nichol,  also  of  South  Shields. 

The  Sunderland  Museum  and  Library  Committee 
have  recommended  the  town  council  to  accept  the 
110,000  offered  by  Mr.  Carnegie  for  the  establish- 
ment of  branch  libraries.  Mr.  A.  E.  Webster,  of 
Wolviston  Hall,  near  Stockton,  has  ofYered  a  site, 
7Sft.  by  Toft.,  in  Merle -terrace,  I'allion,  for  one  of 
these  branch  libraries. 

The  urban  district  council  of  Woodhall  Spa  have 
decided  to  engage  Mr.  McBriar,  C.E.,  of  Lincoln, 
to  advise  them  as  'o  the  best  method  of  sewage 
disposal. 

Sir  Frederick  .lohnstone's  offer  of  a  site  in  Wey- 
mouth tor  the  erection  of  a  Sailors'  Home  has  been 
accepted  by  the  town  council,  who  have  decided  to 
at  oiioe  prepare  plans.  It  is  expected  the  first  see. 
tioii  of  the  building  will  coat  17,000,  and  the 
furnishing  £2,000. 


PROFESSIONAL   AND    TBADB 
SOOIETIES. 

Sheffield  Society  or  Architects  and  Sur- 
yeyors. — The  annual  meeting  of  this  society  was 
held  in  the  lecture  hall  of  the  Literary  and  Philo- 
sophical Society,  Leopold-street,  on  April  13, 
Mr.  T.  Winder  in  the  chair.  The  seventeenth 
annual  report  was  presented  and  approved.  In 
this  the  council  stated  that  the  sustained  interest 
in  the  work  of  the  society  was  shown  by  the 
attendance  of  members  and  by  the  influence  which 
it  had  exerted  in  connection  with  public  matters 
affecting  the  interests  of  the  profession,  and  par- 
ticularly by  the  attendance  of  the  younger 
members  at  the  dieses  aud  lectures.  The  total 
number  of  members  now  was  three  hon.  members, 
35  fellows,  42  associates,  17  students,  and  20  lay 
members,  a  total  of  117,  as  compared  with  109 
last  year.  The  proposed  competition  in  connec- 
tion with  the  corporation  building  scheme  at 
Wincobank  had  bc'^n  carried  out,  but  upon  the 
facts  being  put  before  the  assessor  and  the  council 
of  the  R.I.B..\.,  the  assessor  appointed  refused  to 
act,  and  the  R  I.B.A.  sent  out  a  circular  to  its 
members,  and  to  members  of  allied  societies, 
asking  them  not  to  compete.  In  consequence  of 
this,  an  assessor  was  appointed  by  the  City 
council  who  was  not  a  member  of  the  R.I.B..V. 
or  the  allied  societies,  and  the  corporation  accepted 
a  design  which  did  not  comply  with  their  own 
building  by-laws.  The  council  deeply  regretted 
the  action  of  the  corporation  in  thus  violating  the 
established  traditions  of  architectural  practice. 
The  important  question  of  the  legal  registration 
of  architect?  and  surveyors  had  again  risen  during 
the  past  year,  and  the  Sheffield  society  passed  a 
resolution: — "That  the  legal  registration  of 
architects  is  desirable,  and  that  the  R.I.B.A.  be 
respectfully  urged  to  prepare  a  practicable 
scheme."  A  committee  was  appointed  bv  the 
R.I.B.A.  to  deal  with  the  matter,  and  Mr.  E.  M. 
Gibbs  was  appointed  the  Sheffield  representative 
on  that  committee.  It  would  probably  be  some 
time  before  the  committee  would  complete  its 
labours.  The  thanks  of  the  society  were  due 
to  Mr.  Gibbs  for  the  great  amount  of  time, 
trouble,  and  expense  to  which  he  had  been  put  in 
connection  with  this  important  question.  The 
Master  Builders'  Association  had  recently  opened 
the  question  of  the  contract  agreement  form,  and 
the  matter  was  still  under  the  consideration  of  the 
council,  who  would  report  to  the  members  in  due 
course.  Arrangements  have  been  made  for  a 
continuous  course  of  lectures  dealing  with  the 
history  and  development  of  English  architecture 
down  to  the  end  of  the  Gothic  period.  The 
society's  accounts  show  a  balance  in  hand  of 
£24  1(')S.  7d.,  and  the  library  accounts  a  balance 
of  £8  6s.  3d.  The  following  were  elected  officers 
and  council  for  the  ensuing  year  : — President, 
Mr.  T.  Winder  :  vice-president,  Mr.  E.  Holmes  ; 
treasurer,  Mr.  F.  Fow.er  ;  secretary,  Sir.  W.  C. 
Fenton  ;  council,  the  past  presidents  and  Messrs. 
W.  J.  Hale,  II.  L.  Paterson,  J.  R.  Wigfull,  J. 
B.  Mitchell- Withers,  II.  Coverdale,  A.  £.  Tur- 
nell  (fellows),  and  Jlessrs.  C.  B.  Flockton,  C.  M. 
E.  Hadfield,  and  C.  F.  Innocent  (associates). 
Jlr.  D.  B.  ,Tenkins.in  was  awarded  the  socigty's 
prize  for  the  host  set  submitted  of  messured  draw- 
ings and  sketches,  and  Mr.  J.  Miller  the 
president's  prize  for  the  best  essay  on  an  archi- 
tectural subject.  Jlessrs.  J.  51.  Jenkinson,  G. 
R.  Bower,  and  J.  R.  Truelove  were  also  awarded 
prizes  for  work  in  the  c'ass  of  design. 


On  Saturday  the  peal  of  six  bells,  erected  in  St. 
Mark's  Church,  Swindon,  were  dedicateii  by  the 
Bishop  of  Bristol.  The  work  was  carried  out  by 
Messrs.  Llewellyns,  of  Bristol,  at  a  cost  of  £500. 

In  the  cose  of  the  application  on  l>ehalf  of  Harry 
Rossiter,  builder,  Bristol,  the  order  of  discharge  has 
been  suspended  for  three  years,  emiiiig  March  25, 
1907.  lu  that  of  William  Edward  Taylor,  builder, 
of  Clower  anJ  Maiileiihead,  the  discharge  has  been 
suspended  foi-  two  and  a  half  years,  ending  Sept.  18, 
1900. 

Exclusive  of  the  tramway  tracts  and  margins 
maintainable  by  the  London  County  Council,  the 
carriageway  of  the  part  of  Brixtou-hill  between  the 
Wandsworth  borough  boundary  and  Mill-lane  is  to 
be  wood-paved,  and  the  carriageway  u(  Streatham- 
hill  between  Mill-lane  aud  Tcenioy-road  is  to  be 
repaved  with  wood  at  an  estimated  cost  of  £2,850. 

Mr.  William  D.  Jenkins,  of  Llimdilo,  who  at  the 
last  ciualifyiiig  examination  foi-  moml>ership  in  the 
Society  of  .Vrchitects  obtained  the  Gold  MeKial,  has 
now  been  successful  in  securing  the  appointment  of 
architect  to  the  Eilucation  Committee  of  Carmarthen 
out  of  04  applicants. 


584 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Apeil  22,  1904. 


The  BuJlding  Rews,ApR-22.I904^, 


I'botcIilJiogMpbxl&FViDtf  JV^  JamffR  Alterm«Q.6.Qu»*s  5qutr«.W  '! 


4 


The  Building  Rews,ApR-22.I904^. 


DESIGN  ra^BELLOWS 

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.  Architects. 

TOMS 


THB    BTTILDIWO    NEWS,   April  22,  1904. 


■_,■:;»-  -J.-l? — 


_^ I        I        I   T      TT^TT" 


THE     TOWKR,     TEWKESBURY     AIU5KY. 

[Drawn  by  Waltee  II.  Steadman,  A.IM.D.A. 


602 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS, 


April  22,  1904. 


TO    CORRESPONDENTS. 

[We  do  not  hold  ourselves  responsible  for  the  opinions  of 
our  correspondents.  All  communicationa  should  be 
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— •-♦-♦ — 

V-EXTILATIOX. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Bvildino  News. 

Sir, — Mechanical  or  hand  fans  hare  been  in 
use  for  the  purpose  of  moving  or  changing  air 
from  the  most  remote  periods.'and  in  all  parts  of 
the  world;  without  them  life  ■Rould  he  unen- 
•durable  in  the  warmest  parts  of  the  earth,  yet 
some  of  the  advocates  of  "  natural"  ventilation, 
with  their  modern  and  often  inadequate  systems, 
act  and  speak  "  as  though  the  world  were  now 
but  to  begin,  custom  not  known,  antiquity 
forgot!"  ^      " 

A  leading  feature  of  "  natural  "  ventilation  is 
that  the  warm  and  vitiated  air  is  taken  away,  if 
at  all,  at  the  top  of  the  buildings,  while  the  fresh 
and  cool  air  comes  in  near  the  floor,  bringing 
with  it  the  dust  and  dirt,  &c.,  always  to  be  found 
near  to  the  lowest  levels  of  all  apartments. 

lour  correspondent  Mr.  George  H.  Bibby,  in 
tis  letter  in  your  issue  of  the  8th  inst.,  directed 
attention  to  the   laws  of  .laques  Charles,  and  of 


the  Robert  Boyle  who  lived  in  the  17th  century  ; 
these  laws  related  to  the  expansion  of  gases,  &c., 
and  their  increase  in  volume  under  certain  con- 
ditions, and  are  no  less  applicable  to  artificial 
than  to  natural  methods  of  ventilation,  as  the 
e.xpansion  of  gases  in  all  cases  greatly  assists  the 
forces  used  in  ventilation. 

With  regard  to  Boyle's  law  (I  am  mentioning 
the  17th-century  Kobert  Boyle,  and  not  the  well- 
known  ventilation  engineer  of  the  present  day),  I 
would  like  to  ask  Mr.  Bibby,  who  seems  to  have 
studied  the  subject,  whether,  if  an  air-pump 
ventilator  were  fixed  to  the  top  of  a  gasholder 
fiUed  with  light  gas,  the  gas  within  would  be 
expelled  with  greater  rapidity  iritli  the  aid  of 
such  a  Tentilator  than  it  without  the  ventilator, 
but  through  an  opening  of  similar  area ': 

I  would  also  aSk  jNIr.  Bibby  if,  in  his  opinion, 
the  strong  wind-pressure  of  cold  air  of  a  much 
greater  density  than  the  light  gas  (on  the  outside 
of  the  ventilator)  would  much  retard  the  escape  of 
the  gas  from  the  said  holder,  and  if  not,  why 
not  r  I  assume  in  both  cases  that  there  is  an 
inlet  at  the_  bottom  of  the  gasholder. 

It  has  been  pointed  out  that  air-pump  venti- 
lators will  not  act  effectively  unless  the  inlets  are 
proportioned  to  the  outlets,  and  that  under 
certain  circumstances  the  action  of  the  air-pump 
ventilators  may  become  reversed. — I  am,  &c., 
Mark  T.  Y.vtes, 

Jloorgate  Station  Chambers,  London,  E.G. 
April  19,  1904. 


Jnttrtammutticatton. 


QVESTIOXS. 

112049.]— Ball  Alley.— Would  some  of  your  readers 
kindly  say  what  thickness  of  wall  built  with  brick  in 
common  lime  mortar  would  be  necessary  for  a  ball  alley 
3Cft.  wide  and  25ft.  high,  with  wing  walls  20ft.  long  .' — 
S.K. 

[12050.]— Discoloured  External  Plaster— In 
some  external  creosoted  half-timber  work  recently  done, 
the  Keene's  cement  plaster  panels  have  become  badly 
stained  and  discoloured  where  in  contact  with  timbers. 
What  is  the  best  remedy  ? — Old  Enolisii. 


CHIPS. 

Oa  Saturday  afternoon,  Mr.  Coroner  Hoyle  held 
an  inquest  at  the  St.  Lawrence  Mortuary,  New- 
castle, on  the  body  of  John  Thornton,  Gl  years, 
builder,  14,  Colston-road,  Benwell,  who  died 
suddenly  on  Friday  afternoon  in  a  Newcastle  cafe. 
After  hearing  evidence  a  verdict  of  "  Died  from 
natural  causes  *'  was  returned. 

A  Chippendale  mahogany  settee,  with  double  back 
with  scroll  top,  boldly  carved  with  arabesque  foliage, 
the  arms  terminating  in  masks,  54in.  wide,  has  been 
sold  at  Messrs.  Christie's  rooms  in  London  for 
£278  5s. 

A  letter  was  submitted  to  Stirling  Town  Council 
on  Monday  night  from  Messrs.  D.  and  C.  Stevenson, 
engineers,  stating  that  the  promoters  of  the  ship- 
canal  scheme  by  the  Stirling  route  have  resolved  not 
to  proceed  with  their  application  for  Parliamentary 
powers  till  next  session  of  Parliament,  on  account 
of  the  unsettled  state  of  matters. 

New  schools  have  just  been  built  in  Longhiist- 
road,  near  Pegswood  Colliery,  Morpeth.  The  chief 
room  is  SOtt.  by  27ft.  Gin.,  and  there  are  also  five 
classrooms,  each  27ft.  Gin.  by  lift.  Gin.  Mr.  J.  E. 
Humphrey  was  the  architect,  and  Messrs.  Carse,  of 
Amble,  were  the  builders. 

Mr.  Fredk.  Calvert,  of  42,  Wakefield  -  road, 
Hudderstield,  builder  and  contractor,  and  deputy 
mayor  of  the  borough,  who  died  in  February,  left 
estate  of  the  gross  value  of  £3,261,  the  net  value  of 
the  personal  estate  being  £3,01G. 

Mr.  F.  H.  TuUoch  attended  at  the  Corn  Exchange, 
Stourbridge,  on  Friday,  to  hold  an  inquiry  as  to  the 
town  council's  application  for  power  to  borrow 
£1G,000  for  electric  works. 

For  thawing  the  covers  of  waterworks  service 
boxes  which  have  been  frozen  into  their  frames, 
Mr.  Edwin  C.  Brooks,  superintendent  of  water- 
works, Cambridge,  Mass.,  uses  a  little  benzine, 
which  is  poured  on  to  the  cover  and  ignited.  At  a 
meeting  of  the  New  England  Waterworks  Asso- 
ciation, he  stated  that  the  benzine  did  the  work 
perfectly,  and  saved  the  trouble  of  running  into 
neighbouring  houses  for  pails  of  hot  water. 

Extensive  alterations,  estimated  to  cost  £6,000, 
are  proposed  to  be  carried  out  iu  connection  with 
Bethesda  Baptist  Chapel,  Fonnereau-road,  Ipswich. 

A  receiving  order  has  been  made  in  the  case  of 
William  Arthur  Laycock  and  Charles  Frederick 
Rogers  (trading  as  Rogers,  Vincent,  and  Co.), 
Wimbledon,  Surrey,  architects  and  surveyors. 


LEQAI.  INTELLIOENCB. 

A  Chelsea  Waterworks  ArrEAL. — The  Chelsea 
Waterworks  Company  appealed  on  Thursday  iu 
last  week  against  an  award  under  the  London 
Water  Act.  Sir  E.  Fry  and  his  colleagues  valued 
the  undertaking  of  the  company  at  £3, 305, 700,  but 
the  appellants  claimed  that  they  had  power  to  pay 
a  further  dividend  on  part  of  their  capital.  The 
arbitrators  thought  there  was  no  such  right ;  but  it 
was  agreed  that,  in  case  they  were  overruled,  the 
valuation  should  be  increased  by  £112,300.  The 
Master  of  the  Rolls  and  Lords  Justices  Bomer  and 
Mathew  confirmed  the  view  of  the  Court  below,  and 
dismissed  the  appeal. 

Libel  on  Contractors  by  a  Newspaper. — In  the 
King's  Bench  Division  of  the  High  Court,  on 
Tuesday,  before  Mr.  Justice  Ridley  and  a  special 
jury,  an  action  was  brought  by  Messrs  Lawrence 
and  Thacker,  contractors,  against  the  proprietors  of 
the  jrandsH'ort/i  Buroicg}i  Xcivs  to  recover  damages 
for  an  alleged  libel  contained  iu  letters  which 
accused  the  plaintiffs  of  "  scamping "  certain 
channelling  and  kerbiug  in  new  roads  at  Tooting, 
they  had  done  for  the  Wan  Isworth  Borough  Council . 
The  jury  found  for  the  plaintitts,  with  £250 
damages,  and  judgment  was  entered  accordingly. 

In  re  Abrahams. — A  new  application  came 
before  Mr.  Registrar  Giffard  in  this  case  on  Wednes- 
day for  an  order  of  discharge.  The  debtor,  Morris 
Abrahams,  a  builder  and  decorator,  of  Manor  Park, 
E.,  was  adjudged  bankrupt  on  January  IG,  1904, 
his  liabilities  bsing  estimated  at  £2,714  I2s.  9J. 
A  sum  of  £17  33.  Gd.  was  realised  in  respect  to  the 
estate,  and  there  was  doubt  whether  any  further 
sum  of  substantial  amount  would  be  received.  Mr, 
Fi.  Leadam  Hough,  the  Official  Receiver,  reported 
that  the  bankrupt's  assets  were  not  of  a  value  equal 
to  lOs.  in  the  pound  on  the  amount  of  his  unsecured 
liabilities :  that  the  bankrupt  had  omitted  to  keep 
proper  bocks  of  account ;  that  he  had  brought  on 
his  bankruptcy  by  rash  and  hazardous  building 
speculations ;  and  had  been  guilty  of  fraud  as  a 
party  to  a  bogus  sale  of  two  houses  situate  at  Seven 
Kings,  the  sale  being  mai-e  for  the  purpose  of 
deceiving  intending  mortgagees  of  the  houses.  Mr. 
Registrar  Giffard  upheld  the  Official  Receiver's 
report,  and  refused  the  disoharge.  His  Honour 
intimated  that,  if  the  bankrupt  applied  again  after 
a  considerable  interval,  he  might  obtain  his  discharge 
if  he  could  show  that  his  conduct  had  been  good. 

Tube  Railways  and  London  Squares.— An 
arbitration  inquiry  was  held  at  Westminster  on 
Wednesday  before  Mr.  W.  E.  Home,  umpire,  and 
Messrs.  L.  R.  Yigers  and  H.  A.  Wilkinson,  arbi- 
trators, into  a  claim  by  Mr.  William  Henry 
Alexander,  in  respect  of  his  rights  in  the  subsoil  of 
a  large  number  of  houses  iu  Alexander-square, 
Alfred  -  place,  and  Thurloe  -  square,  Kensington, 
under  which  the  proposed  tube  of  the  Great 
Northern,  Piccadilly,  and  Brompton  Railway  Co. 
will  pass.  The  claim  amounted  to  about  £13,250. 
For  the  claimant,  it  was  explained  that  the  claim 
mainly  had  reference  to  the  depreciation  of  the  pro- 
perty, and  not  to  structural  damage  from  vibration, 
&c.,  which,  it  was  agreed,  should  be  specially 
reserved. 


At  Long  Stratton  Church,  Norfolk,  the  reopening, 
on  Tuesday  week,  took  place  of  the  bells,  which 
have  been  tuned,  a  new  bell  added,  and  the  whole 
fixed  in  a  new  iron,  frame,  the  work  being  carried 
out  at  a  cost  of  £170  by  Messrs.  Day  and  Sous, 
of  Eye. 

The  statue  of  the  late  Maharaja  Sir  Lakshmish- 
war  Singh,  of  Durbhanga,  erected  in  Dalhousie- 
square,  Calculatta,  was  unveiled  on  March  25  by  Sir 
Andrew  Fraser,  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Bengal. 
The  statue,  which  represents  the  Maharaja  seated  on 
his  giidi  in  full  State  costume,  was  begun  by  the  late 
Mr.  Onslow  Ford ,  R.  A. ,  and  after  his  death  the  work 
was  continued  and  brought  to  completion  by  his 
son,  Mr.  Wolfram  O.  Ford. 

On  Wednesday  week  an  inquiry  was  held  at 
Ludlow  by  Mr.  F.  H.  Tulloch,  M.I.C.E.,  on  behalf 
of  the  Local  Government  Board,  as  to  an  applica- 
tion by  the  Ludlow  Town  Council  for  sanction  to 
borrow  £3,283  for  purposes  of  sewerage  and  sewage 
disposal  (including  the  construction  of  works  of 
sewage  disposal  in  the  parish  of  Ludford). 

St.  Paul's  Ch'arch,  Westoliff,  Southend-on-Sea, 
was  formally  opened  on  Sunday.  It  was  designed 
by  the  incumbent,  the  Rev.  A.  Waller,  of  the  Free 
Church  of  England,  who  also  acted  as  clerk  of  the 
works.  The  building  will  accommodate  500  wor- 
shippers;  it  is  lighted  by  electricity ;  and  the  tower 
contains  a  peal  of  eight  bells. 

The  Dean  of  Gloucester  preached  at  St.  Paul's 
Church,  Cheltenham,  on  Sunday,  at  the  reopening 
of  the  church  after  extensive  renovation  and  im- 
provements. Hitherto  the  church  has  been  without 
a  choir  vestry,  which  has  now  been  provided.  The 
old  rostrum  has  also  given  place  to  a  movable  iron 
pulpit,  the  electric  light  has  been  introduced,  and 
various  minor  alterations,  together  with  redecora- 
tion,  has  involved  a  total  expenditure  of  £1,500. 


April  22,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


603 


STATUES,    MEMORIALS,    &c. 

Maxohestee  Soldiers'  War  MEiiORiii.. — A 
private  meeting  of  the  general  committee  of  the 
Manchester  War  Memorial  Fuud  was  held  at  the 
town  hall  on  Friday.  The  lord  mayor  presided, 
and  reported  having  received  a  number  of  letters 
from  subscribers  statmg  that  they  had  been  informed 
that  a  recommendation  of  the  executive  commiltee 
that  the  commission  for  the  statue  should  be  open 
to  competition  had  been  ignored,  and  that  they 
understood  the  work  had  been  intrusted  to  Mr. 
Himo  Thorny  croft,  H.A.,  contrary  to  the  wishes 
of  that  committee.  The  lord  mayor  also  submitted 
a  requisition  which  he  hil  received  requesting  him 
*'to  call  a  meeting  of  the  subscribers  to  considec 
the  situation  created  by  the  difference  of  opiuiou  as 
to  the  selection  of  a  sculptor."  These  letters  and 
the  requisition  had  evidently  been  forwarded  under 
a  misapprehension  ot  the  facts.  On  February  12 
the  executive  committee  met,  when  it  was  resolved 
that  the  names  of  six  sculptors  be  submitted  to  the 
general  committee  "as  those  from  whom  the  final 
selection  may  be  made."  At  a  meeting  of  the 
general  committee  on  February  17,  it  was  proposed 
"that  the  executive  committee  be  requested  to 
invite  the  sculptors  named  to  furnish  models  or 
drawings  of  a  soldiers'  memorial,  to  be  erected  at  a 
cost  not  exceeding  £.',000  inclusive,  and  afterwards 
to  submit  to  the  general  committee  the  name  of  the 
sculptor  whom  they  recommend  to  execute  the  com- 
mission." Two  voted  for  the  resolution  and  eight 
agiinst  it.  It  was  thereupon  decided  that  a  ballot 
of  the  six  names  be  taken,  when  eight  voted  for  Mr. 
Thornycroft,  three  for  Mr.  Cassidy,  and  one  for  Mr. 
Drury.  It  was  then  resolved,  ncin.  con.,  "that 
Mr.  Thornycroft  be  informed  that  the  committee 
propose  to  place  the  commission  for  the  statue  in 
his  hands,  and  that  they  will  be  obliged  if  he  will 
submit  a  sketch  for  a  statue,  the  cost  ot  which  shall 
not  exceed  £2,000,  placed  in  situ,  and  th  it  he  be 
asked  at  the  same  time  to  say  how  soon  he  CDuld 
complete  the  commission."  At  their  meeting  on 
Friday,  the  committee  had  before  them  Mr.  Thorny- 
croft's  offer  to  undertake  the  commission  and  an 
accompanying  sketch.  After  full  consideration  it 
was  resolved  to  accept  Mr.  Thorny  croft's  design. 


PARLIAMENTARY   NOTES. 

The  Victoeia  and  Albeet  Museum. — Replying 
to  Mr.  Coghill,  Lord  Balcarres  says :  —Good 
progress  is  being  made  with  the  building  of  the 
Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  the  work  being  now 
up  to  the  first-floor  level.  There  is  at  present  no 
reason  to  think  that  the  buildings  of  the  Victoria 
and  Albert  Museum  and  the  Royal  College  of  Science 
will  not  be  completed  by  dates  named  in  the 
contracts — viz.,  Feb.  Ti,  1907,  and  June  1,  1905, 
respectively. 

Dublin  College  of  Science.— Mr.  V.  Caven- 
dish, replying  to  Mr.  Mooney,  said,  on  Friday,  the 
architect  for  the  new  College  of  Science  in  Dublin 
will  be  Mr.  Aston  Webb,  R.A.,  President  of  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects,  with  whom  will 
be  associated  Mr.  T.  M.  Deane,  an  Irish  architect, 
who  has  already  been  engaged  upon  pubhc  build- 
ings in  Dublin. 


Mr.  Charles  Dean,  the  oldest  inspector  of  nui- 
sances in  England,  is  to  be  presented  with  a  gold 
watch  on  his  retirement,  after  forty  years'  service 
by  the  Hornsey  Town  Council. 

A";  Saturday's  meeting  of  tb"*  Metropolitan 
Asylums  Board  sanction  was  given  to  the  provision 
of  four  iron  bridges  of  two  tiers  each  between  cer- 
tain of  the  blocks  at  Leavesden  Asylum,  and  referred 
the  matter  to  the  Works  Committee  to  deal  with. 
These  bridges,  which  were  estimated  to  cost  between 
£3,000  and  £.5,000,  will  serve  the  double  purpose  of 
ambulatories  for  the  patients,  and  of  means  of 
oscapo  in  case  of  fire.  Tlie  Board  also  assented  to 
a  proposal  by  the  Asylums  Committee  to  erect  at 
TootingBac  isylumtwoaiditional  infirmary  blocks, 
two  supplementary  staff  buildings,  and  a  hall  to 
accommodate  not  fewer  than  300  patients.  The 
total  cost  of  the  two  blocks  will  be  about  £2(),2.)0. 

The  stone-laying  ceremony  of  the  new  Wesleyan 
church,  Seven  Kings,  between  Iiford  and  Chadwell 
Heath,  took  place  on  Friday.  The  chapel  has  been 
designed  by  Messrs.  Uordon  and  Gunton,  and  the 
builders  are  Messrs.  Cdstle  and  Son,  of  Lower 
Clapton,  and  when  completed  it  will  seit  1  010 
persons.  Schoolrooms  and  other  additions,  including 
a  proposed  tower  and  spire,  may  follow,  but  the 
present  effort  is  to  provide  immediately  a  preaching 
place.  This,  with  land,  drainage,  heatin"  &  ■  will 
entail  a  cost  ot  £S,2.')0.  "        " 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Liverpool  Cathedral  executive 
committee  on  Monday,  Sir  W.  B.  Korwood  presiding 
arrangements  were  made  for  obtaining  tenders  for 
the  foundations  and  other  work  preliminary  to  the 
Jayinij  of  the  foundation-stone.  On  the  motion  of 
the  Bishop,  seconded  by  the  F.irl  of  Latliom,  it  was 
<lecided  that  the  title  of  the  building  should  be  "  The 
Cathedral  Church  of  Christ." 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

LEAKAciE  AT  FuANKLEY  RESERVOIR. —The  Water 
Committee  of  the  Birmingham  City  Council  received 
on  Friday  a  report  on  the  leakage  which  had  been 
discovered  in  the  Frankley  Reservoir.  The  struc- 
tural defect  had  been  examined  by  Mr.  Mansergh, 
the  chief  engineer,  and  Mr.  Macaulay,  the  resident 
engineer,  and  the  report  they  presented  to  the  com- 
mittee stated  that  it  has  no  bearing  upon  the  general 
stability  of  the  work,  but  rcoults  from  the  insufficient 
elasticity  of  the  asphalte  used  for  certain  joints. 
The  leakage  appears  to  have  arisen  in  connection 
with  the  central  wall  which  divides  the  reservoir 
into  two  parts.  This  is  made  in  100ft.  lengths  of 
concrete,  a  joint  being  left  between  each  length  to 
allow  ot  expansion  and  contraction,  according  to 
the  temperature.  At  each  joint  there  is  a  thick  key 
of  asphalte  which  joins  the  two  pieces  of  masonry 
together,  and  extending  about  a  foot  in  either 
direction  should  form  a  waterproof  shield.  The 
water  face  is  also  protected  by  a  layer  of  blue  bricks 
set  in  cement.  It  appears  that  the  asphalte  has 
cracked  in  places,  with  the  result  that  there  has 
been  a  penetration  of  water  through  the  joints  of 
the  masonry.  The  asphalte  accordingly  will  have 
to  be  renewed  with  more  plastic  material.  This 
will  be  a  tedious  operation,  involving  considerable 
expense,  and  it  is  expected  that  at  least  six  weeks 
Will  be  required  to  carry  it  out  and  to  render  the 
reservoir  complete. 

Hanley  Sewage  Works. — A  meeting  of  members 
of  the  Manchester  branch  of  the  Association  of 
Managers  of  S  swage  Disposal  Works  was  held  at 
Hanley  the  other  afternoon,  when  a  visit  was  paid 
bv  a  considerable  number  of  representatives  to  the 
Hanley  Sewage  Works.  The  party  was  met  at  the 
Town-hall  by  the  Mayor  (Mr.  H.  B.  Shirley)  and 
several  members  of  the  Corporation.  Alderman  T. 
Hampton,  chairman  of  the  Sewage  Works  Com- 
mittee, in  welcoming  the  visitors,  referred  to  the  past 
efforts  of  the  Corporation  in  the  waj'  of  sewage  dis- 
posal, and  said  that  great  revolutions  had  taken  place 
in  the  treatment  of  sewage  during  the  last  quarter  of 
a  century,  and,  although  vast  strides  had  been  made, 
they  were  still  a  long  way  off  having  reduced  the 
system  of  sewage  disposal  to  a  thoroughly  exact 
science.  Various  schemes  had  been  tried  at  Hanley, 
and  now  they  had  adopted  one  which  he  believed  to 
be  thoroughly  efficient.  Afterwards  the  company 
adjourned  to  the  sewage  works,  where  Mr.  J.  E. 
Willcox,  C.E.,  gave  a  detailed  description  of  the 
design  and  working  of  the  Hanley  system.  Dr.  G. 
R^id,  county  medical  officer,  explained  the  result  of 
the  working  oi  the  Hanley  system,  and  sa'd  the 
works  were  the  best  in  the  country,  and  the  effluent 
was  the  finest  he  had  ever  seen.  The  process  pro- 
vided a  uniform  distribution  over  the  filter-beds 
under  absolute  control,  and  the  result  was  to  render 
an  effluent  that  was  quite  free  from  matters  which 
could  create  a  nuisance. 


CHIPS. 

The  pirtnership  heretofore  subsisting  between 
A.  B.  Houchin  and  R.  P.  Morris,  architects,  &c., 
Bloomsbury  M'lnsion.  Hart  -  street,  Bloomsbury, 
W.C.,  under  the  style  of  Frend,  Houchin,  and 
Morris,  has  been  dissolved. 

The  Bishop  of  St.  David's  recently  dedicated  the 
new  Church  of  St.  David's,  at  Hendy.  The  new 
building,  which  is  the  Early  Decorated  style,  has 
cost  £2,000,  and  there  are  300  sittings.  The  archi- 
tect was  Mr.  W.  Griffiths,  M.S.A.,  Llanelly. 

Mr.  Henry  Spackman,  who  for  40  years  had 
carried  on  an  extensive  practice  as  a  surveyor, 
valuer,  and  land  agent  at  Bath,  died  on  Friday  at 
the  age  of  72. 

Mr.  T.  W.  Joyce,  of  Llandudno,  has  been  elected 
surveyor  and  sanitary  inspector  to  the  urban  district 
council  of  Redruth. 

A  stained-glass  window  was  unveiled,  on  Mon- 
day, in  Holliiig'iourne  (Mid  Kent)  parish  churi-h,  in 
menory  of  Mrs.  Goulburn,  wife  of  the  late  Dean 
Goulburn,  of  Norwich. 

Viscount  Mtdloton,  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Surrey, 
will  preside  at  a  public  luncheon  to  be  given  at 
tiuildford,  on  Thursday  in  next  week,  April  2S,  in 
celebration  of  the  jubilee  of  the  Surrey  Archu'O- 
logical  Society.  There  will  be  an  exhibition  of 
objects  of  archicological  interest,  and  visits  will  be 
piiid  to  the  Castle,  the  Town-hall,  Archbishop 
Abbot's  Hospital,  and  other  places  of  interest. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Birmingham  Muieum  and 
School  of  Art  Committee,  held  on  Monday,  it  was 
reported  that  a  very  fine  wrter-colour  cojiy,  by  Mr. 
(ioorge  Appleton,  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds's  portrait 
of  the  Mtirohioness  of  Salisbury,  ha  1  been  aciiuired 
for  the  Birmingham  Art  Gallery.  Mr.  Charles 
Fairfiix  Murray,  of  London,  has  also  presented 
foriy-eight  designs  by  Sir  E  Iward  BurnO'.loius 
and  one  t>y  Philip  Welib  for  stained -gbiss  windows. 
They  are  a  m>3t  important  ad  Ittion  to  Mr.  Murray's 
gift  of  three  years  ago. 


C^uv  cDfftcc   ctablt. 


The  new  President  ot  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects,  when  Mr.  .Aston  Webb,  K..V., 
retires  at  the  close  of  the  present  session,  will  in 
all  probability  be  Mr.  John  Belcher,  A.R.A., 
who  for  the  last  four  years  has  been  the  senior 
Vice-President.  It  is  not  anticipated  that  any 
other  candidate  will  be  nominated.  Mr.  Belcher's 
reputation  was  made  aa  far  back  as  the  early 
seventies,  when  ho  was  in  partnership  with  his 
father  in  Adelaide-place,  London  Bridge,  and 
when  he  was  one  of  the  earliest  to  recog:ni8e  and 
assist  our  own  endeavours  to  better  the  contem- 
porary illustration  of  architecture.  Mr.  Belcher 
will  make  an'  excellent  President.  Architecture 
is  a  business  as  well  as  an  art,  and  it  requires 
strength  of  character  to  cope  with  the  manage- 
ment of  the  professional  interests  which  occasion- 
ally assert  themselves  at  Conduit-street.  More- 
over, the  Peg'stration  question  and  the  Eiucation 
problems  will  inevitably  come  to  the  front  again  at 
no  distant  date,  and  we  are  sure  Mr.  Belcher's 
temperament  will  encourage  the  fair  discussion  of 
both. 

The  Vice-Presidents  nominated  by  the  Council 
are  Messrs.  T.  E.  Collcutt,  Alfred  Darbyshire, 
H.  T.  Hare,  Leonard  Stokes,  John  Slater  (Past 
Vice-President),  and  Ernest  George  (Past  Vice- 
President).  There  are  many  ordinary  candidates 
for  ilembersh'p  of  Council,  which  position 
another  Past  Vice-Presid'^nt,  Mr.  E.  -A.  Griiaing, 
who  failed  to  obtain  election  in  1903,  seeks  again. 
There  are  already  twenty-six  Members  for  the 
eighteen  places,  and  we  shall  not  be  surprised  to 
find  the  number  of  candidates  somewhat  aug- 
mented, for  it  '8  evident  that  the  official  list  might 
be  much  strengthened  by  the  introduction  of  some 
who  ji  the  present  management  affect  to  regard  as 
' '  outsiders, "  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  so  narrow 
a  view  obtains.  Other  names  can  be  brought 
forward  by  any  seven  subscribing  members,  of 
whom  at  least  four  must  be  FeHows,  provided  the 
nominations  are  delivered  before  the  close  of  the 
Annual  General  Meeting  on  Monday,  May  2, 
We  think  that  a  little  healthy  competition  in 
this  matter  would  prove  a  most  timt^ly  tonic  for 
the  Institute.  There  are  several  gentlemen  who 
have  dot  e  tar  more  to  further  the  interests  of  the 
profession  than  some  of  those  who  have  on  the 
present  occasion  been  fo  fortunate  as  to  be 
favoured  with  the  moral  influence  and  support  ot 
the  existing  Council,  and  we  feel  su'e  that 
some  architects  we  have  in  mind  would  be  quite 
willing  to  stand  if  they  were  asked  to  do  so,  but 
refrain  from  pushing  themselves  forward  as  mere 
office  seekers.  This  sugge^tion  is  really  quite 
apart  from  the  que-tion  ot  Registration,  f  r  the 
advocates  of  that  movement  are  certainly  not 
likely  to  let  the  present  opportunity  pass.  The 
names  of  the  twenty-six  members  already  nomin- 
ated are:— WiUiam  Henry  Atkin- Berry,  Colonel 
Eustace  Balfour,  Charles  Edward  Bateman  (Bir- 
mingham), Arthur  Conran  Blomfield,  51. .A. 
Cantab,  George  Frederick  Bodley,  If. .A.,  F.S.A., 
John  James  Buraet,  A.R.S.A.  (Glasgow),  William 
Fiockhart,  Ernest  George,  Past  Vice-President, 
James  Sivewright  Gibson,  John  Alfred  Gotch, 
F.S.A.  (Ketteriog),  Edward  Augtistus  Griining, 
Past  Vice  -  President,  Edwin  Thomas  Hall, 
Charles  Heathcoto  (Manchester),  Joseph  PougUss 
Mathews,  Arnold  Mitchell,  Edward  William 
Jlountford,  Professor  Bertsford  Pite,  William 
.Alfred  Pite,  George  llalfoid  Fellowes  Prynne, 
William  Edward  Riley,  Samuel  Bridgraan  Kus- 
scll,  William  Howard  Seth-Smith,  John  William 
Simpson,  John  Slater.  B  A.Lond.,  Past  Vice- 
President.  Paul  Waterhou'e,  M.A.Oxon.  Ralph 
Selden  Wornum.  .\ssociato-Membei  sot  Council: 
Fi,ur  names  onlv  to  bo  returned  : — Robert  Shekle- 
ton  Balfour,  William  ll-nry  Bidlake,  M..A. 
Cantab  (Birmingham),  Henry  Vaugh.an  Lan- 
chester,  Thomas  Edward  Pryce,  Edmund  Wim- 
peris,  Percy  Scott  Worthington,  M.^^-.O-ton. 
(Manchester). 

Tin;  exhibition  of  the  Home  .Vrls  and  Industries 
at  the  Koyiil  Albert  Hall  on  May  12.  13.  14,  and 
10  will  have,  in  addition  to  the  usual  e.\hilnts  of 
work  from  the  dilTcronl  centres,  some  interesting 
demonstrations  of  crafts  in  progress.  The  revival 
ot  the  art  of  colour-printing  from  wood  blocks 
will  bo  represented  by  an  expert  engraver  and 
printer,  who  will  show  the  processes  of  the  craft. 
There  will  be  basketmnkcr.-i,  leather  embossers, 
pillow  -  lace  workers,  spinners  and  weavers, 
and  potters  at  work,  while  several  new  Irish 
iudustriis   will  send  loan  exhibits  of  character- 


604 


THE    BUILDINd    NEWS. 


April  22,  1904. 


istically  Celtic  work.  There  will  also  be  specimens 
of  Tvoven  brocades  in  gold  and  silk. 

The  Court  oi'  Common  Council  have  resolved, 
on  the  request  of  the  Dublin  authorities,  to  hold 
an  Exhibition  of  Irish  Art  in  the  iJuildhall  Art 
Galleries  in  the  immediate  future.  The  exhi- 
bition -wUl  consist  of  the  representative  painters  of 
Irish  nationality,  early  and  modern,  and  will,  if 
circumstances  permit,  be  opened  some  time  in 
May,  and  will  remain  open,  including  Sundays, 
freely  to  the  public  for  about  six  weeks.  The 
bulk  of  the  pictures  wore  collected  by  Mr.  Hugh 
P.  Lane,  the  honorary  director,  under  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  and  Technical  Instruction 
for  Ireland,  and  were  originally  destined  for  a 
special  Gallery  at  St.  Louis,  towards  forming  a 
representative  gathering  there  of  Irish  painting. 

The  War  ("Iffice  announces  that  applications  for 
appointment  to  the  posts  of  Director  of  Barrack 
Construction  and  Deputy  Director  of  Barrack 
Construction  at  the  War  Office  should  be  for- 
warded to  the  Secretary  of  the  War  Office  before 
Saturday  in  next  week,  April  30.  The  salary  of 
the  Director  of  Barrack  Construction  will  be 
£1,500  a  year,  and  that  of  Deputy  Director  of 
Barrack  Construction  will  be  £1,200  a  year,  and 
both  the  above  appointments  will  be  subject  to 
the  ordinary  rules  of  the  Civil  Service  as  regards 
superannuation,  pension,  kc.  Candidates  must 
be  fully  qualified  architects,  with  thorough  know- 
ledge of  building.  Applications  should  be  made 
by  letter,  stating  age  and  giving  full  particulars 
of  experience  and  qualifications,  with  names  and 
addresses  of  references  as  to  ability  and  character, 
and  accompanied  by  copies  (not  originals)  of  not 
more  than  three  testimonials. 

The  London  County  Council  is  now  busily 
engaged  in  preparing  the  800  acres  of  Hainault 
Forest  as  a  public  playground  for  London.  By 
the  good  offices  of  Mr.  Buxton,  who  was  mainly 
instrumental  in  securing  for  the  public  this  great 
tract  of  open  space,  the  farmed  land  has  already 
been  sown  with  grass,  and  inclosures  have  been 
planted  with  trees,  which  will  in  a  few  years' 
time  give  the  land  a  forest  appsarance.  The 
farmer  gives  up  possession  of  the  tilled  land  in 
October  190.J,  so  that  until  that  date  the  public 
will  not  be  free  to  walk  over  the  land.  This 
temporary  disadvantage  will,  however,  give  the 
young  grass  a  good  chance  to  become  firmly 
rooted,  while  the  trees  will  have  begun  to  make  a 
good  start.  The  public  have,  however,  free 
access  to  Lambourne  and  Chigwell  Commons, 
which  form  part  of  the  800  acres  acquired  by  the 
Council.  By  the  new  by-laws  for  the  Forest  the 
area  covered  by  these  commons  is  fixed  as  the 
limit  of  space  to  be  given  over,  if  required,  for 
military  drill,  encampments  and  reviews.  7'he 
remainder  of  the  land  will  be  always  maintained 
as  a  playground. 

Ix  the  current  issue  of  Cassicr's  Maguzinr,  Mr. 
Brysson  Cunningham,  B.E.,  Assoc.M.Inst.C.E,, 
gives  some  suggestive  statistics  respecting  the 
modern  development  of  docks  and  their  entrances. 
He  points  out  that  Liverpool  has  62  docks  and 
basins,  with  a  total  water  area  of  558  acres  and  a 
lineal  quayage  of  35  miles,  while  London  possesses 
30  docks,  generally  larger  in  size,  and  covering  a 
total  water  area  of  over  570  acres.  The  largest 
lock  on  the  Thames  is  the  Tilbury  entrance  lock, 
700ft.  long ;  at  Liverpool  the  largest  is  602ft. 
long:  -whilst  at  Barry  there  is  a  lock  647ft.  in 
length,  at  Barrow  one  of  700ft.,  and  at  Curdiff 
one  of  800ft.  In  regard  to  graving  docks,  Liver- 
pool leads  with  the  one  925ft.  in  length,  Glasgow 
(Govan)  coming  next  with  SSOft. ;  then  follow 
Barry  S07ft.,  Tilbury  84Gft.,  and  Southampton 
800ft. 

The  members  of  the  Sussex  Archaeological 
Society  are  proposing  a  photographic  survey  for 
the  county  similar  to  that  already  working  in 
Warwickshire  and  also  in  .Surrey.  The  society 
has  recently  obtained  about  -100  negatives,  taken 
20  or  30  years  ago,  of  churches  of  \Vestern  Sussex. 
Many  of  them  are  of  churches  which  have  been 
since  rebuilt  or  much  altered,  and  these  furnish  a 
sufficient  proof  of  the  great  necessity  for  the 
preservation  of  a  record  of  ancient  buildings  still 
existing.  This  acquisition  forms  the  nucleus  of 
the  collection  which  the  committee  for  the  survey 
hope  to  make.  The  hon.  secretary  is  Mr.  J.  C. 
Stenning,  Steelcross  House,  Tunbridge  Wells. 
A  similar  movement  is  being  organised  for  a 
photographic  survey  of  Kent. 

The  thirty-fourth  annual  edition  of  the  Citii  of 
London  Dirertonj  has  been  carefully  revised  under 
new  editorial  management.     AU  the  information 


concerning  the  City  Corporation,  the  committees, 
the  city  officials,  and  the  livery  companies,  for 
which  this  Directory  has  been  for  so  many  years 
noted,  is  given  as  usual.  A  new  feature  is  the 
inclusion  of  the  Tariff  Commission  and  the 
members  selected  to  serve  on  its  various  com- 
mittees (pp.  19-21).  As  a  jirjof  that  the  work 
has  been  corrected  up  to  the  time  of  going  to 
pres',  we  note  that  the  name  of  the  late  Jlr. 
Justice  Byrne  has  been  removed  from  the  list  of 
Judges  on  p.  16,  and  that  Her  Majesty  the  Queen 
is  given  as  President  of  the  London  Hospital  in 
place  of  the  late  Duke  of  Cambridge  (see  p.  43). 
I'he  name  of  the  late  Mr.  Frederick  Gordon  has 
also  been  removed  from  the  Commission  of 
Lieutenancy  for  the  City  (p.  57).  These  are  only 
a  few  instances  of  late  corrections.  The  pub- 
lishers are  Messrs.  W.  H.  and  L.  CoUingridge. 

At  the  Royal  Statistical  Society,  on  Tuesday 
evening.  Major  P.  G.  Craigie  in  the  chair,  a 
paper  on  "  Five  Years'  Experience  of  the  Effect 
of  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  with  special 
refererce  to  Schemes  certified  thereunder,"  was 
read  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Tozer.  The  author  men- 
tioned that  of  a  tctal  of  more  than  6,400 
memoranda  of  agreements  registered  from  the 
commencement  of  the  Act  of  1897  to  December  31, 
1902,  6,198  were  settlements  by  agreement,  and 
the  remainder  by  informal  arbitration .  Tables  were 
given  analysing  these  6,198  reported  memoranda, 
and  a  remarkable  table  was  presented  showing  the 
results  of  those  eases  which  had  been  carried 
successively  from  the  County  Court  to  the  Court 
of  Appeal  and  House  of  Lords.  Of  nine  such 
cases,  the  numbers  decided  respectively  in  favour 
of  the  workmen  and  employers  in  the  three  Courts 
were  6 — 3, 2 — 7, 8 — 1 .  The  latter  part  of  the  paper 
dealt  with  the  provision  for  "  certified  schemes  " 
under  section  3  of  the  Act,  and  illustrated  their 
effect  by  means  of  various  statistical  tables.  The 
schemes  offered  to  the  workmen  seem  to  have 
commanded  their  sympathy  and  confidence,  since 
of  636,586  empfoyed  during  five  years,  615,895, 
or  97  per  cent.,  joined  the  schemes  voluntarily. 
The  result  produced  by  their  adoption  in  avoiding 
litigation  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  after  five 
years'  experience  of  the  Acts  only  Is.  per  £108 
out  of  an  income  of  £577,721,  has  been  spent  in 
law  coits. 

The  Association  of  Portland  Cement  Manu- 
facturers is  erecting  on  the  Exhibition  grounds  at 
St.  Louis  a  concrete  building,  in  the  Mission 
style  of  architecture,  which,  with  its  contents, 
will  constitute  the  collective  exhibit  of  the  cement 
industries.  The  building  consists  of  three  halls, 
with  two  25ft.  courts  between,  connected  by  a 
loggia,  and  will  form  the  gateway  to  the  "  out- 
side mining  exhibit."  The  centre  hall  will  con- 
tain exhibits  of  cement  in  all  stages  of  manu- 
facture, together  with  drawings  and  photographs 
of  cement  plants  and  quarries,  and  cement  and 
concrete  work.  One  hall  will  be  a  complete  test- 
ing laboratory  in  charge  of  an  engineer.  The 
third  hall  will  be  a  meetingplace  for  engineers, 
architects,  contractors  and  others  interested  in 
cement,  and  will  be  supplied  with  the  leading 
trade  journals.  Among  the  most  interesting 
structural  features  of  the  building  will  be  the 
beams  supporting  the  roof.  They  have  a  span  of 
30ft.  and  are  to  be  cast  on  the  ground  and  then 
erected  in  place. 

Thawing  frozen  ground  for  street  railway 
construction  in  Waltham,  Mass.,  is  reported  in 
the  Journal  of  the  New  England  Water  Works 
Association,  to  have  been  accomplished  by  the 
use  of  lime.  There  is  said  to  have  been  nearly 
2ft.  of  frost  in  the  ground.  It  was  a  macadamised 
street.  Several  barrels  of  lime  were  scattered 
over  the  part  to  be  dug  up ;  the  lime  was  then 
covered  with  manure  and  wet.  The  next  day 
the  ground  was  in  perfect  condition  for  digging. 
Lime  has  also  been  successfully  employed  for 
thawing  water-service  pipes. 


The  new  gateway  of  Winchester  College,  which 
was  erected  to  the  memory  of  the  Wykehamists 
who  fell  in  South  Africa,  has  lacked  the  statue  of 
the  Virgin  Mary  which  it  was  intended  should  be 
placed  in  the  central  niche.  During  the  past  week 
the  statue  has  been  put  in  place,  while  inside  the 
gateway  four  memorial  tablets  have  been  affixed  to 
the  walls. 

A  special  meeting  of  the  Wisbech  Town  Council 
was  held  on  Friday,  when  a  contract  was  sealed 
with  the  National  Electric  Construction  Co.,  Ltd., 
for  the  supply  of  electric  lighting  in  the  town. 
Messrs.  E.  Hammond  and  Sons  were  appointed 
electrical  engineers  to  the  corporation. 


MEETINaS  FOR  THE  ENSTJINa  WEEK. 

Fkiday  (To-i>Ay).— University  College,  London.  In- 
augural Lecture  on  "Tfie  History  of 
Architectural  Development,"  by  Prof. 
F.  M.  Simpson.    11  a. in. 

The  Society  of  Architects.  Twentieth 
Annual  Dinner,  De  Keyser's  Royal 
Hotel.  Victoria  Embankment,  E.G. 
6.30  p.m.  for  7  p m. 

Architectural  Association.  "  Crafts- 
manehip  "  by  y^ .  Gilbert.  9,  Conduit- 
street,  W.    7.30  p  m. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  "  No.  2 
River  Pier  of  the  Beckton  Gasworks,"  by 
A.  Trewby,  B.A.,  Stud.Inst.C.E.    8  p.m. 

Saturday  (To-mobrow). — London  Architectural  Associa- 
tion. Visit  to  the  ■  new  War  Office. 
2.30  p.m. 

Edinburgh  Architectural  Association. 
Visit  to  Glasgow  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Glasgow  Architectural  Association. 
Leave  Edinburgh  by  1.5  p.m.  express 
from  Princes-street  ^Caledonian  Station}. 

Monday.— Society  of  Arts.  "The  Majolica  and  Glazed 
Earthenware  of  Tuscany,"  Canton  Lec- 
ture No.  1,  by  Prof.  E.  Langton  Douglas, 
M.A.    4.30  p.m. 

TuE.sDAv.— Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  Annual 
General  Meeting  of  Corporate  Members 
only.    8  p.m. 

■Wednesday. — Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  Visit  to 
the  Metropolitan  Railway  Electric  Power 
Station  at  Neasden.  (Train  from  Baker- 
street  Station  to  Kingsbury  Neasden, 
2.8  p.m.)    2.30  p.m. 

Society  of  Art^.  "The  Need  of  Duty- 
free Spirit,"  by  Thomas  Tyrer.    8  p.m. 

Thursday. — Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  Visit  to 
Walton  and  Hampton  to  in^spect  the  new 
Reservoirs  and  Puraping-Station  of  the 
Southwark  and  Vauxhall  Water  Com- 
pany. Train  from  Waterloo  (South 
Station)  at  10.20  a.m.  to  Hampton  Court. 

Friday.— Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.— Visit  to  the 
Works  in  progress  at  the  new  Thorough- 
fare between  Holborn  and  the  Strand,  in 
course  of  construction.  Assemble  outside 
the  Holt>om  Restaurant.    11  a.m. 

Satcbday  [AiBii.  301.— Edinburgh  Architectural  Associa- 
tion.   Visit  to  Roahn. 


CHIPS. 

The  new  inebriates'  homes  for  Lancashire  were 
formally  opened  at  Langho,  near  Blackburn,  in  the 
Ribble  Valley,  on  Fiiday.  Accommodation  is  pro- 
vided for  120  women,  and  there  is  ample  room  for 
future  extensions.  It  has  been  built  from  the  de- 
signs of  Mr.  Littler,  county  architect,  the  con- 
tractors being  Messrs.  Gerrard  and  Sons,  of 
Swinton,  Lanes,  whose  tender  was  accepted  at 
t:73,418. 

The  council  of  Newcastle  -  on  -  Tyne  having 
applied  to  the  Local  Government  Board  for  sanction 
to  borrow  £51,795  for  works  of  paving,  a  Local 
Government  Board  inquiry  into  the  subject  matter 
of  the  application  was  held  on  Friday  in  the  Council 
Chamber,  Newcastle,  before  Mr.  H.  Ross  Hooper, 
M.A.,  M.Inst.C.E.  The  town  clerk,  Mr.  Hdl 
Molim,  enumerated  the  streets  proposed  to  be 
paved,  the  cost  for  the  granite  paving  being 
£23,100,  and  the  wood  paving  ,€28,695,  and  the 
proposals  were  further  explained  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Edge, 
the  city  engineer. 

The  Earl  of  Lathom,  Past  Grand  Warden  of 
England  and  Prov.  Grand  Master  of  West  Lanca- 
shire, laid  on  Friday  the  memorial  stone  of  an  ex- 
tension to  the  Ormskirk  Grammar  School.  The 
extension  will  be  the  second  since  the  new  trust  was 
formed,  about  fifteen  years  ago,  whilst  a  third  ex- 
tension seems  in  sight,  the  Lancashire  County 
Council  having  resolved  to  make  the  school  a  pupil 
teachers'  centre. 

The  committee  of  the  Farrar  Memorial  at  Canter- 
bury have  commissioned  Mr.  A.  O.  Hemming,  of 
Margaret-street,  Cavendish-square,  W.,  to  fill  in 
the  large  west  window  of  the  Chapter-house  with 
stained  glass,  in  accordance  with  the  design  sanc- 
tioned by  the  late  Dean.  The  memorial  window 
will  be  a  companion  one  to  that  erected  at  the  east 
end,  from  the  same  artist's  designs,  by  the  Free- 
masons of  Kent,  which  was  unveiled  by  the  King 
when  Prince  of  AVales. 

Mr.  F.  Osman,  contractor,  Southampton,  has 
secured  the  contract  for,  and  is  at  present  engaged 
on,  the  construction  of  the  West  Ham  tramways. 
The  original  contract  has  been  extended,  and  the 
work  will  cost  between  £140,000  and  £150,000. 

The  contract  for  the  new  Congregational  church, 
Bushey,  has  been  placed  with  Messrs.  Miskin  and 
Son,  of  St.  Albans,  who  have  begun  the  work.  The 
building  will  cost  about  £3,500.  Memorial-stones 
are  to  be  laid  on  May  18. 

Mr.  AV.  O.  E.  Meade-King,  M.Inst.C.E.,  in- 
spector under  the  Local  Government  Board,  has 
conducted  an  inquiry  at  the  municipal  offices, 
Devonport,  into  an  application  by  the  town  council 
for  sanction  to  borrow"  .£5,952  for  works  of  paving 
in  Keyham-road  an  I  Saltash-road,  and  £2,699  for 
works  of  private  street  improvement. 


April  22,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


eo5 


€m^t  i5ctos» 


WAOES    MOVEMENTS. 

The  Labour  Maeket  in  March.— The  monthly 
memorandum  for  March  prepared  by  the  Labour 
Department  of  the  Board  of  Trade  on  the  state 
of  the  labour  market  is  based  on  4,00'J  returns— 
viz.,  2,617  from  employers  or  their  associations, 
1,240  from  trade  unions,  and  8(3  from  other  sources. 
It  states  that  employment  generally  showed  a  slight 
improvement  in  March  aa  compared  with  the  pre- 
ceding month,  due  in  some  measure  to  seasonal 
causes.  The  upward  tendency  noted  last  month  in 
the  metal  and  shipbuilding  industries  was  maintained. 
As  compared  with  a  year  ago  employment  still  shows 
a  general  decline,  and  the  percentage  of  unemployed 
trade  union  members  is  higher  than  the  mean  per- 
centage for  March  in  the  past  ten  years.  In  the  '221 
trade  unions,  with  an  aggregate  membership  of 
■567,232,  making  returns,  33,950  (or  O'O  per  cent.) 
were  reported  aa  unemployed  at  the  end  of  March, 
as  compared  with  G'l  per  cent,  in  February  and 
with  4*3  per  cent,  in  March,  1903.  The  mean  per- 
centage of  unemployed  returned  at  the  end  of  March 
during  the  ten  years  1894-1903  was  3'9.  Employ- 
ment m  the  building  trades  continues  dull.  Com- 
pared with  a  month  ago  a  slight  improvement  is 
indicated,  but  employment  is  worse  than  a  year  ago. 
The  percentage  of  unemployed  trade  union  members 
among  carpenters  and  joiners  was  G-~  at  the  end  of 
March,  compared  witli  (rO  at  the  end  of  Ferbuary 
and  3'4  in  March,  1903.  The  percentage  for  plumbers 
was  9'2  at  the  end  of  March,  compared  with  9-3  at 
the  end  of  February  and  7"5  a  year  ago,  and 
employment  generally  in  the  furnishing  and  wood- 
working trades  was  dull,  being  worse  than  a 
year  ago,  but  better  than  a  month  ago.  The  per- 
centage of  unemployed  trade  union  members  at  the 
end  of  March  was  5*9,  as  compared  with  7*7  in 
February  and  3  9  per  cent,  a  year  ago. 

Beidgnobth. — On  January  1  the  members  of  the 
Bridgnorth  Branch  of  the  Operative  Bricklayers' 
Society  gave  notice  to  the  local  builders  for  an 
advance  of  one  penny  per  hour  on  the  existing  rate 
of  wages,  and  a  revised  code  of  working  rules,  to 
come  into  operation  on  April  1.  The  employers 
informed  the  oi)eratives  that  they  could  not  grant 
the  advance,  but  were  willing  to  consider  a  revision 
of  the  rules.  Last  month  a  conference  took  place 
at  Bridgnorth  between  the  employers,  the  operatives, 
and  the  secretary  of  the  Midland  Federation  of 
Building  Trade  Employers,  but  without  any  satis- 
factory result.  The  employers  offered  to  submit 
the  question  to  arbitration,  and  the  operatives 
undertook  to  consider  the  offer.  Since  then  the 
operatives  have  informed  the  secretary  of  the 
Midland  Federation  that  they  have  decided  not  to 
submit  to  arbitration,  and  the  men  decided  on 
Friday  to  stop  work. 

Edinbueoh  Joinees  Resolve  to  Steike.— A  mass 
meeting  of  the  operative  joiners  of  Edinburgh  and 
Leith  was  held  in  St.  Cuthbert's  Halls  on  Friday 
night  for  the  purpose  of  hearing  a  report  as  to  the 
number  of  masters  who  had  signed  the  existing 
by-laws.  The  hall  was  crowded,  about  1,000  men 
being  present.  Mr.  VV.  Bell,  president  of  the 
Operatives'  Committee,  occupied  the  chair.  It  was 
stated  that  only  43  employers,  finding  work  for  783 
men  in  all,  had  signed  the  schedule;  and  it  was 
unanimously  decided  that  workmen  in  the  employ- 
ment of  firms  who  had  not  signed  the  by-laws 
should  not  start  on  Friday  mornmg  it  the  masters 
still  refused  to  sign. 

The  IIaktlepools,  MiddlesSeough,  and  Stock- 
TO.v.— The  joiners  in  these  seaside  towns  of  Eist 
Durham  have  given  notice  of  their  intention  to 
demand  an  increase  from  yjd.  to  lOd.  per  hour. 

Newey. — The  stonemasons  in  Newry  have  gone 
out  on  strike  for  an  increase  of  <d.  per  hour  more 
wages,  and  as  a  consequence  all  building  operations 
are  at  a  standstill. 


At  Tuesday's  meeting  of  the  city  council  of 
Bristol,  the  docks  committee  brought  forward  a 
scheme  for  alterations  to,  widening,  and  rebuilding 
of  bridges  mvolviug  an  expenditure  of  about 
120,000.  The  chief  items  were  for  the  Marsh  Bridge 
t:o,lG0;  Bathurst  Basin  Bridge,  .f7,320;  and  Bath 
Bridge,  C0,20s.  Some  exception  was  taken  as  to 
the  proposed  width  of  the  new  Marsh-street  Bridge 
but  eventually  the  report  was  adopted. 

A  stained-glass  window,  to  bo  known  as  "The 
Woden  Window,"  which  has  been  placed  in 
Wednesbury  parish  church  as  the  outcome  of  a 
fund  raised  by  the  Mayor  (Alderman  Oldbury)  was 
dedicated  on  Tuesday.  The  window,  which  is  of 
historic  interest— it  being  supposed  that  a  temple  for 
the  wor.ship  of  Woden  originally  stood  on  the  site 
now  occupied  by  the  parish  church- is  the  work  of 
Mr.  C.  E.  Kempe,  of  London,  and  depicts  the  over- 
throw of  the  worship  of  Woden  and  the  establish- 
ment of  the  true  religion.  The  cost  has  been  about 
flSO. 


CHIPS. 

Mr.  Edmund  Wimperis  writes  us: — "That  the 
circular  issued  by  the  London  Committee  of 
Members  of  the  R.I.B.A.  for  '  Promoting  the 
Statutory  Qualification  of  Architects,'  polling 
members  of  the  R.I.B.A.  on  the  question  of 
'  Registration,'  and  bearing  his  name,  was  issued 
without  his  knowledge  or  consent,  and  that  in  con- 
sequence of  this  action  on  their  part,  of  which  he 
entirely  disapproves,  he  has  ceased  to  be  a  member 
of  that  committee." 

Mr.  B.  Bullock,  the  borough  surveyor  of  Bodmin, 
has  accepted  an  appointment  at  Croydon. 

Mr.  William  Foster,  of  3,  Priestthorpe-road, 
Bingley,  senior  partner  in  the  firm  of  William 
Foster  and  Sous,  builders  and  contractors,  who  died 
in  January,  left  an  estate  of  the  gross  value  of 
£4,203. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  was  con- 
ducted by  Mr.  E.  A.  Sandford  Fawcett  at  Bradford 
Town-hall,  on  Friday,  in  respect  to  an  application 
by  the  Bradford  Corporation  for  power  to  borrow 
t'fj.Ono  for  the  erection  of  a  crematorium  at  the 
Scholemoor  cemetery,  and  £5,000  for  a  new  disin- 
fecting station  in  Canal-road,  Bradford. 

The  members  of  the  Colne  Town  Council  have 
decided  to  build  a  new  fire-station  and  also  a  new 
day-school,  the  estimated  cost  of  which  are  £2,230 
and  £:^.,000  respectively. 

Mr.  A.  Ainsworth  Hunt  is  the  architect  of  the 
South  African  Memorial  Homes  at  Bury  St. 
Edmunds,  opened  last  week  by  Princess  Christian. 

The  estate  of  Mr.  Isaac  Serginson,  4,  Grosvenor- 
terrace,  Linthorp  -  road,  Middlesbrough,  builder, 
who  died  on  February  26,  has  been  valued  at 
£15,193  gross,  with  net  personalty  sworn  at  £8,638. 

The  Mayor  of  Swansea  unveiled,  on  Friday,  a 
memorial  to  53  Swansea  men  who  fell  during  the 
South  African  campaign.  The  first  South  African 
War  memorial  in  the  Principality,  it  stands  30ft. 
high,  and  has  a  grey  granite  base,  with  a  monument 
of  polished  Peterhead  granite,  flanked  with  grey 
Scotch  granite.  Its  columns  are  surmounted  by 
sculptured  Sicilian  marble  figures,  representing  a 
soldier,  with  bayonet  drawn,  standing  over  a 
wounded  bugler. 

The  work  of  erecting  the  new  chancel  at  Brig- 
house  Parish  Church  is  progressing  apace.  The 
building  committee  have  held  a  special  meeting  and 
have  decided  to  ask  for  a  faculty  to  remove  the 
north  and  south  side  galleries  in  the  church.  The 
existing  west  gallery  is  to  be  retained,  and  the  space 
therein,  at  present  occupied  by  the  organ,  is  to  be 
fitted  with  seats  for  worshippers.  The  organ  is  to 
be  removed  to  a  specially  erected  organ  loft  in  the 
new  chancel. 

At  the  last  sitting  of  Glasgow  Dean  of  Guild 
Court,  authority  was  granted  for  the  erection  of 
buildings  to  the  value  of  £80,000. 

A  new  Baptist  chapel  is  about  to  be  built  in 
Heigham- terrace,  Dereham-road,  Norwich.  The 
plans  have  been  prepared  by  Mr.  A.  F.  Scott,  F.S.I., 
architect,  of  Castle  Meadow,  Norwich,  and  a  con- 
tract has  been  entered  into  with  Messrs.  A.  Boddy 
and  Son,  contractors,  Orchard-street,  Dereham- 
road,  for  its  erection,  at  a  cost  of  £2,856.  The 
style  is  Early  English.  On  the  main  tloor  there 
will  be  accommodation  for  450  worshippers,  with 
90  more  on  a  small  gallery  at  the  south  end,  and  35 
in  the  choir  at  the  opposite  end.  At  the  south-east 
corner  of  the  building  there  will  be  a  tower  sur- 
mounted by  a  spire.  The  total  cost,  including  the 
site,  construction,  and  furnishing,  is  about  £4,500. 

The  rebuilding  of  Holy  Trinity  Church,  Derby,  is 
making  good  jirogress,  and  is  expected  to  be  tinished 
about  the  end  of  the  year.  Owing  to  the  old  church 
being  badly  built,  its  condition  had  become  so 
dangerous  that  in  April  last  year  it  was  pulled  down. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  built  on  speculation  by  a 
Shefiield  builder  in  1831.  The  total  cost  of  recon- 
struction will  be  £10,500.  The  amount  promised  is 
£7,637,  leaving  £2,863  to  be  raised. 

A  new  organ,  built  by  Messrs.  Norman  and 
Beard,  of  Norwich,  was  opened  last  week  in  St. 
John's  Church,  Malone. 

The  accounts  for  the  Nile  reservoirs  between  the 
Egyptian  Government  and  Messrs.  Aird  have  now 
been  finally  cbtsod,  according  to  Lord  Cromer's  re- 
port on  i*'gyi>t  and  the  Soudan.  The  sum  paid  for 
the  Assouan  dam  and  the  Assiout  barrage  has  been 
£3,258,70ii  sterling.  To  this  must  he  added  £127,620 
on  account  of  expropriation  and  indemnities,  £47,532 
for  the  construction  of  a  lock,  and  £6,000  for  sundry 
minor  works,  the  total  coat  of  the  two  dams 
being  thus  £3,439,864  sterling. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Sandford  Fawcett,  M. Inst. C.E.,  an  in- 
spector of  the  Local  Government  Board,  held  an 
in([uiry,  on  Friday,  in  the  town-hall,  Uotherham, 
relative  to  a  projiosed  modification  of  a  scheme  for 
providing  dwellings  for  the  labouring  class.  The 
scheme  was  approved  on  November  12,  1903,  the 
council  being  required  to  erect  a  certain  number  of 
separate  dwellings  for  persons  of  the  labouring  class. 


Mr.  Thomas  Jones,  builder,  was.  on  Tuesday, 
elected  chairman  of  the  Prestatyn  Urban  District 
Council. 

The  parish  church  at  Goodshaw,  which  has  been 
undergoing  renovation  for  the  past  twelve  months, 
was  opened  on  Thursday  in  last  week,  by  the  Bishop 
of  Manchester.  The  church,  which  occupies  a  site 
on  which  a  place  of  worship  has  stood  amce  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  has  been  entirely  reseated, 
and  a  chancel  has  been  formed,  with  a  vestry  on 
either  side.  The  organ  loft  has  been  removed,  the 
greater  part  of  the  west  wall  pulled  down,  and  a 
new  porch  built.  The  cost  of  the  alteration  has 
been  £3,000. 

The  west  window  of  East  Winch  parish  church, 
Norfolk,  has  just  been  filled  with  stained-glass  as 
a  memorial.  The  window  is  of  three  lights,  the 
subject  being  the  Presentation  of  Christ  in  the 
Temple.  Messrs.  Hardmau,  Powell,  and  Co.,  of 
Birmingham,  were  the  artists.  The  church  itself, 
a  Late  15th-century  edifice,  was  restored  from  the 
late  Sir  Gilbert  Scott's  plans  in  1875. 

The  parishioners  of  .St.  Mary-the-Virgin,  Alder- 
manbury,  are  once  more  confronted  with  a  proposal 
for  the  demolition  of  their  parish  church,  under  the 
Union  of  Benefices  Act,  and  the  ultimate  amalga- 
mation of  the  parish  with  that  of  St.  Lawrence 
Jewry.  The  church,  which  is  in  admirable  repair, 
is  one  of  AVren's,  and  has  a  fine  tower  rising  to  a 
height  of  90ft.  At  a  vestry  meeting  held  on 
Wednesday  a  resolution,  declaring  that  the  proposal 
was  inexpedient  and  shouid  be  opposed,  was  carried 
by  an  overwhelming  majority. 

The  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  Lunacy 
Committee  have,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the 
county  councils  of  the  two  countits,  accepted  a 
tender  bj'  Mr.  John  Laing,  builder,  Carhsle,  to 
carry  out,  at  a  cost  of  £30,000,  the  scheme  of  exten- 
sion of  the  two  counties'  asylum  at  Garlands,  which 
has  tieen  under  consideration  for  some  months.  Mr. 
Laing  will  be  the  sole  contractor. 

Mr.  William  Henry  Parton,  of  Kingswood 
Grange,  Hollywood,  and  of  High-street  and  Grove- 
road,  King's  Heath,  Birmingham,  brick  manufac- 
turer, who  died  on  Jan.  4  last,  left  estate  valued  at 
£8,850  Is.  4d.  gross,  and  at  £3,299  123.  Od.  net. 

At  the  Council  House,  Birmingham,  on  Tuesday, 
Major  J.  Stewart,  K.E.,  one  of  the  inspectors  of 
the  Local  Government  Board,  held  an  inquiry 
relative  to  the  application  of  the  City  Council  for 
sanction  to  borrow  £7,000  for  the  erection  of  a  sub- 
police  station  at  Liugard- street,  Nechells:  £1,322 
for  the  purpose  of  enlarging  Duke-street  police 
station,  and  £1,550  for  the  purchase  of  property 
situated  at  the  junction  of  Wright-road  and  Malt- 
house-lane  with  the  Washwood  Heath-road  for  the 
purpose  of  a  police  station. 

At  Darlington  Borough  Police-court  on  Tuesday, 
Wm.  Joseph  Atkinson  was  brought  up  on  remand 
charged  with  having  embezzled  moneys  of  the 
Operative  Masons'  Society,  of  which  he  was 
treasurer.  The  accused  admitted  taking  the  money, 
but  said  he  would  pay  it  back  if  allowed.  He 
was  committed  to  prison  for  three  mouths  with 
hard  labour. 

A  stained  -  glass  window  was  unveiled  and 
dedicated  in  Chesterton  Parish  Church  on  Wednes- 
day week  by  the  Bishop  of  Shrewsbury  to  the 
memory  of  the  late  Rev.  W.  H.  Jackson,  M.A., 
first  vicar  of  Chesterton.  The  window,  illustrative 
of  the  Ascension,  was  erected  by  Mr.  E.  Reed,  of 
Gateshead.  In  the  central  panel  is  the  figure  of  our 
Lord  in  His  glorified  body ;  and  the  two  side  panels 
represent  the  apostles  in  adoration. 


PILKINGTON  &  CO. 

(Established  183S), 

MONUMENT    CHAMBEBS, 

KINQ  WILLIAM  STREET,  LONDON,  B.O. 


Htffnttrtd  Tra44  Mark: 

POLDWCEliy  ASPHALTE 

Patent  Asphalte  and  Felt  Roofing. 

ACID-RESISTINO    ASPHALTE. 

WHITE  SILICA  PAVING. 

PYRIMONT  8EY8SEL  ASPHALTE, 

TKLKIMIONR   No.    (5319   AVRSDB. 


FOR 


Olivers' 

Seasoned 


Hardwoods, 

AfPLV    TO- 

■WM.   OLIVER  &  SONS,   LTD., 

120,  Bunhill  Row,  LONDON,  E,0. 


606  THE    BUILDING    NEWS.  April  22,  1904. 


LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


UaDdilo-Fawr- Drainage  Scheme  for  Amman  Valley R.  Shipley  Lewis,  Clerk,  Llandilo,  'Wales.... April  23 

Newcaetle-on-Tyoe — Grammar  School  (J.  Bilson,  F.E.I.B.A., 

F.S.A.,  Asaeseori £100,  £50,  £25 Horace  J.  Criddle,  Solicitor,  2.  CoUingwood-st.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    ..     30 

Baniet- Hospital G.  D.  Byfleld,  Clerk,  16,  High-street,  Bamet May    9 

New  Someiby,  Grantfaam-  St.  Anne's  Church   (500  sittings ; 

limit  £3,000)  £10 The  Rev.  H.  H.  Sargey,  Dadley-road,  Graathxm „     81 

Stamford-Public  Library  (limit  £2,0  0)  (Assessor)   £-23  (merged),  £15.  £10    Charles  Atter.  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall.  Stamford    SI 

Rio  de  Janeiro— Theatre  (£70,000  limit)  £500  and  three  other  Premiums  The  Com  Intel.  Branch,  Board  of  Trade,  60,  Parliameat-st ,  S.  W...  July  23 

Ossett— Town  Hall W.  Hirst,  Borough  Surveyor,  Ossett,  Yorki  — 


LIST    OP    TENDERS    OPEN. 


BUILDINGS. 

Llandaff— Rtbuildiog  Cow  and  Snuffers'  Inn  Rhondda  Valley  Brewery  Co Arthur  O.  Evans.  Architect,  Pontypridd  April  23 

Ebchestfr— Two  Houses Thos.  H.  Murray.  Architect,  Consett 2S 

Caerphilly -Enl»r<;inB  Parish  Church Rev.  C.  L.  Price 0.  E.  Halliday,  F.R.I.B.A,  Cardiff ,  23 

Lostock  Hall-U.M.F.  Church   W.  H.  Dinsley.  Architect,  Cleveland-street,  Chorley    23 

Sligo— Galvanised  Iron  House  at  Fever  Hospital Rural  District  Council M.  F.  Conlon,  Clerk,  Court  Houce.  Sligo  23 

Olafcoforest— Alterations  on  Byre Chalmers  and  Co.,  Advocates.  18.  GoMen-square,  Aberdeen „  23 

Ludlow— Additions  to  Workhouse    Board  of  Guardians W.  W.  Robinson,  Architect,  10,  Kins-street.  Hereford „  23 

Gloucester— Alterations  to  Fleece  Hotel,  Westgate-atreet   The  Fleece  Hotel,  Westgate-street.  Gloucester   „  23 

Bandon- Fifty-Seven  Labourers' Cottages    Rural  District  Council A.  Haynea,  Clerk,  Council  Room,  Workhouse.  Bandou „  23 

Londondeny-Pafety  Stairs  to  St.  Oolumb's  Hall  Management  Committee Daniel  Conroy,  Architect,  21,  Shipijuay-street,  Londonderry 23 

Cardiff— Larpe  Temporary  Structure  in  Cathays  Park W.  Beddoe  Rees.  Architect,  37,  St.  Mary-atreet,  Cardiff „  23 

Llandaff-Lshoratory Howells  Glamorgan  Sch.  Governors..  G.  E.  Halliday,  F.R.I  B.  A.,  14,  High-street.  Cardiff  23 

Renfrew— Kel 01  t-House    Town  Council J.  M'Laren,  Town  Chimberlain,  Municipal  Buildings.  Renfrew „  25 

Droxford- Additions  to  Police  Station  and  Court  'W.  J.  Taylor,  County  Surveyor,  The  Castle,  Winchester   „  25 

Norwich— Additions  to  Surrey-road  Schools Education  Committee  Chas.  J.  Brown,  Architect,  Lower-close,  N  >rwich „  25 

Bristol-  Repairs  to  Roofs  of  Mayor's  Paddock  Baths   Baths  Committee  T.  H.  Yabbicom,  M.I.C.E.,  City  Erg.,  63.  Queen-square,  Bristol 25 

Scorrier- Additions  to  Church  Schoolroom The  Rev.  J.  C.  Barfett,  Vicarage,  Mount  Hawke „  25 

Lefds  '  Jewish  Baths  Buildings Corporation J.  Lane  Fox,  Architect.  Csford-place,  Leeds ,  25 

Wakefield— Storthcs  Hall  Asylum    West  Riding  County  Council J.  Vickers  Edwards,  County  Architect,  Wakefield „  25 

Bainsley- Outbuildings  at  Eldon-streit  North  Schools Education  Committee  Ernest  W.  Dyson.  Architect.  14,  Market  Hill.  Barnsley 25 

Ardsley — Additions  to  Bouse Crawshaw  and  Wilkinson.  Architects.  Barnsley „  25 

Chertsey— Boiler  House  at  Workhcuse    Guardians C.  Welch,  Architect.  London-street,  Chertsey „  25 

Lancaster-Shop  Alteiatiin    T.  D.  Smith  and  Son    J.  Parkinson,  Architect.  07,  Church-street.  Lancaster 25 

Barnsley—  Covered  St.-ind Football  Club,  Ltd Senior  and  Clegg.  Architects.  1.3.  Kegent-street,  Barnsley „  25 

Steeton— Farm  Buildngs F.  W.  Petty,  Aichitect,  Woodridge,  Cross  Hills    „  25 

Rhymney— Rtbuilding  Penywaun  Inn Buchan  and  Co T.  Roderick.  Architect,  Clifton-street,  Aberdare ,  2S 

Greenwich.  S  E.— Superstructure  of  ElectricGenerating  Station  Ijondon  County  Council  The  Architect's  Dept.,  Trafalgar  House,  IS,  Charing  Cross,  S.W.  ...    ,,  28 

Swansea— Villa,  Everj-hy-road  , T.  Tustian    Charles  T.  Ruthen,  Architect.  Bank  Chambers  Swansea  ,  26 

Glapgow— Three  Tectm*  i.ts.  Lacct  field-street Corporation  Jonn  MKissaok  and  Son.  Architects,  63.  West  ll^gent-st.,  Glasg>w    „  26 

Cwmbran— Additions  to  Railway  Inn Buchan  and  Co T.  Roderick,  Architect.  Clifton-street.  Aberdare „  26 

Golcar— Two  Houses.  East-street Arthur  Shaw.  Aichitect.  Oolcar.  Vorks ,  2S 

Southall— Cainegie  Free  Library  Southnll-Norwood  U.D.C Reginald  Brown,  Architect,  Public  Otfiiies,  Southall   ,,  2* 

West  Hartlepool— Additions  to  Premises.  Lansdowne-road W.  Browu W".  Young,  Architect,  Paik-road.  West  Hartlepool „  2f> 

Brynmawr,  Wales— R.  pairing  Clarence  Hotel Buchan  and  Co T.  Roderick,  Architect,  Glebeland-street.  Merthyr  ,  2S 

Glencullen— Five  Pairs  and  Two  Single  Cottagts lUthdown  Rural  District  Council   ...  R.  M.  Butler,  Architect,  12,  D  iwion-street,  Dublin „  2S 

Dartmouth- Additions  to  Trafalgar  Inn Mrs.  Walls  E.  H.  Back.  M.S.  A.,  Dartmouth 2S 

Thornton,  Bradford  -Branch  Store  Queensburv  Industrial  Society,  Ltd..  Medley  Hall,  M.S. A.,  1,  Harrison-road,  Halifax „  2S 

Garndiffaith— Rebuilding  Six  Bells  Inn Buchan  and  Co T.  Roderick,  Architect,  Clifton-street.  Aberdare „  26 

Hertford- Additions  to  General  Hospital Nicholson  and  Hartree.  -N  rchitects,  Hereford 27 

Noifhallerton— Isolation  Hospital Urban  and  Rural  District  Councils  ..  W.  Fowle,  Clerk,  Northallerton  „  2r 

Blackpool- Pavement  Lights  ili30  super,  feet) John  S.  Brodie,  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Blackpiol  ,  27 

Hertford— Residence.  Adam's  Hill   E.  F.  Bulmer  Groome  and  Bettingtoo,  Architects.  Palace  Chimbers,  Hereford ,  27 

Spittal- Mission  Hall  for  St.  Paul's  Church J.  Lorimer  Miller,  Architect,  39,  Hide-hill,  Berwlok-oa-Tweed  „  27 

Stockton-on-Tees— Woikshops  Gas  Committee The  Manager.  Gasworks.  Stockton-on-Te^s    „  27 

Bradfleld,  Essex— Hotel ."Steward  and  Patteson J.  W.  Start,  F.S.I. ,  Architect.  Colchester £8 

Ballysbannon— Station  Buildings  Donegal  Railway  Co A.  M'C.  Stewart.  Eogineer,  3.  Castle-street,  Londonderry „  28- 

Thurlstone- Church  C.  Hodgson  Fowler,  F.S  A.,  .Architect,  Toe  College,  Darhim „  2* 

Buckfastleigh— Three  Cottages.  Jordan-street Buckfastleigh  Co-operative  Society...  A.  Warren,  Architect,  Fore-street.  Buekfastleigh ,  2S 

LeiEh,  Lanes- Basement  of  Municipal  Buildings    Corporation J.  C.  Prestwich,  Bradshawgate  Chambers,  Leigh „  V9 

Bellingham- Court  House   J.  A.  Bean,  County  Survejor,  Moot  Hall,  Newcistle-on-Tyne  „  2» 

Whitby.  Yorks-Coastguard  Station   .- Admiralty    The  Director  of  Works  Dept.,  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C. ...    „  2» 

Cork- Thirty  Houses Thomas  Donovan W.  H.  Hill  and  Son,  Architects,  -28,  South  Mall,  Cork    .  . ,  29- 

Stamfordham— Police  Station     J.  A.  Bean,  Oounty  Surveyor,  Bloot  Hall,  Xewcastle-on-Tyne  „  '29 

Blaenclydach— School Rhondda  Urban  District  Council Jacob  Rees  Architect,  Hillside  Cottage,  Pentre ,.  2» 

Hahfax— Four  Houses  on  Manor  Royd  Estate R.  Horsfall  and  Son,  Architects,  22*,  Commercial-street.  Halifax  ...    „  2* 

Robin  Hood's  Bay.  Yot kg- Coastguard  Station  Admiralty    The  Director  of  Works  Dept..  21,  Northumberlaud-avenu",  W.C 29 

Raschcliffe- Chapel,  Virtoria-stiect Ben  Stocks.  Architect.  St.  Peter's-street,  Hald-rsSeld ,  2i» 

S  ough— Branch  Shop.  Stoke-road Co-operative  Society,  Ltd W.  T.  Whalley,  Secretary,  19),  High-street  Slough ,  S) 

Walmer— Sheltered  Seat  en  Sea  Front Urban  District  Council H.  W.  Barker.  Surveyor,'  Liverpool-roil.  Walmer  3") 

Hahfax- Works  and  Residence,  Spring  Hall-lane C.  F.  L.  Horsfall  and  Son.  Architects,  Halifax 30 

Montrose— Additions  to  School  School  Board  J.  R.  Findlay.  Solicitor,  Montrose 3> 

Deal— Four  Shelter  Seats  on  Sea-Front  Urban  District  Council    Thos.  C.  Oolder,  Borough  Surveyor,  23.  Qreen-street,  Dial   „  3> 

Grimsby— Showrorms,  Sheepfold-street Great  Grimsby  Gas  Co Herbert  Heap.  A.M.I.C.E.,  Architect,  Osborne  Chambers,  Grimsby    „  3J 

Pontypridd— Two  Houses,  Graigwen-road Arthur  O.  Evans.  Architect,  Pontypridd »*  30 

Beccles— Water  Tower  at  Ringsiield  Pumping  Station  Waterworks  Co J.  P.  Larkmm,  Secretary,  Waterworks  Office,  Beccles  3^ 

Sheffield- Workshops  and  Stoies  United  Gaslight  Co J.  W.  Morrison,  Engineer,  Commercial-street,  Sheffield May  2 

Barry— Additions  to  Romilly-road  School  Urban  District  Council    O.  A.  Birkenhead,  ('aledonian  Chambers  Cirdiff ,.  'i 

Cwmparc  — Si.xteen  Houses.  Park-road Park-road  Building  Club    The  Secretary,  Park  Hotel,  Cwmpirc,  Wales „  '^ 

Leeds-  Rebuilding  Hotel  de  Ville Thomas  Winn  and  Sons,  Architects,  92,  Albion-street,  L^eds  „  2 

Beccles— Bakery  and  Warehouse  Working  Men's  Co. -op.  AssociatioQ  Arthur  Pells.  F  S.I,,  Architect,  London-road,  Beccles „  2 

Sedbergh— School  Classrooms  and  Hall  Governors    Austin  and  Paley.  .\rcbitccts.  Lancaster  ,.  2 

Cwmparc -Two  Houses,  Park-road Jones  and  Thickens David  Jones,  231,  Pirk-road,  Cwmparc,  Wile*  ,.  2 

I,eeds- Shop  and  Office  Premises  Thomaa  Winn  and  Sons,  Architects,  92  Albion-street,  Leeds „  '^ 

Bandon-House,  Main-street  South  M.  C.  Hickey,  J.P Robert  Walker  and  Son,  Architects,  17,  South  Mill.  Cork '^ 

Holjhead-Schod  (9C0  places;  and  Master's  House   School  Board  R.  E.  Pritchard  (Solicitor),  Clerk.  Drug  Hall.  Holyhead   ,.  S 

Camerton— Six  Houses W.  G.  Scott  and  Co.,  Architects,  Victoria  BuiWings,  Workington  ...    „  3 

Woodford  Green -Post  Office H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works    The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Gate,  S.W ,  3 

Cross  Keys,  Mon.  —  Nireteen  Houses Progressive  Building  Club R.  L.  Roberts,  Architect,  Abercara »•  ^ 

Sbotley  Bridge— Wesleyan  Sunday-Schools  'Wm.  T.  Spence,  Architect,  Shotley  Bridge ■••    ..  * 

Portsmouth— Business  Premises,  Eastney-road    Portsea  Island  Mutual  Co-op.  goo.  ...  G.  E.  Smith,  Architect.  1  (5,  Victoria-road  North,  Portsmouth 4 

Southend-on-Sea- Couit-Room,  &c  ,  at  Police  Station Standing  Joint  Committee F.  Whitmore,  Architect,  Duke-street,  Chelmsford   „  * 

Great  Baddow.  Essex- Engine-Hou-e  at. Water-Tower    Rural  District  Council James  Dewhirst,  A.M  I  M  E.,  Avenue  Chambers,  Chelmsf  ird » 

Poplar,  E.— Additions  to  L-angley  House,  East  India  Dock-rd.  Guardians J.  and  W.  Clarkson,  Architects,  136,  High-street,  Poplar,  E ,  6 

Ruthin— Additions  to  County  Schools  for  Girls    Governors James  Hughes,  Architect,  Denbigh »•  ^ 

Kingston-on-Thames- Mortuaiy,  Rivei^lane   Property  Committee Harold  A.  Winser.  Town  Clerk,  Kingston-on- Th  imes    „  9 

Liverpool- Sorting  Office  at  Old  Swan    H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Olht'e  of  Works,  Storey's  G  ite,  S.W „  12 

Rotherham— Isolation  Hospital  Corporation J.  Platts,  Borough  Architect,  High-street,  Ritherhim  IS 

Totland  Bay-Enlarging  Christ  Church  Percy  Stone,  F.IM.B.A..  Newport.  I.W ..  >• 

Sutton  Coldfield— Town  Hall  and  Fire  Station Corporation Mayston  and  Eddisoa,  Archts.,  7,  St.  James-st.,  Bedford -row,  W.C.    „  16 

Aberavon— Vivian  Hotel  Trueman,  Hanbury,  Buxton,  and  Co.  J.  P.  Jones  and  Riwlands,  Architects,  3,  Gjat-street.  S»amei  — 

Wandsworth,  S.W.-Small  Block  of  Flats Palgrave  and  Co.,  Architects,  28,  Victorii-street,  S.W — 

Halifax-Theatre  Royal.  Southgate ; Northern  Theatre  Co  ,  Ltd Richard  Horsfall  and  Son,  Archts.,  22a,  Commercial-street,  Hilifax      — 

Blagdon-Alterations  to  House C.  Hiscock,  Architect.  Bridgwater — 

Carlisle— Converting  Farm  Buildings  into  Horse-Boxes  Carlisle  Race  Stand  Co.,  Ltd Dixon  and  Mitchell,  Land  Agents,  Devonshire-street,  Carlisle    — 

Blackrod,  Lanes-Rebuilding  Church R.  B.  Preston,  A.R.I.B.A.,  Diocesan  Chambers,  Minchester  — 

Fishponds,  Bristol— All  Saints'  Churih Lingen  Barker  and  Son,  Architects,  9,  Clare-street,  Bristol  — 

Southampton- Three  Blocks  of  Artisans'  Cottages,  Slmnel-at..  Corporatioa - C.  J.  Hair.  Architect  23  Portland-terrace,  Southaorptoa — 

Chaptltown,  Sheffield-Two  Cottages R.  MitcheU,  17,  Haymarket,  Sheffield    — 

JBarnard  Castle-Villa.  Park-terrace T.  Farrow,  Architect,  7,  Market-place,  Birnard  Cistle  — 

Newport,  Mon-Thirtj-one  Houses  H.  Duokham   Swash  and  Bain,  Architects,  MidUad  Bank  Chan'ijr-!.  Newpirt,  Moi      — 

Woane-s.iuare,  S.W.~ Additions  to  Royal  Court  Theatre C.  E.  Lmcister  Parkiosou   A  R  LB.  A.,  4t,  Be  llor  J-row,  W.C — 

llkley-  llesidence  on  Middleton  Estate W.  J.  Morley  and  S  jn.  Architects.  Brilford — 

Jiamard  tastle- Alterations  to  Stables Sanitary  Steam  Launlry  Co T.  Farrow,  Architect,  7,  Mirket-pUo3,  B  irnard  Cistle  — 


Apeil  29,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


607 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEEEING  JOURNAL. 
VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  2573. 

FRIDAY,  ATRIL  29,   1904. 


THE    WASHINGTON    SENATIO    ON 
ARCIIITECTURAE  PEll'TIOB. 

Ij^VEX  in  America,  where  professional  skill 
J  and  labour  are  generally  assessed  at  a 
higher  value  commercially  than  in  England, 
the  Senate  of  Washington  have  been  indulging 
their  oratory  at  the  cost  of  the  profession.  If 
we  are  to  take  the  report  of  the  remarks 
made  by  senators,  as  given  in  the  Con- 
gressional Ileciird  of  Feb.  29,  and  quoted  in 
the  American  Architect,  the  complaint  which 
forms  the  main  theme  of  the  debate  is  the 
professional  fees  of  architects  in  connection 
with  the  improvements  of  Washington.  The 
senator  from  Maine  (Mr.  Ilale)  entertains 
opinions  towards  architects  which  we  have 
associated  with  the  name  of  the  late  Mr.  Ay  rton 
during  the  time  of  the  weary  discussion  on  the 
Government  (Offices  many  years  ago.  Many 
of  our  readers  will  remember  the  attacks 
which  were  made  by  the  hon.  member  upon 
all  architects  who  had  anything  to  do  with 
Government  works.  Mr.  Hale  assumes  an 
authority  in  matters  of  architecture  of  which 
we  have  many  familiar  instances  in  this 
country.  He  is  at  once  a  critic  in  questions 
of  taste  and  design  and  an  authority  on  pro- 
fessional practice ;  he  has  a  natural  born 
dislike  of  the  "  .5  per  cent,  architect" — in 
fact  the  military  engineer  is  in  more  favour 
with  him.  Other  senators  exhibit  the  same 
dislike  of  the  professional  architect,  to  judge 
by  the  long  debate  we  refer  to.  Let  us  briefly 
refer  to  the  facts  as  reported. 

The  Senate  of  Washington  has  been  dis- 
cussing the  value  of  architects  in  general, 
and  the  fees  paid  to  them  in  particular,  and 
this  discussion  has  had  reference  to  the 
alterations  or  restoration  of  the  White  House. 
The  debate  has  a  wider  interest  for  the  pro- 
fession and  the  public,  it  shows  how  senators 
and  politicians  regard  architectural  and  city 
improvements,  such  as  those  contemplated  at 
Washington  ;  but  it  also  indicates  the  in- 
grained prejudice  some  men  have  to  the 
employment  of  architects  on  any  public 
work.  The  Senator  for  Maine  is  one  of  this 
-sort ;  he  is  impatient  of  architects'  fees  and  of 
all  those  outside  the  Treasury  department. 
The  main  idea  of  this  gentleman  of  the  Senate 
is  to  get  all  the  pubhc  buildings  carried  out  by 
the  architects'  department  in  the  Treasury,  so 
as  to  save  outside  private  architects'  fees.  The 
work,  he  says  can  be  all  done  by  the  bureau 
which  has  been  established  for  the  purpose. 
But  as  a  matter  of  fact  the  Government 
architectural  officials  are  not  satisfied.  If  a 
building  of  any  credit  to  the  community  has 
to  be  erected,  the  outside  architect  is  called 
in  or  a  competition  is  arranged.  The 
outside  architect,  we  are  told,  is  intrusive, 
though  no  good  building  can  be  erected 
without  him.  So  it  was  that  a  com- 
mission was  appointed  with  a  leading 
architect  of  New  York  at  its  head,  who, 
after  travelling  over  Europe,  came  back  with 
a  proposition  to  improve  Washington  at  a 
cost  of  -'()0,()0(),0()Odols.  The  highest  and 
dearest  residential  land  in  the  city,  this 
Senator  says,  were  selected  for  the  scheme— 
a  most  costly  jjlan  ;  the  State,  War,  and  Navy 
Building,  an  enoimous  structure,  formed  part 
of  it,  and  it  will  bo  the  largest  building  in 
that  city.  It  will  cost  considerably  over  ten 
million  dollars.  The  Act  approved  in  189;i 
provides  for  a  competition  of  fivo  architects, 
that  the  successful  architect  be  paid  for 
his  services,  and  tho  supervision  of 
the  work  shall  be  under  the  supervising 
architect  of  the  Treasury  Department, 
Mr.    J.    K.    Taylor.     That    official's   letter, 


which  was  read,  defines  the  compensation 
paid  to  private  architects  by  tho  department 
— viz.,  .>  per  cent,  on  the  cost  of  the  work 
executed  for  full  professional  services  in- 
cluding supervision,  which  is  the  fee  fixed  by 
the  American  Institute  of  .Vrchitects ;  but 
Mr.  J.  K.  Taylor,  the  supervising  architect, 
explains  that  the  architect  so  engaged  is 
burdened  by  a  considerable  amount  of  clerical 
work  and  correspondence  with  tho  department, 
and  the  work  is,  therefore,  not  so  profitable  to 
him  as  private  practice.  He  has  also  to 
employ  specialists  for  several  branches  con- 
nected with  heating,  the  electric  installation, 
ifcc,  all  of  which  fulls  upon  him.  This  com- 
munication is  an  important  one,  as  it  shows 
the  official  and  responsible  mind  towards  the 
question  in  debate,  and  goes  to  disabuse  the 
public  mind  of  the  proportion  of  profits 
secured  by  architects  who  have  the  charge  of 
public  buildings,  both  in  America  and  in  this 
country.  There  is  a  popular  idea  prevalent 
that  an  architect  of  a  large  and  costly  build- 
ing nets  a  considerable  profit ;  but,  as  the 
supervising  architect  points  out,  the  cost  of 
rent  of  a  city  office,  the  hire  of  clerks  and 
typewriters,  and  of  those  who  superintend 
the  building  operations,  swallows  up  a  large 
proportion  of  the  5  per  cent.,  and  leaves  him 
not  more  than  2  per  cent.  A  well-organised 
office,  employing  well-trained  draughtsmen 
and  specialists  and  superintendents,  can  make 
a  great  difference  in  the  result  as  to  cost. 
We  all  know,  too,  what  a  difference  it  makes  in 
tendering,  or  "  bids,"  whether  the  details 
and  specifications  and  quantities  are  skilfully 
or  roughly  prepared. 

As  we  have  said,  the  debate  of  the  Senate 
turned  largely  on  the  additions  to  the  White 
House,  and  it  is  instructive  as  showing  the 
conflicting  opinions  held  on  architectural 
questions.  We  are  glad  to  find  a  few  senators 
have  a  less  prejudiced  mind  on  these  ques- 
tions. Thus,  one  of  the  senators,  Mr. 
Drj'den,  referring  to  the  addition  to  the 
White  House,  said  it  was  only  fair  to  say 
that  the  architects  who  did  the  addition  had 
done  some  of  the  most  beautiful  architectural 
work  in  the  world.  The  outside  designer 
"  is  often  at  a  disadvantage,  because  he  is 
restricted  or  dictated  to  by  his  employers." 
He  also  asserted  that  "  the  Government, 
in  the  prosecution  of  these  great  enter- 
prises, ought  to  select  the  best  talent  in  the 
land,  and  the  best  talent  is  the  cheapest," 
an  opinion  that  will  be  shared  by  most 
enlightened  men.  Mr.  Dryden  knew  some- 
thing about  architects  and  the  methods 
of  selecting  designs  in  competition.  The 
argument,  as  in  most  discussions  of  this 
kind,  turns  on  the  relative  value  of  the 
architect's  work  compared  with  his  fees.  Of 
course,  this  is  tho  usual  way  which  the  public 
and  committee,  composed  often  of  ignorant 
men,  approach  the  question.  Are  the  archi- 
tect's services  and  design  worth  the  money, 
when  it  might  be  done  for  half  the  commis- 
sion ?  The  debate  was  very  erratic,  and  wan- 
dered about  a  great  deal.  Then  we  have  dis- 
cussions on  the  advantages  and  disadvantages 
of  competition,  the  amount  of  labour  involved 
by  architects  who  make  competitive  designs, 
on  specification,  on  supervision  of  works, 
professional  fees,  on  styles  of  architecture, 
and  the  history  of  the  art.  Oa  this  last 
subject  Mr.  Newland  descanted  with  some 
ability ;  he  also  enlightened  tho  senators 
when  he  reminded  them  that,  according  to  the 
rules  of  the  architectural  associations  atliliated 
with  the  Institute  of  .irchitects,  tho  charge  of 
architects  for  alterations  and  improvements  of 
an  existing  building  is  ton  per  cent.  But  tho 
principal  point  of  his  remarks  refers  to  his 
reply  to  Mr.  Halo,  who  sa'd  that  it  was  un- 
necessary to  go  to  trained  architects  for 
work  when  they  had  such  buildings  as  tho 
Treasury  Dopartmont,  tho  I'atont  Office,  and 
the  I'ost  Olhce  as  examples  of  good  archi- 
tocturo.  Mr.  Newlands  remarked  that  tho 
Smithsonian  building  was  the  work  of  one  of 
tho  best  architects  of  tho  time,  and  its  pro- 


portions indicate  that  a  trained  and  artistic 
architect  accomplished  that  work,  and  he 
pointed  also  to  the  Capitol  as  tho  work  of  Dr. 
Thornton,  one  of  the  leading  architects  of  the 
country,  followed  up  by  Mr.  Walter,  another 
of  the  greatest  architects  of  the  time.  The 
Treasury  and  the  Patent  (JlUce  were  also  the 
works  of  accomplished  architects  of  the 
I)eriod.  Tho  same  speaker  traced  the  archi- 
tecture of  the  country  from  the  early  history 
of  the  liepublio  when  the  European  traditions 
were  followed  ;  tho  Colonial  style  and  repro- 
duction of  Continental  or  Classic  models, 
generally  the  work  of  great  architects,  coming 
down  to  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  an 
era  in  which  all  tradition  was  thrown  aside, 
and  architecture  was  left  to  carpenters  and 
builders.  Since  the  Chicago  Exposition  a 
revival  of  architecture  has  taken  place,  due 
to  the  enthusiastic  acts  of  men  belonging  to 
the  Institute  of  Architects,  which  is  so 
much  criticised.  The  I'ension  building  he 
described  as  a  monstrosity  ;  the  new  Post 
Office,  designed  in  the  office  of  the  super- 
vising architect,  admittedly  an  inferior  build- 
ing, and  the  State,  War,  and  Navy  Build- 
ing, also  designed  in  the  same  office, 
which,  though  not  so  bad,  could  not 
compare  with  the  Capitol  or  with  the  Patent 
Offise,  Treasury,  or  White  House  in  artistic 
effect.  The  earlier  remarks  made  by  Mr. 
Newlands  in  this  discussion  are  worth  atten- 
tion also.  He  pointed  out  that  there  is  no 
body  of  men  in  the  United  States  more 
maligned  than  the  architects,  because  ol  un- 
familiarity  with  the  subject,  and  he  observed 
that  the  compensation  fixed  by  the  Associa- 
tion of  Architects  is  as  follows  : — 1  per  cent, 
for  preliminary  drawings,  3.t  per  cent,  for 
plans  without  supervision,  and  5  per  cent,  for 
plans  with  supervision — a  rule  that  is  uni- 
versal in  the  States.  "So,"  he  observes, 
"  when  you  fix  a  leas  compensation  in  the 
bill  you  necessarily  exclude  from  its  opera- 
tion those  educated  and  trained  men  who 
belong  to  this  association.  '  He  stoutly  pro- 
tested against  any  suggestion  that  the  pro- 
fession, by  combining  for  the  advancement 
of  art  and  their  own  protection,  are  promoting 
in  the  wrong  sense  a  "trust"  or  monopoly 
—a  view  held  by  the  Senator  from  New 
Hampshire,  and  we  know  entertained  in  this 
country  also  by  many  who  object  to  pro- 
fessional combinations  of  any  sort.  Mr. 
Newlands  referred  to  the  improvement  con- 
templated at  Washington  :  the  erection  of  a 
great  station  building  provided  for  by  Con- 
gress, a  structure  to  be  put  up  by  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad  and  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railroad  Companies  at  a  cost  of  three  million 
dollars.  These  corporations  went  to  one  of  the 
leading  architects,  Mr.  Burnham,  of  Chicago, 
who  combines  with  the  artistic  sense  the 
highest  business  and  engineering  capacities, 
the  man  who  showed  in  the  Chicago  Exposi- 
tion the  possibilities  of  .\merican  architecture. 
And  these  were  promoted  by  the  Association, 
and  are  graduates  of  the  art  schools  of  Paris, 
who  had  spent  years  on  training.  The 
speaker  also  refers  to  the  public  library  of 
Boston,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  buildings 
in  the  United  States,  designed  and  cou- 
structed  by  Mr.  Mclvim,  the  architect  of  the 
White  House,  now  tho  object  of  criticism. 
Did  the  city  of  Boston  haggle  with  Mr. 
McKim  as  to  the  compensation  he  received  ;■' 
Messrs.  CarrOre  and  Hastings,  of  New  York, 
undertook  the  great  public  library  of  that 
city,  and  occupied  two  buildings  with  an 
army  of  men  engaged  in  the  work  of  design- 
ing that  structure.  .'V  good  word  is  said  on 
behalf  of  tho  .Association  of  .Vrchitects.  ""  who 
are  doing  more  in  this  country  to  make  it 
beautiful  and  attractive  than  any  other 
body  of  men  in  tho  country,  and  are  doing 
a  higher  public  service  than  any  other 
association  of  men."  Reference  is  made  to 
the  criticism  on  tho  White  House.  "  We 
limited  the  appropriation  to  .">00,000  dollars. 
Tho  question  was  whether  the  architects 
should   put  on    additions    to   the   building, 


608 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


April  29,  1904. 


-whicli  would  entirely  subordinate  it,  and 
destroy  its  individuality  in  the  beauty  of  tbe 
new ;  or  whether  they  should  maintain  the 
simple  individuality  of  that  historic  building  ; 
and  we  owe  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  Mr.  Mclvim 
— if  for  nothing  else — that  he  decided  to  hold 
to  the  individualised  White  House  as  it 
existed  for  a  hundred  years,  not  changing  it 
or  altering  it  at  all,  but  completing  it  accord- 
ing to  the  original  plans. "  Whether  the  law 
required  the  architect  not  to  change  the 
exterior  appearance  of  that  building  or  not, 
as  suggested  by  other  members,  is  not  quite 
clear  from  the  debate. 

There  are  those  in  the  Senate — as  there  are 
in  all  representative  bodies — who  are  desirous 
of  dispensing  with  private  architectural  firms. 
One  prominent  member  from  New  Hamp- 
shire expressed  the  hope  "  that  the  time  is 
not  far  distant  when  the  office  of  the  super- 
vising architect  of  the  Treasury  department 
will  be  made  sufficiently  competent  to  take 
charge  of  all  public  buildings,  and  not  put 
the  State  at  the  mercy  of  private  firms."  But 
it  has  been  proved  that  no  official  department 
is  equal  to  the  task  of  designing  buildings  of 
artistic  merit.      The  very   constitution  and 
routine   of   a   Government    department    are 
inimical.    The  work  transacted  in  such  offices 
falls  into  a  groove  ;  the  supervising  architect 
is  restricted  at  evei'y   turn ;   and  if  he  has 
personal  taste  it  has  seldom  a  free  exercise. 
The   supervising  architect  is   selected   upon 
a  Civil  Service  examination,  which,  as  every- 
one finds    out,    does    not    profess    to   make 
architects,  but  only  qualified  surveyors.   The 
result  is   unsatisfactory.     When    all  public 
buildings    are    designed    by    one    official, 
the     architecture     sinks    into     a     sort     of 
groove ;  thus   one  of  the  supervising  archi- 
tects  had   a  fad  for  Mansard  roofs,   which 
sprang   up   everywhere    in    his   area.      The 
debate    discloses    much     ignorance    of    the 
architect's    professional    work.       Thus     the 
Senator  from  Maine  complains  of  having  to 
pay  a  big  percentage  to  his  own  architect  for 
designing  three  houses  and  a  contractor  to 
manage  the  work  ;   but  it  turned  out  in  the 
discussion  that  the  architect  was  only  paid 
'2^  per  cent,  for  these,  which  covered  simply 
the    plans    without    supervision  —  a     very 
different  thing.     Such  a  fee,  of  course,  in- 
volves no  supervision  and  no  responsibility 
whatever  as  to  construction.      The  law,  as 
pointed  out,  is  clear,  and  runs  as  follows : 
— ' '  The  law  that  authorises  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  to  adopt  this  method  of  pro- 
curing designs,  known  as  the  'Tarsney  Act,' 
provides  that,  in   carrying  it  into  efiect,  the 
successful  architect  is  to  have  local  super- 
vision of  the  construction,    the  function  of 
the  office  of  the  supervising  architect  being 
of  an  advisory    or   a    supervisory    nature." 
Thus  the  architect  is  to  have  the  local  super- 
vision of  the  construction  and  of  the  contract. 
When  it  is  established  on  evidence  that  the 
supervising  architect  receives,    fpr   making 
plans  and  supervising  Government  buildings, 
5  per  cent.,  we  are  at  a  loss  to  ixnderstand  on 
what  ground  they  can  object  to  pay  the  same 
commission  for  men   of  talent  outside.     It 
was  produced  in  evidence  that  from  every 
appropriation  that    is    made    for    a  public 
building    costing,     say,    a     million    dollars 
(£50,000),   5  per  cent,  is    set  aside  by  the 
supervising    architect  for  the    expenses    of 
the    plans    and    superintendence.     As    was 
pointed     out    by     one    member,     there    is 
no  economy  in  obtaining  a  design  for  a  public 
building  from  a  leading  architect  for  a  less 
sum  than  5  per  cent.,  and  afterwards  placing 
them  in  the  hands  of  the  supervising  archi- 
tect to  carry  out,  thereby  exonerating  the 
designer  from  all  responsibility  in  the  execu- 
tion.    But  this  seems  to  be  the  cheeseparing 
policy  adopted  by  the  Treasury  Department 
in  many  of  their  public  offices.     The  conse- 
quence of  this  system  is  disastrous  for  archi- 
tecture.    Men  are  encouraged  to  prepare  a 
design  for  an   extravagant   scheme   without 
any  regard  to  the  practical  natui-e  of  their 


construction,  knowing  that  they  will  not  be 
answerable  for  any  defect  in  the  design, 
being  paid  their  2.1  per  cent,  before  the  work 
commences.  The  supervising  architect  has  a 
design  thrust  upon  him,  of  which  he  knows 
very  little ;  here  and  there  it  is  altered  and 
modified  to  bring  it  down  in  cost,  and  these 
alterations  often  mar  the  design.  The  archi- 
tect is  quite  irresponsible  for  the  result, 
the  government  officials  manage  to  spoil  the 
architect's  work  between  them,  and  the 
public  obtains  a  building,  the  joint  production 
of  an  outside  designer  and  a  state  official, 
which  is  disappointing  to  all  concerned.  The 
most  able  staff  of  superintendents  are  in- 
capable of  rendering  the  artistic  sense  of 
the  architect.  These  are  the  questions 
that  have  engaged  the  attention  of  the 
Chamber  of  Washington.  They  clearly  prove 
the  utter  inability  of  a  legislator  or  politician 
to  understand  the  fundamental  principles  or 
the  practice  of  the  profession. 


PICTURES    AT   THE    KOYAL 
ACADEMY.— I. 

PROBABLY  there  is  no  better  indication 
of  the  character  of  a  representative  or 
national  exhibition  of  pictures,   such  as  that 
of   Burlington   House,  than  the  proportion 
which  subject  pictures  bear  to  other  kinds  of 
work.     By  subject  pictures  we  mean  com- 
positions of  an  historical,  romantic,  symbolic, 
or  genre   character.      In   regard    to    such   a 
qualification,    the   present    Royal  Academy 
collection    is   fairly   good.     To    the   outside 
public  "  a  good  Academy  "  often  means  two 
or   three    sensational   pictures.     Rortraiture 
and  landscape,  especiallj-  the  former,  is,  as 
usual,    very    strongly    represented,    though 
there  is  very  much  of  the  former,   at  least, 
that  would  have  been  better  unhung.    As  we 
pass    through    the    Academy    galleries    we 
notice   the    small    quantity   of    really   good 
pictures   overwhelmed  by   the  inclusion   of 
work   of  the  most    ordinary    and  mediocre 
kind.     And  in  landscapes  also  it  is  the  pic- 
tures that  catch  the  public  taste,  or  that  sell, 
that  are  predominant,   and  even  some  of  our 
leading  landscapists    cannot   overcome  this 
weakness.     We    should    like    to    see    more 
decorative  treatment  in  portraiture — that  is 
to  say,  a  power  of  design  in  arranging  the 
materials  of  the  portrait  and  background. 
Of  landscapes,  B.  W.  Leader  is  still  one  of 
the  foremost  contributors,  no  less  than  four 
finding  a  place.     "  Evening,"  a  view  of  Bury 
Church  on  the  Arun,   and  "Evening''  in  a 
Surrey    pine  wood,    are     two    of    his    best. 
J.  MacAVhirter  has  also   four  subjects,    all 
Scotch  ;  Ernest  Parton,  a  summer  scene  in 
the  woods  with  birch,   beech,  and  bracken  ; 
Alfred   Parsons,  a  river  scene   in  the  West 
Country ;    Arthur    Hacker,    ' '  The    End   of 
Summer,"  hardly   equal   to    his   thoughtful 
work  "Leaf  Drift"  of  last  year.     Of  sea- 
scapes, C.  Xapier   Hemy,   "  The  Lifeboat," 
"  Got  'em  All,"  "  Haul  Aft !  "  being  notice- 
able.    Good  examples  of  subject  pictures  are 
sent  by   Stanhope   II.   Forbes,    "The  Seine 
Boat,"   by  Herbert  Draper  ;     "The  Golden 
Fleece";  "Sea  Melodies,"   by  T.  C.  Gotch; 
"  Olga,"  by  Haynes  King:     "The    Latest 
Intelligence  "  ;      Sir    James     D.     Linton, 
"The     Taming    of     the     Shrew'';    Briton 
Riviere,  "Youth";    Frank  Spenlove-Spen- 
love,  "Too  Late";  G.  A.  Storey,  "Pluto's 
Messenger";   J.    A.   Dollmaa,    "Famine." 
These  are  among  the    best  ;    but    there  is 
much    feeble    sentiment    and    lack    of    in- 
vention    in     a     large     proportion    of    such 
pictures.    Honest  endeavour,  but  uninspired, 
is  one  of  the  chief  attributes  we  notice  in 
many  of  the  subjects  of  this  class.     There  is 
plenty  of  careful  di'aughtsmanship  and  learned 
or  "  literary"  skill  revealed,  but  little  appeal 
to  the  emotions. 

Confining  our  attention  in  this  notice  to  a 
few  of  the  more  notable  pictures  in  the  first 
two   or    three   galleries,,  we  remark  a  few 


works  in  the  first  gallery,  amongst  them 
J.  AV.  North's  bright  vision,  "The  Brightest 
Days  "  (4) ;  Maurice  Griin's  Brittany  interior, 
"Home  Again''  (15);  B.  W.  Leader's  fine 
silvery-toned  "  A  Sandy  Shore  on  the  South 
Coast"  (14),  full  of  clear  light  and  distant 
rippling  sea  and  hillocks  of  sand  with  tufts  of 
grass  and  sea-holly.  Briton  Riviere's  "  Youth," 
Alfred  Parsons'  admirable  landscape,  ' '  In  the 
West  Country"  (18),  and  Davis's  "The 
Surrey  Hills  "  (GO)  ;  the  grand  sea  and  rock 
subject  by  Peter  Graham  (50),  and  the  touch- 
ing boat  scene  by  Stanhope  Forbes  (Gl),  "  A 
Rescue  at  Dawn."  Oi  a  few  of  these 
we  ma}-  have  something  to  say  next  week. 
One  of  AV.  (j.  Orchardson's  three  subjects  is 
"  The  Lyric  "  (89),  a  young  lady  in  pale  pink 
low-cut  dress  before  a  piano  with  harp- 
shaped  back.  She  is  listlessly  reclining 
in  her  chair,  with  a  piece  of  paper  and 
pencil  in  her  hands.  Her  music  lies  on 
the  floor,  near  a  small  round  table, 
and  the  whole  is  painted  with  con- 
summate feeling,  in  a  harmony  of  tones 
precisely  the  painter's  own.  E.  A.  Abbey 
sends  a  large  subject  picture  "  A  Measure  " 
(114),  a  young  lady  in  white  dress  at  the 
bottom  of  a  flight  of  stone  steps,  dancing. 
In  her  right  hand  she  daintily  holds  up  the 
full  skirt  of  her  dress ;  round  her  bare  neck 
is  a  fine- gold  necklace,  with  turquoise  pen- 
dant. She  is  gracefully  posed  as  she  makes 
her  step  to  the  music  of  two  mandoline  players 
on  the  staircase.  On  the  upper  landing  are 
seen  a  group  of  figures,  and  there  is  an 
arcaded  terrace  at  a  lower  level.  The  theme  has 
a  Shakespearian  air  ;  but  the  main  interest 
centres  in  the  graceful  figure  of  the  lady  dancer, 
who  is  in  strong  light.  Leaning  on  the 
massive  pedestal  at  the  bottom  of  stairs  is  an 
admirer  in  dark  purple  cloak,  watching  her 
movements.  The  composition  does  the  painter 
full  justice  :  it  is  full  of  dramatic  force  and 
harmony ;  the  warm  light  which  comes  through 
the  arcaded  openings  above,  through  which 
the  blue  sky  is  seen,  and  the  softened  tones 
and  reflected  light  on  the  wall  and  floor  of 
vestibule,  are  skilfully  managed ;  but  the 
details  of  staircase  and  balcony  are  i-ather 
weak.  On  either  side  of  this  picture  are  two 
fine  landscapes,  one  by  David  Murray,  "  The 
A'aUey  of  the  Stour,  East  Bergholt,  Suffolk," 
and  Sir  Ernest  Waterlow's  ' '  A  Showery 
Summer  Daj-."  Close  by  to  the  right  is  an 
admirable  portrait  of  "  Sir  William  Emer- 
son," by  J.  J.  Shannon  (119).  The  ex-Presi- 
dent of  the  R.I.B.A.  is  standing  in  a 
characteristic  attitude  in  his  library,  his 
right-hand  resting  on  a  table,  on  which  is  a 
plan  of  a  basilican-domed  church — apparently 
the  selected  design  for  Liverpool  Cathedral, 
submitted  in  the  abortive  competition  of 
twenty  years  ago.  The  President  has  one  of 
his  three  pictures  in  this  gallery  ;  ' '  The 
Nymph's  Bathing  Place  "  (HI)  is  a  work  of 
much  beauty  and  scholarly  execution,  to 
which  we  may  refer  again.  The  fair  nymph, 
with  rich  auburn  hair,  is  seated  on  a  ledge  of 
rock  in  a  sort  of  natural  alcove  formed  in 
the  banks  of  a  rushing  stream.  She  holds 
the  stem  of  a  small  tree  which  grows  out  of 
the  rock  while  she  is  putting  her  left  foot  in 
the  swirling  water.  Her  drapery,  of  a  delicate 
shade  of  red,  is  loosely  thrown  over  the  rock 
forming  a  seat.  The  nymph  bends  her  head 
down  and  looks  into  the  water  at  her  feet, 
and  her  whole  attitude  is  extremely  graceful. 
The  modelling,  light  and  shade,  and  flesh 
tints,  and  the  folds  of  the  soft  drapery  are 
almost  perfect.  T.  C.  Gotch  in  "Olga— a 
Portrait,"  (159)  is  a  delightful  study  of  a 
young  girl  in  white  satin  frock  seated  on  a 
carved  chair  against  a  background  of  rich 
pale  green  brocaded  silk.  She  has  light  hair 
falling  over  her  shoulders  and  down  her 
dress  ;  the  child  holds  a  small  green-covered 
book  in  her  delicately- shaped  fingers.  There 
are  dignity  and  innocence  in  the  child-like 
simplicity  of  this  fair  little  maiden,  which 
attracts  as  much  by  its  unconventionality  as 
by  its  harmony.     Passing  into  Gallery  III. , 


April  29,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


609 


the  fii'st  pictui'o  that  strikes  us  is  "  The  Seine 
Boat,"  by  Stanhope  A.  Forbes  (lliT);  a  small 
boat  in  which  is  the  old  fisherman  with  oar, 
and  another  at  the  rudder,  while  throe  other 
men  and  a  boy  are  sighting  a  shoal  of 
mackerel.  The  deep  blue  sea,  distant  banks, 
and  sk}-,  form  a  background  to  the  ruddy 
faces  of  the  fishermen,  which  are  illumined 
by  an  evening  sun.  The  position  of  the  boat 
crossing  the  picture  at  an  angle,  and  partly 
cut  off  by  tae  lower  part  of  the  frame,  is 
clever.  At  the  favoured  position  at  end  of 
gallery  is  the  large,  full-length  seated  portrait 
of  "The  Countess  of  Lathom,"  by  John  S. 
Sargent.  She  wears  a  dark  prune-coloured 
velvet  dress  with  low  body,  the  blue  wraps  of 
her  cloak  being  thrown  on  the  back  of  the 
chair.  The  pose  of  head,  bare  neck  and 
shoulders,  and  arms  of  the  Countess  are  very 
charmingly  painted,  and  show  a  dignified 
grace  in  the  work.  The  Countess  sits  in  a 
recess  or  alcove  formed  by  a  stone  dado,  with 
dark  blue  curtains  falling  over  the  base  of  a 
column.  Ou  either  side  is  an  ably-painted 
landscape.  One  is  by  Amesby  Brown, 
"The  Bridge,' — cows  passing  over  a  country 
bridge  between  meadows  ;  the  effect  of  misty 
atmosphere  and  sunlight  being  very  subtly 
rendered.  The  other  is  a  bay  of  a  deep  blue 
sea  partially  surrounded  by  rocky  cliffs  ; 
a  town  lies  below  in  the  foreground,  the 
ramparts  or  fortified  walls  of  which  form  a 
powerful  setting.  The  cliffs  are  partially  lit 
by  the  rising  sun,  which  imparts  a  golden 
radiance  to  them.  The  tiled  roofs  of  houses 
above  the  terrace  formed  by  the  forti- 
fications make  a  forcible  composition.  H.  W. 
B.  Davis's  "Thorn  Trees  on  a  Breconshire 
Hillside  "  (180)  is  a  charming  piece  of  hilly 
scenery.  An  old  thorn  tree,  with  gnarled 
trunk  glistening  with  white  blossom,  rises 
from  a  sloping  meadow  on  which  sheep  are 
feeding  and  reposing.  Beyond  is  the  blj.e 
streak  of  a  river  and  distant  hills.  The  sun- 
light effect  is  admirable.  G.  F.  Watts's 
picture  or  portrait  of  "  Lilian  ''  (179),  a  fair 
young  girl  in  straw  hat  and  smocked  white 
dress  carrying  a  basket  full  of  roses,  is 
eminently  decorative  in  treatment.  The 
face  of  the  maiden  and  her  burden  appeal 
to  the  spectator  by  their  very  simplicity  and 
power. 

In  the  place  of  honour,  on  the  long  wall 
noted  for  the  late  President's  work,  is  a  grand 
seapiece  by  David  Farquharson  "  Full  Moon 
and  Spring, Tide"  (195),  a  boisterous  sea  lit 
up  in  parts  by  the  rising  moon,  a  headland 
of  dark  hills  forming  a  portion  of  the  canvas. 
These  stand  out  against  a  moonlit  sky.  Along 
the  foot  of  the  hills  is  a  small  village, 
forming  a  kind  of  bay ;  the  sea  has  over- 
flowed the  banks,  and  submerged  a  portion 
of  the  roadway.  The  glistening  sea,  the 
streak  of  light  on  the  horizon,  and  the  dark 
sea  beyond  makes  a  powerful  impression. 
Above  this  work  is  a  large  canvas  by  Frank 
Brangwyn  (196),  "Departure  of  Lancaster 
for  the  East  Indies  "—one  of  the  series  of 
decorative  panels  for  the  Skinners'  Company. 
Mr.  Brangwyn  has  displayed  his  usual 
technique  in  the  composition.  There  is  a 
strength  and  opulence  in  the  work.  The 
group  of  figures  and  merchandise  and  the 
masses  of  liglit  and  shadow  and  colour  are 
decoratively  handled  as  in  a  mosaic.  On 
the  opposite  side  of  gallery  we  notice  Sir  L. 
-Vlma  Tadema's  only  contribution,  "The 
Ever -Now  Horizon,"  three  daintily  -  clad 
maidens,  in  doliiate  tones  of  green  and  citron, 
drapery,  peering  over  the  blui>  sea  at  the  end 
of  a  marble  terrace  or  balcony :  the  return 
parapet  of  which  cuts  at  an  angle  into  the 
lower  side  of  fr.imo.  The  principal  liauro  is 
a  dark  gui,  who  holds  her  green  shawl  to 
screen  the  sun's  rays  from  hor  eyes,  and  is 
standing  .against  a  square  marble  pier 
which  cuts  off  a  large  portion  of  the  view. 
On  the  farther  side  of  balcony  a  golden- 
haired  girl  is  looking  in  an  oppos'ito  direction 
over  the  sea,  and  screening  lior  eyes  by  her 
hand.     At  the  foot  of  terrace  tlie  sandy  shore 


is  just  visible.  It  is  full  of  subtle  grace  and 
refinement.  In  the  centre  of  long  wall  is  a 
large  upright  canvas  by  Solomon  J.  Solomon, 
entitled  "  An  Allegory,"  a  figure — probably 
of  the  Messiah — borne  by  angels  ovuv  a  deep 
blue  sea.  The  hull  of  a  stranded  vessel  and  two 
sleeping  maidens  repose  in  the  foreground 
under  the  vision.  We  do  not  suggest  a 
reading — probably  the  subject  is  symbolic  ; 
but  as  a  composition  the  work  has  much 
power  and  beauty  of  conception.  We  cm 
only  brieflj'  notice  it  in  passing.  Sir  E.  J. 
Poynter,  the  I'resident,  has  a  figure  subject 
(240),  "  Asterie,"  suggested  from  the  lines 
in  Hor.  Od.  iii.  7.  The  young  maiden 
in  delicate  pink  drapery  is  looking  over  a 
vase  of  pink  carnations.  Her  hair  is 
adorned  by  a  bunch  of  the  same  flowers,  and 
she  holds  a  white  carnation  in  her  hand  as 
she  leans  on  the  ledge  of  window,  through 
which  the  buildings  of  the  Italian  city 
appear, 

C.  Napier  Hemy's  fine  grey-toned  view  of 
"  London  River  ''  (236),  a  tug  drawing  a  large 
three-masted  vessel,  and  Sir  Ernest  Water- 
low's  view  of  "  Bolton  Castle,  Yorkshire " 
(241)  may  be  noticed.  Marcus  Stone  has  one 
of  his  usual  sentimental  garden  -  subjects, 
pretty  and  delicate  in  colour,  "  The  Proposal 
Accepted. "  Charles  W.  Furze  has  a  re- 
markably clever  figure-subject  at  the  cornet 
of  gallery,  called  "Diana  of  the  Uplands," 
a  young  lady  in  pale  blue  silk  dress  holding 
in  a  leash  two  black-and-white  dogs.  The 
entire  figure  of  the  ladj-  is  painted  against 
the  rising  hill  which  forms  a  background. 
But  it  is  the  graceful  pose  of  the  young  lady 
as  she  leans  back,  with  one  hand  holding  her 
dogs  and  the  other  holding  her  hat,  that  is 
the  main  point  in  the  work.  The  painter  has 
more  than  once  shown  his  ability  in  the 
design  of  his  figures  and  horses.  Here  he 
has  succeeded  in  giving  us  a  picture  suggest- 
ing movement  and  open  air  in  a  remarkable 
manner.  As  a  painter  of  battle  scenes, 
W.  B.  AVollen  has  scored  a  great  success  in 
his  "  Waterloo :  '  The  line  will  advance  ! '  " 
— a  very  clever  representation,  realistically 
painted,  of  one  of  the  last  actions.  Near  it 
Frank  Dicksee's  portrait  of  Mrs.  Frank 
Shuttle  worth  before  a  small  ormolu  table 
with  a  glass  bowl  of  purple  and  red  poppies, 
is  wonderful  in  its  technique,  the  texture  and 
sheen  of  the  rich  brown  dress,  and  other 
details  of  the  background.  The  portraits 
of  Right  Hon.  .loseph  Chamberlain  by 
H.  von  Herkomer,  and  of  the  Lord 
Chief  Baron  of  Ireland  in  his  robes  ; 
also  the  stately  full-length  standing  figure 
of  "  Her  Grace  the  Duchess  of  Sutherland  " 
(20(5),  hung  in  the  corner,  in  a  green  robe  of 
rich  design  over  white,  by  John  S.  Sargent, 
and  the  portrait  of  "Miss  Marie  Stud- 
holme,"  by  Harrington  Mann,  are  excellent. 
"The  Golden  Fleece  "  (199),  by  Herbert  J. 
Draper,  is  a  powerful  picture.  The  incident 
of  the  "Golden  Fleece"  is  that  in  which — 
"  hotly  pursued  by  the  king  her  father, 
Medea  east  her  brother  into  the  sea  to  drown, 
that  the  king  should  rescue  his  son's  body, 
and  the  persuit  be  delayed."  The  young  son 
is  about  to  be  thrown  into  the  sea,  imploring 
his  sister  to  desist.  The  oarsmen  and  figures 
are  full  of  life  and  vigour,  and  the  colour 
contrast  rich  and  strong. 

One  other  remarkable  picture  remains  to 
be  noticed  briefly  in  this  rapid  survey,  in 
which  that  talented  jiainter,  !Miss  Lucy  Kemp- 
Welch,  has  distinguished  herself — "  Hauling 
Timber  in  the  New  Forest."  It  is  a  large 
picture  of  some  length,  hung  in  Gallery  \'., 
and  representing  a  powerful  team  of  horses 
dragging  waggons  of  timber  up  a  steep  slope 
or  hillside.  Each  of  theso  animals  is  a  stud}-, 
anatomically  and  artistically  drawn,  and 
displaying  in  the  eyes  and  limbs  the  energy 
and  vigour  required  in  such  a  laborious  task. 
But  the  iU(  ture  has  also  the  merit  of  arrange- 
ment in  the  horses  and  men  with  their  loads 
as  they  are  led  along  the  rough  ground.  We 
have  no  hesitation   in  saying  this  is  one  of 


the  ablest  works  of  this  lady-painter  of 
horses,  and  is  one  of  the  best  pictures  of  tha 
year. 

t-^m^m^ 

ARCHITECrURE  AT    THE  ROYAL 
ACADEMY.— I. 

THE  drawings  in  the  gallery  devoted  to 
Architecture  at  Burlington  House  are 
very  well  balanced  and  hung  this  year, 
and  generallj'  may  be  said  to  be  far  from 
devoid  of  interest,  though  not  a  few  are 
chosen  from  among  the  rejected  of  previous 
exhibitions.  An  undue  preference  on  th« 
present  occasion  appears  to  have  been  accorded 
to  unsuccessful  competition  designs,  and  there 
are,  as  usual,  some  exhibits  no  worse  or  better 
hung,  which  by  no  standard  of  excellence  can 
be  said  to  justify  their  inclusion.  We  hoped 
the  new  rules  would  have  enabled  the  Hang- 
ing Committee  to  have  exercised  a  little  more 
judgment.  It  would  really  encourage  critics 
and  exhibitors  alike  to  recognise  a  more 
serious  endeavour  to  avoid  flagrant  incon- 
gruities of  selection  such  as  those  referred  to. 

The  architect  members  this  year  are  by 
no  means  strongly  represented.  The  only 
contribution  by  Mr.  Aston  Webb,  R.A. , 
is  a  view  with  plan  (forming  his  Diploma 
work)  of  the  revised  design  for  the  ' '  Pro- 
posed Architectural  Treatment  of  the  Sui-- 
roundings  of  the  National  Memorial  to 
Queen  Victoria  in  front  of  Buckingham 
Palace.''  The  scheme  has  not  in  any  degree 
been  improved  by  the  modifications  imposed 
by  those  in  authority,  and  although  we  re- 
cognise careful  revision  in  parts,  such  as  the 
dwarf  screen  immediately  in  front  of  the 
Palace,  it  must  remain  a  matter  of  regret 
that  Mr.  Aston  Webb's  fine  and  original  idea 
of  a  skirting  roadway  outside  the  confines  of 
his  architectural  composition  should  have 
been  abandoned.  The  second  post  of  honour 
in  the  gallery  is  devoted  to  the  accepted  design 
for  the  new  L^niversity  of  South  Wales  and 
Moumouthshii'e,  illustrated  by  a  hirdseye 
perspective,  and  also  by  a  detailei  view  of 
the  principal  entrance,  the  architect  being 
Mr.  William  D.  Cariie.  The  building  is  well 
designed,  and  ranks  perhaps  as  the  most 
important  and  architecturally  successful 
undertaking  associated  with  the  name  of  its 
architect.  The  absence  of  the  detailed  plans 
makes  a  comparison  with  Mr.  John  Belcher's 
scheme  for  the  same  L'niversity  difficult, 
particularly  as  the  latter  lacks  the  advantage 
of  being  shown  in  perspective.  The  hall 
block  of  Mr.  Cariie's  design  appears  to  be  the 
most  original-looking  portion  in  the  group- 
ing, for  the  main  fa(,^ade  of  the  buildings  m 
front  of  the  great  court  suffers  from  a  degree 
of  coarseness  in  detail,  such,  for  example,  as 
the  sloped  inverts  of  the  otherwise  semi- 
circular arcade  of  the  central  pavilion,  and 
the  square  -  topped  pavilions  seen  from 
below  can  hardly  be  said  to  make  pleasing 
features,  even  if  they  diversify  the  florid 
monotony  of  the  too-equally-spaoed  fene- 
stration which  dominates  the  elevations 
without  obtaining  the  relief  of  contrast. 
The  roofs  are  flat,  and  have  a  series  of 
hooded  skylights,  no  doubt  admirable  enough 
for  lighting  classrooms  and  galleries, 
though  in  the  bird's-eye  view  those  things 
obtain  too  much  prominence,  Mr.  W.  D. 
CariJe's  third  exhibit  we  illustrate  to-day. 
The  subject  is  the  iiew  premises  of  the 
Ivcclesiastical  Commissioners  at  Westminster 
(14.50)  now  in  course  of  erection  at  the  end  of 
-Vbingdon-street,  facing  the  Embankment 
Gardens,  adjoining  the  \'ictoria  Tower.  The 
scheme  is  vivacious,  and  free  from  the 
ponderous  rules  of  precedence ;  while  tfo 
dotjiil  evinces  an  endeavour  to  insure  the 
picturesiiue. 

Hanging  close  to  the  chosen  design  for 
the  Welsh  I^niversity  is  the  interior  of  tho 
Hall  of  ^[agdalen  College,  0.s;ford  (1J72). 
showing  the  new  massive  and  well-designeil 
timber  roof  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Bodloy,  R.A.. 
this     drawing     being     reproduce!     among 


610 


THE     BUILDING    NEWS. 


April  29,  1904. 


our  lithographic  plates  to-day.  The  water- 
colour,  by  which  the  work  is  represented, 
insures  the  brilliancy  of  tone  belonging 
to  the  pictures,  hangings,  and  furni- 
ture of  this  famous  hall.  The  best  praise 
we  can  accord  Mr.  Bodley  is  that  his 
additions  entirely  harmonise  with  the  spirit 
of  the  old  place,  and  do  not  detract  from  its 
historic  charm.  This  architect's  second  con- 
tribution to  the  present  gathering  is  a  some- 
what heavy  and  rather  conventional  drawing 
of  the  new"  tower  for  St.  John's  Church,  built 
for  Father  lienson  at  Cowley,  on  the  out- 
skirts of  Oxford.  The  ritual  arrange- 
ments of  this  (1581)  comparatively  small 
church  are  as  notable  as  the  excellence  of 
its  refined  architectural  detail.  The  plain 
simple  tower  helps  to  give  the  building 
breadth,  and  overcomes  a  perhaps  too  marked 
evidence  of  thinness,  which  possibly  came 
about  in  the  absence  of  this  finish  at  the  west 
end  facing  the  road. 

The  new  chapel  for  Hertford  College, 
Oxford,  is  Mr.  T.  G.  Jackson's  sole  exhibit, 
and  it  must  be  confessed  that  he  has  mostly 
been  seen  to  better  advantage.  The  chapel 
seems  a  small  building,  with  no  window  at 
the  end,  though  at  the  angle  there  is  a 
lanterned  turret  of  suitable  ordinal  iness,  and 
a  sort  of  loggia  of  two  arches  connects  this 
feature  with  the  adjacent  premises.  The 
windows  of  the  chajiel  are  flanked  by  attenu- 
ated columns  and  pilasters  resting  on  lofty 
pedestals,  and  crowned  by  bastard  capitals. 
Between  the  pedestals  are  two  arched  little 
lights  below  the  main  single  windows.  The 
shafts  to  the  cloister  have  annulets  oddly 
placed  about  their  entasis  without  any  evident 
object.  The  work  has  the  advantage  of  being 
drawn  by  the  architect  himself. 

Besides  his  competition  design  for  the 
AVelsh  University,  Mr.  John  Belcher,  A.R.A., 
shows  a  lightly-washed  study  of  the  interior 
of  the  Boardroom  of  the  Royal  Friendly 
Society  in  Finsbury  Square,  of  which  we 
illustrated  the  exterior  perspective  last 
Friday.  This  apartment  is  characteristic  of 
Mr.  Belcher's  capacity  for  well-studied  de- 
tail, and  indicates  a  taste  for  Pompeian  decora- 
tion. The  barrel- vaulted  ceiling  is  broken  by 
transverse  vaults  supported  bj'  coupled 
columns  dividing  the  room  into  bays.  A 
boldly-posed  clock  surmounts  the  entrance, 
and  the  woodwork  of  the  doors  is  quaintly 
treated  as  in  Earlier  work  rather  than  the 
style  of  the  "  Later  Classic."  Over  the  low- 
proportioned  chimney-piece  is  a  big  panel 
filled  with  decorative  architecture  shown  in 
perspective,  and  possibly  modelled  flatly  in 
plaster,  coloured.  The  drawing  may  be  at 
fault ;  but  somehow  this  interior  is  hardly  a 
success  (1621). 

On  the  same  wall  of  the  gallery  (1G34), 
Mr.  John  O.  Scott,  F.S.A.,  exhibits  the  new 
church  of  St.  John  at  Palmer's  Green,  of 
which  we  publish  a  double-page  plate.  The 
design  has  a  variety  of  skyline  and  degree  of 
originality  which  pleases  without  attempting 
too  marked  a  departure  from  the  character  of 
work  of  the  kind,  and  therefore  it  seems 
well  adapted  to  the  purposes  of  a  modem 
church.  Mr.  T.  E.  Colcutt  occupies  the  line 
with  a  not-too-satisfactory  water-colour  of 
his  Strand  additions  to  the  Savoy  Hotel 
(1G03),  the  foreground  of  the  picture  being 
crowded  with  figures  done  in  body-colour. 
The  silverj;  charm  of  the  n^w  walls  of  the 
buildings  is  quite  lost  in  this  picture,  which 
over-emphasises  tke  lininess  of  the  archi- 
tecture, and  fails  to  catch  the  tone  of  the 
particularly-effective  green  of  the  glazed 
faience-ribbed  tiles  which  Mr.  Colcutt  has  so 
happily  introduced.  We  only  hope  that  the 
grime  of  London  will  not  soon  spoil  the  effect 
now  so  graphic  in  th«  freshness  of  the  sun  of 
spring. 

Messrs.  Ernest  George  and  Yeates  have 
three  exhibits ;  of  these  a  coloured  new  per- 
spective gives  the  Royal  British  Pavilion,  St. 
Louis  Exhibition,  U.S.A.  (1497),  a  work 
■which  we  illustrated  last  year  from  a  pre- 


vious drawing.  A  monochrome  view  (1490) 
by  Mr.  Ernest  George  shows  Eynsham 
Hall,  Oxfordshire,  an  extensive  and  well- 
planned  mansion  in  a  Later  kind  of  Eliza- 
bethan, with  flat  roofs  and  bays  carried 
up  through  an  elaborated  parapet.  The 
central  part  is  recessed,  and  has  a  terrace, 
the  wings  being  flanked  towards  the  centre 
by  porches  or  loggie ;  while  beyond  these 
wings  occur-  garden  houses  at  differing  dis- 
tances from  the  frontage  line.  The  bay, 
containing  a  staircase,  in  the  return  front 
ends  in  a  sort  of  quasi-turret,  and  by  the 
sketch  would  seem  to  have  unglazed  arched 
openings,  which,  like  th^  chimneys,  look 
coarse.  Buckley  Grange,  Shropshire  (1505), 
by  the  same  architects,  is  more  in  their  style 
suggesting  an  Earlier  type  of  Tudor,   with 


THE  ANNUAL   KEPORT  OF  THE  R.I.B.A. 

THE  report  of  the  Council  for  the  cfficial 
J  ear  1903-4,  to  be  presented  at  the  annual 
general  meeting  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects  on  Monday  evening  next,  states  that 
the  losses  by  death  has  comprised  eleven  Fellows, 
three  Associates,  four  Hon.  Associates,  and  two 
Hon.  Corresponding  Members.  Tlie  present  sub- 
ecribing  membership  of  the  Institute,  compart  d. 
with  that  at  the  corresponding  periods  of  the  last 
two  years,  is  as  follows: — 1902:  617  Fellows, 
1,071  Associates,  44  Hon.  Associates,  total  1,732  ; 
1903;  627  Fellows,  1,117  Associates,  43  Hon. 
.\ssociates,  total  1,787;  and  1904  ;  044  Fellows, 
1,142  Associates,  43  Hon.  Afsocialea,  total  1,829. 
During  the  official  year  since  ttie  last  annual 
general  meeting  37  Fellows  have  been  elected, 
47  Associates,  six  Honorary  Associates,  and  tire 
Honorary  Corresponding  Members.     Tlie  general 


gabtes  and  a  pretty  foreign-looking  sort  of  body  ^ave  approved  of  a  resolution  of  Council  to 
deep-set  porch,  which,  in  the  absence  of  a  "''^^  «♦«?'  ^  ^""'^  ^^^  hyUvs.  so  that,  after 
plan,  is  not  easy  to  account  for. 

The  bank  and  railway-stationat  Johannes- 
burg (1472-3),  sent  from  Africa  by  Messrs. 
Baker,  Masey,  and  Sloper,  are  excellent 
examples  of  first-rate  design.  The  chances 
of  their  being   built  are,   perhaps,  remote  ; 


but  they  are  among  the  best  things  in  the 
present  exhibition.  The  station  farade  is 
quite  Florentine  in  eft'ect,  with  its  loggia  on 
the  upper  stage,  where  there  is  no  entablature 
to  the  cornice.  The  arcaded  ground  floor 
story  below,  with  its  glazed  pent  shelter, 
is  very  effective,  though  it  looks  as  if  it 
might  be  hot  in  warm  weather. 

Our  fourth  plate  to-day  shows  another 
Academy  drawing  (1565) — viz.,  the  Hall  of 
Shipton  Court,  by  Messrs.  Perkin  a'"d 
Bulmer.  It  is  an  excellent  work,  and 
admirably  drawn.  An  important  position  is 
accorded  to  the  King's  Sanatorium  (1519)  by 
Mr.  H.  Percy  Adams,  who  also  shows  the 
medical  superintendent's  house  (1523),  both 
of  which  we  shall  illustrate  shortly.  We 
have  already  given  his  drawing  (157H)  of 
the  Law  Society's  now  hall,  Chancery-lane 
lately  opened  by  the  King.  All  of 
these  buildings  are  marked  by  freshness 
and  skill.  So  is  the  Cartwright  Memorial 
Hall  (1584),  by  Messrs.  Simpson  and  Allen, 
depicted  by  a  view  from  the  north,  which  we 
shall  publish  in  an  early  issue.  Mr.  John  W. 
Simpson  likewise  sends  (1587)  a  view  of  a 
pretty  house  at  Rugby.  There  are  several 
satisfactory  country-houses  to  which  we  shall 
refer  in  our  second  notice.  Mr.  Charles  S. 
Peach  has  a  good  model  of  the  electricity- 
generating  station,  Mayfair,  with  the  Italian 
garden  on  its  roof,  of  which  we  gave  some 
details  a  short  time  since,  and  have  some 
others  to  a  larger  scale  to  follow.  The  lantern 
or  upper  portion  of  the  tower  of  Cardiff  Town 
Hall,  with  sculpture  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Fehr,  is 
illustrated  by  a  model  sent  by  Messrs.  Lan- 
chester,  Stewart,  and  Rickards.  Mr.  Arnold 
Mitchell  also  shows  a  well-made  model  of 
a  pretty  cottage  at  Ostend  for  the  King  of  the 
Belgians. 

On  Saturday  a  memorial  to  the  late  Mr.  James 
Muir,  Abbey  Bank,  Arbroath,  consistiDg  of  a  carved 
oak  reredos  and  brass  tablet,  was  dedicated  in  St. 
Mary's  Episcopal  Church,  Arbroath,  by  the  Eight 
Rev.  Bishop  Richardson,  D.D.  The  reredos  is  de- 
signed in  the  15th-century  style,  in  harmony  with 
its  surroundings.  The  structure  is  divided  into  five 
panels,  each  pinel  being  flanked  with  buttresses, 
with  sunk  tracery,  and  teroiinatiDg  in  pinnacles, 
upon  which  are  carved  crockets.  The  central  canopy 
projects  above  the  rest,  being  octagonal  in  plan. 
Kach  division  of  the  reredos  is  surmounted  by  carved 
and  crocketed  tracery.  The  memorial  was  executed 
by  Messrs.  H.  Hems  and  Sons,  sculptors,  Exeter. 

The  consecration  of  the  restored  parish  church  of 
Islington  will  take  place  to-morrow  (Saturday)  at 
4  p.m.  This  church,  built  in  1751,  in  its  later  days 
was  "  the  grimiest,  ugliest,  most  uncomfortable  and 
most  uninviting  church  in  London.'*  The  high- 
backed  pews  and  the  three-decker  pulpit  have  all 
gone,  and  at  the  east  end  a  chancel,  extending 
almost  the  entire  width  of  the  church,  has  been 
built  out  over  a  part  of  the  disused  churchyard. 
The  new  chancel  is  raised  four  steps  above  the  floor 
of  the  nave,  and  the  sacrarium  three  steps  above  the 
chaucel.  Messrs.  Blomfield  are  the  architects  for 
the  restoration. 


December  31,  1906,  entrance  to  the  Fellowship 
shall,  except  under  special  circumstiilces,  becon- 
fioed  to  Associates  or  those  who  have  passed  the 
examination  qualifying  for  Associiteship.  The 
p^ogres^ive  examinations  were  held  in  June  and 
November,  1903.  The  preliminary  was  held  in 
London,  Birmingham,  Bristol,  Cardiff,  Glasgow, 
Leeds,  Liverpool,  Manchester,  and  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne;  the  intermediate  in  London,  Bristol, 
Gla«gow,  Leeds,  and  llanchester  ;  and  the  special 
examination  for  Colonial  candidates  in  Sydney. 
The  Council  desire  to  record  their  thanks  for  the 
valuable  services  rendered  by  the  hon.  secretaries 
and  examination  committees  of  the  various  allied 
societies.  The  final  and  special  examinations 
were  he'.d  in  London.  The  r.-sult8  are  that  in 
the  preliminary  examination  94  were  exempted, 
275  examined,  204  passed,  and  71  were  relegated, 
the  total  being  369.  In  the  intermediate  examina- 
tion 5  were  exempted,  223  examined,  103 passed, 
and  120  were  relegated,  in  all  228.  In  the  tinal 
and  special  examinations  105  were  examined,  45 
passed,  and  60  were  relegated.  The  total  number 
of  candidates  was  702.  The  number  of  proba- 
tioners now  stands  at  2,085  and  of  students  at 
524.  The  Council  have  agreed  to  accept  the  final 
Certificates  in  architecture  granted  bj'  the  5Ian- 
chester  Cniversity,  and  by  University  College, 
London,  as  exempting  from  the  intermediate 
examinatior,  on  the  same  conditions  as  govern 
the  arrangement  already  made  with  the  Liverpool 
University,  noted  in  the  annual  reports  last  year. 
The  special  examination  for  Colonial  candidates 
wUl  be  held  this  year  in  Montreal  and  Melbourne. 
The  statutory  examinations,  qualifying  for  candi- 
dature as  district  surveyor  in  London,  and  for 
candidature  as  building  surveyor  under  local 
authorities,  were  held  in  Ijondon  in  October. 
Certificates  of  competency  to  act  as  district  sur- 
veyors in  London  have  been  granted  to  Walter 
Godfrey  Green,  Ernest  William  Lees,  Arthur 
George  Morrice,  Albert  Perkins  Stokes  ;  and 
as  building  surveyor  under  local  authorities  to 
William  David  Jenkins. 

The  annual  dinner  of  the  Royal  Institute  took 
place  on  .Tune  18,  1903.  This  year  the  annual 
dinner  will  take  place  in  Newcastle  under  the 
auxpices  of  the  Northern  Architectural  Associa- 
tion. A  date — probably  in  October — will  be  fixed 
later.  Two  "  At  Homes  "  have  been  held  during 
the  year  by  the  President,  and  have  been  very 
largely  attended.  On  May  11,  1903,  original 
drawings  by  the  late  W.  Edeu  Nesfield  were 
exhibited,  through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  E.  P. 
May:  and  for  the  "At  Home"  on  January  11, 
19UJ,  Mr.  Frank  Pearson  lent  a  selection  of  the 
drawings  of  his  father,  the  late  J.  L.  Pearson, 
R..\.  During  the  official  year  an  agreement 
between  the  Institute  and  the  Institute  of  Builders 
and  the  National  Federation  of  the  Building 
Trades  Employers  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
with  regard  to  a  form  of  contract,  has  taken  place, 
and  the  form  now  issued  bears  the  endorsement 
of  the  three  bodies.  It  is  the  same,  with  very 
slight  modifications,  as  that  issued  previously  by 
the  institute.  The  Ancient  Lights  joint  committee 
have  met  during  the  official  year,  and  the  Bill, 
whose  title  has  been  changed  to  the  "  Easement 
of  Light  Bill,"  is  again  before  Parliament  this 
Session.  The  thanks  of  the  Council  are  due  to 
Mr.  Fletcher  Moulton,  K.C.,  M.P.,  for  intro- 
ducing and  furthering  the  interests  of  the  Bill. 
The  London  County  Council  having  requested  the 
Institute  to  submit  amendments  to  the  London 
Building  Act,  1894,  for  consideration  in  draft- 
ing of  a  new  Amendment  Bill,  the  Council 
intrusted  the  task  to  the  art,  practice,  and 
B«ience  committees,  desiring  each  committee  to 


April   29,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


611 


suggest  amendmonts  to  those  portions  of  the  Act 
which  came  within  its  special  sphere  of  interest. 
The  reports  of  the  three  committees  were  then 
referred  for  collation  to  a  special  committee 
appointed  hy  the  Council.  The  amendments  as 
finally  drafted  by  this  committee  are  now  under 
the  consideration  of  the  London  <  'ounty  Council. 
The  Council  have  drawn  the  at'ention  of  the 
Local  Government  Board  to  the  desirability  of 
uniformity  in  building  by-laws  adopted  by  all  the 
authoritiessurrounding  the  Metropolitan  boroughs, 
and  of  the  Board  withholding  its  sanction  from 
proposed  by-laws  which  would  prove  more  onerous 
than  those  in  the  London  Building  Act.  The 
Council  have  sent  to  the  Local  (iovernment  Board, 
the  London  County  Council,  and  the  London 
borough  councils  a  letter  pointing  out  the  un- 
necessarily drastic  character  of  the  new  Tjondon 
County  Council  by-laws  aa  to  the  deposition  of 
plans  wiih  regard  to  drainage  work,  and  urging 
simplification.  The  Council  have  been  requested 
by  H.M.  Office  of  Works  to  assist  the  Govern- 
ment in  obtaining  a  selection  of  the  best 
architectural  talent  available  by  nominat  ng 
a  limited  list  of  not  less  thin  si.\  architects 
of  taste,  skill,  and  efficiency  in  classical  design 
who  would  be,  in  their  opinion,  best  qualified 
to  Cirry  out  the  important  work  of  the  pro- 
posed extensions  to  the  British  Museum. 

I  tn  June  24,  the  President  met  the  Presidents  of 
the  allied  societies  in  conference  on  various 
matters  of  professional  interest.  No  resolutiin 
was  moved,  but  the  questions  of  registration, 
architectural  education,  and  admission  to  the 
fellowship  were  discussed,  eich  President  being 
called  upon  in  turn  to  state  his  views.  It  was 
decided  not  to  publish  a  report  of  the  proceedings, 
their  great  value  being  the  free  interchange  of 
opinions  between  the  heads  of  the  London  and 
Provincial  bodies.  On  Jan.  4  the  question  of 
registration  was  definitely  brought  before  the 
notice  of  the  Institute,  at  a  general  business  meet- 
ing. Certain  motions  on  the  agenda  were 
withdrawn  in  favour  of  an  amendment  pro- 
viding that  the  whole  question  of  registration 
should  be  referred  to  a  committee  consisting  of 
the  Council  and  representatives  of  the  allied 
societies.  At  their  next  meeting  the  Council 
passed  the  following  resolution  : — "  Seeing  that 
the  Council  as  at  present  constituted  consist  of 
twenty-four  London  members  and  fourteen  non- 
Metropolitan  members,  the  registration  com- 
mittee be  formed  by  associatiog  with  the  Council 
ten  additional  representatives  of  the  allied 
societies,  so  that  the  number  of  the  London  and 
non-Metropolitan  members  of  the  committee  be 
the  same ;  further,  that  these  ten  do  consist  of 
one  representative  from  each  of  the  eight  societies 
not  at  present  represented  by  their  Presidents  on 
the  Council,  and  of  one  additional  representative 
from  each  of  the  two  societies  which  are  numeri- 
cally strongest  in  professional  members,  and 
which  have  not  two  or  more  of  their  members  at 
present  on  the  Council."  Representatives  having 
been  appointed  by  the  various  societies  in  ac- 
cordance with  this  resolution,  a  preliminary 
meeting  of  the  committee  was  held  on  Monday 
March  28.  The  Council  have  appointed  a  com- 
mittee consisting  of  representative  architects  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  both  members  and  non- 
members  of  the  Institute,  and  of  such  prominent 
educationalists  as  Sir  Arthur  Kiicker,  Professor 
Perry,  and  Mr.  Sidney  Webb,  to  devise  a 
scheme  for  the  co-ordination  of  architectural 
education  throughout  the  country.  As  the  com- 
mittee is  still  sitting,  the  Council  defer  a  fuller 
report  to  a  future  date.  The  q\ie8tion  of  county 
and  municipal  authorities  employing  their  own 
salaried  officials  to  design  and  execute  important 
public  buildings  has  received  the  serious  attention 
of  the  Council,  who  have  appointed  a  committee 
consisting  of  some  of  their  London  members  and 
all  the  presidents  of  allied  societies  to  inquire  into 
and  suggest  remedies  fur  what  they  cannot  but 
regard  aa  a  growing  evil.  The  collation  of  the 
large  mass  of  information  received  ij  now  being 
procteded  with,  and  the  committee  hope  to  submit 
their  report  to  the  Council  before  the  end  of  the 
session.  The  Council  have  approved  the  standard 
size  of  bricks  recommended  by  the  Science  Com- 
mittee, after  some  years  of  negotiation  and  con- 
ferences with  representatives  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers  and  the  Brickmakers'  Associa- 
tions. A  copy  of  the  standard,  to  be  known  as 
"The  1M.I5.A.  Standard  Size  of  Bricks,"  has 
been  sent  to  all  the  brickmakers  in  the  kingdom, 
and  the  Council  have  issued  a  request  that 
members  should  insert  the  standard  sizes  in  their 
specifications.     The  makers  of  glazed  bricks  have 


also  had  their  attention  drawn  to  the  standard. 
The  Chairman  of  the  Science  Committee  has 
been  appointed  by  the  Council  to  represent 
the  Institute  on  the  sub-committee  on  cement  of 
the  engineering  standardisation  committee.  The 
r^port  of  brickwork  tests  is  now  being  printed, 
and  will  be  issued  in  volume  form  as  soon  as  it  is 
ready.  The  Council  have  appointed  Messrs. 
Thomas  lilashill,  W.  D.  Caroe,  and  II.  I).  Searles- 
Wood  to  represent  the  Institute  on  a  committee 
of  the  Plumbers'  Company,  the  Water  Autho- 
rities, and  the  Uoyal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects, to  inquire  into  the  waste  of  water  and  the 
questi  jU  of  plumbers'  fittings  in  water  supply. 
The  following  have  been  appointed  to  represent 
the  Institute  at  the  Sanitary  Institute  Congress 
to  be  held  at  Glasgow  in  July  : — Messrs.  J.  J. 
Burnet,  A.R.S.A  ,  E.  T.  Hall,  Thos.  W.  Cutler, 
and  Mr.  John  Keppie,  President  of  the  Glasgow 
Institute  of  Architects.  Messrs.  T.  E.  Collcutt, 
T.  \Y.  Cutler,  and  the  secretary  were  appointed 
by  the  Council  as  the  Institute  delegates  to  the 
sixth  International  Congress  of  Architects,  held 
at  Madrid  from  April  6th  to  the  13th.  Messrs. 
John  Slater,  J.  W.  Simpson,  and  the  secretary 
were  appointed  by  the  Couoeil  to  represent  the 
Institute  on  a  consultative  committee,  authorised 
by  the  Board  of  Education,  and  assembled  for 
the  purpose  of  inquiry  into  the  possibility  of  in- 
stituting a  leaving  examination  from  secondary 
schools  throughout  the  country,  which  might 
stand  in  lieu  of  the  preliminary  examinations 
required  by  the  various  professional  bodies.  The 
committee  has  not  yet  issued  its  report.  The 
Institute  memorial  to  Mr.  Penrose  has  been 
placed  in  the  crypt  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and 
will  shortly  be  unveiled.  The  Institute  portrait 
of  Sir  William  Emerson,  Past- President,  by  Mr. 
J.  J.  Shannon,  A.R.A.,  is  being  exhibited  this 
summer  at  the  Royal  Academy.  Various  changes 
in  the  "suggestions"  proposed  by  the  Com 
petitions  Committee  and  approved  by  the  Council 
were  adopted  by  the  general  body  at  the  general 
meeting  of  Feb.  29.  The  Council  have  decided 
to  send  a  circular  letter  to  every  member  of  the 
Institute  in  respect  of  any  competition  concerning 
which  the  Competitions  Committee  consider  that 
such  a  course  is  desirable,  requesting  him  mt  to 
compete.  As  an  instance  of  the  difficulty  of 
awakening  in  the  lay  mind  an  appreciation  of  the 
value  of  correct  dealing  in  the  matter  of  com- 
petitions, the  Council  would  report  that,  in  view 
of  the  various  unsatisfactory  competitions  for 
Carnegie  Libraries,  they  wrote  to  Mr.  Andrew 
Carnegie  suggesting  that  he  should  insert  in  his 
fu'ure  deeds  of  gift  a  condition  that  if  the 
beneficiaries  contemplated  instituting  a  compe- 
tition for  the  proposed  buildiog,  such  competition 
should  be  conducted  according  to  the  Institute's 
"  Suggestions,"  and  were  met  by  that  gentleman 
with  a  curt  refusal.  The  Council  are  glad  to  be 
able  to  report  that  the  Institute  continues  to 
enjoy  financial  prosperity.  The  balance  of  in- 
come over  expenditure  is  £918  lis.  4d.  after  the 
payment  of  a  grant  of  £500  to  the  Architectural 
Association  Building  Fund.  The  Council  have 
this  year  invested  the  sum  of  £1,019  5s.  8d.  in 
the  purchase  of  London  and  North-Western 
Railway  stock.  The  total  invested  capital  of  the 
Institute  amounts  now  to  £14,000. 


THE   ARCHITECTURAL   ASSOCIATION. 

THE  fortnightly  meeting  of  the  Architectural 
Association  was  held  at  9,  Conduit- street, 
W.,on  Friday  evening,  the  President,  Mr.  Henry 
T.  Hare,  F.R.I.B.A.,  in  the  chair.  Messrs. 
S.  R.  Neate,  H.  B.  Elkington,  and  K.  J.  Case- 
ment were  elected  as  Members,  and  Mr.  F. 
Wheeler  was  reinstated  in  membership.  The 
President  announced  the  following  further  dona- 
tions to  the  New  Premises  Fund  : — Messrs.  E.  B. 
I'Anson,  £25;  (i.  F.  Bodley,  R.A.,  £10  10s.; 
B.  F.  Fletcher,  £10  lOs. ;  E.  L.  Lu'yons,  £10  lOs. ; 
J.  W.  Beaumont,  €5  5s.  ;  J.  Howard  Colls,  £5  53.  ; 
W.  H.  Scrymgour,  £5  5s.  ;  Thos.  Worthington, 
£5  58.  ;  H  tr.  Lidstonc,  £2  28.  ;  G.  J.  Marshall, 
£2  28.  ;  H.  H.  Martyn  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  £2  2s.  ; 
James  Miller,  £2s.  28.  ;  John  Barrowman,  jun., 
£1  Is.  ;T.R.Brid8on,£ll8.;  and  F.  F.  Le Maistre, 
£1  Is.  The  I'.csident  added  that  an  informal 
rect- ption  of  Members  ami  donors  wonld  be  held 
at  the  now  premises,  Tuflon-street,  on  Tuesday, 
May  10,  from  4.;i0  to  6.30  p.m.  .\s  the  reception 
would  not  in  any  way  be  a  formal  one.  Members 
would  not  receive  any  special  invitation,  hut 
if  they  could  come  they  would  be  welcome.  He 
also  announced  that  the  Members'  Dinner  would 


take  place  at  the  Criterion  Roitaurant,  Piccadilly- 
circus,  on  Friday,  May  13,  7  to  7  30  p.m.  The 
tickets  for  Members  would  be  5s.  each,  and  for 
Non-members  78.  6d.  Messrs.  .1.  W.  Donning- 
ton,  T.  C.  Veates,  L.  Simmons,  and  W.  Paul 
were  appointed  secretaries  for  the  election  of 
officers  and  Council  for  the  Session  1904-5.  A 
number  of  donations  of  new  works  to  the  library, 
presented  by  Mr.  B.  T.  Bitsford,  of  High  Hol- 
born,  were  announced  by  Mr.  Louis  Ambler,  hon. 
secretary,  and  a  vote  of  thanks  was  accorded  to 
the  donor. 

CR.VrTSMAXSlIIP. 

A  paper  on  this  subject,  illustrated  by  lantern 
views,  was  read  by  Jlr.  Waltkii  (iiLwKHT,  who 
explained  that  he  wished  to  convey  certain 
suggestions  as  to  some  of  the  uses  of  the  school 
in  Westminster,  which,  by  its  enlarged  oppor-  . 
tunities,  will  give  such  impetus  to  that  entrgy 
and  enthusiasm  which  has  prevailed  for  so  many 
years  in  this  Association,  and  be  a  renewed  and 
extended  means  of  providing  greater  co-operation 
between  all  who  work  for  the  completion  of  a 
building  beautiful  in  its  structure  and  its  adorn- 
ments. The  word  craftsmanship,  he  remarked, 
convej  s  to  us  the  thought  of  human  achievement, 
that  "  homely  fancy  and  lovable  humility  "  which 
seems  so  synonymous  with  Medi;cval  art.  But  it 
is  more  than  this,  for  it  is  the  expression  of  the 
national  life  and  thought  of  a  nation  as  told  by 
the  products  of  the  hands  and  brain  brought  forth 
by  necessity.  On  the  one  hand  you  may  have 
the  craftsmanship  of  the  savage,  fierce  in  the  joy 
of  ornamenting  his  weapons  of  war  ;  on  the  other 
hand,  that  of  the  Greeks — godlike  in  his  certainty 
and  correctness,  conveying  always  the  sublime 
assurance  in  which  the  dignity  of  the  mind  was 
always  piramount — or  contrasting  with  this 
philosophic  calm  and  correctness  that  of  the 
Mediaeval  age,  in  which  you  have  the  expression 
of  the  mind  in  its  very  humanity  ;  or  you  have 
that  latter  work  of  the  Early  Renaissance  days, 
when  we  have  the  commingling  of  the  humanity 
of  Medi.Teval  life  with  the  legends  of  the  Greeks. 

ORIGIN     IN'     THE     F.VMILV. 

Craftsmanship  originated  when  the  savage  made 
his  first  article  of  necessity  and  the  genesis  of  the 
inherited  trades  which  afterwards  developed  into 
the  Mediiuval  guilds  was  when  the  father  handed 
that  knowledge  and  experience  to  his  son.  In 
early  days  the  inheritance  of  trade  was  com- 
pulsory by  law,  and  a  son  was  compelled  to  follow 
his  father's  trade  and  carry  on  the  secrets  peculiar 
to  that  business.  It  is  a  very  short  step  from 
this,  as  demand  grew  greater,  for  the  adopion  of 
a  relative,  and  eventually  one  not  even  of  blood 
relationship,  into  the  family  circle  by  a  compact 
for  mutual  benefit. 

DEVELOPMENT    WITH     TRADE. 

And  with  this  growth  of  society  men  felt  the 
necessity  of  a  more  extensive  brotherhood  than 
their  own  immediate  relationship,  and  they  began 
to  band  themselves  together  to  protect  their  own 
trade,  to  maintain  their  independence,  and  to  render 
and  receive  aid  when  needed.  These  organisa- 
tions, which  were  of  very  ancient  date,  through 
the  expansion  and  increased  vitality  of  industry, 
developed  into  those  powerful  societies  known  in 
the  Middle  Ages  as  the  Craft  Guilds. 

I'ORMATION    01'    GVILDS,    USES    AND     IIENEI'ITS. 

These  guUds  were  designed  to  suppress  trade 
frauds,  insure  skill  and  care  in  workmanship,  to 
secure  the  proper  use  of  proper  tools  ;  to  provide 
for  due  remuneration  and  recreation  and  the  per- 
manent employment  of  crattsmtn ;  to  check 
injurious  competition  ;  to  ti.'C  the  ratcj  of  wages  ; 
to  arbitrate  between  customers  and  craftsmen  ;  to 
tine  incompetent  workmanship.  They  were 
associations  for  mutual  help,  and  poverty  w;is 
unknown.  When  a  craftsman  wandered  he  was 
received  as  a  brother  in  his  particular  craft.  These 
sojourniiigs  encouraged  men  to  realise  the  gradual 
growth  of  that  strength  which  eventually  raad^ 
them  the  masters  of  the  cities  and  the  advisers 
of  the  State. 

Ari'llENTICESIlir. 

Apprenticesh'p  was  absolutely  necessary  and 
compulsory  among  the  producers  of  the  art  of  the 
Middle  Ages.  There  was  little  or  no  division  of 
labour  among  thorn — a  man  know  his  work  from 
end  to  end.  Each  skilled  craftsman  might  only 
take  ono  or  two  apprentices  at  a  time,  for  they 
learnt  by  working  with  him.  .\  likely  youth  was 
known  to  the  rulers  of  his  craft  from  his  appren- 
ticeship, and  his  progress  was  watched  by  thsm 
aa  by  membera  of  his  family.     At  a  certain  stn^e 


612 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


April  29,  1904. 


the  apprentice,  ty  executing  a  piece  of  work  and 
showing  the  excellence  of  his  skill,  became  a 
master  and  a  voting  member  of  the  Guild,  and 
only  thus  would  be  allowed  to  become  an  em- 
ployer of  labour.  Then  as  a  citizen  the  dignities 
of  the  cities  were  open  to  him  and  the  great 
things  of  his  art.  Thus  under  the  t'raft  Guilds 
each  fully-instructed  craftsman  was  by  all  sur- 
rounding conditions  encouraged  to  be  an  artist 
■whose  labours  gave  a  joy  and  a  pleasure  to  his 
existence ;  and  by  this  means  taste  and  knowledge 
of  what  art  was  then  possible  spread  widely  among 
the  people  and  became  instructive  in  them,  so 
that  all  manufactured  articles,  as  it  were,  grew 
beautiful  in  the  unobtrusive  and  effortless  way 
that  the  works  of  nature  grew.  The  result  of 
five  centuries  of  this  popular  art  is  obvious  in  the 
outburst  of  splendid  genius  which  lit  up  the  days 
of  the  Italian  Renaissance. 

ITS    POWERS,    SOCIALLY    AND    MUNICIPALLY. 

With  the  great  wealth  which  accrued  by 
reason  of  their  great  power  in  the  State,  the  Guilds 
provided  masses,  altars,  painted  windows,  and 
even  whole  churches  in  their  honour,  and  their 
important  functions  occurred  on  the  namedays  of 
their  saints. 

DECLINE    OF    KEASON. 

And  it  was  this  overleaping  ambition  which 
■was  the  ruin  of  the  craftsman  and  his  art.  For 
conditions  arose  which  gradually  turned  the 
workman  from  the  Medieval  craftsman  into  the 
mere  artisan  labourer  of  the  capitalist  system — 
the  guild  system  was  ousted  out  by  the  workshop. 
The  discovery  of  America,  of  the  Cape  route  to 
India  and  China,  the  conquest  of  Mexico  and 
Peru,  the  battles  in  the  Levant,  all  combined  to 
overwhelm  the  natural  means  of  production.  The 
enormous  abundance  of  every  material  and  riches 
gained  by  commerce  forced  on  development  at 
headlong  speed.  To  keep  pace  wider  organisations 
of  labour  were  needed,  a  more  and  more  regulated 
division  of  labour  became  essential  to  compete 
with  this  haste  to  seize  opportunities,  workshops 
grew  larger  and  larger,  the  workman  ceased  to 
own  any  portion  of  his  productions.  The  in- 
creasing amount  of  capital  also  needed  for  success 
in  business  as  the  markets  grew  and  the  town 
supplied  not  omy  the  country,  for  foreign  lands 
gradually  broke  down  the  democratic  constitution 
of  the  trade  ;  it  was  no  longer  a  matter  of  course 
for  a  capable  apprentice  and  journeyman  to 
become  in  due  time  a  master  of'  the  craft ;  on 
the  contrary,  the  capitalist  master  exercised  in- 
creasing authority  within  the  Guild  and  turned 
its  machinery  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  poorer 
members. 

DECLINE    OF    AKT. 

And  it  was  this  subdi-vision  of  labour  which 
brought  about  the  divorce  of  the  artist  and  the 
craftsman,  this  overwhelming  flood  of  demand 
which  engendered  the  scientific  spirit  which  con- 
centrated its  energies  to  the  increase  of  wealth. 
And  art  by  no  means  stood  still  in  these  latter 
days  of  the  Kenaissance,  but  took  the  downward 
path  with  terrible  swiftness.  So,  in  this  ever- 
increasing  flow  of  trade  the  craftsman  was 
separated  from  the  artist,  the  thinking  powers  uf 
the  one  were  eradicated,  and  the  knowledge  and 
ideas  of  the  other  were  limited  to  effect  the 
greater  expedition  of  the  work,  and  so,  by  the 
abuse  of  drawing  as  an  art  rather  than  as  a  means 
to  an  end,  brought  about  step  by  step  the 
separation  of  art  from  utility.  It  was  this  which 
bred  the  commercial  spirit  which  is  so  rampant 
even  to  our  own  time.  Art  is  man's  expression 
of  joy  in  his  labour,  and  this  stereotyping  in- 
fluenoe,  with  its  scientific  and  mathematic  laws 
for  the  unnatural  and  forced  production,  brought 
about  the  degradation  of  craftsmanship  and 
■became  the  means  of  the  extinction  of  art.  Sham 
art  is  irksome  to  do  and  degrading  labour,  and 
the  result  was  that  the  crafts  becane  so  degraded 
by  past  workmanship  that  educated  men  appeared 
to  lose  caste  by  touching  the  work. 

ITS   RESUSCITATION. 

The  world  had  advanced  too  quickly  for  the 
artist  constitutionally  conservative  in  ideas  ;  but 
it  is  as  useless  to  attempt  to  stem  this  tide  of 
energy  and  requirements  by  using  Meditoval 
methods  of  production  as  it  would  be  to  attempt 
to  stay  the  sun  in  its  daily  course.  Nevertheless 
at  la  the  artist's  duty  to  bring  his  brain  to  bear  on 
■our  requirements  now  as  much  as  he  did 
n-iUirttlly  in  the  past,  and  even  more  so,  for  the 
-dilheulties  to  overcome  are  greater.  And  how- 
ever one  may  regret  the  necessity,  the  artist  must 
adopt  the  modern  methods  of  production,  makin^ 


the   machine   subservient    to    his   will,    and  the 
instrument  of  his  power. 

.AMALGAMATION    OF    AETLSTS. 

Another  cause  of  the  decline  of  art,  and 
especially  in  its  relation  to  arcbitecture,  was  the 
separation  of  the  artist  from  the  Guilds.  His 
withdrawal  to  himself  became  his  own  extinction. 
The  want  of  co-operation  of  many  individuals, 
each  working  in  the  same  art,  though  in  different 
crafts  on  the  same  building,  begat  the  clever 
draughtsman  and  the  exploiting  executive — 
Everything  and  Co.,  Ltd.  For  self-preservation 
and  for  the  sake  of  his  art,  then,  craftsmen  must 
band  together.  The  metal  worker  who  gives  the 
spark  of  life  and  interest  on  the  handles  you  grip 
when  you  enter  the  doors,  or  the  electric  fittings 
which  light  up  the  walls  of  the  joiner  and  carver 
or  the  enrichments  of  the  plasterer,  is  of  no  more 
or  less  importance  to  the  whole  than  the  deco- 
rator who  has  given  you  the  poetry  on  your 
walls,  or  the  silversmith  who  has  adorned  your 
table.  There  must  be  no  precedence,  but  constant 
endeavour  in  the  one  craftsman  that  his  work  in 
his  own  material  and  artistic  inspiration  may  not 
be  unworthy  to  be  placed  alongside  the  decora- 
tions of  his  colleagues.  Let  us  educate  ourselves 
to  he  good  workmen  and  competent  judges  of 
good  work ;  this  at  all  events  will  give  ua  real 
sympathy  with  all  that  is  worth  doing  in  art 
Use  of  schools  :  Another  means  to  resuscitate  art 
in  its  application  to  the  building  is  by  the  proper 
use  of  schools.  But  school  learning,  however 
practical,  can  only  form  a  portion  of  the  true 
education  of  the  true  craftsman.  The  organised 
crafts  must  find  the  way  by  which  the  essentials 
of  apprenticeship  shall  be  obtained  in  the  shops 
and  in  the  works.  The  essential  of  apprenticeship 
is  one  association  of  the  learner  and  a  craf  tsmaster 
in  real  production.  Problems  of  setting-out  and 
actual  work  should  go  hand  in  hand.  All  the 
technique  of  the  crafts  must  be  learnt  in  the 
shops.  The  schools  at  their  best  are  only  as  books 
of  reference  to  the  scholar  for  information  to  be 
gathered  to  supplement  the  work  done  during 
the  day  in  the  shop,  and  this  information  should 
have  direct  bearing  on  his  work.  Eiucatiou 
which  is  not  technical  is  not  technical  education. 
Education  is  technical  only  as  far  ai  it  is  directed 
to  the  training  of  the  individuil  in  and  for  his 
business  in  life.  To  give  the  same  instruction  to 
the  young  builder,  the  young  jeweller,  or  the 
embroideress  is  not  technical  education  at  all. 
The  schools  must  be  places  for  serious  and  re- 
sponsible educational  work,  not  places  for  teaching 
at  playing  or  playing  at  teaching,  but  well- 
organised,  well-disciplined  institutions  where  the 
professional  art  student  has  no  permanent  sinecure 
or  abiding.  The  day  classes,  if  required,  should 
be  accessible  to  all  by  their  cheapness,  and  its 
high  standard,  which  exclude  the  incompetent. 
The  embryo  architect  should  devote  his  whole 
mind  to  becoming  an  artist  in  building,  and 
should  never  lose  touch  in  the  school  with  actual 
handicraft ;  if  you  begin  by  studying  one  craft, 
you  will  end  by  studying  many. 

TRAINING    OF    THE    .ARCHITECT. 

Never  make  a  design  without  understanding 
how  it  will  be  carried  out,  or  you  will  give  the 
workman  unnecessary  trouble,  will  lose  the 
possibilities  of  the  material  or  set  him  impossi- 
bilities. Learn  to  handle  the  clay  so  as  to  learn 
the  difficulties  and  impossibilities  you  often  set 
the  carver ;  you  will  then  only  be  doing  what 
your  predecessor  in  the  art  of  building  did  in  the 
Middle  Ages.  Express  yourself  in  one  art  and 
you  -n-ni  do  so  in  many ;  so  did  Giotto,  the  Pisani 
Brummeleshi,  Bramante,  and  Michael  Angelo  ; 
so  did  the  great  masters  of  the  Middle  Ages ; 
so  did  Alfred  Stevens,  and  more  recent  still — 
Morris. 

CO-OrERATION    OF    ARCHITECTS. 

We  artist  craftsmen  owe  much  to  energy  and 
collaboration  of  the  architects.  The  collaboration 
of  architects  helped  much  towards  the  success 
of  the  Art  Workers'  Guild,  a  society  which,  as 
you  know,  was  the  means  of  bringing  the  late 
John  D.  Sedding  into  touch  with  many  artists 
and  prompted  him  to  gather  round  him  in  his  last 
great  work— the  great  Church  of  Holy  Trinity, 
Chelsea — some  of  the  foremost  craftsmen  of 
the  day.  It  is  due  to  this  association  that  we 
are  able  to  admire  in  this  building  net  only  this 
genius  of  Sedding,  but  the  craftsmanship  oi 
Onslow  Ford,  Bate,  Pomeroy,  of  Morris  and 
others,  all  expressing  Bedding's  earnest  endea- 
vours and  intentions  to  surround  himself  in  his 
work  with   craftsmen   of   the   best,  though  this 


design  cannot  be  said  to  be  complete  since  it  exists 
without  Sedding'a  miin  idea — the  paintings  of 
Burne  .Tones  in  the  panels  of  the  roof  and  the 
frieze.  The  architect  even  now  forgets  to 
stipulate  that  the  decoration  of  his  building  shall 
necessarily  come  direct  from  the  artists  them- 
selves— he  even  now  not  infrequently  includes  all 
his  work  in  the  contract  of  the  builder.  All  this 
tends  either  to  the  absorption  of  the  artist  by  the 
capitalist  firms,  or,  as  in  our  case,  the  amalgama- 
tions of  artists  for  their  own  mutual  strength.  In 
conclusion,  Mr.  Gilbert  pleaded  for 

HELP    FOR  THE   CRAFT.SMAN. 

The  only  way  to  get  good  work  is,  he  continued, 
to  make  the  artist  and  the  craftsman  feel  you  ap- 
preciate it,  that  you  must  have  it  for  your  own 
buildings,  that  you  will  reject  all  other.  Good 
work  ought  to  delight  you— the  aim  of  art  is 
to  increase  the  happiness  of  men.  Give  a 
free  hand  to  the  craftsman  —  his  special 
knowledge  has  only  been  rightly  learnt  by 
the  experience  of  years  in  the  particular 
work  required.  Certainly  the  architect  must  be 
one  of  the  body  of  artists  ;  there  must  be  a  real 
communion  or  common  understanding  between 
us  all._  But,  however  clever  the  architect,  it  is 
impossible  for  him  to  do  the  wholejof  the  building, 
however  great  the  man.  Though  he  may  design, 
under  present  day  conditions  he  cannot  execute, 
and  something  of  his  geniue  must  be  in  all  the 
other  members  of  the  great  body  which  raises  the 
complete  work.  The  craftsman  has  experienced 
the  power  of  each  treatment,  and  the  difficulties 
connected  with  it.  I  am  not  advocating  or 
suggesting  that  the  craftsman  is  the  pre-eminent 
factor  in  a  building,  because  such  would  not  be 
true  ;  but  I  do  appeal  to  you  that  you  architects 
should  more  and  more  design  your  buildings  with 
the  thought  of  their  embellishm.int  in  your  mind, 
and  from  the  start  afford  us  those  opportunities 
which  otherwise  we  are  powerless  to  attain.  It 
is  only  by  earnest  communion  of  ideas  and  source 
of  opportunities  which  you  can  give  us  that  we 
shall  recover  the  threads  of  the  glorious  traditions 
of  the  past,  and  avoid  the  blatancy  of  much  of 
that  modern  work  whose  origin  and  existence 
have  been  caused  by  the  loss  of  architectural 
control  through  neglect  in  the  past.  It  is 
only  by  such  opportunities  that  the  sculptor, 
the  metal  -  worker,  the  plasterer,  and  the 
decorator  will  be  tempted  to  throw  off  the 
academic  spirit  feeling,  the  joy  and  the  pleasure 
of  his  art  being  once  more  a  living  art  co- 
existent with  its  surroundings  not  at  all  the 
caprice  of  the  moneyed  few  in  inharmonious  and 
piecemeal  settings,  but  living  and  forming  the 
keystone  of  the  whole,  being  the  light  of  day 
itself.  Then,  with  these  opportunities  and  these 
experiences,  we  should  not  hear  the  carping 
criticisms  which  so  readily  fall  on  men,  who.  the 
slaves  to  their  art,  and  under  the  greatest  diffi- 
culties which  modem  builders  place  in  their  way, 
endeavour  to  re^vive  the  glorious  wealth  of  colour, 
richness,  and  poetry  which  flooded  those  Renais- 
sance streets.  My  excuse  for  addressing  you  to- 
night is  that,  as  a  craftsman,  our  business  is  to 
form  the  market  as  much  as  to  supplj-  it ;  as 
architects,  yours  to  educate  your  clients  to  this 
market  as  much  as  to  build  for  them. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  accorded  to  the  lecturer 
on  the  motion  of  Mr.  E.  Guv  Uawher,  seconded 
by  Mr.  H.  Longden,  and  supported  by  Mr.  A.  H. 
Belcher,  and  was  briefly  acknowledged  by  Mr. 
Gilbert. 


THE  SOCIETY  OF  ARCHITECTS'  DINNER. 

THE  twentieth  annual  dinner  of  the  Society 
of  Architects  was  held  on  Friday  evening 
at  Be  Keyser's  Royal  Hotel,  Victoria  Embank- 
ment, E.C.  There  was  a  large  attendance  of 
members  and  guests,  and  the  proceedings  passed 
off:  pleasantly  and  brightly.  The  toast  list, 
although  still  a  full  one,  had  very  wisely  been 
cut  down  from  the  abnormal  proportions  it  has 
assumed  during  the  past  two  or  three  years. 
Songs  by  Miss  Lucy  Francis,  Messrs.  E.  Gard 
Pye,  and  Frank  Morrison  were  interspersed  be- 
tween the  speeches,  which,  following  the  example 
set  by  the  President,  were  brief  and  to  the  point. 
The  chair  was  occupied  by  the  President,  Mr. 
Walter  W.  Thomas,  of  Liverpool,  who  was 
supported  by  Lord  Monkswell,  Sir  B.  Walter 
Foster,  M.P. :  Alderman  Sir  H.  E,  Knight, 
Alderman  AUiston,  Deputy-(.'hairman  L.C.C. ; 
Mr.  W.  F.  Lawrence,  M.P. ;  Mr.  L.  A. 
Atherley  Jones,  K.C.,  M.P.  ,  Mr.  B.  L. 
Cohen,  M.P.  ;  Mr.  Walter  Emden,  Mayor  of 
Westa  inalei  and  a  Past-President  of  the  Society ; 


April  29,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


613 


his  Honour  Judge  Rentoul ;  Mr.  J.  E.  Gray  Hill, 
President  of  the  ijaw  Society  ;  Mr.  A.  A.  Hudson, 
member  of  the  Tribunal  of  Appeal ;  Professor 
F.  M.  Simpson  ;  the  Very  Rev.  Dean  Vere;  Mr. 
A.  W.  W.  Dale,  M.A.,  Vice- Chancel  lor  of  Liver- 
pool University  :  the  Rev.  Newton  Mant,  M.A.  ; 
Sir.  Percy  Preston,  Mister  of  the  Carpenters' 
Company  ;  Mr.  J.  W.  Burton,  Master  of  the 
Painters'  Company  :  Mr.  ({.  J.  Brown,  Master  of 
the  Tylers'  and  Bricklayers'  <  'ompany  ;  Mr.  C.  U. 
Barnsley,  President  of  the  Institute  of  Builders  ; 
Mr.  J.  Carmichael,  President  of  the  London 
Master  Builders'  Association  ;  Mr.  U.  G.  M. 
Hardingham,  President  of  the  Institute  of  Patent 
Agents  ;  Mr.  Kaye  Gray,  President  of  the  Insti- 
tution of  Electrical  Engineers ;  Mr.  E.  O.  Sachs, 
Chairman  of  the  British  Fire  Prevention  Com- 
mittee ;  the  Mayors  of  Chatham,  Finsbury, 
Fulham,  Gillingham,  Hammersmith,  Padding- 
ton,  St.  Marylebone,  and  Wandsworth  ;  Jlessrs. 
A.  E.  Pridmore  and  6.  Gard  Pye  (Vice-Presi- 
dents), Edij  Marsland  (Hon.  Secretary),  Alph;ous 

C.  Morton,  W.  J.  Wetenhall,  T.  E.  Costigan, 

D.  M.  Nesbit,  R.  F.  Vallance,  R.  H.  Spalding, 
D.  Morgan,  T.  E.  Lidiard  James,  G    E.  Bond,  H. 
Knight,  H.  H.  Richardson,    H.    Theobald,  B. 
Turner,  H.  Montague  Bates,  B.   R.  Tucker,  A. 
Eglinton,  R.  G.  Bare,  S.  Marsland,  O.  Marsland, 
C. E.  Jackson,  T.  R.  Richards,  C. McArthur  Butler 
(secretary).     The  usual  loyal  toasts  having  been 
given  by  the  President,  and  received  with  musical 
honours,  ilr.  J.   E.  CJray  Hill,  President  of  t'ne 
Law  Society,  proposed  "  The  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment."    To  this  Lord  Monkswell  responded  for 
the  House  of  Lords  in  a  speech  sparkling  with 
dry,    sardonic   humour,    and   for   the   House   of 
Commons  Sir  Walter  Foster  replied  in  a  terse  and 
amusing  speech.     Much  Irish  humour  was  infused 
into  the  proposal  of  the  next  toast,  "The  London 
Local  Authorities,"  by  Judge  Rentoul;    it  was 
acknowledged  by  Alderman  AUiston  in  his  dual 
capacity    of    a    member    of    the    upper    house 
in    the    City    Corporation    and    Deputy  Chair- 
man of  the  London  County  Council,  and  by  Mr. 
Walter    Emden,   the   Mayor     of     Westminster, 
•who    received    a    hearty     greeting    as     having 
occupied  the  presidential  chair  of  the  Society  for 
four  successive  years — 1898-1901.     He  urged  that 
the    best  means    of    remedying   the   confusion, 
friction,    and  overlapping  as   to    the   respective 
powers  now  too  evident  would  be  to  enact  that 
all  by-laws  should  be  framed    by  the  central 
authority,  the  London  County  Council,  and  should 
be  administered  by  the  borough  councils.     The 
control  of  the  fire  brigade,  sewerage,  and  bridges 
should  remain  in  the  hands  of  the  County  Council ; 
but  there  were  innumerable  minor  duties  now 
intrusted  to  that  body  which  could  better  be  dis- 
charged  by  the  district   councUs.      Mr.    L.    A. 
Athtrley-Jones,  K.C.,  M.P.,  proposed  the  toast 
of  the  evening,  "  The  Society  of  Architects  and 
Architecture."     He  remarked  that  he  had   had 
for  some  years  the  honour  imposed  upon  him  of 
endeavouring  to  pass    through    the    House   of 
Commons  a  Registration  Bill,  the  object  of  which 
was  to  insure  that  architects  should  possess  not 
necessarily  a  very  high  standard,  but  an  adequate 
standard   of  ability   for  the .  discharge  of   their 
onerous  duties.    They  did  not  seek  to  make  the 
profession  a  narrow  one ;  but  their  object  was  that 
it  should  no  longer  be  in  the  power  of  an  absolutely 
uneducited  and  inefficient  person  to  beguile  the 
public  into  intrusting  him  with  the  undertaking 
of  the  duties  of  planning  and  designing  buildings. 
He    regrttted    that     under    present    conditions 
m  the  House  there  was  little  ouportunity  of  pass- 
ing into  law  such  useful  measures  as  the  Archi- 
tects' Registration  Bill.     They  were  at  the  mercy 
of  the  chances  of  the  ballot,  and  at  present  there 
was  little  prospect  of  bringing  the  Bill  forward 
this  Session  ;  but  he  would  use  every  endeavour 
to   get   It   tlirough.      The   President,    who    was 
received   with  cheering,  referred  chiefly  in  hie 
response  to  the  ([uestion  of  the  statutory  educa- 
tion and  registration  of  architects.     He  said  that 
the  Society  had  for  years  advoaited  the  principle 
that  anybody  proposing  to  enter  the  profession  of 
architecture  should,  as  was  the  case  with  other 
professions,   notably  those  of  law  and  medicine, 
be  obliged  to  undergo  a  course  of  education,  and 
subaequcntly    give    evidence    that    ho    had    the 
pow,,.r  ol  applying  his  knowledge  to  practical  use 
before  he  w,is  allowed  to  describe  himself  as  one 
((U'llified  to  give  advice  in  the  science  and  art  of 
anhitecture.     It  was  only  by  an  Act  of  Parlia- 
rnent  that  such  a  principle  could  be  carried  into 
etloct.     A  great  change  had  recently  taken  place 

the  attitude  of  the  senior  body,   the  Royal 
"  "'  British  Architects,   in   this  matter. 


Two-thirds  at  least  of  its  allied  societies  had 
decided  for  registration,  and  the  profession  was, 
as  a  whole,  practically  unanimous  on  the  principle. 
So  strong  had  been  the  feeling  in  its  favour  among 
member's  of  the  Institute  itself,  that  they  had 
appointed  a  committee  t(i  report  upon  the  whole 
(luestion.  He  would  like  to  dispel  any  im- 
pression that  the  society  was  in  any  way 
antagonistic  to  the  Institute,  but  they  were 
endeavouring  to  carry  through  a  measure  which 
they  believed  to  be  in  principle  the  only  remedy 
for  the  present  unsatisfactory  state  of  affairs.  In 
conclusion  he  congratulated  the  members  upon 
the  gratifying  fact  that  the  Society  was  never  in 
a  better  position,  financially  and  numerically, 
than  at  present,  and  they  had,  indeed,  recently 
been  able  to  lay  aside  £1,000  as  a  reserve  fund  to 
meet  the  needs  of  the  Registration  Bill  and  other 
important  questions  affecting  the  welfare  of 
architects — an  announcement  greeted  with  hearty 
cheers.  Professor  F.  M.  Simpson  also  replied 
and  laid  stress  on  the  necessity  for  the  more 
thorough  education  and  training  of  architectural 
students.  The  toast  of  "Our  Ciuests "  was  pro- 
posed by  Mr.  G.  Gard  Pye,  vice-president,  and 
acknowledged  by  Alderman  Sir  H.  E.  Knight 
and  Mr.  Alfred  A.  Hudson,  who  said  in  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties  as  a  member  of  the  Tribunal 
of  Appeal,  he  could  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that 
he  was  formerly  an  architect.  The  concluding 
toast,  "  The  Arts  and  Crafts  allied  to  Architec- 
ture," was  given  by  Mr.  Ellis  Maryland,  Hon. 
Secretary,  and  was  responded  to  by  Messrs.  A. 
W.  W.  Dale  and  C.  H.  Barnsley,  and  the  sing- 
ing of  "  Auld  Lang  Syne"  concluded  a  very 
pleasant  evening's  proceedings. 


in 

Institute 


of 


THE    CUXrANCIN    SYSTEM    OF 
ARMOURED   CONSTRUCTION.* 

THIS  system,  which  is  named  after  its  inventor, 
Mons.  Paul  Cottancin,  an  eminent  French 
engineer,  was  initiated  by  him  in  the  year  1SS9  : 
since  then  it  has  been  employed  extensively  in 
the  United  States,  Portugal,  Belgium,  and  other 
countries.  It  was  first  introduced  into  England 
in  1902  by  Mr.  Arthur  Vye-Parminter,  an 
English  architect  practising  in  Paris,  it  being 
used  in  the  erection  of  St.  Sidwell's  Wesleyan 
Church  at  Exeter,  and  other  places. 

ADVANTAGES. 

The  principal  advantages  claimed  for  these 
methods  of  armoured  construction  may  be  briefly 
enumerated  as  follows,  viz.  : — 

1 .  Their  fire-resting  nature. 

2.  Absolute  cleanliness. 

3.  Durability. 

4.  Resistance  to  ehocka  and  vibrations. 

5.  Economy  of  space. 

6.  Adaptability  to  every  variety  of  form  and  shape. 

7.  Rapid  construction. 

8.  Impermeability. 

9.  Cheapness. 

10.  Maximum  supporting  capacity  with  minimum  dead 
weight. 

11.  No  maintenance  expenses. 

12.  The  facility  of  obtaining  and  transporting  their 
component  materials. 

13.  Reduction  of  insuiunce. 

14.  Greater  substance  than  iron  or  steel  ^„ 
bined  witli  the  advantages  of  these  two  materials. 

MATERIALS. 

All  the  materials  used  in  these  constructions 
are  of  the  best  procurable  of  their  respective 
kinds,  the  greatest  care  being  invariably  e.tercised 
in  every  operation  connected  with  their  prepara- 
tion and  use  :  and  the  most  unremitting  super- 
vision must  be  given  to  all  labour  employed  upon 
the  works  in  which  they  are  to  be  incorporated. 

CEMENT. 

The  cement  should  be  Portland  of  the  highest 
class,  slow-setting,  of  a  true  blue  or  greenish- 
grey  colour,  and  good  age.  It  should  be  very 
fre([ueutly  tested,  and  any  failing  to  reach  the 
requisite  standard  must  be  unhesitatingly  re- 
jected. The  advantages  of  a  finely  ground 
cement,  en'teris  partliKs,  cannot  be  over-estimated, 
and  it  is  now  possible  to  obtain  cement  which 
will  leave  on  a  sieve  of  32,000  meshes  per  square 
inch  a  residue  not  exceeding  9  per  cent.  The 
results  of  some  compression  tests  made  with  con- 
crete in  the  proportion  of  •>  m  1  with  this  cement 
and  a  coarser  cement  which  loft  a.  residue  of  1  per 
cent,  on  a  sieve  of  5,800  meshes  (ler  square  inch 
showed  that  after  21  days  the  former  gave  ISO 
tons  por  8(iuare  foot  against  the  tatter's  103  ;  after 
12  days  24.)   tons  against  164  ;  and  after  .'iC  days 


the  former  gave  2.52  tons  per  square  foot,  a  result 
which  will  show  a  favourable  comparison  with 
granite.  However,  the  usual  grade  is  a  ccmenfc 
which  shall  not  leave  a  residue  greater  than  10  per 
cent,  on  a  sieve  of  5,800  meshes  per  square  inch, 
and  gives  a  tensile  resistance  of  4001b.  per  square 
inch  after  seven  days',  and  5001b.  after  28  days' 
immersion  in  water. 

^AN1). 

Sharp  coarse  sand  must  be  used,  very  gritty, 
and  dilFerent  sizes,  especially  where  imper- 
meability is  essential.  It  must  be  perfectly  clean, 
and  entirely  free  from  earthy  or  argillaoeoie 
matter. 

AGGREG.\TE. 

CJood  hard  broken  stone  with  a  minimum  of 
inica  or  gravel  and  ballast  of  various  sizes  suffi- 
ciently small  to  pass  through  a  ^in.  mesh  sieve. 
The  same  remarks  as  to  cleanliness,  &c.,  apply  to 
the  composition  of  the  aggregate,  as  well  as  the 
sand.  No  limestone,  even  of  the  hardest  quality, 
must  be  permitted  in  fire-resisting  work, 

HETON    OR    CONCRETE    PROPORTIOSS. 

The  proportions  generally  used  for  the  mortar 
for  jointing  the  brickwork,  filling  the  holes  in  the 
bricks,  and  forming  the  upper  and  lower  surfaces 
of  the  trellis  panels  is  1  of  cement  to  3  and 
occasionally  4  of  sand.  This  mortar  shoold 
almost  have  the  liquid  consistency  of  a  grout 
to  facilitate  its  passing  into  the  perforations  of 
the  bricks  and  tiles  and  the  interspaces  betweeik 
the  wiring  of  the  reinforcement.  The  coocrete 
used  is  generally  proportioned  at  4  and  5  to  1, 
and  3  to  1  for  work  that  has  to  withstand  the 
percolating  action  of  water. 

MIXING    CONCRETE. 

According  to  Professor  Ira  O.  Baker,  good 
concrete  can  be  strengthened  nearly  10  per  cent. 
by  prolonged  trituration  and  attrition  of  its 
constituents,  and  recent  experiments  have  demon- 
strated the  superiority  of  mechanically-roised 
concrete  over  hand-mixed  ditto  by  quite  18  per 
cent.  Where  it  is  mixed  by  hand,  it  is  well  to 
increase  the  proportion  of  cement  by  ^cwt.  to 
6|cwt.  It  is  important  that  it  should"be  in  a 
plastic  or  viscous  condition.  It  should  be  used 
fresh  in  small  quantities  at  a  time,  and  well 
rammed  and  punned  until  the  moisture  is  evenly 
distributed.  The  concrete  should  not  be  too 
liquid,  because  if  so,  its  compressional  resistance 
is  weakened,  accompanied  by  cracks  during  the 
setting  ;  and  should  it  be  rice  reisd,  its  proper 
setting  will  be  proportionately  affdcted.  Another 
way  is  to  gauge  the  aggregate,  filling  its  inter- 
stices accordingly  ;  then  add  a  concrete  mortar, 
say  1  of  cement  to  2  of  sand,  with  a  margin  of 
about  10  per  cent,  for  faulty  mixing. 

HltlCKS    AND    TILES. 

One  of  the  features  of  this  system  is  the 
armoured  brickwork  (Briques  Armces).  Good, 
hard,  sound  specially  made  bricks  vertically  per- 
forated with  square  holes  are  generally  used  in 
two  sizes,  8gin.  by  3jin.  by  2  Jin.  with  four  holes, 
and  8fin.  by  3in.  bj;  4|in.  with  eight  holes.  The 
area  of  the  former  sized  brick,  which  wis  used  in 
the  erection  of  the  Pavilion  of  the  Republic  of  San 
Marino,  is  29'iSq.in.  made  up  of  MJsq.in.  for  the 
solids,  and  ojsq.in.  for  the  voids.  Tiles  of  a 
similar  character  are  made  for  lis^ht  partition 
work,  ic.  The  brick  and  tile  work  is  invariablv 
executed  in  the  stretching  or  "  chimney  bond,"  " 


Steel  rolled  wire  of  circular  section  is  employed 
for  reinforcing  the  brickwork,  and  for  forming^ 
the  meshing  for  the  slabs  of  trelbs  piinele.  Flat 
steel  bars  of  the  following  dimensions  uie  used  for 
the  top  and  bottom  flanges  of  the  ribs  and  beams. 
and  for  anchoring  the  steel  wire  under  the  bottom 
courses  of  the  brickwork  :  — 


1.  Bars  of  the  best  weldable  steel  lilia.  by 


liin. 
\Aa. 
nin. 
Kio. 
Uin. 


"  A  paper  read  before  the  Society  of  Architocte,  April 
21,  1004,  by  Mr.  A.  B.  GAtDBAiTii,  Assoo.M.Insl.C.E.l. 


JiD. 

Jio. 

^«iOv 

i«in 

'/i»in. 


th^ 


sizes  generally  used  being  Nos.  1,  3,  't,and  ;>. 
This  steel  should  be  ductile,  with  a  coeflicient  of 
elasticity  not  in  excess  of  30.  Siemens -Martin 
is  to  bo  given  tho  preference  over  Bessemer  on 
account  of  its  purer  and  more  uniformly  good 
quality. 

i:i:ni:ual  riiliOM'TiONs. 


Whore  concroto  work  li.os  been  discontinutJ 
before  tho  completion  of  tho  structure,  the  eurlioe 
of  the  old  work  must  be  well  serrated  with  n 


614 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


ArEiL  29,  19C4. 


INSTITUTION    or    THE   LOBD'S   SUPPER."     By  Thokvaldsen.— See  "  Easter  in  Copenhagen,"  by  Mr.  ILvrey  Hems. 


cutting-tool,  and  cleansed  from  all  foreign  matter 
before  resumption.  Pure  fresh  cement  grout 
must  then  be  poured  over  the  surface  of  the  work 
before  commencing,  care  being  taken  to  well  pun 
the  old  work  to  the  new  in  order  to  form  an 
eflScient  bond .  All  concrete  and  cement  should 
be  used  up  before  work  is  suspended,  and  any 
remaining  must  not  on  any  account  be  again 
used.  Fresh  concrete  work  should  be  freely 
watered  for  some  days,  and  failing  this  should 
be  maintained  in  a  moist  condition  by  a  good 
blanket  of  wet  sand,  especially  if  submitted  to 
the  action  of  the  sun  and  other  thermal  agencies. 
Large  surfaces  of  concrete  exposed  to  the  vicissi- 
tudes of  the  atmosphere  should  have  expansion 
joints  to  allow  for  expansion  and  contraction.  No 
centres,  moulds,  props,  and  struts,  or  other 
scaffolding  should  on  any  account  be  struck  untU 
the  concrete  has  sufficiently  set,  and  no  load 
should  be  placed  on  a  green  floor.  The  moulds 
and  shuttering  are  generally  removed  after  a  few 
days  ;  but  it  is  advisable  to  allow  at  least  a  month 
to  elapse  before  the  entire  removal  of  the  tem- 
porary supports,  when  the  structure  will  be  ready 
for  the  tests.  The  foregoing  remarks  apply  to 
concrete  work  only.  The  scaffolding  for  the 
brickwork,  besides  being  much  lighter  than  that 
used  for  ordinary  brickwork,  can  be  struck  as 
necessary  as  the  works  proceed. 

DESCRIPTIOX    OF    SYSTEM, 

The  metallic  ossature  is  composed  of  a  reticula- 
tion, or,  more  correctly  speaking,  a  basketwork 
of  steel  wire,  usually  of  No.  7  B.W.G.  of  varying 
mesh  corresponding  to  the  different  loads  the 
finished  structure  will  have  to  sustain — the 
general  rule  being  the  heavier  the  load  the  smaller 
the  mesh.  It  was  found,  however,  that  the  close- 
ness of  this  meshing  presented  difficulties,  as  it 
was  apt  to  prevent  the  concrete  from  completely 
filling  the  interstices  ;  to  obviate  this  it  was 
deemed  advisable  to  increase  the  diameter  of  the 
wiring  at  the  points  of  heaviest  loading,  instead 
of  reducing  the  size  of  the  mesh  as  heretofore. 
The  manufacture  of  this  meshing  can  soon  be 
acquired  by  a  workman  of  ordinary  intelligence, 
although  now  special  machinery  has  been  devised 
for  its  preparation,  and  the  whole  of  the  wiring 
in  every  part  of  a  structure  constructed  on  this 
aystem  is  so  intimately  conndtted  up  and  inter- 
woven with  the  object  of  an  equable  distribu'ion 
of  the  various  stresses,  so  as  to  form  an  homo- 
geneous whole. 

Fuither  information  was  given  as  to  the 
utilisation  of  the  system  for  foundations,  floors 
and  ceilings,  domes,  chimney -shafts,  bridges,  &c., 
together  with  some  particulars  upon  tests  of  its 
stability,  and  fire  and  wind-resisting  qualities. 


EASTER    WEEK   IN   COPENHAGEN. 
By  Habrv  Hems. 

ESBJERG  is  to  Denmark  what  the  Hook  of 
Holland  is  to  the  latter  country,  and  the 
Hook  to-day  is  what  Esbjerg  was  thirty  years 
ago— a  smaU  fisher  viUage— that  practically  owes 


its  present  prosperity  to  the  increasing  rage  for 
travel.  A  mushroom  town  now,  of,  perhaps, 
20,000  inhabitants,  Esbjerg  possesses  fine  docks, 
adjacent  to  which  is  a  large  range  of  recently 
erected  bonded  stores.  Buildings  are  going  up  at 
every  hand,  and  new  roads  laid  out  upon  its  sandy 
soil  in  all  directions.  One  very  large  building — 
possibly  a  college — is  just  roofed  in.  It  is  built 
of  red  brick  upon  a  plinth,  and  with  dressings  of 
light  brown  stone.  Granite  (pink  and  grey)  is 
largely  used  in  the  main  fa(,ade3  of  many  build- 
ings in  the  principal  streets  (all  the  latter  are  laid 
out  square,  on  the  American  plan) ,  and  a  general 
feeling  of  commercial  prosperity  is  evident.  Here, 
as  elsewhere  in  Denmark,  the  miserable  scaffold- 
ing used  in  the  building  trade  is  very  noticeable. 
There  are  neither  poles,  scaffold-boardi,  nor 
ropes.  Scantlings  and  slabs  are  roughly  nailed 
together,  and  the  ladders  are  of  most  primitive 
character.  Where  foundations  are  open,  it  is  seen 
that  the  ground  beneath  here — as  in  Copenhagen 
— is  thickly  studded  with  large  boulders,  many 
of  them  two  and  three  feet  in  diameter.  By  far 
the  finest  feature  at  Esbjerg  is  its  large  new  rail- 
way station,  opened  this  year.  It  is  built  of 
excellent  red  brick,  into  which  granite  is 
largely  introduced,  the  latter,  upon  the  main 
front,  being  cleverly  carved.  The  plinth 
(4ft.  high)  consists  of  three  courses  of  rough- 
faced  gray  and  red  granite  intermixed  at  random, 
with  a  chamfered  tooled  string  above.  The 
interior  of  the  station  is  most  striking,  the  main 
hall,  with  its  open -timbered  hammer-beam  roof 
brilliantly  painted — particu'arly  so.  Much  of  the 
internal  woodwork  is  a  light  salmon  :  the  fittings 
are  of  polished  teak.  The  platforms  are  broad, 
asphalted,  and  only  lifted  a  foot  above  the  rails. 
The  line  itself  runs  its  entire  length  over  a  flat 
country  ;  there  are  no  tunnels,  few  curves,  and 
scarcely  a  single  cutting  or  embankment.  In  many 
places,  however,  low  continuous  earthworks  are 
thrown  up  on  either  side,  to  protect  the  rails  from 
drifting  snow ;  and  snow-ploughs  were  in  evidence 
at  several  stations.  The  soil — in  turns — is  sandy 
and  peaty,  in  places  boggy ;  and  at  intervals 
woods  ot  fine  beech-trees  are  passed.  Unlike 
Norwaj-and  Sweden,  there  are  comparatively  few 
pines.  The  principal  features  in  the  landscape  are 
the  numerous  large  farmhouses,  and  extensive 
barns  attached  thereto.  These  are  very  seldom 
more  than  one  story  high,  often  half-timbered, 
and  thatched.  Over  the  ridge  of  the  steep  roofs 
logs  of  wood ,  pinned  together  in  the  form  of  an 
"  X  "  are  invariably  placed  at  close  intervals  to 
protect  the  reed  from  being  blown  away  by  the 
wind — a  not  altogether  bad  effect.  These  farm- 
steads are  bu'It  much  on  one  plan  —  on  the 
square  —  the  houses  occupying  one  side,  and 
the  barns  the  other  three  faces  of  the  quad- 
rangle. Hence,  there  is  a  large  yard  in  the 
middle.  The  old  churches  passed  (not  numer- 
ous) are  almost  as  much  a  counterpart  of  each 
other  as  are  the  little  French-Canadian 
churches  seen  when  going  up  or  down  the  great 
St.  Lawrence  river,  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Atlantic.  They  are  small,  rarely  possess  aisles, 
and  invariably  have  saddleback  western  towers, 


the  latter  often  with  s'ep  gables.  These  churches 
are  nearly  always  whitewashed  or  painted  white 
outside,  and  are  covered  in  with  red  pantiles. 

The  journey  over  the  mainland  takes  a  couple 
of  hours,  and  at  Frederigia  the  Little  Belt  is 
crossed  (half  an  hour) .  Proceeding  through  the 
Island  of  Funen,  at  Nyborg,  the  ferry  is  again 
taken,  and  the  voyage  over  the  Great  Belt 
accomplished  in  rather  over  one  hour.  These 
ferries  are  much  like  those  so  many  of  us  are 
familiar  with  in  the  United  States — the  mail 
coaches  and  luggage-vans  are  run  bodily  onboard, 
and  are  held  there  quite  taut  by  clips  that  fit,  at 
once,  the  rails  and  the  buffers  of  the  respective 
carriages,  then,  being  screwed  up,  the  coaches 
are  held  perfectly  immovable.  Upon  the  Nyborg- 
to-Kortiir  (upon  the  Zeeland  shore)  ferry,  every 
possible  convenience  for  passengers  exists,  and 
a  capital  and  cheap  dinner  is  served  m  route  in 
its  spacious  saloon. 

Copenhagen  has  a  population  of  nearly  500,000 
souls,  and  at  every  hand  wears  the  aspect  of 
prosperity.  New  districts  are  springing  up 
in  all  the  suburbs,  and  these  are  made  readily 
approachable  from  all  parts  of  the  c"ty  by  an 
excellent  system  of  electric  trams,  which  run 
at  a  uniform  charge  of  one  penny  all  the  way. 
One  may  travel  continuously  at  a  rapid  rate  for 
one  hour  for  that  small  outlay.  Sptaking 
with  a  general  personal  knowledge  of  nearly 
every  one  ot  the  European  capitals,  I  should  say, 
to  a  visitor,  Copenhagen  figures  amongst  the 
moat  interesting  of  them  all.  The  palaces,  public 
buildings,  and  museums  (of  the  latter  there  are  no 
less  than  nine)  are  |full  to  the  brim  of  art  and 
other  treasures.  Of  churches  there  are  fifteen. 
Of  these,  far  and  away  the  most  renowned  is  the 
Vor  Frue  Kirke  (that  of  our  Lady),  built,  the 
beginning  of  last  century,  from  the  designs  of 
C.  F.  Hansen,  architect.  Therein  are  Thorvald- 
sen's  masterpieces.  These  are  well  worth  going 
the  round  of  the  world  to  see. 

Two  things  Copenhagen  wants  badly,  and  these 
are  a  new  central  railway  station  and  a  commodious 
general  post-office.  Both  will,  no  doubt,  come  in 
due  course.  As  a  rule  the  paving  of  the  streets  is 
bad.  Only  quite  a  few  of  the  most  fashionable 
thoroughfares  have  their  sidewalks  flagged  and 
the  roadways  macadamised.  Down  the  latter  no 
electric  trams  run,  although  horse-cirs  take  such 
routes  at  frequent  interval.  As  a  rule,  the  pave- 
ments are  simply  pitche"d  with  small  stones,  having 
a  couple  of  lines  of  flagging,  some  14in.  wide, 
running  down  their  midst,  3ft.  or  4ft.  apart. 
These  are  laid  much  in  the  same  way  as  is  the  first 
tramway  in  England,  made  in  1824.  It  connects 
Haytor  on  Dartmoor  to  Teigngrace,  near  the 
South  Devon  Coast,  and  is  known  locally  as  the 
"  Granite  Railway."  It  was  constructed  to  run 
the  blocks  of  West-country  granite— of  which 
London  Bridge  is  built— the  more  easily  from 
the  moor  to  the  sea.  Much  the  same  sort  of  aid  to 
locomotion  I  can  remember,  so  long  ago  as  the  late 
"forties,"  existing  on  the  south  side  of  Com- 
mercial-road, E.,  laid  and  used  by  the  old  East 
India  Company  for  their  great,  green-painted, 
closed-in  waggons  to  trundle  the  more  easily  upon 


Apeil  29,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


015 


ST.    SAVIOUR'S    CHURCH,    COPENHAGEN.— See  "Easter  in  Copenhagen,"  by  Mr.  H.uutY  Hems. 


from  the  docks  at  BlackwttU  to  their  stores  of 
wenlth  in  the  City  of  London. 

The  building  trade  seems  to  be  exceedingly 
prosperous  in  Copenhagen  at  the  presf-nt  time, 
and  wages  paid  there  are  said  to  bo  higher  than 
anywhere  else  on  the  Continent.  Archittcts, 
lik-o  those  in  the  Colonies,  advertise  much  as  do 
tailors  and  other  tradesmen.  Here  is  an  instance, 
one  of  several  that  appear  in  the  local  newspaper 
on  the  day  of  penning  these  lines  :  — 

"  Arkitekt  C.  E.  0.  Petersen,  er  flyttet  til, 
Osfor  Fanmagsgade  79,  St.     O.     IVefon  7728." 

If  there  has  been  one  thing  more  than  another 
I  have  for  years  longed  to  see,  it  has  been 
Thorva'sden's    colossal    "Christus."      It    is,   I 


believe,  in  the  Koran  the  line  occurs  ;  "  Blessed 
is  he  who  cxpecteth  little,  for  he  shall  be 
satisfied."  All  of  us  who  have  stood  before 
Niagara  and  other  celebrated  sights  are  aware  that 
one's  first  impression  is,  all  too  often,  one  of  dis- 
appointment. Like  most  readers  I  have  always 
known  the  great  master's  wonderful  work  by 
repute.  Years  ago  (in  1882)  our  (iueen.  then 
Princess  of  Wales,  brought  me  hoiie  from  Copen- 
hagen a  terracotta  statuette  of  his  r/iif  (I'li-unr, 
and  at  Trondhjem's  Cathedral,  in  Northern  Nor- 
way, I  liave  seen  a  full-sized  cast  of  the  actual 
work.  Hut  at  the  latter  place,  standing  as  it 
does  in  a  small  side  chapel,  it  overpowers  every- 
thing  else,  and  h»nce  is  not  at  all  impressive. 


And  one  remembers  the  great  statueson  either 
side  of  the  navo  at  Cologne  Cathedral,  how 
seriously  thfy  spoil  tho  "scale"  of  the 
imnriediato  surroundings,  so  much  so  that  one 
totally  fails  to  realise  tho  nave  and  aisles  are 
Mitt,  wide,  and  that  slightly  more  than  the 
same  distance  divides  the  floor  from  the  in- 
ternal line  of  the  former's  roof.  Hence,  I 
approached  my  ideal  with  some  amount  of 
dillidence.  Tho  Church  of  Cur  Lady,  too,  ia 
not  an  attractive  building,  seen  from  the  ex- 
terior. It  has  a  square,  heavy  tower,  is  built 
of  brick,  and  cemented  all  over.  Tho  west  front 
has  an  Ionic  portico  (reminding  one  somewhat  of 
the  entrance  to  Kueton-square  railway  termicus). 


616 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


April  29,  1904. 


ill  i  s  tympanum  is  a  group  (by  Thorva'd- 
seu)  leprejenling  John  the  Baptist  preaching 
li  tiie  Wilderness,  the  6gures  very  much  isolated 
Iroin  each  other.  <  *a  the  wall  of  the  west 
front,  within  the  portico,  is  an  excellently  sculp- 
tured frieze,  by  the  same  master,  the  subject 
being  our  Lord  making  His  triumphant  entry  into 
Jerusalem.  On  either  side  of  the  entrance  ate 
colossal  bronzi  statues,  one  of  Moses— modelled 
by  Bissen — and  the  other,  representing  David, 
the  work  of  .Terichau,  another  Danish  sculptor  of 
emineQce.  A  church  stood  originally  on  this  site, 
and  to  the  same  dedication,  so  long  ago  as  the 
I2ih  centuiy.  Of  this,  no  remains  whatever 
exist. 

On  entering,  all  remembrances  of  thecrudeness 
of  the  exterior  instantly  vanish.  The  building, 
one  feels  instinctively,  is  perfect — a  noble  sh'ine, 
in  which  is  preserved  perhaps  the  most  impressive 
sculpture  the  world  contains.  The  church,  like 
<he  Madeleine  at  Paris,  is  lit  by  toplights 
•(three).  There  are,  however,  side  windows  ;  but 
•these  are  hidden  from  sight  when  the  edifice  i< 
viewed  from  the  body  of  the  nave.  ThejTfally 
light  the  deeply  recessed  gall-riea.  The  nave 
itself  is  .50ft.  wide.  There  are  seven  circul-ir- 
headed  arcades  on  each  siJe  ;  these  carry 
the  galleries,  whilst  the  circular  -  headed  root 
above  is  supported,  on  each  side,  by  fourteen 
Doric  columns.  The  walls,  from  floor  to  the 
balustrades  in  front  of  the  galleries,  and  the 
apse  at  the  east  end,  are  all  painted  a  delicate 
buff.  The  arcades,  columns,  balustrades,  and  the 
rest  of  the  walls  are  a  pure  white.  The  coved 
roofs  are  the  same  colour  generally,  but  the  re- 
cessed 8{iuare  panels,  with  which  they  are  richly 
diapered,  are  blue,  each  with  a  large  golden  star 
in  its  midst.  The  all-absorbing  statue  of  Christ 
stands  within  a  well-raised  baldacchino,  supported 
by  marble  columi  s,  and  has  a  background  (curved 
on  plan)  of  Pompeian  red,  with  a  frieze  above 
ia  blue  and  gold.  The  statue  itself  is  of  a  pale 
dove  marble,  and  (although  I  had  no  means  of 
measuring  it)  must  be,  at  least,  10ft.  high.  Its 
simplicity  of  detail,  the  general  attitude,  and 
the  wonderful  power  of  expression,  give  it  a 
fasciaation  no  words  of  mine  can  convey. 
It  is  the  one  centre  that  every  eye  falls 
upon  instantly,  and  the  spectator  realises  to  the 
full,  as  perhaps  never  elsewhere,  that  it  is  a 
cnasterpiece  in  an  atmosphere  of  perfect  art. 
The  altar  rails  are  of  poUshed  teak,  supported  by 
massive  brass  standards,  and,  on  plan,  are  on  the 
8weep.  Thus  the  inclosed  sanctuary  itself  forms 
almost  a  perfect  circle,  approached  by  three  steps, 
the  altar,  with  the  baldacchino  behind  it,  being 
raised  upon  four  more  of  coloured  marble.  In  front 
of  the  altar — a  curious  position  to  Anglican  eyes — 
stands  Thorvaldsen'a  well-known  angel  font.  It 
is  a  marble  figure,  5ft.  Gin.  high,  kneeling  upon 
the  left  knee,  and  holding  a  large  shell.  My  old 
friend,  Mr.  Alexander  Ross,  had  a  replica  of  this 
made  for  his  new  cathedral  at  Inverness,  and 
there  is  also  another  copy  of  it  in  St.  Giles's 
Oathedral,  Edinburgh. 

The  colossal  statues  of  the  Twelve  Apost'es  are 
of  yicilian  marble,  and  stand  on  massive  square 
bases  on  each  side  of  the  nave,  and  immediately 
in  front  of  the  broad  square  piers  that  support 
the  bays.  In  these  wide  wall  spaces  there  were, 
originally,  niches,  into  which  Mr.  Hansen,  as 
architect,  intended  the  statiies  to  stand.  The 
story  of  how  they  were  ultimately  blocked  up, 
and  the  figures  placed  in  their  present  position  is 
thus  told  bj'  the  sculptor  himself. 

"  Architects  are  obstinate  people,"  he  wrote, 
"and  one  must  know  how  to  manage  them. 
When  the  church  of  Our  Lady  was  built  Hansen 
left  six  niches  on  either  side  of  the  interior,  and 
these  were  to  contain  my  Tvselve  Apostles.  In 
vain  I  represented  to  him  that  statues  were  meant 
to  be  looked  at  from  all  sides,  and  that  nobody 
could  see  through  a  stooe  waU.  I  implored.  I 
coaxed,  but  it  was  all  in  vain  !  Then  I 
thought  to  myself,  '  He  is  best  served  who  serves 
himself — and,  thereupon,  I  made  the  statues  a 
good  halt  a  foot  higher  than  the  niches.  You 
should  have  seen  the  length  of  that  poor  archi- 
tect's face  when  he  found  this  out  I  But  he  could 
not  possibly  help  himself,  so  the  infernal  sentry- 
boxes  had  to  be  bricked  up,  and  my  Apostles  stand 
out  on  their  pedestals  as  they  are  no  w  seen  in  the 
church." 

In  the  Thorvaldsen  Museum  the  original  models 
of  these  thirteen  figures,  of  the  font,  of  the  panels 
in  the  north  and  south  vestries — representing, 
respectively,  the  Lord's  Supper  and  John  the 
Baptist  baptising  (^ur  Lord,  and  of  all  other 
acalptate    the    church    contains,    are  preserved, 


even  to  the  original  small  sketch  models.  It  is 
most  interestiog  in  this  museum  to  study  the 
development  of  his  "  Kommer  til  Mig  "  (Come 
unto  Me),  as  the  masterpiece  is  inscribed  in  the 
church.  The  original  sketch  it  very  roughly 
modelled  in  yellow  clay,  and  about  llin.  high; 
the  hands  have  since  dropped  off.  Then  he  made 
another  one,  '20in.  high,  in  which  the  face  is 
raised,  with  the  usual  amount  of  objection,  as 
regards  foreshortening  and  lack  of  shadow,  that 
all  uplifted  heads  in  sculpture  possess.  The  left 
hand  is  shown  in  the  same  position  in  which  it 
was  afterwards  immortalised  in  the  actual  figure, 
but  the  right  arm  was  raised,  i's  hand  coming 
up  nearly  to  the  chin.  This  position,  however, 
appears  to  have  been  discarded,  and  afterwards  a 
model  was  made  4tt.  Gin.  high,  almost  exactly  like 
the  first  inspiration,  and  thii  served  as  a  iirjtifior 
the  finished  full-size  study.  Tnere  is  also  pre- 
served, in  a  glass  case  in  the  same  room,  a  sketch 
upon  half  a  sheet  of  writing  paper,  by  the  master 
hand,  representing  this  very  figure  within  a  vesica, 
a  flying  angel  on  either  side,  together  with 
three  little  children,  with  uplifted  hands,  at  the 
Saviour's  feet. 

Some  further  reference  to  this  unique  museum 
must  be  reserved  until  next  time.  A  portrait  (by 
himself)  preserved  there  shows  Thorvaldsen.  as 
possessed  of  a  strong,  shaven  face — not  at  nil  un- 
like that  of  the  late  Dr.  Parker's,  of  Holboro 
Viaduct  Temple  fame.  He  had,  when  painted, 
long,  slightly  grey  hair  and  blue  eyes,  and 
wore  a  blue  linen  blouse,  with  a  wide  flapping 
collar  to  it. — Bertel  Thorvaldsen  was  born  at  7, 
Grenncgnde,  in  Copenhagen,  and  died  suddenly 
(ia  the  theatre)  upon  the  ■24th  of  JIarch,  1844. 
His  remains  repose  in  the  centre  of  the  court  in 
the  midst  of  the  museum  (designed  by  BindeabuU, 
the  architect),  wherein  are  collected  more  than 
600  examples  of  his  works  as  a  sculptor  and  as  a 
painter. 

In  Copenhagen  he  seems  to  have  left  few,  if 
any,  decendants.  The  only  person  now  living 
there,  of  the  same  name,  is  a  cigc.r-maker.  The 
great  sculptor's  creations  will  live  for  all  time. 
Strange  that,  to-day,  his  solitary  namesake's 
work,  at  best,  ends  in  smoke  ' 

(^To  be  cotitinticd,) 


REFUSE    DISPOSAL    AND  ^POWER 
PRODUCTION.* 

THE  idea  of  utilising  refuse  for  the  production 
of  power  is  quite  modern,  and  many  of  the 
destructors  in  use  are  so  employed.  The  author 
of  the  volume  under  the  abo%'e  head,  Mr.  W. 
Francis  Goodrich,  A.I.M.E.,  &c.,  places  sanita- 
tion as  the  chief  part  of  the  object  of  a  destructor, 
which  is  a  sanitary  necessity,  whether  the  power 
can  be  fully  utilised  or  not.  As  the  most  perfect 
destruction  of  refuse  is  consistent  with  the  pro- 
duction of  a  considerable  amount  of  power,  it  is 
folly,  as  the  author  says,  to  disregard  a  valuable 
asset.  The  zeal  for  sanitary  improvement  is 
often,  as  the  author  says,  abated  when  the  com- 
mercial equivalent  is  small.  The  success  of 
one  town  in  which  the  destructors  huve  been 
employed  in  connection  with  sewage  or  elec- 
tricity works  cannot  be  guaranteed  in  another, 
so  it  comes  about  that  if  it  is  not  possible  to  com- 
bine a  destructor  with  electricity  or  sewage  works 
it  ia  neglected.  Mr.  Goodrich  records  the  pro- 
gress made  in  refuse  disposal,  and  describes 
three  classes  of  refuse  destructor  (1)  those  of  the 
original  type  of  low  temperature  and  slow  com- 
bustion cells,  (2)  those  provided  with  artificial 
draught  and  more  efficient  by  reason  of  the  higher 
temperature  obtained,  (3)  destructors  of  modern 
types  providing  the  maximuoi  amount  of  power 
available  from  the  refuse  for  (A)  the  generation 
of  electricity  either  for  lighting  or  traction,  or 
both,  (B)  for  pumping  sewage,  (C)  for  pumping 
town's  water,  (B)  for  gasworks  or  other  municipal 
purposes,  for  which  power  is  required.  This 
last  class  of  destructors  represent  an  actual 
economic  gain,  and  in  many  instances  shown  the 
coal  bill  has  been  entirely  sa\  ed  or  reduced.  Each 
installation  is  dealt  with  under  each  town.  In  the 
early  type  of  destructor  no  attempt  was  made  to 
develop  power,  and  the  low-temperature  gases 
were  useless  for  steam-raising  purposes,  and  the 
residuum  or  clinker  turned  out  was  soft  and 
objectionable,  with  no  commercial  value.  It 
would  be  interesting  to  trace  tlie  various  steps  of 
destructor   development  here  described,  such  as 

•  Refuse  Disposal  and  Power  Protiuction.  By  W. 
Francis  Goodrich.  Assoo.I.M.E,  Assoc.R.l.P.H..  &c. 
With  Ninety-eight  Illustrations.  Westminster  :  Arohibaid 
Constable  and  Co.,  Limited,  Whitehall  Gardens. 


Horsfall's  destructor  or  hand-fed  type,  Meldrum's 
destructor.  Fryer's  top-fed  destructor,  Meldrum's 
improved  ditto.  Fryer's  ditto,  Warner's  top-fed 
destructor,  those  of  Baker,  Heenan  twin  cell,  &c. 
The  systems  of  charging  refuae  into  cells,  direct- 
charging  as  Horsfall's  or  other  systems,  are  fully 
desciibed  and  illustrated  by  carefully-drawn 
plates  and  sections.  Mechanical-charging  systems 
are  also  noticed.  British  destructors  are  described 
and  illustrated,  and  are  interesting  as  giving 
details  of  Fryer's  top-fed  destructor  embodying 
several  pitents — Warner's,  Horsfall,  and  other 
improvements.  All  of  these  are  described  and 
illustrated,  and  their  merits  and  disadvantages 
pointed  out.  The  chapter  on  "Labour  Cost" 
is  of  value.  The  author  says:  "Experience 
generally  sho»s,  also,  that  where  the  greatest 
amount  of  power  is  produced,  there  also  is 
the  best  clinker  produced,  so  that  on  the 
whole  a  guaranteed  low  labour  cost  must  be 
closely  investig.ated,  and  only  considered  with  a 
full  knowledge  of  the  other'  factors  involved."' 
Mr.  (.Goodrich  does  not  speak  favourably  of  me- 
chanical handling,  and  he  says  up  to  the  present 
mechanical  apparatus  for  handling  refuse  has  a 
poor  record,  and  the  evidence  he  adduces  showing 
the  rite  of  wages  paid  and  hours  worked  in  con- 
nection with  refuse  destructors  in  the  leading 
towns  of  the  North  are  conclusive,  and  the 
remarks  of  Mr.  John  Brodie,  A.M.I.C.E.,  the 
city  engineer  of  Liverpool,  show  that  labour  is 
not  reduced  by  such  handling.  The  tables  given 
of  labour  cost  in  all  the  chief  cities  are  of  valuf. 
The  figures  show  a  great  difference  between  the 
labour  co>t  of  varioui  systems  ;  the  top-feeding 
and  mechanical  charging  costs  are  particularly 
high. 

The  combination  of  refuse  destructors  with 
electricity  works  is  discussed  in  Chapter  IX. 
The  statistics  of  various  towns  show  the  com- 
bination to  be  of  value,  and  a  less  prejudiced 
opinion  is  held  regarding  it.  That  the  combined 
electricity  and  destructor  works  has  come  to  stay, 
there  is  no  doubt,  and  the  progress  of  electric 
traction  will  be  a  great  incentive.  There  are 
several  examples  of  combined  works  which  show 
a  satisfactory  result.  The  destructor  maker,  of 
course,  is  not  unprejudiced,  and  the  extravagant 
statements  made  concerning  the  generation  of 
electricity  from  refuse  have  generally  issued  from 
him.  The  statements  of  municipal  tngineers, 
such  as  "The  Golden  Dustman  "  and  of  Professor 
Forbes,  the  scientist,  carry  more  weight.  "  The 
Golden  Dustman  "  waa  an  excellent  engineer, 
and  he  had  a  "record  of  splendid  service," 
as  the  author  says.  It  was  said  that  it  waa 
impoasible  to  generate  steam  at  a  sufficiently 
high  pressure  for  electrical  purposes :  but  this 
statement  has  been  proved  unfounded.  At  Koch- 
dale  two  Lancashire  boilers  were  worked  up  to  a 
pressure  of  r20lb.,  and  this  has  been  exceeded  at 
Darwen,  where  the  best  results  have  been  attained 
and  high  steam  pressure  from  refuse  ia  now 
common.  With  a  well-designed  destructor  the 
combustion  also  is  said  to  be  more  perfect  than 
the  avenge  steam  boiler  fired  with  the  best  coal. 
The  subject  is  thoroughly  dealt  with  by  the 
author.  He  quotes  the  opinions  of  sixteen  station 
en<»ineers  expressing  favourable  opinions  about 
the  combination,  and  those  selected  are  from  the 
electrical  engineers  of  Cleckheaton,  Wrexham, 
Accrington,  Beckenham,  Ashton-under-Lyne, 
Lincoln.  These  engineers  state,  in  fact,  that 
a  destructor  and  electricity  works  can  be  made  to 
work  together  for  their  mutual  ad\antage. 

Another  chap'er  discusses  the  refuse  destructor 
combined  with  sewage  works.  Though  the 
progress  has  been  slow  towards  this  combina- 
tion, it  is  becoming  popular,  and  in  38  towns 
the  author  says,  "  destructors  have  been  erected 
in  connection  with  sewage  works,  the  number 
of  cells  in  the  aggregate  being  150,  whileGS 
steam  boilers  have  been  installed  for  working 
preaaurea  varying  from  60  to  1601b.  to  the  square 
inch.  The  total  weight  of  refuse  destroyed  daily, 
and  from  which  power  is  being  produced  for 
pumping  the  sewage  of  38  towns,  is  about  1,100 
tons."  'The  author  thinka,  however,  careful  con- 
sideration is  necessary  before  deciding  to  erect  a 
destructor  at  a  sewage  works  rather  than  at  an 
electricity  works.  The  aewage  pu-nping-station 
is  generally  erected  at  the  outskirts  of  a  town, 
and  the  refuse  is  often  in  excess  of  the  quantity 
required  for  pumping.  At  Hereford,  Nuneaton, 
Alderahot,  and  other  towns,  the  adaptation 
has  been  successful.  The  destructor  combined 
with  waterworks  forms  the  subject  of  the  next 
chapter,  and  the  author  thinka  that  during  the 
next  few  years  many  such  combined  installations 


April  29,  1904. 


THE   BUILDIXG    NEWS. 


6  IT 


■will  be  erected.  At  Sheetness  the  comtination 
has  proved  a  great  success.  Other  chapters  deal 
with  sites  for  destructors  ;  special  points  in  design 
for  securing  high  temperatures  and  steady  steam- 
ing; the  refuse  destructors  in  the  Metropolitan 
boroughs.  These  are  described,  such  as  those  of 
Battersea,  Bermondsey,  Finsbury,  Fulham,  Lam- 
beth, Poplar, Shoreditch,  Wandsworth,  Woolwich. 
The  particular  kind  of  destructor,  whether  top- 
fed  or  otherwise,  the  commercial  results,  amount 
expended,  revenue,  and  other  statistics  are  given  ; 
also  views  of  some  of  the  buildings  for  destructor 
and  electricity  works.  The  refuse  destructors  in 
England  and  Wales  follow,  and  these  are  all 
separately  described  and  illustrated  and  the  re- 
sults furnished.  Sir.  Goodrich's  work  comprises 
also  the  installations  abroad.  Those  who  are 
considering  the  important  question  of  I'efuse 
disposal  and  power  production,  both  as  municipal 
or  urban  authorities,  or  as  engineers,  will  do 
wisely  to  peruse  the  author's  work  and  the  valu- 
able materials  and  results  he  has  collected. 


BROAU-FL.\NGE  BE.4.M.S. 

TIKJSE  interested  in  constructional  steelwork 
will  be  glad  to  see  the  illustration  represent- 
ing the  standard  type  of  joint,  which  have  been 
introduced  by  Messrs.  H.  J.  Skelton  and  Co.,  of 
71,  Finebury -pavement,  in  connection  with  their 
"  Broad- Flange  Beams,"  or  solid  rolled  steel 
girders  with  wide  flanges.  As  a  paper  on  the 
subject  referring  to  recent  failures  in  New  York 
is  to  be  read  before  the  "  Iron  and  Steel  Insti- 
tute "  at  their  next  meeting,  the  note  on  the 
subject  is  of  opportune  value.  The  prist  or 
illustration  we  have  received  of  this  type  of  joint 
between  the  columns  and  girders,  represents  a 
connection  specially  designed  for  a  five-story 
steel-frame  warehouse  for  South  Africa.  The 
whole  of  the  steelwork  is  composed  of  solid  rolled 
steel  girders,  and  was  sent  out  ready  for  bolting 
together  by  unskilled  labour.  The  column,  a 
broad-flanged  beam  placed  vertically,  shows  a  set 
off  which  gives  a  seat  on  each  side  for  the  main 
lateral  girders,  the  upper  column  being  a  little 
narrower  between  thetlanges.  Several  advantages 
are  secured  by  this  form  of  connection  :  greater 
lateral  stiffness  and  stabDity  than  wi'h  compound 
girders  or  ordinary  joists,  simple  fastening, 
convenience  in  erection  and  economy  in  labour, 
accessibility  of  every  bolt  or  rivet,  less  liability  of 
rusting  than  with  riveted  girders.  In  the 
"Notes"  accompanying  Messrs.  Skelton  and 
Co.'s  illustration,  the  main  features  of  this  kind 
of  joint  are  pointed  out  as  follows  ; — "  Both  the 
main  girders  and  the  binders  are  fastened  to  the 
columns  by  a  pair  of  flange  cleats  and  a  pair  of 
web  cleats.  Owing  to  their  wider  flanges,  broad- 
flange  beams  admit  of  far  wider  and  therefore 
stronger  fastenings  to  the  flanges  than  is  possible 
with  ordinary  joists.  More  bolts  or  rivets  can  be 
got  into  a  wide  flange  without  unduly  weakening 
the  section.  In  this  way  the  girders  are  greatly- 
stiffened,  and  in  a  sense  the  fuU  length  of  the 
beam  is  lessened,  the  stiffened  ends  serving 
as  cantilevers  carrying  the  centril  portion  of 
the  beam.  Hence  the  strength  of  the  beam  is 
increased  and  deflection  minimised.  In  the  case 
of  compound  girders,  especially  when  these  are 
double-webbed,  it  is  in  most  cases  diflicult  or 
impracticable  to  rivtt  cleats  to  both  web  and 
flange.  In  any  case  lateral  connections  made  to 
a  single  central  web  are  obviously  stronger,  and 
more  easily  made  than  is  possible  with  the  box 
type  of  girders."  Another  point  is  that  the 
"  stanchions  are  stepped  into  the  full  depth  of 
the  main  girders,"  thus  giving  them  the  increased 
strength  of  a  column  with  fixed  ends.  The 
manufacturers  refer  to  the  tendency  amongst  a 
certain  class  of  designers  lu  pay  little  attention  to 
fastenings,  provided  the  columns  and  beams  are 
equal  to  the  estimated  loads,  or  inadequate 
foundations  are  given  to  the  steelwork,  by 
which  sometimes  a  load  of  100  tons  or  more  ia 
thrown  on  a  few  ,'ia.  rivets  ;  and  tlioy  point  out 
what  is  most  true  and  cannot  be  too  often  remem- 
bered, that  "a  slight  inequality  rr  defect  in 
practical  work  miy  throw  the  whole  load  of  a 
column  on  to  its  fastenings."  r,aterul  stability  is 
as  nec(.ssary  as  strength  in  r.spect  of  vertical 
loads,  though  often  ignored,  "  and  reliance  is  often 
placed  almost  entirely  on  the  uncertain  value  of 
concrete  flooring  for  obtaining  lateral  stability." 
They  also  remark :  "  It  is  to  bo  hoped  that  the 
recent  disaster  in  New  York  which  appears  to  be 
entirely  attributable  to  ill-desiguod  connections 
will  at  least  have  the  desired  effei't  of  calling 
more  attention  to  the  lateral  stability  of  structural 


steelwork."  The  type  of  joint  illustrated  and 
described  by  Mtssrs.  Skelton  and  Co.  certainly 
secures  the  two  main  requirements  of  stability  : 
adequately  fastening  area  or  surface  and  lateral 
strength  and  stiffness.  The  first  appears  to  us  to 
be  fully  met  by  the  flange  and  web  clea's,  and 
the  greater  number  of  bolts  and  rivets  that  can  be 
obtained  by  the  wide-flange  section  of  beam  ;  the 
lateral  strength  is  guaranteed  by  the  better 
lateral  connection  between  the  columns  and 
beams,  which  secures  a  more  vertical  load  un- 
impaired by  flexure  due  to  imperfect  foundations 
or  uneciual  bearings.  The  "  built-up  "  system  of 
beam-construction  cannot  insure  these  results  so 
well  as  the  solid  rolled  steel  beam. 


CHIPS. 

A  memorial  window  to  the  late  Mr.  Henry  Wal- 
rond  O.  Elye  was  unveiled  in  Shooter's  Hill  Parish 
Church  on  Saturday.  The  window  was  designed 
by  Mr.  C.  O.  Skdbeck. 

A  marble  statue  of  Shakespeare  was  unveiled  in 
the  park  at  Weimar  on  Saturday,  in  the  presence  of 
the  Grand  D  uke.  The  memorial  is  the  first  monu- 
ment of  the  poet  which  has  been  erected  in  Germany. 
It  is  the  work  of  the  Berlin  sculptor,  Herr  Otto 
Leasing,  and  represents  the  poet  sitting  on  a  block  of 
granite,  holding  in  one  hand  a  scroll,  while  the 
other  plays  with  a  rose.  At  the  foot  of  the  statue 
he  a  skull  in  cap  and  bells,  encircled  with  a  laurel 
wreath,  a  dagger,  and  a  fool's  bauble. 

A  meeting  of  the  parishioners  of  Stoke  Damerel, 
Devonport,  was  recently  held  with  reference  to  the 
old  parish  church  of  Stoke  Damerel.  The  meeting 
decided  to  consult  Mr.  H.  G.  Luff,  architect,  with  a 
view  to  getting  an  estimate  of  the  cost  of  putting 
the  church  in  repair.  His  estimate  amounted  to 
£1,500.  Lord  St.  Levan  was  communicated  with, 
and  he  has  generously  promised  to  bear  the  expenses 
up  to  £1,600.  The  architect's  estimate  includes 
match-boarding  the  five  main  roofs  and  the  building 
of  a  new  organ  chamber. 

Over  one  hundred  applications  were  received  by  the 
Durham  County  Council  for  the  appointment  of 
architect  and  surveyor  to  the  education  committee 
(Act,  1902),  and  from  these  six  candidates  were 
selected  to  be  interviewed  by  the  committee  last 
week,  with  the  result  that  in  the  final  voting  Mr. 
William  Hushworth,  of  Croydon,  was  appointed  by 
two  votes  over  Mr.  Harry  P.  Hoskins,  of  Birming- 
ham. The  salary  is  £460  a  year  and  travelUng 
expenses. 

The  Denbigh  Town  Council  received  a  letter  on 
Friday  from  Mr.  Carnegie's  secretary  staling  that 
Mr.  Carnegie  had  given  12,000  to  13,000  free 
libraries  under  certain  conditions,  which  had  been 
complied  with.  These  conditions,  however,  were 
not  acceptable  to  the  members  of  the  Denbigh  Cor- 
poration, so  that  the  movement  for  providing  a  free 
library  in  that  town  has  been  abandoned. 

At  Wallsend,  on  Saturday,  the  foundation-stone 
of  a  drill-hall  for  the  use  of  the  local  detachment  of 
the  2nd  Volunteer  Battalion  Northumberland 
Fusiliers  was  formally  laid.  The  building  is  being 
erected  in  Lawson-street,  adjoining  a  site  which 
will  be  ultimately  occupied  by  municipal  chambers. 
It  will  cover  an  area  of  GOft.  by  47ft.,  and  there  ia 
suificient  ground  to  extend  the  premises  to  107ft.  if 
found  necessary  in  the  future.  Mr.  W.  T.  Weir, 
of  Howdon,  is  the  contractor,  and  the  plans  were 
prepared  by  Mr.  M.  H.  Graham,  architect,  of  New- 
castle. 

At  a  parishioners'  meeting,  held  at  Heckmondwike 
on  Friday,  it  was  resolved  to  adopt  a  recommenda- 
tion of  the  building  committee  in  favour  of  proceed- 
ing at  once  with  the  restoration  of  the  parish  church 
and  the  erection  of  a  new  chancel,  at  an  estimated 
cost  of  £3,000.  The  new  chancel  is  the  first  part  of 
a  project  initiated  some  years  ago  for  the  entire  re- 
building of  the  church.  There  is  about  £1,000  in 
hand  towards  the  cost. 

The  opening  took  place  on  Saturday  of  the  new 
Baptist  Church  situate  in  Lightfoot  Grove,  Stockton, 
which  has  been  erected  at  a  cost  of  £.),000.  Seating 
accommodation  is  proviled  for  000  worshippers. 

The  monthly  meeting  of  the'  Glasgow  Aroba-- 
ological  Society  was  held  in  the  rooms  of  the 
Society,  207,  Bath-streot,  Glasgow,  on  Thursday 
night  m  lust  week.  Mr.  John  Edwards,  F.S.. V.Scot., 
read  a  paper  on  the  "  Greyfnars  in  tilasgow."'  A 
number  ot  pen-and-ink  drawings  of  tilasgow  and 
neighbourhood  and  several  other  articles  were  also 
exhibited  by  Mr.  James  Paton,  K.L.S. 

On  Friday  last  the  Bishop  of  Cliichester  dedicated 
the  new  stauied-glass  window,  ])iaced  in  the  Nortli 
aisle  of  St.  Mark's  Church,  Tunbridge  Wells,  to 
the  memory  of  Nelson  Elvey  Irons,  for  fifteen 
years  organist  of  the  church.  Tae  architects  are 
Messrs.  lleatoii,  Butler,  and  Bayne.  The  subjects 
represent  musicians  connected  with  sacred  history, 
Kiug  David,  the  Psalmist,  with  the  harp,  and  St. 
Cecilia  with  the  organ. 


OBITUAKV. 

Ml:.  Wii.Li.\M  Be.^t.sox,  who  was  for  nearly  35 
years  burgh  survej  or  under  Loith  Police  Com- 
missioceis  and  I.eith  Town  Council,  died  OD 
Sunday  at  his  residence  at  2,  I.averockbank-road, 
Leith.  Born  in  Abernelhy,  Pertlishirt,  in  IS32, 
he  received  his  early  training  in  the  employment 
of  his  father  and  his  uncle,  being  at  thai  time 
apprenticed  as  a  mason.  Later  on  he  obtained  a 
situation  in  the  Glasgow  City  architect's  oflice, 
and,  after  serving  some  time  there,  he  was 
appointed  sanitary  inspector  and  surveyor  of 
drainage  at  Paisley.  His  next  appointment  wa» 
that  of  burgh  surveyor  for  Ijeith,  which  wa» 
made  in  1S69,  and  he  held  this  oflice  until  about 
two  years  ago,  when  the  post  was  made  a  joint 
one  by  the  appointment  of  Jlr.  J.  R.  Finlay,  of 
Montrose.  The  Water  of  Leith  Pnrificition 
Scheme  was  carried  through  during  Mr.  lieatson's 
tenure  of  office,  and  in  connection  with  it  he  was 
associated  with  the  late  Mr.  Cooper,  the  Edin- 
burgh city  engineer.  The  tramways  in  Leith 
were  constructed  under  his  supervision,  and  he 
did  a  good  deal  of  work  in  connection  with  the 
Leith  Corporation's  improvement  scheme.  He 
leaves  a  widow  and  family. 


The  Cecil  Rhodes  Memorial  Committee  has  pur- 
chased a  central  site  in  Larquet-square,  Bishop's 
.Stortford,  formerly  known  as  the  Curriers'  Arms 
Inn,  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  the  memorial  to  the 
late  Mr.  Cecil  Rhodes  at  his  native  town. 

A  new  Wesleyan  Sunday-school,  which  has  been 
erected  at  Denton's  Green,  St.  Helen's,  Lanes,  was 
opened  on  Friday.  The  new  premises,  which  can 
also  be  used  as  a  mission- room,  have  cost,  with  the 
site,  about  £2,.500,  and  provide  accommodation  for 
about  400  persons. 

Mr.  JohnHopkinsMorgao,  of  St.  Bride's,  Prenfor?, 
formerly  of  .57,  Prince's  Dock,  Liverpool,  superin- 
tending engineer  of  the  Mersey  Docks  and  Harbour 
Board,  who  died  on  January  IS  last,  left  estate  of 
the  gross  value  of  £7,790,  with  net  personalty  nil. 

At  the  anniversary  meeting  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  on  St.  George's  Day,  the  following^ 
were  elected  for  the  ensuing  year  :— President,  Lord 
Avebury ;  treasurer,  Mr.  Philip  Norman  ;  director, 
Mr.  F.  G.  Hilton  Price ;  secretary,  Mr.  C.  H.  Read  ; 
other  members  of  council — Mr.  W.  Paley  BaildoD, 
Sir  C.  Purdon  Clarke,  Mr.  O.  M.  Dilton,  Mr.  Cyril 
Davenport,  Rev.  E.  S.  Dewick,  Mr.  Leland  Duncan. 
Sir  John  Evans,  Mr.  M.  S.  Giuseppi,  Mr.  W. 
Gowland,  Mr.  F.  Haverfleld,  Mr.  R.  R.  Holme?,  Sir 
Henry  H.  Howorth,  Mr.  J.  Seymour  Lucas,  Mr. 
J.  T.  Micklethwaite,  Mr.  W.  Page,  Sir  Edward  M. 
Thompson,  and  Mr.  J.  G.  Waller. 

The  Horwich,  Westhonghton,  and  Blackrod  Joint 
Infectious  Diseases  Hospital,  Horwich,  is  being 
warmed  and  ventilated  by  means  of  Shorland's 
double-fronted  patent  Manchester  stoves  with 
descending  smoke  -  flues  and  patent  Manchester 
grates,  the  same  Iwing  supplied  by  Messrs.  E.  H. 
Shorland  and  Brother,  of  Manchester. 

The  Mayoress  of  Hartlepool  laid,  on  Friday,  the 
foundation-atone  of  the  new  mission  church  of  St. 
Barnabas,  on  the  central  estate  in  the  parish  of 
Holy  Trinity.  The  church  will  be  a  plain  brick 
building,  measuring  03ft.  by  3.>ft.  The  lowe» 
portion  of  the  walls  will  be  panelled  with  i>itch  pine 
and  the  remainder  plastered,  and  the  cost  is 
eatimated  at  £1,500. 

The  late  Mr.  Alexander  Stuart  Murray,  LL.I)., 
F.S..\.,  Hon.  A.R.I.B.A.,  aged  02,  keeper  of  the 
department  of  Greek  and  Ivom*n  antiquities  of  the 
British  Museum,  author  of  many  important  works 
on  classic  archaeology,  has  left  .f  1,099  gross,  and 
£1,072  net. 

The  committee  who  have  in  hand  the  erection  of 
a  memorial  statue  in  Newcastle-on-Tyne  of  the  late 
Mr.  Joseph  Cowen  announce  that  three  sculptors 
out  of  eight  selected  in  public  competition  have  reen 
chosen  to  send  in  sketch  models  for  final  selection. 

Sir  George  Bruce,  the  umpire  in  the  recent  arbitra- 
tion proceedings  l)etween  the  Nuntwich  l'rl>ar> 
District  Council  and  the  Nantwich  Gas  Coinpaiiy  to 
fix  the  price  of  the  company's  undertaking,  which 
the  council  have  acquired  by  Act  of  Parliament 
has  communicated  his  decision.  Ho  fixes  the  price 
of  the  undertaking  at  £6.S,14S. 

Mr.  (i.  F.  Grimwood,  of  the  city  surrejor's 
oflice,  Birmingham,  has  been  presented  by  his 
colleagues  at  tire  council  house  with  a  testimoniAl. 
consisting  of  a  numl>er  of  technical  works,  oir  the 
occasion  of  his  leaving  the  Birmingham  Oorpora- 
tiou  to  tako  up  the  position  of  borough  engineer  and 
surveyor  at  Monmouth. 

A  fire  broke  out  on  Tuesdav  morning  at  the 
premises  of  Messrs.  Wiggins  ana  Co.,  contractors, 
Southend.  The  flames  spread  rapidly,  and  the  place 
was  gutted. 


618 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


April  29,  1904. 


Bttilbtttg  $tttelltgenct 

BiEMiNanAM. — The  foundation-stone  of  the 
Birmingham  and  Midland  Hospital  for  Women 
■was  laid  on  Thursday  in  last  week.  The  new 
hospital  will  be  a  two-story  building  of  bricks, 
with  unpretentious  elevation.  There  will  be  no 
terracotta  and  very  little  s'onework.  In  the 
centre  is  the  administrative  block,  having  on  the 
ground  fl.-or  an  entrance-hall  and  corridor. 
Leading  out  of  the  corridor  are  a  dispensary, 
surgical  store,  storeroom,  sewing-room,  mattress 
store,  sisters'  eitting-room,  and  a  staircase  and 
lift  running  from  the  basement  to  the  first  floor. 
On  the  first  floor  is  the  operating  department  and 
also  a  bathroom.  The  ward  buildings  are  to  be 
constructed  on  piers  and  arches.  The  wall  and 
ceiling  surfaces  will  be  painted  with  enamel  paint 
on  plaster.  At  the  south  end  of  the  administra- 
tive block  is  placed  a  detached  nurses'  home.  The 
north  end  of  the  administrative  block  is  a  de- 
tached building  for  the  laundry  and  engineering 
departments.  The  convalescent  home  will  be  a 
two-story  building.  The  architects  are  Messrs. 
Martinand  Martin,  of  Colmore-row,  Birmingham. 
The  builder  is  Mr.  C.  Gray  Hill,  of  Coventry ; 
and  the  clerk  of  works  Mr.  Frank  Hopkins. 

Chandler's  Ford,  Hants. — The  foundation- 
stone  of  the  new  church  of  St.  Boniface,  Chand- 
ler's Ford,  near  Southampton,  was  laid  by  Mr. 
Tankerville  Chamberlayce,  M.P.,  on  Thursday 
in  last  week.  When  finished,  the  building  will 
accommodate  a  congregation  of  250,  but  at  present 
the  contract  is  only  for  the  building  of  the  nave, 
a  small  portion  of  the  chancel,  and  a  vestry.  A 
temporary  wall  is  being  built  at  the  east  end.  The 
work  is  being  carried  out  by  Messrs.  Parnell  and 
Sons,  of  Rugby,  to  plans  prepared  by  Mr.  G.  F. 
Bodley,  R.A.  The  building  is  constructed  of 
local  red  facing  bricks,  wiih  Bath  stone  facings. 
The  roof  will  be  in  Staffordshire  tiles,  and  inside 
there  will  be  a  barrel  vaulted  ceiling.  The  floor- 
ing will  be  of  wood,  and  seating  accommodation 
is  by  chairs.  The  length  of  the  church  is  78ft. 
by  25ft  ,  and  there  will  be  a  heating  chamber  for 
hot  water  under  the  vestry.  The  work  is  being 
carried  out  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  C 
Woodley.  The  cost  of  the  present  section  is 
about  £5,000.  The  site  of  21  acres  has  been 
given  by  Mr.  Chamberlayne,  M.P. 

Edinkurgh. — At  the  Elinburgh  Dean  of 
Guild  Court  on  Friday  the  plans  were  passed  for 
the  branch  library  at  Morningside,  which  is  to  be 
built  at  an  approximate  cost  of  £5,000.  The  new 
building  is  to  be  erected  on  the  west  side  of 
3Jomingside-road,  opposide  Falconhall,  and  will 
consist  of  a  lending  library  and  reading-room. 
It  is  approached  by  an  entrance-hall  and  a 
corridor,  the  latter  being  of  two  bays  roofed 
groin-wise  in  breezed  concrete  and  finished  in 
white  plaster.  The  reading  room,  which  will  be 
situated  behind  the  lending  library,  will  be  about 
50ft.  square,  and  will  be  divided  into  sections  by 
means  of  pilasterc  and  columns,  the  centre  s-ction 
forming  a  square  over  which  will  be  placed  a 
dome,  the  cotfers  of  which  will  be  filled  with 
ornamental  glazing  for  light.  The  architecture 
will  be  upon  simple  Rennissance  lines,  and  ihe 
front  elevation,  which  will  be  of  stone,  is  to  have 
two  projecting  gables,  which  will  be  treated  with 
pediments  relieved  with  carving.  There  will  be 
a  house  for  the  librarian.  The  plana  have  been 
prepared  in  the  department  of  the  City  Super- 
intendent of  Works. 

Higham's  Park. — The  opening  ceremony  of 
the  United  Methodist  Free  Church,  Higham's 
Park,  E.,  took  place  on  Siturday,  April  23.  Tne 
building  occupies  a  prominent  comer  site.  The 
design  is  in  a  late  period  of  Gothic  freely  treated. 
The  block  comprises  church  with  transepts 
and  apse  and  two  vestries,  and  the  usuil  con- 
veniences. The  contract  amount  of  the  building 
is  £1,828.  This  building  will  form  the  school 
when  the  future  church  is  erected,  and  is  only  the 
first  portion  of  a  large  scheme.  The  architects 
are  Messrs.  George  Bjines,  F.R.I.B.A.,  and 
R.  Palmer  Baines,  5,  Clement's  Inn,  Strand, 
London,  W.C. 

iLroRD. — The  Loxford  boys'  and  girls'  schools, 
erected  by  the  Ilford  School  Board,  were  opened 
last  week.  They  accommodate  410  boys  and 
440  girls,  the  total  capacity  of  the  schools  with  a 
mixed  department  previously  erected  being  !,:>  jO 
children.  On  each  of  the  two  floors  is  a  central 
hall  and  seven  classrooms  The  building  ex- 
ternally,   although   of   a   different   design,  is  in 


keeping  with  the  other  schools  in  the  district,  the 
lower  portion  being  faced  with  blue  bricks  to  the 
height  of  the  plinth,  and  above  that  with  bright 
yellow  facing  stocks,  relieved  with  huff  terracotta, 
the  roofs  being  covered  with  Broseley  plain  tiles. 
The  building  internally  is  faced  with  glazed 
brick  to  dado  height,  and  grey  primrose  bricks 
above  thit  height.  The  building  throughout  is 
lighted  by  electric  incandescent  lamps,  the 
current  being  obtained  from  the  council's  mains, 
and,  as  an  emergency  light  only,  the  whole  of 
the  buildings  are  fitted  with  gas  supply.  The 
cost  per  head  has  been  £14  5s.  6d.  The  architect 
was  Mr.  C.  J.  Dawson,  F.R.I.B.A,,  and  the 
contractor  was  Mr.  F.  Willmot,  of  Ilford,  Mr. 
Henly  having  acted  as  clerk  of  works. 

MoRi'ETii.— The  Old  Red  Bull  Inn  has  just 
been  rebuilt  from  the  foundations  in  a  half- 
timbered  style,  from  plans  by  Mr.  L.  A.  Londes, 
architect,  of  Slorpeth.  The  ground-floor  front 
is  of  stone  and  pressed  bricks,  and  has  a  fine 
range  of  three-light  mullioned  windows  with 
curved  transoms,  the  front  floor  projecting  well 
over  the  ground  floor.  The  front  of  this  story, 
half-timbered,  is  supported  by  bold  brackets,  and 
has  two  bay  windows  with  surmounting  gablets. 
A  red  bull  is  a  feature  in  a  hanging  sign  in 
wrought  iron.  Mr.  R.  Charlton  HhII,  of 
Morpeth,  was  contractor,  and  the  electric  light 
was  installed  by  Messrs.  Rowland  Burnett  and 
Co  ,  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

Norwich. — St.  Saviour's  new  mixed  school 
was  opened  on  Thursday  in  last  week  by  the 
Bishop  of  Norwich.  The  school  has  been  erected 
on  St.  Paul's  Opening,  for  several  years  an  open 
waste  piece  of  grouDd,  and  previously  covered  by 
a  poor  class  of  cottage  property.  The  school  is 
built  of  red  kiin  bricks,  upon  a  plinth  of  blue 
Staffordshire  bricks,  in  the  rear  next  the  play- 
groundt,  and  salt  glazed  bricks  to  the  front 
elevations.  The  roofs  are  covered  with  permanent 
green  slates.  The  floors  to  the  school  and  cUss- 
rooms  are  laid  with  boards  nailed  to  concrete,  and 
the  floors  of  the  cloakrooms  with  Staffordshire 
tiles.  The  fireplaces  have  glazed  Doulton  mantel- 
pieces (with  oak  shelves),  glazed  tile  hearths,  and 
fender  curbs.  The  classroom  at  the  west  end  is 
divided  from  the  main  school  bv  a  Wilks  patent 
sliding  partition,  supplied  by  the  North  of  EngUnd 
School  Furnishing  Company,  which  can  be  folded 
back  against  the  wall,  giving  a  ro^m  72ft.  long. 
The  main  room  accommodates  104  children,  and 
each  classroom  48,  making  a  total  of  200  children. 
An  additional  classroom  can  be  erected  to  accom- 
modate another  48  children.  A  special  flue  has 
been  bu'lt  against  each  fireplace,  with  a  ventilator 
just  underneath  the  cei  ing  line.  The  sch'ol  and 
classrooms  are  ceiled  at  the  collar  level  I4ft.  above 
the  floor.  A  pitch-pine  dado  has  been  fixed  all 
round  the  walls  of  the  entire  school  and  cloak- 
rooms, (jver  the  north  end  of  the  girls'  c'.oak- 
room  a  small  water  towtr  has  been  erected  to 
contain  the  water  meter  and  tank  for  the  ofiicfs. 
The  school  has  been  fitted  throughout  with 
electric  light  by  the  electriiity  department  of  the 
Norwich  Corporation.  The  work  has  been 
cirried  out  by  Mr.  John  Hum,  Surrey-street, 
Norwich,  from  the  plans  and  under  the  super- 
vision of  Mr.  Arthur  J.  Licey,  architect, 
Norwich. 

Ormskirk. — The  memorial  stone  of  the  exten- 
sion of  the  Ormskirk  Grammar  School  was  laid 
on  April  13.  The  extensions  will  considerably 
increase  the  size  of  the  buildings,  and  will  pro- 
vide accommodation  for  125  mixed  scholars.  The 
existing  building  is  being  converted  into  chemical 
and  physical  laboratories  with  lecture-room,  store 
f.  r  balances,  &c.,  which  completely  ut'lises  the 
whole  of  same.  The  new  building  is  two  stories 
in  height,  and  consists  of  central  hall,  with  five 
classrooms  arranged  round  same,  large  room  for 
advanced  art,  music  room,  and  two  practising 
rooms,  lavatories  and  cloakrooms  for  boys  and 
girls,  and  rooms  for  assistant  master  and  mistress. 
"The  princ  pal  elevation  to  the  road  is  faced  with 
local  stone  from  the  same  quarry  as  that  in  the 
existing  building,  the  other  elevations  being  in 
St.  Helens  bricks.  The  ventilation  will  be 
carried  out  by  means  of  Tobin'a  inlet  tubes,  and 
Boyle's  extractors  assisted  by  extractors  into 
flues  in  chimney-stacks,  and  the  heating  will  be 
by  low-pressure  hot- water  by  means  of  radiators. 
The  new  work  has  been  designed  to  harmonise 
wiih  the  existing  structure,  which  is  of  a  Gothic 
character.  The  architect  for  the  work  being  Mr. 
Frank  Rimmington,  of  May  Bjildings,  Norih 
John -street,  Liverpool.  The  work  is  being 
carried  out  by  Mr.  James  Whittle,  of  Ormskirk, 
at  a  total  cost,  including  tumiture,  of  £5,000. 


SouTiii'oRT. — There  was  recentlj'  opened  a  new 
wing  and  other  buildings  at  St.  Peter's  R.C. 
Foreign  JNIissionary  College,  Frcshfield,  near 
Southport.  The  wing  is  situated  on  the  west  side, 
and  comprises  on  the  ground  floor  a  well  propor- 
tioned study  haD,  new  cloisters  on  the  south,  east, 
and  west  sides,  forming  a  quadrangle.  On  the 
first  fl.or  is  arranged  a  dormitory  for  thirty 
students,  with  prefect's  room  and  conveniences 
arranged  off  the  main  landing,  which  is  reached 
by  a  stone  staircase  from  the  west  cloister.  The 
spaces  in  roof  have  been  utilised  for  storage,  and 
are  well  lighted.  O. her  aV orations  and  improve- 
ments in  the  existing  buildings  have  been  effected. 
The  chapel  his  been  redecorated  to  special  designs 
by  the  rector.  A  new  high  altar  of  unique  design 
has  also  been  erected  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Wall,  of 
Cheltenham.  The  total  coat  is  about  £2,500. 
Messrs.  Formby  Bros.,  of  Formby,  were  the 
general  contractors.  Mr.  Frederick  H.  Peate,  of 
Liverpool,  was  the  architect. 

Watiord. — The  new  Congregational  church 
at  the  junction  of  the  Clarendon  and  St.  John's- 
roads  was  formally  opened  on  Wednesday  week. 
The  exterior  is  in  the  main  of  red  brick,  vrith 
Bath  stone  dressings.  At  the  corner  of  the  two 
roads  a  spire  riaea  to  a  height  of  about  120ft., 
60ft.  above  the  embattlements.  The  major  part 
of  the  interior  woodwork  was  of  unvarnished 
pitch-pine,  the  flooring  being  composed  of  blocks 
of  similar  wood.  There  ia  a  raised  chancel  with 
a  cirved  oaken  pulpit  aa  a  centre-piece,  and  choir 
seats  also  on  the  higher  level.  The  organ  will 
subsequently  be  placed  at  the  rear  of  the  pulpit. 
The  general  character  of  the  church  is  CJothic, 
accommodation  for  800  worshippers  being  pro- 
vided. The  plans  for  the  whole  of  the  work  were 
prepared  by  Slessrs.  Gordon  and  Gunton,  of 
London.  Mr.  Chas.  Brightman,  of  Watford, 
was  the  builder,  and  the  cost  has  been  £7,500. 

WiiiTwicK-wiTn-SwANNiNOTON.  — The  hope- 
lessly dilapidated  church  in  this  colliery  village 
was  reopened  on  Saturday  by  the  Bishop  of 
Leicester  after  restoration  carried  out  by  the 
personal  efforts  of  the  vicar,  the  Rev.  J.  H.  E. 
Bailey.  The  whole  of  the  work  has  been  accom- 
plished by  the  vicar  with  his  own  hands,  aided 
very  occasionally  by  one  man.  The  repairs 
effected  include  (1)  the  raising  of  the  floors,  1 10 
square  yards  in  area,  involving  the  use  of  over 
65  tons  of  ballast  and  concrete;  (2)  fixing  the 
lead  lights  in  eleven  tracery  windows,  including 
the  stained  glass  in  the  large  five-light  east 
window  ;  (3)  the  internal  woodwork,  including 
l,680aq.ft.  of  roof  work— the  internal  roof  being 
circular  vaulting  with  moulded  ribs,  and  carved 
and  moulded  cornices,  OGft.  long;  (4)  carving 
and  decoration  of  the  oak  bosaes;  (5)  painting 
and  decoration  in  gold  and  colour  of  chancel 
roof  to  an  architect's  design  ;  f6)  rebuilding  and 
renova'ionof  organ  up  in  new  organ  loft;  (7) 
construction  of  chancel  and  altar  steps— total 
length  160ft. — in  granolithic  concrete ;  (8.)  internal 
ironwork  ;  (9)  construction  of  new  heating  flues, 
furnace,  &c.  ;  and  (10)  floating  of  floors  and 
laying  of  tile  pavements.  By  these  efforta  the 
work,  which  would  have  cost  in  a  builder's  hands 
nearly  £2,000,  has  been  completed  for  £1,430. 


Messrs.  W.  T.  Henley,  cable  manufacturers,  of 
Silvertown,  have  decided  to  build  forthwith  new 
works  on  the  river  front  at  Northfleet,  Kent. 

The  arbitration  to  decide  the  price  to  be  paid  by 
the  local  authorities  for  the  Bury,  Rochdale,  and 
Oldham  Tramway  Co.'s  undertaking  has  t)een  fixed 
to  commence  at  the  Surveyors'  Institution,  Great 
George-street,  London,  on  May  31.  Mr.  Graham 
Harris  is  the  arbitrator. 

Reopening  services  in  connection  with  Albert- 
street  Presbyterian  Church,  Belfast,  were  held  on 
the  10th  lost.,  after  extensive  improvements  and 
renovations.  The  interior  has  been  painted  by 
Messrs.  James  Henry  and  Sons,  fitted  with  new 
incandescent  lights  by  Messrs.  Wm.  Coates  and  Son, 
and  up-to-date  heating  apparatus  by  Messrs. 
Musgrave  and  Co  ,  Ltd.  Repairs  have  been  made 
both  inside  and  outside.  The  school  in  Percy-street 
has  also  been  done  up,  some  of  the  rooms  struc- 
turally altered  and  fitted  with  incandescent  lights. 
Messrs.  Young  and  Mackenzie  were  the  architects, 
and  Messrs.  James  Henry  and  Sons  the  contractors. 

On  Low  Sunday  the  parish  church  of  Feckenham, 
near  Redditch,  was  reopened ,  after  restoration.  The 
work  has  been  carried  out  under  the  direction  cf 
Mr.  C.  Ford  Whitcombe,  A.R.I.B.A. 

Mr.  Andrew  Kerr,  architect  and  surveyor  to  the 
Mansion  House  of  Greenock,  died  on  Monday  at  his 
residence,  21,  Union-street,  Greenock,  in  his  fifty- 
seventh  year. 


April  29,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


619 


CONTENTS. 
*■*-• 

Tlie  Washington  f?en  ate  on  Architectural  Practice 

Pictures  at  the  Royal  Academy. — I 

Architecture  at  the  Koyal  Academy.— I 

The  Annual  Report  of  the  R  I.B.A 

The  Architectural  Association 

The  Society  of  Architects*  Dinner 

The  Cottancin  System  of  Armoured  Construction 

Easter  Week  in  Copenhagen    

Refuse  Disposal  and  Power  Prodnotion 

Broad-Flanfje  Beams    

Obituary 

Building  Intelli((enoe    

The  BciLDiso  News  Directory 

Our  UluHtrations   

Competitions 

Engiaeerinp  Notes 

Professional  and  Trade  Societies     

Correspondence       

Intercommunication     

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Stained  Ohiss 

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Our  Office  Table      

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List  of  CorapetitionB  Open 

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..  IX. 

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ILLTTSTKA'nONS. 

^'E\V  I'REMISKS,  MILLBANK  STREET. —  NEW  ROOF  OF  THE 
HALL.  MAODALES  COLLEGE,  OXFORD.— THE  HALL,  SHIPTON 
•  ODBT.- ST,  -JOHN'S  SEW  CHURCH,  PALUEr's  GREEK,  N. — 
FRET  SEES  KIRKE,  COPENnAGES.— THE  KINO'S  PALACE  AT 
COPENHAGEN. — "  THE  LORO's  SUPPER  "  AND  "COME  i;nTO 
MK!  "  BY  THORVALDSEN. 


ux  Jllttstratiotts* 


THE  ECCLESIASTICAL  COMMISSIONERS   NEW  KCIHIINO, 
WESTMINSTER, 

This  drawing,  and  alfo  the  three  others  illus- 
Irated  to-day,  are  now  on  view  at  the  Royal 
Academy  Exhibition,  and  are  referred  to  in  our 
■first  notice,  published  to-day.  Mr.  W.  D. 
■CariJe,  F..S.A.,  is  the  architect  of  these  offices 
in  Abingdon-street,  at  the  end  of  Little  College- 
street,  forming  part  of  the  Westminster  im- 
provement scheme. 

NEW    ROOT    OF    THE    HALL    OF     MAOD.ILEN    COLLEGE, 
OXFORD. 

The  hall  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  had  lost 
its  old  roof.  The  corbels  of  the  principals  alone 
remained.  Wyatt  took  down  the  1.5th-century 
root  and  put  up  an  incongruous  vaulting  in  lath 
and  plaster.  The  new  roof  is  in  character  with 
the  date  of  the  College.  It  is  of  oak,  and  is 
meant  to  be  darkened  and  gilded.  There  is  a 
good  deal  of  carved  work.  Mr.  d.  F,  Bodley, 
R.A.,  designed  the  work,  which  has  been  well 
■carried  out  by  Mr.  Kelt,  of  Cambridge.  There 
are  many  coats  of  arms  in  the  roof,  among  them 
that  of  the  architect,  put  up  by  the  College .  The 
improvement  to  the  Hall  is  great.  The  fireplace 
is  new. 

HALL,    SHIPTON    COVllT,    OXON. 

1''rom  last  year's  Royal  Academy  we  illustrafed* 
the  drawingsexhibited  there, showing theadditions 
■carried  out  at  this  well-known  old  mansion  at 
.Shipton-in-Wychwood,  erected  in  1603.  The 
additions  designed  by  Messrs.  Terkins  and 
Bulmer,  architects,  of  Leeds,  have  been  carried 
out  under  the  personal  supervision  of  Mr.  G.  B. 
Bulmer,  F.R.I.B.A.,  and  they  comprise  the 
adaptation  of  the  old  building  in  every  respect  for 
use  a.1  a  convenient,  modern  mansion,  with  new 
o.^k  panellings,  plaster  ceilings,  and  fitted  bed- 
rooms, with  all  the  other  improvements  incidental 
to  such  renovation  work,  besides  the  new  billiard- 
room,  winter  garden,  tower,  and  kitchen  ex- 
tensions. We  give  to-day  a  double-pige  plate  of 
the  hall,  and  at  an  early  date  shall  publish  other 
views. 

ST.  John's  tiifucH,  i-almer'.s  (;uken,  n. 
This  church  is  being  built  in  a  district  of  the 
p  Irish  of  Southgate.  It  will  hold  about  800  whftn 
complete.  The  matoriaU  are  brick,  stone  from 
Stamford,  and  (lint.  The  tower  stands  centrally, 
.•ind  forms  the  choir  with  a  deep  sanctuary  beyond 
it.  The  upper  part  of  the  tower  has  been  ordered 
lately  :  but  the  western  pait  of  the  navo  will  not 
be  built  till  the  increase  of  population  makes  it 
necessary.  The  contractors  are  Messrs.  Dove,  ot 
Islington,  the  architects  being  Messrs.  .1.  Oldrid 
.Scott  and  Son.  The  cost  of  tht  part  now  in 
hand  will  be  about  .£9,000. 


•  See  Bi  u.i.TNG  News,  Oct.  16,  1903.  A  sketch  of  the 
house,  by  IMr.  Woutner  Smith,  as  Pugin  student,  appeared 
■in  the  Building  News,  July  31,  19')3. 


EASTER   WEEK   IN   COPEXIIAGEN'. 

MR.  HARRY   HEMS'  paper  elsewhere  referj, 
or  the  succeeding  one  will  allude,  to  these 
illustrations:— 


FRICLSERS    KIRKE, 


C'OPEXHAOEX 

church). 


ST.    SAVIOUR  S 


The  spire  ('ISSft.)  is  the  highest,  with  the 
exception  of  that  of  the  city's  new  town-hall,  in 
Denmark.  It  was  erected,  a  n.  17'50,  from  a 
design  by  L.  de  Thurah,  architect.  The  ball  is 
Sft.  in  diameter,  and  the  statue  of  Our  Saviour, 
above,  10ft.  high.  Both,  as  well  as  the  balus- 
trades upon  the  winding  exterior  staircase,  are 
gilded. 

THE    king's    PAL.ACE    AT    COPENHAGEN. 

There  are  four  fa(;ades,  each  a  facsimile  of  the 
other,  facing  an  internal  octagon  known  as  the 
Amalienborg  Square.  The  equestrian  statue  in 
the  centre  represents  Kinj  Frederic  V.,  and  is 
by  Saly,  a  French  sculptor  (about  a.d.  1760). 
It  is  ot  bronze,  and  reputed  to  be  the  finest  in  the 
city. 


THOKVALUSEN   S 


INSTITUTION 
SUrPEH." 


OF      THE      LORIl   S 


Executed  A.n.  1S20.  The  panel  is  in  the 
eastern  wall  of  the  south-east  vestry  of  the  Church 
of  Our  Lady  at  Copenhagen,  and  measures 
7ft.  lOin.  by  3ft  Sjin.  The  greatest  projection 
of  the  figures  is  3|in.  This  photograph  is  from 
the  actual  marble. 

"  KOMMER    TIL    MIG  I  "    (cOME    UNTO    Me). 

Thorvaldsen's  masterpiece,  in  the  Church  of 
Out  Lady  at  Copenhagen.  This  statue,  which  is 
in  soft  dove-coloured  marble,  is  over  10ft.  high. 
The  photograph  is  taken  from  the  figure  itself, 
not  from  one  of  the  several  replicas  that  exist  of 
this  world-renowned  sculpture. 


CHIPS. 

A  marble  bust  of  Richard  Trevithick,  who  was 
called  "  the  Father  of  the  Locomotive  Engine," 
which  has  been  placed  in  the  Camborne  Free  Library 
by  Mr.  J.  Passmore  E  Iwards,  was  unveiled  on 
Friday.     The  bust  is  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Fehr. 

Colonel  A.  G.  Damford,  R.E  ,  conducted  a  public 
inquiry  at  the  Cowpen  Urban  District  Council 
Chamber,  BIyth,  on  behalf  of  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board,  in  respect  ot  an  application  by  the 
Cowpen  ITrban  District  Council  for  sanction  to 
borrow  £SO0  for  works  of  private  street  improve- 
ment. Mr.  Rol)ert  Grieves,  surveyor,  explained  the 
proposals. 

The  west  window  of  St.  Nicholas  Church,  Eist 
Dereham,  has  just  been  filled  with  stained  glass 
representing  the  Ascension,  designed  and  executed 
by  Messrs.  Heaton,  Butler,  and  Biyne,  of  Loudon. 

On  Saturday,  the  23rd  inst.,  the  foundation-stone 
was  laid  of  a  new  wing  to  the  Bethesda  Home  for 
Crippled  Children,  Cheetham  Hill,  Manchester. 
Messrs.  Maxwell  and  Take,  Manchester,  are  the 
arcbifects,  the  contractors  being  Messrs.  Burgess 
and  Gait,  Ardwick.     The  cost  will  be  about  £4,000. 

The  highway  bridge  over  the  river  Gipping  at 
Bramford,  near  Ipswich,  is  about  to  be  lowered  and 
rebuilt  in  steel  for  the  E  ist  Suffolk  County  Council 
from  plans  by  Mr.  Henry  Miller,  of  Ipswich,  the 
county  surveyor. 

A  window  in  the  parish  church  of  Sutton  Bridge 
has  been  filled  with  stained  glass.  It  consists  of 
two  lights,  and  the  subjects  represented  are 
"Faith,"  and  "Hope,"  with  the  emblem  of 
"  Charity  "  in  the  tracery  above.  The  work  was 
designed  and  executed  by  Messrs.  Jones  and  Willis, 
of  Great  Russell-street. 

Mr.  Sydney  E.  Britton,  burgh  electrical  engineer 
of  Motherwell,  was  appointed  on  Tuesday,  out  of 
137  applicants,  borough  electrical  engineer  of 
Chester,  at  a  salary  of  £300,  rising  by  £50  yearly  to 

£.500. 

In  consideration  of  the  valuable  service  he  has 
rendered  since  he  was  called  to  the  oihce  of 
Director-General  of  Ordnance  Survey,  it  has  been 
decided  to  continue  Colonel  Johnston  in  his  present 
position  at  Southampton,  although  he  his  just 
completed  his  period  of  five  years. 

The  Board  of  Trade  have  coufirmoii  the  under- 
mentioned Order  made  by  the  Light  Railway  Com- 
missioners : — Kent  and  Kist  Sussex  Light  Railway 
(General  Powers)  Order,  1901  amending  the  Crau- 
brook  and  Tenterden  Light  Railway  Order,  1S99, 
and  for  other  purposes. 

In  memory  of  the  late  Sir  William  C.  Roberts- 
Austen,  the  eastern  wall  and  chancel  arch  aid  the 
pulpit  recess  of  St.  Martin's  Church,  Hlackheath, 
Surrey,  are  being  lined  with  alabaster,  while  the 
celling  is  being  enriched  with  plasfcrwork  in  relief 
and  gilded.    'I'he  work  is  estimated  to  cost  £400. 


COMPETITIONS. 

Kingston-on-Thames. — A  largo  elementary 
school  is  to  be  built  on  a  fine  open  site  at  Kingston 
to  accommodate  about  1,200  children.  The  follow- 
ing architects  have  been  invited  by  the  Education 
Committee  in  consultation  with  their  professional 
assessor,  and  these  names  were  chosen  from  89 
firms  submitted.  The  architects  to  compete  are — 
Messrs.  Slaurice  B.  Adams,  London  ;  Carter  and 
Ashworth,  Kingston:  H.  O.  Crtsswell,  London  : 
A.  J.  Hardwick,  Kingston ;  W.  C.  Hulbert, 
Westminster ;  (i.  E.  T.  Laurence,  Adclphi ; 
Arnold  Mitchell,  London  :  H.  Carter  I'egg, 
Thornton  Heath  ;  P.  A.  Robson,  Westminster ; 
and  F.  W.  Roper,  Adelphi.  The  plans  are  due 
early  in  June. 

Malvern. — In  the  competition  for  the  Free 
Library  Mr.  Albert  C.  Baker  informs  us  that  the 
design  No.  19,  highly  commended  by  the  assesLor, 
Mr.  H.  T.  Hare,  was  the  joint  work  of  Messrs. 
A.  C.  Baker  and  A.  T.  Butler,  of  Malvern  and 
Cradley  Heath. 

The  Aouarium  Site,  Westminster. — Mr.  R. 
W.  IVrks,  M.P.,  states  that  the  trustees  of  the 
Wesleyan  Million  Fund  are  making  the  follow- 
ing arrangements  for  the  erection  of  the  Wesleyan 
Methodist  hall  and  Conne-xional  offices  in  West- 
minster :  — The  trustees  propose  to  invite  architects 
to  submit  preliminary  sketches  or  designs  for 
the  buildings  to  be  erected  on  the  comer  site 
fronting  Princes-street  and  TothiU-street.  The 
buildings  will  cover  an  area  of  about  35,000 
squire  feet,  which  is  five  times  the  area  covered 
bj'  the  Wesleyan  Centenary-hall  in  Bishopsgate- 
street.  The  conditions  under  which  architecta 
wi  11  be  invited  to  send  in  preliminary  sketches  with 
a  view  to  a  subsequent  limited  competition  among 
selec'ed  architects  will  be  settled  by  the  trustees 
in  consultation  with  Mr.  Aston  Webb,  R.A.,  their 
architectural  adviser,  whose  services  have  been 
retained  for  the  purpose.  The  amount  propo>ed 
to  be  expended  on  the  buildings,  irrespective  of 
land,  is  £120,000,  and  in  view  of  the  special 
requirements  no  plans  of  Gothic  design  will  be 
considered.  The  large  hall  will  seat  2, .500  persons. 
In  the  basement  there  will  be  rooms  with  sitting 
accommodation  for  1,000  people.  There  will  also 
be  a  small  hall  to  hold  about  500  and  a  1-cture- 
hall  or  library  to  accommodate  500.  In  addition 
there  will  be  a  conference-hall  or  reception-room 
with  four  large  committee-rooms  and  20  large 
rooms  for  departmental  offices ;  also  a  large 
reading  and  writing-room  in  addition  to  the 
library.  There  will  be  a  residential  suite  ot 
rooms  for  the  librarian  or  secretary,  with  care- 
takers' rooms,  lifts,  cloakrooms,  ic.  The 
trustees  have  practically  settled  the  terms  for 
the  letting  of  their  adjacent  surplus  lands  on  the 
Aquarium  site,  upon  whi^  h  buildings  ot  a  most 
ornate  and  valuable  nature  will  be  erected. 


A  memorial  tablet  has  recentiv  been  erected  m 
Winchister  Cathedral  to  the  late  D.-.  G.  B.  Arnold, 
the  late  cathedral  organist.  The  artist  and  sculptor 
was  Mr.  Pepys  Cockerell. 

Lord  Falmouth  has  presented  a  new  church  and 
vicarage,  at  a  cost  of  about  £5,000,  to  the  village  ot 
Tresilliau,  near  Truro.  The  consecration  took  place 
on  Monday. 

The  new  electro-pneumatic  organ  for  the  parish 
church  of  All  S  lints,  Loughborough,  was  de  licatdd 
last  week  by  the  Bishop  ot  Peterborough.  Messrs. 
Ingram  and  Co.,  ot  Hereford,  were  the  builders, 
and  the  cost  has  t)een  £2,200. 

In  the  case  of  Albert  Edward  Canham,  Winco- 
bauk,  Yoikihire,  builder  and  contractor,  the  order 
of  discharge  from  bankruptcy  has  been  suspended 
for  two  years,  ending  March  21,  1906. 

The  new  lock  at  Teddington,  which  has  been  con- 
structed by  the  Thames  Conservancy  in  order  to 
provide  for  the  greatly  inereaseil  river  trallic,  is  now 
practically  complete,  and  will  be  opsned  for  traffic 
in  a  few  weeks.  It  is  650ft.  long  and  25tt.  wile, 
and  can  take  in  a  tug  and  six  barges. 

The  F.isex  County  Council  have  agree!  to  con- 
tribute £6,000  of  the  estimited  f23,500  required  for 
the  technical  college  which  is  being  built  at  East 
Ham  for  students  in  thut  p  insU  and  in  the  adjoin- 
ing districts  of  Ilford  and  Barking.  The  Eist  Ham 
I'rbau  District  Council  raise  the  baUnce. 

Mr.  James  Bradley,  cotton  manufacturer,  of 
Oswaldtwistle,  near  Acoringtou,  is  about  to  buUd 
and  endow  a  number  of  almshouses.  Three- 
quarters  of  an  acre  of  land  adjoining  Blackburn- 
road,  Oswaldtwistle,  has  been  purchased,  and 
twenty  almshouses,  each  having  a  sitting-room, 
bedroom,  and  scullery  on  the  ground  floor,  ore  to 
be  erected.  The  cost  to  the  donor  will  be  about 
£20.000. 


620 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


April  29,  1904. 


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THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


n.37 


"COME   UXTO   ME  !  "    l!y  TiioiivAr.iKK.v. — See  "Easter  in  Copentagen,"  by  Mr.  Uaiiky  IIems,  on  page  014. 


638 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


April  29,  1904. 


dHnfiiu^tiing  i^otts. 


Heybiiam,  Lancs.  —  Good  progress  is  being 
made  by  the  Midland  Railway  Company  with  the 
new  harbour  at  Heysham,  at  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Jilorecambe  Bay,  for  which  they 
•obtained  Parliamentary  powers  in  1896.  The 
two  piers  are  at  the  extreme  shore  ends,  sonie 
two  miles  apart.  Gradually  converging,  their 
two  roundheads  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbour  are 
only  300ft.  apart.  These  breakwaters  inclose 
140  acres,  and  the  whole  of  the  property  taken  by 
the  company  in  connection  with  the  scheme 
exceeds  500  acres.  In  constructing  the  harbour 
an  entrance  to  the  proposed  docks  is  arranged  for, 
now  bricked  up,  so  that  when  the  time  comes  for 
further  developments  the  work  can  be  carried  out 
in  the  dry.  The  accommodation  for  the  present 
will  consist  of  a  large  pier  on  the  south  side,  on 
which  is  provided  a  passenger  station,  to  which 
the  trains  conveying  passengers  for  Ireland  and 
the  Isle  of  Man  will  run.  Two  large  goods  sheds 
have  also  been  built.  This  south  quay  is  about 
one-third  of  a  mile  from  end  to  end,  whilst  that 
on  the  north  is  900ft.,  the  total  length  of  quay 
being  about  3,500ft.  The  quay  walls  are  built 
of  concrete,  with  a  heavy  coping  of  Shap  granite. 
Near  the  entrance  to  the  harbour  on  the  north 
side  a  fish-stage  is  under  construction,  and 
further  in,  on  the  same  quay,  will  be  a  stacking- 
ground  for  timber,  pig-iron,  and  other  goods, 
with  several  travelling  cranes,  and  a  larger  crane 
to  lift  50  tons.  At  the  inner  end  of  the  harbour 
there  will  be  a  gridiron  for  vessels.  Eight  miles 
of  sidings  hive  already  been  laid  for  dealing  with 
the  traffic  at  the  harbour.  The  cranes  to  be  used 
win  be  worked  by  electricity.  The  waggons  in 
and  about  the  sheds  and  sidings  will  also  be 
moved  by  electrically-worked  capstans.  To  pro- 
vide for  both  electric  power  and  lighting,  a  large 
power-house  and  Mond  gas  installation  have  been 
put  down  not  far  from  the  goods  warehouse.  At 
all  states  of  the  tide  there  is  a  deep  waterway 
from  the  open  sea  through  the  Lune  Ueeps, 
known  as  Heysham  Lake,  which  comes  within 
'200ft.  of  the  mouth  of  the  harbour.  In  the 
harbour  itself  a  minimum  depth  of  17ft.  at  the 
lowest  tide  will  be  maintained ;  but  as  there  is 
a  considerable  vaiiation  in  the  rise  and  fall  of 
the  tide  of  '24ft.  to  27ft.,  subways  at  different 
levels  have  been  constructed  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  passengers  passing  between  the  boats  and 
trains,  and  there  are  aUo  specially-built  cattle 
subways.  The  compmy  have  laid  a  connecting 
line  to  Heysham,  leaving  their  existing  line  sou'h 
of  Moncimbe  and  running  direct  to  the  new 
harbour. 


PBOFESSIONAL   AND   TBADB 
SOCIETIES. 

The  Auctioneers'  Institute. — The  annual 
general  meeting  of  the  members  of  the 
Auctioneers'  Institute  of  the  United  Kingdom 
will  be  held  at  the  offices,  57  and  58,  Chancery- 
lane,  London,  on  Thursday,  May  12,  at  2-30  p.m., 
to  receive  the  annual  report  and  accounts,  to  elect 
members  of  council  and  auditors,  and  to  transact 
other  business.  The  eighteenth  annual  dinner 
will  take  place  at  the  Hotel  Cecil,  London,  on 
Thursday,  May  12,  at  6.30  p.m.,  under  the 
presidency  of  Mr.  J.  H.  Townsend  Green.  The 
council  will  meet  at  the  offices  of  the  Institute  on 
Friday,  May  13,  at  2  p.m.,  to  elect  president  and 
vice-presidents,  and  to  make  the  awarda  in 
connection  with  the  recent  examinations. 


The  adjourned  discussion  at  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects  on  the  Plenum  system  of 
ventilation  is  now  fixed  to  be  held  on  Monday, 
June  6. 

Mr.  G.  A.  Macmillan,  the  treasurer  of  the  Cretan 
Exploration  Fund,  has  received  from  Mr.  Arthur 
Evans  a  telegram  reporting  the  unearthing  nAr 
Knossos  of  the  remains  of  a  great  stone  mausoleum, 
which  is  a  unique  monument  of  its  kind,  and  is  pro- 
bably the  grave  of  one  of  the  last  Minoan  kings. 

At  a  sitting  of  the  Liverpool  Diocesan  Consistory- 
•court  on  Tuesday,  a  faculty  was  decreed  to  the 
vicar  of  Knowsley  Church  for  the  erection,  at  the 
cost  of  the  Earl  and  Countess  of  Derby,  of  an  oak 
and  glass  screen  in  the  church. 

The  dedication  took  place  on  Saturday  of  St. 
Peter's  Mission  Hall,  Princeville,  Bradford.  The 
mission  is  attached  to  St.  Andrew's  Church,  Lister- 
hills,  and  about  ,tl,;>lJO  has  been  spent  on  the  build- 
ing. It  comprises  a  Sunday-school  and  clfissrooms 
in  the  basement,  and  on  the  floor  above  a  hall 
capable  of  seating  about  400  persons. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Stirling  Cctfnhination  Board 
on  Friday,  the  plans  prepared  by  Mr.  Walker, 
architect,  and  finally  approved  by  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board,  for  a  new  hospital  to  be  built  within 
the  poorhouse  grounds  in  LTnion-street,  Stirling, 
were  submitted  and  adoj^ted.  The  buildings  will 
give  accommodation  for  7U  beds  with  isolation  wards. 
It  will  be  built  of  brick,  and  harled,  and  the  cost  is 
•estimated  at  £3,150. 

The  works  for  the  main  sewerage  scheme  for 
Lyndhurst  now  being  carried  out  for  the  New 
Forest  Eural  District  Council  are  about  half-way 
towards  completion.  Mr,  Samuel  Wood  is  the 
contractor,  and  the  outlay  will  be  about  £9,000. 

An  application  made  by  the  Buxton  Urban  Dis- 
trict Council  to  the  Local  Government  Board  for 
sanction  to  borrow  £3,800  for  street  improvements 
and  thewidemngof  Ureen-lane  was  unopposed  at  the 
official  inquiry  on  Friday. 


EdINHURGH       and       Gl.ASfiOW       AllCHITECTUKAL 

Associations. — Members  of  the  Edinburgh 
Architectural  Association,  to  the  number  of  over 
thirty,  paid  a  visit  to  Glasgow  on  Saturday. 
Among  the  places  visited  were  the  Trades'  Hall, 
Glass  ford -street ;  the  Faculty  Hall,  St.  George's- 
place ;  the  University,  Gilmorehill ;  and  the 
Accountants'  Hall,  St.  Vincent-street.  The 
interiors  of  several  West  End  mansions  were  also 
inspected.  In  the  evening  a  company  of  between 
seventy  and  eighty  sat  down  to  dinner  in  the 
Lansdowne  Restaurant. 

Institutiox  of  Civil  Enoixeeus.  —  At  the 
annual  general  meeting  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  held  on  Tuesday,  Sic  William  H. 
White,  president,  in  the  chair,  the  result  of  the 
ballot  for  the  election  of  council  for  the  sessional 
year  1904-5  was  declared  as  follows  : — President, 
Sir  Guilford  L.  Moles  worth  ;  vice-presidents,  Mr. 
F.  W.  Webb,  Sir  Alexander  Binnie,  Mr.  Alex. 
B.  W.  Kennedy,  Mr.  W.  R.  Galbraith  ;  other 
members  of  council,  Mr.  C.  N.  Bell  {Wellington, 
X.Z  ),  Mr.  C.  A.  Brereton,  Mr.  R.  Elliott- 
Cooper,  Colonel  R.  E.  B.  Crompton,  C.B.,  Mr. 
W.  J.  Cudworth  (York),  Mr.  G.  F.  Deacon,  Mr. 
F.  Elgar,  Mr.  R.  Hadfield  (Sheffield),  Mr.  G.  H. 
Hill,  Mr.  C.  W.  Hodson  (fiombayj,  Mr.  J.  C. 
Inglis,  Mr.  G.  R.  Jebb  (Birmingham),  Mr.  T.  C. 
Keefer  (Ottawa),  Mr.  A.  G.  Lyster  (Li\erpool), 
Mr.  J.  A.  McDonald  (Derby),  Mr.  \V.  Mathews, 
C.M.Ci.,  Sir  Charles  Metcalfe  (Cape  Town),  the 
Hon.  C.  A.  Parsons  (Wylam-on-Tyne),  Mr.  A. 
Ross,  Mr.  W.  Shelford,  C.M.G.,  Mr.  Alexander 
Siemens,  Mr.  John  Strain  ((ilasgow).  Sir  John  I. 
Thornycroft,  Professor  W.  C.  Unwin,  Sir  Leader 
Williams  (Manchester),  and  Mr.  A.  F.  Yarrow. 

The  Roads  Imi'Rovp;ment  Association. — The 
annual  report  for  1903  of  the  Roads  Improvements 
Association,  presented  at  the  annual  meeting  held 
at  the  Westminster  Palace  Hotel  on  Wednesday 
last,  givei  recent  correspondence  with  the  London 
Coun'y  Council  with  reference  to  the  regulation 
of  slow-going  traffic  in  London.  The  association 
has  pressed  upon  the  London  County  Council  and 
other  authorities  the  need  for  adopting  a  by-law 
providing  that  the  slow- going  traffic  shall  keep 
close  to  the  kerb  on  the  near  side  of  the  road,  and 
that  any  breach  of  this  regulation  shall  render 
the  driver  liable  to  a  penalty.  The  association 
has  been  informed  that  the  London  County 
Council  his  been  in  communication  with  the 
Home  Secretary  on  the  subject,  and  that,  as  the 
Homo  Secretary  expresses  the  opinion  that  the 
by-law  should  not  apply  generally,  but  should  be 
restricted  to  certain  streets  in  which  the  obstruc- 
tion caused  by  slow-going  traffic  is  most  felt,  the 
Council  is  now  c  msidering  the  question  as  to 
what  streets  should  be  brought  with'n  the  pro- 
visions of  the  proposed  by-law.  To  this  the 
association  has  replied  that,  a  by-law  limited  in 
its  operations  to  particular  streets  would  not  be 
nearly  so  effective  as  one  applying  to  the  county 
generally,  but  that  in  any  case  the  by-law  should 
operate  in  all  streets  in  the  county  on  which  there 
is  a  regular  service  of  trams  or  omnibuses.  The 
report  states  that  the  income  of  the  association 
for  1903  was  £366,  as  compared  with  £304  in  the 
pre\  ious  year.  The  expenditure  was  £279  2s.  7d., 
and  the  balance  £283  8s.  4Jd. 

Scottish  Buildino  Trades'  Federation. — 
The  half-yearly  meeting  of  the  Scottish  Building 
Trades'  Federation  was  held  within  the  Imperial 
Hotel,  Aberdeen,  on  Friday — Mr.  John  Morgan, 
president,  in  the  chair.  Reports  were  submitted 
which  showed  that  the  state  of  trade  was  gener- 
ally dull  and  depressed  in  almost  every  district 
throughout  the  country.  Considerable  discussion 
took  place  as  to  the  proposed  general  conditions  ot 
contract,  which  have  been  adopted  by  the  local 
Society    of    Architects    on   the    lines    of    those 


prepared  by  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects,  and  'suggestions  were  made  as  to 
modifications  which  teemed  desirable  to  the 
meeting. 

v-^ 

CHIPS. 

The  Annual  Members'  Dinner  of  the  Architectural 
Association  will  be  held  on  Friday,  May  13,  at 
the  Criterion  Restaurant,  Picoadily-circus,  at  7  p.m. 
for  7.30  p.m. 

The  new  ambulance  drill  hall  at  Acoriugton, 
which  has  been  built  at  a  coat  of  nearly  £3,000,  will 
be  opened  by  Major  General  Baden-Powell,  C.B. 

The  parks  and  open  spaces  committee  of  the 
London  County  Council  have  decided  to  recom- 
mend the  Council  to  contribute  £S,000  towards  the 
£48,000  required  to  meet  the  cost  ot  purchasing  80 
acres  of  meadow  land,  known  as  Wyldes,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  an  addition  to  Hampatead 
Heath.  This  wiU  bring  the  contributions  promised 
up  to  £30,000. 

A  new  east  window  has  been  placed  in  the  parish 
church  of  Himbleton,  Worcester,  by  Lady  Galton, 
in  memory  of  her  husband.  Sir  Douglas  Galton, 
K.C.B.,  the  well-known  sanitarian.  The  window 
is  ot  -Early  Eogliah  design,  containing  figures  of 
Our  Lord  in  Majesty,  St.  Wulstan,  the  great 
Worcestershire  saint ;  St.  Mary  Magdalene,  patron 
saint  of  the  church ;  St.  Helena,  mother  ot  Con- 
atantine  the  Great,  the  first  Christian  Emperor; 
Eleanor  of  Castile,  who,  as  Queen  of  Edward  I., 
had  special  rights  in  the  Forest  of  Feckenham,  in 
which  Himbleton  was  situated;  St.  Edward,  one 
of  the  patron  saints  of  Edward  I. ;  and  also  of  this 
monarch,  who  was  the  only  one  known  to  have 
visited  Himbleton,  which  he  did  when  hunting. 
The  window  was  designed  by  Mr.  George  Oatrehan, 
whose  death  last  September  much  delayed  the  work. 
The  Chertsey  Rural  District  Council  have  received 
the  report  on  the  sewerage  and  sewage  disposal  of 
Byfleet,  Surrey,  I'rom  Messrs.  Elliott  and  Brown,  of 
Nottingham.  The  scheme  comprises  seven  miles  of 
sewers,  with  pumping  station  and  bacterial  purifi- 
cation works.  The  estimated  cost  of  the  works  is 
£18,992. 

An  inquiry  was  held  by  Major  C.E.Norton,  R.E., 
into  the  application  of  the  Eaton  Bray  Rural  Dis- 
trict Council  to  borrow  £3,250  for  the  sewerage  and 
sewage  disposal  of  Eiton  Bray,  Beds.  Messrs. 
Elliott  and  Brown,  of  Nottingham,  are  the  engi- 
neers to  the  scheme. 

The  threatened  destruction  of  the  famous  Under- 
croft in  Simnel-street  was  the  chief  reason  for  the 
visit  of  the  Hampshire  Field  Club  and  Aroh;i>ological 
Society  to  Southampton  on  Tuesday  week.  The 
Undercroft  was  inspected,  and  the  proposal  of  a 
committee  ot  the  corporation  to  destroy  the  unique 
relic  was  condemned  more  strongly  than  ever.  The 
north-west  tower  of  the  Bargate,  which  is  now 
exposed  to  view  after  being  obscured  for  over  a 
century  by  the  now -demolished  Coachmakers' 
Arms,  was  also  an  interesting  feature  of  the  day's 
visit.  Regret  was  expressed  that  the  site  is  to  be 
utilised  for  public-office  accommodation. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Engineers,  to  he 
held  on  Monday  evening  next  at  the  Royal  United 
Service  Institution,  Whitehall,  at  7.30  p.m.,  a  short 
paper  will  be  read  entitled  "A  Jubilee  Retrospect," 
being  a  brief  history  of  the  society  since  its  incepticn 
to  the  present  time,  by  Mr.  Perry  F.  Nursey,  past- 
president  and  secretary. 

The  Bishop  of  Manchester  consecrated,  on  Friday, 
the  new  church  of  St.  HUda,  Old  Trafford.  Only 
the  chancel  and  part  of  the  nave  and  aisles,  with  a 
temporary  west  end  of  brick,  have  been  flmshed. 
There  wUl  be  added  three  bays  to  the  nave,  and  a 
tower  at  the  north-west  angle,  a  vestry  and  a  morn- 
ing chapel.  When  completed  the  building  wdl 
accommodate  a  congregation  of  over  6.50.  _The  part 
now  built  provides  accommodation  for  467.  So  far 
the  church  has  cost,  including  £442  forthg  purchase 
of  site,  £4,400. 

The  town  council  of  Tynemouth  have  decided,  on 
the  recommendation  ot  Mr.  Jas.  Mansergh,  the 
engineer  for  the  Font  water  supply  scheme  now  in 
progress,  that  the  salary  of  Mr.  Hull,  the  chief 
resident  engineer,  be  incrersed  from  £420  to  £480 
per  annum,  that  the  salary  of  Mr.  Coventry  be  in- 
creased from  £300  to  £340  per  annum,  and  Mr. 
East's  salary  from  £1S0  to  £200,  as  from  April  I. 

On  Saturday  afternoon  a  new  church  for  Alloa 
parish  was  opened  at  TulUbody.  The  church  re- 
places a  building,  part  of  which  is  a  pre-Reforma- 
tion  Church.  The  new  edifice  is  built  in  the  Norman 
style  from  designs  by  Mr.  P.  M'Gregor  Chalmers, 
architect,  Glasgow,  and  will  accommodate  about 
300.    The  cost  has  been  £2,000. 

At  St  Mark's  Church,  Marylebone,  on  Mon-lay, 
the  unveiling  took  place  by  the  mayor  of  Miryle- 
bone  of  a  new  east  window,  erected  by  Miss 
Lowndes,  and  a  reredos,  with  paintings  by  Miss 
Emily  Ford  of  Scriptural  subjects  allowed  by  the 
Chancellor  of  the  diocese. 


April  29,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


639 


TO    OOBRESFONDENTS. 

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Ee«kivkd.— T.  W.  8.-R.  A.  M.— L.  K.-A.  C.-D  H  - 
N.  O.  and  Son.— W.  P.  R.-N.  T.  B. 

'•BUILDING  NEWS"   DESIGNING  CLUB. 

Drawinos  Rbckived.— "Tom,"  "Anotherachottatique," 
and"Frena." 


— . . » — 

AXOTUER    COMPETITION    FIASCO. 
To  the  Sditar  of  the  Buildino  News. 

Sir,— Jlay  I  trespass  on  the  space  in  the 
current  issue  of  your  paper  to  voice  what  I  think 
will  bo  regarded  as  a  gross  injustice  anent  the 
award  givpn  in  the  recent  competition  for  free 
library  and  additions  to  the  town-hall,  liirkdale, 
Lanes,  and  which  proves  that  even  with  a  pro- 
fessional assessor  of  high  standing,  and  undeni- 
ably fair  and  convincing  conditions,  the  result  is 
unsatisfactory,  and  open  to  grave  criticism? 

In  the  above  limited  competition  Mr.  .1  W 
Beaumont,  F.K  1. 15. A  ,  president  of  the  Man- 
chester Society  of  Architects,  was  appointed  to 
adjudicate  on  the  drawings  with  full  power,  the 
district  council  binding  themselves  to  carry  out 
the  design  placed  first  by  him. 


.\ccompanying  the  conditions  was  a  sketch 
plan,  drawn  by  the  assessor,  but  not  so  stated, 
showing  the  complete  scheme,  as  an  indication  of 
the  requirements,  instead  of  the  more  usual  way 
uf  giving  a  schedule  of  the  rooms  with  their 
areas  ;  but  it  was  distinctly  stat  ed  the  sketch  plan 
was  only  to  be  regarded  as  a  suggestion,  and  gave 
competitors  a  free  hand  to  alter  or  deviate  as  they 
saw  fit. 

Out  of  eleven  sets  of  drawings  sent  in,  only  two 
adhered  to  the  lines  of  the  sketch  plan,  these  two 
practically  copying  it  ex  hloe,  the  remaining  sets 
giving  schemes  totally  different,  showing  that  the 
essentials  of  library  planning  had  been  con- 
sidered by  them — i.'.,  supervision  and  economy  in 
working,  wherein  the  sketch  plan  clearly  fails. 

As  such  a  large  number  thought  fit  to  difler 
from  the  sketch  plan,  it  may  be  quite  fairly 
inferred  that  a  better  plan  was  devisable. 

Mr.  Beaumont's  report,  however,  places  first 
one  of  the  two  sets  of  drawings  which  follows  his 
plan.  It  then  goes  on  to  say  that  before  working 
drawings  are  prepared  certain  amendments  should 
be  made,  all  very  essential  items,  and,  as  has  been 
pointed  out  by  correspondents  in  the  local  Press, 
when  these  changes  have  been  made  to  the  plans, 
the  scheme  will  then  become  one  of  another  com- 
petitor, and  that  he  will  have  the  plcimire  of 
seeing  his  ideas  carried  out  and  someone  else  being 
paid  for  them. 

Such  cases  as  this,  where  the  assessor  shows 
such  strong  bias  for  his  own  scheme,  cannot  do 
the  profession  any  good  in  the  eyes  of  the  general 
public,  as  our  demand  has  so  long  been  for  pro- 
fessional assessors  in  all  our  competitions,  and  if 
often  repeated  is  bound  to  create  general  dis- 
satisfaction when  the  assessor  with  full  powers 
so  far  abuses  the  confidence  placed  in  him. 

In  this  case  the  district  council  and  residents 
aie  greatly  disappointed  in  the  award,  fully 
realising  that  much  better  schemes  were  sub- 
mitted than  the  one  selected. — I  am,  &c., 

A  Resident  of  Bikkd.\le. 


NATURAL  VENTTIL.iTION. 

Sir, — Mr.  Yates  asks  some  questions  re  the 
probable  effect  of  air-pump  ventilators  under 
certain  circumstances,  and  in  the  first  instance 
he  wishes  to  know  whether,  if  an  air-pump  venti- 
lator be  fixed  to  the  top  of  a  gas-holder  filled  with 
I'ght  gas,  the  gas  within  would  be  expelled  with 
greater  rapidity,  with  the  aid  of  such  a  ventilator, 
than  without  it,  but  through  an  opening  of 
similar  area.  He  also  asks,  "It  the  strong  wind- 
pressure  of  cold  air  of  a  much  greater  density  than 
the  light  gas  (on  the  outside  of  the  ventilator) 
would  much  retard  the  escape  of  the  gas  from  the 
said  holder,  and  if  njt,  why  not  'i"  He  assumes 
in  both  cases  that  there  are  inlets  at  the  bottom  of 
the  gas-holder. 

I  propose  to  reply  to  both  questions  with  the 
following  formube  :  — 

Pressure  or  weight  of  air  at  exterior  of  air-pump 
ventilator  =  a. 

Pressure  or  weight  of  air  at  exterior  of  inlet  at 
bottom  =  /). 

Force  of  entering  air  =  c. 

Extracting  energy  of  air-pump  =  P. 

Wind-pressure  against  outlets  =  >j. 

G  is  or  vitiated  air  expelling  fores  =  x. 

Therefore : —  h  —  <?  =  t-  +  P  +  y  =  j;  =  (Good 
Natural)  Ventilation. 

But:— /v  -  ,j  =  c  =  X  ^  (P  +  y)  =  (Retarded 
and  Insufficient)  Ventilation. 

In  both  cases  the  difference  in  pressure  or 
weight  at  the  inlets  and  outlets  initiates  a  natural 
power  which  tends  to  keep  the  gas  or  air  within 
the  holder  in  upward  motion  ;  but  the  addition  of 
the  air-pump  ventilators,  which,  from  natural 
causes,  must  always  be  in  operation,  even  in  a 
calm,  effects  that  which  would  otherwise  bo 
wholly  insulliciont,  as,  without  them,  there  would 
be  no  induced  upward  current  of  air. 

Mr.  Yates  is  in  error  as  to  dust  and  dirt  coming 
in  with  the  fresh  air,  as  the  inlets  in  the  best 
systems  of  natural  ventilation  are  above  the  floor 
levels  ;  this  placing  of  the  inlets  for  fresh  air  in, 
on,  or  very  close  to  the  floor  is  an  unfortunate 
peculiarity  of  certain  mechanical  forms  of  venti- 
lation, and  will,  as  I  have  recently  been  informed, 
be  a  feature  of  the  altered  ventilation  of  the  House 
of  Oommons,  and  will  result  in  the  mnmbors 
inhaling  the  dust  and  dirt  that  must  unavoidably 
bo  brought  in  on  to  the  floor  of  the  House  by  the 
700  or  SOO  pairs  of  feet  that  pass  over  it. 

Mr.  Vatos  further  refers  to  the  laws  relating  to 
the  expansion  of  gases  and  their  increase  in 
volume  under  certain  conditions,  and  states  that 


they  are  no  less  applicable  to  artificial  than  to 
natural  methods  of  ventilation,  and  that  the 
expansion  of  gases,  in  all  cases,  greatly  assists  the 
forces  used  in  ventilation. 

But  in  the  case  of  Plenum  and  some  other 
systems,  the  incoming  air  is  in  compression,  and 
fie  alteration  of  the  volumes  of  air  by  reason  of 
the  effects  of  the  law  above  referred  to,  can  tend 
only  to  contribute  something  that  will  obstruct 
the  free  passage  of  air,  as  the  various  powers 
would  in  many  cases  be  fighting  against  each 
other. 

It  is  perfectly  true,  as  Mr.  Yates  says,  that  the 
outlets  and  inlets  to  be  provided  in  a  system  of 
natural  ventilation  muit  oe  carefully  proportioned 
to  each  other ;  the  system  requires  that  com- 
petent engineers  should  be  charged  with  the  duty 
of  arranging  such  matters,  and,  if  this  be  done, 
there  will  be  no  risk  of  the  action  of  any  pirti 
being  reversed. 

In  the  district  near  where  I  am  writing  there 
are  two  public  libraries,  one  ventilated  by  natural 
methods  and  the  other  by  artificial.  The 
"  natural  "  means  are  very  large  gratings  near 
to  the  ceilings,  through  which  the  wind  blows  in 
all  directions,  but  which  are  intended  only  to 
provide  exits  for  vitiated  air  :  the  fresh  air  may 
come  in  also  through  the  doors  and  windows, 
when  these  happen  to  be  open.  }fisdireeted  natural 
ventilation,  such  as  this,  is  the  cause  of  much 
misery  and  discomfort,  for  there  are  lar^e 
numbers  of  persons  whose  business  and  pursuits 
render  it  absolutely  necessary  that  they  should 
spend  many  hours  daily  in  such  places. 

But  the  other  library  is  supplied  with  ventila- 
ting fans,  which  are  constantly  neglected,  out  of 
action,  or  get  out  of  order,  and  the  atmosphere  of 
this  institution  is  as  bad,  in  another  way,  as  the 
first-named  library,  and  there  appear  in  this  case 
to  be  no  specially-arranged  inlets. 

As  Mr.  Yates  further  states,  mechanical  fans 
have  been  in  use,  for  the  purpose  of  moving4he 
air,  from  the  most  remote  periods,  and  they  have 
their  value  in  their  proper  place  ;  but  that  place 
is  not  in  hospitals,  workhouses,  asylums,  and  the 
majority  of  public  and  private  buildings. 

As  an  illustration  of  the  failure  of  a  large  and 
powerful  fan  worked  by  hydraulic  power,  I  may 
instance  one  placed  in  a  very  large  office  under 
the  hall  of  the  London  Cjunty  Council.  When 
it  was  set  to  work  it  drew  out  from  the  fireplaces 
the  whole  of  the  smoke  and  heat  of  the  chimneys, 
and  it  was  found  impossible  to  make  use  of  it 
after  a  large  sum  had  been  expended  upon  its 
installation  unless  the  doors  and  windows  were 
opened.  It  certainly  cleared  the  air  out  of  the 
room,  but  with  severe  draughts  and  much  dis- 
comfort to  the  occupants.  Another  fan,  since 
done  away  with,  I  believe,  drew  in  air  from  the 
outside  of  the  window  of  two  water-closets  and 
propelled  it  into  the  Council  Chamber  ! 

The  question  given  by  Mr.  Yates  and  answered 
at  the  opening  of  this  letter,  might  have  been  put 
in  another  way.  He  mentions  a  lit//it  gas,  but 
what  would  be  the  results  under  such  circum- 
stances of  wind  pressure,  •Sic,  if  a  gas  heavier 
than  air  had  been  within  the  g-asholder  r  The 
illustration  given  is,  however,  sutficient  for 
practical  purposes, — I  am,  &c., 

George  H.  Bikhv. 

69,  Queen's-road,  Twickenham,  April  25. 


Inte0mmttiticati0n. 


QU£STIOXS. 

[12051.]— Lease.— I  would  be  obliged  if  aom^  of  your 
readers  would  kindly  answer  the  following  question :  — .\ 
a^  years  building  lease,  ground  rent  £2  per  aunura.  has 
only  21  years  to  run.  and  it  is  desired  by  the  leaseholder  to 
have  a  renewal  of  the  lease  for  Olt  years  from  the  present 
date.  Can  you  give  a  rule  by  which  the  lease  cjiu  be 
equitably  renewed,  and  what  would  be  the  proper  new 
ground  rent  to  be  charged  for  the  same,  h;ivinx  reg-'ird  t«> 
the  21  years  of  the  old  lease  being  surrendered  .'—Is- 

SEFLISS. 

[l'204i>.]— Ball  Alley. —Tffo  bricks  thick   best,  or 

18m.— Rkukst's  Pauk  . 

(I2050.]-I>lscolou'ed  External   Plaster. -Cur- 

bonate  paratUi  loz  ,  carbonate  sodi  loz.,  Ve  ice  turpen- 
tine Joz.,  warm  water  1  pint— all  dissolved  tagethor.  (\mt 
surface  with  the  above  solutiou.  then  with  a  pI;isU'r- 
padded  tlannel  dipped  in  dissolved  stearine  ;  nib  the  ob- 
ject. To  clean  Keene'a  cement  also  plaster.  W.  Mdlar 
on  *' Plastering."— Rruknt's  Park. 


Thellesketh  public  park  at  Dirtford  wasforoiUly 
presentad  to  the  urban  district  council,  aud  opened 
on  Wednesday  week. 


640 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


April  29,  1904. 


liEOAI.  INTELLIQENOK. 

In  ee  S.  Knigut. — The  public  examination  took 
place  on  Tuesday  of  Samuel  Knight,  of  Temple 
Chambers,  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects.  The  debtor  was  adjudged  bankrupt 
on  the  8th  inst.,  his  liabilities  being  returned  at 
i;7,ti49  5s.  id.,  of  which  £3,606  lOs.  7d.  was  expected 
to  rank,  and  assets  £1,626  l.'is.  5d.  Mr.  G.  W. 
Chapman  attended  as  Official  Receiver,  Mr.  Johnson 
(Park,  Nelson,  and  Co.)  and  Mr.  Coleman  (Coleman, 
Betts,  and  Co.)  appeared  for  creditors,  and  Mr. 
Broxholm  for  the  debtor.  In  answer  to  the  Official 
Receiver,  the  debtor  stated  that  he  had  practised  as 
an  architect  and  surveyor  since  1S71,  his  offices  at 
various  times  having  been  in  Bloomsbury- place. 
Queen  Victoria-street,  Change-alley,  and  Tudor- 
Btreet.  He  attributed  his  insolvency  mainly  to  a 
falling-off  of  his  practice,  inability  to  realise  his 
interest  in  property  near  Fetter-lane,  and  interest  on 
borrowed  money.    The  examination  was  concluded. 

ARCHITECT  AND  CLIENT. — At  St.  Austell  County- 
court,  on  Monday  week,  judgment  was  given  in  the 
case  in  which  Frederick  Charles  Jury,  architect,  of 
St.  Austell,  sued  Herbert  Pascoe,  general  dealer,  of 
Sandy  Bottom,  St.  Austell,  for  £1.5  lis.  lOd., 
balance  due  for  preparing  plans  and  specifications 
and  inspecting  works  in  the  erection  of  a  house  and 
shop  for  defendant  at  four  per  cent,  on  an  expendi- 
ture of  £776.  The  debt  was  admitted,  but  defendant 
counter-claimed  damages  for  negligence  in  that  the 
floor  line  was  only  eight  inches  above  the  damp- 
course,  instead  of  eighteen  inches,  thereby  lessening 
the  value  of  the  building  to  the  extent  of  £.')0.  The 
jury  found  on  the  counter-claim  for  £30.  His 
Honour  awarded  plaintiff  the  amount  claimed,  and 
endorsed  the  verdict  of  the  jury  in  regard  to  the 
counter-claim. 

Gas-Holdeb  Tank  Abbitratiok. — In  the  Grand 
Hotel,  Glasgow,  on  Friday,  proof  closed  in  an 
arbitration  between  Stranraer  Gas  Co.  and  Messrs. 
Kirkwood,  Kerr,  and  Co.,  contractors,  (ilaegow. 
The  dispute  is  with  regard  to  the  construction  of  a 
gas-holder  tank  at  the  Stranraer  works,  and  in- 
vol^s  a  nice  point  as  to  the  relative  powers  and 
responsibilities  of  engineers  and  contractors.  Mr. 
James  M'Gilchrist,  gas  engineer,  Dumbarton,  is  the 
sole  arbiter,  with  Mr.  Robert  MacFarlane,  writer, 
Dumbarton,  as  clerk  and  assessor.  Parties  were 
represented  by,  for  the  Gas  Co.,  Mr.  James  Andrew, 
writer,  Glasgow,  and  for  the  contractors,  Mr.  James 
Lethem,  writer,  Glasgow.  Among  the  skilled 
witnesses  examined  were  Mr.  W.  R.  Copland,  Mr. 
C.  R.  Bonn,  and  Mr.  James  Stewart,  all  C.E.'s  in 
Glasgow. 

London  Building  Act,  1894,  Section  H5.— 
DiCKSEE  V.  Pearce. — At  Lambeth  Police-court,  on 
April  12,  Mr.  T.  Pearce,  of  12,  Whitecross-place, 
Finsbury,  was  summoned  by  Mr.  Bernard  Dicksee, 
district  surveyor  for  Newington  and  part  of  St. 
George's,  Southwark,  for  commencing  work  at  43, 
Penton-place,  without  having  previously  given 
notice  to  the  district  surveyor,  as  required  by 
section  145.  The  work  in  question  was  done  under 
a  notice  from  the  Southwark  Borough  Council, 
acting  under  the  Factory  Act,  1901,  in  respect  of 
underground  bakehouses,  and  consisted  of  the 
lowering  of  the  bakehouse  floor  15  or  18in.,  as  the 
base  of  the  walls  was  only  a  few  inches  below  the 
level  on  the  old  floor,  the  excavation  was  carried 
down  below  the  base  of  the  walls,  which,  conse- 
quently, had  been  underpinned.  There  was  also  a 
window  opening  enlarged.  Mr.  Dicksee  explained 
to  the  magistrate  (Mr.  Hopkins)  that  he  had  issued 
this  summons  particularly  to  draw  attention  to  the 
fact  that  work  could  not  be  cariied  out  under  the 
order  of  the  local  authority  without  also  complying 
with  the  requirements  of  the  Building  Act,  which 
required  all  underpinning  to  be  executed  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  district  surveyor.  In  this  case 
the  work  had  all  been  done  and  covered  in  some  time 
before  he  discovered  it  on  March  22.  The  defendant 
pleaded  that  the  work  was  done  under  the  sanitary 
inspector,  and  he  thought  that  was  all  that  was 
necessary.  Mr.  Hopkins  found  that  notice  should  have 
been  given,  and  (as  Mr.  Dicksea  did  not  press  for  a 
heavy  fine)  fined  defendants  Ss.  and  costs. — "Dicksee 
V.  Gore."— On  the  same  day  W.  Gore,  of  126, 
Old  Kent-road,  was  also  summoned  for  neglect  to 
give  notice  to  the  district  surveyor  in  respect 
of  work  done  to  the  rear  of  126,  Old  Kent-road, 
consisting  of  the  erection  of  au  irregular 
wooden  waahhouae  containing  a  copper,  the  iron 
flue  of  which  was  in  contact  witn  the  wood- 
work. Mr.  Hopkins  fined  defendant  lOs.  and 
costs. — "Dicksee  v.  Neal." — On  the  day  F.  J. 
Neal,  182,  New  Kent-road,  was  also  summoned  for 
neglect  to  give  notice  to  the  district  surveyor  in 
respect  of  a  newshopfront  inserted  to  06,  Old  Kent- 
road,  Defendant,  who  pleaded  that  he  had  not 
given  notice  because  the  district  surveyor  was  not 
in  when  he  called  at  his  office,  was  informed  by  Mr. 
Hopkins  that  he  could  always  give  notice  by  means 
of  a  registered  letter,  and  was  fined  lOs.  and  costs. 


Mr.  Walter  Cox  has  been  elected  surveyor  to  the 
trustees  of  the  poor  for  Maidstone. 


STAINSD    CrLASS. 

Exeter  Cathedral. — A  memorial  window,  con- 
sisting of  three  lights  and  tracery,  has  just  been 
executed  by  Messrs.  Percy  Bacon  and  Brothers,  of 
11,  Newman-street,  London,  and  placed  in  the 
cathedral  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Richard  Dodd- 
ridge Blackmore,  author  of  "  Lorna  Doone.**  The 
figures  represented  in  these  three  lights  are  Jona- 
than, David,  and  Sampson.  Beneath  the  window 
is  a  marble  tablet  with  a  portrait  of  the  late  noveUet 
in  high  relief,  the  work  of  Messrs.  Harry  Hems  and 
Sons,  of  Exeter.  The  window  and  tablet  which 
have  been  carried  out  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
E.  H.  Harbottle,  F.R.I.B.A,,  the  cathedral  archi- 
tect, were  unveiled  on  Tuesday  last  by  Mr.  Eden 
Phillpotts. 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITAKY 
MATTERS. 

HoNiTON. — The  waterworks,  which  have  taken 
over  twelve  months  to  construct,  at  a  cost  of  over 
£6,000,  were  recently  opened  by  the  mayor.  The 
works  have  been  constructed  on  St.  Cyrus  Hill,  and 
are  an  extension  of  the  works  previously  existing  in 
this  locality.  Two  storage  reservoirs  and  one 
service  reservoir,  with  a  combined  capacity  of 
IJ  million  gallons,  and  capable  of  supplying  80,000 
gallons  per  day,  have  been  erected,  together  with 
automatic  filter-beds,  the  water  being  conveyed  to 
the  town  by  4in.  pipes.  The  engineers  were  Messrs. 
Beesley,  Son,  and  Nichols,  of  Westminster. 

Manchester  :  the  New  Instaluent  of  the 
Thirlmere  Supply. — In  their  annual  report,  issued 
this  week,  the  Manchester  Waterworks  Committee 
state  that  the  work  accomplished  last  year  included 
five  and  a  half  miles  of  new  iron  piping  laid  on  re- 
newals account  and  13i  mUesof  iron  piping  laid  in 
extensions  in  various  townships.  Connections  had 
also  been  made  to  4,991  additional  houses.  The  new 
36in.  main  from  Prestwich  reservoirs  for  the  distri- 
bution in  the  city  of  the  second  instalment  of  water 
fromThirlmere  was  nearly  completed.  The  settling 
pool  on  the  Thirlmere  line  of  aqueduct  at  Grasmere 
had  proved  very  serviceable  and  beneficial  in  arrest- 
ing suspended  matter  in  the  water.  The  lining  of 
the  aqueduct  where  it  passed  through  the  limestone 
at  Hutton  Roof  was  still  being  continued .  The  work 
in  connection  with  the  raising  of  the  lake  to  a  level  of 
15ft.  above  the  present  surface,  in  order  to  provide 
the  storage  necessary  for  the  supply  of  the  further 
instalment  of  water,  was  proceeding.  The  total 
length  now  laid  on  both  sections  of  the  second  line  of 
pipes  from  Thirlmere  was  about  41 J  miles  out  of  a 
total  length  of  about  45  miles,  leaving  about  3i  miles 
to  be  completed.  A  Bill  is  being  promoted  in  Parlia- 
ment to  construct  a  new  reservoir  on  the  north-west 
side  of  Heaton  Park  and  forenablingthe  third,  fourth, 
and  fifth  lines  of  pipes  to  deliver  their  supply  of  water 
to  the  Audenshaw  reservoirs. 

St.  Helens. — At  the  last  meeting  of  the  cor- 
poration water  committee  the  water  engineer  (Mr. 
J.  J.  Lackland)  reported  that  the  new  covered 
reservoir  at  Brownedge  will  be  completed  in  about 
six  weeks'  time.  It  will  hold  10,000,000  gallons  of 
water  when  the  work  is  finished.  The  construction 
of  the  reservoir  has  been  going  on  for  the  past 
IS  months,  and  has  steadily  proceeded  without  any 
mi&hip.  It  is  constructed  of  concrete  on  a  rock 
foundation,  and  the  Local  Government  Board  has 
sanctioned  the  expenditure  of  £30,000,  the  esti- 
mated cost.  The  new  reservoir  adjoins  the  water 
softening  works,  and  will  be  worked  in  conjunction 
with  the  existing  reservoir. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Scottish  members  of  the 
Surveyors'  Institution  held  in  the  Christian  Insti- 
tute, Glasgow,  on  Friday,  Mr.  Thomas  Binnie 
presiding,  Mr.  James  Henry,  city  assessor  for 
Glasgow,  read  a  paper  entitled  "  Some  Notes  on 
Valuation  and  Rating  for  Local  Purposes  in  Scot- 
land." In  the  course  of  the  paper  a  suggestion  was 
made  that  the  assessments  paid  by  the  smaller  class 
of  occupiers  should  be  spread  over  the  year. 

The  church  of  St.  Mary,  Summerstown,  Tooting, 
the  foundation-stone  of  which  was  laid  last  April 
by  Princess  Christian,  is  to  be  consecrated  by  the 
Bishop  of  Southwark  to-morrow  (Saturday)  at 
3  p.m.  The  total  cost  of  the  church  has  been 
£10,850,  and  of  this  £9,050  has  been  raised  since 
November,  1901,  leaving  £1,800  still  required. 

On  Saturday  the  memorial-stone  of  the  new 
Masonic  temple  of  Lodge  St.  Andrews,  No.  149, 
was  laid  at  Irvine,  N.B.  The  building  is  of  three 
stories,  and  will  cost  £2,000. 

The  funeral  of  the  late  Mr.  Henry  Spackmau,  the 
well-known  surveyor,  of  Ttrrace-walk,  Bath,  took 
place  on  Saturday  at  St.  James's  Cemetery  in  that 
city.  There  was  a  large  company  at  the  grave- 
side, including  representatives  of  the  Bath  Charity 
Trustees,  the  Bath  Union  Assessment  Committee, 
and  the  Bath  Stone  Firms,  Ltd.  Mr.  R.  M.  Parsons, 
of  Crewkerne,  with  whose  father  Mr.  Spackman  was 
associated  in  executiug  the  works  under  the  Somerset 
Drainage  Act,  was  among  those  present. 


€>ur  ^fRct   Cablt 


TTxDEU  the  title  of  "The  Registration  of 
Architects,"  the  London  Committee  of  Members 
of  the  R.I.B.A.  for  the  compulsory  qualification 
o£  architects  have  issued  a  small  pamphlet  giving 
in  succinct  form  the  reasons  for  this  greatly  needed 
reform.  Such  legislation  would  not  prevent  those 
not  registered  under  its  provisions  from  designing 
buildings ;  but  they  would  not  be  allowed  to  call 
themselves  architects,  nor  could  they  enforce  in  a 
court  of  law  the  payment  of  fees  earned  in  that 
eapacit)'.  The  first  effect  of  a  Registration  Act 
would  be  to  put  a  stop  to  further  increase  in  the 
Dumber  of  incompetent  practitioners,  and  thence- 
forth they  would  become  a  diminishing  quantity. 
It  is  the  younger  generation  of  architects  which 
would  benefit.  Each  person  claiming  registra- 
tion at  the  passing  of  the  Act  would  have 
to  sign  an  affidavit  proving  himself  to  have 
been  practising  as  a  bona-fide  architect  for  a 
stated  period  or  to  be  otherwise  qualified.  It 
is  shown  to  be  of  the  utmost  importance  that 
qualifying  examiners  should  be  under  the  control 
of  architects,  and  not  of  general  educational 
bodies,  and  if  the  Institute  is  only  farseeing  and 
prudent,  it  will  secure  this  position  for  itself.  The 
pamphlet  can  be  obtained  of  the  hon.  secretary  to 
the  committee,  Mr.  W.  Gilbert  Scott,  F.R.I.B.A., 
25,  Bedford-row,  W.C. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Lord  Provast's  Committee 
of  the  Edinburgh  Town  Council,  on  Wednesday, 
a  report  was  adopted  embodying  the  proposed 
new  arrangements  for  art  and  art  education  in 
Edinburgh.  These  arrangements  embrace  u 
reconstructed  board  in  place  of  the  board  of 
manufacturers,  consisting  of  fifteen  members. 
The  turn  of  £2,000  per  annum  payable  to  Scotland 
under  the  Treaty  of  Union  will  be  paid  to  the 
board.  A  new  building  will  be  erected  or  acquired 
for  the  National  Gallery  on  a  different  site  from 
the  present,  and  the  cost  will  be  met  by  a  grant 
from  the  imperial  funds,  with  a  contribution  from 
the  board's  accumulated  funds.  The  present 
National  Gallery  buildings  on  The  Mound  will  be 
appropriated  to  the  use  of  the  Royal  Scottish 
Academy.  The  Royal  Scottish  Academy  are,  it 
is  proposed,  to  hand  over  to  the  Board  for  the 
Scottish  National  Gallery  the  collection  of  pictures 
belonging  to  the  academy  at  present  in  the 
gallery,  valued  at  £40,000.  In  regard  to  the 
school  of  art,  it  is  proposed  that  the  present 
academy  life  school  should  be  incorporated,  and 
the  aim  of  the  school  should  be  to  provide 
advanced  instruction  in  the  arts  of  painting, 
sculpture,  and  architecture,  and  the  work  of 
teaching  arts  as  applied  to  industry  and  handi- 
craft. This  memorandum  will  be  submitted  to 
the  town  council  at  their  next  meeting,  and  after 
approval  will  be  sent  to  the  Secretary  for  Scot- 
land. 

The  Nottingham  Corporation  Art  f4allery 
collection  has  just  been  augmented  by  the  bequest 
of  oil-paintings,  miniatures,  water-colour  draw- 
ings, and  engravings  from  Jlr.  Richard  Godson 
Millns,  of  Abbey-road,  St.  John's  Wood.  The 
value  of  the  collection  is  believed  to  be  at  least 
£15,000.  The  works  of  George  Morland  pre- 
ponderate. Twelve  pictures  are  by  .'.  Flaxman, 
R  A.,  five  by  Sir  David  Wilkie,  I!. A.,  and  four 
by  James  W^ard,  R.A.,  George  Vincent,  and  W. 
Harvey.  There  are  three  each  by  W.  Ettv. 
R.A.,  ■  Smirke,  R.A.,  W.  CoUins,  R.A.,  E. 
Bri^tow,  and  T.  S.  Cooper,  R.A.,  two  each  by 
F.  Wheatley,  R.A.,  J.  Phillip,  R.A.,  and  T.  S". 
Good,  and  single  pictures  by  the  following, 
among  others :  —  Sir  A.  W.  Calcott,  T. 
Stothard,     11. A.,     Angelica    Kauffmann,    If. A., 

F.  R.  Lee,  R  A.,  P.  J.  De  Louther'oourg, 
R.A.,  G.  Barrett,  R.A.,  S.  Gilpin.  R.A.,  G. 
Dane,  R.A.,  R.  "Wilson,   R.A.,  E.   Bird,  R  A., 

G.  Richmond,  U.A.,  and  W.  Q.  Orchardson, 
R..\.  Among  the  paintings  of  the  Dutch  school 
there  are  three  by  D.  Teniers,  jun.,  and  two  by 
J.  W^ynants;  these  were  lent  by  Mr.  Millns  on 
the  occasion  of  the  Guildhall  Exhibition  in  1902. 
Other  Dutch  painters  represented  include  H. 
Steenwyck,  jun.,  K.  Molenaer,  M.  de  Honde- 
coeter,  E.  Verboeckhoven,  A.  Van  der  Neer,  D. 
Teniers,  sen.,  and  A.  I'ahimedes.  The  Flemish 
artists  whose  works  are  included  ii}  the  collection 
are  Pieter  Neefs  and  Old  Franks,  Pieter  Jacob 
Horemans,  and  P.  de  Saan.  Among  the  painters 
of  the  miniatures  are  Sir  William  lioss,  II.  B. 
Bone,  R.A.,  and  J.  Smart,  while  there  are  also 
two  French  miniatures  by  Fontallard.  The  col- 
lection   contains   123   exaaiples  of  the  English 


April  29,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


641 


school,  31  of  the  Dutch  school,  fourof  the  Flemish, 
two  of  the  (ierman,  and  two  which  are  un- 
known, making  a  total  of  IGJ.  There  are  also 
engravings  of  pictures  in  the  collection  to  the 
number  of  U7,  together  with  15  miniatures. 

A  LECTcui:  was  given  by  Sir  Wyke  Bayliss  on 
"Art  in  the  House  of  her  Friends,"  or  "Art  in 
Kelation  to  the  .Sanitary  Condition  of  our  tireat 
Cities,"  at  the  Royal  Society  of  British  Artists, 
Suffolk-street.  Sir  William  U.  Richmond,  R.A., 
presided.  The  lecturer  said  it  was  generally 
recognised  that  if  Art  had  any  friends  anywhere 
they  were  to  be  found  amongst  the  dwellers  in 
great  cities,  and  when  Art  found  herself  in  a  great 
city  she  expected  to  find  herself  in  the  house  of 
her  friends.  He  wanted  to  say  a  few  words  on 
the  condition  of  th»t  house,  and  its  effects  on  the 
health  of  its  visitor.  .Touching  on  the  relations 
of  Art  and  Sanitation,  he  described  the  former  as 
the  science  of  beauty  and  the  latter  as  the  science 
of  health.  Sir  Wyke  Bayliss  submitted  a  series 
of  propositions  to  which  he  invited  assent. 
Among  these  were  that  the  progress  of  Art  in  our 
country,  and  the  free  development  of  some  of  its 
finest  characteristics,  had  been  arrested  by  the 
foul  condition  of  the  atmosphere  of  our  great 
cities ;  that  if  we  could  do  nothing  better  with 
■works  cf  Art  than  smoke  them  black,  like  flitches 
of  bacon,  our  artists  would  probably,  according  to 
the  law  of  supply  and  demand,  give  us  works 
suitable  for  that  purpose  :  that  any  great  scheme 
for  the  future  of  national  and  historic  Art  in 
England  was  hopeless  so  long  as  this  state  of 
things  continued.  Finally  he  submitted  that  to 
find  a  remedy  for  these  evils  we  must  not  look  to 
the  artist  as  an  artist,  but  to  the  citizen  as  a 
citizen. 

An-  exhibition  of  modem  domestic  architecture 
has  been  opened  during  the  past  week,  from 
Friday  until  Wednesday,  at  the  rooms  of  the 
Leeds  Art  Club,  18,  I'ark-lane,  in  that  city.  The 
exhibition,  which  comprises  a  collection  of  archi- 
tectural drawings  in  colour  and  photography, 
illustrates  the  wor'c  of  the  most  modem  schools 
in  domestic  architecture,  and  includes  designs  by 
many  well-known  men  in  the  architectural  world, 
amongst  them  being  Halsey  Ricardo,  Bailie  Scott, 
Ernest  Mewton,  Henry  Wilson,  E.  J.  May,  Basil 
Champneys,  and  C.  F.  A.  Voysey,  as  well  as  a 
representative  collection  of  the  work  of  local 
architects.  Although  nominally  confined  to 
domestic  work,  the  exhibition  includes  some 
specimens  of  the  eoclesiastical  work  of  Henry 
Wilson.  Included  in  the  more  local  exhibits  are 
designs  by  Messrs.  Penty  and  Sons,  of  York  ; 
Jlr.  Fred  Rowntree,  York :  Mr.  W.  H.  Brierley, 
York  ;  Messrs.  Bedford  and  Kitson,  of  Leeds) 
who  show  designs  for  cottages  ;  Messrs.  Rerkin 
and  Bulmer,  of  Leeds,  with  a  design  for  a  resi- 
dence at  West  Malvern ;  Mr.  Arthur  Gibson, 
Harroga'e,  who  exhibits  some  fine  views  of 
interiors.  On  the  closing  evening  (Wednesday, 
April  27)  Mr.  A.  W.  Waddington,  of  the  Arts 
Club,  who  was  himself  an  exhibitor,  and  who 
had  been  largely  responsible  for  the  organisation 
of  the  collection,  delivered  a  lecture  on  "The 
Nature  of  Architecture,"  the  chair  bein?  taken 
by  Mr.  W.  H.  Thorp. 

l.'oMi'ARED  with  the  neighbouring  buried  city 
of  I'ompeii,  Herculaueum  has  been  comparatively 
neglected  by  the  excavator  and  archn'ologist. 
Since  the  first  attempt  recorded  in  the  days  of 
Charles  III.  to  dig  over  the  site  of  the  theatre, 
only  partial  excavations,  and  these  in  a  modest 
and  tentative  manner,  have  been  made — in  IS'S 
18:i7,  18.5:i,  1869,  and  1875.  But  it  has  now 
been  decided,  at  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Cnarles 
Waldstein  and  Mr.  Shoobridge,  to  appoint  a 
central  managing  committee  in  J{ome  for  the 
purpose  of  fully  exploring  the  site.  Herculaneum, 
both  from  its  past  history  and  from  the  objects 
hitherto  found  there,  gives  promise  of  being  a  far 
richer  field  of  excavation  than  I'ompeii.  Owing 
to  the  fact  that  the  town  of  Resina  was  built  over 
the  site,  no  excavation  on  a  large  or  compre- 
hensive scale  has  ever  been  attempted.  There  is 
now,  however,  every  hope  that  the  great  cost 
involved,  owing  to  the  magnitude  of  the  work, 
may  be  succoesfuUy  met. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Board  of  .\griculture 
for  1903,  signed  by  Major  Oaigio,  has  just  been 
issued.  The  expenditure  last  year  charged  on 
estates  for  improvements  under  the  several  drain- 
age and  Improvement  of  Land  Acts  comprised 
1 1,887  for  drainage,  £.')0,f..'')0  for  farm  buildings, 
£21,648  for  labourers'  cottages,  £30,',iri6  for 
mansion  houses,  i-c,  £3,810  for  fencing  and  em- 
banking,   £6,7'>9    for    roads,     ^..-iOO    for    sub- 


scriptions to  railways,  £19,363  for  water  supply, 
and  £1,899  for  other  improvements.  The  total  is 
£138,472,  about  the  same  amount  as  that  for  the 
preceding  year.  During  the  last  twenty  years 
the  total  annual  outlay  has  ranged  between 
£348,690  in  1883  and  £84,480  in  1898.  From  the 
commencement  of  the  Public  Money  Drainage 
Act,  1846,  to  1903  inclusive,  the  aggregate  ex- 
penditure has  been  £17,603,746.  More  than 
half  this  amount,  or  £9,007,320,  represented  out- 
lays for  drainage  of  land — an  object  to  which 
practically  the  whole  of  the  public  money  em- 
ployed in  the  earlier  years  was  devoted.  In 
farm  buildings  upwards  of  £5,172,000,  and  in 
labourers'  cottages  £1,210,000  have  been  charged 
in  the  period  of  57  years.  Works  connected  with 
mansion  houses  and  other  residences,  for  which 
a  total  of  £814,000  has  been  expended,  form  the 
next  largest  item.  The  expenditure  on  labourers' 
cottages  hss  been  increasing  of  late,  and  the 
charges  made  for  this  purpose  in  each  of  the  last 
three  years  are  larger  than  in  any  other  year 
since  1885.  The  official  fees  received  in  respect 
of  improvement  business  during  the  financial  year 
1902-3  amounted  to  £605  15s. 

"  C.\MEOS  "  formed  the  subject  of  an  illustrated 
lecture  given  by  Mr.  Cyril  Davenport  at  the 
Royal  Institution  on  Saturday.  A  brief  history 
was  sketched  of  this  branch  of  art  from  Ptolemaic 
times  to  the  present  day.  The  lecturer  explained 
the  processes  necessary  to  the  production  of  a 
cameo,  including  the  use  of  the  bow-drill, 
cutting  diamond  point,  and  modem  gem-cutter's 
lathe.  An  account  was  given  of  the  early  history, 
of  cameos  on  shells,  eggs,  and  soft  stones  before 
the  discovery  of  onyx  as  the  material  specially 
adapted  for  cameo-cutting.  The  Gra>co-Roman, 
and  especiaUy  the  Augustan,  period  was  rich  in 
cameos,  and  almost  every  great  Roman  wished  to 
have  his  portrait  cut  in  onyx.  Such  portrait 
cameos  were  practically  indestructible,  except  by 
accident.  The  large  cameos — the  "  Triumph  of 
Bacchus"  at  the  Vatican,  the  "Agate  de 
Tibere  "  at  Paris,  and  the  "  Gemma  Augusten  '' 
at  Vienra — were  described  in  detail,  and  much 
curious  information  was  given  about  the  signa- 
tures on  cameos.  When  these  signatures  were  in 
relief  they  were  undoubtedly  genuine,  but  when 
in  intaglio  they  might  be  forgeries,  and  many 
such  signatures  were  known  to  have  been  forged 
during  the  Renaissance.  The  composition  of 
glass  pastes  was  also  described.  The  finest 
instances  of  glass  cameos  were  to  be  found  upon 
the  Portland  vase  and  the  Aridjo  vase,  both  in 
London,  and  on  the  "Vase  des  Vendanges"  at 
Naples.  The  remarkable  change  from  the 
Classical  and  mythological  designs  of  Graico- 
Roman  times  to  the  Christian  theme?  of  the 
fourth  century,  when  Constantino  the  Great 
became  Christian,  was  curiously  illustrated  in 
cameos  in  which  the  old  Classical  subjects  were 
renamed  from  scenes  in  the  Bible.  At  the  Re- 
naissance Classical  art  recovered  its  lost  position. 
The  Renaissance  cameo-cutters  were  very  skilled 
workmen,  but  in  spite  of  their  general  high  level 
they  did  not  succeed  in  making  any  very  im- 
portant cameo,  although  the  "Hymeneal  pro- 
cession of  Eros  and  Psyche  ' '  fetched  a  high  price 
at  the  Marlborough  sile.  They  were,  however, 
eminently  successful  in  the  setting  of  gems.  Fine 
recent  work  had  also  been  executed  by  Edward 
Burch,  Miirchant,  Wray,  and  Brett.  In  this 
country,  however,  the  art  was  virtually  lost,  and 
Bernardo  Pistrucci,  chief  engraver  to  the  Mint, 
who  designed  the  beautiful  group  of  St.  George 
and  the  Dragon  on  our  sovereigns,  was  really  the 
last  groat  cameo  designer.  In  France  fine  work 
had  been  done  in  late  years  by  Adolph  David, 
Henri  Francois,  Georges  Lemaire,  and  others. 

At  Wednesfield  a  bed  of  stone  has  recently 
been  found  within  easy  reach  of  the  surface 
which  closely  resembles  the  famous  Rowley  Rag. 
It  is  very  similar  in  colour,  but  on  being  practi- 
cally tested  is  stated  to  be  less  brittle  than  the 
Rowley  stone,  and  therefore  more  adapted  to  the 
production  of  kerb  and  channel  setts  than  that 
excellent  rook.  Should  this  bo  verified,  and 
should  the  area  be  considerable,  it  will  open  up  a 
new  and  important  industry  in  Wednesfield. 
Sheets  of  this  igneous  rock  are  found  in  several 
parts  of  the  South  StaiVordshire  coalfield.  The 
most  important  is  the  mass  of  dolerite  two  and  a 
half  miles  in  length  which  caps  the  long  ridge  of 
Rowley  Regis.  It  is  traversed  by  several  mining 
shafts  which  piss  through  the  dolerite  into  the 
workable  coals  below.  All  the  igneous  rocks  of 
the  South  Staffordshire  coalfield  belong  to  the 
basic  soriea,  and  are,  almost  without  exception, 
dolerites   or  basalts.     The    lliilstone    Hill,  near 


Rowley  Church,  is  the  best  locality  for  varieties 
in  texture  and  composition,  and  also  for  contem- 
poraneous veins.  Rocks  of  similar  character 
occur  at  Powk  Hill,  Bentley,  near  Walsall,  the 
Clee  Uills,  Knowl  Hill,  and  Swynnerton  Park, 
eight  miles  north-east  of  Stafford.  The  stone  is 
in  every  case  of  plutonii-  origin,  and  that  at  Powk 
Hill  closely  resembles  the  octagonal  columns  of 
basalt  which  constitute  the  feature  of  the  rx;k  at 
the  Giants'  Causeway  on  the  north-west  coast  of 
Ireland . 


OHIPS. 

The  annual  general  meeting  of  the  members  of 
the  Auctioneers'  Institute  of  the  United  Kingdom 
will  be  held  at  the  ofll:;es,  57  and  58,  Chancery-lane, 
on  Thurday,  May  12,  at  2.30  p.m.  The  eighteenth 
annual  dinner  will  take  place  at  the  Hotel  Cecil  on 
the  same  day  at  0.30  p.m.,  under  the  presidency  of 
Mr.  J.  H.  Townsend  Green.  The  council  will  meet 
at  the  offices  of  the  Institute  on  Friday,  May  13,  at 
2  p.m.  to  elect  president  and  vice-presidents,  and 
to  make  the  awards  in  connection  with  the  recent 
examinations. 

The  Shrewsbury  Town  Covmoil  have  under  con- 
sideration a  water  supply  scheme  (or  the  borough, 
which  is  estimated  to  cost  £148,000. 

On  Thursday  of  last  week,  at  the  offices  of  the 
Urban  District  Council  for  Esher  and  the  Dittons, 
Mr.  A.  A.  J.  Mallet,  M.I.C.E.,  an  inspector  of  the 
Local  Government  Board,  held  an  inquiry  into  the 
application  of  the  District  Council  for  permtasiou  to 
borrow  £45,000  for  main  drainage,  and  £523,  the 
proportion  to  be  contributed  by  the  council  towards 
the  building  of  an  iron  footbridge  over  the  River 
Mole  at  Ejher. 

One  of  the  last  actions  of  the  late  School  Board  of 
Hornsey  was  to  decide  on  the  erection  of  new  schools 
at  Harringay,  a  higher  elementary  school  for  300, 
an  ordinary  elementary  school  for  900  children,  and 
a  centre  for  instruction  in  swimming,  manual  work, 
cookery,  laundry  work,  and  housewifery.  This 
centre,  which  was  opened  by  Lord  Stanley  of 
Aldemey  on  Saturday,  includes  a  small  house  where 
girls  learn  household  duties.  The  instruction  for 
the  boys  includes  the  repair  of  drain  traps  and  other 
plumber's  work.  The  site,  comprising  7,761  square 
yards,  cost  £7,734,  and  the  buildings  cost  £46,484, 
and  the  furniture  £1,435. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  was  con- 
ducted at  the  Sunderland  Town  Hail  on  Friday  by 
Colonel  A.  G.  Dumtord,  R.E.,  into  the  appUcation 
of  the  Sunderland  County  Borough  Council  for 
leave  to  borrow  £50,170  for  the  purpose  of  providing 
Quarter  Sessions  and  police-court  buildings,  pohce 
and  fire-brigade  stations,  ^:  ^  Mr.  WilUam  Milburu, 
the  architect,  produced  and  explained  the  plans. 

The  comer-stone  of  the  new  AngUcin  Church  of 
the  Good  Shepherd,  Eatwisle-road,  Rochdale,  was 
laid  by  Colonel  Eoyds,  C.B.,  M.P.,  on  Saturday. 
It  is  proposed  at  present  to  erect  the  nave  only,  and 
a  temporary  chancel  will  be  provided.  The  cost  of 
this  work  is  estimated  at  £3,000.  Ttte  building  will 
be  of  Yorkshire  stone,  and  it  is  being  erected  by 
Mr.  Thomas  Pickles,  of  Luddendentoot,  from  the 
plans  of  Mr.  E.  H.  Lingen  Barker,  of  Hereford  and 
London.  The  style  is  to  be  Gothic,  and  accommoda- 
tion is  being  provided  for  400  persons. 

St.  Anne's  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  in  Leeds, 
after  being  in  existence  about  70  years,  was  finally 
closed  on  Sunday,  and  will  now  be  demolished  to 
make  way  for  street  improvements  in  connection 
with  the  city  tramways.  Next  Sunday  the  new 
cathedral  in  Cookridge-street,  on  a  site  given  by  the 
city  corporation  in  part  exchange  for  the  old  site,  is 
to  l>e  opened  with  solemn  pontifical  high  mass.  It 
has  been  built  from  designs  hy  Mr.  J.  H.  Eastwood, 
A.R.I.B.A.,  of  Kensington,  and  was  illustrated  in 
the  BcriLDiN'O  News  for  Oct.  3,  1902. 

The  three  east  windows,  two  five-lights  and  one 
six -light,  in  the  chapel  in  the  Port  Sunlight  colony 
have  just  been  filled  with  stained  glass  representing 
the  "  Raising  of  Jairus'  D.iughter,"  the  "Ascen- 
sion," and  "Blessing  Children,"  designed  and 
executed  by  Messrs.  Heaton,  Butler,  and  Bayne,  of 
London,  under  the  direction  of  the  architects,  Measr?. 
William  and  Segar  Owen,  of  Warrington. 

On  WednesJay  week  the  new  schools  adjoining 
the  Southbank-road  Wesleyan  Church,  Southport, 
were  opened.  The  school  building  includes  a 
lecture-room,  a  church  parlour,  a  large  schoolroom, 
60ft.  by  3rift.,  a  number  of  classrooms,  cloakroom, 
and  caretaker's  house.  The  buildings  have  been 
designed  by  Mr.  William  Gill,  an  old  scholar,  and 
the  total  cost  has  been  £5,000. 

An  inquiry  was  held  at  Carnarvon  on  Friday  by 
Mr.  A.  G.  Malet,  C.E.,  inspector  of  the  Local 
Government  Board,  into  an  application  by  the 
corporation  for  sanction  to  borrow  £l7,0iK)  for  the 
purposes  of  an  electric  lighting  schema  for  the  carry- 
ing out  of  which  the  corporation  entered  into  a  pro- 
visional agreement  with  the  National  Construction 
Company  several  months  ago. 


642 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Apeil  29,  19C4 


MEETINGS  FOB  THE  ENSXJINa  WEEK. 

FiiiDAY  (To-dat).  — Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.— 
Visit  to  the  Works  in  progtress  at  the 
new  Thoronghfare  between  Holborn  and 
the  Strand,  in  course  of  conttruction. 
Assemble  outside  the  Holborn  Restaurant. 
11  a.io. 

Satubdat  (To-mobbow).— Edinburgh  Architectural  Asso- 
ciation.   Visit  to  Roslin. 

McsDAY.-Societyof  Arts.  "The  Majolica  and  Glazed 
Earthenware  of  TuscaLy,"  Canton  Lec- 
ture No.  2,  by  Prof.  E.  Laugton  Douglas, 
M.A.    4.30  p.m. 

Society  of  Engineers.  "  A  Jubilee  Re- 
trospect," by  Perry  F.  Nursey.  Past 
President  and  f  ecretary ;  "  Briti.^'h  and 
American  Coal  Cutting  Machinery."  by 
A.  S.  C.  Ackermann.  Royal  United 
Service  Institution.    7.30  p.m. 

Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects. 
Annual  General  Meeting.    8  p.m. 

TcESDAV.— Society  of  Art-.  "Canada  and  Great 
Britain,"  by  W.  L.  GrilBth.    4.30  p.m. 

Wkdnesd.av.— Society  of  Arts.  "  Statistics  of  the  World's 
Ir3n  and  Steel  Industries,"  b  y  Wilham 
Pollard  Digby.    S  p.m. 

Friday.— Architfctural  Association.  "The  Value  of 
Science  in  an  Architectural  Curricu- 
lum," by  A.  E.  Munby,  MA.,  FC.S. 
7.30  p.m. 

Satubday  (May  71.— Northern  Architectural  Association. 
Visit  to  Buildings  in  Dean-street,  New- 
castle, and  Lairg  Art  Gallery. 

Edinburgh  Architectural  Association. 
Visit  t  J  Dunfermline. 


THE  ARCHITECTUEAL  ASSOCIATION. 
MAY  61h:  ORDIN.IBY  GENER.^L  MEETING  «t  Nn.  9. 
Conduit. .treet,  W.,  at  1.311  p.m.  PAPER  bv  Mr.  A.  E.  MUNBY, 
M..A-,  F.C.S  ,  entitled  •*  The  Value  of  S-ience  in  an  ArctiiUctural 
Uu'riculum,"  illustrated  by  practical  experiments.  Election  of 
Officers  tor  Session  1901-1905. 

MAY  Uth:  FIRST  SU-MMER  VISIT— to  Moor  Park,  Rickmans. 
wortti,  bv  kind  permission  of  Lord  Ebury.  Members  desirous  of 
joinirg  the  party,  which  is  limited  to  30,  should  forward  a  P.L>.  for 
•is.  fd.  to  the  Sectetatr.  at  1^.  Tuflon-slreet.  S.W..  for  the  return 
railway  ticket,  on  or  before  WEDNESDAY,  May  Uth,  Train  leaves 
Baker.street  Station  (Metropolitan  Railway!  at  2.iO  p  m  Members 
to  meet  at  the  Baker-street  Bookiag  Office  CSt  John's  Wood  Line) 
at  2  p.m. 

LOUIS   AMBLER  -I  „„    „„, 

HENRY   TANNER,  Jun.  (  ""■  °"'' 

THE  SOOIBTY  OP  ARCHITECTS. 
Founded  I&e4  Incorporated  lB9:i.  Staple  Inn-bwi'dinps,  Holbnrn. 
W  C,  Teiegrams  :  "  Crvrt,  Tondon."  Telephone  l^Hi  Holborn.  The 
nest  Ql'.^I.lFYlNG  EXAMINATION  for  MEMBERSHIP  will  be 
held  in  OCTOBER,  1901.— C.  McARTHUR  BUTLER,  Secretary. 


— *♦.• — 

WAGES    MOVEMENTS. 

Leicester. — The  house-painters'  dispute  is  to  he 
referred  to  arbitration,  a  joint  application  baring 
been  made  by  the  parties  to  the  Bjard  of  Trade  for 
the  appaintment  of  an  arbitrator. 


CHIPS. 

A  cattle-trougb  and  drinking-foantain,  the  gift 
of  two  Southampton  ladies,  has  been  erected  at  the 
junction  of  Bevois  Valley  with  Eockstoue-lane, 
Southampton.  The  work,  which  is  executed  in 
Portland  stone,  has  been  designed  and  carried  out 
by  Messrs.  Garret  and  Haysom,  of  the  East  Gate 
Masonry  Works,  Southampton. 

The  electric  lighting  committee  of  the  Bethnal 
Green  Borough  Council  have  decided  to  proceed 
with  their  scheme  for  the  electric-lighting  of  the 
borough,  which  is  expected  to  cost  nearly  .£100,000. 

In  the  case  of  the  application  on  behalf  of  George 
Edward  Scutt,  Waterloo -road,  Limbetb,  S.E., 
carrying  on  business  with  Arthur  Cole,  and  described 
in  the  receiving  order  as  R.  C.  Sjutt  and  Son,  as 
buUdera  and  contractors,  the  order  of  discharge  has 
been  suspended  for  two  years  and  six  months  end- 
ing Sept.  15,  1906. 

The  rural  district  council  of  Stafford  adopted  at 
their  last  meeting  plans  prepared  by  Mr.  R:  E.  W. 
Berrington,  C.E.,  of  'VVolTerhampton,  for  the 
sewerage  of  the  parish  of  Castle  Church,  at  an 
estimated  cost  of  £'2, '200.  The  scheme  is  adapted  to 
the  existing  sewers  in  Rowley  Park.  New  sewers 
are  to  be  laid  in  Rowley  Grove  and  along  Newport- 
road  ,  converging  in  the  tank  in  a  field  at  the  foot  of 
Rowley  Bank.  Thence  the  sewage  is  to  be  conveyed 
in  pipes  to  bacteriological  tanks  situate  in  land 
adjoining  the  railway,  the  effluent  from  these  tanks 
flowing  into  a  stream  a  short  distance  away. 

A  scheme  costing  about  £40,000  for  the  extension 
of  the  generating  plant  of  the  Hammersmith  elec- 
tricity station  has  been  adopted  by  the  borough 
council  of  Hammersmith.  *■ 

A  new  Roman  Catholic  cathedral  has  j  ust  been 
built  and  consecrated  at  Cochin,  on  the  Malabar 
coast.  It  is  in  the  Renaissance  style,  and  has  been 
built  to  the  design  of  the  Italian  Jesuit,  Father 
Bonelli,  with  a  few  necessary  alterations  to  suit  the 
requirements  of  the  country  and  the  people.  The 
west  fai;ade  is  of  laterite  and  plaster,  and  the  two 
flanking  towers,  each  100ft.  high  to  the  apices  of  the 
shrine,  are  of  brick.  The  interior  conssls  of  a 
central  nave  with  aisles  divided  by  eight  massive 
granite  pillars.  There  is  no  transept  properly  so 
called.  The  sanctuary  is  floored  with  local  tiles. 
The  cathedral  is  162ft.  long,  .55ft.  broad,  and 
39ft.  6in.  high,  inside  measurements. 

A  scheme  of  sewage  disposal  for  the  Broom  Hall 
Estate  and  Park  Lane  West,  Pendlebury,  has  been 
adopted  by  the  Swinton  and  Pendlebury  Urban 
District  CouncU  which  will  cost  about  £13,000. 


LATEST    PRICES. 


IBON,    &o. 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

RoUed-Iron  Joists,  Belgian £5  10  0    to  £5  15    0 

Rolled-Steel  Joists.  English   6  10  0    „  6  12    6 

WroughHron  Girder  Plates  7    0  0,,  750 

Bar  Iron,  good  Staffs 6    6  0,,  8  10    0 

Do.,  Lowmoor,  Flat,  Bound,  or 

Square    20    0  0    „  20    0    0 

Do.,  Welsh  6  15  0    „  B  17    6 

Boiler  Plates,  Iron — 

South  StaSfs 8  15    0    „       8  15    0 

Best  Snedshill 9  10    0  9  10    0 

Angles  lOs..  Tees  208.  per  ton  extra. 

Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  for  bonding,  &o.,  £7  7s.  6d. 

Btulders'  Hoop  Iron,  galvanised,  £1'2  to  £13  per  ton. 

Galvanised  Corrugated  Sheet  Iron — 

No.  18  to  20.  No.22to24 
6ft.     to    8ft.   long,   incluaive     Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

gauge £1115    0    ...£12    0    0 

Best  ditto 12    5    0    ..,    12  10    0 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Cast-iron  Columns £6  10    0    to    £8  10    C 

CasHron  Stanchions 6  10    0    „       8  10    0 

KoUed-Iron  Fencing  Wire  8    0    0,,       850 

Boiled-Steel  Fencing  Wire -      6    5    0,,       6  10    0 

Galvanised.      7  15    0    „       8    0    0 

Cast-iron  Sash  Weights  4  12    6    „       4  12    6 

Cut  aasp  NaUs,  Sin.  to  6in 9    5    0,,       950 

Cut  Floor  Brads 9    0    0,,       900 

Wire  Nails  (Points  de  Paris)—  

6  to  7      8       9        10       11       12       18       14      15     B.W.Q. 
8/-      8,'6     9/-    9,'6      9  9    10/6    11/3    U/-  IS/-  per  cwt. 

Castrlron  Socket  Pipes- 
Sin,  diameter    £5  IS    0    to  £6    0    0 

4in.to6in 5  12    8    „       5  17    6 

7in.  to  21in.  (all  sizes)  6    7    6,,       6  10    0 

[Coated  with  composition,  Ss.  Od.  per  ton  extra;  turned 
»nd  bored  jointa,  58.  Od.  per  ton  extra.] 
Pig  Iron—  Per  ton. 

Cold  Blast,  lilleshall    105b.  Od.  to  112a.  6d. 

Hot  Blast,  ditto  658.  Od.  to    708.  Od. 

Wrought-Iron  Tubes  and  Fittings— Discount  ofl  Standard 
Lists  f.o.b.  (plus  5  per  cent.)  :— 

Gaa-Tubes e7}p.c. 

Watei^Tubes  62|  „ 

Steam-Tubes    57j   „ 

Galvanised  Gas-Tubes  55     „ 

Galvanised  Watei^Tubes 50     „ 

Galvanised  Steam-Tubes 45     „ 

lOcwt.  casks.  5cwt.  casks. 
Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Zinc,  English  (London  mm)  £24  15    0    to  £25    0    0 

Do.,  Vieflle  Montagne 27  10    0    „     27  15    0 

Sheet  Lead,  31b.  and  upwards  ...    13  15    0    „     13  15    0 
Lead  Water  Pipe  (F.O.E.  Lond.)     14    5    0,,      14    5    0 

Lead  Barrel  Pipe   15    2    6    „     15    2    6 

Lead  Pipe,  Tinned  inside  16    2    6    „      16    2    6 

„  and  outside    17  12    6    „      17  12    6 

Composition  Gas-Pipe 18    2    6    ,.     16    2    6 

Soil-Pipe  (Sin.  and  Sin.  extra)  ...    16    2    6    „      16    2    6 

Pig  Lead,  in  Icwt.  pigs 10  18    3    „     10  17    6 

Lead  Shot,  in  281b.  bags 15    0    0    „     15    5    0 

Copper  Sheets,  sheathing  and  rods    74    0    0    „     74    5    0 
Copper,  British  Cake  and  Ingot...     61  10    0    „     62    0    0 

Tin,  Straits  127    2    6    „    127    7    6 

Do.,  EngUsh  Ingots  128  10    0    „    129    0    0 

Spelter,  SUesian 22    3    9    „     22  12    6 

TIMBEB. 

Teak,  Burmah per  load  £10    0    0    to  £18    0    0 

„     Bangkok 9    5    0,,      16    5    0 

Quebec  Pme,  yellow „    ...      3  15    0    „       6  10    0 

„    Oak „    ...      5    0    0,,       7  10    0 

„    Birch  ,    ...      3    0    0,,       600 

„     Ehn „     ...       4     0    0,,        800 

„    Ash „     ...       3  15    0    „        7    0    0 

Dantsic  and  Memel  Oak      „    ...      2  15    0,,       6    0    0 

Fir „     ...       2  15    0    „        5    0    0 

Wainscot,  Riga  p.  log ...      „    ...      2  10    0    „       8    0    0 

Lath,  Dantsic,  p.f „    ...      4    0    0,,       600 

St.  Petersburg „    ...      4    0    0,,       600 

Greenheart  ,      „    ...       7  15    0    „       8    0    0 

Box ,    ...      7    0    0,,     16    0    0 

Sequoia,  U.S. A percubefoot      0    3    6,,       089 

Mahogany,  Cuba,  per  super  foot 

lin.  thick  0    0    S    „       COS 

„  Hondtmis  ...      „     ...       0    0    6,,        00  7^ 

„  Mexican ,    ...      0    0    4,,       005 

„  African  „    ...      0    0    3},,       0    0  5) 

Cedar,  Cuba    „    ...      0    0    8,,       0    0  SJ 

„  Honduras    ,    ...      0    0    31  „       0    0  3J 

Satin-wood    ,     ...       0    0  10    „        0    19 

Walnut,  Italian ,...008,,       00  7J 

„      American  (logs)      „    ...      0    8    1,,       081 

Deals,  per  St.  Petersburg  Standard,  120— lait.  by  liin. 
by  11m.  :— 

Quebec,  Pine,  Ist  £22    0  0    to  £29    6  0 

„             2nd 18    5  0    „  23  10  0 

„             3rd  11  15  0    „  14    0  0 

Canada  Spruce,  let 11    0  0    „  15  10  0 

„           2nd  and  8rd   9    0  0,,  10  10  0 

New  Brunswick 8    0  0,,       9  15  0 

Riga    7  10  0    „       8  10  0 

St.  Petersburg 8    0  0,,  16  10  0 

Swedish 11    0  0    „  19  10  0 

Finland 9    0  0,,  10    0  0 

•White  Sea 1110  0    „  19  10  0 

Battens,  aU  sorts  6  10  0    „  13  10  0 


Flooring  Boards,  per  square  of  lin. : — 

Istprepared £0  12  6    „  £0  18  6 

2nd  ditto  0  11  6    „  0  15  6 

Other  qualities    0    5  0,,  0  13  0 

Staves,  per  standard  M : — 

U.S.,  pipe £37  10  0  „  £46  0  0 

Memel,  cr.  pipe  220    0  0  „  230  0  0 

Memel,  brack 190    0  0  „  200  0  0 

STONE.* 

Darley  Dale,  in  blocks per  foot  cube  £0    2    3 

Red  Mansfield  ditto 0    2  4i 

Hard  York  ditto    ,    ...    0    2  10 

Ditto  ditto  6ia.  sawn  both  sides,  landings, 

random  sizes per  foot  sup.    0    8    8 

Ditto  ditto  Sin.  slabs  sawn  two  sides, 

random  sizes  „    ...    0    1    ff 

•  All  F.O.R.  London. 

Bath  Stone,  delivered  on  rail  at  quarry  stations 

per  foot  cube  £0    10 
Delivered  on  road  waggons,  Paddington 

Depot •■■    0    1  6J 

Ditto       ditto       Nine  Elms  Depot  0    1  8i 

Portland  Stone,  in  random  blocks  of  20ft.  average  :— 

Brown         "White 
Whit  Bed.   Base  Bed. 
Delivered  to  railway  depot  at  the 

quarry per  foot  cube  £0    1    5J  ...  £0    1  7J 

Delivered  on  road  waggons  \ 

at  Paddington  Depot    ...  f  n    9    i  t\    *>  9i 

Ditto    Nine  Elms  Depot  ..  (   "    •••"■'*    -    "    -=  '» 

Ditto    Pimlico  Wharf I 

OILS. 

Linseed   pertun£U    2    6    to  £14  17    e 

Rapeseed,  English  pale  ...    „    ...    22    0    0    „     24    0    0 

Do.,  brown 20  15    0    „     2115    0 

Cottonseed,  refined „    ...    19  15    0    „     21  15    O 

OUve,  Spanish  „    ...    31    0    0    „     31    5    0 

Seal,  pale   18    0    0    „      28    0    0 

Cocoanut,  Cochin „    ...    30    0    0    „     81    0    0 

Do.,  Ceylon  27    0    0    „     27  10    6 

Pahn,  Lagos „    ...    29    0    0    „     29  10    0 

Oleine ,     ...     17    5    0    „      19    5    0 

LubricaUng  U.S per  gal.     0    7    0    „       0    8    0 

Petroleum,  refined ...      0    0    5i  „       0    0    0 

Tar,  Stockhobn per  barrel      16    0,,       180 

Do.,  Archangel „    ...      0  19    8    „       10    0 

Turpentine,  American  ...per  tun    87    0    0    „      87    6    0 


Mr.  E.  J.  Oliver,  late  of  Bodmin,  a  well-kuDwa 
local  surveyor,  was  buried  on  Thursday  in  last  week. 

A  window  has  recenUy  been  dedicated  in  the 
parish  church  of  St.  Andrew,  Old  Cleeve,  Sjmerset, 
It  is  the  work  of  Mr.  Henry  Holiday,  and  consists 
of  two  lights,  having  for  subjects  the  Virgin  and 
Child  and  St.  John. 

A  highway  bridge  is  about  to  be  erected  over  the 
■Wansbeck  at  Stakeford,  by  the  Northumberland 
County  Council.  The  engineer  is  Mr.  Bsan,  the 
county  surveyor,  and  the  preliminary  borings  have 
j  ust  been  completed  by  the  contractors  for  the  bridge, 
Messrs.  Alder  and  Co. 

The  death  occurred  in  Paris,  on  Tuesday,  at  the 
age  of  66,  of  an  eminent  French  engineer,  M.  Enile 
Godfernaui,  designer  of  several  of  the  more  famous 
bridges  that  span  the  canons  in  the  centre  of  France. 

In  the  process  of  pulling  down  the  Hat  and 
Feather  public  -  house  in  the  Low  Kow,  Sunder- 
land, which  is  one  of  the  oldest  licensed  houses  on 
Wearside,  the  license  going  back  upwards  of  tw* 
hundred  years,  the  contractor,  Mr.  Huntley,  found 
an  Eirly  English  hand  corn  mill,  carved  from  a  hard 
sandstone.  The  well,  or  circular  chamber  for 
holding  the  corn,  is  Sin.  wide  by  3.iin.  deep,  and  has 
an  iron  spike  at  the  bottom,  providing  a  pivot  to 
steaiy  the  upper  stone  that  revolved  and  crushed 
the  corn.  It  has  been  secured  for  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries. 

^.^^Hk-V 

V.  I LISGELLES  aiid  Co., 

121,  Bunhill  Row,  London,  E.C. 

TBIiEPHONB   N».  1365. 

HIGH-CLASS  JOINERY. 

LASCELLES'  CONCRETE. 

Conservatories  &  Greenhouses. 

WOODEN    BUILDINGS. 

BAITK,  OFFIOH,  *  SHOP  FITTIWaB. 

GHURGH  BENCHES  &  PULPITS. 

MITIMATU  Oirtn  OS   ATFLIOATIOr. 


FOB 


Olivers' 

Seasoned 


Hardwoods, 


\rPLl     TO- 

WM.  OLI'V^B,  &   SONS,   LTD., 

120,  BunbiU  Bow,  LONDON,  E.C 


May  0,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


G43 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERING  JOURNAL. 
VOL.  LXXXVI.-No.  2574. 


FRIDAY,  MAY  0,    1901. 


PROFESSIONAL    WORK    AND    COSTS. 

TUB  public  entertain  rather  vague  and 
indefinite  views  of  the  architect  and 
his  professional  functions.  Many  there  are 
who  think  his  employment  an  exjieusive 
luxurj-,  of  no  practical  value  whatever,  and 
who  think  that  a  good  builder  can  give  them 
all  they  want  if  they  had  only  the  idea  of 
the  kind  of  building  required.  Others  have 
a  better  opinion  of  the  profession,  and 
believe  that  if  they  want  a  building  erected, 
the  best  way  is  to  get  plans  drawn  for  it ; 
but  by  what  particular  i)rocess  this  is  accom- 
jilished,  or  what  are  the  real  functions  of  the 
architectural  profession,  they  have  very  hazy 
notions.  It  seems  almost  futile  to  discuss 
the  question  with  the  first  of  these  peojde. 
Those  who  think  the  architect  is  a  superfluous 
individual  would  doubtless  have  the  same 
opinion  with  respect  of  all  other  classes  of 
artists  or  professional  men  who  practise 
simething  that  seems  of  little  practical  value. 
There  are  plenty  of  sceptics  of  this  kind  : 
people  who  do  not  believe  in  anything  but 
good  value  for  money,  bargains  in  which 
bare  utility  is  the  only  thing  worth  paying 
for,  and  that  everything  of  a  decorative  or 
artistic  nature  is  thrown  away.  Such  people 
■cannot  be  argued  with,  because  they  limit 
their  view  to  one  direction,  to  the  most 
obvious  matters  in  their  circumscribed  and 
restricted  vision,  and  will  not  take  the  trouble 
to  take  a  wider  range  of  view,  or  to  under- 
stand opposite  sides  of  the  iiroblem.  And 
yet  these  same  people  are  ready  to 
admit  that  an  idea  is  worth  something,  if 
it  is  not  worth  paying  for  in  hard  cash. 
To  them  the  value  of  a  suggestion  or  a 
thought  is  in  proportion  to  its  commerciality. 
Yet  they  are  not  ready  to  admit  that  thought 
in  the  arrangement  of  a  building  or  an  idea 
in  the  external  design  is  always  a  good  in- 
vestment. They  will,  for  instance,  object  to 
the  small  expenditure  of  '1\  per  cent,  com- 
mission to  an  architect  for  the  preparation  of 
a  design,  notwithstanding  that  the  outlay  will 
insure  the  letting  of  the  building  for  domestic 
or  business  purposes,  or  add  a  hundredfold 
to  its  utility.  As  we  sawlait  week,  many  of 
the  Senators  at  Washington  have  taken  this 
view  of  the  architect's  remuneration,  and 
have  protested  against  the  employment  of  an 
outside  architect  for  Government  buildings 
at  a  commission  of  2J-  per  centum,  when 
their  own  Treasury  Department  could  do  the 
work.  But  this  objection  was  fully  answered 
by  two  or  three  members  who  took  part  in 
the  discussion.  It  was  shown  that  the 
Government  buildings  which  had  been 
designed  and  carried  out  by  the  officials  of 
the  Treasury  Department  were  disappointing. 
Some  of  them  were  positively  ugly,  while 
those  buildings  that  have  been  designed  by 
private  firms  have  been  much  admired  for 
their  architectural  proportions  and  character. 
The  officals  of  the  department  themselves 
have  recognised  the  improved  character  of 
the  designs  prepared  by  private  firms,  and 
those  who  know  anything  of  building  arc 
aware  of  the  impossibility  of  an  official  de- 
partment making  designs  other  than  on 
stereotyped  linos,  or  oven  of  carrying  out  an 
architect's  design  with  the  same  care  and 
enthusiasm  as  the  ori^nal  designer.  Often 
the  details  arc  spoiled  in  the  process  of  trans- 
ferring the  artist's  work  to  unsympathetic 
hands. 
_  As  to  the  latter  class  of  jieople  wo  have  in 
view,  those  who  believe  in  the  architect's 
ability  and  his  value,  yet  who  have  an  im- 
perfect knowledge  of  the  aims  and  scope  of 
the  art  and  the  mnctions  of  the  architect,  a 


great  deal  may  be  said.  They  often  labour 
under  the  delusion  that  the  architect  is  a 
paid  artist  like  a  modiste,  and  must  do  what 
he  is  instructed  to  do ;  that  the  employer's 
tastes  and  wishes  must  be  strictly  followed  ; 
and  that  the  professional  agent  has  no  right 
to  exercise  his  own  judgment  in  certain 
matters.  Those  people  are  sufficiently  awk- 
ward. To  their  ignorance  of  the  profession 
and  duties  of  the  architect  we  may  attribute 
a  good  deal.  They  look  upon  him  as  more  of 
a  sort  of  tradesman  or  agent  who  sells  his 
services  and  designs  for  so  much  than  as  a 
professional  man  whose  main  business  is  to 
advise  his  clients.  The  drawings  prepared 
by  the  architect  are  regarded  as  ready-made 
or  stocked  "  patterns,"  to  be  sold  for  a  certain 
fee,  than  as  only  the  instrumental  means  by 
which  he  conveys  his  thought,  judgment,  and 
taste  to  his  client,  and  by  which  the  building 
can  be  carried  out.  The  employer  of  this 
class  looks  simply  at  the  result;  the  know- 
ledge, study,  and  thought  brought  to  bear  in 
preparing  the  design  are  ignored.  So  that  a 
very  partial  and  incomplete  idea  of  the  archi- 
tect's work  is  entertained.  His  preliminary 
education  and  training,  his  natural  artistic 
ability,  the  judgment  necessarj-  in  solving  the 
problem  of  site,  buildingmaterials,  the  thought 
required  in  planning,  in  construction,  in  con- 
sidering questions  of  drainage,  sanitation, 
heating,  ventilation,  equipment,  decor.ation, 
and  other  questions  are  matters  which  never 
enter  the  mind  of  the  client  when  he  ex- 
amines the  drawings,  or  throws  indifferently 
on  one  side  a  plan  which  has  cost  the  architect 
hours  of  thought  and  research.  He  looks  at 
designs  as  works  that  have  been  turned  out 
of  a  pigeon-hole  by  a  printing  press,  as  patterns 
to  be  selected  or  rejected  as  having  no 
special  relation  to  the  conditions.  We  cannot 
expect  the  British  public  to  place  much  value 
on  the  architect's  work  so  long  as  such  a  mis- 
taken view  prevails.  When  will  the  average 
employer  place  the  architect  on  a  level  with 
the  medical  practitioner,  or  lawyer,  as  one 
who  has  to  bring  a  considerable  knowledge, 
scientific  and  artistic,  to  his  task,  to  make 
careful  examination  and  diagnosis  of  the 
particular  case,  and  to  exercise  judgment  ? 
Probably  not  till  statutory  registration  or 
some  guarantee  of  qualification  is  in- 
troduced. Interference  with  the  architec- 
tural design  is  one  of  the  results  of  the  archi- 
tect's present  status.  Everybody  imagines 
he  knows  something  about  building,  even 
those  who  have  never  had  anything  to  do 
with  such  operations ;  but  even  more  re- 
markable is  the  man  who  engages  an  archi- 
tect to  prepare  designs  and  then  complains 
of  the  design  when  he  receives  it,  and  has  no 
scruple  in  suggesting  alterations.  When  a 
gentleman  goes  to  a  fashionable  tailor  and 
orders  a  coat,  he  does  so  with  the  utmost  con- 
fidence that  the  style  and  cut,  barring,  of  course, 
a  misfit,  will  be  Ijeyond  question  ;  and  a  lady 
who  places  her  latest  toilet  in  the  hands  of 
the  expert  costumier  would  not  think  of  ques- 
tioning the  style  of  the  dress  or  confection. 
It  would  be  folly  to  go  to  an  artist  in  any 
craft  to  obtain  a  design,  and  then  to  reject  it 
if  it  did  not  suit  one's  own  taste.  There  are 
however,  plenty  of  people  of  this  class  who 
patronise  architects,  and  who  give  a  deal  of 
trouble  in  changing  their  mind,  suggesting 
alterations,  and  the  like. 

The  division  of  the  work  of  the  profession 
into  two  parts — tho  design  or  preparation  of 
drawings,  and  tho  superintendence  of  the 
work  during  progress,  constitutes  a  difficulty 
and  a  danger  to  art.  When  a  client  employs 
an  architect  ho  looks  for  a  building,  not 
merely  a  sot  of  drawings.  Tho  division  has 
led  men  to  undertake  to  prepare  designs  as  a 
matter  of  more  draughtsmanship,  and  with- 
out any  responsibility  for  tho  execution  of 
tho  work.  Tlio  result  is  undesirable,  as  it 
divorces  the  artistic  from  the  building 
operations.  To  take  tho  instance  of  a 
corporation  or  public  body  who  advertise  for 
designs  for  a  building  and  pay  a  premium 


to  tho  successful  author,  or  a  commission 
of  2 J  per  cent.,  and  then  hand  the  design 
over  to  their  own  surveyor  to  carry  it  out. 
We  can  hardly  imagine  a  more  inequitable 
mode  of  procedure.  We  may  suppose  the 
design  selected  is  admirable,  and  that  its 
author  has  put  his  best  talent  and  energies 
into  tho  work,  but  there  is  no  guarantee 
that  the  executed  building  will  be  a  success. 
The  surveyor  may  do  his  best  to  carry 
out  the  architect's  design,  but  his  efforts 
fail  from  a  certain  want  of  sympathy  in  inter- 
preting details,  or,  perhaps,  a  portion  of 
the  design  has  to  be  remodelled  or  changed 
to  suit  practical  requirements,  and  in  this 
part  the  supervisor  has  had  to  resort  to  his 
own  views.  A  modified  design  has  to  be 
made,  and  the  result  is  that  between  the 
two  "  cooks  "  for  the  proverbial  broth  tho 
building  is  spoiled.  The  separation  of 
the  art  from  tho  practical  function 
has  been  the  cause.  The  idea  of 
selectinj;  the  best  talent  in  design  from 
an  architect,  and  then  adopting  the  least 
expensive  mode  of  execution  and  super- 
vision by  the  employment  of  an  official, 
Government  or  Municipal,  is  one  often 
favourably  viewed  among  corporations  and 
public  authorities,  and  the  plan  of  dividing 
the  work  is  largely  adopted  in  the  United 
States,  with  doubtful  success.  We  know  tho 
controversy  in  the  Times  which  took  place 
when  it  was  proposed  that  the  new  designs 
or  Government  Buildings  in  Whitehall  should 
be  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  official  depart- 
ment to  complete  and  to  carry  into  effect, 
through  the  unexpected  death  of  the  architect 
who  prepared  the  design.  In  this  case  the 
architect's  work  was  not  quite  completed  ;  it 
was  necessary  to  make  details  of  the  work 
before  it  could  be  commenced.  It  was  pro- 
posed, and  we  believe  arranged,  that  the  late 
architect's  staff  should  be  instructed  to  com- 
plete the  drawings  and  details  of  the  building. 
We  can  imagine  the  unfinished  drawings  of 
an  architect  in  such  circumstances  being 
completed  by  the  staff  of  a  Government  De- 
partment ;  how  completely  the  design  and 
motive  of  each  feature  or  detail  of  the  build- 
ing would  be  lost  or  travestied  by  men  who 
had  never  been  trained  in  the  artistic  part  of 
their  profession.  In  the  United  States  the 
supervising  architect  of  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment has  generally  the  charge  of  all  important 
public  buildings.  We  do  not  question  that 
that  official  is  a  highly  competent  architect, 
and  capable  of  carrying  into  execution  a 
large  proportion  of  the  buildings  required 
by  the  State ;  he  has,  no  doubt,  passed  a  stiff 
examination  on  building  construction,  law, 
and  other  matters,  yet  there  are  constant  doubts 
arising  as  to  the  desirability  of  appointing 
him  to  design  any  important  State  build- 
ing, for  many  of  the  most  successful 
buildings  for  public  purposes  erected  in  tho 
States  have  been  designed  and  carried  out  by 
private  architects — a  fact  which  has  given 
rise  to  some  discussion  at  Washington.  It  is 
just  dawning  on  our  Transatlantic  cousins 
that  the  most  perfect  examination  tost  is  not 
sufficient  to  produce  men  capable  of  design- 
ing buildings  of  exceptional  merit;  in  fa<'t,  all 
their  most  successful  structures  have  been 
from  designs  made  by  private  firms  in  com- 
petition or  otherwise.  .Vnd  wo  have  learned 
a  lesson  ourselves.  Some  years  ago  many  of 
our  important  public  buildings  of  an  official 
character  at  South  Kensington  wore  intrusted 
to  tho  royal  engineers,  and  there  wa-s  a 
natural  outcry  from  the  profession  on  the 
fact  that  somo  of  the  biggest  buildings  were 
placed  ill  the  hands  of  those  military  archi- 
tects. But  the  results  wore  disappointing. 
It  is  now  realised  that  tho  most  successful  of 
our  buildings,  both  from  a  practical  and 
architectural  point  of  view,  have  boon  de- 
signed and  supervised  by  men  who  have  mado 
tho  profession  their  chief  vocation,  and  have 
spent  tho  best  years  of  their  lives  in  its  pur- 
suit. Tho  distinction  mado  between  the 
design  and  the  supervision  of  a  building  is 


644 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  6,  1904. 


prejudicial  to  good  architecture.      The  two 
functions  cannot  be  separated  if  the  architect 
is  to  be  held  responsible  for  the  shortcomings 
of  his   design,    and    there    can    be   no  real 
economy  in  selecting  a  design  by  one  man, 
and  having  it  executed  under  the  control  of 
another.      When  the  two  duties  are  regarded 
as  being  united  in  the  design,   the  architect 
has  a  more  perfect  control  of  the  work  ;  he 
can  use  his   judgment  and  skill  in  the  ar- 
rangement or  modification  of  little  matters 
and    details,     which     is     precluded    if    the 
other  course  is  adopted.       lie  can,  in  fact, 
better  realise  his  intentions  during  the  actual 
progress  —  a    point    wjrth   the    considera- 
tion   of    those    who    engage    the    architect. 
The    public   —   those     who     employ    the 
profession— are  satisfied  if  they  obtain  a  de- 
sign,  without    any   thought  as    to   whether 
they  can  depend  upon  a  builder  to  carry  out 
the  work.     We  all  know  the  experiences  of 
those  who  have  tried  to  build  cheaply  in  this 
manner.     The  question  of  cost  is  largely  in- 
volved in  it.     The  ordinary  client  thinks  if 
he  obtains  a  design  at  the  cost  of  a  small  fee, 
he  is  in  a   position   to  effect   a  saving  by 
placing  the  plan  in  the  hands  of  a  builder  ; 
but  he  finds  out  the  mistake.     If  a  specifica- 
tion is  supplied  with  the  drawings,  forming 
a  part  of  the  contract,  there  is  no  one  re- 
sponsible  for  its  non-performance ;    no  one 
to  guarantee  that  the  materials  specified  are 
used,   or  the  dimensions  and   workmanship 
adhered  to.      Of  course,  the   owner   is   the 
loser,  though  he  may  not  immediately  dis- 
cover the  loss.     AVhat  does  the  paltry  IJ  per 
cent,  which  the    architect   receives   for  this 
part  of  his  duty  represent  when  compared  to 
the  loss  sustained  by  the  owner  'i     But  it  is 
such    false    economy    which    spoils  a  large 
percentage  of  the  works,  public  and  private, 
which  we  see  erected — the  notion  that  if  the 
architect's    commission     is     cut    down    the 
building    owner    reaps     the     benefit.      The 
same   employers  would  hesitate    to   erect  a 
house  or  shop  premises   without  a   design, 
though  the  economy  purchased  at  the  sacri- 
fice of  good  workmanship  and  material  mars 
the  effect  to  such    a    degree  that  it  would 
have  been  wiser  for  the  owner  to  have  been 
contented     with     a     builder's     design    that 
would,  at  least,   have  been  carried  out  with 
honesty     and     stability.      The     inclination 
amongst  many  people  and  public  authorities 
to  obtain  designs  from  leading  architects  and 
to   employ   others  to  supervise  the  work  is 
one   that  is  apt  to   grow   if  the  profession 
permit  their   talents   to   be   frittered   away. 
\'ery    few    of     our     leading    men     would 
care  to  make  designs  on  such  conditions,  as 
they  cannot  be  sure  that  those  who  are  to 
carry  them  into  effect  are  able  to  do  justice 
to  their  scheme,  while  there  is  a  great  tempta- 
tion to  rob  them  of   just  those  proportions 
and  features  or  details  on  which  they  depend 
for  their  effect.     No    other    kind  of  art — 
painting,  sculpture,  or  even  decoration — can 
be  treated  in  this  way ;  the  architect  alone,  of 
the  hierarchy  of  the  Fine  Arts,  has  to  endure 
this  humiliation  of  selling  his  talents  at  the 
smallest    remuneration,    while   the  building 
contractor  and  the  various  departments  under 
him  reap  any  advantage  that  may  be  derived 
from  the  bargain. 


TILE  LAW  or   LIGHT  AND  AIE. 

AJUDG:MENT  of  far-reaching  con- 
sequence to  owners  of  buildings  and 
house  property  and  to  the  profession  was 
given  in  the  House  of  l^ords  on  Monday 
relating  to  the  law  of  ancient  lights.  It  was 
an  appeal  in  the  long-argued  case  of  "  Colls 
V.  Home  and  Colonial  Stores,  Ltd."  from  a 
decision  of  the  Court  of  Appeal  (Lords 
Justices  Vaughan  Williams,  Homer,  and 
Cozens-Hardy),  heard  in  December,  1901, 
which  reversed  an  order  of  Mr.  Justice  Joyce 
of  the  preceding  year,  and  the  question  was 
this,  whether,  according  to  the  law,  the  owner 
of   ancient    lights    is    entitled  to  the  whole 


amount  of  light  which  ha?  ever  reached  his 
windows,  or  only  such  an  amount  as  is  suffi- 
cient "  according  to  the  ordinary  notions  of 
mankind."  The  Court  of  Appeal  decided  that 
the  owner  was  entitled  to  the  whole  amount 
of  light,  and  ordered  a  mandatory  injunc- 
tion to  pull  the  premises  down,  so  as  to 
restore  all  the  light  previously  enjoyed. 
Mr.  Justice  Joyce,  by  whom  the  case  was 
first  tried,  had  given  judgment  for  the  defend- 
ants, upon  the  ground  that  the  plaintiff  had 
failed  to  prove  any  actionable  wrong,  not- 
withstanding the  erection  of  the  buildings 
complained  of  had  appreciably  diminished  the 
light  of  the  plaintiff.  The  Lord  I'hancellor 
in  giving  judgment  said,  if  the  Court  of 
Appeal's  decision  was  sanctioned,  it  would  be 
the  first  time  in  that  House  such  a  principle 
had  been  determined,  and  he  stated  the 
question  simply  as  follows:  "After  an  en- 
joyment of  light  for  20  years,  or  if  the  ques- 
tion arose  before  the  Act,  for  such  a  period 
as  would  justify  the  presumption  of  a  lost 
grant,  would  the  owner  of  the  tenement  in 
respect  of  which  such  enjoyment  had  been 
possessed,  be  entitled  to  all  the  light  without 
any  diminution  whatsoever  at  the  end  of  such 
a  period?"  If  this  were  the  law,  the  conse- 
quences, as  shown,  would  be  disastrous  to 
building  operations  in  our  towns,  and  restrict 
the  rights  of  owners.  If  this  proposition 
were  true,  it  is  not  a  question  of  45  degrees ; 
but  any  appreciable  diminution  of  light 
which  has  been  enjoyed  for  twenty  years 
uninterruptedly  constitutes  a  right  of  action 
and  prevents  his  neighbour  building  on  his 
own  land.  The  Lord  Chancellor  said  that  the 
statute  upon  which  reliance  is  placed  '•  illus- 
trates the  danger  of  attempting  to  put  a 
principle  of  law  into  iron  framework  of  a 
statute."  The  statute  literally  construed 
"  would  mean  all  the  light  which  for  20 
years  has  existed  iu  the  suiToundings  of  the 
tenement  which  has  enjoyed  it."  We  refer 
the  reader  to  the  arguments  adduced  given  in 
our  report.  In  conclusion  his  lordship  said  : 
"  It  follows  that  in  my  judgment  the  case  of 
'  Warren  v.  Brown '  was  rightly  decided  by 
Mr.  Justice  Wright,  and  ought  to  have  been 
affirmed  by  the  Court  of  Appeal.  It  was, 
however,  reversed  in  accordance  with  the 
same  views  which  guided  that  Court  in  the 
case  now  under  review."  For  the  reasons 
given  he  moved  that  the  judgment  of  the 
Court  of  Appeal  be  reversed,  and  the  judge- 
ment of  Mr.  Justice  Joyce  restored,  and 
that  the  respondents  do  pay  to  the  appellants 
the  costs  both  here  and  below.  Lords 
Macnaghten  and  iJavey  accepted  this  finding 
after  elaborate  arguments. 

But  does  this  decision  lead  us  anj-  nearer 
to   a   solution   of   the   question  !'     Eather  it 
appears  to  us  that,  from  a  practical  point  of 
view,  the  decision  is  somewhat  hazy.     How 
are  we  to  determine  in  each  case  the  "  quan- 
tity of  light  the  measure  of  which  is  what  is 
required   for    the    ordinary  purposes  of  in- 
habitancy   or    business,     according    to    the 
ordinarj'  notions  of  mankind  ' ':    And  what 
would  bo  the  quantity  of   light  reasonably 
required  for  any  given  occupation — such  as 
a    photographer's     studio— requiring    ample 
light — orsuch,  for  example,  as  selecting  colours 
or  patterns  ?    How  are  the  ' '  ordinary  notions 
of   mankind "   to   be   determined   in  certain 
cases  ?    These   are  questions   that   must  be 
answered  before  a   satisfactory  rule  can  be 
established.     The    comfortable    use    of    the 
light  for  habitable  purposes  and  that  neces- 
sary for  certain  businesses  are  not  the  same. 
It   would  certainly   be   intolerable  that  the 
burden  on  the  servient  tenement  should  be 
increased  or  varied  from  time  to  time  at  the 
will  of  the  dominant  owner,  as  I^ord  I  lavey 
says,  and  he  justly  observes:    "The  ease- 
ment is  for  access  of  light  to  the  building, 
and   if   the  building  retains  its  substantial 
identity,  or  if  the  ancient  lights  retain  their 
substantial  identity,  it  does  not  seem  to  me 
to  depend  on  the  use  which  is  made  of  the 
chambers  in  it,  or  to  be  varied  by  any  altera- 


tion which  may  be  made  in  the  internal 
structure."  But  in  practice  alterations  are 
made,  the  occupancy  or  tenancy  changes, 
and  with  every  such  change  a  different 
standard  of  light  can  be  claimed.  His 
Lordship  truly  says:  "It  seems  unreason- 
able to  hold  that  when  a  man  for  his  own 
convenience  or  profit  converts  two  or  more 
rooms  of  his  house  into  one  without  making 
provision  for  lighting  them,  or  converts  a 
portion  of  his  house  into  a  photographic 
studio,  or  some  similar  purpose,  he  can 
suddenly  call  upon  his  neighbour  to  leave 
him  a  supply  of  light  which  is  rendered 
necessary  only  by  such  alteratiohs,  and 
thereby  impose  what  is  in  substance  and  in 
truth  an  increased  burden  on  his  neighbour. 
If  the  action  be  brought  a  month  before  tho 
change  it  would  be  dismissed  ;  if  it  be  brought 
a  month  afterwards  an  injunction  would  be 
granted."  He  thinks  very  justly  that  the 
Courts  have  gone  too  far.  and  have  imposed 
restrictions  on  persons  in  the  exercise  of  their 
lawful  right  to  Duild  on  their  own  land.  His 
Lordship  concluded :  ' '  According  to  both 
principle  and  authority,  I  am  of  opinion  that 
the  owner  or  occupier  of  the  dominant  tene- 
ment is  entitled  to  the  uninterrupted  access 
through  his  ancient  windows  of  a  quantity  of 
light,  the  measure  of  which  is  what  is  re- 
quired for  the  ordinary  purposes  of  inhabi- 
tancy or  business  of  the  tenement  according 
to  the  ordinary  notions  of  mankind,  and  that 
the  question  for  what  purpose  he  has  thought 
fit  to  use  that  light,  or  the  mode  in  which  he 
finds  it  convenient  to  arrange  the  internal 
structure  of  his  tenement,  does  not  affect  tho 
question.  The  actual  user  will  neither  in- 
crease nor  diminish  the  right."  This  judge- 
ment is  clear,  though  it  does  not  determine 
the  amount  of  light  required  for  inhabitancy 
or  business. 

The  surveyors  as  a  class  have  a  special 
interest  in  the  question.  They  have,  as 
suggested,  adopted  a  working  rule  for 
advising  those  who  consult  them,  and 
settling  differences  by  negotiation.  We  do 
not  think  the  judgment  will  completely 
satisfy  those  in  the  profession  who  were 
looking  for  a  more  absolute  rule,  though,  as 
every  case  must  be  judged  on  its  own  merits, 
the  amount  of  light  necessary  will  have  to 
be  assessed  by  professional  aid.  The  condi- 
tion of  the  law  before  this  last  decision  was 
that  if  a  man  has  for  20  years  enjoyed  the 
advantage  of  having  only  a  one-story  building 
on  the  opposite  side  of  street  or  court,  he  is 
entitled  for  all  time  to  prevent  the  owner  of 
that  low  building  from  erecting  another  story. 
The  idea  seems  too  preposterous.  The  Court 
of  Appeal  reversed  the  decision  of  Mr.  J  ustice 
Joyce  in  deference  to  the  Prescription  Act, 
under  which  decisions  have  been  given  for  a 
long  period.  Indeed,  it  is  asserted  that  the 
Act  actually  conferred  an  extension  of  tho 
right,  and  thereby  interfered  much  with  the 
rights  of  building  owners.  The  judgment 
has.  at  least,  done  something  to  clear  the  air, 
if  it  has  not  accomplished  anything  beyond. 
We  are  much  indebted  to  ifr.  Colls  for  his 
pertinacity  in  fighting  the  case  singlehanded 
from  court  to  court  for  the  benefit  of  the 
building  profession  and  public  generally,  and 
he  is  entitled  to  the  gratitude,  as  an  esteemed 
correspondent  says,  of  "all  who  are  either 
professionally  or  practically  engaged  in 
building  operations.'' 

»-^ 

PICTURES   AT   THE    ROYAL 
ACADEMY.— II. 

THE  eft'ect  of  the  new  regulations  which 
restrict  the  number  of  pictures  to  be 
sent  by  each  member  to  six,  instead  of  eight 
as  formerly,  has  been,  we  understand,  to  cause 
a  deficiency  in  the  pictures  sent,  as  only  a 
few  of  the  Academicians  and  Associates  sent 
their  full  number.  This  deficiency  had  to  be 
supplied  by  the  admission  of  many  pictures 
that  were  put  on  one  side,  or  are  the  work  of 
non -members.     The  rule,  at  any  rate,  is  a 


May  G.  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


645 


salutary  ouo,  and  must  couduco  to  a  largo 
display  of  iiou-members'  work,  though  in 
tho  proseut  exhibition  certainly  tho  standard 
of  tho  pictures  has  not  been  maintained,  and 
a  great  many  commonplace  works  have  been 
admitted.  <)ne  of  the  main  features  of  this 
year's  Academy  is  tho  large  number  of  im- 
portant pictures  of  an  allegorical  kind  —a 
class  of  composition  which  the  painter  of  any 
power  at  all  is  glad  to  take  advantage  of,  as 
■they  give  scope  to  invention  and  arrange- 
ment, composition,  form,  and  colour.  In 
tho  present  exhibition  there  are  several  such 
■compositions,  two  of  the  most  conspicuous 
being  Sigismuud  Goetze's  semi  -  religious 
allegory,  "Despised  and  llejocted  of  ^Eon," 
in  the  Kighth  Gallery,  and  M.  Sauber's 
colossal  canvas,  "  Mammon."  Solomon  J. 
Solomon's  "An  Allegory,"  in  tho  large 
Gallery  is  also  a  composition  of  considorablo 
power,  though  tho  subject  is  not  vory  clear. 
And  we  havo  J.  C.  Dollman's  great  work 
"  J'^amine"  in  the  XI.  room,  liritonRivic'io's 
picture  of  "  Youth  "  in  the  first  room ;  while 
in  historical  incidents  the  "  t)pening  of  the 
Australian  (.'ommon wealth  Parliament,"  by 
Tom  Roberts,  in  Gallery  X.,  a  colossal  work, 
and  W.  llatherell's  "  The  City  Fathers' 
Welcome  to  King  Edward  VII."  are  im- 
portant subjects.  Portraiture  and  landscape 
occupy  also  a  considerable  space  on  the  walls. 
To  mention  a  few  other  pictures  in  the  first 
three  galleries :  C  K.  Perugini,  in  Gallery  I., 
has  a  daintily  dressed  girl  in  light  pink  dress 
sitting  on  a  couch,  with  one  foot  resting, 
playing  with  her  golden  tresses  of  curly 
locks,  suggestive  of  the  lines  of  an  old 
nursery  rhyme,  the  last  two  linos  of  which — ■ 

Sit  on  a  cushion  and  ,sew  a  fine  seam, 

And  live  upon  strawben-ies,  sugar,  and  cre.am, 

these  dainties  being  on  a  small  French  table 
before  her.  Briton  Riviere's  "  Youth"  (17) 
is  a  scholarly  work,  symbolising  the  heed- 
lessness of  youth.  The  subject,  a  young  man 
in  Ijth-century  costume  with  a  hawk  on  his 
finger,  comes  unwarily  near  a  rooky  ravine, 
which  his  horse  and  eager  hounds  discover,  is 
suggested  by  lines  from  Chaucer.  The  youth, 
full  of  life  and  the  pleasures  of  the  chase, 
does  not  see  the  peril  of  his  position.  "We 
noticed,  briefly,  Alfred  Parson's  beautiful 
landscape,  "In  the  AVest  Country"  (IS),  a 
row  of  cottages  backed  by  hills,  with  river 
reflecting  the  summer  sky  and  cows.  Beyond 
a  stone  bridge  spans  the  river. 

J.  W.  Waterhouse's  work,  "  Psyche  Open- 
ing the  Door  into  Cupid's  Garden "  (IJO),  is 
conceived  in  the  painter's  usual  poetic  vein. 
The  figure  of  Psyche,  who  is  timidly  looking 
through  the  garden  door  which  she  has 
opened,  is  half-draped  in  light,  pinkish 
drapery;  the  type  of  her  head  and  face  is 
familiar.  She  holds  a  red  rose.  Tho  glimpse 
of  garden  seen  through  the  partial  opening 
reveals  a  profusion  of  white  roses,  and  in  the 
background  is  a  circular  temple.  The  whole 
is  graceful  and  refined.  In  portraiture  we 
may  notice  the  fine  portrait  of  the  Primate, 
by  Arthur  S.  Cope,  in  his  robes  and  blue 
velvet  mantle  or  cope  worn  by  him  as  Bishop 
of  Winchester,  with  the  Order  of  the  Garter  ; 
also  the  same  painter's  "  Lord  Chief  Justice 
of  lOngland,"  and  W.  Q.  Orchardson's  half- 
longth,  seated  portrait  of  "  Mi-.s.  Temple 
Johnscm  "  (11 ),  with  black  hat  and  light  green 
dress  with  white  tulle.  The  background  in 
a  light  grey  has  a  luminous  effect,  which  is 
extremely  delicate  and  harmonious.  C. 
Napier  llemy's  large  sea-piece,  "The  Crab 
Merchant"  (,i2),  is  painted  with  much  force 
and  freshness  ;  the  bluo  swelling  sea  with  its 
glistening  crests  and  the  .stormy  sky  over- 
head is  unsurpassed.  A  large  boat  or  steamer 
with  three  other  fishing  boats  aro  toiling  on 
in  the  billowy  waves.  We  havo  hardly  seen 
anything  stronger  from  this  master  of  tho 
sea.  Peter  Graham's  "  And  There  is  Never 
Sdenco  im  that  Shore"  {M)  and  II.  W.  B. 
Davis's  "  Surrey  Hills,"  sunny  meadows  and 
distant  hills,  with  cows  and  rich  blossom  of 
trees  in  tho  foreground,  are  notable  pictures. 


"  A  Rescue  at  I>awu,"  by  Stanhope  A. 
Forbes"  (01)  a  boat  incident  near  tho  shore. 
I'lshormen  havo  picked  up  a  little  girl  and 
woman  from  tho  water.  A  little  child,  half 
unconscious,  is  being  taken  out  of  the  boat, 
while  a  man  in  oiLskin  with  lantern  stands  in 
the  wa'er  at  side  of  boat.  .Vnothor  ti.shor- 
man  is  carrying  a  woman  out  of  tho  water, 
the  blue-greyish  dawn  makes  a  sharp  con- 
trast with  the  lamp-light.  Tho  painter  has 
realised  the  incident  with  power  and  pathos. 
One  of  tho  most  captivating  pieces  oi  i/run' 
in  the  next  gallery  is  Lady  Alma  Tadema's 
"Love's  Beginning,"  a  dainty  painted 
interior,  17th-century,  Dutch  in  its  style, 
llorealady  at  her  needlework  frame,  in  white, 
sits  near  the  open  casement,  while  at  her 
side  a  j-oung  lover  in  doublet,  low  collar,  and 
silk  hose  is  seated  looking  at  her,  an  open 
clasped  book  being  on  liis  lap.  Tho  grey- 
toned  wall  and  simple  but  massive  furniture, 
and  tho  little  stool  with  reels  of  silk  at  the 
side  of  girl,  make  up  a  delightful  and  subtle 
picture.  The  subject  resembles  tho  similar 
little  work  by  the  same  lady  in  tho  New 
•  lallery.  No.  75,  "  Joan  of  Arc,"  bj' Frank 
Dicksee,  is  a  decoratively  treated  subject, 
rather  too  conventional.  Tho  saint  is  clad  in 
armour,  her  head  surrounded  by  a  nimbus, 
her  light  blue  eyes  uplifted,  her  hands  clasped 
as  if  in  prayer,  with  lilies  in  tho  foreground 
and  a  background  of  cherubim.  It  is  perhapsa 
little  too  stiff  to  be  pleasant.  Passing  Sidney 
Currio's  "  A  Witness  of  Generations,"  an  old 
country  churchyard  with  a  grand  spreading 
tree,  an  old  couple  seated  under  its 
shadow,  and  the  west-end  of  church  as  a 
background,  painted  with  feeling,  and  George 
Wetherbee's  pleasing  pastoral.  No.  88,  we 
have  "The  Lyric,"  by  W.  (i.  Orchardson, 
noticed  last  week.  A  closer  examination  of 
this  picture  reveals  much  beauty  in  arrange- 
ment of  the  solitary  figure  of  the  young  lady 
before  an  old  Dutch  piano,  dreamily  think- 
ing, with  paper  in  hand,  as  .she  turns  her 
face  to  the  spectators.  The  chaste  classic 
wall  decoration  and  frieze  of  pearly  grey,  and 
the  rich,  large-pattern  carpet  of  rose-tints,  is 
suggestive  of  the  Eaipire  period;  the  whole  is 
a  harmony.  F.  Spenlove-Spenlove  sends  a 
charming  evening  effect  after  rain,  entitled 
"Willow  Witches"  (93),  full  of  quiet  tone 
and  haze.  J.  MacWhirter's  "Old  Scotch 
Firs"  (102)  is  a  strong  work,  not  sosketchily 
handlea  as  those  of  his  in  Gallery  IV.,  rejire- 
senting  a  morning  and  afternoon  effect  of  a 
"Terrace,  Lake  of  Como,'' and  it  must  be 
admitted  the  Italian  skies  and  light  lend  them- 
selves better  to  the  sketch j%  luminous  treat- 
ment of  this  master.  George  Clausen's  ' '  Bean 
Field "  (94),  peasants  cutting  beans,  is  a 
charming  work  full  of  movement  and  atmo- 
sphere, and  light,  and  a  suggestion  of  tho 
poetry  of  daily  toil,  which  is  also  noticed  in 
his  picture  of  "  Gleaners  Coming  Homo " 
(2.J8).  Mouat  Loudan's  finely  -  painted 
"  Porti'ait  Group"  (Ho)  deserves  praise. 
One  or  two  other  pictures  deserve  mention  in 
this  gallery ;  one  is  Frank  C.  Cowper's 
conventionalised  legend,  "St.  Francis  of 
Assissi  and  tho  Heavenly  Molody"  (130), 
where  St.  Francis  is  kneeling  on  tho  ground 
surrounded  by  pigeons,  attentively  listening 
to  the  strains  which  proceed  from  a  tree  on 
which  an  angel  is  plaj'ing  a  violin.  Henry 
Wood's  Venetian  groups  aro  always  inter- 
esting. "La  Tombola,  Venice"  (138),  a 
group  of  girls  and  women  round  a  table,  is 
well  painted  and  full  of  animation.  A  learned 
piece  of  i/ryire  is  "A  Literary  ('liquo,"  by  (I. 
Ogilvy  Roid  (LJN),  the  interior  of  a  library, 
where  a  group  of  litterateurs  in  ISth-contury 
costume  aro  discussing  a  question  of  authiu'- 
ship  over  a  folio  of  manuscripts.  "Tho 
Young  liathors,"  by  J.ilui  M.  S^van  (165),  is 
delightfully  drawn  and  harmonious. 

L.  A.  Abbey's  Italian  clover  Renaissance 
scone  we  noticed  last  week  in  (iallery  II., 
where  a  rather  demure-fai'ed  maiden  in  white- 
and-gold  dross  is  treading  "  a  moasuro  "  on 
a    lower    landing     or    vestiliule,     while     a 


couple  of  min.strels  with  guitars  are  p'aying  ; 
above  aro  a  gi-oup  of  gallants,  one  taking  a 
kiss  of  a  sweetheart's  hand.  It  is  not  fo 
great  a  success  as  his  Shakespeare  subjects, 
and  tho  face  of  the  daccor  is  rather  chalky. 
His  other  work  is  in  Gallery  V.,  and  is  "  The 
Central  Panel  of  a  Reredos  for  the  Church  of 
the  Holy  Trinity,  Paris"  (.301).  It  repre- 
sents the  Crucifixion,  which  is  the  central 
feature,  with  figures  on  either  side  of  the 
Mother  and  St.  John.  Tho  whole  back- 
ground is  of  gold,  including  tho  cross  in 
another  shade.  The  robe  of  St.  John  is 
a  very  brilliant  and  startling  crimson.  He 
holds  the  chalice  above  his  head,  and  tho 
Virgin  has  a  dress  of  red  under  a  black  veil 
and  cloak,  while  the  body  of  the  Saviour  is 
clothed  in  drapery  of  blood-red  colour.  Tho 
whole  treatment  is  a  luodornisod  variation  of 
tho  conventional  typo,  and  as  such  it  must 
be  judged.  It  is  certainly  a  daring  scheme 
of  strong  colour,  is  decorative  in  a  real 
sense,  and  has  dignity  and  pathos. 

In  Gallery  III.  there  are  a  few  pictures 
we  may  notice  in  addition  to  those  alreidy 
mentioned.  Val.  C.  Prinsep's  "  In  a  Street 
in  N'onice  "  (171) — a  fine,  dark-haired  lass  at 
a  doorway,  where  she  has  been  dipping  a 
linen  garment  in  the  canal,  is  dexterously 
painted.  The  mistysunlight  in  "  The  Bridge, " 
by  Arnesby  Brown,  was  referred  to  last 
week  (172),  with  cows  crossing.  Walter 
Dome's  "Golden  Dawn"  (17fi),  will  be  re- 
membered for  its  power  and  charm,  and  is, 
we  believe,  to  be  acquired  by  tho  <  hantrey  Be- 
quest Fund.  The  coast  view  is  from  a  castle 
keep  of  the  town  of  Roquebruno,  near  Men- 
tone — a  steep  hillside  town  with  the  distant 
cliff's  tinged  bj' the  rising  sun,  and  with  tho 
tiled  roof's  of  houses  forming  a  foreground — 
certainly  masterl}'  in  its  light  and  shadow. 
C.  Van  Hanaan's  "  St.  Mark's  Day,  Venice" 
(183)  is  a  very  cleverly-drawn  group  of 
Venetian  young  girls,  wearing  or  carrying 
roses,  full  of  life,  expression,  and  movement, 
painted  with  much  power  and  feeling.  The 
portrait  of  Miss  Marie  Studholme  (189),  in 
black,  with  large  hat  and  sable  fur,  in  a 
standing  attitude,  is  characteristic  of  thi' 
actress,  by  Harrington  ^Fann.  II.  vo:i 
Herkomer's  portrait  of  the  Right  Hon.  Joseph 
Chamberlain,  seated  in  his  library,  wearing 
an  orchid,  has  all  thq^ife,  activity,  and  energy 
of  his  features,  though  not  perhaps  a  perfect 
likeness.  There  is  "  Mrs.  Allan  Daly,"  by 
Lawrence  Koe  (193),  and  the  graceful  por- 
trait of  tho  Duchess  of  Sutherland,  by 
John  S.  Sargent  ('-'00)  in  a  green  and  silver 
low-out  robe  over  white.  One  hand  rests  on 
a  dark  polished  table,  and  in  the  other  she 
is  holding  a  branch — very  graceful  in  pose. 
Her  bronze  Lair  is  encircled  by  a  coronet  of 
leaves,  and  she  stands  in  a  park-like  garden, 
tho  dark  .shadows  of  which  throw  up  the 
elegant  figure  and  dross  of  th;  Duchess. 
Mr.  Sargent's  other  portrait  is  "The  Jlarquis 
of  LauJonderry  "  carrying  the  great  sword 
of  State  at  the  Coronation,  in  his  full  robes, 
is  a  tine  colour  scheme. 

The  large  sombre-toned  picture,  "  ,V  Fisher- 
man's Funeral,"  by  Horace  Knight,  has  a 
pathetic  interest :  its  dark  tones  contrasting 
rather  strangely  with  W.  B.  WoUeu's  very 
brilliant  picture  of  "Waterloo"  (191)  we 
noticed  last  week.  The  picture  by  J.  11.  F. 
Bacon,  "  -V  Voice,"  a  sunny  scene  of  a  garden 
ft'te,  and  a  lady  singing  under  the  shade  of  a 
tree,  with  trees  and  shrubs  in  full  bloom,  and 
surrounded  by  gallants  and  damsels,  is  a 
clever  open-air  effect.  \Villiani  Bougoreau 
has  painted  a  decorative  subject  in  "  Dra  Pro 
Nobis"  (217)  of  some  merit.  Frnest  Crofts 
paints  an  historic  incident  with  his  acouf- 
tomod  vigour  and  open-air  clTect  "  Prince 
Rupert  and  his  Staff  at  Marston  Moor," 
illustrating  a  passage  from  Carlylo.  Tho 
President's  "  Asterio "  (210)  is  not,  to  our 
mind,  tho  success  of  his  smaller  work, 
"Tho  Nymphs'  Bathing  Place.'  but  it  is 
pleasing  as  an  illustration  of  o  lo  of  tho  Odes 
of  Horace.     Asterie  is  being  .se  -"naded  and  is 


64G 


THE     BUILDING    NEWS. 


May 


6,  1904. 


looking  out  of  window,  a  flower  in  her  hand  , 
—  an   act  she   is  bidden   not    to    do  in  the 
absence  of  Gyges. 

Greorge  Clausen's ' '  Gleaners  Coming  Home  " 
(258),  a  group  of  girls  and  a  boy,  laden  with 
sacks  of  grain,  sunlight  gleaming  through 
trees,  is  wonderfully  realistic  and  clever; 
Adam  E.  Proctor's  "Market  Morning,"  a 
L)utch  ferry  scene,  is  also  truthful  in  colour 
and  handling.  One  of  the  striking  pictures 
in  Gallery  IV.  is,  however,  W.  Hatherell's 
large  subject,  "The  City  Fathers'  "Welcome 
to  King  Edward  \T:I.,"  a  gorgeous  scene  in 
the  Guildhall,  with  the  King  and  Queen 
under  a  canopy  on  a  raised  dais,  a  popular 
and  historic  incident ;  but  the  scarlet  robes  of 
the  assembly  are  overpowering  in  their 
mass,  and  the  subject  is  at  best  a 
very  difficult  one  for  the  painter.  The 
painter  has  selected  the  moment  of  the 
Royal  toast,  and  has  done  justice  to 
his  theme.  The  snow-covered  scenes  painted 
by  Joseph  Farquharson  are  always  attrac- 
tive. "  The  Sun  had  Closed  the  Winter 
Day"  (268)  is  a  delightfully- painted  snow 
scene,  a  country  lane  bordered  by  lofty  trees  ; 
the  waiTQ  afternoon  sun  appears  above  the 
horizon,  tinging  with  its  red  light  the  lane  and 
snow-covered  branches  of  the  leafless  trees, 
while  a  flock  of  sheep  are  coming  through 
the  lane.  The  painter's  work  is  very  realistic 
and  harmonious,  as  we  see  it  in  other  works 
in  the  next  gallery.  W.  H.  Bartlett's  "  Bound 
for  Their  Island  Uome,"  a  boat  with  sheep, 
is  clever  in  the  ligbt  on  sea,  and  we  must 
notice  in  passing  J.  MacWhirter's  tine  views 
on  the  "  Lake  of  Como  '  (27S  and  2S2), 
morning  and  afternoon  effects,  admirable  in 
light  and  colour;  and  his  "Birch,  Eowan, 
and  I'ine,  Aviemore  "  (310)  ;  J.  J.  Shannon's 
"  Lorna  and  Dorothy,  daughters  of  W. 
Howard  Bell''  (281),  quietly  painted,  two 
young  ladies  in  white  and  black  dresses  with 
a  dog.  Norman  Garstin  has  a  strong 
subject  "The  'Prentice, "  a  village  black- 
smith's shop,  cleverly  handled  in  the  light, 
and  sympathetic  in  treatment.  11.  II.  La 
Thaugue,  whose  subjects  of  farm  and  country 
life  show  warm  flickering  sunlight  so 
cleverly  introduced,  has  four  subjects,  "  The 
Errant  Hen ''  (296)  a  farm  girl  collecting 
eggs  from  a  pile  of  wood,  in  strong  sunlight 
in  a  farmyard,  is  very  sincere  and  truthful, 
and  his  "  From  a  Ligurian  Spring"  (297),  is 
even  more  clever  in  the  dappled  sunshine 
effect.  Arthur  T.  Nowell's  "Isabella  and 
the  Pot  of  Basil,'  a  subject  from  Keats's 
verse,  is  skilfully  painted  in  the  figure  of  the 
heroine  kneeling  in  deep  red  velvet,  and  the 
colour  is  restrained.  Gallery  \.  has  one 
great  subject  picture,  that  of  Lucy  Kemp 
Welsh,  "  Timber  Hauling  in  the  New  Forest'' 
(330),  mentioned  last  week — a  team  of  horses 
drawing  a  log  of  timber  up  rising  ground,  dis- 
playing the  strain  on  the  horses  and  their  fore 
'>hortening.  The  leading  horse,  attended  by 
a  man  walking  a'nead  at  the  side,  with  whip 
in  hand,  is  excellent  in  drawing.  The 
'jeech  trees  of  forest,  and  the  distant  wood 
lost  in  blue,  the  bracken  -  covered  fore- 
ground, are  painted  with  considerable  skill 
and  vigour,  and  it  must  be  pronounced  one 
of  this  gifted  lady  painter's  finest  works. 
Alfred  East's  "  Morning  at  Montreuil,  Pas 
de  Calais  "  (334)  is  a  subtle  rendering  of  heat 
mist,  such  as  one  sees  on  a  fine  summer 
morning.  The  landscape  is  verV  charming 
in  the  hazy  light  H.  H.  La  Thangue's 
"  Sussex  Farm"  (343),  a  bright,  sunny 
farmyard,  with  maid  carrying  a  pail  for  cow 
and  calf.  George  H.  Boughton's  "  A  Frosty 
Night"  is  a  charming,  snow-covered,  moon- 
light landscape,  with  skaters ;  and  Claude 
Hayes  has  another  snow  scene,  "Preparing 
for  Work" — horses  leaving  their  stable — 
admirable  in  its  (juiet  harmony  of  tone. 
Only  two  or  three  clever  subject  pictures  are 
seen  in  the  next  room.  Henrietta  Rae's 
idealised  figure-composition,  "Songs  of  the 
Morning,"  is  poetical  and  refined  in  t'ne 
maiden  who  is  standing  amidst  poppies.     It 


is  thoroughly  French  in  spirit,  and  deco- 
rative (391).  C.  Napier  Hemy  his  a  fine 
seascape,  "Haul  Aft"  (396);  E.  Blair 
Leighton  "Vox  Populi,"  an  elaborately- 
painted  subject,  in  which  the  technical  qualities 
and  ti^^sues  of  the  rich  dress  of  the  young 
( iueen  Margaret  of  Anjou,  who  holds  the  fair- 
haired  little  son  of  Henry  VI.  to  the  gaze  of  a 
crowd  outside  the  fortress,  are  superbly 
painted.  The  period  is  during  the  "Wars 
of  the  Eoses,"  and  the  costumes  and 
architecture  are  of  that  era.  Byam  Shaw 
has  a  clever  little  allegory,  "  Now  is 
the  Pilgrim  Year  Fair  Autumn's  Charge " 
(441).  There  are  also  pictures  by  William 
Logsdail,  "Death  and  the  Woodcutter" 
(414)  ;  Antonio  Mancini,  "  En  Voyage." 
"The  Gambler's  Victim''  (4.'j7),  by  A.  C. 
Cooke,  a  table  and  floor  of  a  room  strewn 
with  cards  and  wine,  through  which  the 
dawn  appears,  with  the  hapless  young  card 
player,  half-dazed,  seated  near  the  table.  In 
the  next  gallery,  the  Hon.  John  Collier  has 
a  large  Shakespearian  subject,  ' '  Mrs.  Kendal, 
Miss  Ellen  Terry,  and  Mr.  Tree  in  the 
'Merry  Wives  of  Windsor"  (470).  The 
figures  are  life  size,  and  repi'esent  a  recent 
theatrical  group  at  His  Majesty's  Theatre. 
The  fat  knight  in  doublet  and  jack  boots, 
Falstaff  is  the  central  figure ;  Miss  Terry 
lays  her  head  on  his  shoulder,  and  Mrs. 
Kendal  is  pulling  him  the  other  way.  There 
is  vivacity  and  expression  in  the  figures,  and 
the  portrait  of  Miss  Terry  at  least  is  excel- 
lent ;  while  the  rich  colours  of  the  dresses 
make  an  attractive  picture. 

In  concluding  this  notice  we  may  refer  to 
two  or  three  of  the  large  allegorical  pictures 
in  the  East  galleries. 

In  the  Eighth  Room  the  most  sensational,  if 
not  perhaps  the  ablest,  canvas  is  to  be  seen.  It 
is  Sigismund  Goetze's  huge  upright  picture 
No.  526,  "Despised  and  Rejected  of  Men." 
The  subject  may  not  be  the  most  pleasing, 
but  the  allegory  is  at  least  intelligible.  Its 
composition,  whatever  its  faults  may  be,  has 
been  inspired  by  a  high  motive,  and  its 
artistic  pretensions  are  equally  so.  The 
central  figure  is  that  of  the  Crucified,  the 
"  Man  of  Sorrows,"  who  is  bound  by  cords  to 
a  square  pedestal  on  which  is  the  motto, 
"  A'otum  Ignoto  Deo."  He  wears  a  crown  of 
thorns,  and  is  in  a  stooping  attitude.  As  if 
unconscious  of  the  great  tragedy,  a  gay  aud 
heedless  crowd  of  old  and  young,  rich  and 
poor,  pass  by  on  either  side.  On  the  left  hand 
one  sees  the  rich  and  pleasure-seeking,  and 
heartless,  the  sensuous,  richly-dressed  lady 
with  her  admiring  lover,  whose  faces  are  lit  up 
by  a  warm  sunlight ;  while  on  the  other,  all 
thronging  forward,  we  see  the  poor  and 
sordid,  tho  pompous  priest  in  his  canonicals, 
the  nurse,  and  even  the  newsboy  crying 
the  "latest  winner."  On  the  steps  of  the 
pedestal,  in  shadow  in  front,  as  if,in  contrast. 
is  a  mother  with  her  infant  at  her  breast. 
Bej-oud,  on  the  right-hand  side,  one  sees  a 
man,  probably  an  infidel,  addressing  a  crowd. 
Filling  the  background  at  the  top  of  the 
picture,  an  angelic  form  or  vision  of  bluish- 
grey,  with  vast  outspreading  wings,  is  holding 
aloft  the  Chalice.  The  arrangement  of  the 
composition  is  decidedly  clever,  if  rather 
realistic  and  dramatic,  and  the  colouring  is 
brilliant,  with  a  sense  of  movement  in  the 
passing  crowd.  In  the  same  gallery,  at  the 
end,  hangs  the  colossal  canvas  of  Rob. 
Sauber,  "  Mammon  ''  (540),  another  allegory, 
but  of  a  much  less  inspired  theme.  The 
prodigious  and  richly-caparisoned  horse, 
upon  which  sits  the  god  of  wealth,  clad  in 
golden  armour,  is  treading  over  the  higher 
qualities  of  mankind  —  high  -  miudedness, 
intellect,  love  ;  a  crowd  on  either  side  are 
abject  slaves  and  worshipful.  But  the 
allegory  is  not  handled  with  the  skill  we  look 
for  in  such  an  ambitious  work. 

J.  C.  Dollman,  in  Gallery  XI.,  has  a  re- 
markable and  grim-looking  subject  entitled 
"  Famine,"  representing  a  draped  skeleton- 
'  like  figure  in  sombre  black  stalking  over  a 


wide  stretch  of  snow-clad  country,  attended 
by  packs  of  wolves  and  starving  ravens, 
painted  in  an  impressive  manner,  and  a  work 
of  considerable  merit  as  an  allegory.  Sir 
W.  B.  Richmond's  "  Moses  Viewing  the 
Promised  Land "  (553)  is  a  powerfully- 
painted  luminous  picture,  showing  the  great 
Lawgiver  standing  on  a  mountain  bathed  iii 
light — of  course,  a  decorative  subject ;  and 
there  is  the  colossal  canvas  in  the  Tenth 
gallery  by  Tom  Roberts,  "  The  Opening  of 
the  First  Parliament  of  the  Australian  Com- 
mon wealth  by  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
on  May  9,  1901,"  a  picture  exhibited  by  th& 
King,  presented  to  His  Majesty  by  the 
Commonwealth  Government— a  very  able 
interior  view  of  the  huge  assemblage,  and 
showing  undoubted  skill  in  the  grouping  and 
lighting  of  the  large  interior. 


ARCHITECrURB  AT   THE  ROYAL 
ACADEMY.— II. 

BEF(!)RE  dealing  with  representative- 
examples  of  the  Domestic  architecture  to 
be  seen  in  the  present  exhibition,  it  may  be 
well  to  allude  to  a  few  of  the  public  build- 
ings and  commercial  premises  which  chance- 
to  be  represented.  The  extensioils  of  the 
Mappin  Art  Cialleries  to  supply  a  public- 
Museum  for  Sheffield  (1448),  by  Mr.  I'-dward 
M.  Gibbs.  rank  among  the  more  important 
and  strictly  architectural  works  of  the  year. 
Severe  and  dignified  in  its  Ionic  simplicity, 
a  considerable  amount  of  play  in  grace- 
ful line  is  obtained  in  this  work  by  the 
segmental  and  pilastered  wings  at  the  sides, 
by  means  of  which  the  present  additions  are 
associated  with  the  orignal  central  buildings, 
the  handsome  colonnade  of  which  gives  a 
key  for  the  scale  of  the  remainder.  The 
plan  which  furnishes  a  key  to  the  view  shows- 
the  irregularity  of  the  internal  contrivance 
which  these  quadrants  serve  to  mask  rather 
than  indicate  ;  indeed,  the  curved  line  of  the 
facade  to  the  left  of  the  centre-piece  of  the 
whole  composition  partakes  somewhat  of 
the  nature  of  a  sham,  in  an  architectural 
sense,  though  it  may  be  readily  admitteeJ 
that  the  architect  has  somewhat  successfully 
accomplished  a  difficult  task  by  obtaining  ai 
symmetrical  facade  with  classic  consistency 
while  solving  a  somewhat  unmanageable 
problem  resulting  from  the  peculiarities  of  an 
irregular  site.  The  Hull  Town  Hall  Competi- 
tion is  not  represented  by  the  chosen  design, 
and  instead  there  are  three  or  four  of  the  un- 
successful ones.  Mr.  John  Murray  (1449) 
gets  a  very  distinguished  position  for  his 
scheme,  favoured  by  an  excellent  brush 
drawing  :  though  it  would  be  difficult  other- 
wise to  account  for  its  prominence,  as  the 
design  itself  is  uninteresting.  It  has  one 
merit,  however,  inasmuch  as  the  value 
of  contrast  is  observed  in  the  front  by 
the  importance  accorded  to  the  inter- 
mediate pavilions  with  bold  pediments, 
justifying  the  introduction  of  a  big  order  of 
columns,  thus  relieving  the  monotony  of  the 
whole.  The  other  designs  call  for  no  com- 
ment. The  new  Flower  Market,  Covent 
Garden  (1459),  by  Messrs  Lander,  Bedells, 
and  Crompton,  as  an  executed  building  of 
more  than  local  importance  and  of  some 
merit,  deserves  record.  It  would  be  easy  to 
criticise  its  detail,  but,  all  the  same,  the  bold 
endeavour  to  provide  a  utilitarian  building 
in  a  simple  way  in  keeping  with  the  traditions 
of  Classic  surroundings  deserves  recognition. 
The  County  Hall,  NorthaUerton  (1609),  by  Mr. 
Walter  H.  Brierley,  is  well  represented  by  a 
boldly-handled  water-colour.  The  style  may 
be  described  as  an  adaptation  of  Georgian, 
handsomely  rendered,  though  the  elements 
employed  are  very  plain,  breadth  and  good 
proportion  being  the  distinguishing  charac- 
teristics observable.  The  small  plan  in  the 
corner  might  well  have  been  bigger.  The  Board 
of  Guardians'  now  offices  in  Peckara-road, 
Camberwell  (1460),  by  Mr.  Edwin  T.  Hall,  is 
hung  too  high    for    proper   insjiection.     It 


May   G,  1904 


THE    BUILDIXG    XE^YS. 


617 


appears  to  aim  at  rural  picturesquenos?.  The 
absence  of  a  plan  precludes  the  iliscovery  of 
a  reason  for  the  segmental  bay  on  the  return 
front,  where  this  feature  is  tiui.she.l  with  u 
conical  roof  rising  for  the  mo.^t  part  with 
a  chauco-like  piquancy  out  of  the  wide- 
spanned  roof  of  the  main  building.  The 
l'nivor^ity  of  the  Cape  of  (iood  Hope 
(10:3:3},  by  Messrs.  Ilawke  and  McKiulay, 
was  illustrated  in  our  pages  when  the  com- 
petition was  settled  last  year,  and  the 
favourablo  impression  made  by  the  design 
then  is  confirmed  by  the  exhibition  of  its 
perspective  at  Burlington  House.  Some  of 
the  other  designs  in  the  same  contest  are  also 
shown  on  the  walls.  Marischal  College. 
LTniversity  of  Aberdeen  (101)2),  by  Messrs. 
A.  M.  Mackenzie  and  .Son,  is  seen  in  very 
sharp  perspective,  by  wh^ch  an  over-emphasis 
of  vertical  lines  is  made  to  unduly  dominate 
this  fancy  study  of  what,  no  doubt,  is  in  reality 
a  very  capable  work.  The  new  premises  for 
the  Xorwich  Union  Insurance  Society  (103:5), 
by  Messrs.  Skipper,  furnish  a  broadly-handled 
Classic  front  of  dignified  scale,  suggestive  of 
stability,  with  its  pedimented  central  pavilion, 
flanked  by  curtain  walls  brought  forward  to 
the  forecourt  boundary.  The  new  facade 
proposed  to  be  built  in  Fenchurch-street  for 
the  Ironmongers'  Hall  (1649),  from  the  de- 
signs of  Messrs.  Hubbard  and  Moore,  is 
marked  by  more  originality  of  treatment, 
even  if  the  openwork  bays  look  a  little  out 
of  scale  with  the  remainder  of  the  work.  The 
effect  is  handsome,  and  in  accord  with  the 
associations  of  opulence  belonging  to  a  rich 
City  Company.  Mr.  A.  W.  S.  Cross  is  the 
architect  of  the  Public  Baths  at  Haggerston 
(lijj:3),  illustrated  by  a  larga  square-craj'on 
view,  and  its  big  scale  in  design  has  the 
effect  of  distinction.  The  open  loggia  in- 
geniously placed  below  the  wide  pediment  of 
the  central  composition,  is  clever  and  the 
detail  is  well  thought  out,  though  we  cannot 
admire  some  of  the  proportions  adopted.  Mr. 
II.  T.  Hare's  Xew  Offices  for  the  District 
Council  at  Pontypridd  (155:3)  i;;  a  capable 
piece  of  municipal  building,  of  which  we 
have  already  given  geometrical  drawings.  The 
present  water-colour  cannot  be  called  a  success, 
and  it  contrasts  unfavourably,  notwithstand- 
ing its  ambitious  tinting,  with  the  more 
wor.  manlike  draghtsmanship  illustrating  the 
same  architect's  Central  Library,  Hammer- 
smith (1546),  which  is  represented  by  a  mono- 
chrome, to  its  no  small  advantage.  "  We  shall 
illustrate  both  shortly  as  ranking  among  some 
of  the  most  interesting  works  of  their  class 
in  this  year's  show.  Other  libraries  are  to 
be  noted,  such  as  the  Passmore  Edwards 
Library  at  Bow,  published  some  few  years 
ago  by  Mr.  S.  B.  Russell  (14:36)  iri  the 
Bi-li.DTXC  New.-s;  Mansfiild  Library,  Notts, 
bis  Messrs.  Sutton  and  Gregory  (1552); 
Library  and  Museum,  Limerick,  of  which 
Mes-srs.  Swann  and  Wiight  are  the  architects 
(162:3),  and  (1647)  the  ingeniously-planned 
little  library  at  Kettering,  by  Messrs. 
Goddard,  Paget,  and  Catlow,  deservedly 
won  in  competition.  The  drawing  here 
hung  is  hard  in  penmanship,  crisply  showing 
a  i-imple  piece  of  pleasing  inexpensive  design! 
Mr.  Basil  Champneys  has  done  excellent 
work  in  his  time;  but  why  he  should  be 
content  to  produce  sparse  and  thin  baM  brick 
Classic  buildings  in  the  affected  manner 
illustrated  by  the  ntw  library  at  Somerville 
College.  Oxford  (14:i;i),  we  are  at  a  loss  to 
understand.  The  library  occupies  the  whole 
of  the  upper  floor,  and  in  the  middle  of  the 
long  front  ia  a  spacious  columned  lobby 
paved  with  black-and-white  marble  form- 
ing the  entrance.  The  gij,'antic  drawing 
of  "The  Formidable''  Nau'ical  School, 
I'ortishoad  (1620),  must  have  ■'  outed  " 
several  more  moderate  contributioiH  by 
other  architects,  who  this  year  are  con- 
snicuous  by  their  absence  from  the  show. 
Wo  can  understand  that  prominence  having 
been  accorded  to  Mr.  Webb  s  Uoyal  Xaval 
•  'ollege,  Dartmouth,  it  would  have  seemed 


invidious  to  reject  this  great  perspective. 
Still,  it  must  be  admitted  that  allowing 
so  mu''h  superficial  area  to  one  exhibit 
when-  space  is  so  restricted  inflicts  hard- 
ships on  others  less  "  formidable  "  in 
their  demands.  We  are  enabled  bj-  the 
courte.'v  of  the  arc'.iitect,  Mr.  Edward 
Gabriel,  to  illustrate  this  very  commend- 
able building  to-day,  and  wo  give  a 
description  accordingly  with  the  picture, 
■which  is  c&.refully  rendered  in  pen  and 
ink.  Before  leaving  this  class  of  subject  it 
remains  to  allude  to  a  few  commercial  build- 
ings, such  as  the  Liverpool  I'rudential 
.Vssui-ance  Buildings  additions,  modestly 
illustrated  in  a  little  characteristic  draw- 
ing (1478)  by  Mr.  Paul  Waterhouse, 
M.A.  Mr.  T.  E.  Cooper,  at  the  other 
end  of  the  room,  also  scarcely  does  himself 
justice  by  an  elevation  curiously  wrought  in 
weeping  tones  for  "  Proposed  Premises  off 
Chancery-lane"  (1662).  The  f.acade  is 
marked  by  good  lines  and  grasp  of  scale, 
though  the  drawing  is  so  indifferent.  Mr. 
F.  E.  Williams  has  a  suitable  and  severe 
block  <•£  Thames-street  offices,  20  and  21, 
Uueenhithe  (1457),  done  in  brick  with  a  touch 
of  originality  and  adroit  ability.  The  Lime- 
house  Church  Institute  (1461),  by  Mr.  W. 
Henry  AVhite,  may  'be  seen  hanging  hard 
by,  and  we  have  a  note  of  approval  for 
Mr.  Horace  Field's  reserved  taste  in  the 
Railway  Offices,  Cowley-street,  Westminster 
(1437),  which  when  built  will  harmonise 
with  the  old  18th-century  houses  there — 
that  is,  if  by  then  they  will  not  have  all 
been  demolished  by  the  Ecclesiastical  Com- 
missioners' so-called  improvement  scheme. 
Mr.  W.  H.  Bidlake  sends  a  good  Warehouse 
from  Binniogham  (1441),  refined  and  suit- 
able, carried  on  a  stone  ashlar  base,  with  a 
big  cartway  opening  in  the  centre,  hand- 
somely detailed.  Of  street  fronts  in  London 
there  are  a  good  many  represented,  such  as 
Messrs.  Treadwell  and  Martin's  St.  John's 
Hospital,  Leicester-square  (1431),  built  some 
years  ago,  and  their  equally  ingenious  facade 
in  Fetter-lane  for  the  Distillery  adjoining, 
in  Holborn  (1562),  is  handled  in  the  same 
freedom  of  form.  Messrs.  Hart  and  Water- 
house's  building  in  Park-place,  St.  James's 
(15:34),  Craven  House,  Kingsway,  bj-  Mr. 
Henry  Turner,  jun.  (1536),  and  Mr.  L.  W. 
Green's  florid  front  to  new  premises,  St. 
James- street  (1631)  are  all  different,  though 
neither  will  add  much  to  the  charm  of 
our  streets.  Messrs.  Brewill  and  Baily's 
offices.  Parliament-street,  Xottingham  (1610). 
by  being  far  less  ambitious,  evinces  more 
good  taste,  and  so  does  Mr.  Campbell 
Jones's  little  street  front,  Colchester  (1535), 
unpretentious  and  small  as  it  is.  We 
do  not,  however,  consider  his  premises,  Xew 
Brompton,  Kent  (1538)  worth  the  position 
accorded  to  it,  and  fail  to  understand  the 
reason  for  hanging  such  an  ordinary  examjile 
of  mere  builder's  work  as  'Jl,  Vauxhall-waik 
(14S2),  by  Mr.  Val  Myer.  The  same  may  be 
said  of  Xos.  1597  and  1598,  as  well  as  1574. 
Nos.  1639  and  1640  are  both  big  water- 
colours  prominently  positioned.  The  former 
is  a  splashy  drawing  of  a  commonplace 
house,  I5urton  House,  Chester,  by  architects 
who  ought  to  do  better,  Messrs.  Nicholson 
and  <  'orlette.  Messrs.  Mackenzie  and  Son 
show  additions  to  Hursley  Ilall,  Hants,  done 
in  an  uncompromisinglj'  bald  kind  of  Port- 
land cement  Classic,  and  shown  by  a  hard 
and  "  proper  "  tj^ie  of  picture  view,  as  in- 
artistic as  it  is  highly  finished.  The 
Carriage  Court,  Tylney  Hall  (1455),  by 
Mr.  Ralph  .S.  Wornum,  is  a  house  of  a  totally 
different  type,  wanting  a  little  in  dignity, 
perhaps,  for  so  large  a  re-idence,  but  at  least 
it  is  unostentatious.  Mr.  Mountford  shows 
his  own  house  at  Nunhead,  done  with  gables 
in  rough-cast  iu  a  quiet  manner.  Xfr. 
Rupert  1  )avison  has  a  verandah-inclosed 
house  at  Woldingham  (I466\  with  an  in- 
teresting stairway.  So.  75,  Cheyne-walk, 
Chelsea  (1470)  is  au  odd  yellow  brick  place 


with  lime-white  stucco  and  green  ela^ec,  by 
Mr.  C.  R.  Ashbee,  who  delights  in  quaint- 
ness.  and  succeeds  in  insuring  it.  Mr. 
E.  Guy  Dawber  shows  three  capable 
country  houses  at  Bibsworth,  Worcester- 
shire (1483)  ;  Coldicote,  in  the  same 
county  (1484);  and  Park  Down,  Surrey 
(1486),  which  we  shall  illustrate  shortly. 
Rosehaugh,  E  ss-shire  (1489  and  1504)  is 
represented  by  a  series  of  daNhingly  spirited 
sketches  by  Mr.  William  Flockhart,  done  on 
the  spot,  and  published  in  our  pages  on 
Dec.  11  last,  after  we  had  illustrated  the 
architect's  drawing  of  this  building  from  last 
year's  Academy.  "  Branches  Hall,"  New- 
market, by  Mr.  George  Hornblower  (1491). 
is  another  big  house  not  interesting  enough 
to  show  to  so  large  a  scale ;  and  we  all 
know  Mr.  Reginald  Blomtield  can  do  good 
work,  and  it  seems  a  pity  ho  should 
be  content  to  be  judged  by  work  like 
No.  1557,  Penn  House,  Weston,  near  Bath. 
Brantridge  Forest,  Balcombe,  by  Mr.  G.  C. 
Horsley,  is  also  ordinary  (1530),  and  wanting 
in  charm.  A  rather  restless  pen  picture  of 
trees  shows  a  house  "midst  gardens  at  Berk- 
hampstead  (1541),  by  Mr.  T.  H.  Mawsou. 
Chelwood  Manor,  a  dower  house  in  Sussex, 
is  a  notable  timber  mansion  of  excellent 
design,  by  Mr.  Andrew  N.  Prentice,  drawn 
by  himself  (1547-48),  which  we  illustrate  to- 
day, with  a  plan.  Mi'.  Ryan  Teuison's  addi- 
tions to  Radley  College,  Berks  (1559],  are  very 
domestic,  and  nghtly  so,  in  scale ;  but  the 
faiwered  centre  part  is  wonderfully  similar  to- 
Mr.  Leonard  Stokes's  Convent,  St  Alban's. 
The  last-named  architect  has  some  clever 
drawings  done  hj  Mr.  Frank  Green  in  pencil 
of  a  design  for  a  big  house  at  Minterne, 
Dorset,  for  Lord  Rigbj'  (1577),  and  he  shows 
a  Cottage  at  Sunningdale  (1571).  Why  Mr. 
Shallcross  should  occupy  space  by  the 
mannered  and  meaninglessly  green  whiilpool 
drawing  (1576)  of  some  proposed  incongruous 
additions  to  a  Cheshire  house  is  beyond  our 
comprehension.  Mr.  Ernest  Newton  is  repre- 
sented by  a  capital  pair  of  sketches  of  some 
stone  Cottagesin Worcestershire(15'56).  Wedo- 
not  care  for  his  everyda}-lookino.  square-built 
house  at  Bickley  (15SS).  Mr.  T.  E.  Collcutt 
has  done  better  work  than  the  proposed  house 
at  Eist  Grinstead  J1597).  Mr.  Weir  Schultz 
shows  a  pretty  Cottage  Home  in  a  chalk  and 
charcoal  sketch  of  marked  ability  (1622). 
Messrs.  Silcock  and  Reay  send  Winsley 
House,  Wilts  (1512),  a' large  simple  stone- 
house  with  stables  attached,  homely  and 
rambling.  The  unpleasantly  pinky  drawing 
(1615)  of  a  design  for  a  proposed  brick 
house  at  Hampstead,  by  Mr.  C.  F.  A. 
Voysey,  does  not  do  the  scheme  justice. 
It  is  as  a  design  quite  an  improve- 
ment upon  some  of  this  gentleman's  work, 
and  looks  more  solid.  "  Wynn  Lodge, 
Barnet  '  (1651),  is  a  natty  and  neat  little 
house  in  good  taste  by  Mr.  S.  W.  Cranfield^ 
and  1658  shows  Mr.  H.  H.  Statham's  new 
front  of  the  Bui  ihr  Office,  with  details  care- 
fully shown  by  the  side  of  the  elevation  which 
is  hung  on  the  line.  Messrs.  Mallows  and 
Grocock  are  not  well  represented  by  the  very 
indifferent  and  scrappj-  pencil  sketch  of 
Lodge  at  Pembury,  Kent  (1659).  We  shall 
probably  return  to  the  ecclesiastical  work  in 
the  exhibition,  and  also  the  interiors,  some 


RUSKIN    AND    ARCIUTElTUUE. 

IN  connection  with  the  Jlanchester  Kuskin 
K.xhibition,  alectare  on  "  Riis'dn  and  Archi- 
tecture "  was  given  at  the  Minchoslir  Town 
II.1II  on  Tuesday  nisht  by  5lr.  S.  Ilenbcst 
Cipper,  M.A.  .VJi.I.B.A..  Professor  of  Archi- 
tecture at  the  Victoria  Cniversity  of  .Mancheater. 
Mr.  Thomiis  Worthington,  F.K.I. 13. A.,  presided. 
Profeesor  Capper  remark* d  that  among  tlie  varied 
forms  of  intellectual  awakening  at  the  close  of  the 
l.Sih  nni  beginbing  of  the  I'Jih  centuries — an 
awakening  to  be  a'tributeJ  to  many  causes,  but 
ultimately  to  the  outburst  of  the  French  Kovolu- 
t'on — one  of  the  mcst  characteris'ic,  perhaps,  iu 


G48 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  6,  1904. 


England  was  the  revival  of  interest  in  the  past 
architecture  of  the  country.     By  18-10,  from  being 
a  "fad"'   this   had   established   itself  as   a  very 
genuine  art    movement,    its    most    conspicuous 
achievement  being  the  new  Houses  of  Parliament 
in   London.     Kiiskin   stood    as   the    leader  of  a 
second  phase   of   the   movement :    in   one  sense 
broader,   in   another   narrower ;    antagonistic  to 
the    earlier  spirit   in    intention,   if    not   neces- 
sarilj'    so    in    ultimate    teaching.     His   attitude 
to    architecture    was    a     special     one,    and    his 
interest  for  architects  and   influence  upon  them 
was    partly    the    goading    of     somewhat    fierce 
antagonism,  partly  the  more  genial  stimulus  of 
symjiathy   and   insight.     He   approached   archi- 
tecture not  from  the  professional  side,  nor  from 
*h  c  strictly  historical  side,  but  from  the  H'sthetic, 
ihe  philosophical,  and,  above  all,  from  the  moral 
side.     In  the  first  place,  architecture  for  him  was 
i-eached  through  the  sister  arts   of  painting  and 
sculpture.     This  was,  in  essence,  a  fairly  com- 
mon  attitude  ;    for  most    men    the   ornamental 
features  of  a  building  were  its  "art,"  but  Kuskin 
assumed  this  as  a  reasoned  position  deliberately, 
and  everywhere  (though  most  aggressively  in  the 
Edinburgh   lectures   of    1853)   pushed    it    to   its 
extreme  logical  conclusions.     In  the  second  place, 
Uuskin's  attitude  to  architecture  was  that  of  a 
moralist  and  reformer — a  social  reformer,  as  well 
as  art  crusader.     The  "Stones  of  Venice"   was 
written   to   show   how    the  rise    and  fall  of  the 
Venetian  builder's  art  depended  on  the  moral  or 
immoral   temper   of    the   State.     There   was   an 
absolute  right  and  wrong  in  art,   and  what  was 
wrong  in  art  was  as  wrong   as  a  moral  delin- 
quency.    Thirdly,  Ruskin  was  pre-eminently  the 
prophet-priest  of  nature.     Nature  was  right,  and 
the  only  right ;   what  was  to  be  found  in  nature 
without  us  had  the  hall-mark  of  beauty,  its  beauty 
the  more  firmly  established  the  more  frequent  its 
natural  occurrence  ;  and  the  converse  was  true  ; 
what  was  not  to  be  found  in  nature  was,  and  had 
to  be  allowed  to  be,  ugly.  To  such  a  teacher,  pro- 
foundly convinced  of  his  gospel,  yet  crying  as  one 
in  the  wilderness,  the  mocking  rejoinder  of  the 
Bohemian   painter   that    "nature  is  very  rarely 
right"   artistically,   and    his    graceless   talk    of 
"  very  foolish  sunsets,"  must  have  seemed   not 
merely  unregenerate,  but  blasphemous.    Kuskin's 
teaching,  enforced  under  a  literary  form  that  was 
singularly  telling  and   masterly,  could    not  but 
strongly  influence  contemporary  architecture.  On 
the  whole,  that  influence,  if  somewhat  narrowing 
in  tendency,  had  been  good  ;   his  constant  appeal 
to  the  highest  tribunal  could  not  fail  in  itself  to 
be  stimulating,  even  to  those  who  dissented  from 
the    judgment     rendered.      And    Euskin    must 
always  stand  for  a  strongly  persuasive  influence 
towards  "  in  everything  doing  our  best."  Taking 
the  risan- Romanesque  architecture  as  by  Ruskin's 
dictum   "amongst   the  noblest  buildings  in  the 
world,"   the   lecturer  examined   Elsa  Cathedral 
from  the  architect's  point  of  view  and  in  the  light 
of  Ruskin's  criticisms,  illustrating  the   building 
and  criticising  the  criticisms,  so  as  to  understand 
the  strength  and  weakness  of  Ruskin's  position. 
The  doctrine  that   "architecture  is   ornament" 
was  considered  from  the  architect's  point  of  view, 
necessarily  antagonistic  ;  to  an  architect  it  was 
obviously    false    to    define    architecture    as    (in 
Ruskin's  words)    "merely  the  art  of  designing 
sculpture  for  a  particular  place,  and  placing  it 
thereon  the  best  principles  of  building"  :  and 
Ruskin  himself   admitted    the    architect's    view 
in     defining    "  dominion  "    as    an    intellectual 
power  of  architecture  depending  "for  its  dignity 
upon  arrangement  and  government  received  from 
human  mind."  The  obvious  fallacies,  also,  due  to 
the  strenuous  nature-cult  of  Ruskin's  mind  ;  the 
strained  and  equivocal  analogies  ;   above  all,  the 
perpetual  reference  of  the  pointed  arch  to  leaf- 
forms,  and  the  like,  were  touched  upon  and  illus- 
trated, while  the  extraordinary  beauty  of  Ruskin's 
poetic   sympathy  with  Nature  in  all  her  moods 
was  fully  recognised.     Ruskin's  moral  earnestness 
and  high  social  ideals,  however  stimu'ating  and 
ennobling  in  themselves  when  reserved  for  their 
proper  place,  became  a  source  of  weakness  when 
urged  irrelevantly  in  art,  as  when  the  right  use 
of  iron  in  construction  was  seriously  discussed  in 
the  light  of  a  phrase  in  the  Book  "of  Jeremiah. 
But   the  moral    earnestness   was   at  bottom  the 
source  of  much  of  Ruskin's  best  influence,  and 
one  could  not  but  be  endlessly  grateful  for  the 
eloquent,    sympathetic    insight    with   which   he 
urged  so  constantly  the  enn Element  of  the  handi- 
craftsman and  art-toiler.     AVith  Ruskin,  as  with 
all  great  teacher-poets,  the  stimulus  and  impulse 
were  the  final  justification  of  the  teaching  ;  often 


and  often  did  one  find  in  him,  robed  in  literary 
garb  of  utmost  grace,  fine  and  true  conclusions  of 
vital  stimulus,  even  though  deduced  from  strange 
mixtures  of  creed  and  constr\iction,  intolerant 
theology,  and  irrelevant  ethics. 


THE   SURVEYORS'  INSTITUTION:    RRO- 
FE3SI0NAL  EXAMINATIONS,  1901. 

CAXDID.\TES  :    EXGLAXD    AXD    WALES. 

THE  following  Student  Candidates  have  passed 
the  examination  for  the  Professional  Asso- 
ciateship  : — ■ 

Hubert  Artliur  Adam's,  care  of  C.  A.  Russell,  K.C.,  53, 
Netherhall  -  gardens,  Hampstead,  N.'W. :  Harold  Colin 
Allen,  Dishmondcn.  Holmdale-road.   West  Hampstead, 
N.W. ;  Ronald  Sevmour  Andrews.  Chester  Villa.  Wood- 
stock-road,  Wolvercote,   Ciford;  Prentice  Moore  Ash- 
1. ridge.  "  Southweald,"  Grove  Park,  Wanstead,   N.E.  ; 
Douglas  Farrer  Aynnley,   1,  Rectory-terrace,  Gosforth. 
Newcastle-on-Tyne ;  Frank  Leslie  Baker,  Thorley,  near 
Bishop's   Stortford,    Herts;  Sydney    Frederick    Barton, 
"Forest  View,"  The  Drive.  Walthimjtow,  E.;  Reginald 
L.   J.   Bedford.   "  Murivance."  Horn-lane.  Acton,  W.  ; 
Basil  Blackbourn,  101,  Ritherdon-road,  Upper  Tooting, 
S.W. ;  Victor  Henry  Blessley.  59,   Hillfleld-road,  West 
Hampstead.  N.W.  :  Harold   Casswell  Boden,  5i,  Claren- 
don-road, Putney,  S.W. ;    William  Ernest    Brown.   St. 
Oswald's    Mount,     Parkgate  -  road,     Chester ;     Herbert 
Burch,   6(3.  Crorawell-avenue,    Highgate.  N, ;  Frederick 
Malcolm  Burr,  Terlings,  Orleans-road,  Hornsey  Uise.  N.  ; 
Chas.  Montague    Chaplin.  Station-road,  Saxmundham, 
Suffolk :  John  GraddoT  Chappie,  59,  Burnaby-gardens, 
Chiswiek,    W. ;  *  William   Cecil   Clemens.    187,    Union- 
street,  Plymouth ;  Archibald  I.  Clemesha,  1,  Arlington- 
gardens,    Chiswiek,    W. ;     Archibald   Harrison    Corbie, 
Bridge  House.  Waltlmm  Abbey,  Essex  ;  Edward  Harold 
Dean,  Westminster    City  Hall,   S.W. ;    Francis    Evelyn 
Dixon.  St.  Botolph's,  Ashey-road,  Ryde.  Isle  of  Wight ; 
Spencer  Edwards.   67,   Pinhoe-road,   Exeter:  Ferdinand 
Robert    Eiloart,    17,   Elsworthy  -  road,    N.W. ;     George 
William  Ferris,  7,  Clifton-villas,  Maida  Hill,  W. ;  George 
Frederick  Finch.  7,  Crouch  Hall-road,  Crouch  End,  N.  ; 
Sidney  Joseph   Fox,  33,  Ashley-road,  Crouch  Hill,  N. ; 
Arthur    Stanley   France,  31,  Montrell-road,   Streatham 
Hill,  S.W. ;  Harold  James  Gale,  Benson,  Oxfordshire  : 
Guy  Stanley  Gotelee,  High  Croft,  Stanhope-road,  Croy- 
don ;    Edward   Louis    Gruning.    Waterloo    Farm,  East 
Witton,  Middleham.  R.S.O.,  Yorks  ;  Vernon  Manning 
Hall,    5,    Wedderburn-road,    Hampstead,  N.W. :  Chas. 
Poland  Harrington,  28.  Loats-road,  ClaphamPark.  S.W. ; 
Eric  Thomas&et  Haslehust, Claverley,  Weybridge,  Surrey; 
Roland  Welstead  Hawke.  Lapford  House,  New  Barnet, 
Herts:  Joseph  Hayward, "  Bereton,"Claremont-rd,.  Bath ; 
Langley  Hobbs,  Kelmscott.  Lechlade ;  Frederick  A'achell 
Hobson,    79,   Coleman-street.    B.C. ;    Robert    Llewellyn 
Honey,    5.    Gordon-terrace,  Rochester,    Kent;    Stanley 
Hooper,    Kenwyn.   Stanley-road.     Hornchurch.    Essex; 
John  Nixon  Horsfield.  jun..  11,  Penrhyn-road,  Kingston- 
upon-Thames,    S.W. ;    Raleigh    Wm.    McLaren    Keay, 
Broomstones,  Hasiemere-road,  Crouch  End,  N.  ;  William 
Herbert  Lamble,  9.  Leamington  Park,  Acton,  W. ;  Jas. 
Ratcliff   McDonald.  The  Green,    Southall,    Middlesex; 
George  Ash  Minter,  Goodnestone  Court,  near  Faversham, 
Kent ;  Thomas  Harold  Moore,  Southend  House,  Tewkes- 
bury,  Gloucestershire;    John    Stuart    Naylor.    "Eden- 
thorpe,"  Beckenham,  Kent ;  Arthur  Orwhyn  Noakes,  96, 
Blenheim-gardens,     Willesden    Green.    S.W. ;  tCharles 
Frederick  Norman,  291,   High-road.  Lee,  S.E. ;  Bernard 
Culmer  Page,  1:)2,  Clapham-road,  S.W. ;  Edmund  Page, 
49,  Crowndale-road,  Camden  Town,  N.W. ;  Herbert  Page, 
care  of    Messrs.  Crawter  and  Morton,  Barnet,  Heits ; 
John  Oswald  Payne,  Newf arm,  Bromley,  Kent ;  Frederick 
C-  Pearson,   Stavely  Villa.   Heysham-road.  Morecambe, 
Lancashire;    Charles  William  Perry,    2,    The  Cloisters, 
Gordon-scjuare,    W.C, ;   Arthur    Percy    Pickersgill,    2, 
Cambalt-road,    Putney   Hill.    S.W. ;      Andrew    Baden 
Pritchard.   105,  Sotheby-road,  Highbury,    N. ;    Thomas 
William   Punchard,  Kirkby  Lonsdale,    AVestmoreland ; 
Duncan  Alfred   Rawlence,  Newlands,  Salisbury,  Wilts ; 
Herbert   William    Redfern,     17,    Fiognal,    Hampstead, 
N.W. ;  Benjamin  Louis  Rice.  Lavington,  Clarendon-road, 
Watford,   Herts;   Frank  Wilfred  Rivers,  "dan  Remo," 
Mayford-road,     Wandsworth    Common,     S.'W. ;    Percy 
Havery  Ross,  37,  Mercers-road,  HoUoway,  N. ;  Henry 
Edward  Sherwiu,  91,  North-side,  Wandsworth  Common, 
S.W. ;  Frederick  Mitchell  Skelt,  62,  Bulmer-road,  Levton- 
stone,  N.E. ;  Leonard  John  Small,  Council  Offices,  Broad- 
stairs,  Kent ;   Robert  Barnard  Stephenson,  59,  ^'lctor:a- 
road,  Darlington,  Durham  :   Henry  Tindall  Tate,  Estate 
Office,  Gargrave,  via  Leeds,  Yorkshire;    Charles  Alfred 
Silver  Vardy,  S,   Crauf  urd-rise,  Mxidenhead,  Berkshire ; 
Montague  Harold  Viclzerman.   Radnor   Lodge,  Napier- 
road,  Wembley,  Middlesex  ;  John  Leslie  Holman  Vivian, 
care  of  Mrs.   Reid,  9i,   Bolingbroke-grove,  Wandsworth 
Common,  S.W. ;    Percy  Deering  "N'oisey,  22,  Melbourne- 
street,  Exeter;     Harold  West.   Briarwood,  St.  John's, 
Ryde,  Isle  of  Wight ;  Richard  Stanley  White,  Cambridge 
House,  near  Stonehouse,  Gloucestershire  ;  Joseph  Bertram 
Williams,  54.    Church-street,    St.    Helens,  Lancashire; 
Harold  Wood,  Bridge  House.  Deansgate,  Great  Grimsby, 
Lincolnshire  :  Ernest  Edward  Woodbridge,  Cartref.  Rox- 
borough  Park,  Harrow.  Middlesex  ;  James  Percy  Wood- 
hams.    50,  Havelock-road,    Hastings,   Susse-x;    Bertram 
Worrall,   "  Crimsworth,"  Whalley  Range,  Manchester; 
Ernest  Harry  Wright.    1,   Frimley-villas,  5,  Edge-hill, 
Plunistead,  S.E.     *  Institution  prize,    t  Special  prize. 

S<;0TTisH  Cas-did.vte.— Archibald  Keith,  Foulis,  Rose- 
lea.  Orchard-street,  Motherwell,  N.B. 

The  following  Non-Student  Candidates  hare 
also  passed  the  Eximination  for  the  Professional 
Associateship : — 

Alexander  H.  Abbott,  "  Strathmore,"  Westby-road, 
Boscjmbe,  Hants  ;  Horace  James  Ash.  8,  St.  Mary-street, 
Stamford.  Lincoln.sbire ;  Stephen  Balster,  31,  Wood- 
street.  Woolwich.  S.E. ;  Harry  John  Barber.  Belmont. 
Anton-road,  Andover,  Hants ;  George  Willi. ira  Barnham, 
Griston,  Watton,  Norfolk;  Chas.  Frederick  Bartholomew, 
47.  Hinstock-road,  Plumstead,  S.E. ,  Oscar  George  Bates, 
Montague    House,    Montague  -  road,    Croydon ;     Harry 


Bellamy.  67.  Millfleld-road.  York;  .Vshley  Florian  Ben- 
jamin, 24.  Norfolk-square,  W.;  Philip  Jackson  Bevington, 
22,  Grange-road.  Canonbury,  N. ;  Jihn  Wm.  B.  Black- 
man,    3.    Pavilion    Buildings,   Brighton,   Sussex ;    John 
Watson  Blair.  Cromwell  Lodge,  Leicester-road.  Nuneaton, 
Warwickshire;  Alfred  Eveleigh  Blake,  Elmhurst,  Tiow- 
bridge,  Wiltshire;  Louis  Blanc,   10,  Wharfedale-street, 
Earl's  Court,  S.W. ;  Percy  Edgar  Boddington.  33,  Dean- 
road,  Willesden  Green.   N.W.  ;  Edward  Beddoe  Bowen, 
86,    Akerman-road,    S.W.  ;    Frank    Alric    Bovton    The 
Retreat,  Church-row,  Old  Fulham,  S.W. ;  Jocelyn  Bray, 
The   Manor   House.    Shere,    Guildford,    Surrey ;     John 
Cubitt    Brooke,     Barking,    Essex ;     George    Frederick 
Burton,    134,   Sion-street,  Radcliffe,    near  Manchester; 
Alexander   Cliambers,    2,    Southend-road,     Beckenham, 
Kent  ;     Ronald    L.    Charteris,    Hingham    Hall,   Attle- 
borough.    Norfolk :    Richard    Chew,   47,   Cathcart-road, 
South  Kensington.  S.W. ;  Alfred  Howard  Clarke.  14,  The 
Drive,  Walthamstow.  Essex ;  William  Henry  C.  Clay,  89, 
Green-lane,  Derby;  Charles  Curtis  Commander.  5;».  Cot- 
tenham-road,  Walthamstow,   Essex:  Thomas  Co  >k.  48, 
Elspeth-road,  Clapham   Common.  S.W.  ;  Cecil  F*'anci3 
Adrian   Cooper.   HiUmorton    Paddox,    Rugby ;     George 
Frederick    Cotching,    West    Lodge.    Horsham,  Sussex; 
Arthur    Stanley  Cox,  Inverisla,  Creffield-road.   Ealing, 
W. ;    Henry  Ralph   Crabb,   13,   Woodville-road,   Bowes 
Park,  N. ;  AWalter  St.  Leger.  Crowley.  Innisfallen.  Teilo- 
street,  Cardilf ,  Glamorgan  ;  Horace  William  Cubitt,  163, 
Grosvenor-road,   S.W.;  Frank  Sydney  Cutler,   .Staines- 
road,  Hounslow.  Middlesex  ;  Walter  J.  Dacombe,   166, 
Ashley-road,     Bournemouth      East,    Hants  :     Reginald 
Thornton     Dadson,      Laureston,      Harrnw-on-the-Hill, 
Middlesex :  Gilbert  Capell  Davenport,  Headiugton  Hill, 
Oxford;    John  Davey,  129,  Church-lane,  old  Charlton, 
Kent;     John    NichoUs     Davies,    1,    Kennington    Park- 
gardens,  S.E. :  William    Ernest  Denham,  2;i,  Lordship- 
lane,  Tottenham,  N. ;  AVaUace  Dewe.  Rose  l.awn.  Henley- 
on-Thames,    Oxfordshire ;    Edward    Hughes    Dodgsoo, 
Stevenage,    Herts ;    Ralph    Cecil   Dutt^on.    Southwood, 
Silverdale,  Sydenham,  S.E. ;  William  A.  D.  Edwardes, 
Brabyns,    Langley    Park-road,    Sutton,    Surrey ;     John 
Percival  Edward  i.  The  Lodge,  Lyndhurst-grove.  Peck- 
ham,    S.E. ;    John    Ellis,    Pantybarwn.    Llangwyryfon, 
near  Aberyst with ;    George    Frederick   EUyatt.   "Cleve- 
don,"    Grove     Park,     Camberwell,      S.E.  ;      Ciithbert 
A.  E.  Ermen,  "  Tremeer,"  St.  Tudy,  RS.O.,  Cornwall; 
Henry    Ermrich,    42,     Brighton-road,    South    Croydon, 
Surrey ;  Bernard  Everard,  care  of  Sir  Doaglas  Fu.^  and 
Partners,    28,     Victoria-street,     S.W. ;    Charles   Heory 
Eyles,  31,  Stratford-road.  Kensington,  W  ;  Henry  James 
Fagan,  21,   Park-hill,    Clapham,  S.W. ;  Charles  Harold 
Farthing,  13,  St.  Ursula-grove,  Southsea,  Hants  ;  Evelyn 
Wood  Farwell,   11,   Laura-place,  Bath,    Soaiersetshire ; 
Henry  Edward  Fitzherbert,  The  College  of  Agriculture, 
Downton,  Salisbury;  Frederic  George  Gee,  lOi.i,  Trinity- 
street,  Unthank-road,  Norwich  ;  Edward  Morton  GUbert- 
Lodge,  Canley;  Vale,  High-road,  Chiswiek,  W.  ;   Edward 
Brougham  Glasier,  Edgecombe  Hall,  Wimbledon  Park, 
S.W. ;  Robert  Francis  Graham,  265,  Vauxhall  Bridge- 
road,  S.W.  ;    AVilliam    Greenwood,    13,    Feilden-street, 
Blackburn.  Lancashire  ;  Sidney  J.  Halse,  10,  Hestercombe- 
avenue,  Fulham,  S.W.  ;  Charles  Reginald  Harding,  care 
of  L.   8.  Wood,  High-street,  East  Grimstead.  Sussex ; 
John  Fredk.  Stanley  Hards,  Broad  Sanctuary  Chambers, 
Westminster,  S.W. ;    Frederick  Josiah  Harrington,  16, 
Abchurch-lane,    E.C. ;    John    Joseph    Hazlett,    Market 
Square,     Kildare,     Ireland;      Robert     Ctiarles    Heard, 
Stoguisev.     Bridgwater,    Somerset ;     Frederick    Jasper 
Henson.  llilden  Grange,  Tonbridge,  Kent;  Evon  Highway, 
Royal  Agricultural  College,  Cirencester ;  WiUiam  West- 
cott    Hodges,     Summerlea.    Upper    Addiscombe  -  road, 
Croydon  :  Lawrence  Steele  Hoggarth,  tit.  Abbs,  Kendal, 
Wastmoreland  ;  Douglas  Clarence  Hogwood,  6,  Uieen- 
street,  Kamsgate,  Kent ;  AVilliam  John  HoUoway,  B  gods 
Hall,    Dunmow,  Essex;  Edmund  Guy  Houghton,   Pioe 
Lodge,     AVhitehall  -  road,     AVoodford     Wells,     Essex  ; 
Ernest      George       Huggins.      32,      Compton  -  t^rr.ice, 
Highbury,  N. ;  Orlando   William    Huit.  Gilling  AA'est. 
Richmond,  A'oikshire ;  Hugh  Daltin  Hunter,  Tli'  Old 
Hall,  Buckenham,  Norfolk;  Tom  Lancelot  Hustl-r.  110, 
Bouverie-road.  Stoke  Newington,  N.  ;  Fre  lerick  Norman 
Hutton,  40,  Finsbury  Park-road,  N. ;  Arthur  Inskipp,  5, 
Craven  Park,  Harlesden,  N.AV.  ;  WiUiam  Lion';!  Jenkins, 
Wadham  House,   Toynbee     Hall,    E. ;    Geoffry   Neville 
Kmgsford,   South  Eastern    Agricultural   College,   AVye, 
Kent ;      John    Le?s,      Elm-road,      Hale,     Altrinchara, 
Cheshire;  Henry  W.  Line.  19,  Charing  Cioss-road,  A\'.C. ; 
Rowland  W.  Lines,    Aldbury,    Tring,    Herts ;    Arthur 
Henry  LleweUyn.  33,  Delamere-terrace,  W. ;    Gustavus 
Taylor  Loban,*"t  40,  Greyhound-lane,  Sti'eatham  Common, 
S.^\".  ;     Walter     MigheUs     ^ynde.     2i,    Terrapin-road, 
Balham,   S.W.  ;    Edg.ir    Cannon    McConnel,    College  of 
Agriculture,  Dowiitou,  Salisbury  ;  James  Weir  Ale  Kerrow, 
Newcastle  and  Gateshead  WatenvorksCampanv,  Pilgrim- 
street,  Newcastle-on-Tyne ;  Thomas  Forster  Main,  Bud'e, 
Bamburgh,     RS.O..    Northumberland;     Francis    Scott 
Mason.  Clarendon  House,  Clarendon-road,  Putney,  8.W.; 
Basil  Stuart  Mayhead,   16,   Beauchamp-road,  Lavender 
HiU,  8.A\'. ;  John  Fiancis  S.  Mellor,  14,  Agnew-street, 
Lvtham,    Lancashire;    Eudo    Horace    G.    MUler.    The 
M'anor    House,    Old    Maiden,  Worcester  Park,  Surrey  ; 
George  Frederick  MUler,  41,  Claremont-road,  Alexandra 
Park,  Manchester ;    Arthur  Edward  Miram.s.   1.  Cran- 
boum-terrace,    Albert  -  road,      Alexandra    Park.     N. ; 
Sidney    Mitchell,     28,     St.     Alban's-road.     Leicester ; 
Cyril      Moiser,      Heworth      Grange,     A'ork ;      Walter 
S'lmuel     Newbury,    71,    High-street,    Battle,    Su  sex ; 
AVilliam    A\'alter    Newman,     34,    Beacon-road,  Lough- 
borough Leicestershire;  Edward  Goodrham  Nye,  West- 
bank,  Jenner-road,  Guildford.  Surrey ;  Charles  Norton 
Palmer,  Ashdown  Lodge,  3,  Warwick-road,  Ealing,  W.  ; 
AVm.  LoweU  Francis   Palmer,    "  Fair  View,"    Harrow- 
dene-road,  Knowle,  Bristol;   WUfred    HorsUy  Parker, 
The  Garth,  Stanmore,  Middlesex ;  Horace  Binns  Paxon, 
4,  Belmont  Park,  Lee,  S.E  ;    George  Stephen  Perkins, 
3.  Somerset-viUas,  Somei-set-road,  Teddington:  Francis 
Newcastle  Pilbeara,  115,  Sinclair-road,  W.  Kensington 
Park,  AV.;    James  Monteath  Pilkington,  90,  Ivy -road, 
Crieklewood,  N.W. ;  Hicliard ReiUy  Power,  33.  Fentiman- 
road,  Cl»phiim-ro  d.  S.W. ;  Thomas  Francis  A'.  Prickird. 
Dderw,  Rhai  ader,  Raduoi-shire  ;  Charles  David  Quarmby. 
care  of  C.  J.' Hall,  Kidbrooke  House,  Blaokheath,  S.E. ; 
Basil  Perry    Riddett,    Melboiu-ne    Lodge.    AVell-street, 
Ryde,  Isle  of  AVight ;  Herbert  Rippon,  29,  Mercei's-road, 
Tiifnell  Park,  N. ;  Edward  Laniplough  Roberts,  Brent- 
wood, Lenwood  Bank,  ShelHeld  ;  Leonard  Neville  R  igers, 
19,  Carltoa-road,  Putney  HUl,  S.W. ;  Montagu  Siaaley 


May  C,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


649 


Rogers,    19,  Carlton-road,  Putney    Hill,    S.W. ;     John 
WiUiam  Eupev,    17,  \\'oodfleld-road,   Tonbridge.  Kent; 
Walter  Frederick    Kowe,    The    Lime3,    Rainbow    Hill, 
Worcester, ;    Thomas  Rule,  The    Agricultural   Colli-g", 
Aspatria.  Cumberland  ;  Ernest  Huss,  27,  Clifton-bill,  St. 
John's  Wood,  N.W.;  Ernest  Sidney  Rutben,  72,  Penyluni- 
road,  Routb,   CorditT;    John  Rvan.  1,  Metal  Exchange 
Buildings,    'W'hittinttton-avenue,    E.G.  ;    Frank    Ellison 
Sargant,  23.    Endlesham-road,  Ealham,  S.W.  ;   Arthur 
Percntil  Suunders,  33,  The  Avenue,  Eahnj;,  W.  ;  Henry 
Norman    Savill    Albuiy,    Broxbourie,    Uerts ;     James 
(-'ospatrick  Scott,  Kniptoa  Lo.ge,  (jrantham,  Lincoln- 
shire; Lakshmi  Chand  Sharmi,  Cumraou  Room,  Grab's 
Inn,   W.C.  :    Arnold    Glac  stone  Sladdin,   Mount  View, 
BnV'house,  Yorkshire  1  Arthur  Whittard  Slatter,  Atcjtt, 
Halod-road,    Herefoid;     Ernest     Edward     Smith,     23, 
Shepherds-lane,  Dartl'ord,  Kent:  ;  Harold  Robert  Smith, 
Warnham,    Sussex ;      George     \\'iUiam     S.     Sparrow, 
Albrighton    Uall,    near    Shrewsbury ;    James    Calvert 
Spensley,  3,  Pro7ost-road.  Hainpstead,  N.W. ;  Herbert 
Eustace    Steeds,  care  of  R.    E.    Couehman,    Esq.,  35, 
Paradise-street,  Biimingham  ;  Charles  John  Strachan,  1,S, 
Antrim  Mansions,  Beltize  Park,  N.W. ;    John    Wilson 
Tait,  23,  Upper  Oarth-road,  Bangor,  N.  Wales  ;  Herbert 
Edward  Tasman,  131,  Sumatra  road,  West  Hampstead, 
N.W,  ;     Herbert     William    Taylor,    AS,    Elspeth-road, 
Clapham  Common,  S.A\'. ;   Thomas  Osborne  Taylor,  19 
Kiog's-avenue,    Jluswell    Hill,    N.  ;     Alfred    Temple, 
Barham  House,  Leigham  Court-road,  Streatham,  S.^V.  ; 
Herbert    Uartd    Thomson,    62,    Stamford    Brook-read. 
Hammersmith.    W. ;     George    Edward    Thurman,    4i, 
Beversbrook-road,  Upper  Hollowav.  N. ;  Arthur  Milbank 
Thwaites,  101,  Ferine  Paik-road,  Uornsev.  N. ;  George 
I'ercy  Thwaites,   101,   Ferme  Park-road,   Hornsey,  N.  ; 
Horace  James  Titfoi-d,  4,  Ratharine-villas,  Edenbridge, 
Kent ;  Maurice  Tobias,  16.  Fournier-street,  E  C.  ;  Leslie 
Edward  Tudd,  Hawarden,  Chester;  Ernest  Albert  Tolev, 
The  Graci;e,  £,ast  Acton,  ^V. ;  Robert  Ernest  Turnbuil, 
Bothal,  Morpeth,  Northumberland ;    John    Voyce.   The 
Estate  and  Rating  Department,  Lancashire  and  York- 
shire   Riiilway    Company,     Manchester;    John    George 
Walker,  I^ndon  Oouniy  CouncU  Architect's  Department, 
Spring  Gardens ;  Bertram  Haiineu  \\'aller,  17,  Cumber- 
land-place, Southampton;    Fredk.   WijUam  Walsh.  .», 
Oxford-road,  Kilbum,  N.W. ;    William  David  Walters, 
184,  Ivenry-etreet,  Tonypandy,   Glamorganshire ;    Bertie 
Mward  Waterman,   23,    Tower-road,    Dartford,   Kent ; 
Ernest  Watson,  The  Cottage,   St.   Paul's  Cray,  Kent  ; 
^.'yi^Klennerley  Waymouth,  4,  Blythwood-road,  Crruch  ' 
Hill,  N. ;  Arthur  D.    M.   Webber,  Bryn  Bellan,   Mold, 
North  Wales ;  1\-dliam  Henry  Webber,  7,  Great  James- 
Btreet,     Bedford -row.     W.C;     Welby     Wheeler,     158   I 
Lanraster-road,    Notting    Hill,    W. ;    Stanley    Dunford  I 
Whiddington,   22,    BIrchington-road,    Crouch  End,  N.  ; 
Ernest     Bennett    Whitley,     82,     St.    Augustine's-road, 
Camden-square,  N.W. ;    Lewis    Stewart   Whittingham, 
life  Estate  Ottice,  Powis  Castle,  Welshpool,  Montgomery- 
shire ;  Alfred  Douglas  Wilhams.  Christ  Church  Vicarage 
Kams^te,  Kent;  George  Leopold  Wilson,  23,  Devereux- 
™iV:'  >\^°dsworth  Common,  S.W.  ;  Douglas  Wood,  92,  ' 
CUlton-hiU,  N.W. ;  Stanley  Ernest  Wood,  79,  Marquess- 
road,  Canonbury,  N. ;  Charles  Edward  Young,  9X  Long- 
bridge-road,  B  irking,   Essex.     '  Penfold   Silver  Medal. 
t  Driver  Prize.    4  Beadel  Prize. 

Scottish  Cindidates.— Robert  Frederick  Brehner, 
Callenaar  Park^  Falkirk,  Stirlingshire ;  Jacobus  Stewart 
J.  Mcb'all,  4,  Wilti  .----..       - 


£!::^r''^'^i:^:l'^IS-.L°t°:^%H77  \  ^V;!-  °J  <»  '°°g  cta^I'f  with  six  central  columns, 

which  was  in  all  about  lOOlt. '  aj,  about  the  eaine 
length  as  King  Henry  VH.  Cnapel.  It  was  the 
oldest  remaining  part  of  the  Abbey,  belonging  to 
the  building  of  Edward  the  Confessor.  It  w.-ia 
now  divided  by  partitions  of  stone  and  brick  into 
four  small  comparttnen' 8.  lie  sometimes  fancied 
he  saw  in  vision  in  the  future  a  new  period  of 
public  usefulness  for  this  aocient  and  forgotten 
place.  He  seemed  to  see  these  four  vaults  re- 
united into  one  long  chamber,  with  the  old  aliar 
repaired,   so  that  they  might  worship  once  more 

.,.„...  „.. ,,  .,„,  v,„.„„,.^  ^.^. ,  „„„„  ,,u.«t,    ^'^  "'«  °°«  sacred  portion  of  the  Abbey  which  took 

Thorny  Croft,  Lancaster-road,  Morecambe,  Lancashire;  them  bat k  to  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor 
Francis  H.  G.  Osmond-Smith  College  View  East  Grin-  And,  further,  he  seemed  to  see  it  being  used  asfhe 
stead,  Sussex ;  Frederick  C.  R,  Palmer,  H.M.  OlHce  of  hnrl-il  ,>lof.o  fn,  =^^„  ^t  tl,„  ~.„  fa  "^ci*  <"  iiic 
Works,  Storeys  Gate.  Westminster ;  Samuel  Parkhouse,  burial  place  tor  some  of  the  great  men  of  the 
n.  I  pper  Highlever-road,  St.  Uuintin  Park,  W. ;  .\lbert  fiture,  and  its  walls  being  occupied  with 
Edward  Parry,  Lynden  Lodge,  Endlesham-road,  Bilham,  memorials  such  as  were  now  ranidlv  tillin"'  thp 
S.W. ;  Thomas  William  Pearse,   The  Grppn    Mr,HH,.TT,     e ;-• ^ •      ,,        .,f       ^      .,     ?       r 


Knowles,  19, 

Lambert,       Wood      Stanway.       Winchcombe,     R-'3.0.,  i -i,:,.h      ,•-!,,,  ,„,.,. 

Olnuccstershire;    A.    R     S.     L'aning.    22.    Helix-ioad,  >  """-"^  "^''* '°  ""■"""''  """' 

Brixton.  S.W. ;    Leonard  Lickis.  I2.'f.  Brooinwood-road, 

(  Uipham  Common,  S.W. ;  "William  John  LutJinii-ham,  11, 

Spring-gardens.  H.  W. ;  William  Vawdrty  Lush,  Lianover- 

road.  Wembley,  R.^^.o.,  Middles  x;  Michael  Lewis  L5 on. 

.'tl."),  Fulliain-road,  S.W. ;  ^>■dIley  Msger,  l 'hiirch  Farm, 

Hughendeo.  Bucks;  Leonard  Maggs.  Kllorslie,  Arlingtjn 

Park.  Gunner&bury.  W. ;  Thomas  Edward  Marks.  Standard 

BuildiDtjp,  L'ily  square,- Leeds ;  Heibert  Walter  Mason. 

107.  White  Hart-lane,  Barnes.  S.W.;  Ernest  Llewellyn 

Moore.    "  The   Elms.''    Mu ::well-avenue,   Muswell   Hill, 

N.  ;    Ivor    C.   Morrison,    "A!ma,"    St.   Albans.  Herts; 

James  Neill  Neill,  3S,  Park-row,    Leeds ;  +  Frank  Geo. 

Newnham,    3,    Burgoyne-road,    South   Norwood,    8.E. ; 

I>eslie  Richard  Notley,  .80,  Cornhill,  E.G.  ;  John  Nutter, 


,  The  Green,  Modbury, 
South  Devon ;  George  F.  J.  Peters,  care  of  C.  Osenton, 
Station-road,  Ashstead,  Surrey;  Clifford  Needham  Phil- 
pot,  Dunsmore,  Warlingham,  Surrey ;  Sydney  Lawrance 
Porter,  Mayfteld,  Hutton,  Essex;  Francis  Charles  J. 
Read,  58,  Shardeloes-road,  New  Cross,  S.E. ;  Maurice 
Charles  Riddett,  Market-street,  Charlbury,  Oxon  ;  Arthur 


few  remaining  places  in  the  Abbey.'  lie  dared 
not  put  this  forward  as  a  scheme,  but  only  as  a 
dream.  But  he  certainly  saw  in  it  a  solution  of 
the  problem  that  they  had  battled  with  so  long 
""  how   to  maintain   the   splendid   traditions  of 


of 


f  the  past.     They  had  had  projects  of  new 
s,  only  to  be  laid  aside  as  impracticable.  The 


passed  the  Fellowship  Examination  :— 


T  I,     r     ■     ■  ,„-l'on-crescent,  N.   Kelvinside,  Glasgow 

John  Lonmer  Thompson,  53,  George-street,  Edinburgh.     I      The    following    Candidates    hare    passed    the 
The    followins    Professional    Associates    have  ]  Uirect  Fellowship  Examination  : — 

Arthur  Briggs,  9,  Albert-square,  Manchester  ;  Newman 
Chennels,  St.  Peter's  Villa,  St.  Leonard's,  Sussex- 
Frederick  William  Cook,  37,  Clyde-road,  Addiscombe, 
Surrey;  Adam  Douglas  Fenton,  Maristow  Estate  Office, 
Roborough,  Devon ;  Charles  Midlam  Maltby,  Albert  Gate 
Mansions,  S.W. ;  George  Anthony  Ovitts,  Town  Hall, 
West  Ham,  E. ;  John  Stanislaus  Rimmer,  21,  Dale-street, 
Liverpool;  Francis  Weston,  322,  Brixton-road,  S.W. 

S<  OTTisH  Canuid.\te.  —  Johu  Salmon  Paterson,  S, 
tiueensberry-terrace,  Cummertrees,  Annan,  N.B. 


Henry  Rippingal,    8,    Dunheved-road  North,  Thornton    -^''''sy  burials,  which  otherwise  would  soon  become 

Heath,  Surrey ;  George  William  Ruddle,  118,  Green-wich-    a  glory  of  the  past. 

road,    S.E.  ;    Joseph   Harold    Salmon,    121,   Amesbury-    biiilHino-a        •    ■    • 

avenue,  Streatham  Hill,  S.W. ;  John  Aston  Sawyer.  62,     ""'"""qS.  .      ,     ,         ,-      , 

High-street,  Winchester,  Hants;    John  Scott,  32,  Fan-    i^estoration  of  this  ancient  chapel  and  opening  it 

thorpe-street.    Putney,    S.W. ;     William    Smalley,     68,    ''    ""'        '^''  "    ' 

George-street,    Euston-aquare,     N.W. ;     Charles    Philip 

Smith,  The  Town  Hall,  Greenwich  S.E.;  Hugh  Smith, 

22,  Park-avenue,    Chelmsford,    Essex;    Uuentin  Cullen 

Smith,   7S,    Great    Queen-street,   Lincoln's  Inn  Fields ; 

Stanley     Addison    Smith.     "Sunnyside,"   Monkseatoa, 

Northumberland ;  Frank  Ewart  Spalding,  3,  Lyndhurst- 

road,  Hampstead,  N.W. ;  Harry  8.  Stewart,  Clarewood, 

Arthur-road,  Wimbledon  Park,  S.W.  ;    Frederic  Stone, 

40,  London-road,  Newcastle,  Staffordshire ;  John  E.  H. 

Stooke,  2,  Palace-yard,  Hereford;  John  James  Strutt, 

Whitelands,   Witham,  Essex ;    Percy  James  Symmons, 

The    Hollies.     Brooke  -  avenue,     Harrow,    Middlesex ; 

Frederick  James  Talboy,  4,  Kensington-gardens,   Cran- 

brook    Park,    Ilford,  Essex;     Edwin    Thurlow    Taylor, 

"Ashlyn,"   Ansdell,    near   Lytham,    Lancashire;    John 

James  Taylor,  "  Uplands,"  London-road,  Norbury,  S.W. 

Alan  Timbrell,  9,  Watson's-walk,   St.  Alban's,  Herts, 

Wilham  Tomlin,  jun.,   5,    The  Laurel 

Andover,   Hants;    Edward   Underwood,  _  ,   

road.  Earl's  Court,  S.W.  ;  Leonard  James  Veit.l,  Pimlico-     „„,„„„„„        1  ■  1    •    i         i.  ,  j    11  .       , 

road,  S.W. ;  Alexander  Lindsay  Watt,  Ablington  House,  P^TP"^^^'  A  special  interest  would  then  attach 
FigheldeaH,  Salisbury ;  Arthur  Harvey  Wells,  Hill  Side',  to  it  '13  being  the  only  portion  of  Edward  the 
Ashby-de-la-Zouch,  Leicestershire ;  Benjamin  William  i  Confessor's  building  still  capable  of  bein"  used 
HVilJfd  ^',^°VS?^cks4tu"'To^vitle-r:'N^o1thf^;  '  for  Divine  service^andarra^ngements  might  be 
iCharles  Edwin  Widdicomhe.  Ashbourne,  Well-street,  ',  '^^^^  "y  which  reasonable  opportunities  might  be 
Ryde,  Isle  of  Wight ;  John  Fiske  Wilkes,  Wenden  Lofts,    giving  for  viewing  it  at  other  times.     It  seemed 

str^eT^.f  Sa.?^^Iiee•'rrig^t,^rcV^^.ue?s  '! 'fird'Tb^T^I'f  '^l''  ''  *''  State  no  longer 
Department,  Council^House,  Bristol.    *  Galsworthy  Prize.  ;  f^equired  the  chapel  for  the  purposes  of  a  treasury, 


to  the  public  would  involve  only  a  minimum  of 
disturbance,  while  an  extension  of  the  scheme 
might  involve  another  chapel  contiguous  to  this 
one  as  well  as  the  site  now  covered  by  the  build- 
ings of  the  gymnasium  of  the  Westminster  School. 
Ue  put  forward  this  suggestion  quite  tentatively, 
and  with  no  intention  of  pressing  it.  It  was, 
however,  in  his  opinion,  worth  consideration,  and 
tlie  difficulties  connected  with  it  would  not  be  in- 
surmoiintable  if  the  idea  should  commend  itself 
to  the  public  mind,  and  should  obtain  the  consent 
of  the  highest  authorities.  Apart  from  any  such 
suggestion,  he  ventured  to  hope  that  the  time  had 

„^.„.     come  when  this  little  chapel  might  be  restored  to 

3,  Junction-road,    the  custody  of  the  authorities  of  the  Abbey,  and 
'',A'?'.  Kichmond-    be  used  as  it  was  in    ancient   times    for  sacred 


t  Crawter  Prize.    J  Penfold  Gold  Medal. 


William  Beauchimp  Aubrey,  111,  East-street,  Thame, 
Oxon;  Frank  Hulman  Austin.  2J,  BasinghaU-street! 
h,;™ 'Jw  '„^"'.™"°„^"<^''*5''  "•  High-street,  Clap- 
ham,  S-W.  ;  Heibert  Bowman  Beddall,  11),  Broadway, 
Kettering,  Northants  ;  Henry  Wuliam  Binns,  15,  Church- 
TiZ'  ST""!^'''  ^."Z^J  ■  ^™'-  '^«°''g«  Bliss,  lOil,  Cheap- 
AtS\  S'-  H?"?}  ^\itt»n  Booth,  Borough  Engineer's 
Olhce,  rown  Hall.  Croydon ;  Bertram  Alfred  BSynton, 
R.L  K  ""*',  ''"'■'^'^-'■?w.  Fulham,  S.W. ;  Harold  Claud 
sS^tT'^, '!""'""'?•„  YJ"*""'*'  Hants;  Thomas 
o^t  '11  'wl'""?"'"'"^;.^'"^'^''  '^""•'^y:  John  Burnett, 
Gopsall.Atheretone,  Warwickshire;  Chas.  F.tzpatrick 
Burroughes.  Stoughton  Farm,  Leicester  ;  Walter 
Emta.nuel  (  andy,  Encombe.  Wareham.  Dorset-hire; 
Ihomas  L.  Caton,  ,S2,  Acre-lane,  Brixton,  S.W. ;  Amyas 
pI;  Si  ?,"°,"T?'''  ^idbuiT.  Sidmouth,  Devon;  John 
Chn™  l7'-  f  °  < '"'■nbers,  Fmchley.  N. ;  Ch.irles  Vyvvan 
ctZ  n.  '-J  ■"'"'"<^?e-terrace,  Hjde  Park.  W. ;  Hudson 
Owen  Ciaik,  c^.W.  Houghton,  58,  old  Broad-street. 
M,^r,',n  1^  ."'^'i  £.°'<'-''  '^■"-  M'^'isrs,  I'rawten  and 
^.o^^r'.,"*.™',''  .°'^"'  HaiiT  Thomas  Cooper,  s-j, 
George-stieet,  Portman-square,  W. ;  Percy  Crabtiee  'I 
S^Tch"*^',"'^''-  'f";t'.  Lanciishire';  Jaies  Leonard 
?ir^  ;»'''"'?&''"'":'?"'"' ^-C-:  Cyril  Hemy  Donne. 
Leek  Wootton,   Warwick ;  Edmund  Gilbert  Drow.r,  16 

Great    ijeorgc-street,     Westminster,    S.W-    Martin    ( ■      ■       tu        v        u         1      j         -t-  ,,     ■ 

Duchesne,  Farnham  Common,  Slough  Bucks -Frederick  °  ^  churchyard,  describing  their  origin  as 
Burfleld  Dyer,  2,  St.  Andrew'.s-plac'e,  Lewes,  Sussex  ■  I  "'i^tftd  in  extracts  from  the  Minutes  of  the 
Wufam  Fail'f  n''""i?n;  '.'"'■fe''t<^-»'''eet,  (Chester  ;  Edwin  ,  Chapter.  Dealing,  finally,  with  what  is  known 
.i^i^'^^.L",??' ,!.'„■„ 'J;"'=''-''.'«.rt..  Kensington.  W. ;  Cyril    as  "'the  Chapel  ot'  the  I'y.x,"  he  mentioned  some 


it  should  revert  to  its  ecclesiastic  use. 


IRISH  BUILDING  STONES.— XI. 

LOCTH. 

THE  rocks  in  this  county  are  Carboniferous 
Limestone  (254,  337),  Lower  Siluri.an, 
Granite,  Basalt,  and  other  igneous  rocks.  Ardee  is 
built  on  Calp,  Silurian  slate  rocks,  and  alluvium  ; 
Carlingford,  Lower  Silurian,  a  raised-beach  C.ir- 
boniferous  Limestone,  and  Basalt ;  Drogheda  on 
Calp  Limestone:  and  Dundalk  on  Alluvium, 
Lower  Silurian,  and  Carboniferous  Limestone. 
This  county  is  almost  entirely  occupied  by  Silurian 
slaty  rocks,  there  being  very  little  limestone  or 
granite :  slate  rocks  are  therefore  the  walling 
on  Friday  night,  at  the  Royal  Institution,  '  stones  in  use,  with  limestone  or  sandstone  dress- 
on  "  Westminster  Abbey  in  the  Early  Part  of  the  I  ings.     Carboniferous  Limestone  is  found  co\erin 

17th  Century."     Dr.  Robinson  reviewed  the  lives    small 

of    the    Deans    of    the    period,    laying    special 

emphasis  on  the  importance  of  the  events  of  the 

time    when     Dean    Williams    held    oUice.     He 

referred  to  the  alterations  made  in  the  building, 

and  to  the  existence  of  several  prebendal  houses 


THE  PVX  CHAPEL,  WESTJMINSTER 

ABBEY. 

'T^HE  Dean  of  Westminster  delivered  a  lecture 


f^SS^^r^^^'^'^  iJav™:"-  Aid^^llS'ria^i^m 
Ri  tT,  ;m-"  ,;  '  ??"  ^'"""^^  ^'"='"'^-  ■'•-•  Beoioro-ro,  " 
weU-Sov^'^'  ^-  ■  '^T"-:  *^"='i"«l'  Funnell.  35. 1  amber: 
PinnS^  Afln^t  •  'Hl'-^^.'-'mson,  Clevelands.  Love-lane. 
Pinner,  Middlesex  ;  Peicival  Francis  (Meed 


Frederiil  Si'be  t"",T'""'  ■?""'  »!>«    Shrewshur  °  Salop 
road     Bdham     «  w""  w"',-     ■""."''''"K''.''  6.  Ouseley: 
road     I'-jlliam     S  W. ;    William    Donald    Heskett.  The 

?io  bur  I^IJI"  •  v'"\'P  T""."?,"  "'™'^'  '"«•  U-eens-roaH, 
llusUur>  lark.  N.  ;  Herbert  How.  i:i.  Elglii-aveuue    W  ' 

fa-n  ■"  u'^";rw  il'-"-  l^^'J"'-  =^""°-'  "^"I  Sou  Burnet: 
Ne«W..t,^  N  '  'T  '^"1"™'  ''"■  Kyverdale-riad,  Stoke 
atr,T°SnH„^-'  ""'"'l;'  Stephens  Jackson,  117,  High- 
8tr,et,  Siitingbourne,  Kent;  Herbert  Harold  James  35 
Sydney-street.  South  Kensington.  H  W  •  Robort  C oliw 

ieTr:;5'\^;;'''»?''l';  "•^' v''"'>°  "'-^^^^^^^^^^^ 

ley-ruud  hir„ud  Green,  N.  ;  Hobert  Charlcj  Jull  1 
Cumberland  gardens,  Tunbridge  Wells,  Kent  -W  lli.ni 
Henry  Keep  .  H.-„,ietta-.treJt,  Covent  Oardin  \^c" 
1.  Kibblewhiie.  115,  .Miidmay-road,  Ittildm^v 

M,^.  -'ftdenck    Chas.    Knibb,    17,  Bioxash-road 

Hide,  Clapham  Common,  8.W. 


as 

of  the   ancient   history   connected   with  it.     He 

said  that  the  history  of  this  Royal  treasury  in  the 


areas  near  Drogheda,  Ardee,  Dundalk" 
and  in  the  Carlingford  promontory.  The  chief 
quarries  are  Bragganstown,  worked  by  Mr.  S. 
Feehan  with  10  men  :  Alount  Pleasant,  Dundalk, 
Sir.  T.  MacXeil,  12  men;  Proleek  Acres,  llr. 
T.  Connolly,  10  men  ;  Mell,  Mr.  T.  Binnon  ;  and 
Stoney-lane,  -Vrdee,  Jlr.  J.  Halfpenny.  OUier 
quarries,  not  now  scheduled,  are  Greeuoro  and 
Carlingford.  The  stone  from  them  is  used  chielly 
for  lime-burning — it  does  not  work  well;  Kil- 
curly,  near  Dundalk,  a  crystalline  free  working 
stone  ;    and   Sheephouso,   a     light    bluish   grev 


Henry  Jas 
Park,   N. 
West 


earliest  times  was  very  obscure,  and  only  recently    crystalline  free- working    stone   which    was  uscll 

antiquaries  had  cast  some  doubt  upon  whether        ' 

this  chapel  was  really  the  treasury  chamber.  It 
was  strongly  argued  that  this  chapel  in  the  cloister 
was  not  the  treasury,  but  that  it  was  the  vaults 
beneath  the  Chapter-house  wliit'h  were  used  for 
this  purpose.  It,  however,  remained  certain  that 
since  the  days  of  Edward  HI.  certiin  royal 
treasures  were  kept  in  this  chapol.  A  certain 
portion  of  the  regalia  wore  kept  there  ;  and  there, 
too,  were  kept  iho  Chancellor  s  tallies  ;  .and  it 
was  undoubtodly  used  as  a  troisury  for  records, 
(iradually,  however,  everything  had  been  re- 
moved, and  .all  these  things  had  found  a  homo 
elsewhere.  The  chapel  wtis  now  empty :  but 
tho  ancient  altar  was  still  there, 
only  :JOI't.  wide  and    iiOft,    Ion; 


extensively  in  Drogheda  and  the  county  of  Sleath. 
Street  used  it  in  tho  restoration  of  Christ  Church, 
Dublin,  tho  cost  being  borne  by  Mr.  Roe,  the 
distiller.  St.  Patrick's  was  restored  at  tho  expense 
of  tiuinnoss,  tho  brewer.  Hence  tho  two  build- 
ings arc  irreverently  spoken  of  as  the  "  whisky 
church  "  and  tho  "  porter  church  "  by  Dablinors. 
Some  of  the  stone  quarried  near  Drogheda  is 
C'alpy  and  black,  earthy,  and  shily  ;  it  weathers 
very  badly.  I.iko  most  Caljis,  a  succession  of  frosts 
convert  it  into  a  black  mud.  Fifty  ye.ars  ago 
quarries  wore  worked  at  Killin,  Knock-igh,  and 
Nubb  Hill,  all  near  Dundalk:  but  they  are  not 
scheduled  as  being  in  operation  at  present.  There 
The  chipel  was  !  are  several  quarries  in  the  Silurian  rocks,  but  the 
with  a  heavy  I  stone  raised  is  for  local  use  only.     The  old  build- 


•George  I'otter    round  column  in  the  centre.    It  originally  formed    ings  at   .Monasteiboico   have   Silurian  slate  w;iU3 


650 


THE    BUILDINa    NEWS. 


May  6,  1904. 


with  dressings  of  some  harj  quartzose  sandstone. 
Wilkinson  was  of  opinion  that  these  latter,  and  at 
Mellitont,  are  of  Carboniferous  Sandstone.  A 
Dublin  monumental  mason  is  of  opinion  that  they 
are  "stones  from  Doulting  in  Somersetshire."  How 
there  can  be  any  doubt  on  this  matter  is  difficult 
to  imagine,  for  no  two  stones  can  be  more  unlike 
than  a  well-defined  oolite  and  a  sandstone — even 
on  mere  inspection  of  ordinary  hand  specimens. 
The  writer  has  been  surprised  on  examining  some  I 
old  Irish  buildings  to  find  that  a  portion  of  the 
dressed  work  was  executed  in  an  oolite  stone 
from  the  "  Great  "  or  "  Inferior  "  oolites  of  the 
English  Jurassic  rocks ;  but  he  never  found  the 
stone  used  to  any  great  extent  in  such  buildings. 
In  the  Silurian  rocks  of  this  county  there  are 
several  slate  veins  ;  but  though  the  slates  make 
good  walling,  they  make  bad  roof  coverings. 
Not  far  from  Mellifont  large  slate  slabs  have  been 
raised,  and  at  Greggan,  near  Dundalk,  a  heavy 
durable  slate  was  worked  some  time  ago.  There 
is  a  grey  granite  quarry  at  Bush,  near  Carling- 
ford,  worked  by  the  County  Louth  Granite 
Quarries,  Ltd.,  with  .3.5  men  ;  it  is  now  the 
largest  and  most  important  quarry  in  the  county. 
In  the  south  there  are  several  dykes  and  other 
intrudes  of  whinstone  ;  hut  they  are  not  much  ' 
used  except  for  small  works  locally.  There  are 
133  quarries  on  the  Ordnance  maps  of  this 
county.  Four  limestone  quarries  were  in  work 
forty  J  ears  ago  ;  at  present  fifteen  are  under 
Government  inspection. 


The  rocks  in  this  county  are  Coal  Measures 
Carboniferous    Limestone   (280,     322,    325,  345,  ! 
346) ;    Old    Red   Sandstone ;     Silurians,    Salrock 
slate  (Ludlow),  Mweelrea  limestones  and  sand- 
stones    (Wenlock),    and     Doolough     sandstones 
(Upper     Llandovery)  ;      schists,     quaiti!      rock,  ' 
schistose  sandstones  and  serpentines,  all   altered 
Silurians  ;  granite,  basalt,  felstone,  &c.     I5allina 
and  BaUinrobe  are  built  on  Carboniferous  Lime- 
stone ;    Oastlebar  on    Carboniferous    Limestone, 
Basalt,  and    Calciferous    Sandstone ;    "Westport, 
■Carboniferous    Limestone     and    Silurian    rocks. 
The  east  of  this   county  is  occupied  by  a  grtat 
tract  of  Carboniferous  Limestone,  which  is  cut  in 
two  by  the  granite  and  altered  Silurian  rocks  of 
Slieve  Gamph ;  on  the  west,  with  the  exception 
of  the  Carboniferous  Limestone  north  of  West- 
port,  and    along   Clew    Bay,  the    rocks   are   all 
Lower  Silurian  and  Cambrian,  with  granite  and 
other   igneous   intrusions.     Between   the  Lime- 
stone and  the  old  altered  rocks  there  is  a  narrow 
margin  of  Old  Red  Sandstone.     An  outlier  of 
•Coal  Measures  is  found  resting  on  the  Limestone 
north  of  Balla  :  it  is  roughly  circular,  and  about 
five  miles  in  diameter.     The  Silurian  rocks  near 
Killary   Harbour  are   unaltered ;    farther   north 
they  begin  to  show  evidences  of  Metamorphism,  * 
when    at    the    coast    near    Black    Sod  Bay  the 
greatest  change,  or    region   of  the  most  intense 
metamorphism,  may   be   observed,  many   of  the 
Tocks    having    been    subjected    to     change    at 
three    s-parate    periods.      All    thobe    rocks    are 
interesting,  for  in  a  radius  of  a  few  miles  they 
may  be  found   altered    completely    in   physical 
character.     To    the    physical    geologist,    meta- 
morphism means  chauge   of  infrrnal  striicfiar  in  j 
lorl-  maxsrs  :  it  may  be  chemical  or  physical ;  but 
whatever  the  nature  of  it   may  be,  the  altered 
rock  is  seldom  fitted  for  building  purposes,  slaty 
<leavage  excepted.     It  is  true  that  many  orna-  : 
mental    or    decorative     stones,    serpentine,    for  i 
instance,  are  of  metamorphic  origin  ;  but,  on  the 
whole,  it  may  be  said  that  metamorphism  takes  ' 
from  any  rock  much   of   its  value  for  builder's 
constructive  work.     The  Silurian  rocks  here  are, 
generally  speaking,  grits,  shales,  slates,   argilla-  ' 
ceous  limestones,  and  conglomerates,  with  masses  ! 
of  interbedded  igneous  rocks,  and  whole  moun-  I 
tains  of  quartzite.     The  Coal -Measures  in  this 
county  were  formerly  worked   at   Cloonfallagh,  '[ 
near  Kiltimagh.    They  were  the  hard,  yellowish 
llags  used  in  the  footpaths  at  Swineford  and  Bally-  '' 
haunis  ;  black  shale,  hard  enough  to  be  used  for  ! 
road  metal,  was  quarried  at  Craggan,  near  BaUa  ; 
and  at  Slieve  Camagh,  in  the  same  district,  a 
yellow  millstone  grit  was  obtained  for  building  and 
road   metallirg,   but    at   present    there    are    no 
quarries  worked    in    these    rocks.     The   county 
appears  to   have   suffered  severely  in  its  quarry 
industries  through  loss  of  population,  for  in  1860 
there  were  no  less  than  126  quarries  in  work  ;  at 
present  three   only  are  scheduled,  one  of   these 
being  worked  by   a  lady,  another  by   the  Rev. 
P.  J.  Nolan,  P.P.     The    Carboniferous   Lime- 
stones furnish  goad   building  stones  ;    in   some 


places,  as  for  instance  at  Cong,  they  are  easily 
obtained,  for  they  form  sheets  of  hare  rock  on  the 
surface  of  the  land;  in  other  pi  ices,  as  at  th^ 
Farm  Quarry,  Westport,  there  is  a  cleaiing  of 
20ft.  of  soil,  and  16ft.  of  sandstone  before  the 
limestone  is  reached.  Tlie  limestones  vary  much 
in  character  and  colour  :  some  are  hard,  splintery, 
and  crystalline,  others  are  earthy  and  soft.  In 
colour  they  are  found  of  all  shades  between  white 
and  black  ;  but  the  prevailing  tint  is  bluish  grey. 
On  examining  the  clean-fractured  surf  ice  of  a 
piece  of  Ba'h  stone,  a  number  of  sphericil  grains 
of  various  sizes  may  be  observed  imbedded  in 
a  matrix  of  some  structureless  material,  the 
whole  being  of  a  brownish  cream  colour ;  the 
grains  are  of  various  sizes,  the  spherical 
shape  in  some  cases  being  irreguUr,  ani  in 
others  lost  altogether  in  mure  spindle-shaped 
forms.  Owing  to  this  peculiarity,  geologists 
have  called  the  Bath  stones  "  Oolites,"  and  these 
with  similar  limestones  found  in  other  districts, 
constitute  three  main  divisions  of  the  Jurassic 
system.  These  limestones  are  of  so  much  im- 
portance in  building  that  they  are  usually  con- 
sidered as  making  up  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
formations  to  which  they  belong.  Hence  the 
trade  is  familiar  with  the  Portland  or  Upper 
Oolites,  the  Coral  Rag  ((Jxford)  or  Middle  Oolites, 
and  the  Bath  stones  or  Lower  Oolites,  whilst  in 
reality  these  three  great  divisions  of  the  Jurassic 
rocks  of  England,  and  the  fourth  (the  Lias),  are  ] 
in  reality  great  clay  deposits,  alternating  with 
the  limestones  described,  which  may  be  con- 
sidered as  subdivisions  of  variable  lithological 
characters.  The  oolites  overlie  the  New  Red 
Sandstone,  and  it  in  turn  rests  on  Coal  Measures 
and  Carboniferous  Limestone.  Now  in  this 
county  (Mayo)  there  are  in  some  places  amongst 
these  last  rocks  as  true  oolitic  limestones  as  any 
found  in  the  Jurassic  strata  in  England.  Killala 
is  built  on  oolitic  Carboniferous  Limstone,  and  in 
this  district  it  extends  from  that  town  south  as 
far  as  Rosserk,  where  the  abbey  is  built  with  it. 
Moyne  Abbey  and  the  Round  Tower  at  Killala  are 
also  built  of  this  oolite,  and  it  is  an  excellent 
weather  stone.  On  examining  the  clean 
fractured  surface  of  a  piece  of  this  limestone, 
a  number  of  spherical  grains  like  small  shot 
are  seen  in  a  matrix  of  semi-crystalline  matter, 
the  whole  b  ing  a  dark  bluish  grey.  As 
compared  with  Bath  stone,  the  former  is  remark- 
able for  the  great  number  of  spherical  grains  in 
it,  their  accurate  form,  and  the  regularity  in 
which  they  are  distributed  through  the  mass  of 
the  stone ;  in  fact,  a  hand  specimen  looks  like 
what  would  be  attained  by  filling  a  box  with 
small  shot,  and  pouring  in  a  liquid  cement  as  a 
matrix  to  bind  the  whole  together.  Jukes  says 
of  the  Carboniferous  Limestones  of  JIayo,  Kildare, 
Tipperary,  and  other  counties,  that  they ' '  are  per- 
fectly oolitic  in  character,  sometimes  more  regu- 
larly so  than  the  majority  of  the  oolites  belong- 
ing to  that  which  is  called  the  Oolitic  formation." 
In  passing,  it  may  be  said  that  some  sandstones 
show  this  oolitic  structure,  and  it  in  no  way 
affects  the  weathering  quilities  of  the  stono.  As 
the  Mayo  Limestones  yield  an  inexhaustible  supply 
of  first-class  bu'lding  stones  of  great  variety  of 
colour  and  undoubted  good  quality,  a  summary 
of  the  best-knovn  quarries  may  be  useful, 
though  they  are  not  now  in  work.  For 
ordinary  grey  hurd  limestone,  suitable  to 
be  worked  in  dressings  or  walling,  is  Aglorah, 
BaUyhaunis ;  Aughalustia,  used  in  the  R  C. 
Church,  Ballaghadf-reen ;  Balliudine,  used  in 
the  R.C.  church ;  Ballinglen,  for  lime  burning  ; 
Ballyhaunis,  the  river  bed  furnishes  a  good  stone 
much  used  in  the  town  ;  Bohogue,  a  very  fine 
grey  limestone  used  in  the  R.C.  church  at  Bohola ; 
Castlehill,  an  ordinary  limestone  sometimes  used 
for  road  metal :  Corroy,  thin  beds,  fissured,  used 
in  the  drainage  bridge ;  Cuelmullagh  ;  Farm  Gate, 
Westport,  beds  1  iin .  to  2ft.  thick — this  stone  is 
full  of  "  invisible  "  joints,  called  by  the  workmen 
**  threads  "  ;  they  do  not,  however,  injure  the 
stone  ;  the  threads  are  seen  when  water  is  thrown 
on  the  bed  of  a  block  ;  Greenwood  :  Jail  Castle- 
bar,  used  in  the  jail ;  Lake  ;  BaUinrobe  ;  Moyour ; 
used  in  Westport  workhouse,  Buckfield  Church, 
and  several  bridges  in  the  locality  ;  New  Castle, 
used  in  New  Castle  House ;  Partry  :  Pound, 
BaUinrobe,  used  in  the  workhouse;  Rathcreevy, 
used  in  the  bridge  ;  Rosbeg,  used  in  the  quay  walls, 
Westport  ;  Sion  Hill,  Castlebar  barracks.  Dark 
grey  Limestone  :  Ballindine  ;  Ballyhaunis  river 
bed  ;  Claremount,  used  in  Clare  Morris  work- 
house; The  Lodge,  Westport,  used  in  bridges 
and  general  builder's  work.  Soft  white  Lime- 
stone :  Ballinglen,  this  stone  is  soft  and  tufaceous, 


marly  ;  Bekan,  soft  stone ;  Culleens,  tufaceous, 
may  be  a  recent  deposit ;  Kilbride,  a  saDdy  stone. 
Dark  blue  Limestone  ;  Ballyglass,usedinthepolice 
barrack;  Bilcarra,  used  in  bridges,  the  church,  &c  ; 
Brocagh,  used  in  bridges,  sea  walla,  &c.  ;  New- 
port, used  in  the  town  and  in  sea  walls.  Black 
limestjne  :  Bunnyconnellan,  coarse,  used  in  R.C. 
church;  Cultyburn,  coarse;  Curraghmore,  of  the 
Calp  type,  coarse,  very  large  blocks,  suitable  for 
walling,  but  not  for  "drezsings  ;  Doo  Cdstle  ; 
Farragh,  a  soft,  sandy  stone  used  in  Court  House, 
Westport  ;  Glencoe,  soft,  splintery,  sandy ; 
Jvnockmore  ;  Letterbrick  ;  Moneen,  easily  worked, 
used  in  Castlebar  jail  and  Infantry  barracks  : 
Rockfleet,  sea  walls,  piers,  and  general  building 
at  Newport ;  Sally  Mount,  a  good  building  stone  ; 
Sherdagh,  a  sindy  stone.  The  stone  at  Cong  ii 
generally  shelly,  and  that  at  Moyne  and  Killala 
oolitic.  The  three  limestone  quarries  now  worked 
are  Claremorris,  Miss  .Tulia  Begley  ;  Moyne,  Rev. 
P.  J.  Nolan  ;  and  Mullahorn,  Mr.  J.  R.  Little. 
No  returns  are  made  of  the  workmen  constantly 
employed  in  the  quarries  here  ;  but  there  can 
scarcely  be  half  a  dozen,  showing  that  the  build- 
ing trade  is  in  a  state  of  collapse.  The  Lower 
Carboniferous  Sandstones  between  Foxford  and 
Swinford  are  found  ia  beds  thin  enough 
ti>  be  used  for  roofing  ;  the  sandstone  at 
Meolick  was  extensively  used  in  the  pieis 
and  quay  wall  at  BaUina ;  Carboniferous  sand- 
stones were  used  in  Westport  church,  but  aa 
dry  stones  and  newly-quarried  stones  were  inter- 
mixed, the  shrinking  of  the  latter  caused  many 
uneven  joints  and  settlements.  ' '  Dunmore  slate," 
formerly  raised  in  the  Lower  Carboniferous  Sand- 
stone of  Slievedart,  was  much  used  for  roofing  in 
Castlebar,  BaUinrobe,  Crossmolina,  and  other 
places  ;  it  was  not  a  true  slate.  Old  Red  Sand- 
stone was  quarried  at  Bockagh  ;  Buntrahir ; 
Clcongullane,  used  in  Swinford  Workhouse; 
Cloverfield,  Ballaghadereen,  used  in  Athlone 
Barracks  ;  Curry  ;  Derrynea  ;  Foghill,  Killala  ; 
Glen  Island,  used  in  police  barrack  and  bridges  ; 
Hill  Castlebar ;  Kiltamagh  ;  Lahardane  ;  New- 
port ;  and  Park  Ijuarry,  Castlebar,  used  in  the 
R.C.  church.  The  Silurian  and  Cambrian  rocks 
which  are  metamorphosed  in  most  places,  appear- 
ing now  as  schists,  quartzites,  and  gneiss,  are 
used  for  rough  walling  only  ;  where  they  are  not 
altered,  as  in  the  Erriff  Valley,  massive  grits  and 
sandstones  are  found  in  them,  but  at  present  they 
are  inaccessible.  In  the  Silurians  between  Fox- 
ford  and  Swinford  there  are  huge  flags  split  by 
frost  off  the  parent  mass,  some  of  these  being 
"  as  big  as  the  side  of  a  house."  This  splitting 
of  a  rock  b\  frost  is  taken  advantage  of  in  England 
at  Collyweston  and  Stonesfleld,  "  roofing  slates  " 
being  produced  in  this  way  from  oolitic  lime- 
stones. There  are  several  granite  exposures  in 
this  county  ;  but  all  are  in  more  or  less  inaccessible 
places.  The  granites  in  Termon  Hill,  Blacksod 
Bay,  are  silver-grey  and  pink,  grey  and  red,  and 
pink  and  salmon ;  they  are  even-grained,  tike 
a  high  polish,  and  can  be  raised  in  large  blocks 
—that  is,  it  stones  50ft.  by  10ft.  by  10ft.  can  be 
called  large.  There  is  a  massive  crystalline 
Felsitic  Granite  in  the  cliffs  between  Annagh  and 
Erris  Heads,  capable  of  being  raised  in  lar^e 
blocks,  which  would  make  a  handsome  building 
stone.  Two  miles  north  of  Castlebar  there  is  a 
long  narrow  belt  of  Green  Ophyte,  and  in  Croagh 
Patrick,  between  Louisburgh  and  Newport,  there 
is  a  broad  tract  of  Ophyte  and  Steatite  which 
varies  in  colour,  from  greenish  black  to  green  of 
various  shades  and  purple  ;  the  latter  sometimes 
streaked.  In  no  part  of  Ireland  is  there  such  an 
abundance  of  ice-botne  blocks  as  in  this  county, 
to  the  north  of  Slieve  Gramph  and  Pontoon 
granite  hills,  blocks  of  enormous  size  cover 
acres  of  hill  and  dale.  Near  Carrowmore  there  is 
a  granite  boulder  which  weighs  over  415  tons, 
and  it  is  six  miles  from  any  granite  !»  situ. 
There  is  a  peculiarity  in  the  upper  beds  of  the 
Farm  Quarry  Stone,  Westport— the  joints  are  all 
"•lazed  with  a  film  of  quartz.  As  the  stones  are 
thin,  it  would  be  possible  so  to  select  them  for 
walling  that  a  perfectly  vertical  wall  could  be 
raised  without  labour  of  any  kind  in  the  beds, 
and  with  the  face  of  the  work  a  sheet  of  quartz. 
Limestone  is  at  present  the  building  stone  of  this 
county  for  dressed  work,  but  it  is  seldom  required. 
Silurian  slaty  rocks  make  cheaper  rough  walling. 


The  Harbour  Commissioners  of  Anslruther  have 
accepted  the  contract  of  Mr.  Petrie,  Grangemouth, 
amounting  to  £1,300,  to  erect  a  concrete  wall 
against  the  west  pier,  in  order  to  improve  and 
deepen  the  harbour. 


May  6,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


651 


THE    SAVOY    HOTEL. 

THE  additions  to  the  Savoy  Hotel,  extending 
the  buildings  to  the  Strand,  are  now  all  but 
completed.  The  extension  absorbs  not  only  all 
that  was  left  of  the  site  of  the  palace  which  the 
Duke  of  Savoy  built,  in  1248,  but  also  many  side 
streets,  including  Beaufort-buildings,  Worcester 
House,  and  the  Old  Cider  Cellars.  The  additions, 
though  nominally  to  the  hotel  are,  except  in  the 
case  of  about  sixty  rooms,  really  independent 
Hals  and  chambers  which  may  be  taken  at  an 
annual  rent,  and  which  can  be  entered  without 
passing  into  the  hotel,  while  the  ground  lloora 
will  be  occupied  as  shops  and  business  premises. 
Though  the  grtattr  part  of  the  building  has  been 
thus  utilised,  advantage  has  been  taken  of  the 
(Jccasion  to  make  extensive  alterations  and  ad- 
ditions to  the  hotel  itself.  The  building  is  now 
approached  by  a  40ft.  roadway,  terminating  in  a 
glass-covered  courtyard  and  a  new  grand  entrance 
hall.  Beyond  the  entrance  hall  and  down  a  llight 
of  marble  steps  are  the  vestibule  and  1he  grand 
foyer.  Another  new  feature  will  be  the  I'arisian 
Cafo,  entered  from  the  courtyard,  and  on  the 
same  level  as  the  Strand.  Mr.  T.  E.  Collcutt  is 
the  architect  of  the  new  building,  and  he  has 
adopted  a  free  treatment  of  the  early  Georgian 
period,  and  has  utilised  glazed  Carrara  terracotta, 
supplied  by  Messrs.  Uoulton  and  Co.,  for  the  ex- 
terior and  the  bridge  over  the  courtyard.  Intern- 
ally, the  style  of  the  Brothers  Adam  has  been 
adopted  in  the  suites,  and  in  the  other  parts  of  the 
building  the  periods  of  the  Fretch  Renaissance 
have  been  utilised.  Much  cf  the  design  of  the 
interior  has  been  supplied  by  Mr.  Stanley  Hamp, 
a  former  pupil  and  now  partner  of  Mr.  Collcutt, 
while  Mr.  Bertram  Pegram  has  designed  the 
friezes  which  adorn  the  cafo  and  the  entrance 
halls.  Messrs.  Oillow  and  Co.  carried  out  the 
extension  to  the  restaurant,  and  the  woodwork  in 
the  entrance  hall.  The  "  Otis  "  Electric  Elerator 
installation  in  the  hotel  extensions  is  probably 
the  largest  electric  elevator  installation — both  in 
point  of  number  and  capacity — in  any  hotel- 
buildings  in  this  country.  Tbe  electric  elevator 
service  (apart  from  the  powerful  Otis  hydraulic 
elevator  installation  in  the  old  hotel  block)  will 
comprise  seven  electric  passenger  elevators,  four 
freight  elevators,  and  ten  service  elevators.  All 
of  the  elevators  are  magnetically  controlled  ;  the 
passenger  and  freight  elevators  from  or  only; 
the  service  elevators  from  kitchen  or  main  dis- 
tributing floor.  The  hotel  has  been  fitted  with 
Messrs.  Dixon  and  Corbitt  and  R.  S.  Newall  and 
Co.'s  system  of  lighuing  conductors. 

The  drainage  and  plumbing  system  has  been 
carried  out  by  Jlessrs.  Doulton  and  Co.,  Lambeth, 
under  the  direction  of,  and  according  to  the  plans 
of,  Mr.  J.  11.  Anderson,  A.M.I.C.E.,  M.LM.E., 
engineer  to  the  London  Sanitary  Protection  Asso- 
ciation. Some  one  hundred  and  twenty  or  more 
plumbers  have  been,  and  are  still  engaged,  and 
the  cost  of  labour  alone,  up  to  date,  has  exceeded 
£6,000.  Had  it  not  been  for  limited  workshop 
accommodation,  there  being  so  many  trades  at 
work  in  the  building  at.  the  same  time,  all  re- 
quiring space,  a  still  greater  number  would  have 
been  engaged.  However,  never  before  have  so 
many  plumbers  been  employed  within  one  build- 
ing. With  fittings  and  appliances,  which  are  of 
a  very  elaborate,  and  in  some  cases  of  unique 
patterns,  it  is  estimated  that  something  like 
£2.5,000  will  be  spent. 

The  whole  of  the  underground  drainage  is  of 
heavy  cast  iron,  the  greater  part  being  visible, 
and  being  on  basement  walls,  or  suspended  btluw 
concrete  floors,  with  iron  inspection  manholes, 
and  access  doors,  wiih  bolted  covers  wherever 
necessary,  the  whole  of  the  latter  being  specially 
designed  and  cast  to  suit  the  peculiar  wants  of  the 
case. 

The  soil  and  ventilating  pipes  are  all  of  101b. 
hydraulic  drawn  lead,  and  in  view  of  the  height 
of  the  building,  precaution  has  been  taken  to 
make  the  main  anti-sijhonage  pipes  .'iin.  internal 
diameter. 

The  whole  of  the  main  wastes  for  baths  and 
lavatories  are  of  Sin.  galvanised  wrought  iron 
tubinsf  of  steam  quality,  and  each  branch  waste, 
as  well  as  each  main  waste,  is  provided  with  a 
special  form  of  gunmetal  expansion  joint,  truly 
machined  and  titled,  to  guard  against  fracture 
following  expansion,  and  contraction,  through- 
the  use  of  hot  water.  All  disconnected  wastes  are 
al-o  providi^d  with  adequate  and  ofhciont  ventila- 
tors, which  instead  of  being  carried  out  through 
external  walls,  under  or  near  window  openings, 
as  is  often  the  case,  are  taken  up  above  roof  lino 
by  means  of  special  main  ventilating  pipes.    The 


hotel  has  its  own  water  supply  from  a  newly  sunk 
artesian  boxing  and  storing  capacity  equal  to 
50,000  gallons  is  provided  on  the  roof  by  means  of 
a  series  of  tanks  ccupled  up  to  form  one  couiplete 
reservoir. 

The  arrangement  of  water  service  pipes  is  most 
complete,  provision  being  made  for  shutting  off 
every  fitting  sirgly,  or  any  particular  floor  or 
lavatory  apartment.  Metera  are  also  introduced 
on  many  of  the  water  service  mains  to  register 
consumption  in  the  several  departments  of  the 
building. 

Some  details  of  the  sanitary  fittings  -nill  bo  of 
interest.  The  baths  are  (f  cast  iron,  whi'e 
vitreous  enamel  inside  and  out,  with  a  wide 
rolled  edge  and  solid  base  ;  the  front  and  side  are 
extended  to  the  wall  so  that  there  is  no  possibility 
of  dirt  accumulating  under  or  behind  the  bath. 
The  fittings  are  cf  a  screw-down  pattern,  with 
removable  standing  waste,  those  supplied  to 
valves  being  exposed,  the  whole  of  the  arrange- 
ment being  plated.  A  special  feature  is  the 
shower,  one  being  provided  with  each  bath,  and 
actuated  by  a  Doulton's  patent  mixing-valve. 
The  v.alve  gives  water  at  any  required  temperature, 
but  it  is  so  manufactured  that  hot  water  cannot 
be  turned  on  first.  To  prevent  splashing  a 
hinged  glass  door  is  fixed  with  each  bath,  it  is 
turned  to  the  wall  when  shower  is  not  required, 
and  drawn  round  and  held  in  position  by  a  spring 
bolt  when  required.  The  lavatories  are  in 
polished  statuary  marble,  both  rectangular 
and  angle  with  ISin.  skirting  and  an  Sin. 
frieze,  and  supported  on  shaped  whi'e-metallegs. 
The  basins  are  large,  and  fitted  with  removable 
Waverley  waste.  The  valves  are  lever-handled, 
to  work  with  a  quarter-turn.  Plated  fittings  for 
sponge,  soap,  tumbler,  &c.,  are  fixed  to  the 
skirting.  In  the  public  rooms,  both  for  ladies 
and  gentlemen,  these  lavatories  are  fixed  in 
ranges,  and  in  the  gentlemen's  retiring  rooms 
Doulton's  "Aldwych"  pattern  urinals  are  fitted 
with  white  fireclay  back,  statuary  marble  divi- 
sions, and  gunmetal  hinged  gratings  over  the 
channel.  For  the  staff,  spray  baths  are  also  sup- 
plied, and  the  same  thought  for  comfort  may  be 
seen  in  all  arrangements,  including  special  closets 
for  the  use  of  foreign  servants.  All  the  lavatories 
are  supplied  with  quarter -turn  quick-filling 
valves,  and  llin.  full- way  quick  discharge  valves. 
Mure  than  12  miles  of  lead  pipe  weighing  200 
tons,  and  20  of  lead  tacks  for  same,  13  tons  of 
solder,  1,200  stop-cocks,  6,000ft.  of  iron  pipe, 
also  150  or  more  baths,  lavatories,  and  closets. 
Messrs.  Doulton  were  selected  for  the  work  out  of 
a  number  of  competing  firms  estimating  on  a 
schedule  of  quantities. 


CHIPS. 

It  has  been  definitely  decided  to  restore  the 
chancel  of  the  fine  old  church  at  Wensley,  near 
Leyburn,  at  an  estimated  coat  of  £800.  The  work 
has  been  placed  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  C.  Hodgson 
Fowler,  F.S.A.,  of  Durham. 

The  construction  of  the  Marine  Drive  at  Scar- 
borough on  the  principle  of  placing  bags  of  cement 
for  foundation,  instead  of  excavating  and  laying 
blocks  of  concrete,  will  now  be  proceeded  with  at 
each  end  of  the  work,  and  it  is  thus  hoped  to  facili- 
tate the  completion  of  the  undertaking.  The  laying 
of  bags  of  cement  was  commenced  at  the  south  end 
last  year,  and  much  more  work  was  done  than  under 
the  old  system. 

On  Saturday  the  foundation-stone  of  a  new 
mission  church  was  laid  at  Usworth  Colliery,  on  a 
site  given  by  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart,  M.P.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  Charleswood,  of  Newcastle.  The 
building  will  have  a  nave  48ft.  by  28ft.,  a  chancel 
20ft.  by  19ft.,  and  a  vestry  24ft.  by  18ft.,  and  will 
be  faced  with  red  bricks. 

Professor  William  K.  Ware  has  been  retained  as 
professional  adviser  of  the  conference  committee  on 
the  United  Engineering  Building,  to  bo  erected  in 
New  Yotk.  He  has  probably  served  in  such  a 
capacity  in  more  competitions  than  any  two  men  in 
the  United  States,  and  may  ho  regarded  as  the 
originator  of  the  nlan  of  limited  competitions  which 
is  now  ofhcially  recognised  by  the  American  Insti- 
tute of  Architects. 

Mr.  John  Insley,  of  Portland-road,  Aldridge, 
Walsall,  builder,  who  died  ou  March  18  last,  left 
estate  valued  at  £.),1G1  lOs.  Jd.  gross,  with  not 
personalty  .tlif'.l  ',)s.  ;!d. 

The  Lambeth  Borough  Council  have  received  a 
letter  from  Lady  Tate,  widow  of  Sir   Henry   Tate, 
stating  that  she  had   purchased   the    Brixton  Oval 
and  would  lay  it  out  at  her  own  expense  as  ail  open  | 
space  to   be  called   the   "Tate    Library  Harden."  j 
The  land  is  in  front  of  the  library  given  to  Brixton  : 
by  Sir  Henry  I'ate.  i 


BOOKS     RECEIVED. 

Biiilihi-s'  Quantities.  By  Hf.uheut  C.  Gbuhh, 
Lectureron  (iuantities  to  the  Beckenham  Technical 
Institute,  &c.,with  numerous  diagrams.  (London  : 
Methuen  and  Co.,  36,  Essex-street,  W.C.) — As  a 
handbook  to  assist  students  preparing  for  ex- 
amination in  buildeis'  quantities,  held  by  the 
City  and  Guilds  of  London  Institute,  Mr.  Grubb's 
volume  will  be  found  to  contain  all  necessary  in- 
struction. The  examples  given  in  the  various 
trades  are  simple,  but  sufjicient  to  explain  the 
methods  of  measuring  the  work,  abstracting,  and 
bringing  into  bill  form.  The  three  processes  are 
(dearly  set  forth.  Rules  for  measuring  areas  and 
solids  aie  usefully  prefaced  with  worked-out  ex- 
amples. The  modes  of  measurement  ar#  explained 
in  the  various  trades  by  the  aid  of  simple  ex- 
amples illustrated  by  diagrams  and  calculations, 
as  they  are  entered  in  the  measuring  book. 
Thus  the  best  method  of  taking  the  length 
of  walls,  trenches,  and  concrete,  is  to  collect 
in  "waste"  the  external  length  of  wal's, 
and  deduct  four  times  their  thickness.  The 
example  of  taking  off  excavation  and  con- 
crete as  the  dimensions  are  put  into  the  book  gives 
a  bet'er  notion  of  the  process  than  mere  de- 
scription, and  this  is  followed  in  each  trade.  The 
method  of  taking  brickwork  appears  to  he  care- 
fully explained.  Thus  in  deducting  door  open- 
ings two  items  are  to  be  put  down  if 
there  is  a  reveal  in  a  wall  I j  bricks  in  thick- 
ness. Thus,  if  the  opening  is  3ft.  by  "ft. 
the  first  item  will  be  3ft.  by  7ft.  dedt.  half- 
brick  wall  (external),  and  another  item  3ft. 
5in.  by  7ft.  3in.  for  the  internal  opening 
— that  is,  25in.  wider  on  each  side  and  3in. 
higher  to  allow  for  frame  of  door.  The  latter 
would  be  entered  3ft.  Sin.  by  7ft.  3in.,  dedt. 
one-brick  wall  (internal  opening).  Windows 
with  solid  frames  are  taken  the  same,  but  if  for 
dcuble  hung  sashes  and  cased  frames  4jin.  is  to 
be  added  each  side  for  the  internal  deduction.  The 
method  of  taking  angle  chimneys  (measured  solid), 
deducting  openings,  also  facing",  cuttings,  arches, 
&c.,  are  all  described  and  illustrated.  An  example 
of  taking  ofi  a  room  built  in  stock  brickwork,  with 
red  facings  to  front,  is  given  with  pLn  and 
section,  in  which  the  dimensions,  squaring  of 
same,  description  and  "waste"  of  every  item  is 
shown  ;  also  an  example  of  chimney-stack.  The 
measurement  of  masonry,  another  important 
trade,  is  described  in  some  detail ;  and  the 
"labours"  to  stonework,  and  the  terms  "half- 
sawing,"  "beds  and  juiLts,"  "plain  work," 
"sunk,"  and  "moulded"  work  are  explained — 
one  of  the  obstacles  in  learning  stonework.  Thus 
the  term  "  half-sawing"  applies  to  each  cut  face 
of  one  saw-cut  which  produces  two  stones  from  a, 
block;  and  a  "bed"  is  made  by  the  junction 
of  two  stones.  Each  face  in  contact  would  be  a 
"  half -bed,"  and  two  half-bfds  make,  of  coin-se,  a 
whole  bed.  York  stone,  marble,  and  granite  are 
separatelyconsidered.  The  trades  of  "Carpenter,'' 
".loiner,"  and  "Ironmonger"  are  fully  dealt 
with,  and  examples  given  ot  taking  oft  a  tru-sed 
partition,  a  roof  ;  of  measuring  and  entering  floor 
skirting,  ie,  door,  and  finishing,  window  frame 
and  sashes,  and  casements.  The  measuring  of 
plumbers'  work  is  also  fully  described,  and  ex- 
amples given  of  taking  off  a  lead  flat ;  also  of 
internal  plumbing,  including  closets,  baths,  and 
sinks.  Electric  lighting  is  briefly  explained,  and 
the  hot- water  engineer  is  explained  by  an  example 
of  taking-oft.  Squaring  dimensions,  abstracting 
with  examples,  billing,  also  with  an  example  ot  a 
bi'l  of  quantities  in  complete  form,  arc  each 
described  at  tho  end,  fo  that  the  student  may,  by 
following  the  instructions  and  examples,  be  able 
to  take  oft  the  quantities  of  any  building  ot 
ordinary  kind.  The  Appendix  B  contains  the 
questions  set  by  the  City  and  Guilds  of  London 
Institute  for  this  subject.  The  tedious  and  com- 
plex operation  ot  taking  out  quantities  has  been 
simplified  by  this  work. 


Mr.  E.  F.  W.  Wilkinson,  apsistaiit  director  of 
public  woiks  of  the  (Sold  Coast  Colony,  has  taken 
over  the  duties  of  resident  engineer  of  water  in- 
vestigations in  the  colony. 

Among  tho  recent  purchases  for  Glasgow  Cor- 
poration Museum  and  Art  Giilleries  arc  the  follow- 
ing :— "  The  Burial  at  Sea,"  liy  Frank  Brangwyr, 
A.U.A..  £180;  "  Sheltero^l  fmm  the  Sioriny  Sea,  ' 
by  H.  \V.  Allan,  £420  ;  "  Du.  ks,"  l\v  Frane  Grattel, 
170;  "October  in  tho  Vene'inn  Cinipagiis,"  by 
Professor  Guglielmo  Ciardi,  £70;  "Kirly  Summer 
on  tho  Seine,"  by  R.  Macaulay  Stevenson,  £i:in; 
and  "  The  Lady  with  the  Gloves,"  by  Leandro  U. 
(iarrido,  £100. 


652 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


Ma^  6,  1904. 


OBITUARY. 

The  remains  of  Mr.  E.  J.  Oliver,  formerly 
borough  surveyor  cf  Bodmin,  were  interred  on 
Thursday  in  last  week  in  the  Nonconformist 
Cemetery  of  that  town.  Deceased,  who  was  84 
years  of  age,  relinquished  his  appointment  about 
two  years  ago,  after  nearly  twenty  years' 
service,  the  council  retaining  him  as  consulting 
surveyor.  During  his  term  of  office  practically 
the  whole  town  was  laid  with  brick  footpaths.  In 
recent  years  he  was  responsible  for  the  construc- 
tion of  the  new  cattle  market.  He  also  planned 
and  supervised  the  laying-out  of  the  Eobartes 
Garden.  He  was  the  architect  of  the  Lady 
Huntingdon's  Chapel,  the  Consolidated  Bank, 
and  several  Board  schools  in  North  Cornwall. 

Mil.  Ethax  R.  Cukxev,  carver,  who  recently 
died  at  Brookline,  Mass.,  was  an  inventor  of 
some  note.  For  twenty  years  he  was  master 
mechanic  at  the  Norway  Ironworks  in  Boston, 
and  while  there  devised  and  patented  many 
vdluable  pieces  of  machinerj-.  Four  years  ago 
he  invented  a  lathe  for  the  purpose  of  turning  the 
large  granite  columns  required  for  the  cathedral 
of  St.  John  the  Divine  now  in  course  of  erection 
in  New  York.  The  columns  were  COft.  long  and 
eft.  in  diameter,  in  one  piece.  The  lathe  weighed 
140  tons,  and  was  the  largest  ever  built  foi 
turning  granite. 


CHIPS. 

The  Bittersea  Borough  Council    have  approved 
designs  for  housing  people  on  the  land  adjoining  [ 
the  town  hall  on  Lavender  HUl.     The  designs  are  ' 
based  upon  the  dwelhngs  on  the  Latchmere  estate, 
but  difler  from  them  in  that  gables  are  to  be  pro- 
vided to  the  houses,  and  they  are   to  have  larger  I 
frontages,  larger  rooms,  &<:.    A  space  80ft.  by  40ft. 
has  been  left  on  the  land  as  a  site  for  a  milk  depot. 
The  scheme  provides  tor  the  erection  of  14  houses, 
each  containing  two  three-roomed  tenements,  and 
four  houses,  each  containing  two  two-roomed  tene- 
ments,   thus    accommodating     30     families.    The 
capital  outlay  is  £10,414,  and  the  estimated  rent 
will  be  .€753  18s. 

The  corporation  depot  power  station  and  refuse 
d'struotor,  erected  in  Westminster-street,  Norwich, 
from  plans  by  the  city  engineer,  Mr.  Arthur  Collins, 
were  formally  inspscted  by  the  city  council  on 
Thursday  in  last  week.  The  works  have  cost 
£11,000. 

Bafore  the  members  of  the  Society  of  Designers, 
msating  at  Clifford's  Inn  Hall,  Mr.  Starkie  Gardner, 
F.S.A.,  delivered  an  address  on  Tuesday  on  "  Lead 
Architecture." 

The  conversion  of  Nos.  7,  8,  9,  10,  and  11,  South 
Side,  Glipham  Common,  S.W.,  from  residential  to 
shop  property  which  has  recently  been  complete! 
for  the  owners,  has  been  carried  out  from  the 
designs  and  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  T.  E. 
L'iiard  James,  F.R  I.B.A.,  of  Lincoln's  Inn-fields ; 
the  builders  being  Messrs.  J.  Girrett  and  Son. 

The  extensions  to  the  workhouse  infirmary, 
"Walsall,  are  being  warmed  and  ventilated  by 
means  of  Shorland's  patent  Manchester  stoves  with 
descending  smoke  flues,  those  previously  supplied 
having  proved  very  satisfactory. 

The  library  and  baths  committee  of  the  urban 
district  council  of  St.  Annes-on-Sea  have  passed  a 
resolution  that  Mr.  J.  D.  Harker  be  appointed,  in 
conjunction  with  Mr.  Court,  to  design  and  carry 
out  the  proposed  public  baths. 

The  level  crossing  at  The  Crescent,  Peterborough, 
i3  about  to  be  abolished  by  the  Great  Northern 
Riilway  Company,  who  propose  to  make  a  new 
highway  bridge  over  both  G.N.R.  and  M.R.  hnes 
and  the  G.N.R.  approach.  The  outlay  with  pur- 
chase of  property  involved,  is  estimated  at  £70,000, 
towards  which  the  city  is  asked  for  a  contribution. 

The  Local  Government  Board  will  hold  an  inquiry 
in  the  town-hall,  Blackpool,  on  Wednesday  next, 
respecting  the  corporation's  appeal  for  sanction  to 
borrow  £17, '295  for  street  improvements,  and  £695 
for  the  extension  of  Withnell-road,  Osborne-road, 
and  Balmoral  -  road  from  Simpson  -  street  to  the 
Promenade, 

The  village  church  of  Thurlestone,  Devon,  was 
reopened,  on  April  28,  by  the  Bishop  of  Exeter, 
after  restoration  from  plans  by  Mr.  G.  H.  Fellowes 
Prynne,  F.R.I.B.A.,  of  London,  at  a  cost  of  £2,500. 
The  chancel  roof  has  been  decorated  by  the  addition 
of  carved  oak  representations  of  angels  bearing 
musical  instruments,  of  the  emblems  of  Faith,  Hope, 
Charity,  and  the  Holy  Eucharist,  and  of  bosses 
bearing  the  symbols  of  the  Passion.  New  roofs, 
floors,  and  windows  have  had  to  be  pat  in,  and  the 
south  and  east  walls  have  had  to  be  practically 
rebuilt.  The  special  gifts  include  a  stained-glass 
east  window  and  carved  oik  pulpit,  parclose  screen, 
choir  stalls,  and  faldstool. 


ISuilbins  Wdlistntt 
— •-** — 

Derhv. — The  new  corporation  public  baths  in 
Reginald-street,  built  at  a  cost  of  £24,000,  were 
opened  by  the  Mayor  on  Thursday  in  last  week. 
On   the   ground    floor    are   entrance   hall,  large 
^  swimming-bath   with    two   retiring   rooms,  &c., 
I  Turkish  baths,  three  women's  first  class  and  four 
'  second   class    slipptr    baths    with    waiting    and 
attendant's   rooms,  five  men's   first  class  slipper 
baths,  twelve   men's   second   class  slipper  baths, 
1  two  hot  air  wash  baths  with   waiting  and  atten- 
dant's  rooms,    matron's   room,   superintendent's 
room,  pay  office,  and  coffee  bar.      The  first  and 
;  second   floors     consist    of    the    superintendent's 
I  private  apartments,  stores  for  towels,  &c.     In  the 
basement  are  situated  laundry,  drying  rooms,  ic. 
I  The  front  is  buUt  of  sand  bricks,  with  Matlock 
j  stone  dressings,  the  centre  gable  being  flanked  by 
two  lead-covered  domes.      The  sides  and  rear  are 
i  faced  with  seconds  pressed  bricks,  and  the  roofs 
are  covered  with  led  tiles.      Internally  the  walls 
of  the  swimming  tank  are  built  of  blue  bricks  in 
cement,  and  the   bottom   of   concrete,  the  whole 
covered  with  asphalte  and  lined  with  ivory  white 
;  glazed  bricks    with    pattern    in   mazarine   blue 
majolica  bricks.     The  tank  is  100ft.  long  by  30lt. 
wide,  and  is  3ft.  Sin.  deep  at  the  shallow  end  and 
Oft.  9in.  at  the  other.  The  walls  of  the  swimming 
hall  have  a  dado  of   salt-glazed  bricks  4ft.  (Jin. 
high  with  green   stringcourses,   above  which  are 
buff  facing  bricks   with   patterns   in  buff  glazed 
bricks   and   arches   in   orange   red   rubbers.      A 
balcony  which  runs  round  two  sides  and  one  end 
of  the  hall  over  the  dressing  boxes  is  supported 
by  cast-iron  columns.      The   roof,    supported  by 
steel  trusses,  has  a  continuous  and  wide  lantern 
light  the  full  length,  with  fanlights   and  patent 
glazing.      There  are  64  ordinary  dressing  boxes 
and   four   extra   large   ones.      The   walls  of  the 
rooms  in  the  Turkish  baths  are  of  patent  vitreous 
green  terracotta,    finished   with   a   dado  of  white 
marble  and  rouge  marble  skirting  and  dado.    The 
ce'Iings  have  teak  framing,  with  opal  glass  panels. 
The  contractor  for  the  whole  of  the  building  work 
is   Jlr.    Henry    Chattle,    Empress-road,   Derby. 
The    sub-contractors    included  : — Mosaic   floors, 
J.    and    H.    Patteson,    Manchester  ;    paniuetry 
floors,   H.  Bassant,  London  ;  clocks,  John  Smith 
and  Son,   Oueen-street,    Derby ;  iron  staircases, 
Hayward    Bros,    and    Eckstein,    London.     The 
work   has  been  carried  out  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  John  Ward,  M.Inst.C.E.,  borough  sur- 
veyor and  waterworks  engineer,   Derby,  assisted 
by  Mr.  AViddows,  his  architectural  assistant,  and 
Mr.  Gardner,  his  clerk  of  works. 

Islington. — On  Saturday  afternoon  the  re- 
stored church  of  St.  Mary,  Islington,  was  re- 
opened, and  the  Bishop  of  London  consecrated 
the  new  chancel.  The  church  was  closed  some 
eighteen  months  ago.  During  this  period  some 
700  coHins  containing  human  remains  have  been 
removed  from  the  crypt,  a  chancel  has  been  added 
to  the  east  end,  a  new  portico  front  constructed 
at  the  west  entrance,  the  spire  and  walls  restored, 
the  galleries  set  back  some  ISin.,  new  vestries 
constructed  in  the  crypt,  the  old-fashioned  three- 
decker  pulpit  modernised,  and  the  whole  church 
reseated.  The  north  and  south  side  lobbies  have 
been  formed  of  material  from  St.  Jlichael  Bissi- 
shaw,  and  here  the  finely-carved  Corinthian 
pilasters  and  capitals  will  be  preserved.  Some 
ancient  brasses,  dating  from  the  16th  century, 
which  were  discovered  in  the  church,  have  been 
set  up,  together  with  the  ancient  memorials.  The 
total  cost  of  the  new  chancel  and  the  rebuilding 
and  new  organ  amounts  to  £14,000,  of  which 
£1,200  remains  unpaid.  Mr.  Charles  Blomfield 
was  the  architect,  and  Mr.  F.  J.  Dove  the  builder. 

Liverpool.— In  the  Zirciyool  Diocesan  Gazette 
the  Bishop  gives  some  information  about  the 
present  activity  in  church-building  in  his  diocese. 
Dr.  Chavasse  notes  that  on  Easter  Even  the  new 
church  of  the  Good  Shepherd  was  opened  inCarr- 
lane.  West  Derby.  This  was  the  gift  of  an 
anonymous  donor  in  memory  of  a  Liverpool 
citizen.  On  June  11  the  new  church  of  St. 
Andrew,  Lmacre,  will  be  opened.  Its  con- 
stituency will  be  cut  out  of  the  parish  of  St. 
Philip,  Liiherland,  which  in  a  few  years  has 
grown  from  a  village  of  1 ,500  people  to  a  rapidly- 
increasing  town  of  17,000.  The  population 
assigned  to  St.  Andrew's  will  soon  grow  to 
10,000,  and  then  a  new  church  will  be  needed 
at  Orrell.  In  July  the  new  building  at  New- 
church  win  be  opened  to  take  the  place  of  the 
church  destroyed  by  fire  in  April,  1903.     Three 


new  churches  at  Piatt  Bridge,  near  Wigan,  at 
!  Skelmersdale,  and  at  Holy  Trinity,  Southport, 
are  nearly  finished,  and  will  be  consecrated  either 
this  year  or  early  in  1905.  Plans  are  being  pre- 
pared to  rebuild  St.  Nathaniel,  Windsor,  recently 
destroyed  by  fire.  A  commanding  site  has  been 
!  obtained  for  Emmanuel  Church,  Fazakerly, 
towards  the  building  of  which  a  sum  of  £3,000 
is  already  promised.  At  St.  Mary,  Widnes,  a 
congregation  of  working  people  have  raised  . 
£1,000  in  order  to  substitute  for  their  present 
church,  which  is  small  and  dilapidated,  a  more 
spacious  building.  Besides  the  churches,  four 
new  or  enlarged  parish  halls  have  been  opened 
during  the  year. 

JIanc'hester. — The  foundation  stone  of  the 
new  headquarters  for  the  L-incashire  and  Cheshh-e 
Band  of  Hope  Temperance  T'nion  in  Deansgate, 
Manchester,  will  be  laid  to-morrow  (Saturday) 
by  the  Lord  Mayor  of  Manchester.  The  new 
building  will  have  frontages  to  Bootle-street  and 
Deansgate,  and  will  cover  an  area  of  369  square 
yards.  It  will  be  five  stories  high,  including  the 
basement,  constructed  in  brick  faced  with  terra- 
cotta, and  wiU  be  suitably  decorated.  At  the  top 
of  the  building  will  be  a  meeting-hall,  approached 
by  a  staircase  and  lift,  capable  of  accommodating 
at  least  500  persons  ;  below  that  will  be  a  suite  of 
oflices  for  carrying  on  the  extensive  work  of  the 
Union,  with  a  boardroom ;  on  the  ground  floor 
will  be  the  publishing  department  of  the  Union, 
and  shops  to  be  let,  and  in  the  basement  a 
restaurant.  The  cost  will  be  £15,000.  Messrs. 
Charles  Heathcote  and  Sons,  of  Manchester,  are 
the  ai-chitects  of  the  building,  which  was  illus- 
trated in  our  issue  of  August  28,  1903. 

NEWc.iSTLE-ON-TYXE. — The  foundation-stone 
of  the  west  front  of  the  Durham  College  of 
Science,  Newcastle,  henceforward  to  be  known  as 
the  Armstrong  College  of  Science,  was  Lid  on 
Monday  by  Mr.  Thomas  George  (iibson.  This 
front,  which  faces  the  Leazes,  will  complete  the 
group  of  college  buildings  originally  designed  by 
the  late  Mr.  Robert  J.  Johnson,  F.S.A.,  of  New- 
castle. Its  cost  has  been  provided  out  of  a  fund 
raised  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  the  first  Lird 
.■Armstrong,  founder  of  the  Elswick  ordnance, 
shipbuilding,  and  engineering  works.  The 
extenoion  was  designed  by  Mr.  W.  U.  Enowlee, 
F.S.A.,  and  the  contract,  amounting  to  £50,000, 
is  being  carried  out  by  Mr.  T.  Lumsden,  builder, 
with  Mr.  ^\^  Boocock  as  clerk  of  works.  The 
extension  includes  the  principal  wing  and  eleva- 
tion, about  100yds.  in  length,  towards  the  Leazes, 
and  a  large  examination  hall  and  lecture-room, 
70ft.  by  50ft.,  overlooking  the  quadrangle.  The 
buildings  are  to  be  four  stories  in  height,  and 
include  the  central  tower  120ft.  to  the  parapet, 
which  incloses  the  main  entrance,  opening  into 
a  haU  2;Ut.  in  width.  The  new  work  is  designed 
to  agree  in  style  with  the  present  structure,  but 
is  necessarily  varied  in  detail  and  general  treat- 
ment on  account  of  the  larger  scale  of  the 
proposed  block. 

Sheffield. — A  new  council  school  at  Ran- 
moor,  built  by  the  S'aeffield  city  council,  was 
opened  on  Tuesday.  The  new  school  is  one  of 
many  which  Messrs.  Holmes  and  Watson,  archi- 
tects, Sheffield,  have  designed  for  the  Sheffield 
Eiucational -Authority.  When  the  whole  school 
is  completed,  it  will  consist  of  eleven  classrooms, 
but  at  present  only  eight  are  built.  The  entrances 
to  all  three  depirtments  are  from  Fulwood-road. 
There  is  a  central  hall,  but  at  present  it  is  divided 
by  a  fixed  screen  glazed  with  plate  glass,  so  as  to 
make  two  large  classrooms.  One  of  the  class- 
rooms his  been  fitted  up  as  a  cooking-room  for 
the  girls.  The  buildings  externally  are  faced 
with  rookies  from  the  Bole  Hill  quarries,  and  the 
ashlar  from  Matlock.  The  schools  are  heated  on 
the  low-pressure  system.  There  are  asphalted 
playgrounds,  separate  ones  being  provided  for 
boys  and  girls,  and  also  covered  playsheds  for 
each  sex.  A  caretaker's  house,  with  separate 
yard  and  outbuildings,  is  provided  near  the 
Fulwood-road.  The  contractors  were  Jlessrs. 
Wilkinson  and  Sons,  of  Guernsey-road,  Heeley, 
Sheffield. 

Swindon.— Dr.  Burton,  Bishop  of  Clifton,  liid 
on  Tuesday  the  foundation-stone  of  the  new 
Roman  Catholic  Church  of  the  Holy  Rood,  and 
also  opened  the  new  presbytery  erected  at  the  west 
end  of  the  site  in  Groundwell-road.  For  the 
whole  scheme  of  church  and  presbytery  £5.500 
will  be  needed,  of  which  £5,000  is  in  hand.  The 
building  is  a  cruciform  one  ;  it  is  in  the  Decor.Ued 
style,  and  while  rei  brick  is  being  used  for  the 
greater  part  of  the  work,  the  exterior  walls  .are 


May  G,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


653 


flint ;  while  for  door  entrances,  window  openings, 
and  the  1  ke,  dressings  of  Corshum  stone  are 
provided.  The  church  is  designed  to  seat  500 
persons.  Jlr.  K.  Doran  Webb,  F.S.A.,  of  Salis- 
bary,  is  the  architect,  and  Jlr.  Sidney  Bell,  of 
.\ndover,  contractor. 

TiiiKLEsTuNi:.— The  interesting  old  church  at 
Thurlestone  was  reopened  after  restoration  on 
April  28.  Portions  of  the  present  church  were 
built  in  the  13th  century,  probably  upon  the  site  of 
a  still  older  church,  for  it  has  a  fine  Xormau  font  of 
red  sandstone.  In  the  beginning  of  the  1.5th 
century,  probably  in  the  year  1-107,  a  Lady  chapel 
was  thrown  out,  and  subsequently  an  ai^Ie,  and 
in  the  IGth  century  a  porch  was  added,  and  later 
still  a  vestry.  The  church  during  the  early  part 
of  last  century  went  through  some  damaging 
restoration  and  repairs,  which  have  had  in  a 
great  measure  to  be  undone  in  the  present 
restoration.  The  architect,  ilr.  Geo.  H.  Fellowes 
I'rynne,  when  consulted  in  1900,  found  the 
church  to  te  in  a  deplorable  condition,  necessi- 
tating the  rebuilding  of  certain  portions,  and 
new  roof  in  nave  and  aisle.  Kvery  bit  of  old 
stone  or  woodwork  that  it  was  possible  to  retain 
has  been  replaced,  and  the  main  characteristics 
of  Devonshire  churches  have  been  carefully 
adhered  to.  The  work  has  been  executed  by  Mr. 
(i.  II.  Andrews,  builder,  of  Iwbridge,  at  a  cost 
of  about  .£2,.300. 

Tkeshliax.— The  Church  of  Holy  Trinity, 
Tresillian,  was  consecrated  on  llonday.  The 
building  was  originally  a  chapel-of-ease  entirely 
under  one  roof,  and  has  been  altered  into  a  com- 
pact village  church  of  unique  design  by  the  addi- 
tion of  a  new  chancel,  soulh  aisle,  and  vestry. 
The"  west  end  has  also  been  rebuilt  and  a 
tractried  window  inserted,  the  gable  has  been 
raised,  and  a  fresh  elevation  obtained  facing  the 
main  road  by  means  of  massive  buttresses,  which, 
carried  up  from  the  ground  level,  are  grouped 
together  by  arches,  upon  which  a  turret  has  been 
raised  in  which  three  bells,  weighing  about  half 
a  ton  each,  have  been  hung.  The  exterior  walls 
have  teen  built  with  Ladock  stone  and  quoins  of 
Xewham  stone.  The  traceried  windows  throutrh- 
out  are  also  in  Newham  stone,  together  with  the 
whole  of  the  exterior  dressed  stonework,  whilst 
the  interior  has  been  executed  with  stone  from 
the  Bath  quarries.  To  form  the  new  south  aisle 
an  arcade  of  moulded  cnlumns  and  arches  has 
taken  the  place  of  the  former  south  wall.  The 
roofs  of  the  chancel  and  south  aisle  are  of  open 
construction,  with  heavily  framed  pine  timbers, 
boarded  on  the  backs  of  the  rafters,  and  with 
moulded  cornices.  A  moulded  stone  arc?i  has 
been  inserted  at  the  entrance  to  the  chancel. 
The  floors  in  the  church  under  the  seating  are  of 
wood  blocks  laid  in  herring-bone  pattern  with 
the  passes  of  red  Staffordshire  tiles,  the  chancel 
floors  being  of  small  buff  tiles  in  herring-bone 
pattern,  and  tho  altar  steps  of  Portland  stone. 
The  pulpit,  which,  like  the  bells  and  font,  has 
been  brought  from  the  old  church  at  Slerther,  is 
of  the  Jacobean  period.  The  architect  was  Mr. 
W.  p.  CarOe,  of  London,  and  the  work  has  been 
carried  out  by  Messrs.  Dart  and  Francis,  of 
Crediton. 

West  Deuhv.— The  public  baths  in  Lister 
Drive,  erected  by  the  Liverpool  Corporation, 
were  opened  on  Tuesday.  The  style  of  archi- 
tecture is  Free  Renaissance.  The  building  has  a 
red  stone  base,  the  superstructure  being  faced 
with  red  pressed  bricks,  having  white  stone 
dressings.  The  back  elevations  are  faced  with 
wire-cut  bricks,  with  stone  dressings.  The 
establishment  was  designed  by  and  constructed 
under  the  supervision  of  the  baths  engineer  and 
chief  superintendent,  Mr.  W.  R.  Court,  who  had 
the  corporation  surveyor,  Mr.  Thomas  Shelmer- 
dine,  associated  with  him  in  the  external  archi- 
tectural treatment  of  the  building.  Mr.  Isaac 
Dilworth,  of  Wavertree,  executed  the  building 
contract,  and  Jlessrs.  Thomas  Bradford  and  Co. 
the  engineering  contract. 


After  a  year  s  work  of  construction  the  opening 
of  the  hrat  instalment  of  municipal  electric  tram- 
ways in  Leicester  is  about  to  take  place.  The  car- 
sheds  and  the  power-station  are  almost  completed, 
and  a  trial  trip  has  been  made  by  the  tramway 
committee. 

The  Bombay  Port  Trust  hivo  let  tho  contract  for 
their  new  docks  at  Mody  B_iy,  near  Bombay,  to  the 
well-known  Enghsh  firm  of  railway  and  dock  con- 
tractors, Messrs.  Price,  Wills,  and  Kaeves,  of  West- 
minster and  Miinchester.  The  docks  are  estimated 
to  cost  considerably  over  £1,000,000. 


IiSaAL  INTELI.IQEIfOB. 

I1110KTA.VT  Decision-  as  to  Antient  Lioin.s. — 
Colls  v.  Home  axd  Coloxial  Stores,  Lti>. — The 
Lord  Chancellor,  and  Lords   Macnaghten,  Davey, 
Robertson,  and   Lindley,  sitting   in  the  Ilouse  of 
Lords  on  Monday,  gave  judgment  in   the  appeal, 
"Colls  v.  Home  and   Colonial   .Stores  (Limited)," 
from  a  decision  of  the  Court  of  Appeal.    The  action 
was  one  relating  to  ancient  lights.    The  question  at 
issue  was  whether    the  owner  of    such   lights  is 
entitled  to  the  whole  amount  of  light  which  ever 
reached   his  windows  or,   to  use  the   language  of 
Lord  Justice  .Tames  in  1S71  in  the  case  of  *'  Kelk  v. 
Pearson,"  only  such  an    amount   as    is    sufHcient 
'*  according  to  the  ordinary  notions  of  mankind." 
Mr.     Justice     Joyce,     before     whom     the     action 
originally  came,  held  the  latter  view,  but  the  Court  of 
Appeal  (Lords  Justices  Vaughan,  Williams,  Homer, 
and   Cozens-Hardy)   reversed    his  decision.     Their 
Lordships  now  unanimously  reversed  the  finding  of 
Court  of  Appeal  and  restored  the  judgment  of  Mr. 
Justice  Joyce,  with  costs.     The  action  was  brought 
by  the  Home  and  Colonial  Stores  against  Mr.  Colls, 
a  builder,  to  restrain  him  from  erecting  a  building 
in  Worship-street,   Finsbury,  in  such  a  way  as  to 
obstruct    their    ancient    lights.      The   building    in 
question  was  opposite  the  premises  of  the  respondent 
company,  and  was  erected  on  the  site  of  the  old 
buildings  which   had   been  palled  down.    It  was 
propoeed  to  erect  it  to  the  height  of  i2lt.,  the  old 
buildings  it  replaced  being  19ft.  Uin,  in  height.    The 
company    complained    that     the    erection     would 
seriously  darken  and  obstruct  their  ancient  lights. 
To  that  the  appellant  replied  that  the  amount  of 
light  which  would  be  left  would  be  sufficient  for  the 
use  of  the  company's  premises  for  ordinary  trade. 
The    question,    therefore,     was    whether    a    mere 
diminution  of  light  gave  the  party  affected  a  right  to 
an  injunction  or  merely  a  right  to  damages.     Mr. 
Justice  Joyce  held  that,  although  the  new  building 
would  deprive  the  company  of  a  substantial  amount 
of  light,  causing  them  real  damage,  yet  that  enough 
light   would   be    left    for    the    ordinary    purposes 
of  the  occupancy  of  the  premises  as  a  place  of  busi- 
ness, and  as  its  selling  and  letting  value  would  not 
be  affected,  the  company  were  not  entitled  to  an  in- 
junction.     The    Court    of     Appeal    reversed    this 
judgment,  and  ordered  the  appellant  to  pull  down 
the  buildings  which  obstruct  the  company's  ancient 
lights,    but   suspended  the  mandatory  part  of   the 
order  so  that  an  appeal  might  be  made  to  the  Ilouse 
of  Lords.  The  Lord  Chancellor,  in  giving  judgment, 
said  in  this  case  Mr.  Justice  Joyce  gave  judgment 
for  the  defendant,  upon  the  ground  that  the  plain- 
tiffs   had    failed    to    prove  any  actionable  wroug, 
although  he  found  that  the  erection  of  the  buildings 
of  which  the  plaintiffs  complained  had  appreciably 
diminished  the  light  which  the  plaintiffs  had  pre- 
viously enjoyed.     The  Court  of  Appeal,  as  he  under- 
stood its  judgment,  thought  this  was  wrong,  and 
ordered  a  mandatory  injunction  to  pull  the  premises 
down,  so  as  to  restore  all  the  light  that  had  been 
previously  enjoyed.    He  did  not  think  that  the  exact 
question  which  was  now  in  debate  had  ever  been 
brought  before  this  House  until  now.     The  question 
might  be  very  simply  stated  thus  : — After  an  enjoy- 
ment of  light  for  20  years,  or,  if  the  question  arose 
before  the  Act,  for  such  a  period  as  would  justify 
the  presumption  of  a  lost  grant,  would  the  owner  of 
the  tenement  in  respect  of  which  such  enjoyment 
had  been  possessed  be  entitled  to  all  the  light  with- 
out any  diminution  whatsoever  at  the  end  of  such  a 
a  period  ':'    If  that  were  the  law  it  would  be  very 
far-reaching  in    its  consequences,  and   the  appli- 
cation    of     it    to     its     strict     logical     conclusion 
would    render     it    almost    impossible    for    towns 
to  grow,  and  would  formidably  restrict  the  rights 
of    people     to     utilise    their    own    land.      Strictly 
applied  it  would  undoubtedly  prevent  many  build- 
ings   which    had    hitherto    been   admitted    to    be 
too  far  removed  from  others  to  be  actionable,  but  if 
the  broad  proposition  which  underlay  the  judgment 
of    the   Court  of   Appeal  were   true,  it  was  not  a 
question  of  4.)',  but  any  appreciable  diminution  of 
light  which  had  been  enjoyed  (that  was  to  say,  had 
existed  uninterruptedly  for  twenty  years)   consti- 
tuted a  right   of   action,  and  gave  a  right  to  the 
proprietor  of  a  tenement  that  had  had  this  enjoy- 
ment to  prevent  his  neighbour  building  on  his  own 
land,     lie   did  not  think  that  was  the   law.     The 
arguments   seemed   to   him    to   rest  upon   a    false 
analogy  as  though  the  access  to  an  enjoyment  of 
light  constituted  a  sort  of  proprietory  right  in  the 
light   itself.      Light,    like    air,    was    the    common 
property  of  all,  or,  to  speak  more  accurately,  it  was 
the  common  right  of  all  to  enjoy  it,  but  it  was  the 
exclusive  proiierty  of  none.    If  the  same  proposition 
against  which  he  was  protesting  could   he  main- 
tained in  respect  of  air,  the  progressive  building  of 
any  town  would  be  impossible.     The  access  of  air 
was  undoubtedly  interfered  with  by  the  buildings 
which  were  being  built  every  day  round  fjondon. 
The  diiTerence  Iwtween  the  town  and  country  was 
very  appreciable  to   the  dweller  in  cities  when  he 
went  to  the  open  country  or  to  the  top  of  a  mountain 
or  even  a  small  hill  in  the  country ;   liut  would  the 
possessor  for  twenty  years  of  a  house  on  the  edge  of 
a  town  be  at  liberty  to  restrain  his  neighbour  from 
building  near  him  because  ho  had  enjoyed  the  full 


access  of  air  without  buildings  near  him  for  twenty 
years?  Xo.  Nodoubt thi8wa8anextremecaEe,butit 
was  oneof  the  extreme  casts  which  tried  the  principle. 
The  truth  was  that,  though  there  were  objections 
to  asking  a  jury  whether  the  enjoyment  l"!is  ■jiiali-- 
was  such  that  they  might  presume  a  lost  grant 
when  nobody  supposed  that  such  a  grant  was  ever 
really  made,  yet  it  gave  the  opportunity  of  con- 
sidering what  was  the  extent  of  the  supposed 
grant ;  and  if  auytliing  so  extreme  as  he  had  just 
supposed  were  claimed,  no  jury  within  their  senses 
would  have  affirmed  such  a  grant.  The  statute 
upon  which  reliance  w.%s  placed  in  this  case  illus- 
trated the  danger  of  attempting  to  put  a  principle 
of  law  into  the  iron  framework  of  a  statute.  The 
statute,  literally  construed  by  the  use  of  the  word* 
"  the  light,"  would  mean  all  the  light  which  for  20 
years  had  existed  in  the  surrounding  of  the  tene- 
ment which  had  enjoyed  it.  Vet  singularly  enough 
there  had  been  a  complete  uniformity  of  decision 
upon  the  construction  of  the  statute  that  it  had 
made  no  difference  on  the  right  conferred,  but  was 
only  concerned  with  the  mode  of  proof;  but 
though  he  quite  concurred  with  this  construction, 
which  was  supported  by  an  overwhelming  body 
of  authority,  yet  he  could  not  but  think  the 
language  of  the  statute  had  led  to  seme  of  the 
decisions  which  their  Lordships  were  now  called 
upon  to  review.  He  thought  that  the  whole 
subject  had  been  confused  by  certain  decisions 
which  were  dependent  on  the  facts  proved, 
and  were  incautiously  reported  as  laying  down 
principles  of  law  when  they  were,  in  his  view,  only 
intended  to  be  findings  of  facta  in  that  particular 
case.  At  all  events,  he  was  prepared  to  hold  that 
the  test  given  by  Lord  Hardwicke  was  the  true 
one,  and  he  did  not  think  a  better  example  could 
be  found  than  the  present  case  to  show  to  what 
extravagant  results  the  other  theory  leads.  The 
owner  of  a  tenement  of  one  side  of  a  street  40ft. 
wide  sought  to  restrain  his  opposite  neighbour  frtm 
erecting  a  room  which,  when  erected,  would  not 
then  be  of  the  same  height  as  the  honse  belonging 
to  the  complaining  neighbour,  and  the  only  plausible 
ground  on  which  the  complaint  rested  was  that  on 
the  ground  floor  he  had  a  room  not  built  in  the 
ordinary  way  of  rooms  in  an  ordinary  dwelling- 
house,  but  built  so  that  one  long  room  went  through 
the  whole  width  of  the  house  to  a  back  wall,  which 
had,  however,  no  window  at  the  back  or  sides,  ana 
which  was,  therefore,  at  the  back  of  it  too  dark  for 
some  purposes  without  the  use  of  artificial  light, 
even  before  the  building  on  the  other  side  of  th9 
street  was  erected.  He  thought  that  no  tribunal 
ought  to  find,  as  a  fact,  that  the  building  was  a 
nuisance,  and  altogether  apart  from  the  inappro- 
priatenees  of  the  remedy  by  injunction,  he  was  of 
opinion  that  the  plaintiffs  had  no  cause  of  action 
against  the  defendant.  The  test  of  their  right 
was,  he  thought,  whether  the  obstruction  complained 
of  was  a  nuisance,  and  as  it  appeared  to  him,  the 
value  of  a  test  made  the  amount  of  right  acquired 
depend  upon  the  surroundings  and  circumstances 
of  light  coming  from  other  sources,  as  well  as 
the  question  of  the  proximity  of  the  premises  com- 
plained of.  What  might  be  called  the  uncer- 
tainty of  the  test  might  also  be  describad  as  its 
elasticity.  A  dweller  in  towns  could  not  expect  to 
have  as  pure  air,  as  free  from  smoke,  smell,  and 
noise,  as  it  he  lived  in  the  country  and  distant  from 
other  dwellings,  and  yet  an  excess  of  smoke,  smell, 
and  noise  might  give  a  cause  of  action  ;  but  in  each 
of  such  cases  it  became  a  question  of  degree,  and 
whether  in  each  case  it  amounted  to  a  nuisance 
which  would  give  a  right  of  action.  He  had  not 
thought  it  necessary  to  enter  into  a  discussion  of 
the  authorities,  l>ecau8e  he  thought  it  had  t>een  most 
carefully  and  accurately  done  by  Mr.  Justico 
Wright  in  *' Warren  and  Brown."  Of  course,  it 
must  he  taken  that  the  foundation  of  this  judgment 
rested  upon  the  finding  ot  fact  by  Mr.  Justice  Joyce, 
that  the  buildings  of  the  defendant  had  not  fo 
materially  interfered  with  the  hght  previously 
enjoyed  by  the  plaintiffs  as  to  amount  to  a  nuisance. 
It  followed  that  in  his  judgment  the  case  was 
rightly  decided,  and  ought  to  have  been  affirmed 
by  the  Court  of  Appeal.  It  was,  however,  reversed 
in  accordance  with  the  same  views  which  guided 
that  court  in  the  case  now  under  review.  For  the 
reasons  he  had  given  he  moved  their  Lordships  that 
the  judgment  of  the  Court  of  Appeal  be  reversed 
and  the  judgment  of  Mr.  Justice  Joyce  restored, 
and  that  the  respondents  do  pay  to  the  appellant  the 
costs  both  in  that  House  and  the  Courts  below.  Lord 
Macnaghten,  P-ivey,  Kofjertson,  and  Lindley,  who 
delivered  long  and  elaborate  judgments,  came  to 
the  same  conclusion.  The  appeal  was  accordingly 
allowed. 

In  Re  C.  B.  RonEKXS. — At  the  Wandsworth 
Bankruptcy-court,  on  Friday,  a  sitting  was  held  for 
tlie  public  examination  of  Charles  Barber  Roberts 
(trading  as  Charles  B.  Roberts  and  Co.),  Totter- 
down  Fields  Estate,  Tooting  and  RsdhUl,  builder 
and  contractor.  The  debtor's  statement  of  affairs 
showed  liabilities  £27,124,  of  which  £12, Soli  is  ex- 
pected to  tank  for  dividend ;  and  net  assets 
estimated  to  produce  £10,5i;2,  leaving  a  deficiency 
of  £2,273.  It  appeared  tliat  the  debtor,  havine 
begun  business  at  Redhill   in    1001  with  a  capital 


G54 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  6,  1904. 


o!  £2,000,  entered  into   a   contract  in  Noyeniber, 
1901,  to  build  for  the  London  County  Council  ^/O 
model  dwellinga  for  a  sum  of  £00,000,  on  the  Totter- 
down  estate,  at  Tooting.     These  dwellings  appear 
to  have  been  practically  completed  by  him.     la  a 
supplemental  contract  he  agreed  to  erect  a  lurtber 
•'0  lor  £7,100,  and  he  estimates  that  it  will  cost  £250 
to  complete  this  contract.     In  D scomber,  1903,  he 
entered  into  a  iurther  contract  with  the  council  for 
the  erection  of  114  model  dwellings  for  £120,000, 
and  when  this  contract  had  been  signed  he  moved 
the  whole  of  his  effects  on  the  Totterdown  estate  to 
that  part  of  the  land  upon  which  he  was  to  erect 
the    last-mentioned    dwellings.     These  effects  are 
claimed  by  the  London  County  Council  until  the 
contract  has  been  completed.     In  examination  by 
Mr.  Acheson,  assistant  official  receiver,  the  debtor 
said  that  his  real  name  was   Daniel  Roberts,  but 
that  fourteen  years  ago    he  adopted  the  names  ot 
Charles  Barber.     He  admitted  about  twenty  years 
ago  having  made  a  deed  of  arrangement  with  his 
creditors  when  trading  at  Leicester,  under  which  he 
believed  158.  or  17s.  6d.  in  the  pound  was  paid.     He 
denied  the  suggestion  that    this  circumstance  had 
anything  to  f>o  with  his  altering  his  Christian  name. 
The  OffiL-ial  Receiver  observed  that  it  was  a  some- 
what serious  m^itter,  as  important  questions  had  to 
arise  in  connection  with  the    unlioished  contracts 
with  the  London    County    Council.     The  Official 
Receiver  adiled  that  Mr.  A.  C.  Bourner,  the  trustee, 
had  only  recently  been  appointed,  and  had  not  yet 
taken  over  the  estate  ;  therefore  he  applied  for  an 
adioumment  of  the  examination,  and  the  Registrar 
ordered  the  case  to  stand  for  the  first  Court  in  June. 


In  Re  W.  W.  Feeeman,  Chester.— At  the 
Chester  Bankruptcy-court  last  week,  before  Mr. 
Registrar  Giles,  William  Wilson  Freeman,  residing 
at  13,  Lome-street,  and  carrying  on  business  at  33, 
George- street,  Chester,  as  builder  and  contractor, 
attended  for  his  puhlic  examination  in  bankruptcy. 
Debtor's  statemnnt  of  affairs  showed  liabilities  ex- 
pected to  rank,  £12,818,  assets  estimated  to  produce 
£431  Os.  101.,  leaving  a  deficiency  of  £12,386  lOs.  8d. 
Debtor  said  he  commenced  business  in  ISSO,  prior 
to  which  date  he  was  manager  (or  Mr.  Thomas 
Hughes,  of  Aldford.  for  a  period  ot  nearly  20  years. 
He  started  business  on  his  own  account  with  a 
capital  of  £000.     The  examination  was  closed. 

The  Late  .School  Board  for  Southami'tos  and 
TUEiE  Archithct.— With  reference  to  the  claim 
against  the  Southampton  Corporation,  as  the  educa-  ; 
tion  authority,  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Blizzard,  architect  to 
the  late  School  Board,  for  services  rendered,  it  was 
stated  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  corporation  that 
the  town  clerk  reported  to  the  education  committte 
that  he  had  received  the  writ  of  summons  claiming 
£561  lOs.,  and  had  duly  entered  appearance 
thereto ;  that  he  had  had  a  consultation  with 
counsel  (Mr.  J.  Alderson  Foote,  K.C.,  and  Mr. 
Temple-Cooke),  who  had  settled  the  defence  of  the 
corporation.  The  education  committee  decided  to 
recommend  the  council  that  a  cheque  for  .£262  lOi. 
he  drawn  and  paid  into  Court  with  a  denial  of 
liability.  The  report  was  adopted  after  some  dis- 
cussion by  37  votes  to  7. 

What   is   a   Tenement    Factory?— Brass  v. 
London  Cou.vty    Council.— Judgment   his  been 
given  by  the  Lord  Chief  Justice,  Mr.  Justice  Wills, 
and  Mr.  Justice  Kc?nnedy  in  this  special  case  stated 
by  an  arbitrator  lor  the  opinion  of  the  Court  as  to 
whether  certain  premises    of  which  William  Brass 
was  the  owner  was  a  tenement  factory  within  the 
meaning  of  the  Factory  and  Workshop  Act,  1901.  ] 
On  June  3,  1902,  the  London  County  Council  served 
upon  Brass,  the  owner  of  premises  No.  31a,  Old- 
street,  and  No.  90,  Gos well-road,  Finsbury,  a  notice 
which,  after   reciting    that  those  premises  were  a 
tenement  factory  within  the  meaning  of  the  Factory 
and  Workshop  Act,  1901,  aud  that  by  section  14  of 
the  Act  it  was  provided  that  the  whole  of  a  tene- 
ment factory  should ,  for  the  purposes  of  that  section, 
be  deemed  to  be  one  factory,  and  that  more  than  40 
persons  were  employed    in    such    factory,  and  re- 
quiring Brass  to  provide    the    building  with  such 
means  of  escape  in  case  ot  fire  for  persona  employed 
therein  as  could  reasonably  Yie  required  under  the  ^ 
circumstances  of  the  case.     A  difference  of  opmion 
having  arisen    between    the    parties  under  section  1 
14  (2),  the  matter  was  referred  to  arbitration,  uader 
section  14  (3;.     At  the  arbitration  it  was  submitted  [ 
on  behalf  of  Brass  that   the  premises  in  question 
were  not  a  tenement  factory  within  the  definition  ] 
in  section  149  ot  the  Act,  aud  thereupon  the  umpire 
consented  to  stats  a  case    for    the  opinion  of  the 
Court.     The  premises  consisted  of  three  floors  and 
a    basement    under    part    ot    the    ground    floor, 
and   were   occupied    in    part    by    a  paper-cutting 
company,  in  pirt  by  manufacturers  of  wood  and 
cardboard  boxes,  and  as  to  the  rest  by  the  owner, 
Mr.  Brass,  as  a  building  store.     The  part  occupied 
by  the  paper-cutting  company,  which  had  no  com- 
munication with  the  rest  of  the  premises,  was  fitted 
with  some  30  cutting  machines  all  driven  by  a  gas- 
engine  lielonging  to  the    paper-cutting  company, 
and  on  the  part  of  the  premises  occupied  by  them. 
Twelve  males  and  thirteen  females  were  employed 
on  that  part  of  the  premises.     On  the  part  occupied 
by    the    box    manufacturers  were   several  cutting 


machines  driven  by  a  steam-engine  in  the  basement 
of  that  part  of  the  premises  belonging  to  the  manu- 
facturers.    Some  140  persons  were  employed  on  that  | 
part  of  the  prem'ses.     The  part  of    the  premises 
occupied  by  Mr.  Brass  was  used  only  as  a  builder  s 
store,  and  no  mechanical  power  was  used  thereon. 
On  these  facts  it  was  contended  on  behalf  of  Mr. 
Brass  that  the  premises  were  not  a  tenement  factory, 
and    that    the    County  Council    had  no  power  to 
require  him  to  carry  out  the  measures  specified  in 
their  notice.— Mr.  Macmorran,  K.C.,  for  Mr.  Brass, 
submitted  that  the  premises  did  not  come  within  the 
definition  of  a  tenement  factory,  as  upon  the  true  inter- 
pretation of  that  definition  it  was  necessary  that  me- 
chanical power  should  be  supplied  to  the  different  parts 
of  the  building  from  one  source.    He  contended  that 
the  case  was  covered  by  the  judgment  of  Mr.  Justice 
Buckley  in  "  Toller  v.  Spiers  and  Pond,  Ltd."     He 
also  referred  to  "  London  County  Council  v.  Brass  ' 
and    "London   County   Council   v.    Lewis."      Mr. 
'  Horace    Avory,    K.C.,  for    the    London    County 
Council,  contended  that  the  provisions  in  question 
I  had  been   introduced  by   the   Legislature  vvith  the 
I  express     purpose     of     meeting    the     decision     in 
'  "  London   County   Council   v.    Brass."     The   con- 
struction   put    upon  the  section    by    Mr.    Justice 
:  Buckley,  was  a  possible  construction,  but  he  con- 
j  tended  that  an  equally  reasonable  construction  could 
i  be  put  on  the  section  which  would  bring  the  case  in 
question  within  the  provision  of  the  Act  as  intended 
I  by  the  Legislature.     The  definition  did  not  mean 
that  the   motive  power   must   be  supplied   from  a 
common  source.     It  covered  a  case  such  as  the 
present  where  there  were  two  factories  in  one  build- 
ing, each   using  and  supplying  their  own  motive 
power.— The    Lord    Chief    Justice,     in    delivering 
judgment,    said  that   he   was  of  opinion  that  the 
collection  of  buildings  in  question  was  not  a  tene- 
ment   factory.       The    case    had    given    him  great 
difficulty  in  coming  to  a  decision,  because  whichever 
view  one  took  one  was  met  with  difficulties.    Look- 
ing at  the  language  ot  the  section,  he  was  bound  to 
say  that  the  language  was  not  sufficiently  plain  to 
enable  the  Court  to  say  that  the  facts  found  in  the 
present   case    brought   that   case    within    the  pro- 
vision  of    section    14.      The    language    of   section 
14,    subsection  7,    did    not    help    very   materially, 
because    that   involved   the    difficulty    which  they 
had   to    solve  — namely.    What    was    a  tenement 
factory  Y     It  seemed  to  him  that  the  framers  of  the 
Act  saw  that  it  was  necessary  to  put  some  other 
restriction  when  bringing  tenement  factories  within 
section  14,  and  that  they  thought  that  some  other 
test  than   the  test  of  mechanical  power  should  be 
employed.      He  thought    that  the   Legislature,  in 
defining  "tenement  factory,"  had  in  their  minds 
the   ordinary   case    of    several   small   factories  re- 
ceiving their  mechanical  power  from  some  common 
source.     In  his  opinion,  in  order  to  bring  a  building 
within  the  definition  ot  a  tenement  factory,  it  was 
necessary  that  mechanical  power  should  be  supplied 
to   different    parts    of    the    building    occupied   by 
different  persons  from  one  source.      He  was,  there- 
fore, of  opinion  that  there  was  not  such  a  supply  of 
mechanical  power  as  would  bring  the  premises  in 
question  within  the  definition  of  a  tenement  factory 
or  within  the  provisions  of  section  14  of  the  Act. 
The  question  must,  therefore,  be  answered  in  favour 
of  Mr.  Brass.     Mr.  Justice  Wills  and  Mr.  Justice 
Kennedy  concurred. 


Manchester  Assizes  on  Friday,  an  action  of  soma 
interest  to  rating  authorities  was  brought  by  the 
Denton  Urban  District   Council  against  the  Ivev. 
Patrick  Joyner,  Roman  Catholic  priest,  m  charge 
of  the  mission  chapel  at  Denton.     The  action  was 
to   recover  the  sum  of   £73   Us.  5d.,  the  cost  ot 
making  up  a  road  apportioned  to  the  defendant  by 
the  plaintiffs'  surveyor   under   the  Private  Street 
Works  Act,  1S92.    The  main   question  in  dispute 
was  whether  or  not  the  defendant  was  the  proper 
person  to   proceed    against  ;    the   defence  set  up 
bein-r  that  he  was  not.    The  property  in  respect 
ot    which    the    apportionment;  was    made   was   a 
piece    of    land     on    which     were    a    presbytery 
and    schools,    part    of    a    site    on    which    stands 
the  Roman  Catholic  Mission  Church.    The  front- 
age   of    the    church    itself     was    not    taken    luto 
account    in     the    apportionment.     The    definition 
of  the  owner  of  land  liable  to  be  charged  under  the 
Act  referred  to  is  given  in  the  Public  Health  Act 
1878.    Mr.  Rhodes  said  that  Father  Joyner  received 
all  money  incoming  in  connection  with  the  church 
and  schools,  and  lived  in  the  presbytery  rent  free. 
If  there  had  been  any  rent  on  the  vacant  land  he 
would  have  received  it.     Dr.   Thomas  argued  that 
the  only  persons  who  would  be  entitled  to  receive 
rent  for    the    land,    if  it  were   let,  would  be  the 
trustees.     There  never  had    been   a  single  shilbng 
received  by  the   priest  in    the  way  of   rent.     Ihe 
judge  said  that  the  defendant  was  simply  placed  at 
the  mission  to  carry  on  the  work.     He  neither  paid 
nor  received  rent ;  his  position  was  simply  that  ot 
amissioner.     tU  therefore  gave  judgment  for  the 
defendant,  remarking  that    no    cases    of    judicial 
decisions  on  the  point  had  been  quoted    and  that 
this  was  a  decision  on  first  impressions.     He  granted 
stay  of  execution. 


In  re  S.  Knight,  F.R  I.B.A.,  Architect.- The 
public  examination  of  Simuel  Knight,  architect  and 
surveyor,  late  ot  7,  Downe-terrace,  Richmond,  and 
Temple  Chambers,  E.G.,  took  place  at  the  London 
Bankruptcy  Court  on  Friday,  before  the  Registrar. 
The  statement  of  affairs  filed  by  the  debtor  disclosed 
gross    liabilities    amounting  to    .£7,G49   59.  2d.,  of 
which  £3,666  10s.  7d.  was  expected  to  rank  against 
the  estate  for  dividend.     The  assets  were  estimated 
to  produce   £1,626  15s.  5d.     Ddhtor  stated  that  in 
1891  he  took  into  partnership  a  Mr.  Parkinson,  who 
had  now  filed  a  petition  against  him.     Mr.  Parkin- 
,  son  put  £500  into  the  business  as  premium,  and  he 
1  also  found   £50  as  working  capital.     Witness  put 
I  £100  into  the   business  as  capital.    They  carried 
I  on    business    as    Knight    and   Parkinson.      Under 
1  the  deed  of  partnership  Mr.  Parkinson  was  to  have 
£200  oer  annum,  and  after  he  had  been  paid  that, 
'  debtor  was  to  draw  up  to  £400   per   annum.     If 
anything  was  made  over  and  above  that  sum,  the  ^ 
'  profits    were    to    he    divided    between    them.     In 
i  February,    1903.    a     dispute     arose     between  the 
I  partners  as   to  the  drawings,  with  the  result  that 
Mr.  Parkinson   left    the    business,    and  took  pro- 
ceedings against  the  debtor  for  the  dissolution  of 
the  partnership  and  the  recovery  of  certain  moneys 
due  to  him.     Since  that  date  debtor  had  carried  on 
the  business  alone.     Mr.  Parkinson's  claim  went  to 
arbitration,  with  the  result  that  in  July,  1903,  he 
was  awarded  £2S0  and  costs,  and  the  dissolution  of 
the  partnership  was  gazetted.  He  alleged  his  failure 
to  have  been  brought  about  by  a  decrease  in  profits, 
inability  to  realise  on  certain  property,  and  interest 
on  borrowed  money  and  law-costs.     He  had  been 
involved  in  building  speculations.     The  examination 
was  ordered  to  be  closed, 

'      Liability  for  Street  Works.- A  New  Point 
Decibed. — Before    Mr.    Justice    Bucknill,   at   the 


CHIPS. 

Mr.  Albert  Havelock  Cise,  M.I.C.E.,  has  been 
appointed  surveyor,  at  a  salary  of  £450,  to  the 
Court  of  Sawers  Commission  of  Dagenham  and 
Havering,  Eisex. 

New  medical  schools  attached  to  the  University 
College,  Dundee,  are  nearing  completion.  'The 
plans  were  originally  drawn  by  the  late  Mr. 
J  Murray  Robertson,  and  completed  by  his 
successor,  Mr.  James  Findlay.  The  architecture  is 
a  mixture  of  Scottish  and  Flemish.  The  total  cost 
will  be  about  £20,000. 

The  statue  of  her  late  Mijesty  Queen  Victoria  in 
Victoria-square,  Bradford,  was  unveiled  by  the  Prince 
and  Princess  of  Wales  on  Wednesday.  The  statue, 
which  is  a  bronze  one,  weighs  about  four  tons,  the 
sculptor  being  Mr.  Alfred  Drury,  A.R.A. 

Presiding  at  St.  Michael's  Church,  Wigan,  on 
Sunday,  the  Bishop  of  Liverpool  stated  that  at 
present  the  contributions  promised  or  paid  to  the 
Cathet'ral  fund  amounted  to  upwards  of  £184,000, 
whilst  in  addition  over  £25,000  had  been  promised 
for  special  gifts  in  connection  with  the  building. 
The  mothers  of  the  diocese  had  expressed  a  wish 
that  the  foundation  stone  should  be  their  off ering, 
and  they  were  now  only  awaiting  the  wdl  of  the 
King  to  fix  the  date  for  thefoundation-stonelaymg. 
They  had  every  hope  that  in  seven  years'  time  the 
first  part  of  the  cathedral  would  be  completed,  and 
that  the  diocese  would  have  the  first  mstalment  of  a 
building  worthy  of  it. 

A  special  meeting  of  the  Pittenweem  Town 
Council  as  Harbour  Commissioners  was  held  on 
Thursday  night  in  last  week.  A  letter  was  sub- 
mitted from  Mr.  James  Scott,  Glenalmond  House, 
Perth,  contractor  for  the  new  harbour  works,  mti- 
mating  his  withdrawal.  The  contract  was  signed 
on  Ddc.  29  last,  and  the  work  was  to  have  been 
finished  twelve  months  from  that  date.  As  no 
start  had  been  made,  the  commissioners  intimated 
that  unless  a  start  was  mide  within  a  week,  the 
contract  would  have  to  be  cancelled:  hence  the 
reply.  A  letter  was  also  read  from  Messrs 
Stevenson,  C.E.,  advising  the  commissioners  to  fall 
back  on  the  next  offerer,  whose  tender  was  £,),544, 
or  £1,000  above  that  of  Mr.  Soott.  After  some 
discussion  it  was  unanimously  agreed  to  advertise 
again  for  offers  for  the  work. 

On  Siturday,  at  Plumstead  Cemetery,  was  un- 
veiled a  monument  erected  to  the  memory  of  nine- 
teen men  who  died  last  year-three  on  February  10 
by  guncotton  explosion,  and  sixteen  on  June  IS  by 
:  an  Explosion  of  lyddite  in  the  Royal  Arsenal.  The 
monument  is  an  obeUsk  151t.  high,  of  Scotch 
granite. 

The  twenty-fifth  anniversary  ot  the  wedding  ot 
Lieutenant-Colonel  William  Gradwell  and  Mrs. 
Gradwell,  of  Barrow-in-Furness,  was  celebrated 
on  Thursday  night  in  last  week,  when  the  employes 
of  the  building  and  timber  merchants'  firm  and  a 
few  guests,  numbering  in  aU  120,  sat  down  to  a 
knife-and-fork  tea  atthe  Lyric  Hall,  Barrow.  Ihe 
event  of  the  evening  was  the  presentation  to 
Lieutenant- Colonel  and  Mrs.  Gradwell  by  the 
'  directors,  employes,  and  business  men  of  Messrs. 
1  Gradwell  and  Co  ,  Ltd.,  of  a  silver  tray  and  solid 
silver  kettle  and  stand. 


o 

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%-- — ' 


The  Building  J", 


The     Formidable       Nautical       School 

Emv^KD    GAOmBL  AiaCMITECT. 


PoaT13HI 


iisiig  j  Mi|liiu^il^  lirt  !1  MAi  ^m^ 

'  N„    „      _        ■■  _„B  'KS^f-     ill)  f    gill 

iiiriii     TiMnnfTii      ■■■'         iii" '      T    !!!w    '  ft      -  'I     - -^ 


rs, May.  6.1904^. 


D 


^ 


Photo  Uthognphcl»^U)t*d  byJtm* «  AkaRM&.6.i^«a  Squuv  • 


The  B^I3-!>ii^g  a- 


I 


;s.May.  6.1904^. 


CHELVOOD   MANOR  SUSSEX 
FOR.  TTHIE  IjADV  1BKA33ET  , 


Pbu'o  Uthjji«plj*il4FhnteityJames  AlreTinAn,6.Qu*eB.S(iuar«.\V  ^" 


May  G,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


655 


CONTENTS. 
♦-•-♦ 

Professional  Work  and  Costs    

Law  of  Light  and  Air 

Pictures  at  the  Royal  Academy.— II 

Architecture  at  the  Itoyai  Academy. — II 

Raskin  and  Architecture     

The  Surveyors'  Institution :  Professional  Examina- 
tions, 10:'4     

The  Pyx  Chapel,  Westminster  Abbey    

Irish  Building  Stones.— XI 

The  Savoy  Hotel    

Books  Received      

Obituary    

Building  Intelligence    

Legal  InteUigence 

The  BijiLDiNQ  News  Directory 

Our  Illustrations    

EngiEeering  Notes 

Competitions    

Professional  and  Trade  Societies     

Corretipondence       

Intercommunication     

Statues,  Memorials,  &o 

ParliimenUxry  Notes    ' 

Our  Office  Table     

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  Week      

TradeNews       

Latest  Prices    

Tenders 

List  of  Competitions  Open 

List  of  Tenders  Open   


613 
641 
644 
646 
617 

618 
649 
619 
651 
651 
6?2 
652 
653 
IX. 
656 
674 
074 


schoolmaster.  M  the  rear  of  this  block  is  to  be  a  Jliwson  in  forming  the  approach  drives  and 
bay  for  sick  boys,  for  which  hereafter  a  separate  gardens.  The  hou-e  is  supplied  with  water  by  a 
cot'age  hospital  will  be  substituted  wh^n  the  spring  in  the  low-lying  ground  about  a  quarter 
necessary  funds  are  available.  The  great  Uoor 
of  the  east  block  is  to  be  devoted  to  school - 
and     classrooms,    library,    and    teachers' 

At    the    extreme    cast    of     this    build- 

the    residence    of     the     captain    supi^r 


of  a  mile  away  ;  it  is  pumped  into  cisterns  in  the 
roof  by  an  oil -engine.  This  work,  together  with 
the  heating  and  the  septic  tanks,  is  being  carried 
out  by  Meesrs.  Matthew  lltU  and  Co.,  London. 
The  electric  lighting  is  being  done  by  the  West- 
minster  I'.ngineering   Co.     The   iron    casements 


room 

room. 

ing    is    ---  .  . 

intendc-nt,  which    will    be    connected    with    the 

main  1 

be  amp 

tain   commTttee-room  on   one   side  of  the  main  Campbell  the  clerk  of  works.     Mr.  A.  N.  Pren- 

entrance,  and  offices  for  the  captain  sup«rinten-  tice  is  the  architect.     Tae  illu%tration  is  from  a. 

dent  on  the  other.     On  the  upper  floors  of  this  drawing    by   the   architect    hung    in  this  year's 

building  there  are  to  be  spare  cabins  for  officers  Academy. 


1  building,  and  from  which  house  there  will  and  leaded  glazing  are  being  suppled  by  Mr. 
nple  supervision  of  the  parade  ground  and  George  Wragge.  Mr.  .Job  Luxford,  of  Forest 
in"- fields.     The  central  building  is  to  con-    Row,  is  the  general  contractor,   and  Mr.  Ddvid 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

HEW  TOWER,  OHCBCH  OF  ST.  .JOHN,  COWLEV,  OXFORD. — 
THE  '*  FORMIDABLE  "  NAUTICAL  SCHOOL,  POETISHEAD. — 
CABTWRIGHT  MESIORIAL  HALL,  BRADFORD.— CHELWOOD 
MANOR,  SUSSEX. — NURSEs'  HOME,  SOUTH  SHIELDS  UNION 
INFIRMARY.  «"™» 


(^xxx  Jllttsttations, 


«»» 


NEW    TOWER,    ST,    JOHX  S   CHUllCH,    COWLEV. 

The  church  at  Cowley,  Oxford,  was  built  some 
years  ago.  The  west  end  has  been  receiitly 
finished  from  the  design  of  Mr.  G.  F.  Bjdley, 
.R.A.,  who  was  ths  architect  to  the  first  part  of 


674  and  any  old  boys  who   may  hereafter  visit  the 

675  institut'on.  Each  large  dormitory  will  have  four 
officers'  cibins,  and  from  inspection  windows  for 
efficient  supervision.  The  floors  of  the  dormitories 
are  to  be  of  solid  balk<  of  timber,  tongued 
together,  and  the  space  will  bo  made  to  resemble 
the  deck  of  a  vessel  as  much  as  possible.  The 
lads  will  sleep  in  hammocks,  as  on  board  ship. 
The  bathrooms  and  lavatories  are  adjoining  the 
dormitories,  but  cut  off  by  mems  of  cross  venti- 
lated lobbies.  Passing  through  the  hall  from  the 
main  entrance,  access  will  be  gained  to  the  gym- 
nasium which  is  at  rear  of  the  central  building. 
The  dimensions  of  the  gymnasium  are  8-lft.  by 
50ft.,  and  20ft.  high  to  the  springing  of  the  roof. 
It  will  be  used  not  only  for  physical  exercise,  but 
also  for  meetings  and  entertainment-",  and  for 
services  when  the  weather  may  prevent  the  boys 
attending  church.  The  buildings  are  to  be 
warmed  by  hot  water  on  the  low  pressure  system. 
Accommodation  will  be  provided  for  from  350  to 
400    boys. 


XUKSKs'   ItOMi;,    SOUTH    SHIELDS    UNION  INriUM.lUV. 

The  above,  which  is  in  course  of  erection,  pro- 
vides accommodation  for  22  nurses  and  two 
servants.  The  building  is  faced  with  Penshaw 
bricks,  the  roofs  are  covered  with  Bingor  slates, 
the  heating  ii  on  the  low-pressure  hot  w.ater 
fystem,  and  the  lighting  ii  by  electricity,  supplied 
from  the  workhouse  plant.  The  contract  amount 
is  about  £1,700,  and  is  being  carried  out  by  Mr. 
John  Moore,  of  Sauth  Shields.  The  architect  is 
Jlr.  J.  H.  Morton,  F.K.I.B.A.,  of  South  Shields, 
who  was  alto  architect  for  the  workhouse  and 
infirmary. 

: •..^ ■ 

CHIPS. 


Messrs.  G.  and  W.  Edwards,  of  Shrewsbury,  have 
commenced  the  preparation  of  the  foundation  for 
the  memorial  to  those  oflicers  and  men  of  the 
Shropshire  Regiment  who  fell  in  South  Africa,  to 
be  erected  on  St.  Chad's-terr..ce,  Shrewsbury.  The 
From   the   pirade-ground  access   is    contract  is  beine  carried  out  under  the  direction  of 


obtained   by   broad   flights   of   steps   to  a   lower  the  borough  surveyor,   Mr.  W.  0.  Eddowes, 

terrace.     The  land  between  this  and  the  Channel  cost  of  the  memorial  will  be  upwards  of  £tiOO. 

is  to  be  laid  out  as  playing-fields.     There  will  xhe  city  surveyor  of  Exeter  has  obtained  from 

also  be  a  jetty  and  boathouse  on  the  foreshore,  tj^enty-seven  towns  with  populations  of  from  40,UO0 

The  contract  for  the  building  will  be  undertaken  {g  00,000  information  relative  to  the  hours  worked 

the  building.     This  west  end  takes  the  form  of    by  Messrs.  W.  Cowlin  and  Sons,  of  Biistol,  and  it  is  by  and  wages  paid  to  the  various  workmen  engaged 

A  low,  broad  tower.     Like  the  remainder  of  the    estimated  that  £30,000  will  be  expended,  but  a  by   the    municipalities.      The    returns    hive   been 

church,  the  design  is  broad,  and  was,  by  request,    good  many  further  additions  will  be  needed,  such  tabulated.     As  a  result   the    city 
kept    very    simple,    and,    indeed,    severe.     The    as   entrance   lodge,    gates   and  fencing,   so   that 
church  is  dedicated  to  St.  John,   and  was  built    probably  more  than  this  amount  will  be  required, 
by  the    Cowley  Brothers.     The   completion   has    and   several  thousands   of  pounds  in  addition  to 
reatly  improved  the  interior.     The  accompany-    the  sum  already  contributed  for  this  purpose. 

CARTWUIGHT    MEMOP.IAL    HALL,     llHAinOUD. 


ing  drawing  is  now  at  the  Royal  Academy  Exhi- 
bition. 

THE    "  FORMIDAHLE  "    N.tUTICAL    SCHOOL, 
rOKTISHEAD. 

The  drawing  which  we  reproduce  is  now  on  view 
at  the  R  lyal  Academy.  The  Nautical  School  for 
Lads  at  Portishead  is  to  take  the  place  of  the 


As  a  result  the  city  council  will  be 
asked  to  raise  the  pay  of  the  drivers  of  steam 
rollers,  carters,    street  sweepers,  and  wheelwrights. 

The  Duke  of  Norfolk  has  given  the  town  council 
of  Aiundel  land  as  a  site  for  an  isolation  hospital, 
and  he  has  now  personally  examined  an  1  approved 
the  plans  which  the  surveyor,  Mr.  E.  Farrington, 
This  notable  building  by  Messrs.  J.  W.  Simpson  i^as  prepared  of  the  buildings.  There  are  to  be  three 
and  Allen  is  illustrated  to-day  from  the  drawing  blocks— the  hospital,  contaming  two  wards  for  four 
now  at  the  Royal  Academy  Exhibition.  We  gave  beds  each  and  the  nurses'  room,  the  administrative 
a  view  of  the  miin  front  and  plan  in  the  Build-  or  caretaker's  block,  and  the  mortuary  and  laundry. 
iNu  News  for  Jan.  4,  1901,*  with  a  description.  The  hospital  will  cost  about  £1,300. 
Last  month  the  building  was  openei  by  Lord  The  Local  Government  Board  will  grant  the 
training-ship  Funiiiildhh-.  The  site  is  situated  at  Jl^sham,  and  on  Wednesday  an  exhibition  of  local  order,  asked  for  by  the  corpor-ition  of  Wigan,  for 
the  end  of  the  N ore  road,  Porti-shead,  and  com-  industries  brought  together  within  its  walis  was  enlarging  the  borough  by  including  the  neighbour- 
prises  15  acres  of  undulating  land  belonging  to  inaugurated  by  "the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales,  ing  towuship  of  Pemberton.  Tttis  wdl 
the  British  Corporation,  which  have  been  secured  Xhe  hall  is  erected  on  a  fine  site  in  Lister 
on  lease  at  a  nominal  rental.  The  ground  is  x>ark  to  the  memory  of  Dr.  Richard  Cartwright, 
particularly  suitable  for  an  institution  wherein  the  inventor  of  the  power-loom.  The  cost  of  the 
are  to  be  reared  boys  intended  afterwards  to  join  buildings  and  their  surroundings  ha^  somewhat 
the  Navy  or  Mercantile  Marine.     The  architect    exceeded    £60.000.      By    the    accumulation     of 

interest,  the  £47,000  which  Lord  Masham  con- 
tributed has  increased  to  over  £50,000,  so  that 
the  ra'epayers  were  onlj'  cal'ed  upon  to  find 
£10,000.  The  marble  statue  of  Dr.  Cartwright 
in  the  reception-hall  was  executed  by  Mr.  H.  C. 
Fehr.  The  sculp'ure  hall  is  4-2ft.  by  34ft.,  in- 
cluding the  apse  seen  in  our  drawing.     The   west 

museum   is   8Sft.   by   2Sft..   and  the  eist    wing    ^^^^^^ 

gallery  is  70£t.  by  2Sft.     The  smaller  rooms  are    JjJe'^ork'tnay'be  put  iuhand'as  early  as  possible, 
29ft.  by  27ft.     The  banqueting-hall  is   Gift,   by 
28ft.     The    tower    is    9Sft.    high.     Bradford    is 
fortunate  in  having  so  excellent  an  institution  so 


is  Mr.  Edward  Gabriel,  of  Old  Broad-street,  E.C. 
The  main  buildings  will  have  a  frontage  of  3S2ft., 
and  will  rise  45ft.  high  from  the  parade  ground, 
the  whole  being  arranged  so  as  to  give  as  much 
light  and  air  as  possible.  Owing  to  the  rapid  fall 
in  the  site  there  will  be  a  basement  extending  the 
whole  length  of  the  building,  and  40ft.  in  width. 
The  space  thus  provided  will  bo  used  as  carpenters', 
tailors',  shoemakers',  and  other  shops,  and  stores, 
laundry,  and  heating  apparatus.  There  are  also 
here  a  band-room  and  instruments'  store. 
The  school  will  have  three  stories  of  brickwork. 


mean   an 

addition  of  over  20,000  inhabitants  to  the  borough, 
and  an  acreage  greater  than  that  of  the  borough 
itself.  The  or.ler,  before  coming  into  operation,  wdl 
have  to  be  submitted  to  Parliament  for  contirmation . 

The  memorial  stone  of  a  large  extension  to 
Leeds  Grammar  School  was  laid  on  Friday  by  the 
Lord  Mayor  of  Leeds.  The  contract  for  the  new 
buildings,  amounting  to  £35,000,  has  been  taken  by 
Messrs.  Beu  Graham  and  Sons. 

Application  has  been  mide  by  the  Lincashire 
County  Council  to  the  Local  Government  Board  for 
leave  to  borrow  £10,7o9  for  the  work  of  recon- 
structing the  Preston  and  Blackpool  miin  roid 
between  Clittou  and  Marton,  ami  it  is  hoped  that 


finished  with  a  facing  of  white  roughcast,  with    admirably  designed  and  Eumptuously  carried  out, 
red  brick   plinth   and   red   brick  ionic   pilasters 


The  Bispham  I'rban  p;3triot  Council  have 
appointed  Mr.  Maxwell  surveyor  in  place  of  the  late 
Mr.  J.  Hall. 


between  the  windows.  The  roof  will  be  cove.-ed 
with  red  Bridgewater  tiles.  Under  the  tower  in 
the  central  budding  is  the  main  entrance,  sur- 
mounted with  carved  figures  of  Neptune  and 
Britannia.  The  tower,  which  is  to  contain  aiiuck 
90ft.  high,  is  finished  with  wood  and  copper  flciiu'. 
The  small  towers  at  the  corner  of  each  main  block 
contain  st  ureases.     The  two  upper  floors  arc  to 


CHEL-WOOll    MAXOU,    SUSSliX. 

Tins  half-timber  mansion,  of  which  we  illustrate 
the  entrance  front,  is  now  nearing  completion, 
and  is  intended  for  a  dower  houfc,  and  is  situated 
about  six  miles  from  Forest  Row,  on  the  border 
of  the  Ashdown  Forest.  Odessa  o.ak  has  been 
used  for  the  outside  timber  woi  k,  with  an  average 
thickness  of  4in.     The    woodwork  is  all  framed 


1  dormitory    and  pinned,  after  the  manner  of  the^  old  timber 
t  in  case  of    houses  to  be  found  in  this  locality.     Tlu  base  of 


be  used  as  dormitories,  and  from  each 

there  will   bo   two  staircises   for   use  ._    .__ 

emergency,  tho  stoiis  of  solid  balks  of  timber,  ,  the  building  is  built  of  local  fandatoiio  in  narrow 
which,  besides  being  fire-resisting,  are  not  so  courses ;  the  chimney  stacks  aro  in  red  brick, 
likely  to  ciuse  chilblains  as  stone  when  trodden  ;  The  hall  is  intern.' sd  to  form  tho  principal  livmg- 
on  by  tho  boys'  naked  feet.  Tho  ontram-es  for  room,  and  is  panelled  in  oak;  the  largo  fireplace, 
the  boys  aro  on  each  side  of  the  central  building,    in   radiating   brick   and    stono,    forms   a  spOL-ial 


Tho  ground  floor  of  the  west  bloi-k  will  be  used 
for  a  messroom  for  tlu?  boys,  oflicers'  messroom, 
with  kitchen,  scullery,  and  storerooms  adjoining. 
At  the  extreme  end  ol  tho  west  block  is  to  bo  the 
chief   officer's   house    and    rooms    for    resident 


feature.     The  site  was  an  entirely  new  one,^  and 
valuable  help  has  been  rendered  by  Mr.  T'.  IL 

•  The  competition  drawings  were  illustrated  alsi  in  our 
pages  for  June  9.  isan,  when  Mr.  Alfred  Watei-house. 
it. A.,  was  the  assessor. 


A  new  council  school  at  Hiworth,  Co.  Durham, 
was  opened  on  Monday.  It  accommodates  330  scholars, 
and  has  cost  I'S.OOO.  It  has  been  erected  from 
designs  prepared  by  Mr.  H.  Miller,  .V.M.I  C.E., 
architect.  Felling,  and  the  contractors  were  Messrs. 
Glen  aud  Moffett,  Jarrow. 

Messrs.  Macartney  and  Co.,  wood-paving  con- 
tractors, were,  in  the  Kinij's  Bench  Division,  on 
Friday,  awarded  by  a  j  iry  £14,021  against  the 
Brighton  Corporation,  for  work  aud  labour  done  in 
counoction  with  the  electric  tramway  scheme  for  the 
borough.  Legal  points  remain  to  be  argued  Iwfore 
Mr.  .rustics  Grantham. 

The  King  laid,  ou  Friday  last,  the  foundation- 
stone  of  the  new  College  of  Science  at  Dubliu.  Tlie 
building  will  stand  on  a  plot  of  ground  Iwtween 
fpper  Merriou-street,  Leiiister  Lawn,  and  Kildare- 
place,  where  it  was  necessary  to  clear  a  number  of 
the  existing  houses.  The  new  college  will  be  close 
to  the  National  Mineum,  aud  the  architects  aro 
Mr.  Aitou  Webb,  U.A.,  and  Mr.  T.  M.  Deane, 
H.H.A.,  who  were  presented  to  the  King. 


PES 
5 


€ 


!^    J 


^31 


'i 


O" 


674 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  6,  1904. 


dFitgitttaanfi  droits. 


TSADB 


COMPETITIONS.  PBOFBSSIONAL   AND 

„,        .,     J  .          rr.  SOOIETIBS. 

AvLESKOUD    Briui.i:.— The    Maidstone   Town 

.  Council  have  selected  the  design  of  Messrs.  Dodd  Koval    Ixstitite   or    British  Architects  - 

and  Dodd,  of  Birmingham,  for  the  proposed  new  The  annual   general  meeting  of  members  of  the 

~    brid-e  at  Aylesford.   The  estimate  cost  is  £:37,000.  Institute  was  held  on  Monday  evening,  Mr.  John 

Twenty-eight  sets  of  plans  were  sent  infer  the  Slater,  B.A.,  vice-president,  occupying  the  chair 

premium  of  one  hundred  guineas  oHered.  The  Annual  Kepnrt,  of  which  we  published  a  fuU 

''                                              rr.u       1           eir  abstract  last  week   pp  610-11),  was  adopted  w>//(. 

BiuKDALE,  SorTHVoiiT.— The  plans  of  Messrs.  j^            authorised  to  appoint  two 

H.  and  W.  WaJe,  of  Blackpool  and  bt.  Annes-  ^^^^.^^^^  ^^^  ^^^  ^^^^_;^„  ^^^^  „j  ^^^^_  ^^^  ^  ^i^„„ 


Thf,  Xew  Gkeexlan-d  Dock,  Rothekhithe 
The  Surrey    Commercial  Dock  Company's  new 
Greenland  Dock  at  Rotherhithe   was   opened  on 
Tuesday.     It   completes   a  long  series  of  costly 
improvements  undertaken  by  the  company     The 

works,  which  were  begun  in  1894,  comprise  the  ,  _.  ____  ,.„„„^„      auuuuio  lui  .uc  ^uo...^5  ,^^.  «.  ^-..-.   

new  Greenland  Dock,  the  construction  of  a  lock  i  on-Sea,  have  been  accepted  tor  a  new  Longre-  ^f  hands,  Messrs.  Sidney  Perks  and  H.  A.  Crouch 
and  entrance  from  the  river,  a  communication  gational  church,  to  be  built  at  Birkdale,  to  cost  ^^^^  nominated  to  serve,  and  a  vote  of  thankj 
passage  from  the  south-east  corner  of  I  he  Canada  £1,000  and  to  seat  400  persons.  The  competition  ^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^^  Louis  Ambler  and  W.  A. 
Dock  into  the  new  dock,  the  extension  of  the  i  was  hmited.  The  church  will  be  Uoth.c  la  style,  y^^g^ti^  f^^  their  services  as  auditors  during  last 
Russia  Dock  southwards,  and  the  construction  of  j  and  will  be  faced  with  brickwork  both  inside  and  ,  ,-  xSndei  by-law  43,  the  members  of  the 
a  passage  from  that  dock  into  the  new  dock  ;  a  without,  Yorkshire  stone  being  employed  tor  ^^^j^j^  g^ard  of  Examiners  under  the  London 
new  canal  lock  and  the  formation  of  a  basin  by  dressings.  It  will  be  planned  as  a  nave,  shallow  3^;!^;^,^  ^^jg  ^^_  present  in  office  were  re- 
widening  the  canal.  The  new  dock  is  2,250ft.  in  ]  transepts  and  chancel,  with  organ-chamber  and  ^^  -^4°^  for  another  year.  The  Chairman 
length  by  450ft.  in  breadth,  covering  an  area  of  j  two  vestries.  There  will  be  no  galleries  nor  j^Jj^^^^pg^  jj^^t,  in  accordance  with  the  resolution 
about  22  acres,  with  quays  5,380ft.,  or  upwards  of  ,  tower  or  spire.  pasjedby  the  Institute  on  Jan.  4,  a  committee  con- 
a  mile,  in  length.  The  entrance  lock  13  550ft.  m  ,  J)„tsiivrg.— A  limited  competition  will  be  listing  of  the  council  and  representatives  of  the 
length,  80ft.  in  breadth,  and  has  a  depth  of  water  ■  j^^jj  ^^^  ^^Y,e  trustees  or  the  Carnegie  Technical  allied'societies  had  been  appointed  to  consider  the 
on  the  sill  of  33ft.  below  T.H.W.  The  original  g^jjooi  ^t  Pittsburg  to  select  ths  architects  forthe  principle  of  registration,  and  had  held  one  meet- 
plans  for  the  works  were  preijared  by  the  late  buildings,  which  will  be  very  large  and  complete,  jno-  on  JIarch  28.  Not  only  had  the  council 
engineerof  thecompany,  Mr.  J.  A.  McConochie,    ,jnj^g   competitive   drawings   will   ha        "        '    '  °                                     " 


M.I.C.E.,  who  died  before  substantial  progress 
with  the  works  had  been  made.  The  company 
subsequently  intrusted  the  supervision  and  control 
of  the  works  to  Sir  J.  Wolfe-Barry.  The 
directors,  with  the  advice  of  Sir  J.  Wolfe-Barry, 
modified  and  extended  their  original  plans,  in- 
creasing the  proposed  width  of  the  dock  by  100ft. 
and  the  length  and  depth  of  the  entrance  lock. 


_._petitive  drawings  will  have  for  their  appointed,  but  they  had  secured  the  attendance 
subject  the  scheme  of  the  entire  group  of  build-  of  a  large,number  of  induential  men  in  connection 
ings,  and  each  competitor  will  be  paid  l.OOOdol.  ,fith  the  Institute.  The  matter  had  been  debated 
The  architects  who  will  eubmit  plans  are  Messrs.  ^t  considerable  length  at  the  first  meeting,  and  a 
Cass  Gilbert,  Howells  and  Stokes,  Carrere  and  email  subcommittee  had  been  appointed  to  go 
Hastings,  George  B.  Post  and  Frank  Miles  Day  |  jnto  the  details  of  the  question  and  get  together 
and  Brother.  the  necessary  facts,  so  as  to  enable  the  matter  to 

Touai-Av.— The  town  council  discussed  at  great    be  put  before  the  general  committee      A  further 

meeting  had  been   summoned  for  May   10,  and 


bno  bpfin   anpnt  on  the  I  length  at  their  meeting  on  Tuesday  the  following    -„  -  •   ,„ 

S     Pea?^on    and    Son!  '  ™P0^t  ^T  ^he  Finance  Committee.     (Jn  the  ques-    the  whole  matter  was  being  thoroughly  goneinto 


to  the  general  body  as 
carrying   out   the   proposed 
3  do  so. 

-At  the 


Nearly  a  million  sterlin; 

ZriTrTt  c^io;^-f<;r^Z^;h:rorthe    t[^»:f.op;;sednew  municipal  buHdings  and  ^^^^^^^^'^^ 
works,  and  the  construction  of  the  lock  .-'es   !    ree  hbrar^^^^^^^ 

bridges,  and   hvdraulic   machinery   was   carried  1  council  to  proceed  wiui   me  piiuiic  iiuiary  luim    1  s 

out  by  Sir  W.  G.  Armstrong,  Whitworth,  and  1  with,    and   to   defer   the   question   of   municipal  MAXcnESTEU  Society  of  Architects. 

Company.                                                                        buildings   until   the   financial   condition    of    the  annual   general   meeting  of  the  members  of  th^s 

I     ^     I borough  is  in  a  more  satisfactory  state."     After  gg^igty,  held  on  Thursday,  April  28,  Mr.  J.  W. 

full  discussion,  an  amendment  to  delete  all  words,  jjgaumont,   Iht  president,  occupying  the  chair, 

CHIPS.                                        after  "forthwith"   was  carried  by  4  votes  to  3.  jjjg    following  officers  and   members   of   council 

The  consideration  of   the  Bill  promoted  by  the    An  amendment  was  moved:   "That  in  the  pre-  ^gre    elected :— President,    J.    W.    Beaumont, 

London  United  Tramways  Company,  the  principal  !  sent  condition  of  the  finances  of  the  borough  the  F.R.I.B.A.  ;     vice-presidents,    W.     A.     Royle, 

proposal  of  which  is  the  construction  of  a  line  of  I  expenditure  involved  by  the  adoption  of  the  plan  F.U.I.B.A.,  and  .Tohn  Eaton,  C.B.,  F.R.I.B.A.  ; 

tramways  from  Baber  Bridge  to  Staines,  was  com-    awarded  first  prize  by  the  assessor  for  municipal  jjgn  '    gecretary     and    treasurer,      Paul     (-)gden, 

pletedonWednesday  by  a  committee  of  the  House    j,^ijjjjj,gg^(,^l(j^,gjoQ  great."     The  amendment  y.iij.B.A.  ;    assitant    hon.    secr^taiy,     George 

was  carried  by  17  votes  to  10,  and  the  question  of 

proceeding    or   not   with   the   free    library    was 


of  Commons.     The  committee  found  the  preamble 

of  the  Bill  proved,  subject  to  the  compliance  of  the 

company  with  the   requirements  of  the  Middlesex    P^'^eeumg    or   noi    wuu    10. 

County  Council  as  to  the  width  of  the  road,  surface    referred  back  to  a  committee. 

drainage,  kerbing,  wood  paving,  and  the  lighting  of 

cross  and  lateral  roads,  these  works  to  be  carried 


out  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  county  surveyor,  Mr. 
H.  T.  Wakelam.  They  also  decided  that  the 
purchase  period  should  be  fixed  at  25  years. 

Large  additions  and  alterations  are  to  be  made  to 
the  National  Bank  of  Scotland's  premises  in 
Nicholas-lane,  Lombard- street,  from  the  designs  of 
Mr.  Mac  Vicar  Anderson  The  work  will  be  carried 
out  by  Messrs.  Colls  and  TroUopes. 

His  Royal  Highness  the  Dake  of  Connaught, 
Grand  Master,  has  been  pleased  to  reappoint,  for 
the  seventh  year  in  succession,  Mr.  Henry  L. 
Florence  to  the  office  of  Grand  Superintendent  of 
Works. 

The  House  of  Commons  Committee  which  is 
considering  the  Tramways  and  Improvements  Bill 
of  the  London  County  Council  decided,  on  Wednes- 
day, with  regard  to  the  proposed  tramway  in 
Tottenham  Court-road,  to  sanction  a  double  line  in 
that  thoroughfare  as  far  south  as  Francis-street,  to 
be  worked  by  electricity. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  was  recently 
held  in  connection  with  the  corporation  of  Chelms- 
ford's application  to  borrow  £6,700  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  covered  service  reservoir  and  a  new 
lOin.  pumping  main.  The  loan  has  now  been 
sanctioned,  and  the  work,  which  will  be  carried  out 
under  the  supervision  of  the  borough  engineer,  Mr. 
Cuthbert  Brown,  will  be  commenced  forthwith. 

The  work  of  doubling  the  railway  between  Sea 
Mdls  and  Avonmouth,  rendered  necessary  by  the 
growth  of  traffic  at  the  Bristol  docks,  is  in  active 
progress.  The  contract  was  let  to  Sir  Jolln  Aird 
and  Co.,  the  contractors  for  the  Royal  Edward  Dock 


Brown.  Members  of  Council. — Fellows  :  S.  H. 
Capper,  M.A.,  A. R. I.E. A.,  R.C.A.  ;  John  Ely, 
F.R.I.B.A.  ;  Edward  Hewitt,  F.R.I.B.A.  : 
Jesse  Horsfall,  F.R  I.B.A.  ;  A.  H.  Mills, 
A. R. I.E. A.  ;  J.  D.  Mould,  F.R.I.B.A.  ;  Isaac 
The  Bill  confirming  Local  Government  provisional  Taylor;  John  H.  AVoodhouse,  F.R.I.B.A.;  and 
orders,  enabling  the  Brixham  Urban  District  Council  P.  S.  Worthington,  M.A.,  A. R. I.E. A.  Associ- 
to  compulsorily  take  lands  for  the  widening  of  King  atea  :  A.  K.  Corbett,  A. R. I.B.A. :  J.  II.  Gibbons, 
and  Fore-streets  in  theii-  district,  came  on  Friday  A.R.I.B.A. ;  and  Godfrey  Colles.  The  report  of 
before  the  Chairmanof  Ways  and  Means  as  an  un-    jj^g  council,  which  was  presented  by  the  secretary 


(Mr.  Arthur  S.  Brewis)  stated  that  the  aggregate 
membership  of  the  Society  is  now  207,  or  14 
more  than  last  year.  Reference  was  made  to  the 
fact  that  the  council  have  lent  their  support  to 
movement  for  the  registration  of  architect^, 
which  has  resulted  recently  in  the  appointment  of 
a  special  committee  by  the  Royal  Insitu'e  of 
British  Architects  and  Allied  Societies  to  consider 


opposed  measure.  It  passed  this  stage,  and  was 
ordered  to  be  reported  to  the  House  of  Commons 
for  third  reading.  1 

The  new  general  post-office  in  Vaughan-street, 

Llandudno,  was   opened    for    business   on   Friday 

morning,  the  first  customer  bein^  Mr.  Owen  Thomas, 

senior  partner  of  the  builders    firm,  who  mide  a 

purchase    of    stamp),   while    his    son,    Mr.    J.   O. 

Thomas,  his  junior  partner,  who  is  chairman  of  the  •     -  ,       t         •  f    ♦• 

urban  councd,  despatched  the  first  telegram.    The  and  report   upon  the    principle  ot    registration. 

formal  opening  will  be  by  Lord  Stanley,  Postmaster-  The   council   also  stated    that   a  fund  has  been 

General,  on  the  20th  inst.  opened  by  the  Society  in  aid  of  the  endowment 

*    u         1  -          i.-                    3            rr-L       J      ■  fund  of  the  Manchester  School  of  Architecture, 

A  formal  inspection  was  made,  on  Thursday  in  luuu  01  tuBi,±-iuu  11=31.01   ._i,uuui-y         ■     ,    „ 

last  week,  of  the  electric  tramways  in  the  Dawabury  and  a  sura  of  £200  has  been  already  raised  among 

district  by  representatives  of  the  British  Electric  the  members  of  the  Society  and  architects  prac- 

Traction    Company    aud    members    of    the  local  tising  in  the  district.     The  report  was  adopted. 

authorities  through  whose  districts  the  lines  pass.  »_^ — 

From  Dewsbury  there  is  a  double  line  to  Cleck-  -^                  ■ 

i'f^,V°".'''''i^??^'?°'"^"'''®'    ."■'"'    branches  from  a  furniture  repositorv  has  been  built  at  the  angle 

Millbridge  to  Hightown  on  the  one  hand    and  to  of   Carriers'    and     Tanners' -lanes,    Ipswich,     and 

Birkenshaw  on  the  other.     At  the  latter  place  the  f^^;       Princes -street,  for  Messrs.  R.  D.  and  J.  B. 

tramways  almost  join  up  to  those  ot  the  Bradford  prager      The  buildin^r  is  three  stories  in  height,  and 

Corporation.    The  two  Batley  sections  join  the  Spen  ;j  jg  f^^g^  with  red  "bricks,  terracotta  being  freely 

Valley  system   at   Stainclifte  and   Heokmondwike.  ^^^^  j^r  dressings.     The  strong-room    is  3Jft.  by 

There   are  also  fines  running  from  the  Dewsbury  ,,5^^    ^     j^fj     ^   heio-ht.      The    architect    is    Mr. 

market-place  to  ThomhiU  and  to  Eavensthorpe.  J^hn  S.  Corder,  and  the  builder  Mr.  H.  J.  Linzell, 

Lieut. -Colonel  A.  C.  Smith,  E.E.,  representing  both  of  Ipswich, 

the  Local  Government  Board,    held  an  inquiry  at  The  peal   of   bells   in  the  tower  of  Heathersett 


and  operations  are  being  carried'on  at  present  at  |  Halifax  on  Friday  with  regard  to  the  town  council's  Church,  Norfolk,  has  been  raised  from  six  to  eight, 
the  Horse  Shoe  Point,  where  the  chief  engineering  '  application  for  sanction  to  borrow  £795  for  the  The  new  bells  were  cast  by  Messrs.  Gaorge  Day  and 
diffi  :ulty  is  encountered.  Room  for  the  extra  line  construction  of  a  steel  footbridge  aud  its  approaches  Sou,  of  Eye  ;  and  the  full  peal  was  dedicated  ou 
of  rails  will  be  provided  by  building  a  wall  ou  the    over  the  canal  at  Copley,  and  promised  to  lacilitate    Sunday  last. 

river  side  and  taking  a  slice  off  the  property  on  the    the  obtaining  of  the  sanction.  rpi^^  gj|,y  council  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne  adopted 

opposite  side.  I      Qn  Saturday  the  Bishop  of  Wakefield  dedicated  I  on  Wednesday  a  report  of  the  Sanitary  Committee 

The  Morley  Town  Council  have  approved  the  the  new  church  of  St.  Matthew,  which  has  been  recommending  an  extension  ot  the  Infectious 
plaus  prepared  by  the  borough  engineer  for  sewage  erected  at  Primrose  Hill,  a  populous  suburb  of  Diseases  Hospital  at  Walker  Gate,  the  total  cost  of 
purification  works  estimated  to  cost  £18,000.  1  Huddersfield,  at  a  cost  of  £3,300.  1  the  whole  of  the  projected  works  being  £53,52S. 

At  Christ  Church,  Lisbon,  a  memorial  stained-  Plans  for  new  baths,  to  cost  £12,500,  were  on  1  The  Bishop  of  Southwell,  who  was  a^.companied 
glass  window  was  dedicated  last  week.     It  has  been    Monday  approved  by  the  Baths  Committee  of  the  !  by  the  Bishop  of  Derby,  dedicated,  on  Saturday,  a 

frovided  by  the  officers  of  the  Ist  Durham  Light  Accrington  Corporation.  The  old  baths,  a  dilapi-  !  new  nave  to  the  church  of  Holy  Trinity,  Shirebrook, 
nfantry,iu  memory  of  the  late  Major  R.  Johnson-  dated  wooden  erection,  were  recently  burnt  down,  j  Derbyshire,  whereby  the  seating  accommodation  is 
Smyth  (Lisburn),  who  was  mortally  wounded  whilst  i  aud  the  new  baths  will  be  erected  ou  the  same  site,  increased  from  200  to  800.  About  £4,000  has  been 
gallantly  leading  his  regiment  at  the  battle  ot  Vaal  There  will  be  a  swimming-bath  and  seventeen  ■  expended  on  the  work,  only  half  of  which  has  been 
Kranz  m  the  late  war  in  k„„h,  if^^«  slipper-baths.  !  raised. 


vranz  in  the  late  war  in  South  Africa. 


May  (1.  1904 


THE    BUILDII^G    NEWS. 


075 


TO    CORRESPONDENTS. 

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Coatspoubtnct 

—  ♦♦♦■  ■■  ■ 

ARCHITECTS'    CHARGE-?    AND    SECRET 

COMMISSIONS. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildino  News. 

Silt, — This  question  from  time  to  time  crops  up. 
ami  a  recent  lawsuit  exposes  a  bad  case.  I 
think  the  following;  and  known  f,icta  explain  a 
great  cause  for  thij  offence. 

In  the  excessive  competition  nowadays  there 
are  many  architec  s,  and  so-called  ones,  who,  to 
810  ire  business,  offer  to  carry  out  even  aoiall 
works  for  an  inclusive  fee  of  ;>  per  cent  or  there- 
ab  .uts,  and  which  it  is  impossible  to  do  except  at 
i.  loss.  Consequently  it  is  made  up  in  "  various 
ways,"  and  the  "sharp"  client  actuiUy  pays 
a  much  fuller  charge,  with  inferiority  of  workman- 
ship and  materials,  as  an  architect  receiving 
"  disco'jnta"  is  placed  at  the  entire  mercy  of  the 
contractor  or  sub-contractors. 

Recently,  in  my  own  experience,  this  3  per 
cent,  has  been  used  against  my  account  at  the 
eleventh  hour,  and  after  three  or  four  years'  run- 
ning trans  ictions,  and  upon  which  I  have  been 
drawing  commi-siou  on  account,  and  presumably 
on  the  5  per  cent,  basis.  I  am  now  told  that 
similar  works  were  carried  out  for  this,  and  as  an 
iiichisice  fee,  by  another  architect  previously 
employed,  and  included  these  items :  Survey  of 
site  and  drawings  of  old  buildings  for  certificate. 
County  Council ;  sketch  plans  to  suit  estate  sur- 
veyor's and  client's  views ;  complete  working 
drawings  and  speciBca' ions,  and  copies  in  dupli- 
cate as  regards  drawings  for  estate  ofEce  and  the 
County  Council ;  drainage  plans  and  in  duplicate 
for  local  authorities :  interviews  with  surveyors 
of  adjoining  ownrrs  and  tenants;  adjusting  all 
cliims  for  easements,  and  party-walls  rebuilt; 
pai/iiient  of  the  respective  surveyors'  fees ;  all 
detiil  drawings  and  general  supervision,  the  con- 
tract running  over  twelve  months  itself,  and  with 
the  usual  and  many  inciiental  worries. 

Now,  Sir,  how  can  £150  on  the  3-per-cent. 
rate  pay  for  such  work ': 

Taking  another  case,  in  laying  out  an  estate 
and  forming  the  road  and  sewers  (portion).  The 
site  was  twenty-five  mil-^s  from  town,  and  con- 
sis  ed  of  2i  acres  or  so  of  very  hilly  ground,  and 
some  200ft.  or  so  abova  lo:al  sewers.  The  whole 
24  acres  was  carefully  levelled,  anl  the  usual 
drawings  prepared  for  the  local  authoriiies  and 
for  contract,  besides  full  quantities,  and  the  work 
executed.  The  quantities  were  to  be  paid  for  by 
the  c'ient  and  dedu'  ted  from  payments  to  the 
contractor  ;  but  as  the  latter  was  financed  irre- 
spective of  certificatps,  the  amount  remtins  un- 
'  paid.  Added  to  this,  and  upon  instructions,  four 
full  sketch  plans,  elevations,  and  sections  for 
villas  to  cost  from  £1,200  to  £1,800  were  pre- 
i  pared,  and  all  this  work,  with  travelling  and 
oth»r  expenses,  for  3  per  cent,  on  outlay,  or,  say, 
£50. 

As  a  favour  I  am  offered  5  per  cent.,  but  it 
must  be  inclusive,  and  further  employment  must 
be  agreed  to  oily  at  3  per  cent.  If  remaining 
honest,  one  evidently  muit  go  to  the  wall. — I  am, 

&C.  ViCISSIIVDES. 


SUITIIERX  LIFE   ASSOCIATION  BL'ILl)- 
INU,  Dnili.W. 

SiH, — In  the  Brii.iiiN'i  Nkws  of  March  25,  to 
hand  by  mail  this  week,  there  appears  a  perspec- 
tive view  of  the  new  buildings  for  the  "  Southern 
Life  Association,"  purported  to  have  been  erected 
in  Durban  from  the  designs  of  Messrs.  Stott  and 
Kirkby,  architects,  of  Pietermaritzbui|j  and 
Durban. 

We  should  like  to  say  that  the  Durban  build- 
ings of  the  Southern  Life  Association  are  now 
being  erected  from  desigrs  prepared  by  us. 

Our  designs  secured  first  place  in  competitien. 
There  were  three  sets  of  designs  premiated  out  of 
fo:ty-one  sets  prepared,  but  we  have  no  recollec- 
tion that  the  designs  of  Messrs.  .Stott  and  Kirkby 
were  even  among  those  premiated.  K-ndly  make 
suitable  correction,  and  ob  ige  — We  are,  &c., 
MacGii.i.ivk.iy  and  Guant. 

Courtis  Chambers,  St.  George's-8tr<;et, 
Cape  Town,  .\pril  13. 

[Th"!  drawing  referred  to  was  sent  in  the 
ordinary  way  by  the  architects  named,  and  we 
took  it  for  granted,  by  the  title  on  the  view,  that  it 
represented  the  work  in  quf  stion. — Eu.,  "  B.N."] 


JlnttrcommuuicHtion. 


QVESTIOXS. 

[12052.1— Smootli  Finish  for  Concrete  Floor.— 
I  am  desirous  of  obtaining  a  sinootti  and  la-ting  tiaisb, 
clean  and  fiesh  looking,  on  a  cement  skimmed  concrete 
tloor  inside,  but  subjected  to  a  good  amount  of  wilking 
upon,  and  to  do  so  without  raising  the  floor  any  appre- 
ciable amount.  Can  anyone  having  had  a  .y  such 
experience  give  any  particulars  of  same,  or  is  there  any 
enamel  or  other  thin  covering  material  suitable  for  this 
purpose  ?— S.  D. 

[12053.]— Easemsnt.- A.  and  B.*s  premises  abut. 
B.,  by  encroachment  m:iny  years  ago,  constructed  a  w.c. 
at  ground  level  on  A.'s  side  of  the  original  dividing-hne 
and  acquired  the  easement,  and  on  recent  deeds  the  plot 
plan  shows  the  ground  occupied  by  the  w  c.  as  B.'s. 
Has  A.  the  right  to  cirry  his  bu'luing  over  the  top  of 
roof  of  w.c.  if  he  leaves  the  w.c.  entirely  undisturbed  ! 
Light  and  ventilation  t  >  the  w.c.  are  sjltily  obtained 
from  B.'s  own  side. — W.  B.  and  S. 

[1-20.51.]- Fibrous  Plaster. -WUl  "  Eejenfs  Park  " 
say  if  he  knoffs  any  boik  that  gives  practical  inform  itijn 
on  fibrous  plaster  work.'— Old  dcBscaiSER. 

REPLIES. 

[12051.]— Ijease.— Look  in  at  Holborn  Free  Library, 
and  upstairs  reference  room  a-k  f  >r  Inw^od's  T»bles. 
I  think  you  will  get  good  hints  at  abjut  pages  41  and  71. 
—Regent's  Park. 


Received.— A.  K.-  J.  B.  and  Co.— J.  R.— C.  A.— L.  B.— 
L.  R.  F.— R.  L.  T.— N.  H.-H.  E.  8.-T.  W. 

X.  E.  RicuABDS. — Dozens  of  such  contrivances  have  been 
patented.  Better  go  and  look  up  specifications  at  the 
Patent  Otficefor  window  fastenings  before  patenting. 

P.  H.  TipLER.— We  really  cannot  attempt  to  furnish  a 
list.  Write  B.  T.  Bitsford,  '.il,  High  Holborn.  He  can 
probably  suggest  a  better  list  than  anyone,  and  supply 
many  of  the  books  at  second-hand  prices. 

"BiTLDiNa  NEWS"  DE5IG^JI^^G^  club. 

EIOIITII   LIST   OF  Sl'lt.TECTS. 

.4n  Entrance  Lodge  to  a  Public  Park,  arranged  to  form 
two  cottage  residences,  each  to  comprise  a  living-room 
14ft.  square,  or  of  tliat  area  ;  a  scullery-kitchen  (,com- 
bined).  larder,  bathroom  and  w.c.  on  ground  fioor,  and 
three  bedrooms  in  front  lodge,  and  two  bedrooms  in  the 
second  houpe  on  first  Hoor.  The  gatekeeper  will  live  in 
the  first  cottage.  The  building  is  to  be  detached,  and  face 
30uth-«ast.  The  yards  to  be  on  the  west  between  the 
premises  and  boundary  wall  of  park.  The  gates  will  be 
a  few  feet  south  of  the  lolge,  but  the.se  neel  not  he- 
shown.  Style  suited  for  brick  and  tile  roof.  Rooms  to 
be  8ft.  high,  and  ground  floor  1ft.  above  ground  line. 
Three  elevations  will  be  si-en  from  the  par'<.  Vioiv 
necessary.  Scale  8ft.  to  lin.  Drawings,  which  must 
fully  illuatrate  the  design,  to  be  delivered  not  later  than 
June  3. 

■Drawinos     Re.  KivED.— "  Old      Mercer,"      "Whiap" 

•Cowboy,"  ••  Frena."  "  Tom."  "  Anotherschot'atique," 

iSiff   Zag."     "Bert,"     "Hereward."     "Bull    I)  ig," 

Oayville."   "Hermit,"   "  M-ircus,"    "Ghost,"  "The 

Hog,"   "I'lgeon,"    "Corporal,"  'Caravan,"    "Leo," 

•Ionic,      "Chingachgook,"    "The    M«pie,"     •Tje 

N«wboy,' "  Obelisk." 


OLD  BUILDINGS  NEAR  MANCHE.STER. 

Sir, — The  Manchester  Society  of  Architects  is 
endeavouring  to  compile  a  complete  list  of  all  old 
buildings  in  a  district  70  miles  square  surround- 
ing Manchester,  which  may  be  worthy  of  atten- 
tion of  an-hitects  ;  to  include  very  brief  notes  of 
their  eh  'racer,  date,  and  comparative  import-ance, 
with  a  map  to  show  their  positions. 

Such  a  list  should,  we  think,  be  ot  considerable 
valre  to  architects,  both  to  those  living  in  the 
district  and  also  to  visitors,  so  that  we  feci  justi- 
fied in  asking  for  some  outside  assistance  in  the 
extensive  work  of  collecting  information. 

We  have  printed  a  preliminary  list  containing 
slight  notes  on  some  350  buildings,  and  wo 
earnestly  hope  that  some  of  your  readers  may  bo 
willing  to  co-operate  with  us  in  making  the  list 
more  useful  to  architects ;  either  by  correcting 
errors  in  the  present  list,  amplifying  the  notes 
(which  are  at  present  far  too  criulo  in  most  ci.scs), 
suggesting  additions,  or  giving  photographs  or 
reproductions  of  drawings  of  the  buildings  for  our 
Library  Reference  I'ortfolio. 

'I'll  anyone  willing  to  take  even  a  very  small  share 
in  the  work  wo  shall  be  glad  to  forward  a  copy  of 
the  preliminary  list. — I  am,  kc, 

(For  the  Map  Sub- Committee), 

Ai.iitrii  E.  C'oiiiii-.TT  (Editor). 

2S,  ( 'ross-s'reot,  .Manchester,  May  3. 


CHIPS. 

The  town  council  of  Hinley  are  carrying  out  an 
extensive  scheme  for  the  treatment  of  the  whole  of 
the  sewage  of  the  borough  on  bacteria  filttr-beds, 
at  an  estimated  cost  of  nearly  .£75,000. 

Lord  Rothschild,  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Buckingham, 
will  this  month  unveil  the  memorial  obelisk  which 
has  been  erected  on  the  highest  point  of  the  Chiltern 
range  in  memory  of  about  100  solJiers,  Imperial 
Yeomen,  and  Volunteers  o'  that  county  who  fell  in 
the  South  African  War.  The  monument,  04  ft.  io 
height,  is  of  Aberdeen  granite,  and  constitutes  a 
striking  landmark.  It  bears  a  bronze  tablet,  with 
the  names  of  the  ofticers,  non-commissioned  officers, 
and  men  commemorated. 

On  Saturday  afternoon  a  fire  broke  out  in  the 
workshop  occupied  by  Mr.  F.  Gardiner,  cabinet- 
maker and  general  furnisher,  St.  Mary's-road, 
Market  Hirborough.  Just  before  Christmas  Mr. 
Gardiner  built  new  three-stoned  premises,  includiDg 
this  workshop  and  a  large  general  shop,  which  he 
opened  about  four  months  ago.  The  buildings 
were  gutted  before  the  fire  w;i3  extinguished. 

The  corporation  ot  Bisingstoke,  who  are  the 
owners  of  the  Maidenwell  estate.  Lincolnshire,  and 
who  have j ust lieeu  rebuilding Miideuwellllouse, the 
residence  of  Major  G.  Allenby  Browne,  entertained 
about  130  workmen  (who  have  been  engaged  in  the 
undertaking)  to  dinner  at  the  Masons'  Arms,  Louth, 
on  Thursday  night.  The  chair  was  occupied  (in  the 
absence  of  the  Mayor  of  Basingstoke)  by  Major  O. 
A.  Browne,  who  was  supported  by  the  architect 
(Major  Fowler)  and  Mr.  Ci.  H.  Vicicers,  the  con- 
tractor. The  cost  of  the  new  residence  will  be 
about  £2,500. 

Mr.  W.  H.  C.  Nation,  of  Rockbeare,  Devonshire, 
has  presented  to  the  National  Trust  for  Places  of 
Historic  Interest,  land  to  the  extent  of  about  2 1  acres 
on  the  top  of  It  jckbcare  ILll,  a  few  miles  east  of 
Exeter.  The  land  is  iu  part  covered  by  a  wood, 
in  part  by  open  heath,  anl,  by  the  wish  of  the  donor, 
it  is  to  be  called  "  I'lickly  Pear  Blossoms  Park." 
The  summit  commands  expensive  views  over  the 
valley  of  the  Exe. 


c" 


676 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  6,  1904. 


STATUES,    MEMORIALS,    &c. 

Cantekbvry.— Memorial-stones  have  during  the 
past  few  days  been  laid  upon  the  graves  of  the  late 
Archbishop  Temple  and  Dean  Farrar  in  the  Cloister 
Garth  of  Canterbury  Cathedral.  That  over  the 
resting-place  of  the  late  Archbishop  is  a  massive 
slab  of  unpolished  grey  granite.  At  the  head  is  a 
representation  of  the  Canterbury  Cross,  then  the 
inscription,  "  Frederick  Temple,  November  30, 1821 
—December  23,  1902,"  and  beneath  the  arms  of  the 
see  upon  a  three-tiered  pedestal.  In  the  case  of  the 
late  Dean  Farrar  the  monument  takes  the  form  of 


council   and   executive   of   the  committee,  and  u 
number   of   district    surveyors,     insurance    sur- 
veyors,   municipal     and     government    otllcials. 
Ti  „i*T,  F^v,,-    '  Official  reports  on  the  result  of  the  test  will  be 

Health  JiXhl-         ,      _,,_    .S___,     ,      ,     ,,,„    -n.r,„i;Qli    rof-nvd    for    firfi- 


— •"*** —  „   - 

One  of  the  special  features  of  the  Health  Exhi-  j  ^j^'^'^^r'  jaXedTbut  the  English  record  for  fire- 
ition  of  the  Sanitary   Institute,   to  be  he.d  at    j^^j^jj^^^  partitions  was  beaten  by  Messrs.  Jabez 


bition 
Glasgow 


July    next,    will   be   a   Municipal 


Exhfblt'arrangedby  the  different  departments  of    ^|'t°CtooTa\our-hour  severe  fire  test  up  to  2,100 


"Brickwood"     partition,      which 


the  Glasgow  Corporation.     The  cleansing  depart 
ment   propose    to    arrange    for,    amongst  other 
things,  exhibits  of  a  model  up-to-date  destructor, 

e  monum.u.  ..^==  .^= and    the    globe    fertiliser,    the   gas   and  electric 

a  recumbent  cross,  formed  of  one  solid  piece  of  departments  the  latest  developments  in  lUumina- 
Hoptonwood  stone-a  material  similar  to  that  used  tion,  and  the  sewage  departments  what  they  can 
in  the  paving  of  the  Chapter  House.  On  the  flat  produce  from  what  were  fonnerly  waste  products.  FRioAi 
upper  surface  is  an  ancient  Runic  cross,  on  which  'phe  other  departments  of  the  corporation  will 
are  introduced  the  early  Christian  symbols  of  the  j^jg^  j^g  ^gH  represented  with  their  different 
Three  Fishes,  the  Agnus  Dei,  the^Hour-glass  and    j^tg^ggts,  and  we  feel  sure  that  the  representatives 

of  the  municipalities  who  regularly  attend  the 
congresses  of  the  Institute  will  welcome  this 
opportunity  of  witnessing  the  progress  that  is 
made  in  municipal  enterprises  by  the  Glasgow 
Corporation.  The  social  and  holiday  aspect  of 
the  congress  has  not  been  overlooked,  and  excur- 
sions have  been  arranged  I  o  the  following  amongst 
other    interesting    places:— Loch   Lomond,  The 


Fahr.,  followed  by  five  minutes'  stream  of  water 
from  a  steam  fire-engine. 


MBETINOS  FOB  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

The 


Serpent  (symbolical  of  Time  and  Eternity),  circles, 
and  other  emblems  found  in  the  catacombs.  On 
the  arms  of  the  cross  are  the  words,  ' '  In  Christo 
Vixit.     In  Christo  Vivit." 

Hatfield.- A  meeting  of  the  committee  for  the 
carrying  out  of  the  scheme  for  a  permanent 
memorial  to  the  late  Marquis  of  Salisbury  was  held 
at  St.  Albans  on  Monday  under  the  presidency  of 
the  Eirl    of    Clarendon.     It  was   stated  that  the 


amount    already    subscribed    was    £3,050. 


Lord  I  Trossachs,  and  the  Falls  of  Clyde. 


Clarendon  gave  an  account  of  an  interview  which 
he  had  had  with  Mr.  George  J.  Frampton,  R.A., 
with  regard  to  the  proposed  statue  to  be  erected  at 
Hatfield,  and,  acting  upon  the  advice  thus  obtained, 
the  committee    decided  that  a  bronze  statue  in  a 

sitting    posture,     upon    a  granite  base,  should    be    .,  .  i    riv    .iv    ' 

erected,  the  estimated  cost  of  which  is  £2,750.  gives  anything  but  a  glowing  report  of  the  big  _ 
Sir  John  Evans  pointed  out  that  when  making  a  show.  He  writes  :  "  The  St.  Louis  Exhibition  is 
proposal  to  this  effect  they  were  afforded  a  great  being  run,  I  regret  to  say,  on  the  most  sordid 
example  in  the  statue  of  Lord  Bacon  in  St.  Michael's  lines.  The  exhibitors,  who  have  come  here  from 
Church  at  St.  Albans.  He  also  suggested  that ,  ^j^  parts  of  the  world  to  help  the  St.  Louis  people 
arrangements  should  be  made  for  a  canopy  to  be    ^^,;jjj   ^j^^j^   f^^jj.^   being   squeezed  for    dollars  in 


WuiTiNi;  to  Mr.  Harry  Hems  from  the 
Varied  Industries  Building,  in  the  British 
section  of  the  St.  Louis  Universal  Exhibition, 
under  date  of  the  20th  ultimo.,  Mr.  Arthur  Day, 
of  London,  the  veteran  British  exhibition  agent. 


erected  over  the  statue.  Authority  was  given  to 
Lord  Clarendon  to  proceed  with  the  matter  and  to 
report  to  the  executive  committee. 


PARLIAMENTARY   NOTES. 

The  New  Science  and  Aet  Buildixos  in 
Dublin. — In  the  House  of  Commons  on  Wed- 
nesday, Mr.  Mooney  asked  the  Chief  Secretary  to 
the  Lord   Lieutenant   of    Ireland   whether  he  was 


every  possible  way.  How  it  will  turn  out  it  is 
difficult  at  the  present  moment  to  say_.  Every- 
body in  this  city  has  made  up  his  or  her 
mind  to  make  money  at  the  cost  (f  any  slired 
of  reputation  they  may  have  for  hospitality  or 
good  feeling,  and  this  sweeping  assertion  applies 
alike  to  all  classes  of  resident  society  in  this  city. 
The  administrative  officials  of  the  Exhibition 
are  doing  their  level  best — without  exception — to 
make  visitors  '  pay  the  piper,"  and  everything  is 
let  out  at  exorbitant  prices  to  concessionists,  who 


aware    that    dissatisfaction    existed   respecting  the 

appointment  of  an  English  architect  to  act  jointly    .  .       .  ,  .,  ..        ,    .       lu  _ 

with  an  Irish  architect  in  the  erection  of  the  College  are  literally  driving  the  exhibitors  before  them 
of  Science  and  Art  in  Dublin  ;  and  whether  he  The  St.  Louis  people  have  turned  themaelves  into 
could  explain  why  it  was  necessary  to  import  an       '        '   '  '  ""      "  ■   '   *         '--' 

architect,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  competent  pro- 
fessional men  were  available  for  the  work  in  Ireland. 
Mr.  V.  Cavendish  who  replied  to  the  question,  said  : 
I  am  not  aware  of  any  dissatisfaction  on  this  sub- 
ject. There  is  no  Irish  architect  who  has  any 
experience  in  building  a  college  of  science,  or  has 
especial  knowledge  of  the  intricate  technical  details 


(To-uay).  —Architectural    Association. 

Value  of  Science  in  an  Architectural 
Curriculum,"  by  A.  E.  Munby,  MA., 
r.C.8.    7..30  p.m. 

South-Western  Polytechnic.  Chelsea. 
Presentation  of  prizes  by  Earl  Cadogan. 
8  p.m. 
S\TUBi'AT  (To-MOEEOwl.— London  Architectural  A^aocia- 
tion.  Visit  to  Moor  Park,  Eickmans- 
worth.  Train  from  Baker-street  Station. 
2.30  p.m.  ,      . 

Northern  Architectural  Association. 
Visit  to  BuiMin»9  in  Dean-street,  New- 
castle, and  Laing  Art  Gallery. 

Edinburgh  Architectural  Association. 
Visit  to  Dunfermline.  Train  from 
Waverley  Station  1.20  pin. 

South-Western  Polytechnic,  Chelsea. 
Conversazione.  7  to  10  p.m. 
Mo.sDAV. -Society  of  Arts.  "The  Majolica  and  Glazed 
Earthenware  of  Tuscany,"  Cantor  Lec- 
ture No.  3.  by  Prof.  E.  Langton  Douglas, 
M.A.    4.30  p.m.  „  .     . 

Bristol  Society  of  Architects.  "  Eobert 
Adams,  Artist  and  Architect,"  by  Percy 
Fitzgerald,  F.8.A.  8  p.m. 
TiESDAY.— Architectural  Association.  Inspection  of  >>'cw 
Premises.  No.  18,  Tuf ton-street,  S.W. 
.1.30  to  B.SOp.m. 

Society  of  Arts.     "  Crystalline  Glazes 
and  their  Application  to  the  Decoration 
of  Pottery,"  by  William  Barton,  F.C.8. 
S  p.m. 
WEDSESDAV.-Society  of   Arls.      "Early    Painting    in 
Miniature,"    ly    Richard    R.    Holmes, 
C.V.O.    8  p.m. 
FaiDAV.— Aicbitectural  Association.    Annual  Memlers' 
Dinner   at     the    Criterion    Restiurant, 
Piccadilly-circus.    7  for  7.30  p.m. 
Satcbdav  (May  141.— Municip:il  Surveyors'  Association. 
Meeting  at  Yorls.    Paper  by  A.  Creer 
Cily     Engineer,     on     "  Sewerage     aniJ 
Sewage  Disposal  of  York."    11a.m. 


a  den  of  thieves.  The  Exhibition  Itself  will  be  a 
very  fine  one  when  it  is  completed,  but  I  am 
■"   '         At    present 


doubtful  whether  it   ever   wiU  be. 

chaos  reigns  supreme 

representative  at  St.    Louis   of  a  number  of  the 

most  noted  firms  of  British  exhibitors. 

The  Sanitary  Committee  of    the    Manchester 


rpHE  SOCIETY  OP  ARCHITECTS. 


Mr.  Day  Is  the  present  :  H°'i°''!;,I''V,?'u"ocTo"ER '!■"'*"'''"'"''  '""'^"''=''- 

.  ,    /^_,„u.A.    .1..      SHIP  »,U  b«  held  m  OCTOBER.  U^.^^^.^  ^^j.j,j^^jjg^^^^,^^^. 


which  have  to  be  borne  in  mind  in  constructing    Corporation,   in   a  report  to    the   city    council 

such  a  building  according  to  modern  requirements,    gjate  that  the  city  architect  has  been  instructed  to 

Mr.  Aston  Webb  has  the  greatest  knowledge  and    prepare  plans  for  the  erection  on  the  Bradford 


experience  of  this  class  of  work. 


An  important  arbitration  between  Messrs.  R.  C. 
Brebner  and  Co.  and  the  Oban  Town  Council  was 
held  in  the  Royal  Hotel,  Edinburgh,  on  Wednesday, 
Thursday,  and  Friday  of  last  week  before  Mr.  C. 
P.  Hogg,  C.E.,  Glasgow,  with  Mr.  Alexander 
M'Grigor  as  clerk  and  legal  assessor  in  the  reference, 


road  area  of  78  cottages  and  a  house  and  shop, 
and  the  plans  and  estimates  have  been  submitted. 
The  estimated  cost  is  £10,350,  plus  £1,100,  the 
city   surveyor's   estimate   for   road   forming  and 


CHIPS. 

The  regimental  memorial  to  the  men  of  the 
Dorsetshire  Regiment  who  fell  in  South  Africa, 
which  has  been  placed  in  Sherborne  Abbey,  where 
the  old  colours  of  the  regiment  now  rest,  will  be 
publicly  unveiled  on  Wednesday  next. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  subscribers  to  East- 


,rs   estimate   lor   roaa   lormmg  ana  -a^-ium,  held  on  Thursday  in  last  week,  it  was 

sewering.      The  committee  have  also  determined  ^^^^^^  ^^^^    '^  difficulties  had  arisen  by  subsi- 

to  recommend  the  council  to  exercise  their  powers  ^g^^gg  (j„g  fo   general   weakness  of  construction, 

for  shop  erections,   and   have   directed  the   city  „„(i  (.g  the  absence  of  sufficient  foundations.  Under- 


architect  to  prepare  plans  of  six  shops  to  be  con-  pinning  had  been  necessary  throughout,  with  the 

the  question  in  dispute  being  the  cost  of  constructing    structed   in   Victoria-avenue,     on    the    Blackley  strengthening  of  the  walls  and  roofs.  Unfortunately, 

the    new    road  along  the  shore  from    the   Oban    estate.      The    estimated    cost   of   these   shops  is  additional  heavy  expense  had  been  caused  by  the 

Esplanade  to  Ganavan  Bay.    The  contractors  were    £4  000.      A  scheme  was  in  April  sealed  by  the  necessity    of    shoring   up  at    different  PO"it^i  '"^ 

represented  by  Mr.  Falconer,  aud  the  Oban  Town    corporation  for  the  provision  of  tenement  dwell-  settlements  during  the  past  year  having  been  pro- 

Co.moil   bv    Mr    M„MBnn»n     »dvnc».ti,.    and   Mr.    •  j  nj    jtuate  in  Rochdale-road,  Sudell-  gressive  to  an  alarming  extent.   ™J- f  ■  f ' 'f^7°'°=' 

:stfeet,^and   Moore-street,.    At   the  junction. of  J.R.LB.A.^-^o^Jjad^g--  l^s^.se^^^^^^^ 


Mr.   Maclennan,  advocate,    and  Mr.  Jn'^^npon'Jand  sriuairiii ' Itochdak-road," SudeU-    gressive  to  an  alarming  extent.   Mr.  E.  A.  Gruning, 
of  Oban.  .stfeet,   and   Moore-street.      At   the  junction  of    J^.R.I-B.A.,  who  had  given  his 

Rochdale-road  with  Sudell-street  there  Is  a  plot    ^-".^-jf^^  ^^e'ryTarticuUr  the  od^ 


Council  by 
Black,  town  clerk 

The  Bishop  of  Southwark  consecrated  the  church 
of  St.  Mary,  Summerstown,  Tooting,  on  Saturday. 
The  holy  table,  the  communion  rails,  aud  reredos 
are  of  polished  oak.  The  oak  chairs  and  other 
furniture  within  the  communion  rails  come  from  an 
old  Dutch  church,  and  are  more  than  200  years  old. 


of  lard  which  has  not  been  included  in  the  site  of 
the  tenements,  and  the  committee  are  of  opinion 
that  it  would  serve  a  beneficial  purpose.  In  con- 
nection with  the  requirements  of  the  persons  for 
The  pews  are  of  poUshed  pine.  The  font  is  the  ^^°^  ^^f  tenements  are  provided,  if  two  shops 
gift  of  the  Sunday-school.  The  bell,  which  came  were  erected  upon  the  plot  of  land  m  harmony 
out  of  the  clock  tower  of  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  '  with  the  tenement  dwellings.  Ihe  estimated  cost 
is  dated  178S.  The  seating  accommodation  is  for  of  completing  this  corner  is  £1,600.  The  council 
800.  The  total  cost  of  fabric,  fittings,  and  fees  is  are  recommended  to  approve  of  and  adopt  the 
,tl0,84(;.  The  amount  collected  has  been  £9,051,  several  housing  and  shop  schemes  referred  to 
and  the  amount  still  required  £1,795.  Mr.  G.  in  this  report,  and  to  make  application  to 
Pinkerton  was  the  architect.  the  Local  Government  Board  for  their  approval 

A  new  hall  has  been  built  at  Dunblane,  in  con-  of  the  schemes  and  for  their  sanction  to  the 
nection  with  the  cathedral.  Sir  Rowand  Anderson,  I  borrowing  by  the  corporation  of  the  sum  of 
of  Edinburgh,  was  the  architect,  and  the  cost  was    £23  050. 

'      '  _  I      The  testing  opera,tions  for  the  current  session 

The  German  Emperor,  accompanied  by  the  Em-  '  g^g  recommenced  on  Wednesday  afternoon  at 
press  and  the  Crown  Pnnce,  unveiled  a  statue  of  1  j^^  ^^.^jig^  j-.^g  Prg^gntion  Committee's  testing 


the  consulting  architects. 

Mr  A.  M'F.  Shannon,  A.R.S  A.,  of  Glasgow, 
has  been  commUsioned  by  the  harbour  com- 
missioners of  Belfast  to  execute  in  marble  a  bust  of 
the  late  Sir  James  Musgrave,  Bart. 

The  Gloucester  Corporation's  electric  tramway- 
system  was  formally  opened  on  Tuesday.  The  cost 
of  the  system  has  been  £150,000. 

A  new  "  provided"  school,  the  contracts  in  con- 
■  nection  with  which  amount  to  upwards  of  £30,000, 
was  opened  on  Friday  at  Holbem-road,  Canmng 
Town,  by  the  chairman  of  the  West  Ham  Education 
Committee.  In  its  three  departments  there  will  be 
provided  accommodation  for  l,b09  children-580 
infants,  500  girls,  and  520  boys— and  it  will  prob- 
ably be  the  last  school  of  such  large  dimensions  to 
be  erected  in  West  Ham.  The  classrooms  will  give 
places  for  between  48  and  GO  children,  and  all  ove^- 


™e  sieving    ,--^- ^„    assembly-hall,    84ft.    by    30ft.      On  the 
fare-risisting     ^g^thern  boundary   of   the  site  there  is  a  separate 


his  grandfather,  the  Emperor  William  I.,  at  Berlin      .    .  ■        ■      t)  l  v        t 

on  Tuesday.     The  statue,  which  has  been  erected  :  ^t^t'O?    i"    Bayswa  er,    when   two  ^^^^^^ __.^ 

on  the  Luisen-Insel,  in  the  Thiergarten,  represents  partitions,  one  of  slabs  and  one  ot  porous  bri:ks  huilding  for  manual  instruction  arranged  as  a 
the  first  ( ;erman  Emperor  as  he,  then  the  Prince  of  i  were  under  investigation  for  a  protracted  period  double  centre  on  the  first  floor,  a  covered  play- 
Prussia,  appeared  in  1813  at  the  age  ot  sixteen,  and  at  temperatures  ranging  to  1,800'  and  2,100°  Fahr.  ground  being  on  the  ground  level.  Mr.  William 
IB  the  work  of  the  sculptor  Professor  Bruett.                The  tests  were  attended  by  representatives  of  the  Jacques,  A.R.I.B.A.,  is  the  architect. 


May  G,  1904. 


T5E    BUILDING    NEWS. 


G77 


^m'Ht  i^eta 


WAGES    MOVEMENTS. 

Teesdale  Joiners. — The  joiners  engaged  in  the 
tuilding  trade  in  Stockton,  Thornaly,  Middles- 
brough, and  West  Hartlepool,  who  had  arranged 
to  strike  on  Saturday  against  a  reduction  of  a  penny 
per  hour,  have  accepted  an  amended  offer  from  the 


Deals,  per  St.  Petersburg  Stend&rd,  120— 12ft.  by  liio.  '  FOR 

by  llin.  : — 

Quebec,  Fine,  l8t  £22  0 

„            2nd 18  5 

8rd  11  15 

Canada  Spruce,  Int It  0 

„           2nd  and  3rd   9  0 

New  Brunswick 8  0 

Riga    7  10 

St.  Petersburg 8  0 

Swedish 11  0 

Finland 9  0 


master  builders  to  take  a  farthing  reduction  along    White  Sea  ...................'.'.'.'.'.'.'.','.'.".".'."    11  10 

with   certain  concessions  in  the  working  rules,  in-  i  Battens,  all  sorts  6  10 

eluding  an  extra  allowance  of  three  farthings  per 
hour,  or  sixpence  per  day,  when  laying  block  pitch- 
pine  or  hard  wood  floors,  walking  time  to  be 
mutually  arranged,  and  no  further  reduction  for 
twelve  months.  These  terms  come  into  force  on 
Monday  next,  the  9th  inst.  i 


to  £29  6 

..  23  10 

„  14  0 

„  15  10 

„  10  10 

„  9  15 

„  8  10 

„  18  10 

„  19  10 

„  10  0 

„  19  10 

■>  13  10 


Olivers' 

Seasoned 


To  — 

WM 


Hardwoods, 

OLIVER  &  SONS,   LTD., 
130,  BuahiU  Row,  LONDON,  E.G. 


LATEST    PRICES. 


Flooring  Boards,  per  square  of  lin. : — 

letprepared £0  12 

2nd  ditto   Oil 

Other  qualities    0    5 

Staves,  per  standard  M  : — 

U.S.,  pipe £87  10 

Memel,  or.  pipe  220    0 

Memel,  brack 190    0 


£0  18 
0  15 
0  13 


£45 

230 
200 


IBON, 


&o. 

Per  ton. 


Per  ton. 


Rolled-Iron  Joists,  Belgian £5  10  0    to 

Rolled-Steel  Joists,  English   6  10  0    „ 

Wrought-Iron  Girder  Plates  7    0  0,, 

Bar  Iron,  good  Staffs 6    6  0,, 

Do.,  Lowmoor,  Flat,  Round,  or 

Square    20    0  0    „ 

Do.,  Welsh  6  15  0    „ 

Boiler  Plates,  Iron — 

South  Staffs 8  15    0    „ 

BestSnedahill »  10    0 

Angles  lOs.,  Tees  20s.  per  ton  extra. 

Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  for  bonding,  Ac.,  £7  7s.  6d. 
Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  galvanised,  £12  to  £13  per  ton. 

Galvanised  Corrugated  Sheet  Iron- 
No.  18  to  20.  No.22to24. 
6ft.     to    8ft.   long,   inclusive     Per  ton. 

gauge £11  15    0 

Best  ditto 12    5    0 

Per  ton. 


£5  15 

6  12 

7  5 

8  10 

20    0 
6  17 


8  15 

9  10 


STONE.* 

Darley  Dale,  in  blocks per  foot  cube  £0 

Red  Mansfield  ditto „    ...    0 

Hard  York  ditto    ,,    ...    0 

Ditto  ditto  6in.  sawn  both  sides,  landings, 

random  sizes per  foot  sup.    0 

Ditto  ditto  Sin,  slabs  sawn  two  sides, 

random  sizes  „    ...    0 

•  All  F.O.R.  London. 
;'  Bath  Stone,  delivered  on  rail  at  quarry  stations 

per  foot  cube  £0 
Delivered  on  road  waggons,  Paddington 

!      Depot „     ...    0 

I  Ditto       ditto       Nine  Elms  Depot  0 

Portland  Stone,  in  random  blocks  of  20ft.  average  :— 


2ti 
2  10 


1  6} 

18l 


Cast-iron  Columns £6  10    . 

Cast-Iron  Stanchions 6  10    t 

Rolled-Iron  Fencing  Wire  8    0    C 

Kolled-Steel  Fencing  Wire 6    5    0 

„          „           „        Galvanised.  7  15    0 

Cast-iron  Sash  Weights  4  12    6 

Cut  Clasp  Nails,  Sin.  to  6in 9    5    0 

Cut  Floor  Brads 9    0    0 

Wire  Nails  (Points  de  Paris)— 

«to7      8        9        10       11       12  13       U 
8/-      8/6     9/-    9/6      9/9    10/6    11/3    1?/- 


to 


Per  ton. 
£12  0  0 
12  10  0 
Per  ton. 
£8  10  0 

8  10 

8  5 

6  10 

8  0 
4  12 

9  6 
9  0 


0  2  1 


0  2 


16  B.W.Q. 
13/-  per  cwt. 


Cast-iron  Socket  Pipes- 
Sin,  diameter    £5  15  0    to  £6    0  0 

4in.to6in 5  12  6    „  6  17  6 

7in.  to  24in.  (all  sizes)  5    7  6,,  6  10  0 

[Coated  with  composition,  53.  Od.  per  ton  extra ;  turned 
and  bored  joints,  Ha.  Od.  per  ton  extra.] 

Kg  Iron—  Per  ton. 

Cold  Blast,  Lilleshall    105s.  Od.  to  H2s.  6d. 

Hot  Blast,  ditto  65s.  Od.  to   70s.  Od. 


Brown  White 

Whit  Bed.  Base  Bed. 
Delivered  to  railway  depot  at  the 

quarry per  foot  cube  £0     1  5i  ...  £0     1  7J 

Delivered  on  road  waggons  \ 

at  Paddington  Depot    ...  f 

Ditto    Nine  Elms  Depot...  ( 

Ditto    PimUco  Wharf ; 

OILS. 

Linseed  per  tun  £13  15  0    to  £14    5    0 

Rapeseed,  English  pale ...    „    ...    21  19  0    „  24    0    0 

Do.,  brown „    ...    20    0  0    „  21    0    0 

Cottonseed,  refined ,    ...    19  15  0    „  211.5    0 

OUve,  Spanish  ,    ...    31    0  0    „  31    5    0 

Seal,  pale   „     ...     18    0  0    „  23    0    0 

Cocoanut,  Cochin „    ...    30    0  0    „  31    0    0 

Do.,  Ceylon   „     ...     27    0  0    „  27  10     6 

Palm,  Lagos ,    ...    28    0  0    „  28  10    0 

Oleine „    ...    17    5  0    „  19    5    0 

Lubricating  TJ.S per  gal.     0    7  0,,  080 

Petroleum,  refined „     ...      0    0  5|  „  0    0    0 

Tar,  Stockholm per  barrel     16  0,,  160; 

Do.,  Archangel »,    ...      0  19  6    „  10    0 

Turpentine,  American  ...per  tun    87    0  0    „  87    6    0  i 


TENDERS. 

•»•  Correspondents  would  in  all  cases  oblige  by  giving 
the  addresses  of  the  parties  tendering — at  any  rate,  of  the 
I  accepted  tender :  it  adds  to  the  value  of  the  information. 

1      AxsTRrTHKn,    N.B. — For   erecting    a     concrete    wall 

against  the  west  pier,  for  the  harbour  commi^^sioners  :  — 

Petrie,  J.,  Grangemouth  (accepted)    £1,550    0    0 

!     B.MtKi.'ji;,  E. — For  the  erection  of  a  new  crane  at  the 
]  Barking  sewage  outfall,  for  the  London  County  Council :  — 

1         Smith,  T.,  and  .Sons  (heavy  crane'  ..       £14.5  10  0 

i         Coles,  H.  J.  (heavy  crane) 433    0  0 

Smith.  T.,  and  Sons,  London  (Ught 

crane) 42'J  10  0 

Booth.  J.,  and  Bros.,  Ltd.,  Rodley. 
Leeds  (according  to  material  used 

and  height  of  backstays  I        £(il   to  461    0  0 

Wilson.J.  a..  &r,).,  Ltd.,  Liverpool         .31)3  10  0 

Coles,  H.  J..  Derby  (light  crane)  =...         310    0  0 

Grafton  and  Co.,  Bedford 312    0  0 

Isles,  Ltd.,  Stanningley,  Leeds     ...         340    0  0 
*  Accepted. 

B.VTTERsE.v. — For  reconstructing  offices  at  Gideon-street 
School,  for  the  London  School  Board  : — 

TriggS,  E £2,423  0  0 

Downs,  W 1,900  0  0 

Parker,  0 1,821  0  0 

Tucker,  E.  B 1,763  0  0 

Maxwell  Bros.,  Ltd 1,716  0  0 

LatheyBros 1.669  0  0 

Bowyer,  J.  and  C 1,657  0  0 

Leney,  H.,  and  Son 1,654  0  0 

Beattie,  R.  P 1.563  0  0 

Davis  and  Bennett     1.560  0  0 

Whitehead  and  Co.,  Ltd..  Portland- 
place,  North-rd.,  S.W.  (accepted) 


A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  was  held  at 
Bury,  Lanes,  on  Friday,  regarding  an  application  by  ' 
Wrought-Iron  Tubes  and  Fittings — Discount  off  Standard  I  'he  town  council  to  borrow  £15, OOOforelectriclighting  j 


Lists  f.o.b.  (plus  5  per  cent.)  ; — 

Gas-Tubes 67ilp.c. 

Water-Tubes 62J 

Steam-Tubes    57j  " 

Galvanised  Gas-Tubes "  55  " 

Galvanised  Water-Tubes ".'.'.",'..'.'.  50  " 

Galvanised  Steam-Tubes 45  " 

lOcwt.  casks.  5cwt.  casks. 
Per  ton.  Per  ton. 


Zinc,  English  (London  mill)  £24  1„ 

Do.,  Vieille  Montagne 27  10 

Sheet  Lead,  31b.  and  upwards  ...    13  15 
Lead  Water  Pipe  (F.O.B.  Lond.)    14    5 

Lead  Barrel  Pipe   15    2 

Lead  Pipe,  Tinned  inside  16    2 

.,       „         „       ,.  and  outside    17  12 

Composition  Gas-Pipe 16    2 

Soil-pipe  (Sin.  and  6in.  extra)  ...     16    2 

Pig  Lead,  in  Icwt.  pigs 10  16 

Lead  Shot,  in  28Ib.  bags 15    0 

Copper  Sheets,  sheathing  and  rods    74    0 
Copper,  British  Cake  and  Ingot...    6115 

Tin,  Straits 126    7 

Do.,  English  Ingots  128    0 

Spelter,  Silesian 22    3 

TIMBER. 

Teak,  Burmah per  load  £10 

„    Bangkok „    ... 

Quebec  Pme,  yellow 

..  Oak ;  ... 

„    Birch   

,.  Ehn ;;  ... 

„  Ash ;;  ... 

Dantsic  and  Uemel  Oak 

Fir "  ;;; 

Wainscot,  Riga  p.  log...      '*    „', 
Lath,  Dantflic,  p.f , 

St.  Petersburg 

Greenheart  

Box .„     "    ;" 

Sequoia,  U.S.A per  cubefoot 

Mahogany,  Cuba,  per  super  foot 

lin.  thick  0 


to  £25    0 

..  27  15 

„  13  15 

..  14    5 

„  15    2 

„  16    2 

„  17  12 

„  16    2 

„  18    2 

„  10  17 

„  15    5 

.,  74    5 

„  62    5 

„  126  17 

„  128  10 

„  22  12 


purposes.     In  IS'J7,  when  the  electricity  works  were 
opened,    11,811  units   were  supplied   to  customers. 
Last  year  421,993  units  were  sold,  and  e.ttension  of 
i  the  works  is  necessary. 

I  At  the  Norwich  consistory- court  a  faculty  has 
;  been  decreed  for  restoration  of  West  Lynn  church 
from  plans  by  Mr.  Howard,  where,  owing  to 
j  financial  difficulties,  the  old  lead  roof,  now  no  longer 
watertight,  is  to  be  replaced  by  slates.  Faculties 
were  also  decreed  for  the  erection  of  memorial 
stained-glass  windows  at  Cromer  and  East  Dereham 
churches. 

Eushford  Church,  near  Thetford,  has  been  restored 
6  and  decorated  by  Messrs. PercyBicou  and  Brothers, 
6  of  11,  Newman-street,  London,  W.,  who  have  also 
executed  a  reredos,  with  painted  pxnels,  a  chancel 
screen  ia  wood,  the  sanctuary  hangings,  altar 
rails,  brass  lectern,  a  three-light  stained-glass  east 
window,  brass  memorial  tablet,  also  wooden 
panelling  all  round  the  body  of  the  church.  They 
are  also  erecting  a  lynch-gate  in  the  churchyard. 
The  work  has  been  done  for  Mrs.  Musker,  of 
Shadwell  Court,  Thetford. 


0 


9 

3  IS 
5    0 

3  0 

4  0 

3  15 
2  15 
2  15 
2  10 

4  0 
4  0 
7  16 
7  0 
0     3     6 


to  £18 
„      16 


Honduras  ... 

„  Mexican 

„     I.  African  

Cedar,  Cuba    

_„  Honduras   

Satinwood    

Walnut,  Itahan '." 

II      American  (logs) 


0  10 
0  8 
8    1 


0    8 
0  7} 

0     5 
0  5i  ! 

0  sI 

0  8i 

1  9 

0  7J 
3     1  I 


PILKINGTON  &  CO. 

(ESTABLISHKD    1838), 

MONUMENT    CHAMBERS, 
KINO  WILLIAM  STREET,  LONDON,  B.C. 

Sk«giHer*d  Tradi  Mark: 

POLONCEAO  ASPHALTE 


Patent  Asphalte  and  Felt  Roofing. 

ACID-EE8I8TING    ASPHAT.TB. 

WHITE  SILICA  PAVINQ. 

PYRIMONT  8EY8SEL  ASPHALTE,     | 

TKi.icniovK  No.  631D  Aventk. 


1,493    0    0 

BiRKENHEAn. — For  the  erection  of  corporation  stables 
and  depot  buildings  in  Cleveland-street :  — 

Hugbes  and  Stirling  (accepted)     ...  £10,279    0    0 

Brixtom.— For  the  adaptation  of  houses,  Nos.  48  and 
50,  Acre-lane,  for  the  purpose  of  estabhshing  a  bora*  for 
mentally  defective  girla,  for  the  London  School  Board  ;  — 

Eice  and  Son £3,769    0    0 

Tucker.  E.  E 3,756    0    0 

Akers,  W.,  andC). 3,637    0    0 

Garrett.  J.,  and  Son 3.621    0    0 

Bulled,  E.  P.,  and  Co 3.593    0    0 

Bowyer.  J.  and  C 3.587    0    0 

Higga,  F.  and  H.  F 3,563    0    0 

Mitchell,  W.  J 3.517    0    0 

Groves,  H 3533    0    0 

Trig^a,  E 3.475    0    0 

Appleby.  J.,  and  Sons  3,415    0    0 

Holliday  and  Greenwood,  Ltd.      ...      3,333    0    0 
Edwards  and    Medway,   Ethelred- 
st.,  Kennington  Cross  (accepted)      3,160    0    0 

Bromlky.— For  alterations  and  decorations  to  *'  Rothe- 
say," Plaistow-lane,  Bromley,  Kent:  — 

Crossley.  T.,  and  Son,  Bromley    ...       £W9  10    0 
Graty.  T.  D.,  Bromley  (accepted)...         262    0    0 

Catfohd. — For  heating  apparatus  at  Brownhill-roil 
School,  for  the  London  School  Board  :  — 

.Stevens  and  Sons       

Cannon,  W.  G.,  and  Sjns 

May,  J.  and  F.  

Paragon  Heating  Co.  

Berry,  Z.  D  ,  and  Sons        

Kite,  C,  and  Co 

Brightside  Foundry  and  Engineer- 
ing Co..  Ltd.  

Harlow,  B.,  and  Son 

Wippell  Bros,  and  Raw       

Woutaer-Smith,  J.,  Gray,  and  Co. 
Eraser,  J.,  and  Son,  Millbiak*    ... 
•  Accepted. 

Chklmskord. — For  the  supply  and  delivery  of  225  tons 
of  lOin.  cist-iron  pipes  and  other  castiogH,  for  the  town 
council.  Mr.  Cuthbert  Brown,  A.M.I.C.E.,  borough 
engineer ;  — 

Binns,  J.  and  T.,  Croydon 

Jackson,  -T.,  Forest  Gate      

Greig  and  Mathews.  London 
Robson,  J.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    ... 

Bell,  G.»  Tottenham 

Callender  and  Co.,  Westminster    ... 

Weatgate.  W.  E.,  Romford 

Gakes.  J.  London       

Abbot  and  Co..  Gatesliead 

Ruberts.  Ltd.,  We^t  Broinwich 
Wimpey  and  Co.,  Hammerdmith  ... 

Reid  Bro*.,  London 

Sheepbridge   Coal    and   Iron   Co., 

Chi'steitield 

l>jnblt?.  G.,  Ipiwich 

Potter,  IL,  and  Son.  Chelmsford  ... 

Cochrme  and  Co..  Dudley 

Ashley,  11.,  Manslleld  

Staveley  Coal  and   Iron  Co.,  near 

ChesttTlield 

Moran  and  S^m,  Hirwich    

r,)ehn»*e  \' Co..  Ltd.,  Middlesbro* 
Cloak,  A,  G.,  Ilrtlborn  Viaduct 
Dennis.  T..  and  Son.  Chelmsford  ... 
Claycro.ss  t'o.,  near  CheNterfleld  ... 
JIolwoll  Iron  Co.,  Melton  Mow- 
bray (accepted^        1.131  13    7 

Borough  engineer's  eatiinite,  £t,17*. 

{Continued  on  pa>je  AT/.) 


£1,6M 

0 

0 

1,195 

0 

u 

1,1)1 

0 

u 

1,37-2 

0 

0 

1,335 

0 

0 

1,300 

0 

0 

1.297 

0 

0 

1.297 

0 

0 

1.293 

0 

0 

1,216 

0 

0 

1,1S} 

0 

0 

£1,517  17 

6 

1.491    0 

0 

i.<t;  iij 

5 

l,4.'l   1 

5 

l,.S7l  10 

0 

l,Si!9  11 

5 

1,383  19 

0 

1.317    6 

4 

1,309    7 

7 

1,28IJ    3 

9 

1.2S5    2 

R 

1,277    S 

6 

1.263     1 

3 

1.256  U 

S 

1,23«    1 

3 

1.219  17 

3 

l,23i     1 

3 

1,225  11 

3 

1,221     3 

0 

1.2  7  10 

9 

1  196  13 

(1 

1.191    0 

2 

1,16;>  13 

S 

G78  THE    BUILDING    NEWS^ May  6.  1904. 


LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 

Barapt-Hosnitnl  G-  D-  ByfieM,  Clerk,  16.  High-street.  Birnet .^ May    !» 

Dungarvrn-Vater  Supply  Pcheme(iimir«^^^^^^^  £25  '. Thomas  McCarthy.  Town  cferk,  Urbaa  Councd  Offices,  Dungarvan    „      16 

Nfw  Someiby.  Grantham- St.  Anne'a  Church   (500  sittings;  ™,     „       „„„  T^^l  ;*  n      *i a» 

hmit£3oro)  £10        The  Rev.  H.  H.  Surgey.  Dudley-road,  Graatham „     31 

Stamford-Pubiic  Library'(iimir£-ro()oi''('Asse9soV;''l!;!''!!! £25  (mergedl,  £15,  £10    Charles  Atter,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Stamford    ,     31 

Fdzakerley,  Liveipool-New  Church  of  St,  Emmanuel  (seat  ^^    „       c        ^         t,   -u-       ^         -i.       t  r^\.     ■      a    t  ■„.™ i  oi 

700  ■  cost  £7  COO)  The  Hon.  Secretary,  Building  Committee,  7,  Chevm-rd.,  Liverpool..    „     31 

Peteiborough-Pubiic  iAmiViiimiVfroOOr  "••■^'•••".^^''■^^       £50  (merged),  £25,  £15 W.  Mellows,  Town  Clerk,  Peterborough   ■■■-■-■- r-;-„- „;  -  •l"?f  tl 

Rio  de  Janeiro— Theatre  (£70  000  limit) £500  and  three  other  Premiums  The  Com  Intel.  Branch,  Board  of  Trade,  50,  Parliament-«t.,  S.W...  July  25 

Otsett-Town  Hall  W.  Hirst,  Borough  Surveyor,  Ossett,  \orks   — 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 


7 


7 


BTTIIiDINGS. 

Falcarragh-Eebidtnce .Tohn  M' Donald,  M.D Doolin,  Butler,  and  Donnelly.  Architects,  Dawson  Chambers,  Dublin  May 

Cwmavon— Btbuildirg  Miners'  Arms E.  Evana  Eevan,  Neath  3.  Ccok  Rees.  Architect,  Neath „ 

Horlleppol-ConveiliDg  Premises  into  Sunday-Schools    Independent  Chapel  Trustees   Captain  T.  W.  "Wateon,  Gladstone-street,  Hartlepool  „ 

Bristol-PijjgeriesatCily  Asylum    Visiting  Committee  Peter  Addie,  City  Valuer.  Council  House,  Bristol ^....    „  T 

Omagh—Additinns  to  Loreto  Convent Doolin.  Butler,  and  Donnelly,  Architect?,  Dawson  Chambers,  Dubhn    ,,  7 

Londonderry- Stores.  Lower  Linenhall-atreet William  Thompson  and  Co.,  Ltd.    ...  T.  Johnetgn.  Architect,  U.  East-wall.  Londonderry    7 

Taunton— School  Buildings Governors Samson  and  Cottam.  Architects.  1,  Hammett-street,  Taunton    ,  7 

Chorlton-on-Medlork- Plymouth  Grove  Municipal  Schools    ...  Manchester  Education  Committee  ...  The  Education  Otfices.  Deansgate,  Manchester „  7 

Tredegar— Twenty  Houses  United  Building  Society W.  8,  Williams,  Architect,  Tredegar 7 

Cardigan— Vestiy  to  Mount  Zion  Baptist  Chapel J.  Morgan,  Prioiy-street,  Cardiffan 7 

Shottcn-  gchool Horden  Collieries,  Ltd J.  M.  Bottomley,  Son,  and  Wellburn,  Architects,  Middlesbrough  ...    „  i 

Kelterirg- Stables,  St.  Andrew's-strtet Urban  District  Council    The  Surveyor,  Market-place,  Kettering    „  T 

Ruthin— Additions  to  County  Schools  for  Girls    Governors .Tames  Huphes,  Architect.  Denbigh „  7 

Stockport-Wood  and  Coirupated  Iron  Building    Tramways  Committee  John  Atkinson.  A.M. I. C.E..  Borough  Surveyor.  Stockport 7 

Newtowrstewart-  Timber  Belfry  &  Spire,  St.  Eugene's  Church  Rev.  W.  T.  O'Doherty,  P.P Edward  J.  Toye.  Arrhitect.  20,  Great  James-street,  Londonderry 7 

Tarras- Repairs  to  Steading  Jas.  Beattie,  Earlsmill,  Forres ,,  » 

Ipswich-Alterations  to  Argyle-street  Council  School   Education  Committee  E.  T.  Johns.  Architect.  Thoroughfare.  Ipswich „  i» 

Rochford— Wood  and  Iron  Hospital  Ward  at  Nobles  Green  ...  Rural  District  Council H.  T.  Sidwell,  Surveyor.  P.ochford „  9 

Westwood-Additions  to  Branch  Store The  Secrebiry.  Co-operative  Society.  Blaydon „  9 

Southall-Carnfgie  Free  Library  Southall-Norwood  U.D.C Reginald  Brown.  Architect.  Public  Offices,  Southall    3 

Tarras— Rerotiflng  Farmhouse    Jas.  Beattie,  Earlsmill,  Forres •.  » 

Kingston-on-Thames- Mortuaiy,  River-lane   Property  Committee Harold  A,  Winser,  Town  Clerk,  Kiogston-on-Thamea „  if 

Baildcn— Detached  House   Walker  and  CoUinson,  Architects,  Swan-arcade,  Bradford  „  »• 

Tillicoutry- Additions  to  School School  Board  John  Melvin  and  Son,  Architects,  Alloa   „  9 

Alnwick— Improvements  to  Premises  ib<uick  aii'l  Count  i/  GazttleCo George  Reavell,  jun.,  A.R.I. B. A.,  Alnwick „  9 

Oodalming-Repairs  to  Technical  Institute Welman  and  Street,  Architects,  Church-street.  Oodalming  „  fl 

Watei  ford- Isolation  Hospital  Newtown  School  Committee  Jamea  F.  M'MulIen,  MR  I.A.I.,  30,  South  Mall,  Cork  9 

Tarras— New  Cottage Jas.  Beattie.  Earlsmill.  Forrea 9 

Grimsby— Horfeketpei's  House Household  Scavenging  Sub-com H.  Gilbert  Wbyatt.  A.M.I.CE.,  Boro'  Eng.,  Town  Hall.Orunsby  ..    „  9 

Elgin-Cottage  at  Pitttndreich  Mill John  Wittet,  Architect,  Elgin  ,.  9 

Rochford— Alterations  at  Acacia  House Guardians Frederic  Gregson,  Clerk.  Alexandra-street,  Southend 9 

Hillbead— Kercijfing  Range  of  Cottages  , Jas.  Beattie.  Earlsmill.  Forres „  9 

Youghal— Works  at  Auxiliaiy  Asylum  Cork  Lunatic  Asylum  Committee    ...  W.  H.  Bill  and  Son.  Architects.  28,  South  Mall.  Cork  ,  10 

BridBWater— Alterations  to  Market  House Town  Council W.  T.  Baker,  Town  Clerk.  King-snuare,  Bridgwater  „  10 

Hudderefleld- House  at  Grange  Moor J.  Beny,  Architect,  3.  Market-place,  Huddersfield  10 

Pcntnewydd— Twenty  Houses Building  Club James  Russell.  Richmond-mad.  Pontnewydd „  10 

Winscombe— New  Station    Great  Western  Railway  Co G.  K.  Mills.  Secretarv.  Paddington  Station.  W ,.  10 

Bray.  Ireland- Fifly-Four  Workmen's  Cottages Urban  District  Council    C.  H.  N.  Sutter,  Architect.  Town  Hall.  Bray „  10 

Pontshonnoiton- Vestry  to  Wesleyan  Chapel  Arthur  O.  Evans.  Architect.  Pontypridd „  10 

Strabsre- Cottages Rural  District  Council J.  E  sharke.  Clerk.  Strabane  ••  10 

Bramford.  Ip-swich- Brick  Abutments  for  New  Bridge East  Suffolk  County  Council H.  Miller.  M.I.O.E..  County  Surveyor.  Ipswich „  10 

Purton-Level-Crossirg  Cottage   Great  Wettern  Railway  Co O.  K.  Mills.  Secretary,  Paddington  Station.  W „  lt> 

Blackburn— Altdations  to  Workhouse  Guardians F.  C.  Ruddle.  Architect,  4,  King-street,  Blackburn 10 

Hahfax— Four  H<  uses.  Manor  Royd  Estate Richard  Horsfall  and  Son,  Architects,  Halifax „  II 

Westminster  Bridge-road,  S.E.- Additions  to  Dispensary  Lambeth  Guardians W.  ThurnaU.  Clerk,  Brook-street,  Kennington-road,  S  E „  11 

Gateshead-on-Tyne— Shop  for  Electrical  Repairs    North-Eastern  RaUway  Co William  Bell  Architect,  Central  Station,  Newcastle-on-Tyne II 

Mardy-Woikmen's  Hall  and  Institute  E.  Williams  Architect,  Andrews'  Buildings,  Cardiff 11 

Gninaid'sBead— Faimhouse J.  Berriman Oliver  Caldwell.  F.R.I.B. A..  Architect.  Penzance „  11 

Blackpool— Four  Shelters.  North  Shore  Marine  Promenade    ...  Highways  Committee  John  S.  Brodie.  Borough  Engineer.  Town  Hall,  Blackpool  „  11 

Methlick— House  and  Stable  Wm.  Smith James  Cobban.  Architect.  Haddo  House,  Aberdeen „  11 

Outwood.  Wakefield— Residtnce   Fred  Noble.  Archittct,  Great  Houghton,  Bamsley   ,,  11 

Dunston-on-Tyne- Station  Buildings North-Eastern  Railway  Co William  Bell,  Architect,  Central  Station,  Newcastle-on-Tyne „  11 

Southtnd-on-i-'fa-  Infant  School,  Leigh-road Education  Committee  Greenhalgh  and  Brockbank,  Archts.,  Weston-rd.,  Southend-on-Sea    „  12 

Knockando  Distiileiy,  Dalbealiie— Three  Workmen's  Cottages  Charles  C.  Doig,  Architect,  Elgin   .■ ,  12 

Tanncchside-Buildiig  for  Steel  Service  Tank    Lanark  District  Committee    Crouch  and  Hogg,  C.E.,  63,  Bothwell-street,  Glasgow    „  12 

Landkey— Rebuilding  Bible  Christian  Chapel  J.  C.  Sonthcombe.  Architect,  Barnstaple ,,  12 

Liverpool-  Sorting  Gliice  at  Old  Swan    H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary.  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Gate,  S.W 12 

KnockaLdo  Distiileiy.  Dalbealiie— Manager's  House Charles  C.  Duig.  Architect.  Elgin    i.  Vi 

Ulverston- House.  Kilner's  Park C.  J.  Chapman   Settle  and  Brundiitt.  AA. R.I. B.A..  Architects,  Ulverston   „  12 

Annan-  Public  Libiaiy.  Bank-street  Town  Council Murray  Little.  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Annan   „  IS 

Fermoy- Christian  Brothers'  Schools  Samuel  F.  Hyoes,  F.R.I.B. A.,  21,  South  Mall,  Cork  13 

Rothfiham— Isolation  Hospital Corporation , J,  Platts,  Bormigh  Architect,  High-street,  Rotherham  13 

Dewsbniy- Eeven  Houses,  Leeds-road    John  Kirk  and  Sons.  Architects.  Dewsbuiy ,*  13 

Annan— Extending  Market  and  Public  Hall Town  Council Murray  Little.  Town  Clerk.  Town  Hall,  Annan   „  IS 

Bainacre- Church  Austen  and  Paley,  Architects.  Lancaster ,  IS 

Rieca- Twelve  Houses Rees  and  Case C.  Telford  Evans.  Architect,  8,  Queen-street.  Cardiff „  14 

Finchhy,  N.-Alterations  at  Fire  Brigade  Stables Uiban  District  Council    The  Surveyor's  Office.  Council  Offices,  Church  End,  Finchley „  14 

TotlandBay-Enlarging  Christ  Church Percy  Stone.  F.IM.B.A..  Newport,  I.W 14 

Sutton  Coldfield-Town  Hall  and  Fire  Station Corporation Mayston  and  Eddison,  Archts.,  7,  St,  James-st.,  Bedford -row,  W.C.    „  16 

Carhsle— Additions  to  Irthington  Vicarage   T.  Taylor  Scott.  F.R.I.B.  A..  Architect.  Lowther-street.  Carlisle „  16 

Loughborough— New  Union  Offices.  Ashby-road    Guardians    W.  T.  Hampson.  Architect.  Ashby-road.  Loughborough „  1ft 

Rishwoith— Twelve  Through  Houses  R.  Horsfall  and  Son,  .Architects,  22a.  Commercial-street,  Halifax  ..    „  16 

Wetheral— Parochial  Offices Parish  Council    J.  H.  Martindale,  Architect,  Viaduct  Chambers,  Carlisle 16 

Ferry  hill- Rebuilding  Black  Bull  Inn S.  Wilkinson,  Architect,  30,  Mosley-street,  Newcastle-on-Tyne 1(5 

Abergavenny- Four  Cottages,  Lower  Monk-street Mrs.  Dodd   F,  Baldwin,  Architect,  13,  Frogmore-.street,  Abergavenny „  IS 

Shrewsbury— Additions  at  TechuicalSchool W,  C.  Eddowcs,  Borough  Surveyor,  The  Square,  Shrewsbury ,  IS 

Bipon- Sulphur  Baths,  Park-street Corporation Samuel  Stead,  Architect,  Victoria  Chambers.  Harrogate    „  IS 

Shrewsbury- Addition  to  Technical  School.  Abbey  Foregate W.  Chappie  Eddowes.  Borough  Surveyor,  The  Square,  Shrewsbury    „  18 

Bromley,  Kent— Chapel  at  Bromley  Hill  Cenjeteiy Burial  Board  Evelyn  Hellicar,  Architect,  East-street,  Bromley,  Kent 17 

Hayle— FamiBuildirgsatBarView  S.  Lawrey.  Helnoweth.  Gulval,  Penzance  ,.  17 

Fulham-road,  S.W.- Painting.  Repairs.  &c.,  at  Infirmary St,  George's  Union  Guardians  Thomas  Worlock,  Clerk,  St.  George's  Hall,  Mount-street,  W „  IS 

Famham-Fire  Stairs  to  Ward  at  Workhouse Guardians Friend  and  Lloyd,  Architects.  Orosvenor-road,  Aldershot „  IS  _ 

Preston-County  Court  Offices H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works.  Storey's  Gate,  S.W „  19 

Cranleigh-Mortuaiy Parish  Council W.  Smith.  Clerk,  Brookdene.  Cranleigh,  Surrey   a* 

bligo-Galvamsed  Iron  House    Rural  District  Council M.  F.  Conlon,  Clerk,  Courthouse.  Sligo i  21 

Ceme-Repairs  to  Exterior  of  Workhouse Guardians F.  Feacey.  Surveyor.  South  Walks.  Dorchester ,.  21 

Ncwburn-CL-Tyne— Infectious  Diseases  Hospital   Gosforth  Joint  Hospital  Committee..  Thomas  Gregory,  Architect,  Newbum-on-Tyne   2  5 

Cheltenham-Enlarging  Head  Post  Office  H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works.  Storey's  Gate,  S.W „  31 

Biggleswade- Is^ation  Hospital  Joint  Hospital  Board  Henry  Young.  Architect,  Maitland-street.  Bedford „  31 

Wandsworth,  S.W,-Small  block  of  Flata Palgrave  and  Co.,  Architects,  28,  Victoria-street,  S,W — 

Habfax- Theatre  Royal,  Southgate Northern  Theatre  Co.,  Ltd Richard  HorsfaU  and  Son-,  Archts.,  '224,  Commercial-street,  Halifax      — 

^lagdon- Alterations  to  House C.  Hiscock,  Architect.  Bridgwater — 

Oarlifle—Conveiting  Farm  Buildings  into  Horse-Boxes  Carlisle  Race  Stand  Co.,  Ltd Dixon  and  Mitchell.  Land  Agents,  Devonshire-street.  Carlisle    — 

Blackrod,  Lancs-Hebuilding  Church E.  b.  Preston,  A, R.I. B. A.,  Diocesan  Chambers,  M.^nchester  — 

fishponds  Bristol- All  Saints'  Church  Lingen  Barker  and  Son.  Architects.  9.  Clare-street.  Bristol — 

Boutbampton-Thrte  Blccks  of  ArUsans'  Cottages,  Simnel-st..  Corporation C.  J.  Hair.  Architect.  23,  Portland-terrace,  Southampton — 

S^^l^''?"',?'"v-'J?~5^"'??°'"'8''' R,  Mitchell,  17,  Haymarket,  Sheffield - 

Ne,JS^,t  M        T,'' !•  ■^"'';!''"''" T.  Farrow.  Architect.  7.  Market-place.  Barnard  Castle - 

SlT.S^!;;,;;™"^^    ';'y!,^.?°"'*'''^- ; H.  Duckham  SwashandHain.Aichitects.Midland  Bank  Chambers.  Newport,  Moa      — 

11WCTI^SS„;J^•~^^:^55^^°°''^°??^^°°"^'^''^''« C-  E.  Lancaster  Parkinson.  A  R.I.U.A..  44.  Belford-row,  W.C - 

iiKley- Residence  on  Middleton  Estate  ■„■.  j.  Morley  and  Son.  Architecta,  Bradford - 


May  13,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


679 


THE    BUILDING 


AND  ENGINEERING  JOUENAL, 
VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  2575. 


N  E  W  S   '^oriouslj'   interfered   with    the    building    of 
I  sanitary  dwellings.     Those  by-laws  are  con- 
cerned with  several  matters:  (1)  Prevention 
of  damp  through  defects  of  either   site   or 


of  modifying  rules  and  by-laws  when  they 
appear  to  be  oppressive. 

In  towns   the   erection  of  large  blocks  of 
flats    for    dwellings    and    other    uses    have 


FRIDAY,  MAY  Vi,  1904. 


tions  of  an  exacting  kind.  I;ofty  building  in 
London  and  our  largs  cities  is  becoming 
more  difficult  every  year.  The  London 
Building  Acts,  together  with  other  statutory 
legislation  referring    to    light   and  air,  are 


materials,  ('2)  adequate  air  space  within  and    necessitated  the  framing  of  building  regula 
outside    dwellings,    (3)    prevention  of    fire, 
(4)  sound  and  safe  construction,  (o)  efficient 
^^^— .  — — ^— ^-^—    ventilation,   drainage,    &c.     Now,    in   some 

dwellings  or  cottages  it  would  be  obviously 
IIIXDRANCES    TO    BIJILDIXO.  :  unnecessary  to  enforce  the  same  rule.     For ,    ^ 

WITH  the  increase  of  legislative  measures  instance,  the  rules  for  prevention  of  damp  ,  sufficiently  troublesome  and  coniplicated  to 
and  regulations,  building  progress  would  not  bo  so  important  in  dry  subsoils  deter  many  from  building.  ]•> very  impediment 
becomes  more  impeded.  In  the  development  with  good  natural  drainage:  the  regulations  is  put  in  the  way  of  an  owner  or  builder  ;  he 
of  a  great  community  and  the  growth  of  necessary  to  insure  sufficient  air  spaeo  would  has  to  obtain  perrnission,  to  give  notice  of 
City  life,  such  impediments  and  hindrances  be  absurd  if  applied  to  isolated  country 
follow  as  a  matter  of  course.  If  there  were  '  cottages  ;  the  requirements  to  insure  fire 
no  Building  Acts  and  by-laws,  no  sanitary  prevention,  such  as  party  -  walls  carried 
regulations,     no     penalties     for     obstructed   through  roof,   would   be   quite   unnecessary 

I  in  a  country  place,  and  so  with  the  other 
by-laws.  Again,  there  is  one  by-law  often 
and  justly  complained  of  as  irksome  and 
quite  useless :    that  which   requires   all  bad 


light  and  other  easements,  our  great  cities 
would  soon  become  intolerable  to  work  and 
Hvo  in  :  building  would  be  carried  on  with 
such  rapiditj"  and  unrestraint  that  all  security 
and    sanitary    conditions    would   be    set   at 


his  intentions  to  the 
plans  prepared  that 
surveyor ;  conform  to  the 
tary  authority,  water  and 
and  see  that  his  rights  of 
impeachable,     and    cannot 


authorities,  to    have 
will    pass  the  distiict 


sani- 


rules  of 

gas  companies, 

liglit   are   un- 

be    assailed   by 


any    dominant    building    owner ;     and    in 
the  latter  case  no  facilities  exist  which  will 


oil  to  be  removed  and  the  whole  site  to  be   enable  the  intending  builder  to  approach  his 


defiance,   and  the   public    would    suffer    in  !  covered  with  bituminous  asphalte  1  in.  thick   neighbour,  or  to  settle  the  matter  amicably. 


health  and  security.  So  that  these  legal 
and  municipal  checks  grow  up  priri  ])assu 
with  the  demands  of  civilised  society,  and 
the  progress  of  building  is  thus  desirably 
hindered  in  the  interests  of  the  public. 
Imagine  what  a  chaos  of  irregularity  and 
disorder  would  be   the  result  if   there  were 


on   a  layer  of  good   cement   concrete    3in.    If  the  building  owner  had  the  opportunity  of 
thick,  or   with    a    layer    of    such    concrete   depositing  certificated  drawings  of  his  build- 


6in.  thick  (Clause  10).  While  absolutely 
essential  on  many  sites  in  or  near 
towns,  it  would  be  quite  unnecessary  in 
a  country  district  where  the  site  is  rocky  or 
solid'  virgin  soil  is  found.     Such  a  by-law 

no  Building  Act  in  London,  but  that  every   should  apply  only  where  the  site  is  damp,  or   I^aw  of  Ancient  Lights 

building  owner  was  free  to  do  as  he  liked        '"  '        "  '        •.,-... 


ing  about  to  be  taken  down  and  rebuilt,  or 
of  making  an  application  to  the  surveyor, 
he  would  be  spared  much  unnecessary 
hindrance  in  obtaining  sanction  for  his 
building.  In  the  proposed  reform  in  the 
there    is 


Dangerous  structures  ivould  abound,  for 
there  would  be  all  kinds  of  walls,  without 
bond  and  of  all  thicknesses,  weak  founda- 
tions, party-walls  and  constructions  that 
would  be  no  security  against  the  spread  of  fire, 
insanitary  areas,  bad  foundations.  On  the  other 


m 
a  clause 
soil  has  been  deposited.  The  reciuirenients  which  provides  that  a  servient  owner  who 
which  deal  with  walls  are  quite  as  un-  intends  to  erect  a  new  building  or  alter  an 
reasonable — viz.,  that  all  walls  and  the  cover-  old  one  shall,  at  the  request  of  the  dominant 
ing  of  roofs  should  be  of  hard  and  incom-  '  owner,  give  facilities  for  the  latter  to  in- 
bustible  materials  (Clauses  11  and  52).  The  ^  spect  the  plans,  elevations,  and  sections  of 
rule  as  to  wall  materials  excludes  a  number  ,  the  intended  new  buildings,  and  to  make 
of  valuable  local  materials  which  have  formed  any  objection,  or  to  dictate  the  terms  on 
hand,  the  architect  would  be  less  restricted,  1  part  of  cottages  for  centuries,  such  as  Devon-  which  he  is  willing  to  allow  the  servient 
and  we  should  see  our  streets  adorned  by  |  shire  cob:walls  (clay  and  straw),  a  very  durable  owner  to  build.  Such  a  rule  would  prevent 
projections,  porticoes,  and  bay  windows,  [  material,  and  soft  chalk  such  as  is  found  at ,  many  of  those  unfortunate  hitches  which  ob- 
■oriels,  balconies,  overhanging  gables,  and  I  Andover  and  other  places.  Another  by-law  struct  the  building  owner  from  proceeding. 
other  picturesque  features,  which  are  now  even  more  objectionable  excludes  tile-hung  The  two  parties  would  in  this  way  be  brought 
forbidden.  On  the  whole,  probably  the  walls  if  near  or  within  15ft.  from  other  build-  together,  and  mutual  terms  arranged.  The 
diversity  and  artistic  variety  would  be  more  '  ings;  but  it  states  "detached  or  semi-detached  important  judgment  which  the  House  of 
pleasing  in  those  streets  where  the  archi-  houses  of  two  or  more  stories  15ft.  from  Lords  delivered  last  week  on  this  subject,  and 
tect  was  the  controlling  factor ;  but  in  the  other  buildings  may  have  external  walls  of  reported  by  us,  will,  to  some  extent,  relieve 
inferior  streets  the  speculative  builder  would  two  topmost  stories  made  of  timber  framing  building  owners  in  our  populaus  towns.  -Vt 
be  rampant,  and  the  good  of  the  little  would  be  filled  in  with  -liin.  of  brickwork  covered  with  present,  the  owner  who  intends  to  build  on  a 
overwhelmed  by  the  utter  badness  of  general  weather  tiling."'  This  by-law  has  offended  site  where  a  street  improvement  or  demo- 
building.  But  restraint  may  be  carried  too  many  owners  and  builders  who  would  have  lition  has  been  made  is  confronted  at  the 
far— beyond  the  Umit  of  reason  and  sanita-  gladly  availed  themselves  of  this  mode  of  very  beginning  by  opposing  notice-boards 
tion,  and  may  become  a  real  hindrance  to  :  wall  building  in  country  and  seaside  dis-  bearing  thewords,  "Ancient  Lights";  to  the 
building.  We  have  several  instances  of  tricts ;  it  is  certainly  too  restrictive  in  the  owner  who  desires  to  improve  his  property, 
this,  where  statutory  interference  has  distance  provided.  Precautions  against  fire  these  ominous  words  mean  compensation,  or 
checked    constructional   development,    as   it   are  important,   but  the   conditions  of  town   the  threat  of  an  injunction.     AVe  all  know 

■  'buildings  are  not  the  same  in  the  country   how  this  game  has  been  played  by  dominant 

or  village,  and  therefore  the  by-l.aws  neces-  owners;  in  not  a  fewinstanees  there  has  been 
sary  in  the  former  do  not  reasonably  apply  a  kind  of  "  blackmail  "  levied  on  the  hapless 
to  the  latter.  Thatched  roofs  are  pro-  building  owner.  The  law,  as  it  has  been 
hibited,  and  old  half  -  timbered  framing  administered,  has  been  placing  all  kinds 
discouraged,  which  has  led  as  a  sub- 
stitute to  sham  boarding  on  the  face 
of  walls.     Concrete,   so  valuable  a  material 


has  done  in  the  case  of  concrete,  improved 
modes  of  wall  and  floor  construction,  and  in 
various  restrictions  for  fire  -  prevention. 
Legislative  interference  has  even  been 
carried  into  our  rural  districts,  where 
building  by-laws  press  hardly  upon  building 
owners  in  these  districts  without  regard 
to  the  character  of  the  locality  to  which  they 


are  applied.  The  Building  By-Laws  Reform  :  for  wall  building,  is  also  discountenanced. 
Association  has  been  established  with  the  because  there  is  a  by-law  which  requires  it 
object   of    limiting    the    official    control  of  j  to  be  12in.  thick,  or  30  per  cent,  more  ex- 


of  obstacles  to  improvements.  Tho  case  be- 
fore the  House  of  Lords  illustrates  in 
a  remarkable  manner  the  way  by  which 
a  man  who  has  a  house  overlooking 
low,    one-storied     building     for    twenty 


cars'  uninterrupted  enjoyment  may  prevent 


private  buildings    in   country   districts,  the  '  pensive  than  is  necessary,  as  pointed  out  by   the  owner  of  it  adding  even  another  story, 


aim  being  that  such  control  shall  not  extend 
beyond  the  demands  of  public  health  and 
safety.  These  are  the  limits  of  official 
control  which  are  reasonable.  The  erection  of 
labouring  class  dwellings  in  urban  and  rural 
districts  have  been  retarded  by  the  oppressive 
by-laws,  such,  for  instance,  that  the  same 
rules  for  drainage  should  apjily  equally  to 
urban  and  rural  localities;  that  walls  and 
party-walls  should  be  built  in  both  cases  alike 
without  any  referonce  to  local  conditions  and 
inaterials.  These  restrictions  have  seriously 
hindered  the  erection  of  isolated  cottages  in 
rural  districts,  as  owner.-i  of  such  property 


one  writer.  The  same  author  says :  "  Wooden 
ones  are  not  allowed,  but  iron  cantilevers 
are,  though  a  strong  wooden  beam  has  been 
repeatedly  shown  to  stand  against  fire  which 
has   twisted   iron   girders  into   destruction." 


under  tho  law  as  it  has  been  interpreteil.  In 
the  case  referred  to  the  owner  of  a  tenement 
on  one  side  of  the  street  40ft.  in  width 
endeavoured  to  re-strain  the  opposite  owner 
from  raising  his  house  bv  an  addition  which 


build  now  ones  whore  the  restrictions  would 
bo  enforced.  The  coat  of  building  was  great 
enough  already,  without  the  imposition  of 
unnecessary  by-laws  to  iucroaso  tho  cost. 
The  l))'-laws  framed  for  now  dwellings  in 
rural  districts  are  too  rigid  ;  thoy  are  wanting  i 


in    adaptability    and    elasticity,    and    have  ;  tion  are  doing  a  useful  work  in  tho  direction 


Ami  the  same  objection  may  be  made  to  tho  would  have  still  left  it  lower  than  the  com- 
rulo  which  requires  tho  party-walls  of  all  '  plainant  neighbour's  house.  And  the  ground 
cottages,  however  small,  to  go"  through  and  of  this  restraint  was  that  tho  raising  of  tho 
above  tho  roof— a  precautioii  very  desirable  '  opposite  house  would  darken  tho  ground  floor 
in  towns  where  the  dwellings  aro  close  '  of  tho  complainant's  house,  which  consisted 
together,  but  unnecessary  in  small  blocks  of  j  of  a  room  tho  entire  depth  of  house,  and 
detached  cottages.  There  havo  boon  a  few  \  having  no  window  at  tho  back.  .Vs  tho  coni- 
concossions  made  by  the  LocaKiovornmont  plainant's  house  was  the  higher,  and  would 
I'.oard.      I''or   instance,   wooden    houses   aro   have  romaiiiod  so  even  had  the  raising  taken 

obvious  his  premises  shut  out 
more  light  than  his  neighbour  would  do. 
In  shoi't,  the  position  of  tho  servient  owner 
who  wishes  to  add  another  story  to  his  house 
was  most  unfortunate,  for  undir  the  law  as  it 
was  administered,  if  ho  had  allowed  his  oppo- 
site neighbour  more  light  than  he  got  in 
return,  thou  he  would  not  be  allowed  to  on  joy 


nrofer  to  retain  tho  old  cottages  rather  than    exempted  from  cortai-i  by-laws,  if  they  are    place,  it  was 
build   now  ones  whore    the  rRstriiitlnns  wnnlil    ,-,nKr  .■iir>   utniv   in    lioi.rlif   .in,]    nf   Ifinof   :i(irf.     more    lisht 


only  ono  story  in  height,  and  at  least  3(lft. 
from  the  opposite  side  of  road  or  noarost 
building,  and  do  not  contain  more  than 
!),()()l)c.ft.  Still,  there  is  much  more  to  bo 
do^irod  in  regard  to  buiMings  of  tliis  class, 
mil  tho  liuilding   lly-Liws  Koform  .\ssocia- 


680 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  13,  1904. 


his  own  property,  for  he  would  have  less  light 
than  he  had  allowed  his  neighbour.  The 
idea  of  such  a  law  is,  of  course,  preposterous, 
and  is  all  on  one  side.  Nor  is  it  just  that 
one  party  can  claim  as  his  own  all  the  light 
that  may  be  available,  without  any  diminu- 
tion, while  he  is  permitted  to  exclude  his 
neighbour,  who  ought  to  have  the  same 
rights.  We  believe  it  was  Lord  Ilalsbury 
who,  in  one  of  his  decisions,  pointed  out  that 
the  twenty-years  prescription  did  not  carry 
any  extension  of  the  rights— a  view  which 
has  been  held  in  many  decisions — and  would 
practically  stop  all  improvement.  Prescrip- 
tion has  been  held  to  give  a  man  a  right 
to  light  at  the  cost  of  his  neighbour  when 
the  latter  abstains  from  building ;  in  other 
words,  to  acquire  a  right  to  hinder  his 
neighbour'  from  building.  The  right  in 
early  times  (182G)  was  vindicated  by  an 
action  for  nuisance  in  which  damages  could 
be  recovered,  but  it  was  not  merely  diminu- 
tion of  the  light  that  would  support  an 
action.  In  fact,  a  substantial  deprivation 
was  necessary  to  be  shown,  sufficient  to 
render  the  occupation  of  premises  uncomfort- 
able, and  to  prevent  plaintiff  carrying  on  his 
accustomed  business  as  beneficially  as  he  had 
done.  The  line  was  not  easily  drawn,  and  it 
was  left  to  the  jury  to  distinguish  between  a 
partial  inconvenience  and  a  real  injury.  This 
was  the  ruling  in  "  Eaok  v.  Stacey,"  to  which 
Lord  Macnaghten  referred  the  other  day. 
After  the  passing  of  the  Prescription  Act, 
1832,  the  case  of  "  Parker  v.  Smith  '  was 
the  earliest  decision.  It  was  to  the  effect 
that  "diminution  of  light  or  air  which  the 
law  recognises  as  a  ground  for  an  action 
against  a  party  who  builds  near  another's 
premises  is  such  as  really  makes  them  to  a 
sensible  degree  less  fit  for  the  purpose  of 
business  or  occupation."  The  first  of  these 
cases  is  the  one  his  Lordship  thought  fur- 
nished a  right  direction  to  be  kept  in  view. 
In  every  case  the  premises  ought  to  be 
viewed  by  those  capable  of  forming  an 
opinion  of  the  degree  of  diminution  of  the 
light,  and  a  competent  surveyor  is  the  right 
person  to  report  to  the  court.  But  we  do 
not  desire  to  enter  into  the  legal  difficulties 
involved,  but  to  show  that  the  interpretation 
of  the  law  in  cases  of  this  kind  has  resulted 
in  the  placing  of  hindrances  in  the  way  of 
owners  of  property  who  wish  to  build,  and 
adding  enormously  to  legal  costs  to  the 
benefit  of  lawyers  and  surveyors  employed  in 
such  cases. 

To  a  certain  extent  the  profession  have 
benefited  by  these  enactments.  In  all 
questions  of  light  and  air,  the  competent 
professional  man  has  to  be  consulted,  and 
when  the  reform  in  the  Law  contemplated  is 
passed,  questions  of  this  sort  will  be  trans- 
ferred largely  to  architects  and  surveyors, 
who  will  have  to  deal  with  the  surveys  of  old 
premises,  the  measurement  of  obscuration, 
ind  other  matters  of  fact. 

There  is  one  other  cause  of  hindrance  in 
Duilding  about  which  many  in  the  profes.sion 
have  had  good  ground  for  complaint ;  we 
mean  the  by-  laws  relating  to  deposit  of  plans 
with  reference  to  drainage  and  other  work. 
Not  long  ago  we  drew  attention  to  the 
London  County  Council  By-I;aws  relating  to 
the  deposit  of  plans  for  drainage  work,  &c. 
These  were  passed  under  the  Metropolis 
Management  Acts  Amendment  (Bv-Laws) 
Act,  lst)9,  which  give  the  L.C.C.  power  to 
compel  persons  about  to  construct,  or  re- 
construct, or  alter  the  pipes,  drains,  and  other 
means  of  connection  with  sewers,  to  deposit 
certain  plans,  sections,  and  particulars.  These 
by-laws  have  been  approved  by  the  Local 
Government  Board,  and  are  in  force.  The 
profession  soon  found  the  requirements  un- 
necessary and  vexatious,  and,  we  believe  the 
Institute  was  induced  bv  certain  members  to 
appeal  to  the  Local  Government  Bjard, 
L.(...C.  and  Borough  Councils  to  reconsider 
the  subject  of  the  by-laws,  which  would 
entail  costly  labour  upon  architects  and  their 


clients.  In  short,  they  would  entitle  a  local 
sanitary  inspector  or  authority  to  demand  a 
complete  set  of  drawings  of  a  building  for 
the  purpose  of  showing  the  drains  and 
other  fittings  in  duplicate,  even  in  the 
case  of  a  building  where  a  new  system  of 
drainage  is  to  be  introduced.  These  require- 
ments would  considerably  add  to  the  cost  of 
building,  and  to  the  already  heavy  labour  of 
the  professional  man,  who  would  have  to 
charge  extra  fees  to  his  client. 


PICTURES  AT  THE  ROYAL 
ACADEMY.— III. 

HISTORICAL  and  romantic  incident  are 
pretty  strongly  represented  in  this 
year's  Academy,  and  we  have  noticed  several 
allegorical  subjects  like  those  of  Sigismund 
Goetze  and  R.  Sauber  ;  but  there  are  a  large 
number  of  painters  who  choose  their  subjects 
from  real  everyday  scenes:  they  paint  facts  and 
incidents  of  working  life,  men  and  women  in 
their  "  daily  garb  of  human  Hfe."  Thus  we 
have  the  true  and  realistic  pictures  of  Lucy 
Kemp-'Welch,  of  G.  Clausen,  H.  H.  La 
Thangue,  Stanhope  Forbes,  Claude  Hayes, 
'Walter  Langley,  and  many  others  which 
make  up  a  large  portion  of  the  exhibition. 
These  painters  labour  to  give  us  the  toilers 
on  land  and  sea,  tillers  of  the  soil,  plough- 
men, farm-labourers,  the  fisherman's  daily 
toil  and  life,  the  "seamy"  and  the  sordid  phases 
of  human  nature  in  their  most  direct  way, 
with  the  real  shadow  of  care  upon  them. 
The  details  they  paint  are  every  bit  real, 
domestic,  and  prosaic,  without  any  attempt 
to  give  to  them  a  touch  of  poetry  or  romance, 
though  now  and  then  we  find  the  very  sin- 
cerity of  these  painters  of  hard  toilsome  life 
imparts  to  their  work  a  poetry  or  pathos  as 
in  the  work  of  Clausen,  Stanhope  Forbes, 
and  others  whom  we  may  name.  Some- 
times, as  in  the  pictures  of  La  Thangue  or 
Clausen,  the  hard  realism  of  daily  toil  is 
softened  or  brightened  by  gleams  of  sun- 
shine, or,  as  in  Stanhope  Forbes's  work,  by 
the  light  of  a  lamp  or  the  fire  kindled  at  the 
forge  ;  but  the  painter's  work  is  still 
realistic.  'We  see  many  touches  of  romance 
in  real  life  in  the  work  these  painters  give 
us,  as  in  Clausen's  "  Gleaners  going  Home  '' 
or  "A  Frosty  Morning,"  in  Forbes'  "Rescue  at 
Dawn"  or  Bramley's  ''Hopeless  Dawn."  .\nd 
it  is  just  this  feeling  and  sincerity  which 
impart  interest  or  pathos  to  the  work  of 
painters  like  these.  The  Newlyn  School  has, 
to  a  large  extent,  tried  to  impart  some  poetry 
into  their  work  by  introducing  elements  of 
romance.  The  pictures  of  J.  R.  Reid  of 
fisher  folk  and  coast  life,  true  to  real  life  as 
they  are,  give  one  a  sense  of  the  fresh  air  and 
sunshine  and  the  deep  blue  and  turquoise 
seas.  The  pictures  of  W.  H.  Bartlett  in 
tjalleries  I"V.  and  V.  are  also  thoroughly  true 
to  nature,  yet  they  rise  above  prosaic  realism. 
In  his  "  Bound  for  their  Island  Home,"  the 
boat  with  three  rams  and  men,  including  a 
peasant  woman  seated,  is  masterly  and  vigor- 
ous in  execution.  There  is  a  sense  of  breezi- 
ness.  The  light  on  the  rippled  sea  and  the 
bare  hills  remind  one  of  an  Irish  coast,  and 
there  is  sincerity  in  the  work.  His  other 
subject,  "TheDulse-Gatherers,  Co.  Donegal " 
(33S)  is  also  a  boat  scene.  The  boat  is  near 
the  landing-place  of  a  shallow  bay,  where  a 
sailor  and  girl  are  engaged  in  removing  by 
baskets  a  heap  of  seaweed  into  the  boat. 
The  drawing  of  the  figures,  the  partially 
tilted  boat,  and  the  colour  are  excellent ;  the 
light  of  sky  as  reflected  on  the  luminous  sea, 
and  there  is  a  sense  of  open  air  and  freshnsss 
in  the  work.  "We  omitted  to  mention  Rupert 
C.  W.  Bunny's  "A  Summer  Evening" 
(210),  a  lady  in  evening  dress  with  her 
dog  reposing  on  the  banks  of  a  river  or  lake  ; 
another  girl  sits  down  watching  the  swans. 
Near  it,  No.  212,  Francis  Barraud  has  a  clever 
piece  of  yenre,  "In  the  Midst  of  Plenty,"  a 
Georgian   inn    at    Christmastide,  with  wide 


bay  windows  through  which  is  seen  a  snow- 
covered  landscape.  There  is  a  true  sense  of 
comfort  and  hospitality  in  the  warm  parlour, 
with  its  fire  and  guests  near  a  table,  on 
which  are  a  cold  ham,  drinks,  and  other 
;  dainties,  contrasting  with  the  hard  lot  of  the 
I  man  and  woman  near  the  fire  nursing 
I  her  child.  The  colour  is  rich,  and  the 
j  technique  clever.  Blandford  Fletcher's  "A 
Sussex  Kitchen,"  an  old  woman  polishing  a 
!  waiining-pan,  is  skilfully  painted.  'W.  L. 
"WyUie's  "  Towing  Past  the  City  '  (203),  a 
,  tug  and  barges,  is  clever  in  the  smoky  atmo- 
sphere and  sunset ;  Andrew  0.  Gow  8 
'.'Farewell  to  Ne  son,  1805,''  showing  the 
great  admiral  descending  the  pier  at 
Portsmouth,  brilliant  in  colour.  "  Christ- 
'mas  Eve'  (224),  by  R.  W.  M>icbeth, 
is  one  of  those  pleasing  reminiscences  of  the 
Old  English  landscape  which  he  loves  to 
paint,  it  is  full  of  vivacity  and  bright 
'  colour,  rather  idealised  in  treatment.  The 
scene  represents  a  snow-covered  landscape 
or  approach  to  an  old-fashioned  house  of  the 
manor-hall  type.  "Within  a  large  porch 
stand  a  group  of  the  children  and  visitors, 
who  are  enjoying  the  festivities  of  Christ- 
mas, and  are  awaiting  the  delivery  of 
the  postman  or  carrier  on  horseback 
laden  with  presents.  A  romantic  air  per- 
vades the  scene,  which  is  painted  with 
much  sympathy.  The  fine  landscape  of 
Alfred  East,  "  Morning  at  Montreuil  "  (334). 
with  its  hazy  light  so  suggestive  of  a  hot 
summer  morning;  David  Murray's  "The 
Heat  of  the  Day,  '  a  Suffolk  view  ;  and  Lucy 
Kemp-'Welch's  "Timber  Hauling,"  and  the 
works  of  H.  H.  Li  Thangue  are  the  chief 
works  in  the  Fifth  Gallery. 

In  the  Sixth  Gallery  a  few  clever  pictures 
remain  to  be  noticed.  Allan  Deacon's 
"Peacemakers"  (393)  is  a  humble  cottage 
interior.  Apparently  some  difference  has 
taken  place  between  a  sailor  and  his  young 
wife.  An  elderly  man  seated  near  the 
window  has  h's  hand  on  the  knee  of  the 
younger,  and  is  talking  to  him,  while  the 
wife  kneels  by  the  side  of  her  mother  resting 
her  head  on  her  lap.  Another  sister  stands 
near.  The  theme  is  well  told,  and  one  un- 
derstands at  once  the  painter's  meaning;  it  is 
subdued  in  tone  and  feelingly  painted. 
"  Haul  Aft  "  (396),  by  C.  Napier  Hemy,  is  a 
powerfully  -  pointed  sea,  whose  sui'ging 
billows  reflect  the  light  of  the  sky,  which  is 
stormy.  The  racer  or  yacht  —  a  frail 
craft  of  slim  build  under  full  canvas 
—  is  cutting  through  the  water,  her 
crew  of  two  or  three  being  put  to  it — a. 
wonderfully  clever  piece  of  drawing  of  sea  - 
manship.  There  is  movement  and  fresh 
breeze,  and  the  colour  and  light  in  the  sea 
are  painted  with  a  practical  knowledge  and 
observation  derived  from  a  sailor's  life.  His 
great  picture.  "London  River,"  we  have 
already  noticed,  showing  the  silvery  glisten- 
ing river,  with  its  busy  craft  and  the  distant 
dome  of  St.  Paul's,  with  a  tug  drawing  a 
large  schooner,  is,  we  hear,  to  be  purchased 
by  the  Chantrey  Trustees.  Two  small 
pictures  of  genre  are  Nos.  415  and  410. 
"Bruges  Lacemakers,"  by  A.  R.  Laing, 
shows  two  women  busy  over  their  work — 
very  truthful  and  feelingly  painted  ;  and  C;. 
Haigh  "^'ood's  "One  Rose,  but  One  "  (410) 
shows  a  young  girl  putting  a  rose  m  her 
lover's  coat  before  he  leaves —refined  in 
accessories  and  colour. _  "St.  Elizabeth  of 
Hungary"  (438),  by  Henry  E.  Crocket, 
represents  Elizabeth  in  one  of  her  • 
errands  of  mercy.  She  is  painted  with 
a  halo  round  her  head,  walkinf^  through 
the  street  of  a  town  carrying  a  child  in 
her  arms,  while  a  poor  woman  and  other 
children  follow.  Snow  has  fallen,  and  the 
street  wears  a  poor  and  miserable  appear- 
ance ;  but  the  painter  has  infused  true 
sentiment  into  his  theme.  "A  Portrait'' 
(440),  by  Florence  P.  Castle,  is  undoubtedly 
able  as  a  study  of  a  seated  lady  in  light,  low- 
cut  bodice  with  black  skirt.     The  green  walls 


May    13,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


681 


•of  the  room  set  off  the  figure,  which  is 
painted  with  grace  and  refineiiieut.  Uyam 
Shaw's  picture,  just  below  {441}  wo  noticed 
in  our  last,  is  not  quite  so  able  an  allegory 
as  we  have  been  accustomed  to  see  from  him. 
and  the  bright  red  colours  are  somewhat 
overpowering  in  a  scheme  essentially 
decorative  in  character.  The  figure  repre- 
senting Autumn  is  helping  the  tottering 
pilgrim  into  a  boat ;  her  flowing  drapery 
extends  to  three  figures,  August,  September, 
and  October,  ilists  rise.  I.ove  is  seen  re- 
turning to  the  sunlit  meadows.  "Twilight 
and  the  Dawn  "  (443),  by  H.arry  Watson, 
is  allegorical  in  subject.  It  represents  a 
village  churchyard,  out  of  the  gate  of 
which  a  couple  of  elderly  people  are 
coming  ;  just  in  front  of  them  are  a  vouLg 
mother  and  child  dressed  in  white;  the  infant 
has  just  been  baptised.  The  painter  has 
handled  his  subject  with  pathos  and  tender- 
ness. Wm.  Llewellyn  has  a  large  portrait 
group,  life  size,  "  Julia  and  Rosie,  Daughters 
of  W.  Harrison  Cripps  "  (446).  One  of  the 
ladies  is  seated,  and  the  other  is  standing  in 
a  garden,  a  black  retriever  at  her  side. 
J.  L.  Pickering  has  a  powerfully-2)aialed 
hilly  landscape,  called  "  A  Life's  Byway  " 
(421).  Along  the  pathway  of  a  steep  cliff 
a  shepherd  is  leading  his  flock  of  sheep. 

Gallery  VII.  contains  a  few  subject  and 
f/i'iirr  pictures  of  interest.    Arthur  C.  Cooke's 
"The  Dancing  Lesson'     (462).   a  group  of 
young  ladies  learning  the  steps  of  a  dance,  to 
the  accompaniment  of  a  dancing  master  with 
violin,  in  a  large  room  with  polished  parquet 
floor,  is  skilfully  painted.  The  Early  Georgian 
dress  of  the  master  and  pupils,  and  the  move- 
ments   as    well    as     details,    give    distinc- 
tion   to    the    subject.     A.    M.    Shrimpton's 
"  The  Joy  of  Life  " — dancing  to  a  harp — is 
clever    and   jeflned.     John    H.    Reid   (465) 
paints  one  of  his  bright  and  fresh  sea-coast 
views,  "  When  We  were  Boys  Together,"  a 
party   of   fisher-boys  on   a    beach  amusing 
themselves,     and    a     fishing-boat    a    little 
beyond.     The    light    on    the    sea    and    the 
sense  of  freshness  and  colour  are  remark- 
able.     Joseph    Farquharson's    snow    scene, 
"Homewards' — a   landscape    under    snow, 
with  cottage  on  a  hillside  and  a  lonely  figure 
crossing    the    meadows— is    pathetic"  in   its 
bleakness  and  loneliness.     Hon.  John  Col- 
lier's important  group,   "Mrs.  Kendal,  Miss 
Ellen  Terry,   and  Mr.  Tree  in  the  '  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,' "  we  briefly  noticed,  has 
a  good  deal   of  the   drollery  and  sense  of 
humour  and  fun  of  the  play,   and  the  red, 
jovial  counten.ance  of   "  Falstaff ''   beaming 
over  with  merriment  at  the  opposite  entreaties 
of^  the    fair    ladies,   with    the    huck-basket 
on     one     side,     are     painted      with     much 
dramatic  vivacity.     Near   is    one  of  Joseph 
Farquliarson's    large    and    powerful   High- 
land   scenes,    "Through    Mist   and    Rain" 
(472),  a  group  of  oxen  seeking  shelter  in  a 
blinding  storm   of  rain,   and   enveloi)ed  in 
thick  mist,  which  conceals  the  distant  parts 
of  the  hilly   landscape.     Quite   different  in 
its  vein  of  humour  and  sense  of  bfuhomk  is 
W.   Dendy  Sadler's  "  The  Harvest  Home," 
a  party  of  village  tradesmen  and  harvesters 
regaling  themselves,  and  making  meiTy  in  a 
country  inn  or  kitchen  of  the  date  of  the  last 
century.     Mr.   I  lendy  Sadler  knows  how  to 
impart   to    his   subjects  the  homeliness  and 
character   of  Old    English  life:    the  good- 
tempered  old  butcher  in  blue  smock  and  his 
boon  oom])anions,  who  are  singing  together, 
with  wide  fireplace  and  fire-dogs,  attended  liy 
the  hostess  with  a  kettle,  are  very  skilfully 
handled  in  all  the  minutiif'  of  an  inn  parlour, 
and  tho  glow  of  warm  colour  of  an   autumn 
day.     Hung  rather  high,  R.  Willes  Maddox 
selects  a  favourite  subject,  "  In  the  Garden 
of  Roses"  (477).     A  pretty  dark  girl  clad  in 
violet  drapery    or    peplum,   with    sandalled 
feet,  carrying  a  ba.sket  of  roses.     She  stands 
in  a  garden  full  of  choice  pink  and  cream 
ro-ses.     Mr.  Maddox  is  un  expert  piinter  of 
roses  and  blossom,  and  there  is  a  pleasing  | 


sentiment  in  the  work.  Arthur  Hopkins's 
"Hay  Time"  is  a  large,  sunny  meadow  in 
which  we  almost  can  scent  the  new-mown 
hay.  Then  we  have  a  scholarly  picture  of 
f/r,irr  (4S9),  "In  Doubt,"  by  J.  F.  H.  Bacon, 
wheie  two  3'oung  ladies  seated  on  a  couch  of 
the  Empire  period  in  a  stately  dressing- 
room,  are  rather  embarrassed  by  the  cour- 
teous bow  of  a  dandy  of  the  period — all 
painted  with  admirable  tixlmiijue  and  style. 
The  painter  has  cleverly  conveyed,  by  the 
different  looks  on  the  faces  of  the  ladies,  the 
doubt  in  the  minds  of  both  as  to  whom  the 
addresses  are  intended.  A  very  sensa- 
tional picture,  and  one  of  much  skill  shown 
in  the  drawing  and  despair  of  the  horses, 
is  John  Charlton's  "  Abandoned  "  (439).  It 
is  described  in  quotation  from  Alison's 
"  History  of  Europe,"  end  of  Chapter  LIA'., 
where  it  is  recorded,  "That  during  che 
I'eninsular  War  the  British  Fleet,  in  convey- 
ing Spanish  troops  from  Jutland,  were  com- 
pe'.led  to  abandon  the  horses  on  the  seashore. 
When  liberated,  they  formed  into  squadrons, 
and  c'narged  each  other  with  loud  cries,  and 
when  last  seen  from  the  ships  were  fighting 
on  the  beach."  The  terror-stricken  animals 
have  realised  their  desperate  situation  ;  there 
is  no  grass — all  a  shingle  or  sandy  beach ;  in 
utter  dismay  and  half- wild,  they  are  in  the 
greatest  disorder  ;  some  are  half-deep  in  the 
sea,  others  on  the  beach  are  wildly  careering. 
One  noble  creature,  with  uplifted  head, 
distended  nostnis,  and  agonised  eyes,  seems 
to  be  appealing  to  his  companions.  On  the 
horizon  the  ships  of  the  fleet  are  still  visible. 
Mr.  Charlton's  picture  is  a  very  touching  and 
pathetic  one,  and  the  skill  with  which  he 
depicts  the  cruel  desertion  renders  one's 
feeling  of  grief  even  more  poignant. 

Leonard  Skeats,  a  young  Southampton 
artist,  in  his  "  A  Tale  of  Balaclava,"  has 
depicted  in  a  cottage  interior  a  Crimean  hero 
seated,  is  describing  to  a  young  recruit  in 
scarlet  tunic  and  a  girl — a  sister  probably — 
the  famous  charge.  The  girl,  broom  in  hand, 
is  eagerly  listening  to  the  thrilling  story. 
The  interior  is  sombre  and  dark  in  tone,  and 
relieved  by  the  scarlet  of  the  young  soldier. 
The  interest  in  the  theme  has  been  well  sus- 
tained by  the  painter.  Two  other  large  sub- 
ject-pictures must  be  noticed  before  leaving 
this  gallery.  One  is  Edgar  Bandy's  "From 
Southern  Seas  and  the  Spaniard's  Yoke " 
(50;)),  a  crowded  figure-group  full  of  anima- 
tion and  colour ;  the  other  is  W.  Frank 
Calderon's  amusing  subject,  "  Passive  Re- 
sistance," a  black  and  white  spotted  dog  in  a 
stable  submitting  to  a  small  terrier  which 
lies  beside  him  pulling  at  his  chin,  which  he 
does  in  a  not  very  good-humoured  manner. 
The  dogs  are  painted  with  masterful  know- 
ledge. 

Gallery  "\'III.  contains  the  two  large  alle- 
gorical subjects  we  noticed  last  week,  by 
Sigismund  Goetze  and  Rob.  Sauber ;  but  there 
are  other  pictures  which  deserve  notice. 
A.  Chevallier  Tayler  has  a  cleverly-painted 
and  touching  Italian  street  scene  at  night, 
"The  Viaticum"  :  the  central  figure  is  a 
young,  ascetic-loo^  ing  priest,  who  carries  the 
Host ;  at  his  side  walks  a  little  girl,  who  is 
leading  the  way  through  a  throng  of  people, 
some  of  whom  are  engaged  in  gossip  on 
business,  while  one  bystander  reverently 
stands,  hat  in  hand.  The  scene  is  sympa- 
thetically painted  in  sombre  colours.  Alfred 
East's  large  and  bright-coloured  picture. 
"  The  Land  of  the  Rising  Sun  "  {-52.3)  is  a 
scene  representing  "  The  Darling  of  the 
Gods."  l)avid  Murray's  "  Summer  Floods" 
is  a  fine  sunny  landscape  with  iloodod 
meadows ;  the  sunlight  is  strongly  refloctod 
upon  the  swollen  river,  tha  Suffolk  Stour. 
H.  von  Herkomer  has  a  characteristic  and 
strongly  -  painted  portrait  of  Sir  Neville 
Lubboi-k,  K.C.M.G.,  Chairman  of  the  West 
India  Company.  "  Bonnie  Scotland,"  by  A. 
A.  Parsons,  shows  azalia,  hyacinth,  and  May 
blossoms  in  thi^  furegmnnd,  with  soa  and  hills 


painted.  In  our  notice  of  "  Mammon,"  by 
Rob.  Sauber,  we  spoke  generally  of  the  com- 
position, which  lacks  arrangement  in  the 
general  masses  and  the  armoured  rider,  who 
is  defiantly  riding  over  Courage  and  Love. 
Behind  the  colossal  horse  and  rider  is  the 
figure  of  Justice  blindfolded,  with  the  em- 
blematic balance  in  one  hand,  while  in  the 
other  is  a  bow,  and  behind  her  Death  is 
seen,  implying  that  Labour  and  Poverty  are 
awaiting  their  reward.  "The  Visitor,"  by 
Gabriel  Nicolat,  is  a  pleasing  study  of  a 
lady  seated  at  a  tea-table.  The  colour 
scheme  made  by  the  red  of  dress  is 
harmonious. 

The  "ilill  Stream,"  by  Mark  Fisher, 
(•J4o)  is  Constable  -  like  in  its  sunlight 
glimmer,  and  freshness  of  foliage.  ( 'harles 
Van Havermaet  in  "The Connoisseur"  depicts 
a  skilful  and  dainty  studio  interior,  Dutch  in 
feeling  and  execution — a  gentleman  and  lady 
looking  at  a  picture  on  an  easel.  Helen 
Woore's  "  A  (Jottage  Garden,  Kent,"  is  very 
charmingly  painted  in  the  flowers  and  old 
brick-timbered  house.  B.  W.  Leader's  "A 
Welsh  River "  is  undoubtedly  his  finest 
work,  the  beautifully  hilly  landscape  lit  up 
by  the  sun,  and  the  river  Llugwy,  which 
reflects  the  wooded  height,  is  delightfully 
painted  with  aU  the  minute  detail  of  this 
master.  In  another  mood  is  Joseph  Farqu- 
harson's "The  Deep  Purple  of  the  Twilight 
Air,"  a  sandy  shore  with  cattle,  the  sunset 
breaking  through  the  distant  hills.  "  Moses 
Viewing  the  Promised  Land,"  by  Sir  W.  B. 
Richmond,  shows  the  white-robed  figure  of 
the  Ijawgiver  standing  on  a  peak  of  Pisgah, 
enveloped  in  mists  which  are  dispersing,  and 
disclosing  blue  distances.  There  are  beauty 
and  serenity  in  the  face  of  the  aged  Moses, 
who  is  peering  through  the  luminous  mists. 
Lionel  P.  Smythe  has  a  pleasing  picture 
(.575)  "  A  Sunnv  Shore,"  a  brilliant  open-air 
effect ;  a  lady  in  foreground  is  playing  ball 
with  her  children. 

Gallery  IX.,  entirely  occupied  by  small 
pictures,  has  a  few  canvases  of  interest.  The 
President's  small  work,  "The  Sea  Cave,"  is 
a  dainty  piece  of  modelling  in  the  nude 
young  maiden  reposing  on  the  sands  or  rock 
playing  with  a  crab.  J.  W.  Waterhouse's 
"Boreas  "is  one  of  the  most  subtle  studies 
in  the  gallery.  A  girl  in  bluish  grey  in  a 
meadow  covered  with  wild  flowers  and  daft'odils, 
her  drapery,  or  shawl  over  her  head  caught 
by  the  wind.  She  leans  back  against  the 
force  which  is  urging  her  forward,  and  it  is 
this  attitude  that  the  painter  has  made  a 
subtle  element  of  beauty  in  the  figure. 
It  is  decorative  in  treatment  and  senti- 
ment. George  C.  Haite  has  a  charming 
study  of  rich  colour  and  sunlight  in 
his  "Venetian  Fruit  Stall,"  in  which 
the  masses  of  bright  colour  are  harmoniously 
handled  with  much  breadth.  R.  W.  Macbeth, 
in  "  The  Minstrel's  Silent  Song,"  minstrels 
seated  on  the  base  steps  of  a  village  cross, 
with  a  background  of  tall  cypresses,  is 
strongly  paiuted,  and  his  other  subject,  "A 
Lass  that  a  Sailor  Loves,  "  a  diploma  work, 
charms  by  the  simplicity  of  composition  of 
the  fisher  girl,  who  is  resting  against  a  light- 
house on  a  jetty,  looking  out  to  sea.  A  small 
study  of  a  little  girl  seated  in  a  library  full 
of  books  i-oading,  with  a  rocking-horse  by 
her  side,  is  daintily  painted,  and  another 
interesting  ijeitre  subject  is  by  John  A. 
Lomax.  "A  Collector'  (72ii),  a  connoisseur 
looking  at  a  drawing.  The  scarlet  coat  gives 
a  telling  touch  of  colour  to  the  interior. 
Other  clever  works  in  this  gallery  include 
J.  H.  F.  Bacon's  clever  interior  (652). 

To  gaUtkDt  speech  and  beaiiog  a  fair  ear  bendeth  loir. 

It  has  a  humorous  as  well  as  pathetic  side  ; 
tho  old  beau,  in  the  costume  of  the  I>irec- 
toire  period,  sits  at  the  end  of  the  settee,  bolt 
upright  and  dejected,  while  a  young  officer 
has  the  oar  of  the  bejiutiful  maiden  at  tho 
other  end  of  tho  seat.     The  painter  has  given 


in  the    distance,    and    is    very   dexterously  |  us  a  very  scholarly  study  of  the  period  in  tho 


CS2 


THE     BUILDING    NEWS. 


Mat  13,  1904. 


full-ringed  and  gloved  old  gentleman  with 
diamonds  in  his  hair  and  all  the  get-u})  of 
this  artificial  period.  Cf.  Ogilvy  Eeid's 
drawing-room  and  group  of  ladies  and 
gentlemen,  "  Diplomacy '' ;  the  dainty  little 
figure  study  by  Henry  T.  Sch'fer,  and  the 
really  beautiful  work  of  George  Clausen, 
"  A  Frosty  Morning''  (756),  are  all  excel- 
lent. 


AECHITECTURE  AT   THE  EOYATj 
ACADEMY.— III. 

IT  was  thought  that  some  drawings  of  the 
final  design  for  Liverpool  Cathedral 
would  hive  been  shown  on  this  occasion,  but 
there  is  only  an  interior  view  (1600)  of  Mr. 
W.  J.  Tapper's  competition  scheme  for  this 
building,  which  is  represented  by  an 
ethereal-looking  liquid  lighted  monotone  in 
pale  grey,  well  adapted  to  the  Flambo^-ant 
type  of  detail  which  its  vast  auditorium 
illustrates,  and  giving  perhaps  an  effect 
generally  associated  with  (ier.aan  work. 
Somehow  or  other  notwithstanding,  the 
perspective  looks  a  trifle  wiry  and  thin, 
an  impression  not  associated  with  Mr. 
Tapper's  geometrical  details  of  this  design. 
Another  proposal  for  a  cathedral  figures  in 
this  gallery — viz.,  the  contemplated  church 
of  St.  John,  Umtata,  South  Africa,  by  Mr. 
G.  H.  Fellowes  Prynne  (1542),  making  a 
thoroughly  modern  conception  based  on 
an  early  period  of  Gothic  in  a  dignified 
manner  associated  with  an  appropriate  degree 
of  ornamental  features,  particularly  in  the 
way  of  a  florid  arrangement  of  solid  masonry 
forming  a  screen  at  the  entrance  of  the  choir. 
In  this  case  the  screen  rests  on  a  big 
arch,  making  it  structurally  part  of  the 
fabric.  Eight  and  left  of  the  chancel 
on  the  responds  towards  the  nave,  a 
series  of  statues  in  niches  rise  in  tiers 
to  add  richness,  but  the  pulpit  recalls  some 
of  Sir  Gilbert  Scott's  "terrors"  from  the 
"  restored  cathedrals  of  the  seventies."  Mr. 
I'rynne's  Eeredos  to  the  high  altar  looks  more 
satisfactory  in  design.  The  rather  good 
Eeredos  for  All  Saints'  Church,  Maidstone 
(1446),  exhibited  by  Mr.  Frank  L.  Pearson, 
is  a  well-built-up  piece  of  elaboration,  with 
a  Majesty  in  the  centre,  the  whole  structure 
being  in  stone.  In  this  connection,  another 
altar-piece  (1520)  maybe  noticed,  from  the 
design  of  Mr.  J.  Henry  Eastwood  for  St. 
Anne's  Church,  now  building  in  Leeds  for  the 
Roman  Catholics,  who  have  also  employed 
the  same  artist  to  design  a  High  Altar  (1611) 
for  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Barnabas,  Nottingham. 
It  has  a  canopied  throne,  flanked  by  carved 
images  and  saints  in  niches,  which  are 
characteristically  elaborately  detailed.  The 
altar  itself  is  in  inlaid  marbles,  more  quietly 
designed  in  an  Italian  manner,  which  by 
itself  is  satisfactory,  though,  perhaps,  hardly 
in  keeping  with  the  remainder  of  the  com- 
position. 'The  new  Church  at  Palmer's  Green, 
by  Mr.  John  0.  Scott  (1634),  has  been  men- 
tioned, when  this  drawing  was  illustrated 
a  fortnight  ago.  Mr.  Howard  Ince  is 
to  be  congratulated  on  his  scheme  for  a 
Mausoleum  to  contain  cinerary  urns  (1475). 
It  is  a  tastefully-conceived  polygonal  build- 
ing of  sixteen  sides,  surmounted  by  a  dome  in 
concrete,  illuminated  in  mosaics  with  angels 
on  a  gold  ground,  the  walls  being  lined  with 
marbles  decorativelj'  managed  in  a  suitable 
and  reserved  contrivance  of  colour.  A  statue 
occupies  a  central  position,  located  there, 
presumably,  before  the  walls  could  be  built. 
The  construction  is  combined  with  iron,  an 
element  surely  at  variance  with  the  monu- 
mental permanence  usually  looked  for  m  a 
memorial  fabric.  The  Church  of  St.  Chad, 
Longsdon,  Stafford  (1506),  the  work  of  Mr. 
Gerald  (_'.  Uorsley,  has  an  unusually  large 
traceried  window  in  the  west  front  within  the 
confines  of  the  tower,  which  is  boldly  treated, 
with  a  good  plainly  broached  spire  in  stone. 
The  drawing  is  an  inky  one,  devoid  of  light 
and  shade,  but  we   can  realise  all  the  same 


that  the  design  is  equal  to  the  occasion  and 
ought  to  work  out  well.  Mr.  John  N. 
Comper  draws  in  a  nervous  and  painfully  hard 
way,  designing  his  detail  with  due  regard  to 
precedent,  though  the  proposed  church  of  St. 
Cris2)in,Yerendavna.Poonah(  1515),  hardly  in- 
dicates its  locale.  There  is  far  more  freshness 
in  the  design  of  the  Church  of  St.  Michael 
Woolmer,  Welwyn,  Herts,  the  production  of 
Mr.  R.  Weir  Schultz  (152S),  who  puts  a 
clever  and  queer  tower,  having  gables  on  its 
four  sides  and  a  stumpy  spire  rising  in  the 
centre.  The  three  splays  of  the  apse  corbel 
out  into  a  gabel  above.  Possibly  effort 
marks  the  composition  somewhat  too  visibly 
even  for  a  picturesque  piece  of  ecclesiastical 
design.  The  new  Lectern  and  Eeredos  for  Dy- 
mock  Church,  Gloucester,  by  Mr.  R.  'W.  Paul 
(1537)  indicates  study  and  knowledge,  taste- 
fully utilised.  Holy  Trinity  Church,  Tulse 
Hill,  by  Messrs.  Treadwell  and  Martin,  is 
also  capably  conceived,  a  remark  still 
more  applicable  to  another  small  church, 
(1626)  for  St.  Giles'  Mission,  Great  Wild- 
street,  W.C.,  the  spirited  production  of 
Messrs.  Runtz  and  Ford.  This  we  have 
already  illustrated.  The  Proposed  Church  at 
Wolverhampton  (1554),  by  Mr.  P.  J.  James, 
has  a  campanile  very  like  a  chimney  shaft, 
and  the  whole  design  is  odd  and  attenuated 
in  its  detail.  The  west  front  of  a  heavy 
design  for  a  Classic  Chapel  at  Peckham 
shows  what  to  avoid ;  and  we  can  only 
marvel  at  the  selection  by  the  hanging 
committee  of  the  drawing  (1616)  con- 
tributed by  Mr.  H.  P.  Burke  Downing. 
The  new  Organ  for  the  Weighhouse  Chapel, 
Grosvenor-square,  is  to  be  the  chief  piece  of 
furniture  in  the  so-called  "chancel"  which 
Mr.  J.  James  Burnet,  of  Glasgow,  is  adding 
to  Mr.  Alfred  Waterhouse's  well-known 
building  (1582).  The  Memorial  Church  at 
Malvern  Link,  shown  by  IMr.  AV.  J.  Tapper 
(1591)  makes  a  good  plain  interior  correctly 
appropriate ;  and  Mr.  Temple  Moore  is  well 
represented  by  the  massive  Tower  of  St. 
Margaret's  Church,  Leeds  (1596),  which  we 
illustrated  by  this  pencil  study,  reproduced  in 
the  BriLUiXG  News  for  Sept.  18,  190:i. 
Mr.  Beresford  Pite  shows  a  small,  plain, 
apsidal  Church  of  primitive  originality  at 
Entebbe,  Uganda  (1655),  in  which  local  con- 
ditions appear  to  have  been  taken  into  account, 
and  the  building  is  shown  by  geometrical 
drawings  in  a  workmanlike  way.  There  are 
several  well-treated  decorative  interiors  in 
the  room,  one  of  the  most  striking  being  a 
somewhat  hard-looking  but  spirited  study 
for  a  Hall  Ingle  in  a  riverside  house  bj'  Mr. 
Leonard  Wybard  (1605),  made  up  of  square 
timbering,  filled  in  with  coloured  decorative- 
figured  panels  in  plaster,  as  it  would  seem, 
and  by  the  side  of  the  fireplace  comes  the 
stairway,  a  feature  being  made  of  the  copper 
hood  to  the  grate.  The  drawing  of  a  Recep- 
tion Hall  at  Rectory  Farm,  Streatley  (1443), 
by  Mr.  Owen  P.  I'arsons,  also  displays 
graphic  delineation,  though  in  all  respects 
essentially  ditf eront  to  the  last-named  study. 
Both  are  eminently  contemporary  in  spirit, 
but  the  one  is  intentionally  crude  in  con- 
struction, the  other  perfectly  finished,  with 
modernised  turnery  and  moulded  work.  The 
latter  seems  more  in  keeping  with  present- 
day  popular  ideals.  The  interior  of  the  Con- 
gregational Chapel  at  HeadingleylliU,  Leeds 
(1618),  is  to  have  a  new  organ  and  choir- 
stalls,  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Bedford,  showing  the 
advances  now  in  progress  in  buildings  origin- 
ally intended  primarily  for  preaching.  Mr. 
Edwin  J.  Lambert  illustrates  how  it  is  pro- 
posed to  decorate  the  central  hall  of  St. 
Paul's  School  for  Girls  at  Brook  Green,  W. 
(1041),  a  building  of  marked  ability  and 
mixed  merit,  done  by  Mr.  G.  C.  Horsley. 
The  absence  of  the  "Art  and  Crafts" 
mode  of  treating  interiors  is  generally 
noticeable—evincing,  perhaps,  that  this  phase 
of  I'aii  iiouriau  is  on  the  wane,  pace  Sir. 
Ashbee's  Sitting  Room,  Cheyne-walk,  as  in 
No.  1444. 


THE  ARCHITECTURAL  ASSOCIATION. 

THE  concluding  meeting  for  the  present  sessiom 
of  the  Architectural  Association  was  held  on 
Friday  evening  at  'J,  Conduit-street,  W.,  the- 
president,  Mr.  Henry  T.  Hare,  F.R.I.B.A.,  in 
the  chair.  Messrs.  G.  B.  Clay,  S.  H.  J.  March, 
A.  B.  Scarlett,  G.  B.  Cobhett,  J.  R.  Musto, 
C.  B.  Cleveland,  J.  N.  Keasley,  and  H.  f^^er- 
shaw  were  elected  members.  The  President  an- 
nounced the  following  further  donations  to  the  - 
New  Premises  Fund  :  Mr.  J.  H.  COristiin, 
£10  10s.  :  Professor  Henry  Adams,  £5  5s.  ;  Mr. 
W.  H.  Jamieson,  £5  :  Mr.  J.  H.  Belfrage, 
£1  Is.;  and  Mr.  L.  Simmons  (second  donation), 
£1  Is.  The  President  added  that  there  was  still 
a  very  large  deficit  on  the  outlay  on  the  altera- 
tions fo  the  Tufton-street  buildings,  and  he 
trusted  members  and  friends  of  the  Association 
would  do  their  utmost  to  reduce  the  debt,  and  so 
free  the  hands  of  future  presidents  and  members 
of  committee.  He  would  remind  members  that 
the  annual  dinnner  would  be  held  at  the  Criterion 
Restaurant.  Piccadilly,  on  the  following  Friday 
(this  evening)  at  7  to  7.30  p.m. 

ELECTION"    OF    COMMITTEE    AND    OTFICERS. 

The  PuESioENT  read  the  report  of  the  scrutineers 
— Messrs.  Dennington,  Paul,  Simmons,  and  Yates 
— on  the  voting  for  the  new  committee  and  officers. 
This  report  stated  that  383  ballot  papers  were 
returned,  of  which  14  had  been  rejected  a& 
invalid.  The  result  was  as  follows :  President, 
tllr.  E.  GuyPawbar;  Vice-presidents,  Messrs. 
A.  T.  Bolton  and  t  J.  S.  Gibson.  Members  of 
committee  :  tMessrs.  H.  T.  Hare,  tR.  S.  Balfour, 
*\V.  A.  Pite,  tArnold  Mitchell,  *John  Murray, 
*G.  B.  Carvill,  Walter  Cive,  tJ.  Maclaren  Ross, 
A.  Needham  Wilson,  and  E.  W.  Wimperis.  Hon. 
Treasurer,  *Mr.  Francis  Hooper  :  Hon.  Librarian, 
tMr.  W.  A.  S.  Pettit;  Hon.  Secretaries:  Messrs. 
*Louis  Ambler  and  *H.  Tanner,  jun.  Other 
officers  :  Hon.  Solicitor,  *Mr.  W.  H.  Jamieson  ; 
and  Hon.  Assistant  Librarians,  Messrs.  E.  Gunn 
and  C.  M.  Crirkmer.  [An  asterisk  (*)  denotes 
re-election :  a  dagger  (t)  change  of  ofBce.] 
A  vote  of  thanks  was  proposed  from  the  chair, 
and  was  agreed  to.  Mr.  A.  NEEtm.iM  Wilson 
proposed,  and  Mr.  L.  Simmons  seconded,  a  com- 
prehensive vote  of  thanks  to  the  visitors  to  the 
School  of  Design,  to  the  retiring  President,  and 
Members  ot  Committee  (Messrs.  F.  D.  Clapham, 
E.  L.  Lutyens,  A.  N.  Prentice,  AV.  H.  Seth- 
Smith,  and  R.  H.Weymouth),  and  to  the  pro- 
fessional Press.  This  wa?  carried  by  acclamation, 
and  acknowledged  by  the  President. 

The  tollowing  paper  on  this  subject  was  read 
by  Mr.  W.  E.  Munby,  who  illustrated  various 
points  by  many  simple  and  striking  experiments. 

THE     VALVE     OF     SCIENCE     TN     AN     AKCHITECTVRAL 
CVRKICULl'M. 

I  venture  to  put  before  you,  the  lectursr  re- 
marked, the  plea  that  science  should  receive  more 
consideration  as  suitable  food  lor  the  architectural 
student,  and  this  suggestioa  is  not  in  the  least  at 
variance  with  the  view  that  architecture  is  an  art. 
There  is  a  section  of  the  profession  which  looks 
upon  science  with  a  suspicious  coldness,  as  being 
destructive  of  art,  as  slaying  poetic  visions  with 
unromantie  facts,  and  as  necessarily  supplanting 
a  free  and  living  curve  with  a  parabola  or  an 
hyperbola.  Such  a  view  is  an  unjust  one. 
"Every  work  of  art,"  says  Ruskin,  "either 
states  a  true  thing  or  adorns  a  serviceable  one," 
and  science  gives  us  both  truth  and  service.  It 
Nature  herself  is  the  highest  art,  he  who  would 
reproduce  her  must  study  natural  laws.  An 
architect  wiU  be  mora  in  harmony  with  his  en- 
vironment it  he  is  conversant  with  the  composi- 
tion, physical  properties,  and  past  history  of  his 
materials.  The  materials  would  then  be 
always  selected  suitably  to  the  design. 
But  however  this  aspect  of  science  may  be  viewed, 
there  are  many  direct  applications  of  science  to 
architecture  as  understood  at  the  present  day. 
The  modern  building  is  full  of  complications, 
which,  with  the  advances  of  scienca  and  extended 
demands  for  comfort,  will  increase,  and  when  the 
contractor  has  ceased  to  be  a  builder  will  become 
more  than  ever  the  responsibility  of  the  architect. 
The  selection  of  suitable  materials  and  the  dis- 
play of  judgment  in  dealing  with  the  thousand 
and  one  patents  brought  forward  by  the  building 
trades,  the  power  of  probing  the  worth  of  state- 
ments in  favour  of  any  materials  by  deciding 
upon,  and  being  able  to  subsequently  understand, 
the  various  chemical  and  physical  tests  to  be 
applied  to  them,  provide  indeed  a  wide  field, 
[which,  if  inartistic,    is    admittedly   within  the 


May  13,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


683 


province  of  the  architect,  ia  by  no  means  devoid 
of  interest  or  skilled  work,  and  certainly  reiiuires 
the  direct  application  of  science. 

Alll-HITECTs"   ATTITIDK    TOWARDS    -XF.W   INVF,NTIOX>. 

Let  us  consider  the  effect  of  a  /(/i«(,-  fiiir< 
attitude  upon  these  matters.  A  vast  army  of 
industrial  workers,  becoming  every  year  better 
equipped  in  the  principles  of  their  trades,  are  pro- 
ducing novelties  which  are,  broadly  speaking, 
improvements  in  methods  of  construction,  sanita- 
tion, and  kindred  branches  of  industry  which 
depend  upon  the  building  trades  for  support. 
These  new  productions  are  put  forward  with  the 
object  of  material  gain  to  the  makers,  but  at  the 
same  time  they  are  the  results  of  that  spirit  of 
emulation  and  progress  which  are  the  character- 
istics of  active  life,  and  are  the  outcome  of  the 
thought  of  specialists  in  individual  lines.  The 
architect  is  the  court  of  appeal  as  to  the  success 
or  failure  of  such  advances.  If  he  assumes  an 
attitude  of  indifference,  ought  we  to  complain 
that  the  tide,  stemmed  lay  his  apathy,  finds  new 
outlets,  and  that  the  public  place  in  other  hands 
matters  which  should  pass  through  his  hands 
alone  'r  True,  the  span  of  life  does  not  increase 
■with  the  increased  burdens  which  the  profession  is 
called  upon  to  bear.  The  suggestion  that  the 
individual  should  attempt  to  pass  judgment  on 
the  new  products  of  every  trade  would  be,  of 
course,  impracticable.  This  difliculty  need  not 
plunge  us  wholesale  into  specialisation,  which,  it 
carried  too  far,  would  lead  to  the  destruction  of 
the  profession  as  such.  It  could  largely  be  met 
by  centralisation.  The  establishment  of  a  general 
information  bureau  in  touch  with  the  trades,  for 
the  collection  of  statistics,  standardisation,  and 
testing,  would  go  far  towards  solving  what  must 
some  day  become  a  pressing  question.  In  the 
meantime  it  is  most  gratifying  to  learn  that  the 
Institute  is  in  communication  with  the  director  of 
the  National  Physical  Laboratory  with  a  view 
to  arranging  facilities  for  conducting  tests  on 
materials. 

WHAT    IS    BEING    DONE    TO    TEACH    SCIENCE. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  see  how  far  such  work 
is  found  to  be  practicable  and  desirable  in  various 
teaching  centres  at  the  present  time.  For  this 
purpose  I  have  made  inquiries  from  a  number  of 
leading  institutions  in  this  country  and  abroad. 
The  results  of  this  investigation  are  contained 
upon  the  diagram  below.  The  centres  were 
selected  more  or  less  at  random,  without  any 
consideration  for  their  predilections  for  science 
or  the  reverse.  The  courses  dealt  with  are 
ordinary  architectural,  and  not  engineering, 
courses,  and  th)  diagram  shows  the  hours  per 
week  in  the  various  years  devoted  to  physics, 
chemistry,  and  geology,  under  which  last  heading 
I  have  included  such  branches  of  science  as 
botany.  It  has  not  been  an  easy  matter  to  bring 
the  daticollected  into  line,  and  I  cannot  guarantee 
the  figures  as  absolutely  accurate,  but  they  are 
sufficiently  so  to  show  the  regard  in  which  science 
is  held  at  these  institutions.  While  our  courses 
in  this  country  extend  over  not  more  than  three 
years,  those  in  America  and  Germany  extend 
usually  over  four  years,  and  the  total  average 
given  in  the  last  column  but  one  is  taken  on  the 
four-years  basis  for  aU.  Both  lecture-room  and 
laboratory  work  (of  which  there  is  a  fair  propor- 
tion) in  both  pure  and  applied  science  are  in- 
cluded in  the  hours  given,  but  no  allowance  is 
made  for  the  students'  private  reading.  Under 
physics  I  have  included  such  applications  as 
courses  on  structure,  stresses,  hygiene,  and 
inateriala,  but  not  courses  on  ordinary  construc- 
tion or  on  mathematics. 


If  we  assume  that  the  teaching  hours  for  a 
student  average  2i5  per  week,  and  that  his  course 
of  training  extends  in  all  cases  over  four  years, 
then  tho  statistics  before  you  will  give  the  fol- 
lowing as  percentages  of  his  total  academic  career 
devoted  to  science  and  its  applications  : — JIcGill 
Hniversity,  SOJ  ;  University  College,  Loudon, 
'20  ;  Glasgow  Technical  College,  20ir ;  University 
of  Illinois,  19  ;  Dresden  Technischen  Hochschule, 
17;  Bristol  Merchant  Venturers'  College,  1.5i  ; 
Stuttgart  Technischen  Hochschule,  1  Si  ;  Massa- 
chusetts Technical  Institute,  llii  :  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  12J  ;  King's  College,  London,  12  ; 
Harvard  University,  lOJ ;  Technischen  Hoch- 
schule, Charlottenburg,  9^ ;  Columbia  Univer- 
sity, 7  ;  Ecole  Spcciale  d'Architectur,  6  ;  Man- 
chester School  of  Technology,  6  ;  Liverpool 
University,  G.  The  omission  of  the  courses  of 
our  Association  from  the  above  list  is  due  to  the 
different  system  adopted  which  makes  a  fair 
comparison  impossible  ;  the  amount  of  time 
devoted  to  science  will,  however,  be  admitted  as 
small.  As  showing  the  value  of  a  training  in  the 
principles  of  science,  I  will  touch  in  detail  upon 
some  of  the  applications  of  science  to  architecture. 


deals  with  matter  and  energy,  and,  therefore, 
in  its  widest  sense  includes  chemistry.  In  its 
generally-accepted  sense,  however,  it  is  taken 
to  include  dynamics  (often  called  mechanics), 
acoustics,  optics,  heat,  magnetism,  and  electricity, 
and  we  may  shortly  refer  to  its  branches  in  this 
order.  The  application  of  the  dynamics  of  solids 
to  constructional  work  is  too  obvious  to  need  any 
discussion,  and  forms  a  recognised  part  of  all 
architectural  courses.  Lectures  on  this  subject 
should  always  be  experimental,  and  supplemented 
by  work  in  a  mechanical  and  testing  laboratory. 
The  value  of  such  a  course  may  extend  beyond 
mere  construction — for  example,  a  knowledge  of 
the  use  of  a  delicate  balance  and  the  appreciation 
of  specific  gravity  might  save  a  surveyor  much 
time  in  the  measurement  of  valuable  and  irregular 
sites.  The  dynamics  of  liquids  and  gases,  on  the 
other  hand,  generally  receives  but  scant  treat- 
ment. An  architect  has  constantly  to  deal  with 
problems  involving  water  supply  and  the  flow  of 
water  and  drainage  in  pipes  ;  he  must  not  suggest 
a  lift  pump  for  a  35ft.  well,  nor  a  water  turbine 
without  considering  his  loss  of  "head"  by 
friction,  and  he  must  have  an  hydraulic  ram  up 
his  sleeve  for  country  houses  blessed  with  a 
stream  in  their  grounds.  He  Cinnot  tackle  these 
problems  unless  he  has  an  elementary  know- 
ledge of  the  principles  of  hydrostatics  and 
kinetics.  Again,  the  dynamics  of  gases  brings 
us  to  the  important  subject  of  ventilation.  A 
knowledge  of  the  relation  between  the  pressure 
and  volume  of  air,  the  relative  weights  of 
different  gases  and  their  expansion  with  rise  of 
temperature  would  render  many  ventilating 
problems  intelligible  and  interesting,  and  some- 
times point  a  way  to  the  introduction  of  ventila- 
tion schemes  at  but  little  cost.  Mechanical  fans 
require  more  discretion  in  selection  than  they 
generally  get,  while  the  ducts  and  their  bends  for 
the  passage  of  air  require  thought  in  the  planning 
to  insure  success.  The  difficulty  which  sometimes 
arises  in  understanding  why  the  heavy  gas, 
carbon  dioxide,  produced  by  combustion  and 
breathing,  vitiates  the  air  at  the  top  of  a  room 
can  be  cleared  up  by  two  very  simple  experiments. 


is,  of  all  branches  of  physics,  the  most  difficult 
in  its  practical  application,  and  probably  a  deep 
study  of  the  subject  would  be  of  but  little  value 
to   the  architectural  student.    A  knowledge  of 


H0UB8  PER  WEEK  DEVOTED  TO  SCIENCE  IN  ARCHITECTURAL  COURSES, 


Years 

McQill  

Univerdity  ('ollege 

Glasgow  Tech 

liristol  

King'u  ('ollege    

Manchester 

Ijiverpuol 

IlJiuoiH 

MaBHachueettfl    

renncylvania 

Harvard  

Columbia 

Dresden    

Stuttgart 

Charlottenburg 

£cole  Hpi'-ciale    


rhysic", 


Chemistry. 


Geology. 


2       3 


Si 


Total 
Average. 


79 
68 
6-3 
■40 
3-1 
1-5 
1-S 
^•0 
3-5 
3-3 
2-8 
1-9 
45 
40 
25 
1-5 


Possible  per 
cent,  of  Science 
Entrance  E.\am. 


20 
40 
0 


17 
•23 
55 


the  velocity  of  sound  in  air,  and  the  conditions 
(chiefly  depending  upon  temperature,!  under  which 
this  varies,  will,  however,  result  in  some  notion 
.as  to  the  probable  interference  by  reflection  with 
the  voice  of  a  speaker,  a  consideration  too  often 
overlooked  in  public  buildings  :  and  in  these  days 
when  we  are  herded  together  in  flats  and  attached 
houses,  the  conductivity  of  different  materials  for 
sound  has  become  a  highly  important  matter. 
Unfortunately,  much  research  remains  to  be  done 
upon  the  application  of  the  laws  of  sound,  but  as 
experiments  must  be  carried  out  on  a  large  scale 
to  be  of  value,  they  are  naturally  difficult  and 
costly. 

A    KNOWLEDGE    OF    THE    LAWS    OF    HEAT 

finds  many  applications  in  architecture.  The 
amount  of  expansion  of  materials  with  rise  of 
temperature  is  by  no  means  always  appreciated. 
The  Forth  Bridge,  for  example,  is  just  about  one 
yard  longer  in  summer  than  it  is  in  winter,  owing 
til  expansion,  and  though  architects  are  not 
usually  called  upon  to  deal  with  such  spans  as 
this,  the  growing  use  of  long  steel  joists  renders 
the  fixing  of  such  joists  often  worthy  of  care. 
The  great  coeflicient  of  expansion  of  lead,  nearly 
three  times  that  of  steel,  accounts  in  part  for  its 
"crawling"  propensities.  Joints  of  materials 
which  expand  unequally  are  never  likely  to  re- 
main sound.  For  this  reasoa  steel  and  concrete 
will  make  a  much  more  parmanent  joint  than 
steel  and  brickwork  in  mortar  or  cement.  In 
this  connection  the  mass,  specific  heat,  and  con- 
ductivity of  the  materials  must  also  be  considered. 
Upon 

THE    EXPANSION    OF    LIQVIDS 

depends  the  whole  system  of  water  circulation, 
and  here  I  would  point  out  the  hardship  imposed 
upon  good  firms  in  tendering  for  hot  water  plant 
when  the  architect  does  no  more  than  state  the 
temperature  to  be  exacted  in  the  buUding  to  be 
heated,  as  it  is  then  easy  for  an  unscrupulous 
firm  to  give  a  low  tender  by  subsequently  supply- 
ing a  boiler  and  furnace  which  will  only  give  the 
required  result  by  being  worked  in  a  detrimental 
manner  with  a  forced  draught — an  easy  thing  to 
arrange  if  the  system  is  ever  tested.  A  rudi- 
mentary knowledge  of  the  principles  of  heat 
would  enable  the  architect  to  include  in  his  speci- 
fication, with  but  little  trouble,  sufficient  detail 
to  safeguard  both  client  and  contractor.  A  know- 
ledge of  the  specific  heat  of  materials  and  their 
conductivity  is  useful  in  problems  of  warming  and 
fire  risks.  Again,  the  melting  points  of  sub- 
stances are  often  an  indication  of  their  purity. 
Good  mastic  melts  at  about  260^  Fahr.,  but  if  it 
is  adulterated  with  coal-tar  pitch  it  liquefies  at  a 
much  lower  temperature.  Such  an  investigation 
could  be  made  in  a  few  minutes  with  the  aid  of  a 
test-tube  and  a  thermometer.  Perhaps  the  study  of 

OPTICS 

bas  less  bearing  upon  an  architect's  work  than 
other  branches  of  physics,  but  a  knowledge  of  the 
laws  of  illumination  would  help  him  to  arrange 
his  lights,  and  the  principles  of  dispersion  are  of 
value  for  the  understanding  of  colour  problems. 
The  comparison  of  the  power  of  different  lights  is 
sometimes  useful,  and  for  approximate  purposes 
can  generally  be  ascertained  after  a  moment's 
calculation  with  the  aid  of  no  more  apparatus  than 
a  foot-rule  and  a  stick.     Turning  to 

M.U1NETI9M  ASD    ELECTKICITY, 

every  architect  carries  a  compass,  and  a  little 
knowledge  of  terrestrial  magnetism  will  prevent 
him  from  overlooking  the  difference  between  the 
magnetic  and  astronomical  north  when  setting 
out  his  buildings.  It  is  not  possible  for  an  archi- 
tect to  intelligently  supervise  the  electric  lighting 
and  power  arrangements  in  a  building  without 
some  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  electricity. 
It  may  be  said  that  he  is  safeguarded  by  fire 
insurance  regulations,  but  he  does  not  always  see 
that  these  regulations  are  complied  with,  and  the 
insurance  companies  must  take  muih  of  the  work 
on  faith.  To  an  observant  eye  all  wiring  work 
appears  much  the  same,  and  altliough  it  ia  on  the 
whole  exceedingly  good,  considering  the  immunity 
with  which  it  is  usually  carried  out,  yet  when 
prices  are  obtained  in  competition  tho  contractor 
would  be  more  than  human  did  he  never  profit 
by  this  independence.  I  know  at  least  one  firm 
with  a  very  high  reputation  which  makes  a 
practice  of  giving  its  foreman  a  commission  upon 
what  can  bo  saved  in  carrying  out  wiring  con- 
tracts, which  appears  a  direct  incentive  to  a  b.id 
class  of  work.  The  trade  in  electrical  sundries  is 
now  an  enormous  one,  and  some  firms  abroad 
who  send  goods  to  this   country  have  regular 


084 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  13,  1904. 


grades  of  fittioKS  showing  a  carefully-arranged 
dfiteiioration  from  the  first  samples  submitted, 
■with  the  result  that  there  is  always  a  great  deal 
of  rubbish  on  the  market,  and  foreign  countries 
are  careful  to  arrange  that  such  goods  do  not 
return  by  imposing  a  heavy  import  duty. 

CIIF.MISTHY. 

Though  chemistry  has  less  bearing  upon  archi- 
tscture  than  has  physics,  the  general  principles 
of  the  science  are  essential  to  anyone  who  would 
really  understand  materials.  Chemistry  enables 
us  to  tell  beforehand  the  changes  which  are  likely 
10  take  place  in  bodies  in  varyiog  circumstances, 
and  therefore  to  employ  materials  suitable  to  their 
environment,  and  to  know  how  to  set  about 
remedying  defects  which  have  arisen  through 
neglect  of  such  precautions.  In  the  selection  of 
a  building  stone  a  knowledge  of  its  composition 
and  physical  structure  is  of  great  value.  The 
weathering  of  stone  owing  to  its  absorption  of 
water  from  the  atmosphere  and  the  subsequent 
freezing  of  this  water  depends  largely  upon  its 
porosity  and  power  of  cohesion.  Water  ex- 
pands by  nearly  one-twelfth  of  its  bulk  on 
freezing,  and  though  it  may  be  confined,  it  will 
still  freeze,  and  force  the  particles  of  the  stone  out 
of  place  to  find  room  for  expansion.  A  substance 
would  require  a  cohesive  force  of  about  10,0001b. 
per  square  inch  to  prevent  confined  water  within 
it  freezing  when  subjected  to  only  ten  degrees  of 
frost  F°.  This  expansion  of  water  is  a  purely 
physical  action,  but  the  power  of  ordinary  water 
in  producing  chemical  changes  is  no  less  im- 
portant. It  has  been  said  that  no  one  has  ever 
yet  seen  pure  water ;  ordinarily  it  may  be  con- 
sidered as  a  weak  solution  of  carbonic  acid,  and 
has  considerable  solvent  action  upon  many  stones 
•consisting  of  carbonate  of  lime — even  marble  is 
not  proof  against  its  attacks.  That  carbonate  of 
lime  is  soluble  in  water  containing  carbonic  acid 
gas  cin  easily  be  demonstrated.  Iron  pyrites, 
which  is  almost  always  present  in  coal,  pixiduces 
on  combustion  a  gas  which  in  our  moist  atmo- 
sphere is  rapidly  converted  into  sulphuric  acid. 
^Joal  contains  about  one  per  cent,  of  sulphur, 
which,  on  combustion,  produces  eventually  some 
671b.  of  sulphuric  acid  per  ton  of  coal.  Probably 
quite  16  million  tons  of  coal  are  annually  burnt 
in  Greater  London,  and  if  the  whole  of  the 
sulphuric  acid  produced  descends  upon  us  in  rain 
and  fog,  we  are  annu.iUy  refreshed,  therefore, 
with  some  500,000  tons  of  this  corrosive  liquid. 
Not  only  does  this  acid  attack  stone  more 
violently  than  does  carbonic  acid,  but  it  forms 
compounds  in  the  stone  which  occupy  more  space 
than  the  original  particles,  so  that  the  effects  are 
much  like  those  produced  by  frost.  Silica,  of 
which  many  sandstones  are  almost  entirely  com- 
posed, is,  on  the  other  hand,  entirely  unacted 
upon  by  any  atmospheric  acids,  and  therefore  a 
closely-grained  sandstone  is  usually  very  durable. 

THE    ACTIOX    OF    WATER    Vl'OX    LEAD, 

on  account  of  the  poisonous  nature  of  lead  com- 
pounds, should  be  considered  in  arranging  a 
soft-water  service.  In  the  presence  of  nitrates, 
often  found  in  potable  waters,  the  action  of  the 
water  upon  lead  is  quite  considerable,  even  after 
a  short  period.  Finally,  as  regards  water,  a 
water  analysis  is  a  first  essential  in  the  se'ection 
of  a  country  site,  and  the  architect  should  be  able 
to  understand  the  analyst's  report,  and  to  advise 
his  client  thereon.  As  regards  other  materials 
used  in  building,  in  slates  are  found  two  forms 
of  iron  sulphide,  one  of  which  disintegrates  on 
exposure,  while  the  other  is  permanent,  and, 
therefore,  harmless.  The  presence  of  free  lime- 
that  is,  calcium  oxide— in  bricks,  which  U  sure 
to  cause  disintegration,  is  very  easily  detected 
chemically,  and  where  facing  bricks  are  used  in 
important  work  the  brickmaker  should  furnish 
an  analysis  of  the  coal  used  for  firing,  with  a  view 
to  guarding  against  that  distressing  nJalady,  so 
difiicult  to  cure  —  efflorescence  in  brickwork. 
The  important  subject  of 

LIMES,    MOHTABS,    AND    CEMENTS 

cannot  be  understood  without  a  knowledge  of 
chemistry.  If  analyses  of  these  materials  were 
more  generally  demanded  by  architects,  we  should 
hear  much  less  of  bad  and  bulging  plaster,  triable 
mortar,  and  the  upheaval  of  cement  fioors.  The 
strength  of  cementing  materials  should  be  appor- 
tioned to  that  of  the  bricks.  It  is  mere  waste  of 
money,  for  example,  to  build  in  cement  some  of 
the  miserable  slack-baked  London  stocks  which 
too  often  find  their  way  into  good-class  buildings. 
'1°^  n  °  ''°°'"'  *^«  """e  o«  Portland  cement 
generaUy    passes     unchallenged,    and    although 


adulteration  is  fortunately  rare  in  this  country, 
ragstone  is  sometimes  added,  but  can  easily  be 
detected  under  the  microscope.  Blue  lias  lime 
and  I'ortland  cement  often  exhaust  an  archi- 
tect's categiry  as  regards  cementing  materials, 
whereas  selenitic  mortars,  which  allow  a  large 
propjrtion  of  sand,  might  often  be  used  with 
economy.  Selenitic  limes  are  used  chiefiy  for 
plasters,  but  in  dry  situations  deserve  an 
extended  use  for  mortars.  Tests  made  in 
Fiance  indicate  that  the  strength  of  I'ortland 
cement  is  increased  by  making  it  selenitic— i.c, 
by  the  addition  of  sulphate  of  lime  ;  but  the  careful 
tes's  of  the  Britioh  Committee  on  Cements  do  not 
confirm  this  view.  The  addition  of  sulphate  of 
lime,  however,  to  ordinary  limes  appears  to  pro- 
duce a  considerable  increase  in  strength.  Mr. 
Redgrave  cites  tes's  which  show  that  selenitic 
mortar  has  about  five  times  the  strength  under 
compresiion  that  similar  non-selenitic  mortar 
possesses,  and  the  tesU  recorded  by  the  same 
writer,  carried  en  during  the  building  of  the  L\w 
Courts,  indicate  that  between  brickwork  Messrs. 
Nelson's  selenitised  lias  lime  used  1  to  5  was  more 
than  twice  as  strong  as  ordinary  lias  lime  1  to  3. 
If  these  testj  can  be  relied  upon,  a  remarkable 
financial  saving  should  be  effected  by  following 
the  precedent  set  by  the  late  Mr.  Street.  The 
lime  and  sand  for  a  rod  of  brickwork  in  ordinary 
blue  lias  1  to  3  is  worth  about  lOs..  and  in  selenitic 
lias  1  to  5,  about  30s.  ;  but  if  this  latter  is  really 
twice  as  strong  as  the  former,  it  is  not  merely  one 
quarter,  but  more  than  two  and  a  half  times 
cheaper.  Were  cement  materials  sold  by  strength 
and  not  by  weight,  such  points  as  these  would 
receive  more  general  attention.  The  breaking 
strain  of  a  briquette  of  cement  without  a  know- 
ledge of  its  chemical  composition  is  often 
of  little  value.  A  cement  containing  an  excels 
of  lims  will  come  out  of  a  test  with  flying 
colours  ;  but  it  is  most  dangerous  to  use,  as  it  is 
liable  to  disintegrate,  when,  of  course,  its  cement- 
ing power  is  practically  nil.  Again,  if  a  cement 
contains  much  iron,  sodium,  or  potassium,  it  is 
almost  certainly  under-burnt,  as  in  this  case  it 
could  not  have  been  raised  to  the  proper  tempera- 
ture without  partially  fusing  in  the  process.  The 
preservation  of  the 

METALS    CSED    IN    Ifl  ILDING 

is  often  largely  dependent  upon  the  substances 
with  which  they  are  in  contact.  A  very  small 
knowledge  of  electricity  and  chemistry  would 
point  out  the  extravagance  of  using  any  but  the 
purest  zinc  in  a  moist  atmosphere,  and  the  rapid 
corrosion  which  mu^t  take  place  when  this  metal 
is  left  in  contact  with  carbon  (as  soot  or  coke,  for 
example),  or  with  copper,  iron,  or  lead.  The 
electro -negative  character  of  zinc  again  renders 
it  open  to  be  acted  upon  by  lime,  and,  therefore, 
to  decay  in  contact  with  mortar  or  cement.  The 
oxidation  of  iron,  for  similar  electrical  reasons, 
takes  place  in  a  moist  atmosphere  with  increasing 
rapidity  after  the  formation  of  the  first  film  of 
oxide.  The  quality  of  iron,  as,  for  example,  the 
difference  between  grey  and  white  cast  iron, 
would  be  appreciated  by  a  very  brief  study  of  the 
metallurgy  of  iron  and  steel.     Turning  to 

TIMnER, 

the  iiiiporlant  subject  of  the  impregnation  of 
wood,  ei'her  for  its  preservation  from  decay  or 
against  fire,  is  largely  a  chemical  question  ;  while 
the  compounds  contained  in  wood,  such  as 
gallic  acid  in  oak,  forming  as  it  does  an  ink  in 
contact  with  iron,  have  often  to  be  taken, into 
account. 

I'AINT.S. 

The  trade  of  the  painter  yields  a  profitable 
field  for  chemical  inquiry.  Thoug'n  we  specify 
white-lead,  prepared  by  the  old  Dutch  process 
and  well  matured,  we  are  not  in  the  habit  of 
seeing  that  we  get  it.  Second  quality  paints  are 
manufactured  on  quite  a  large  scale  and  sold  as 
such  ;  they  contain  as  a  substitute  for  the  greater 
part  of  the  white-lead,  barytes,  chalk,  or  some- 
times other  bodies,  and  these  are  quite  inferior  in 
covering  and  binding  power.  Barytes,  being  a 
heavy  mineral,  is  the  most  suitable  adulterant 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  vendor.  Such 
paints  are  easily  distinguished  by  merely  treating 
them  with  nitric  acid  if  in  powder,  or  if,  as  would 
more  usually  be  the  case,  mixed  in  oil,  without 
the  aid  of  anything  further  than  a  wooden  match, 
a  piece  of  washing  soda,  and  a  sixpence.  Further, 
it  such  inferior  paints  are  carefully  weighed,  then 
heated  and  weighed  again,  they  will  be  found  to 
lose  much  less  in  weight  than  would  a  good  lead 
paint,  which  contains  a  considerable  proportion 
of  combined  water  capable  of  removal  on  heating. 


If  paints  wi;h  a  white-lead  base  are  used  in  a 
sulphurous  atmosphere,  such  as  that  of  a 
chemical  liboratory,  or  where  bad  coal-gas  is 
much  burnt,  they  rapiily  blacken  owing  to  the 
formation  of  sulphide  of  lead.  In  such  cases 
zinc- white  should  replace  white-lead,  ani  for 
light  greens  or  yellows  real  chrome  green  and 
cadmiu-n  yellow.  As  these  pain's  are  more  ex- 
pensive, and  have  to  be  employed  in  larger 
quantity  for  the  same  covering  effect,  they  are 
often  adultera'ed  with  white  lead.  This  again 
may  be  detected  wiih  the  aid  of  a  mouth  blow- 
pipe and  a  piece  of  charcoal  in  two  or  three 
minutes  without  '  resorting  to  a  professional 
analyst.  Similarly  the  value  of  black  paint, 
which  should  always  have  a  base  of  white  leid  if 
it  is  to  protect  the  material  covered,  may  be 
ascertained. 

OEOLOGV 

has  a  great  value  as  indicating  the  localities  and 
sometimes  the  probable  quantities  of  various 
building  stones  and  their  planes  of  stratification 
or  bedding.  Not  less  valuable  is  some  knowledge 
of  this  science  when  the  choice  of  a  site,  both  from 
the  point  of  view  of  health  and  the  stability  of  the 
building,  is  in  question.  In  the  matter  of  well- 
sinking  much  needless  expense  has  been  often 
saved,  and  superstitious  practices  averted,  by  a 
little  knowledge  of  the  strata  of  the  neighbour- 
hood. 

THE    LITEllATCRE    OF    THE     CHEMISTRY    OF 
lU'ILDING     MATERIALS. 

With  a  view  to  obtaining  some  idea  of  the 
amount  of  existing  scientific  literature  useful  to 
arehitectj,  I  have,  during  the  past  few  months, 
visited  the  libraries  of  the  British,  South  Ken- 
sington, and  Jermyn-street  Museums,  also  those 
of  the  Chemical  and  the  Cieological  Society  and 
the  Patent  Ofiice,  besides  that  in  which  we  are 
here  privileged  to  meet,  and  certainly  that  of  the 
Patent  ofiice  should  be  placed  first,  tiking  the 
size  of  the  collection,  its  accessibility,  and  excel- 
lent arrangement  into  account.  While  text- 
books on  pure  science  leading  up  to  its  applications 
in  architectural  work  seem  to  be  non-existent, 
works  on  the  application  themselves  are,  of  course, 
very  numerous,  particularly  as  far  as  physics  is 
concerned.  Chemistry,  although  touched  upon 
incidentally  in  many  books,  is  exceedingly  scarce 
in  the  field  we  are  discussing,  and  I  have  only 
found  in  these  seven  libraries  six  small  books 
dealing  with  the  chemistry  of  building  materials. 
Of  these,  the  most  important  and  suggestive  are 
reprints  of  the  courses  of  lectures  given  on  this 
subject  at  the  School  of  Jlilitary  Engineering, 
Chatham,  copies  of  which  are  not  easy  to  obtain. 
While  no  general  handbook  on  geology  written 
for  the  architect  seems  to  exist,  several  useful 
works  on  building  stones  may  be  consulted,  and, 
perhaps,  special  mention  should  be  made  of  the 
little  Survey  publication  on  sites  in  London,  with 
its  geological  map,  which  can  be  purchased  at  the 
Jermyn-street  Museum. 

SOME    I'RACTICAL    SUGGESTIONS. 

On  the  supposition  that  some  knowledge  of 
science  is  desirable  for  an  architect,  let  us  turn, 
in  conclusion,  to  the  practical  means  for  attain- 
ing this  knowledge.  Many  valuable  courses 
dealing  with  the  applications  of  science  to  build- 
ing materials  already  exist,  though  in  some  cases 
they  are  verj-  curtailed  :  but  the  chief  point  is 
this  :  that  unless  some  previous  knowledge  of  the 
principles  of  sc'ence  is  insisted  upon,  such  courses 
cannot  be  properly  appreciated,  and  the  time 
spent  upon  them  must  be  largely  thrown  away. 

A    tlURItULVM    FOR    YOING    ARCHITECTS. 

A  passage  through  the  following  courses  should 
form  part  of  the  requirements  of  an  architectural 
student  on  the  outset  of  his  career: — (1)  A 
general  experimental  course  on  physics,  including' 
laboratory  work  and  dealing  with  the  dynamics 
of  solids  and  fluids,  with  heat,  magnetism,  and 
electricity,  and  very  briefly  with  acoustics  and 
optics.  (2)  A  similar  course  dealing  with  the 
elements  of  inorganic  chemistry,  touching  upon 
principles,  but  chiefly  of  a  descriptive  character. 
Mere  analysis  to  be  subordinated  to  simple 
quantitative  work  and  the  preparation  of  im- 
portant compounds.  The  illustrations  of  chemical 
laws  being  bises  as  far  as  possible  upon  those 
substances  which  would  afterwards  figure  in 
a  course  of  applied  chemistry.  (3)  A  short 
course  outlining  the  principles  of  geology, 
and  dealing  with  the  stratigraphical  arrange- 
ment of  rocks  and  with  petrology,  rather 
than  with  pabnontology,  and  aided  by  the  exami- 
nation of  museum  specimens,  such  as  the  collec- 


May  13.  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


685 


tion  of  buililirg  stones  in  the  .rermyn-etrcet 
Museum,  and  by  occa-ional  visits  t)  quarries. 
The  whole  of  the  above  work  might  be  under- 
taken by  a  person  of  average  intelligence  at  the 
age  of ,  say,  sixteen,  and  completed  in  one  year, 
with  some  twelve  hours'  teaching  per  week.  This 
means  the  devotion  of  about  half  a  year  to  pure 
science,  and  whenastudent  starts  his  career  early, 
and  has  no  prospect  of  practising  at  tht  end  of 
three  cr  four  years,  such  time  spent  on  science 
ought  by  no  means  to  be  grudged.  In  the  case 
of  older  students  such  knowledge  might  well  be 
demanded  of  them  upon  entrance  to  their  sfudiss, 
since  the  facilities  for  teaching  science  at  our 
public  schools  could  at  the  prefeot  lime  easily 
meet  such  requirements.  The  help  and  en- 
couragement to  those  engaged  in  lecturing  to 
more  advanced  students  upon  the  applications  of 
science  would  be  enormous  were  such  preliminary 
courses  insisted  upon,  and  we  might  hope  that 
these  courses  upon  applied  science  would  them- 
selves grow  under  these  more  favourable  con- 
ditions ;  but  » ere  this  impossible,  at  least  much 
more  could  be  done  in  the  time  at  disposal. 

WHAT    IS    THE    ASSOCIATION    UOIXCi  r 

It  would  ill  become  me  to  criticise  the  Associa- 
tion's educational  work.  Yet,  is  science  suffi- 
ciently considered  in  our  curriculum!'  Uo  our 
facilities  for  teaching  the  science  of  architecture 
compare  favourably  with  those  of  other  institu- 
tions 'r  Is  it  a  sign  of  progress  that  a  course  once 
held  upon  the  chemistry  of  materials  has,  for 
more  than  ten  years,  ceased  to  exist,  and  that  we 
have  nol'ning  in  the  nature  of  a  laboratory  ■:" 
I  am  aware  that  the  courses  given  must  be  largely 
governed  by  the  Institute  examinations.  May 
we  hope  that,  as  the  result  of  the  deliberations  of 
the  Institute  Committee  on  Architectural  Educa- 
tion, science  may  figure  more  largely  in  the 
preliminary  if  not  in  the  subsequent  examina- 
tions y  Lastly,  considering  the  large  and  varied 
field  in  which  an  architect  is  called  upon  to  work, 
would  it  not  be  possible  to  allow  a  student,  within 
properly  restricted  limits,  to  develop  along  lines 
best  suited  to  his  abilities  by  the  introduction  of 
one  or  two  alternative  subjects  into  his  later 
examinations  r 

Mr.  HfGH  Staxxvs,  in  proposing  a  vote  of 
thanks  to  the  lecturer,  observed  that  science  was 
a  good  servant  to  the  architect,  but  a  very  bad 
master.  The  claims  on  the  architectural  student 
of  art  must  not  be  overlooked,  and  there  must  be 
a  well-thought-out  method  in  the  teaching  of 
both  art  and  science,  and  a  skilful  appropriation 
of  the  proportionate  time  allotted  to  the  various 
subjects  and  their  sequences  or  the  whole  of  the 
labour  would  be  wasted.  He  exhibited  on  the 
walls  diagrams  of  the  curriculum  he  arrrnged  for 
a  three  years'  cjurse  at  Manchester,  and  urged 
the  importance  of  training  the  student  to  educate 
himself.  As  students'  tastes  differed  widely, 
there  should  be  variety  in  teaching  to  suit  the 
peculiarities  acd  sustain  the  interest  of  the 
scientific,  the  artistic,  and  the  purely  construc- 
tional man.  Every  student  should  generalise  for 
two  years  and  specialise  in  the  last  year  of  his 
course. 

Mr.  H.  D.  JSeakles-Wood  seconded  the  vote 
of  thanks,  remarking  that  he  preferred  the 
lecturer's  method  of  teaching  science  to  that 
recommended  by  Mr.  tJtannus.  The  chief  aim 
should  be  to  induce  the  student  to  follow  intelli- 
gently all  that  was  put  before  him.  He  emphasited 
the  value  of  a  knowledge  of  geology  to  the 
architect,  and  suggested  that  it  would  be  worth 
while  for  a  scientist  to  write  a  manual  on  geology 
for  architects. 

Jlr.  A.  Makvon  Watsov  thought  the  ideal  aim 
for  the  student  should  be,  as  Mr.  Aston  Webb 
recently  happily  put  it,  to  learn  something  of 
everything  and  e\erytl4ing  of  something.  He 
found  that  if  the  architect  was  expected  to  carry 
out  scientific  tests  with  regard  to  every  consign- 
ment of  materials  in  all  the  varied  classes  of  goods 
brought  on  to  a  building,  the  burden  would  be 
too  great  to  be  borne  by  the  architect,  intent 
chiedy  on  giving  his  final  certificate. 

Mr.  F.  \l.  Fa itRow  urged  the  value  of  a  study 
of  science  as  a  mental  training  for  the  architect 
for  an  equipment  in  his  business.  It  would 
enable  the  man  of  artistic  ability  to  exercise  his 
powera  to  the  greatest  advantage. 

Mr.  Max  i'iauke  thought  the  tirao  of  the 
architectural  student  was  too  fully  occupied 
already  to  allow  him  to  get  leisure  for  an  adequate 
study  of  the  sciences  named  by  the  lecturer.  tSomo- 
thing  of  practical  value  would  have  to  bo  neglected. 
A  certiinamount  of  science  was  necessary,  and  this 


study  should  be  commenced  before  the  youth 
leuvea  school. 

The  Pkesiuent  said  Mr.  JIunby  had  given 
them  a  unique  topic  ably  treated.  All  would 
agree  that  a  certain  amount  of  science  was  a  very 
desirable  item  in  the  architectural  curriculum, 
but  the  grounding  should  be  done  at  school.  The 
majority  of  young  fellows  who  attended  classes 
were  so  imperfectly  educated  that  they  could  rot 
take  full  advantage  of  the  instruction  given.  He 
believed  this  reproach  would  be  gradually  removed 
by  improvement  in  methods  of  secondary  educa- 
tion. A  very  useful  suggestion  had  been  inci- 
dent illy  thrown  cut  by  the  lecturer  that  they 
should  form  at  the  A. A.  Studio  a  museum  of 
good  and  bad  qualitiesof  materials  and  appliances, 
and  he  trusted  this  would  bear  fruit. 

Mr  MuxiiY,  in  replying  to  the  vote  of  thanks, 
said  that  undoubtedly  the  groundwork  of  educa- 
tion in  pure  science  should  b'l  required  by  the 
pupil  before  he  left  school.  In  reply  to  Mr. 
i\Iaryon  Watson,  he  would  say  that  the  busy 
architect  could  not  be  expected  to  test  every 
consignment  of  goods  ;  but  knowledge  of  the 
fact  that  the  materials  and  appliances  were  liable 
to  be  critically  examined  by  an  expert  would  render 
the  manufacturer  more  careful.  It  should  be 
borne  in  mind  that  the  character  of  all  instruction 
was  governed  by  the  nature  of  the  examination 
which  tested  it,  and  the  amount  of  scientific  train- 
ing given  to  young  architects  entirely  depended 
on  the  syllabus  of  the  examinations  of  the 
K.I.B.A. 


EASTER    WEEK    IN   COPENHAGEN. 

By  Haruv  Hems. 

(Continued  from  page  616.) 

THORVALDSEN'S  MUSEUM  is  situated  near 
the  dreary  ruins  of  Christiansborg  Castle, 
which  recall  vividly  to  one's  mind  the  desolate 
look  so  many  of  the  public  buildings  in  Paris 
presented  after  the  siege.  Designed  in  '39 
(although  not  finished  until  nine  years  later),  the 
exttrior  of  th")  museum  is  gloomy — presenting 
the  appearance  of  a  Greek  or  Egyptian  mauso- 
leum. The  blank,  windowless  facade,  facing  the 
canal  at  Gammelstrand,  is  ornamented  by  psinted 
groups  of  heroic  size,  illustrating  the  return  of 
Thorvaldsen — after  IS  years'  brilliant  career  in 
Rome — to  his  own  city  (Sept.  17,  1S38).  These 
decorations  are  from  the  brush  of  Jijrgen  Sonne, 
but  have  so  faded  as  to  have  now  become  almost 
obliterated.  Within,  the  place  somewhat 
suggests  the  Santo  Campo  at  Pisa,  and  in  the 
midst  of  aU,  in  solitary  quiet,  is  seen  the  lowly 
grave  of  the  great  sculptor.  But  this  courtyard 
is  not  nearly  so  impressive  as  is  its  Italian  counter- 
part. At  the  latter,  the  eje  is  gladdened  by  the 
green  sward  growing  therein,  upon  earth  that,  so 
long  ago  as  1203,  Archbishop  Umbaldo  de 
Lanfranchi  brought  home  (53  shiploads  of  it)  as 
spoil  from  the  Holy  Land.  Here  m  Copenhagen 
the  oblong  court  seems  hard  and  crude.  A  plain 
curbing  of  granite  is  inscribed  simply  : — "  Bertel 
Thorvaldsen-,  19  November,  1770 ;  21  March, 
184-1."  Upon  it,  at  the  moment  of  writing,  lies 
an  Easter  wreath  of  bright  flowers,  another  of 
laurel,  and  a  few  palms.  The  cofiin  itself  reposes 
in  a  vault  beneath,  the  latter  built  under  the  great 
master's  personal  supervision. 

All  around  is  paid  a  grand  tribute  to  the  greatness 
of  the  dead.  Here  are  collected  (on  two  floors)  his 
mighty  works,  so  numerous  that  they  fill  the 
beholder  with  astonishment.  We  have  many  of 
us  seen,  and  still  more  know,  what  JMichael 
Angelo  has  left  behind  him  in  Italy  and  elee- 
where,  many  of  his  gigantic  efforts  still  unfinished. 
But  here  we  see  the  steady,  plodding  industry  of 
the  great  Danish  sculptor  exemplified  to  a  re- 
markable degree.  Here  are  preserved  the 
original  sketches,  generally  in  clay,  but  some- 
times on  paper,  careful  models  and  the  finished 
marble.  There  are  no  less  than  4(0  examples  of 
his  work  as  a  sculptor — l.iO  of  these  completed 
masterpieces  in  marble.  Everything,  apparently, 
that  helps  to  record  the  life  of  the  man  may  bo 
found  here.  The  furniture  from  his  old  home, 
with  the  wooden  clockcase  he  carved  as  a  lad,  aro 
preserved,  and  much  else,  inclusive  of  his  two 
last  efforts.  Gt  the  latter,  one  consists  of  a 
sketch,  made  in  chalk,  upon  a  large  slate.  It 
represents  the  (ienius  of  Sc\ilpture  sitting  \ipon 
the  shoulders  of  .Tupiter.  The  other  is  an  un- 
finished bust  of  Luther,  exhibiting  powerful 
strokes  of  the  modelling  tool,  and,  upon  the  breast 
the  lump  of  clay  he  throw  thereon,  when,  having 
finished  his  day's  work,  he  pulled  oft  his  blouse, 


titified  himse'f  up  a  bit,  and  hied  to  the  theatre 
to  spend  a  quiet  evening.  But  that  was  not  to 
be; — his  life's  work,  too,  was  done,  and  in  less 
than  two  hours  after  leiving  his  humble  dwelling, 
Thorvaldsen  was  dead  ! 

The  iLterior  decorations  upon  the  walls 
and  ceilings  are  refined  and  beautiful.  They 
were  designed  by  Bindesbiill,  and  are  of  a 
Grecian  type,  colour  and  drawing  alike  equally 
clever.  So  excellent  are  they,  indeed,  that 
Thorvaldsen  was  inclined  to  question  the 
desirability  of  so  much  truly  arlist'c  detail,  and 
somewhat  chidingly  remarked:  "But  this  will 
be  BindesbiJll's  museum  rather  ihin  my  own." 
The  style  of  decoration  here,  refined  and  chaste 
as  it  is,  offers  a  striking  contrast  to  the  daring 
and  almost  .startling  type  of  revived  serai-barbaric 
art  seen  at  its  best  in  the  new  Town-hall.  la 
the  interior  of  the  latter  building  is  to  he  found 
ornamentation  of  a  Scandinavian  character  that, 
in  its  crude  assertiveness  and  startling  effect, 
seems  to  afford  a  vision  suggestive  of  what  some 
of  our  Mediioval  edifices  were  like  in  the  early 
days  of  our  own  country's  history.  The  orna- 
mentation is  most  striking  in  its  contrasts  and  in 
the  brilliancy  of  its  colour. 

Designed  by  Martin  Nyrop,  who  bears  the 
goodly  reputation  for  being  the  most  eminent 
of  Swedish  architects,  the  foundation-stone  of 
this  magnificent  Town-hall  was  laid  some  twelve 
years  ago,  and  the  building  has  only  recently 
been  completed.  It  occupies  a  greater  part  of 
one  side  of  the  Raadhuspladsen — the  central 
square,  which  stands  in  the  same  position  to  Copen- 
hagen that  Trafalgar-square  does  to  London,  the 
Dam  to  Amsterdam,  or  the  Place  de  la  Concorde  to 
Paris.  Upon  a  plinth  of  grey  granite,  the  usual 
basis  upon  which  nearly  all  large  buildings  are 
rearedin  Denmark,  itisbuiltof  red  brick, with  stone 
dressings  very  sparingly  applied.  Its  fine  main 
front  is  made  to  appear  additionally  imposing 
when  approached  from  the  square  by  a  terrace 
with  an  ornamental  parapet.  This  is  reached  by 
having  steps  exactly  opposite  to  the  principal 
entrance.  An  apparently  extra  elevation  is 
obtained  by  dishing  out  the  ground  for  some 
little  distance  in  front  of  the  building.  Hence, 
although  square  and  town-hall  are  both  upon  the 
same  plane,  the  latter  is  apparently  lifted  up,  and 
additional  height  obtiined.  The  sky-line  is 
broken,  methinks,  a  trifle  harshly  along  the  main 
fronts  by  the  huge  and  exaggerated  battlements 
carried  up  in  brick  high  above  the  ridge  of  the 
slate  roof.  The  merlons  of  these  battlements  are 
capped  by  stone,  pierced  by  narrow  slits  or  lights. 
These  openings  are  possibly  intended  to  do  duty 
as  chimneys.  The  clock-tower  is  324ft.  high 
(i.e.,  only  41ft.  lower  than  is  the  top  of  the  cross 
that  surmounts  St.  Paul's  Cathedral),  and  is  a 
distinct  and  clearly  defined  feature  in  the  group- 
ing of  the  city  seen  from  whatever  point  the  latter 
may  be  viewed.  Over  the  main  entrance  is  a 
colossal  figure,  in  embossed  copper  (gilded), 
representing  the  fighting  Bishop  Absalon,  who, 
in  A.D.  1167,  built  a  castle — Stejleborg — here  as 
a  protection  against  Wendish  pirates,  and  thus 
founded  the  city.  He  is  grimly  represented  by 
the  sculptor  (Bissen)  with  a  sword  in  one  hand, 
held  up  defiantly,  and  a  crozier  in  the  other.  In 
another  of  the  main  centres  of  Copenhagen,  this 
self- same  warlike  ecclesiastic  has  a  colossal 
equestrian  statue  erected  to  his  honour.  In  that 
he  is  shown  mounted  upon  a  prancing  steed, 
waving  a  curiously  small  battle- axe,  as  if 
challenging  all  comers.  This  stands  in  the  Hojbrc- 
plads,  upon  a  pedestal  composed  of  brick  and 
granite — materials  that,  to  my  mind,  form  a 
singular  combination  for  such  a  purpose.  Upon 
the  roof  of  the  town-hall,  facing  the  great  square, 
stand  large  bronze  statues.  These  represent  half- 
a-dozen  watchmen  in  anc-ent  costumes.  The 
extremities  of  the  roof  on  this  facade  are  flanked 
by  carved  figures  of  great  Polar  bears,  whose 
elongated  necks  and  heads  are  seen  admirably 
in  outline  upon  their  elevated  perches.  The 
Zoological  (iardens  here  possess  the  finest  col- 
lection of  white  bears  in  Europe,  and  when 
looking  at  these  handsome  creatures  one  speedily 
realises  where  the  carver  for  the  town- hall 
quadrupeds  received  his  molij. 

Within,  the  building  is  a  complete  revelation. 
The  .astonishment  commences  the  moment  one 
enters  the  vestibule,  the  walling  of  which  is  red 
brick.  It  and  the  crudely-sculptured  tympanum 
and  all  the  immediate  surroundings  are  a  blaze  o£ 
gold  and  colour.  Surprise  and  adminition  iov 
the  power  displayed  by  the  architect  and  his 
craftsmen,  increases  as  one  proceeds,  step  by  s'ep. 
The  Glide  Hal,  in  the  centre  of  the  main  bulldins;, 


6S0 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  13,  19C4. 


A  CORNER  OF  THE  OLD  KRONBORG  CASTLE,  AT  THE  ENTRANCE  TO  THE  SOUND,  NEAR  COPENHA(!EN. 

See  "  Easter  Week  in  Copenhagen,"  by  Mr.  Harky  Hfms. 


ia  of  great  size,  covered  in  with  glaaa.  Its 
■walls  are  ashlared  with  Tery  white  stone,  whilst 
ahove  the  arcading  that  opens  out  from  the  tirst 
floor  upon  three  sides  of  this  great  court,  a 
hrownish  brick  is  used.  The  parapets  to  the 
colonnades  are  of  the  same  white  stone  as  is  that 
introduced  below.  These  are  pierced  through  by 
small  squares,  producing  a  most  effective,  yet 
simple,  diaper.  The  bays  are  carried  by  grey 
marble  monoliths,  supporting  ornamental  capi- 
tals. Much  carved  stonework  is  in  evidence, 
the  greater  part  of  it  flat  work  that  any  ordinary 
carver  might  produce  under  careful  super- 
intendence—yet all  singularly  effective.  But, 
that  master  minds  have  worked  there,  too,  is 
evident  by  the  spirited  rendering  of  the  old- 
world  ships— birds,  beasts,  and  fishes  of  all  kinds, 
as  well  as  by  dragons  (animals  that  appear  to  be 
strong  features  in  Scandanavian  sculpture),  and 
other  allegorical  monsters,  freely  and  cleverly 
introduced.  The  wide  floor  space  has  been  laid— 
level  throughout  as  a  die — with  ISin.  and  24in. 
square  marble  tiling,  placed  in  random  sizes. 
All  around  this  noble  hall  are  fixed  heavily- 
constructed  and  excelli  ntly  -  made  seats  of 
polished  teak.  (It  may  be  noticed  here  that 
in  this  country  teak  is  much  in  evidence — oak 
rarely  so.)  i 

There  is  far  too  much  within  this  splendid 
building— to  my  miud,  the  most  noteworthy 
possessed  by  modern  Europe,  if,  perhaps,  one 
excepts  Poelaert's  Palais  de  Justice  in  Brussels— 
to  touch  upon  even  generally.  A  description 
would  require  a  whole  paper  to  itself.  One 
must  pay  parsing  mention,  however,  to  the  long 
(plaster)  groined  corridors,  in  which,  of  course. 
are  numerous  doors  connecting  the  various  ofiices. 
Above  each  of  these  is  a  recessed,  circular-headed 
tympanum,  and  these  are  severally  decorated 
with  coloured  ornamentation.  Many  (scores) 
represent  clever  adaptations  of  seaweed,  a 
hundred  different  examples  at  least,  one  and  all 
pleasant  concei's,  showing  how  admirably  glean- 
ings from  the  "harvest  of  the  sea"  may  be 
applied  tor  decorative  purposes.      Aa  one  looks 


thereon,  and  at  the  almost  endless  variety  of  design 
to  be  seen  everywhere,  the  thought  goes  back 
with  the  tribute  of  a  sigh  to  remembrances  of  the 
commonplace  stencilling  so  often  found,  under 
similar  conditions,  at  home.  "What  man  has 
done  man  can  do."  Why,  then,  should  the 
foreigner  be  so  far  ahead' of  us  in  decorative 
work ': 

It  is  good  to  record  there  is  one  example  of 
English  architecture  in  Copenhagen  that  worthily 
maintains  our  country's  reputation.  This  is  the 
church  of  St.  Alban,  built  in  1887  by  that  amiable 
and  lamented  architect,  the  late  Sir  Arthur  W. 
Blomfield,  A.R.A.  It  is  situated  upon  the  fringe  of 
a  lovely  public  park,  readily  approached  from  the 
centre  of  the  city,  and  is  of  Early  English  cha- 
racter, consisting  of  na>e.  north  aisle  (two  bays), 
chancel,  and  chancel  aisle,  with  a  norlh-west 
broached  and  graceful  spire.  The  walls  are  of 
flint,  the  dressings  of  a  light  stone  not  much  un- 
like Portland.  The  steep  pitched  roof  is  covered 
in  with  red  tiles.  It  stands  within  the  length  of 
a  long  jump  of  the  old  moat  that  formerly  sur- 
rounded the  ancient  Kastel,  water  that  now 
forms  a  charming  aquatic  feature  considerably 
helpful  to,  and  blending  with,  the  undulating 
beauty  of  the  park  itself.  Within,  the  walls  are 
ashlared,  with  a  dado  around  of  oak.  The  seats 
and  fittings  are  also  of  the  latter  material.  Most 
of  the  windows  are  filled  with  good  stained  glass  ; 
the  font,  pulpit,  and  rere  Jos  are  of  terracotta:  hence 
the  very  soil  of  our  native  land  is  incorporated 
into  the  work.  The  reredos  contains  a  clever  re- 
presentation of  the  Ascension,  modelled  by  Tin- 
worth.  The  organ,  on  the  south  of  the  chancel, 
is  by  J.  Walker  and  Sons,  of  London.  The  one 
eyesore  about  the  edifice  is  the  stone  carving. 
Good  Sir  Arthur  probably  drew  much  of  this  out 
full-size,  intrusting  its  embodiment  to  some 
Danish  carier,  who  never  saw  a  bit  of  Early 
English  ornament  in  his  lite,  but  who  slavishly 
followed  the  sketches  provided  him,  with — under 
such  circumstances  —  the  usual  unsatisfactory 
results. 

In  the  last  notes  was  given  an  illustration  of 


St.  Saviour's  Church,  possessed  of  a  tall  spire 
(228)  having  a  spiral  staircase  upon  its  outside. 
Yet  another  of  peculiar  construction  surmounts 
the  fleche  in  the  centre  of  the  Borsen,  or 
Exchange.  This  building  has  four  front 
facades,  two  of  them  over  200ft.  long,  the  skyline 
of  both  being  broken  respectively  by  nine  quaint 
gables.  The  place  dates  from  Christain  I\'.'8 
days,  having  been  erected  in  1C22-4,  and  is  of 
ornate  Netherlands  Renaissance  character.  Oie 
front  is  now  undergoing  extensive  renovation. 
The  fleche  springs  from  between  the  two  central, 
and  most  important,  gables,  and  terminates  in  a 
rather  tall  spire  (lead).  This  latter  consists  of  the 
interwoven  tails  of  four  dragon-like  monsters, 
towering  up  and  tapering  to  a  point.  The 
respective  bodies  of  these  huge  animals  rest  upon 
the  broaches,  whilst  their  grinning  heads  project 
a  trifle  over  the  respective  angles  like  gurgoyles. 

Copenhagen,  as  all  the  world  knows,  is  within 
sight  of  the  Swedish  shore.  Fast-going  and 
well-appointed  steamers  connect  it  with  Malmo 
upon  that  coast  several  times  a  day,  the  passage 
occupying  an  hour  and  a  half.  Malmo  shows 
signs  of  much  commercial  prosperity,  whilst  the 
building  trade  appears  to  be  most  thriving.  In 
the  main  square— the  Stora  Torget— the  Hindelis 
Bank,  possessing  a  fine  frontage  of  grey  granite, 
admirably  carved,  has  its  exterior  completed, 
although  all  the  interior  fittings  have  still 
to  be  executed.  An  excellent  new  market 
(Saluhall)  has  recently  been  erected  of  red 
brick,  resting  on  a  plinth  of  rough  red 
granite  Sft.  high.  Its  roof  is  covered  in  with 
diamond-cut  slates.  Within,  a  pleasant  hand- 
painted  frieze  (foliage)  occurs  all  round  the  walls. 
The  doors  are  of  panelled  oak.  Several  insurance 
oHices  and  other  fine  blocks  of  semi-public 
buildings  are  in  course  of  erection.  One  huge 
pile  near  the  sea  frontage  is  entirely  of  worked 
granite  as  far  up  as  the  top  of  the  fijst  floor.  Above, 
the  walls  are  of  rough  granite,  with  masoned 
dressings  of  the  same  practically  everlasting  mate- 
rial. The  work  has  now  reached  the  second  floor. 
The  exterior  of  the  parish  church  is  of  brick — a  very 


May  13,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


687 


OLD    PULPIT    IN    THE    CHAPEL    K.iVAL    AT    FREDERICKSBORG    CASTLE,    NEAR    COPENHAGEN. 
See  "  Easter  Week  in  Copenhagen,"  by  Mr.  Hauky  Hkms. 


large  tuilding,  but  as  ugly  as  ugly  can  be.  The 
interior  eeems  all  galleries  and  whitewash,  but 
contains  a  ni..gniecent  Jacobean  stone  pulpit, 
with  an  c(|u;.lly  ornate  spiral  sounding-board 
above  it,  all  picked  out  with  gold  and  colour.  U 
18  supported  from  the  ground  by  a  life-tized 
stooping  figure  who  holds  a  book  and  a  staff. 
The  carved  groups  of  figures  on  the  pulpit's  six 
cants  represent,  respectively,  the  Annunciation, 
Birth  of  Christ,  Last  Supper,  Crucifixion,  J£osur- 
rection,  and  Ascension.  The  reredos  is  appa- 
rently of  the  same  date,  but  of  carved  and 
sculptured  wood  (also  painted  and  gilded), 
towering  up  in  four  tiers  nearly  to  the  groining 
of  the  lofty   apse,  its  apex  being  crowned  by 


a  statuette  of  St.  .lohn  the  Baptist,  a  personage 
whom  the  Danes  appear  to  be  uncommonly  fond  of 
r^ipresenting,  eo  much  so,  indeed,  that  the 
thought  is  suggested  that  the  rude  ascetic  must 
stand  much  in  the  same  relative  position  to 
Denmark  as  St.  (Jeorge  of  Cappadocia  does  to 
Kngland.  Di  the  panel  over  the  altar  is  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  "  Last  Supper."  above  it,  on  the 
next  tier,  one  of  the  "  Ciucitixion,"  and,  higher 
again,  a  picture  of  the  "Ascension."  Seven 
exceedingly  massive  old  silver  candlesticks  rest 
upon  the  super-altar.  At  the  extreme  eastern 
end  of  the  apse,  behind  the  high  altar,  are  the 
mutilated  remains  of  a  atone  font  of  Norman  date, 
and,  by  its  side,  a  large  carved  spiral  oak  font 


cover  (painted  and  gilded^  apparently  of  about 
the  same  date  as  are  the  pulpit  and  reredos.  These 
three  are  architectural  goms  in  a  setting  of  the 
crudest  surroundings.  The  0  d  brass  candelabra, 
suspended  from  the  root  by  curiously  wrought 
iron  ornamental  chains,  are  worthy  of  notice,  as 
also  is  a  <|uaint  old  clock  in  the  vestry. 

The  ceinetrry  at  Malniii,  like  those  of  C'open- 
hagen  and  other  towns  1  have  visited  in  Denmark, 
is  not  attractive,  and  ornate  memorials  are  by 
no  means  the  order  of  the  day.  On  the  contrary, 
the  latter  are  almost  non-existont.  One  must  go 
to  the  I'nited  States  to  see  really  beautifully  laid 
out  "  tiod's  acres,"  and  to  Genoa  for  costly 
monuments.     Here,  large   boulder   stones,  often 


683 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


Mat  13,  1904. 


with  an  iron  anchor  attached  thereto,  are 
common.  But  the  most  general  are  small  head- 
stones of  a  dark  granite  that  takes  a  splendid 
hlack  glossy  pol'sh.  (_)aly  the  froot  face  is 
■worked,  the  backs  are  left  quite  rough, 
and  much  thicker  at  the  ba^e  than  at  the 
top.  A  few  of  these  blick  marble  monuments  are 
largeand  imposing ;  but  it  does  not  appearthe polish 
stands  well,  as  all  the  better  ones  are  boxed  up 
through  the  winter.  Indeed,  the  majority  of  these 
are  still  at  the  present  time  thus  protected.  White 
marble  is  comparatively  little  used,  and,  h!pp''y, 
the  Carrara  invasion  that  has  now  swamjed  our 
own  English  cemeteries  with  foreign  work,  and 
has  thus  made  the  working  statuary  tride  in  our 
own  country  almost  a  thing  of  the  past,  has  not 
yet  reached  Scandinavii.  Yet  it  may  be  noticed 
the  tombstone  yards  in  this  part  of  the  world  show 
no  signs  of  actual  work  being  carried  on  therein. 
A  banker  for  lettering,  and  a  little  sand,  &c.,  is 
all  that  is  to  be  seen,  over  and  above  the  show  of 
manufactured  memorials  exhibited  for  sale.  The 
monumentalibts  here  appear  to  be  simply  agents 
for  some  great  quarry  owners,  by  whom  the 
granite  they  raise  is  wrought,  and  sold  direct 
to  the  statuaries  all  ready  for  let'ering  and 
erection.  A  large  maj  rity  of  the  grave  plots  are 
enclosed  by  privet  hedges,  within  which  are  kept 
chairs  or  garden  sea's.  There  the  relatives  of 
the  departed  regularly  repair  at  eventide,  more 
especially  in  seasons  when  days  are  long,  and  there 
they  may  be  seen  silting  in  family  groups.  In 
this  wholesome  and  reverent  prac  ice  we  are 
reminded  of  the  little  mai  .'en  in  that  inimitable 
poem,  "  We  Are  Seven,"  who,  when  referring  to 
the  grave  of  her  brother  and  her  sister,  assured  a 
ejmfathetic  stranger  that — 

My  stockings  there  I  often  knit, 

My  kerchief  there  I  hem. 
And  there  for  hours  I  often  sit  — 

I  sit  and  sing  to  them. 

And  often  after  sunset,  air,  • 

And  it  18  lit^ht  and  fair, 
I  take  my  little  porringer. 

And  eat  my  supper  there. 

Fredensborg  Castle,  of  which  a  comprehen- 
sive illustration  is  given,  is  known  as  the 
White  Summer  Palace,  and  is  situated  some  fe  » 
miles  distant  from  the  capital.  It  was  built  by 
Frederick  IV.  in  1720.  The  hall,  under  the 
central  part,  is  over  SOft  in  the  clear.  Mag- 
nificent beech-trees  abound  everywhere,  and  in 
the  park  are  60  or  70  curioui  ISth-ceotury 
statues,  representing  the  varied  costumes  of  the 
peasantry  of  that  date.  The  pulpi%  of  which  a 
vie»  is  al  o  given,  is  in  the  Royal  chapel  at 
Frederiksborg  Castle,  which  is  about  five  miles 
from  Fredensborg.  It  was  in  this  Chapel  the 
old  Danish  kings  were  crowned.  The  pulpit  is  of 
ebony  and  embossed  tilver.  Frederiksborg  is 
reached  from  Copenh^igen  (four  miles)  by  electric 
tram.  Helsingor — or,  as  Shakfspeare  calli  it, 
"Elsinore" — is  the  nearest  point  across  the 
Sound  to  Sweden.  An  illustration  is  here  repro- 
duced of  one  corner  of  this  most  interesting  and 
superb  old  castle,  with  the  adjacent  fortress 
known  as  Kronborg.  It  was  within  the  castle, 
by  common  repute,  the  gh  at  appeared  to  Ham'et. 
Indeed,  all  sorts  of  legends  form  a  halo  over  the 
grand  old  place.  Amongst  others,  one  that 
Holgar  Ddnske,  the  nation's  great  hero,  who  was 
buried  in  its  crypt  a  thousand  years  or  so  ago, 
and  whose  long  white  beard  has  grown  fast,  'tis 
8aid,  to  his  stone  cofKn,  will  arise  in  time  of 
exti-eme  danger,  to  his  beloved  country's  rescue, 
tear  his  beard  from  that  which  now  holds  it 
down,  and  grasping  his  trusty  sword,  will  rush 
to  defend  his  fatherland.  Kronborg  stands  to 
the  B.ilfc  much  as  Gibraltar  does  to  the  Medi- 
terranean. I  have  visited  the  latter  much- 
vaunted  fortress  several  times,  but  have  never 
been  able  to  feel  at  ail  sure  that  it,  any  more  than 
Kronborg,  really  commands  the  neighbouring 
straits !  ° 

In  or  about  Copenhagen  there  are  few  places 
more  interesting  than  is  Rosenborg  Palace. 
Originally  a  strongly-fortified  castle  turrounded 
by  a  moat  and  ramparts,  of  which  partial  remains 
still  exist,  it  stood  quite  outside  the  city,  in  the 
midst  of  which,  in  consequence  of  building  ex- 
tensions, it  is  now  situated.  It  was  built  by 
King  Christian  IV.  in  1610,  aid  is  a  picturejque 
elifice  of  Netherland  Renaissance  character.  I's 
B'merous  rooms  are  brim'ul  of  the  various 
chronological  collections  made  from  that  day  t) 
this  by  successive  Kings  of  Denmark.  The 
various  rooms  are  most  ornate,  the  chimney- 
pieces  and  the  painted  as  well  as  the  mortar  and 
hair  ornamental  ceilings  particularly  cilling  for 
°  '■-         ■"'       large     banquetina;    hall    is, 


curi  usly,  situated  in  the  top  story,  and  is  just  as 
oddly  approached  by  a  winding  stone  staircase. 
I r,  measures  I50ft.  by  2Sft.,  the  walls  are  hung 
with  Gobelins  tapestries,  illustrating  scenes  in 
the  Scanian  War,  and  are  the  handiwork  of  the 
brothers  Van  Eighen  of  Koge.  The  floor  is  of 
pine,  painted  in_  9|in.  squares,  white,  black,  and 
brown,  to  represent  marble — an  odd  conceit  I  The 
plasterwork  in  the  ceiling  is  well  modelled.  In 
the  accompanying  illustration  the  King  and 
(J.ueen's  Thrones  may  be  dibtinguished  at  the 
further  end  of  the  apartment.  The  former  dates 
from  1665,  and  is  by  Bendix  Grotschilling.  It 
is  mainly  of  whale  ivory.  To  the  left  of  it  is  the 
Queen's — of  silver,  made  at  Copenhagen  in  IT iri. 
The  three  lions  in  front  thereof,  modelled  in  the 
round,  and  just  under  life  size,  are  of  silver,  by 
Ferdinand  Kiiblich.  These  lions  are  symbolic  of 
the  three  great  waterways  of  D  -nmark,  which 
connect  the  North  Sea  with  the  Biltic — viz.,  the 
Sound,  and  the  Great  and  Little  Belt.  In  the 
right-hand  corner  of  the  photo-lithograph  will 
be  seen  a  silver,  circular  font.  It  stands  3ft.  2in. 
high,  and  is  2ft.  9in.  in  diameter,  and  was  made 
in  Frederick  IV. 's  time  (about  1671).  It  has 
been  used  for  Royal  baptisms  ever  since  that 
time.  Oar  own  Queen  was  christened  therein, 
in  18-14.  When  these  solemn  functions  take 
place  a  large  dish  of  pure  gold  is  placed  inside  the 
font.  On  a  window-pane  in  this  room  our  Queen 
has  scratched  her  name — "  Aleimdra." 

After  the  feast  comes  the  reckoning !  The 
expenditure  on  such  a  trip  as  this  one  may  be 
reckoned  up  as  follows  : — 

rx>ndon  to  Esbjerb  (4(j3  miles  each  way)  saloon 

(return)   £2  13    0 

Esbjerb  to  Copenhagen  (205  miles  each  way), 
3rd  rail  (return) 0  12    0 

Copenhagen  to  Malmij,  Sweden  (15  miles  each 
way),  saloon  (return)  0    3    3 


admira'ion.      The 


£3  8  3 
This  sum  represents  the  cost  of  a  journey  by 
sea  and  rail  of  just  over  700  miles,  and  is  inclusive 
of  four  nightssuugly  spent  in  well-appointed  little 
cabins  on  board  the  steamers.  At  dtcent  hotels, 
such  as  is  the  one  these  lines  are  jotted  down  in, 
which  is  situated  in  the  business  centre  of  Copen- 
hagen, a  comfortable  bedroom  is  procured  for 
2s.  2d.  a  night,  while  substantial  well-cooked 
meals  of  several  courses  (served  three  times  a 
day)  cost  Is.  Id.  each. 

Intending  visitors  should  put  themselves  in 
communication  with  Miss  Agnes  Borring,  the 
charming  secretary  of  theDanskeTurist-forenued 
Bureau,  Copenhagen,  who  will  gladly,  on  behalf 
of  the  Danish  Tourist  Society,  afford  all  possible 
information.  Excellent  architectural  photographs 
are  published  by  Vilhelm  Tryde,  3,  Ostergade, 
who  will  send  his  priced  catalogue  upon  applica- 
tion. The  handiest  guide-book  to  Copenhagen 
(although  hardly  up  to  date)  is  "  Copenhagen  and 
its  Envitons,"  published  by  the  Danish  Tourist 
Society,  Copenhagen. 
Tre  Hjoite  Hotel. 

Oestergade,  Copenhagen. 


THE  NEW  HEADQUARTERS  OF  THE 
ARCHITECTURAL  ASSOCIATION. 

THE  new  premises  of  the  Architectural  Asso- 
ciation in  Tufton-street,  Westminster, 
which  have  been  undergoing  transformation  and 
extension  during  the  last  few  months  from  plans 
by  Mr.  Leonard  Stokes,  F.R.I.B.A.,  were  in- 
formally opened  to  members  and  subscribers,  on 
Tuesday  evening,  by  a  reception  given  by  the 
president,  Mr.  Henry  T.  Hare.  For  years  the 
inadequacy  and  inconvenience  of  the  studio  in 
Great  Marlborough-street,  and  the  necessity  of 
securing  a  site  for  new  buildings  were  the  main 
topics  of  successive  presidential  addresses,  and  it 
will  be  fresh  in  the  recollection  of  readers  how  the 
diHiculties  were  solved  in  October,  1902,  by  the 
offer  from  the  trustees  and  committee  of  the  Royal 
Architectural  Museum,  of  that  building  and 
leaaeho'd  site,  with  its  priceless  collection  of 
casts,  as  a  free  gift  to  the  Association.  The 
offer,  proposed  on  the  initiative  of  the  honorary 
secretary,  Mr.  Maurice  B.  Adams,  was 
cordially  accepted,  the  transfer  was  arranged 
and  the  work  of  adapting  the  premises  to 
their  new  uses  is  now  nearly  completed.  Under 
Mr.  Stokes's  direction  the  building  has  been  en- 
larged and  entirely  reconstructed  internally,  the 
eon'ractors  being  Messrs.  HoUoway  Brothers.  A 
new  wing  has  been  added  on  the  south  side  of  the 
old  museum,  the  Tufton-street  frontage  being 
extended  by  two  bays  in  harmony  with  the  older 


work.  The  entrance  porch  leads  on  the  ground 
floor  directly  into  the  central  museum  hall, 
which  hts  been  somewhat  reduced  in  size.  On 
the  right  of  the  entrance  is  a  reading-room,  22ft. 
bj-  1.5ft.,  and  on  the  left  the  clerks'  office,  a  room 
for  the  secretary  and  committee,  with  library 
behind,  and  farther  back  the  common  room,  27ft. 
by  15ft.  Abroad  flight  of  stone  s'airs  leads  to 
the  first  floor,  where  on  the  Tufton-street 
fron'age  is  a  long  and  somewhat  narrow 
meeting  hall,  73't.  by  28ft.,  divisible  by  sliding 
partitions  into  three  classrooms.  It  is  understood 
that  the  newly-electod  committee  are  about  to 
consider  the  desirability  of  removing  the  fort- 
n'ghtly  meetings  from  the  hull  at  9,  Conduit- 
ttreet,  where  the  R.I.B.A.  Council  have  for  so 
many  years  afforded  the  Association  hospitality, 
to  this  room.  To  the  west  are  the  master's  room 
and  laboratory,  the  latter  fitted  with  ruby-tinted 
windows,  for  use  as  a  photographic  dark-room  by 
the  A.  A.  Camera  Club.  The  gallery  on  this  floor 
(and  also  the  one  above)  has  been  reconstructed, 
the  well  opening  over  the  museum  being  reduced 
in  area,  so  as  to  provi  ie  a  wider  area  on  each  floor 
overlooking  the  central  hall.  On  the  second  floor 
two  studios,  48ft.  by  26ft.  and  35ft.  by  24ft  ,  are 
arranged  on  the  Tufton-street  frontage,  and  over 
this,  on  the  third  floor,  are  other  studios  of  like 
dimensions,  the  larger  room  in  each  case  being 
allotted  to  first-year  students,  and  the  smaller  one 
to  those  in  the  second  year.  All  the  rooms 
are  admirably  lighted,  and  there  is  every  facility 
for  teaching,  although  many  of  the  fittings  are 
for  the  present  makeshift — boards  supported  on 
trestles  supplying  for  economic  reasons  the  place 
of  solid  tables,  and  it  is  obvious  that  many  gifts 
in  kind  and  of  contributions  to  the  furnishing 
fund  will  be  heartily  appreciated.  In  the  top 
studios  the  nucleus  of  a  museum  of  materials  and 
appliances,  including  specimens  of  various  stones, 
bricks,  and  woods,  is  being  formed  in  a  range  of 
glazed  wall-cases,  and  a  selection  from  the  large 
fr-imed  and  glazed  photographs  belonging  to  the 
Association  and  from  the  casts  collection  will  be 
hung  on  the  walls,  and  will,  it  is  to  be  hoped, 
improve  the  acoustic  properties  of  some  of  the 
classrooms,  which  in  the  present  bare  and  un- 
furnished condition  seem  too  resonant. 

Oa  Tuesday  evening  a  large  number  of  those 
who  have  taken  a  keen  interest  in  the  movement 
availed  themselves  of  the  opportunity  of  inspect- 
ing the  premises.  Mr.  Hare  received  the  guesta, 
supported  by  his  vice-presidents,  Messrs.  R. 
S.  Balfour  and  Arnold  Mitchell,  Mr.  E.  Guy 
Dawber  ('he  president  -  elect),  Messrs.  Louis 
Ambler  and  Henry  Tanner,  jun.  (the  honorary 
secretaries),  Mr.  H.  P.  G.  Maule,  the  present 
master  of  the  day  school  and  his  predecessor  in 
that  post,  Mr.  Arthur  T.  Bolton,  and  members  of 
the  committee.  Among  those  present  as  guests 
were  Mr.  Aston  Vrebb,  R  A.,  P.R.I. B. A.  (a  past- 
president  of  the  A. A.),  Mr.  J.  P.  Seddon  (late 
vice-president  of  the  Museum,  and  an  hon. 
secretary  of  the  Association  so  long  ago  as  1851), 
Messrs.  Thomas  Blashill,  Lacy  \V.  Ridge,  J. 
Douglass  Mathews,  H.  L.  Florence,  Cole  A. 
Adams,  L.  A.  Stokes,  and  W.  H.  Seth-Smith 
(past- presidents),  E.  T.  Hall,  B.  F.  Fletcher,  F. 
T.  W.  Goldsmith,  D.  G.  D.-iver  (secretary),  ic. 

After  partaking  of  light  refreshments  in  the 
meeting-hall  on  the  firs',  floor,  the  visitors  as- 
sembled in  the  gallery.  Mr.  Hsre,  in  welcoming 
them,  remarked  that  is  was  a  matter  for  congratu- 
lation that  at  last,  for  the  first  time  in  the  history 
of  the  Association,  they  met  together  in  these 
spacious  premises.  Their  work  had  grown 
enormously  of  late  years,  and  was  likely  to  in- 
crease, as  they  had  been  much  hamjiered  for  want 
of  adequate  accommodation.  As  they  had  seen, 
they  had  now  an  excellent  meetipg-hall,  committee 
and  common  rooms,  a  splendid  series  of  studios, 
and  a  good  library,  and  in  addition  to  that  they 
had  what  they  had  never  possessed  before — a 
magnificent  collection  of  architectural  casts, 
which  would  be  of  the  greatest  value  to  students. 
There  was,  unfortunately,  a  revere  side  to 
this  medal.  The  museum  had  been  a  free  gift 
to  the  Association  ;  but  the  expenses  of  transfer, 
&c.,  had  been  £814,  the  contract  with  Messrs. 
HoUoway  Bros,  involved  £8,446,  furnishing  and 
equipment  would  cost  another  £1,500,  and  the 
architect's  fees  were  £422,  making  a  total  outlay 
of  £11,176.  Against  this  they  had  secured  in 
donations  and  promises  to  date  £6,004  Is.  lOd., 
and  after  deducting  £176  lost  by  ike  fall  in 
Consols,  they  could  reckon  upon  £.5,828  Is.  lOd., 
leaving anamountstiU to ber.aised of  £5,347  18s  2d. 
They  thus  appeared  likely  to  be  burdened  for  some 
time  to  come — possibly  for  some  years — with  the 


^rAY  13,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


689 


incubus  of  a  considerable  debt,  and  he  trusted  all 
would  do  the  utmost  in  their  power  to  remove 
this  heavy  load  of  responsibility  from  the  shoulders 
of  the  Committee,  and  enable  the  work  to  go 
forward. 

Mr.  Aston  Wehk,  R.A.,  said,  on  behalf  of  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects,  he  heartily 
wishfd  them  good-speed  in  the  great  work  of 
education  which  the  Association  was  carrying 
on.  When  the  Association  seemed  to  be  at  their 
wits"  end  for  sufficient  accommodation  for  their 
growirg  reeds,  this  munificent  gift  wfis  offered 
them  by  the  Council  of  the  Koyal  Architectural 
Museum,  and  they  all  felt  sure  that  the  Association 
would  make  excellent  use  of  it.  The  magnificent 
collection  of  casts  would  be  of  the  greatest  value 
to  future  generations  of  students.  The  politics 
which  agitated  the  architectural  work  were 
of  small  importance  in  comparison  with  the 
question  of  the  education  of  the  architect — an 
undertaking  in  which  all  would  work  together 
without  any  feIli^h  aims  and  in  perfect  harmony. 
He  heartily  congratulated  the  President  and 
members  on  the  successful  completion  of  this  new 
development,  and  wished  them  all  success. 

Mr.  J.  P.  Sedi>on,  at  the  call  of  the  President, 
added  a  few  cheery  words  expressive  of  his  satis- 
faction and  joy  in  teeing  the  consummation  of 
their  new  enterprise,  and  his  expectation  that  the 
Association  would  be  even  more  successful  in  its 
educational  work  in  the  future  than  it  had  been 
in  the  past. 


EDIXBURGH  ARCHITECTS  AND    THEIR 
EDUCATION. 

IN  view  of  the  proposed  reorganisation  of  art 
education  in  Edinburgh,  a  memorial  on  the 
professional  education  of  architects  has  been  pre- 
pared for  presentation  to  Edinburgh  Town  Council 
by  the  associate  section  of  Edinburgh  Architec- 
tural Association.  The  section,  which  includes 
practically  the  whole  of  the  architectural  students 
in  Edinburgh,  has  111  members  on  its  roll,  of 
whom  51  are  pupils  or  associates,  and  60  are 
draughtsmen.  The  memorial  gives  particulars  of 
the  facilities  afforded  to  architectural  students  in 
London,  where  courses  are  held  by  the  Archi- 
tectural Association,  the  Royal  Academy,  Uni- 
versity College,  and  King's  College  ;  in 
Birmingham,  where  there  is  a  municipal  school  of 
art :  in  Liverpool,  where  theUni\ersity  gives  a  B.A. 
degree  with  honours  in  architecture  after  a  three 
years'  course,  and  a  certificate  after  a  two  years' 
course  ;  in  Manchester,  where  there  is  a  degree- 
conferring  school  of  architecture ;  in  Glasgow, 
where  classes  are  held  in  the  Technical  College 
and  in  the  (School  of  Art.  In  most  of  these  in- 
stitutions the  requirements  of  the  examinat'ons 
forthe  distinction  of  A. R.I. B.A.  are  kept  in  view. 
In  regard  to  Edinburgh,  the  memorialists  think 
both  the  Heriot-Watt  College  and  the  .School  of 
Art  worthy  of  support.  The  former,  however, 
"  suffers  from  inadequate  accommodation,  but,  so 
far  as  it  goes,  it  is  very  highly  valued  by  students. 
The  scope  of  the  work  is,  however,  not  extensive 
enough.  Un  the  other  hand,  there  is  no  system- 
atic course  of  instruction  in  architectural  history 
and  detail  in  the  professional  practice  (including 
law)  of  architects,  or,  to  any  extern,  in  design 
and  planning.  There  is  no  attempt  to  prepare 
students  for  the  examinations  ot  the  R.I.E.A. 
or  of  kindred  bodies.  The  principal  profes- 
sional examinations  in  the  kingdom  are  those  of 
the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects 
(R.I.B.A.)  qualifying  for  candidature  as  Asso- 
.  ciate  (.4.. R.I. B.A.)  These  examinations  cover 
technical,  historic,  and  artistic  work.  The  first 
and  last  are  well  provided  in  Edinburgh  ;  the 
second  has  always  been  a  source  of  difticulty  to 
Edinburgh  students,  who  are  driven  to  expensive 
correspondence  clisses  of  doubtful  value  or  to 
unaided  private  reading  in  place  of  the  systematic 
training  given  elsewhere.  Architectural  history 
and  historic  detail  cannot  be  taught  in  the  hurry 
of  office  work.  Professional  practice  is  not  taught 
in  any  way.  The  number  of  students  entering 
for  the  R.I.B.A.  eximinations  is  increasing 
every  year,  and  it  is  significant  that  of  those 
passing  the  preliminary,  a  general  knowledge 
examination,  only  a  small  proportion  ever  pass 
the  intermediate,  the  first  professional  examina- 
tion, and  vtry  few  the  final  exiraination,  no 
doubt  on  account  oi  the  difficulty  of  obtaining 
instruction." 

"  We  thiuk  it  important  that  in  any  recon- 
struction of  1  rt  education  the  architectural  school 
should  be  ki  pt  a  distinct  section  of  the  general  art 
school,  under  its  own  director,  who  should  be  an 


architect.  That  it  should  as  far  as  possible  be 
controlled  and  taught  by  architects  in  practice, 
and  that  lectures  on  architectural  history  and  the 
details  of  the  historic  styles  should  form  an  im- 
portant part  of  the  curriculum,  in  addition  to  the 
technical  and  artistic  training  at  present  pro- 
vided. Wo  think  these  cour-ies  of  lectures  should 
be  three  or  four  in  number,  given  by  special 
lecturers,  who  might  also  be  architects  in  practice, 
though  not  to  the  exclusion  of  all  others.  The 
courses  should  be  divided  into  technical  courses 
dealing  with  the  study  of  particular  buildings 
and  the  mouldings  and  forms  of  the  hi-toric  styles, 
anil  historic  courses  dealing  with  the  develop- 
ment of  architectural  history  in  a  larger  manner. 
Two  courses  in  each — an  elementary  and  an 
advanced — should  be  provided.  More  exten- 
sive instruction  in  design  and  planning  is 
urgently  required.  Some  elementary  instruction 
in  the  legal  questions  affecting  architects  should 
also  be  given.  We  think  it  desirable  that  a 
joint  curriculum  and  diploma  should  be  arranged 
between  the  various  bodies  in  Edinburgh,  and 
that  this  curriculum  should  be  arranged  to  cover 
the  requirements  of  the  R.I.B.A.  and  similar 
examinations.  The  above  arrangement  would 
prevent  overlapping  and  provide  a  definite  course 
of  study.  We  think  that  the  Architectural 
S  .'hool  should  be  brought  into  c'ose  touch  with 
the  professioa  through  the  Architectural  Asso- 
ciation." ^ 

In  conc'usion,  the  memorialists  testify  to  the 
viilue  of  the  instruction  at  present  given  by  the 
Heriot-Watt  College,  and  more  especially  by  the 
School  of  Applied  Art  under  Sir  Rob<.rt  Rowand 
Anderson.  They  consider  that  the  system  under 
which  the  School  of  Applied  Art  was  adminis- 
tered— direct  control  by  practising  architects — 
to  be  by  f.ar  the  most  efficient,  and  think  that  an 
enlargement  of  this  school  on  the  lines  indicated 
would  be  the  simplest  and  most  satisfactory 
method  of  supplying  the  needs  of  architectural 
education  in  Edinburgh. 


THE   THIRTY-FIVE   STYLES    OF 
FURNITURE.* 

THE  authors  of  this  handsomely  illustrated  and 
bound  folio  volume  have  attempted  to  point 
out  and  distinguish  the  principal  characteristics 
of  the  "  Thirty-five  Styles  of  Furniture."  These 
styles,  together  with  the  several  fashionable 
modes  of  to-day,  are  arranged  in  chronological 
order.  The  plates  of  illustration,  numbering  over 
80,  cOiii prise  examples  of  every  style,  from 
Egyptian,  Grecian,  and  Roman  to  those  of  the 
Renaissance  and  L'Art  Nouveau,  embracing  a 
period  of  several  thousand  years.  Select  character- 
istic pieces  of  furniture  cf  each  style  have  been 
given  in  each,  and  the  artist  and  craftsmin  will 
find  the  volume  of  value  and  use  as  a  work  of  refer- 
ence. The  collector  and  connoisseur  of  old  fur- 
niture will  also  find  it  of  much  interest.  It  would 
be  impossible  here  to  discuss  the  merits  of  each 
period  or  selection.  Glancing  over  the  plates 
which  are  not  accompanied  by  let'erpress,  we 
may  say  that  the  authors  have  selected 
typical  examples  of  each  style.  Thus  we 
see  several  good  examples  of  Greek  furniture, 
chairs,  tables,  and  decorative  details  like  the  Ionic 
•-•rder  and  its  ornaments,  Egyptian  furniture — a 
few  characteristic  pieces — types  of  ornament,  such 
as  the  lotus  The  Roman  and  Pompeian  styles 
are  also  well  represented ,  and  display  useful  types 
for  furniture  of  a  refined  character.  Two  plates 
are  devoted  to  Pompeian.  Byzantine  shows  also 
a  plate  of  ancient  and  one  of  new  design,  the 
latter  rither  profuse  and  elaborate.  Two  plates 
illustrate  Gothic,  and'Jcontain  a  few  character- 
istic d>!tailH.  We  should  like  to  have  seen 
a  few  simply  -  framed  pieces,  like  coffers, 
doors,  and  chests.  Jloorish  follows  with 
some  new  de.-igns  and  Cairene  work.  Indian, 
Japanese,  Anglo  -  Japanese  contain  several 
new  designs.  The  Tudor  ex.amples  are  fairly 
good,  though  rather  elaborate.  Coming  to 
Italian  Renaissance,  &c.,  we  have  several  good 
specimens  of  coffers,  chairs,  couches,  tables,  side- 
boards, cabinets.'friezes,  i^cc,  from  the  l.'Jth  to  17th 
centuries,  and  a  few  well  -  known  examples. 
Dutch  Renaissance  has  four  plates,  and  these  com- 
piiso  several  excellent  designs,  as  the  Flemish 
panelling  at  Bruges.  The  Elizabethan  and  Jacobean 
furniture,  the  noble  examples  of  French  chimney- 
pieces  of  the  period  of  Francis   1.,  are  ^ry  fully 

•  Tlie  Thirty-five  Styles  of  Furniture.  llyTiMMsand 
WRiin.  London :  Timnia  iinil  Webb,  Cliihwcll  Hnuso, 
Fiusbury  ruvement,  E  C.  The  *'  Furniture  Itecord,"  Ltd., 
li,  City-road. 


illustrated  in  the  variocs  developments.  Then 
the  (iueen  Anne  simplicity  was  a  relief  till  thw 
reaction  set  in  for  the  Later  French  stylci  of 
Louis  XV.,  Louis  XVI.  Several  good  designs 
are  given  of  Sheraton  and  Adam.  Four 
plates  illustrate  the  refined  and  Classic  trett- 
ment  of  Hepplewhite  for  chairs,  tables,  settees, 
cabinets,  kc,  many  of  them  of  much  beauty  of 
line  and  suggestive  to  the  artist  and  craftsman. 
The  Empire  period,  British  New  Art,  and  L'Art 
Nouveau,  with  its  fantastic  creations,  conclude 
the  series  of  illustrations.  The  sketches  and 
drawings  are  well  reproduced,  and  the  volume 
will  serve  as  an  instructive  series  of  examples  in 
all  the  old  and  modern  styles  of  furniture.  The 
revival  in  our  day  of  many  of  the  styles  repre- 
sented seems  to  be  a  suthcient  reason  for  a  reliable 
guide.  All  other  kinds  of  art  work  and  decorated 
craftshave  been  dealt  with.  Furniture, which  in  im- 
poitance  and  from  its  association  with  architecture 
claims  a  high  place  in  the  industrial  arts,  calls  for 
the  attentive  study  of  the  professional  and  amateur. 


IRISH  BUILDING  STONES.— XII. 


THE  rocks  in  this  county  are  New  Red  Sand- 
stone (Trias),  Coal  Measures,  Millstone  Grit, 
Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone  with  Magnesian 
Beils,  Calp,  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  and 
Grits  (233,  272,  28.5,  330),  Lower  Silurians, 
Basalt,  and  Felstone.  Kells  is  built  on  Silurian 
Clay  Slate :  Navan,  Middle  and  Lower  Car- 
boniferous Limestone ;  Trim,  Coal  Jleasures  and 
Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone.  Carboniferous 
Limestone  covers  jnore  than  three-fourths  the 
entire  area  of  this  county,  the  remainder  being 
chiefly  Silurian  sandstones,  grits,  and  slates.  On 
the  extreme  north,  coming  in  from  Monaghan, 
there  is  a  very  small  exposure  of  New  Red  Sand- 
stone associated  with  a  small  tract  of  Coal 
Jleasures,  and  there  are  several  small  isolated 
patches  of  Co.al  Jleasures  found  lying  on  the  lime- 
stone. The  Silurian  rocks  cross  this  county  from 
t'avan  to  Louth,  passing  through  Kells ;  they 
cut  the  Carboniferous  Limestone  into  two  distinct 
areas,  that  in  the  south  being  much  the  largest 
of  the  two.  The  New  Red  Sandstone  in  this 
county  furnishes  no  building  stones,  but  Gypsum 
was  raised  some  years  back  at  Newcastle  and 
Keernaghan :  it  was  also  discovered  at  lia- 
loaghan  by  boring ;  but  there  are  no  work- 
ings of  any  kind  in  these  rocks  at  present. 
There  are  good  building  stones  and  flagging 
in  the  Coal  Measures,  but  they  are  not 
worked,  for,  owing  to  there  being  no  means  of 
transit  except  of  the  most  primitive  kind,  it  is 
found  more  economical  to  use  English  or  Scotch 
stones  in  the  large  towns  where  they  may  be 
required.  Towards  the  south  of  this  county  the 
Carboniferous  Limestone  is  calpy,  like  that  of 
Dublin  ;  but  quarries  in  the  central  and  northern 
districts  furnish  good  stones  for  walling  and 
dressing.  One  of  the  most  important  quarries  is 
that  at  Ardbraccan,  three  miles  west  of  Navan — 
loca'ly  known  as  the  "  white  quarry,"  the  lime- 
stone in  it  is  coarsely  crystalline  and  crinoidal ;  it 
varies  in  colour  from  light  to  pink  grey,  and  is  a 
favourite  building  stone,  having  been  extensively 
used  in  in  Trim,  Navan,  Kells,  and  Slane,  and 
to  a  great  extent  in  Dublin  and  other  places  out 
of  the  county.  Ross  quarries  on  Lough  Sheelin 
fiirnish  a  highly  crystalline  pale  limestone,  not 
distinguishable  from  that  at  Ardbraccan  ;  it  is  a 
splendid  building  stone,  but  some  of  the  lower 
beds  are  silicious,  and  hard  to  work— what  may 
be  accepted  as  a  guarantee  that,  exposed  to  the 
weather  in  dressings,  they  are  practically  in- 
destructible. Crossdrum  quarry,  two  miles  west 
of  Oldcastle,  furnishes  a  light'  grey  crystalline 
compact  limestone  which  works  freely,  stands 
well,  and  may  be  obtained  in  large  blocks. 
The  Drogheda  limestone  varies  much  in  character 
and  colour :  in  some  places  it  is  a  light  ^rey 
crystalline  compact  stone,  and  in  other  places  it  is 
daik  and  calpy.  The  Boyne  viaduct  was  built  with 
limestone  quarried  on  the  east  of  the  town,  Ard- 
braccan stone,  and  some  from  Jlilverton  (Dublin\ 
having  been  used  for  the  dresseJ  work,  .\bout  Trim 
the  limestones  are  dark,  calpy,  and  si'icioxis  ;  but 
wherever  they  have  been  >i5ed  they  weather  well. 
Unlike  the  other  Irish  counties,  Meath  has  agreater 
num'  er  of  quirries  in  work  at  present  than  it  had 
to  years  ago.  There  are  3S7  quarries  shown  on 
the  Ordnance  maps  :  in  l.Si>0  there  were  three  in 
work— viz.,  Ardbraccan,  Drogheda,  snd  Sheep- 
house  ;  whilst  now  there  are  21  worked  under 
(iovernment  inspection,   including    four    gravel 


690 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  13.  1904. 


pits.  Ardbraccan,  Ross,  and  Sheephoiise  quarriis 
still  continue  to  be  the  more  extensively  worked. 
The  other  limestone  quarries  are  Crossdnim, 
Messrs.  Slartin  and  Mr.  T.  Callary ;  Clonalvy, 
Messrs.  Reynolds ;  HUl  of  Ward,  Earl  of 
Darnley  ;  Julianstown,  Mr.  H.  Osborne;  Moate, 
Mr.  M.  McCabe :  Flatten,  Mr.  W.  Clarke  and 
Mr.  C.  Sillery;  Ryans,  Mr.  \Vm.  Smith 
and  Mr.  0.  Glackan ;  Swainstown,  Mr.  F. 
Loughran ;  and  Yellowshar,  Mr.  J.  McDermott. 
There  are  30  men  employed  in  Mr.  I/. 
Fitzsimon's  gravel  pit  at  iMoat.  Westward 
of  Kells,  Lower  Carboniferous  sandstone 
marked  in  the  Geological  Survey  rocks  as  "Yore- 
dale  Beds,"  have  been  quarried  for  building. 
They  do  not  furnish  good  building  stones  ;  but, 
"  being  of  an  even  texture,  they  weather  equally 
■all  over  the  exposed  surfaces,"  which  is  no  great 
advantage.  Near  Navan  and  Garristown,  at 
HayestowD,  Cortubber,  and  Carrickleek,  these 
Lower  Carboniferous  sandstones  yield  fairly  good 
block  stone  and  liagging  ;  but  they  are  now  used 
only  locally.  The  eandstones,  grits,  and  slates 
of  the  Silurian  rocks  are  sometimes  used  for  wal- 
ling, with  limestone  dressings.  Near  Balbriggan 
they  were  at  one  time  worked  into  dressings. 
The  slaty  beds  furnirh  good  building  stones  ;  but 
they  cannot  be  cleft  for  roofing  ;  and  it  can  be 
understood  that  they  are  not  easily  dressed,  even 
for  rough  quoins.  Kinahan  describes  them  as 
being  "  hard  and  intractable."  There  is  a  whin- 
stone  quarry  at  Skryne,  worked  by  Mr.  T. 
Callaghan  for  road  metal.  Kingscourt  red  bricks 
are  made  from  the  Keuper  marls  and  clays  of  the 
Trias,  found  in  the  extreme  north  of  the  county, 
near  the  Cavan  boundary.  Coarse  carthenwdre 
was  at  one  time  made  from  the  potter's  clay 
fo  und  at  Knock ;  a  similar  clay  is  found  in  other 
districts.  Lower  ('arboniferous  sandstone  was 
used  in  building  the  Round  Tower  at  Kells,  and 
sandstones  were  generally  preferred  to  limestones 
by  the  old  builders  in  Ireland. 

5I0XAGHAX. 

The  rocks  here  are  New  Red  Sandstone,  Coal 
Measures,  Millstone  Giit,  Upper,  Middle,  and 
Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone,  Lower  Silurian 
beds  as  deposited  ami  altered,  and  a  few  basalt 
dykes  of  small  extent.  Clones  is  built  on  Lower 
Carboniferous  Limestone,  Castleblayney  on  Lower 
Silurian  rocks  and  aUuvium,  and  Monaghan  town 
on  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  and  Silurian 
Grits  and  Sandstones.  The  entire  centre  of  this 
county  is  occupied  by  Lower  Silurian  rocks 
which  connect  with  those  of  Armagh  on  the 
norib-east  and  Cavan  on  the  south-west.  The 
north  of  the  county  U  occupied  by  Carboniferous 
Limestone,  which  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  a 
narrow  belt  of  Carboniferous  Sandstones  and 
shales  running  across  the  county  from  boundary 
to  boundary,  by  the  towns  of  Clones  and  Mona- 
ghan. At  Carrickmacross  there  is  an  extensive 
tract  of  Carboniferous  Limestone,  surrounded  on 
all  sides,  except  the  south,  by  Silurian  rocks.  It 
forms,  with  the  limestone  of  North  Meath,  an 
outlier  of  that  of  the  great  central  plain.  A 
small  area  of  New  Red  Sandstone  and  Coal 
Measures  is  found  on  the  south-west  of  Carrick- 
macross. Gypsum  was  worked  for  plaster  of 
Paris  in  the  New  Red  so  late  as  1S70,  at 
a  place  called  Knocknacran,  but  with  the 
destruction  of  the  works  by  fire  this  industry 
died  out.  The  Lower  Coal  JUasure  Sandstones 
were  worked  at  Clonsedy,  Glebe  (Glasslougb), 
Oarnmore,  Knocknatally,  and  to  the  south  of 
Emyvale  ;  but  none  of  these  quarries  are  now 
producing  sandstone  for  any  kind  of  building 
work.  The  Carbooiferous  Limestone  is  calpy, 
and  generally  not  suitable  for  cut  stone  work. 
The  best  quarries  are  near  Carrickmacross,  those 
now  m  work  being  Corleck,  Mr.  P.  McGahan ; 
Tyrogarvan,  Mr.  J.  Gibbings  ;  Hill  Hall  (Glass- 
lough),  Mr.  G.  AYallace;  and  Skinnigan  (in  the 
same  district),  Mr.  \V.  Phayre.  Skervin,  near 
Smithboro  ,  is  worked  by  Mr.  E.  McKeary 
There  aie  no  less  than  598  quarries  shown  on  the 
Ordnance  maps  of  this  county,  19  of  which  were 
in  work  forty  years  ago,  and  now  there  are  only 
seven.  Grrs,  sandstones,  and  slates  have  been 
worked  in  the  Lower  Silurian  rocks,  but  for  local 
use  only,  the  rough  sla'y  beds  always  yitlding 
the  favourite  walling  stone.  There  were  some 
smaU  workings  far  roofing  slates  in  these  rocks  at 
Cneve  mountain,  but  they  have  been  abandoned 
and  there  is  no  prospect  of  getting  any  good 
matc-nal  for  the  purpose  in  this  countv.  There 
13  a  basalt  dyke  within  a  few  miles  of  Siithboro', 

Havnlv'^'TK''  *°"'"^  *°  ^^^  °°rth-ea8t  of  Castle! 
blayney.     There   is   a   greenish    white  -  mottled 


Granitone  found  near  Knockaturley,  and  the 
same  igneous  rock  is  seen  in  a  drainage  cutting 
not  far  from  Monaghan  Railway  Statim  in  the 
townland  of  Ramany.  This  was  found  to  be  an 
ornamental  stone  when  polished. 
queen's  county. 

The  rocks  in  this  county  are  Lower  Coal 
Measures,  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone  with 
Magnesian  Limestone,  Lower  Carboniferous 
Limestone,  Lower  Carboniferous  shale  and  sand- 
stone (276),  Old  Red  Sandstone  (277),  Lower 
Silurian  grits  and  slates.  Maryborough  is  built 
on  Calp,  and  Upper  Carboniferous  Limestone ; 
Mountmellick,  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone 
shale  and  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone ; 
Mountrath,  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  and 
shale  ;  and  Portarlington,  Lower  Carboniferous 
Limestone.  The  centre  of  this  county  is  occupied 
by  Carboniferous  Limestone  ;  the  Kilkenny  coal 
field  enters  it  on  the  south-east,  and  the  Old  Red 
Sandstone  of  the  Slievebloom  mountains  on  the 
north  east ;  there  are  small  exposures  of  Silurian 
rocks  in  the  Old  Red  district.  The  Coal  Measure 
Sandstones  are  generally  flaggy  and  have,  there- 
fore, been  more  used  more  for  walling  than  dress- 
ings. The  thin  bedded  grits  of  this  series  were 
used  in  the  old  buildings  of  this  and  the  adjoining 
counties.  The  principal  quarries  in  the  Coal 
Measures  were  Lugacurren,  Cloghrennan,  Holly- 
park,  and  Derryfore  :  all  these  yielded  good  flags. 
Some  of  the  Coal  Measure  flags  produced  in  this 
county  measured  22ft.  by  12ft.  but  the  average 
sizes  were  12ft.  square.  It  may  be  well  to  note 
that  the  best  walling,  constructionally,  as  well 
as  artistically,  is  that  done  with  thin  self-faced 
paving  slabs,  the  exposed  edges  of  which  are  either 
hammer-dressed  or  pitched.  The  Carboniferous 
Limestone  here  is  good,  middling,  and  bad,  the 
latter  being  the  Calp.  The  best  quarries  are  : 
Stradbally,  the  stone  from  which  has  been  u^ed 
in  the  public  buildings  of  Maryborough  and 
Monasterevan  ;  Dunamase:  Spire  Hill,  a  silicious 
oolite  ;  Thombury  ;  Abbeyleix  ;  Portarlington  ; 
and  Graigue.  Tne  principal  limestone  quarries 
now  in  work  under  Government  inspection  are  : 
Trumera  (Mountrath),  Mr.  J.  CUegg ;  Sheflield 
(Ballylinan),  Jlr.  N.  Bolger;  Knockbawn,  Mr. 
P.  Fitzpatrick  ;  Ballylinan  (Athy),  Mr.  W. 
Brennan  ;  and  Aughamaddock,  Mr.  J.  Murray. 
Most  of  the  limestone  used  in  Abbeyleix  came 
from  a  quarry  at  BallyguUan  ;  it  appears  to  be 
a  good  building  stone.  In  describing  the  oolites 
of  Gloucester,  attention  w.as  called  to  the  con- 
dition of  many  of  the  wing  walls  to  the  railway- 
bridges  which  were  built  with  oolitic  limestones ; 
these  were  in  several  cases  found  to  be  peiishing 
rapidly,  the  repairs  being  made  with  bricks.  But 
in  none  of  the  bridges  on  the  G.S.W.  Railway  of 
Ireland  passing  through  this  county  can  any 
trace  of  decay  be  found  where  Carboniferous  Lime- 
stone is  used  :  indeed,  many  of  these  works  look 
quite  as  fresh  us  when  they  were  erected  fifty  years 
ago.  The  Old  Red  Sandstones  of  the  Slieve  Bloom 
mountains  are  whitish  yellow,  and  brown,  fine- 
grained, mostly  thin-bedded  fligoing,  but  in 
some  plac  s  compact ;  like  nearly  all  other  stones 
they  are  easier  to  work  when  first  raised  than  after 
they  become  hardened  by  evaporation  of  the  quarry 
"sap."  The  principal  quarries  are  Clooaslee, 
Tinahinch,  Glenbarrow,  Rosenallis  Mountain, 
and  Ballysally,  and  the  stones  they  yield  are  very 
silicious,  and  sometimes  micaceous  with  iron 
spots.  The  Silurian  rocks  are  found  in  small 
patches  surrounded  by  the  Old  Red  rocks ;  but 
none  of  them  are  now  worked  for  building  stone, 
though  half  a  century  ago  slatej  were  worked 
near  Mountrath  and  at  t^appard,  near  Mount- 
mellick. There  are  no  igneous  or  metamorphic 
rocks  in  this  county.  There  are  387  qiarries 
shown  in  the  Ordnance  maps.  Two  only  were 
raturned  as  being  in  work  10  years  ag  <,  now 
there  are  thirteen  under  Government  inspection. 
A  Coal  Measure  shale  is  worked  at  Durrow  for 
the  Durrow  Brick  and  Tile  Compiuy. 


CONFERENCE   OF    MASTER   PLUMBERS. 

THE  ninth  annual  conference  of  the  National 
Association  of  Master  Plumbers  was  held  at 
Southport  on  Monday,  Mr.  T.  W.  Armitage 
(Huddersfield),  retiring  president,  in  the  chair. 
The  chairman,  in  his  address,  reviewed  the  work 
of  the  past  twelve  months,  which  had  been  a  year 
of  steacjj'  and  substantial  progress.  The  Orginisa- 
tion  Committee  appointed  at  Scarborough  had 
already  done  useful  service,  but  the  principal 
efforts  had  been  those  of  the  Education  Committee, 
who  had  been  endeavouiing  to  get  the  various 


examining  authorities  into  line.  They  had  not 
yet  been  able  to  get  them  all  to  see  eye  to  eye, 
but  they  were  hopeful  of  being  successful.  It 
was  very  necessary  that  there  should  be  only  one 
examining  body  throughout.  They  believed  that, 
to  get  efficiency  in  plumbing,  they  must  begin 
with  the  apprentices,  and  with  that  object  in 
connection  with  other  authorities  they  had 
arranged  for  the  revival  of  the  indenture,  one 
clause  of  which  made  it  compulsory  for  a  boy  to 
attend  at  least  for  four  years  technical  classes. 
They  were  agreed  that  the  only  way  to  get 
plumbing  into  the  position  it  ought  to  occupy 
was  that  plumbers  should  be  trained  not  only  in 
the  workshop  but  in  the  technical  classes.  In 
this  and  other  ways  they  were  demonstrating 
that  the  National  Association  was  not  only  for 
trade  protection  but  for  the  lifting  up  of  the 
standard  of  work,  upon  the  good  quality  of  which 
the  health  of  communities  largely  depended.  He 
was  pleased  to  say  that  there  had  been  no  call  for 
the  services  of  the  Conciliation  Committee,  and, 
far  from  there  being  any  disputes  with  the  men, 
they  had  met  them  on  more  than  one  occasion  in 
friendly  conference  on  trade  matters.  They  had, 
however,  opposed  municipal  trading,  and  in  some 
cases  they  had  been  successful  in  that  opposition, 
but  in  others  they  had  not  been  able  to  make  the 
slightest  impression,  though  as  tradesmen  they 
naturally  felt  that  a  municipality  had  no  right  to 
enter  into  competition  with  them  in  the  supply 
of  fittings,  &c.,  either  in  their  own  area  or  out  of 
it. 

Mr.  A.  B.  Dyson  (Halifax)  presented  the 
financial  statement,  which  was  of  a  satisfactory 
character,  and  the  election  of  officers  resulted  in 
Mr.  W.  Jaffrey  (Manchester)  being  chosen 
president,  and  Messrs.  R.  Lightfoot  (Manchester), 
A.  Ross  (Bradford),  and  G.  Thompson  (L-eds), 
vice-presidents,  jlr.  Dyson,  treasurer,  and  Mr. 
John  Beal  (Hull),  secretary.  The  committees 
and  other  oflicers  were  also  elected,  and  the 
afternoon  session  was  devoted  mainly  to  considera- 
tion in  private  of  various  trade  questions  as 
affecting  merchant  and  tradesman.  Chester  was 
chosen  as  the  place  of  the  meeting  for  the  central 
board  in  August,  and  Bradford  for  the  half- 
yearly  meeting  in  the  last  week  in  October. 


CHIPS. 

The  parish  church  of  All  Saints,  Tudeley,  Kent, 
is  about  to  be  restored  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Beauchamp  Wedmore,  A.  R. I.E. A.  The  works 
will  include  underpinning  and  concreting  the 
foundations  of  the  west-end  of  the  north  aisle  and 
the  south-eastern  angle  of  the  chancel. 

On  Saturday,  the  block  of  co-operative  premises 
erected  opposite  the  old  shops  at  Winlaton  by  the 
Blaydon  Co-operative  Society  was  formally  opened. 
In  addition  to  the  various  shops  on  the  ground  floor, 
there  is  a  small  hall  upstairs  to  seat  220  persons,  a 
library,  reading-room,  and  a  billiard-room.  Messrs. 
Davidson  and  Bolam,  of  Blaydon,  were  the  princi- 
pal contractors,  the  architect  lieing  Mr.  F.  M. 
Dryden,  of  Newcastle. 

After  an  interval  of  a  quarter  of  a  century,  the 
Kent  Aroh;BologicaI  Society  will  this  year  revisit 
Romney  Marsh.  The  dates  fixed  for  the  annual 
meeting  are  July  26  and  27. 

Mr.  David  A.  Donald,  Arbroath,  has  been 
appointed  as  •  borough  surveyor  and  sanitary 
inspector  to  the  Newport  Town  Council  at  the 
salary  of  £120. 

A  House  of  Lords  Committee  passed,  on  Monday, 
the  preamble  of  the  Bill  authorising  the  removal  of 
King's  College  Hospital  to  a  site  near  Denmark 
Hill  Railway  Station.  A  clause  was  inserted  which' 
left  it  to  the  Charity  Commissioners  to  determine 
whether  the  hospital  should  in  future  receive  the 
annual  grant  hitherto  given  from  the  Pest  House 
Charity.  The  Hon.  W.  F.  D.  Smith,  M.P.,  has 
provided  the  funds  for  purchasing  a  site  of  12  acres 
on  Denmark  Hill  in  Camberwell,  and  has  presented 
it  to  the  hospital.  Including  the  value  of  the  site, 
something  like  £100,000  will  be  available  for  the 
removal  of  the  hospital.  The  old  site  will  be  sold  or 
let,  and  the  purchase-money  or  income  derived  will 
go  towards  creating  an  endowment  for  the  new 
hospital. 

The  Dsvon  Elucation  Committee,  meeting  on 
Friday  at  Exeter,  took  the  initiatory  steps  to  erect 
additional  schools  at  Okehampton,  Alphington,  and 
Newton  Abbot. 

Mr.  Harry  A.  Harding,  late  of  King's  Heath, 
Birmingham,  who  for  the  past  year  has  been  acting 
as  draughtsman  to  the  Metropolitan  borough  of 
Bermondsey  electricity  and  destructor  department, 
has  accepted  an  appointment  as  chief  assistant  elec- 
trical engineer  to  the  Leatherhead  Electricity  Supply 
Company. 


INLvv  13,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIXG    NEWS. 


691 


CONTENTS. 


Hindrances  to  Building      

Pictures  at  the  Royiil  Academy.— III.    

Architecture  at  the  11  iyal  Academy. — III 

The  Architectural  Association 

Easter  Week  in  Copenhagen      

New  Headtuarters  of  the  Architectural  Association 

Edinburgh  Architects  and  their  Education 

The  Thirty-rtvf  Styles  of  Furniture       

Irish  Buildinf?  Btones.—XCr 

Oont'erence  of  Master  Plumbers       

The  BaiLDtNoNEW3  Directory 

Our  niustratioos    

CompetitioQa . 

Obituary   

Building  Intelliffence    

Professional  and  Trade  Societies     

Correspondence      

Intercommunication 

Statues,  Memorials,  &c 

IjC^al  Intelligence ' 

Our  Office  Table    

Meetings  for  the  Enaiung  Week      

Trade  News      

List  of  Tenders  Open   

List  of  Competitions  Open 

Tenders  

Latest  Prices 


.  679 
.  680 
.  6S2 
.  682 
.  685 
.  688 
,.  683 
,.  689 
,.  689 
,,  69D 
..  IX. 
..  691 
..  691 
..  710 
..  710 
..  711 
..  711 
..  712 
.,  712 
..  712 
..  713 
..  713 
..  713 
..  714 
..  714 
..  716 
..  718 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

IXORAM  E003H,  STOCKWELL  ROAD,  S.W.— COUNTV  HffCT,, 
KOBTHALLEBTON. — WISSLEY  HOUSE,  WILTS.— THE  WAKE- 
FIELD PUBLIC  LIBRABV.— CLIFTON  COLLEGE  WAR  MEHO- 
BIAL. — OLD  PULPIT  IS  THE  CHAPEL  ROYAL  AT  FBEDEBICK3- 
BORO  CASTLE.  NEAR  COPENHAGEN. —FREDENSr.OBG  PARTLE, 
THE  SUMMER  RESIDENCE  OF  THE  KING  OF  DENMARK.— A 
<;ORNEB  OF  THE  OLD  KBONBORG  CASTLE  AT  THE  ENTRANCE 
TO  THE  SOUND,  NEAR  COPENHAGEN.  — THE  BAK'JUETING 
HALL  AT  ROSENBOPG  CASTLE. 


^nx  Illttstratt0ns» 
*«  ■ — 

INOKAM    HOISE,    STOCKWELL,    S.W. 

The  building  illustrated  is  the  first  Ingram 
House,  now  being  erected  by  Ingram  Houses, 
Ltd.,  a  company  t'ormod  to  erect  residentiil  clubs 
for  young  men  engaged  in  business  and  pro- 
fessional life  and  otht-rwiee  restricted  to  a  more 
•or  less  i^olated  life  in  lodgings.  The  site  is  very 
convenient,  placed  within  two  minutes  of  the 
.Stockwell  station  on  the  City  and  South  London 
tube,  and  close  to  the  electric  tram  services  down 
the  Clapham  and  Brixton-roads.  The  building 
is  at  the  rear  of  the  houses  in  the  Stockwell-road, 
and  has  an  absolutely  quiet  back  frontage  on 
estate  from  street.  The  builders  are  Messrs. 
Rudd  and  Son,  o(  Urantham.  The  architect  is 
Mr.  Arthur  T.  Bolton.  The  accommodation  in 
the  present  building  is  for  208  residents.  There 
are  four  Hoots  of  bedrooms,  the  standard  size 
being  7ft.  by  10ft.,  with  a  proportion  of  larger 
rooms  at  the  corners  and  centre  of  the  building. 
Below  there  are  two  floors  of  social  and  service- 
rooms,  the  club  accommodation  comprising 
dining  -  room,  two  billiard  -  rooms,  library, 
smoking,  and  a  lecture-hall  fitted  as  a  gymna- 
aium. 

CiKXTV    H.VLL,    N'ORTIULLERTON. 

This  building  is  in  course  of  erection  for  the 
North  Riding  of  Yorkshire  County  Council.  The 
design  was  selected  in  a  limited  competition  ten 
years  ago,  Mr.  A.  Waterhouse  being  the  assessor. 
The  original  plans  have  been  remodelled  to  meet 
more  recent  requirements,  and  have  bsen  designed 
with  a  view  to  future  extension.  A  feature  has 
been  made  of  the  hall  and  grand  staircase  leading 
to  the  anteroom  and  council  chamber,  in  which 
Hopton  Wood  stone  is  being  largely  used.  The 
building  ia  faced  with  red  Leicestershire  sand 
stock  bricks,  and  stone  from  the  HoUington 
quarries,  and  the  roofs  are  to  be  covered  with 
thick  light  gre'  n  Westmoreland  slates.  The  con- 
tractors are  Mossrs.  J.  Howe  and  Co.,  West 
Hartlepool,  and  the  architect  is  Mr.  Walter  H. 
Brierley,  of  York.  The  drawing  is  hung  in  this 
year's  Academy. 

WINSIEY    nOlSR,    WILTS. 

Tins  hou?e  has  been  erected  upon  the  site  of  an 
old  house,  and  the  unusual  shape  of  the  plin  is 
accounted  for  by  the  endeavour  in  the  first  in- 
stance to  alter  and  enlarge  the  original  house  ; 
eventually,  however,  it  was  to  entirely  rebuild. 
The  ground  tloor  contains  a  large  hall,  drawing- 
room,  and  library,  in  addition  to  a  kitchen  and 
olHcos.  The  first  tloor  has  eight  bedrooms  and  a 
large  billiard-room  with  oriel  windows,  and  there 
are  seven  bedrooms  on  the  second  tloor.  The 
house  is  built  of  Winsloy  stone  quarried  close  by, 
and  has  a  stone  tile  roof,  being  that  <ommon  to 
the  district.      The  contractors    were  Messrs.  J. 


Long  and  Sons,  and  the  clerk  of  the  works  Mr. 
E.  J.  Trotman  ;  the  architects  being  Mr. 
T.  B  Silcock,  B.Sc,  F.S.I. ,  and  Mr.  S.  S.  Reay, 
F.R.I  B.A.,  of  Bath  and  London.  The  two 
views  now  published  are  hung  in  this  year's 
Royal  Academy  Exhibition. 

W.KKEIIEI.I)    I'VllLK-     LIllKAltV   :    SELECTED    DESIr.X. 

We  give  views  and  plans  to-day  of  the  first 
premiated  design  fi-r  this  building,  to  which 
the  sum  of  £80  was  awarded  in  the  late  compe- 
tition, when  81  plans  were  sent  in.  The  advisory 
architect  to  the  city  authorities  was  Mr.  Maurice 
B.  Adams,  F.R.I.B.A.,  whose  report  on  the 
premiated  designs  appeared  in  the  Brn.DiNo 
News  for  April  22.  The  architects  are  Messrs. 
Alfred  Cox,  Ti-imnell,  and  Davison, ofthoAdelphi. 
The  authors  of  the  second  premiated  plan  were 
Messrs.  Hector  and  Thornton,  and  the  third 
premium  was  given  to  Mr.  Arnold  Mitchell, 
F.R.I.B.A.  The  chosen  design  has  had  to  be 
cut  down  on  account  of  cost ;  but  the  essentials 
of  the  plan  have  been  preserved,  and  in  puts  it 
has  been  improved  in  accordance  with  the  sugges- 
tions of  the  referee.  We  shall  illustrate  the  other 
premiated  designs  shortly. 

CLIFTOX   COLLEGE    W.\R    MEMORIAL. 

Oiii  illustration  represents  the  memorial  now  in 
course  of  erection  at  Ciiltou  College  to  the 
memory  of  43  old  Cliftonians  who  tell  in  the 
recent  South  African  campaign.  The  drawing 
is  now  in  the  Roj-al  Academy.  The  memorial  is 
placed  in  front  of  the  quad.,  overlooking  the  cIosp, 
and  is  approached  by  a  circular  flight  of  steps 
from  the  lower  level  of  the  close,  balustrades 
being  continued  around  for  some  distance  on  each 
side  in  the  pres'nt  retaining  walls  of  the  quad. 
The  memorial  wi'l  be  surmounted  by  a  figure  of 
St.  George,  which  has  been  modelled  by  Jlr.  A. 
Drury,  A.R.A.,  and  is  being  cast  in  bronze  by 
Messrs.  J.  W.  Singer  and  Sons,  Ltd.,  of  Frome. 
The  pedestal  is  in  Portland  stone,  and  is  being 
woik^d  and  carved  by  Messrs.  H.  H.  Martynand 
Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Cheltenham,  and  will  have  in  three 
faces  bronze  tablets  with  the  names  and  regiments 
of  those  who  fell  in  Sou'h  Africa,  and  on  the  fourth 
face  a  tablet  with  inscription.  The  work,  to  the 
steps,  foundations,  and  balustrades,  has  been 
carried  out  by  Mr.  Edwin  Clarke,  of  Bristol.  The 
architects  of  the  memorial  and  its  surroundings 
are  Messrs.  Walter  S.  Paul  and  R.  C.  James,  of 
Baldwin-street,  Bristol,  both  of  whom  are  past 
members  of  the  school.  The  funds  to  defray  the 
costs  of  the  memorial  were  raised  by  a  committee 
of  old  Cliftonians,  and  Mr.  Rowland  Whitehead, 
of  Lincoln's  Inn,  is  the  acting  hon.  secretary. 

EASTER    WEEK.     IN    COPENHAGEN. 

For  article  and  further  sketches  see  pages  685-8. 


OOUPETITIONS. 

Ilklev.— The  result  of  the  competition  for  pro- 
proprosed  new  free  library,  public  ottices,  and 
.asaembly-hall  at  llkley  is  as  follows:— First 
premium,  £100,  to  be  merged  in  the  commission 
for  the  work,  Mr.  William  Bakewell,  F.R.I.B.A., 
Park-square,  Leeds  ;  second,  £')0,  Mr.  Iteginald 
T.  Longden,  Moorland,  liurslem ;  third,  £20, 
Messrs.  Septimus  Warwick,  A.R.I  B.A.,  and 
Herbert  A.  Hall  (joint  architects),  98,  Lancaster- 
road,  London.  The  buildings  are  not  to  excfed 
in  cost  £10,053  (£3,000  of  which  is  from  Mr. 
Carnegie  for  free  library  purposes).  Mr.  (i.  B. 
Buhner,  F.R.I.B.A.,  acted  as  adjudicator  and 
adviser  to  the  council.  There  were  CO  seta  of 
designs  sent  in. 

Liveui'ool. — At  a  special  meeting  of  the 
Liverpool  Cotton  Associatitn,  held  on  Monday, 
consideration  was  given  to  the  designs  sent  in  by 
local  archilec's  for  the  Cotton  Exchange  buildings, 
to  be  erected  in  Oldhall-street.  A  final  selection 
was  not  made,  the  consideration  of  the  matter 
bring  adjourned  to  a  future  mee'ing. 

Worthing. — The  town  council  have  decided 
to  invite  a  limited  number  of  selected  architects 
to  furnish  competitive  plans  of  a  new  public 
library  and  schuol  for  secondary  education  and 
technical  instruction,  together  with  an  art  gallery 
and  museum,  the  cost  of  construe' ion  being 
restricted  to  a  Eum  not  exceeding  £15,000. 


The  complete  restoration  of  the  church  of  All- 
hallows  Barking,  E.G.— a  church  rich  in  historical 
associations— is  now  within  sight.  The  old  plaster 
ceilings  have  been  replaced  by  open  timber  roofs, 
and  the  workmen  are  engaged  m  erecting  the 
scaffolding  in  the  nave  preparatory  to  scraping  oft 
all  the  accumulations  of  plaster  which  coat  the 
walls  and  pillars  of  the  arcades  separating  the  nave 
and  choir  from  the  aisles. 

The  town  council  of  Devizes  have  decided  to 
carry  out  extensions  to  their  sewage -disposal  works 
at  a  cost  of  £8,500. 

St.  Mary's  Church  council,  Truro,  have  decided 
to  rehang  the  bells,  put  in  an  iron  framework,  and 
louvres  to  protect  the  bells  from  the  rain  at  a  cost  of 
£150. 

The  new  Wesleyan  church  at  High  Park,  South- 
port,  was  opened  on  Friday.  The  church  is  faced 
with  presseu  brick,  and  has  stone  dressings ;  it  will 
give  sitting  accommodation  for  650  persons;  and 
the  interior  woodwork  is  chiefly  of  pitch-pine,  the 
rostrum,  choir  seats,  an  i  doors  being  of  light  oak. 
The  total  cost  has  been  .t;4,500. 

A  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Lords  hive 
passed  the  preamble  of  the  North  Wales  Electric 
Power  Bill. 

The  2nd  Volunteer  Bittalion  Hants  Regiment 
S.A.  War  memorial  was  unveiled  at  the  Carlton 
Drill  Hall,  Southamptou  on  Saturday  bythoEirl 
of  Northbrook.  The  memorial  takes  the  form  of  a 
brass  tablet,  with  lettering  in  red  and  black.  It  has 
been  executed  by  Messrs.  Rose  and  Son,  of  High- 
street,  Southampton.  At  the  top  of  the  plate  is  the 
regimental  badge,  the  Hampshire  rose  surrounded 
by  the  garter,  and  the  Brunswick  star,  surmouuted 
by  an  Imperial  crown,  all  in  their  proper  colours. 
In  each  corner  of  the  border  is  the  red  rose  of 
Hampshire,  and  Oie  whole  plate  is  mounted  on  a 
poliehed  teak  frame. 


OHIFS. 

A  new  theatre  to  accommodate  712  people  is  to  be 
built  at  the  junction  of  Coventry-street  and  Rupert- 
street,  and  also  one  to  accommodate  1,844  persons 
at  the  junction  of  Eist  India  Dock-road  and 
Stainsby-road,  Poplar. 

The  R'ichclale  Observer  remarks  that  the  bnilding 
trade  in  that  town  is  in  a  very  slack  cDndition,  and 
prices  are  consequently  low.  Mdl  builders  especially 
are  wanting  work,  and  as  a  result  are  doing  all  in 
their  power  to  encourage  mill  building. 

Mr.  R.  H.  Bicknell,  M.I.C.E.,  held  an  inquiry  on 
Friday  for  the  Local  Government  Board  with 
respact  to  an  application  of  the  Honiton  Town 
Council,  for  sanction  to  borrow  a  further  sum  of 
£1,150  in  connection  with  their  new  waterworks  on 
St.  Gyres  Hill. 

While  not  prepared  to  sanction  the  extension  of 
the  period  of  60  years  for  the  repayment  of  money 
borrowed  by  municipalities  for  the  erection  of 
workmen's  dwellings,  the  Treasury  has  agreed, 
subject  to  the  consent  of  Parliament,  to  sanction  a 
period  of  80  years  for  repayment  in  the  case  of 
freehold  land  purchasel  for  sites  for  these  dwellings. 

Additions  having  been  made  to  the  Co-operative 
Stores  in  Broad-street,  Whittlesey,  in  the  shape  of 
a  bakery  and  butcher's  shop,  they  were  formally 
opened  on  Saturday  afternoon.  Mr.  Townsend,  of 
Peterborough,  was  the  architect,  and  Mr.  Brown, 
of  the  same  city,  the  contractor.  The  coat  has  been 
£1,000. 

Newport  Harbour  Commissioners,  who  a  few  years 
ago  spent  many  thousands  of  pounds  in  removing  a 
shoal  in  the  ITek,  in  order  to  improve  the  navigable 
portion  of  the  river,  have  now  decided  to  spend 
£20,000  on  a  scheme  which  will  restore  the  run  of 
the  current  as  it  was  before  the  shoal  was  removed. 
The  removal  of  the  shoal  caused  a  deposit  to  rapidly 
accumulate  at  Pentland  Point,  on  the  opposite  bank 
of  the  river,  and  this  threatene  1  to  be  an  even  more 
dangerous  obstacle  than  the  one  removed. 

The  Bishop  of  Newcastle  laid,  on  Saturday,  the 
foundation-stone  of  the  new  church  of  St.  Stephen 
at  Seaton  Delaval.  The  architect  is  Mr.  C.  S. 
Errington,  of  Newcastle,  and  the  buUder  Mr.  Joseph 
Stobbs,  of  Cramlington.  It  will  be  of  simple 
BasiUcau  type  of  architecture  and  of  brick  material. 
There  is  to  be  an  apsidal  chancel,  and  a  baptistery 
at  the  west  end.  It  will  accommodate  300  wor- 
shippers. 

The  last  block  of  the  north-west  breakwater  at 
Colombo  Harbour,  Ceylon,  was  laid  on  the  25th 
uU.,  thus  completing  the  work  as  rcg.irds  length, 
and  reducing  the  opening  to  800ft.  There  still 
remains  to  be  built  a  landing  jetty  corresponding  to 
the  one  at  the  head  of  the  old  breakwater,  and  this 
will  be  put  in  next  year. 

The  first  sod  on  the  site  of  the  mill  which  is  to  be 
built  for  the  Asia  Mill  Co.,  Ltd.,  at  Hollinwood, 
near  Rochdale,  was  cut  on  Monday.  The  null  will 
contain  00,000  mule  spindles  aiid  use  Egyptian 
cotton.  This  will  bo  the  tirst  new  mill  built  in  the 
Hollinwood  district  for  20  years. 

We  do  not  require,  declares  Mr.  Thomas  Blashill, 
V  H  LB. A.,  formerly  the  superintending  architect 
to  the  Loudon  County  Council,  one-half  ora  qu.irter 
of  the  new  thoroughfares  through  old  neighbour- 
hoods that  are  projected. 


r.Q2 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  13,  1904. 


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THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


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OBITUARY. 
Jill.    George    Hexky    Biucn,    F.S.A.,    the 
curator  of  Sir  John  Soane's  Museum    Lincoln  s 
Inn-field8,  died  on  Tuesday  last,  aged  62  years 
Mr    Birch,  who  succeeded  the  late  Mr.   \>  yatt 
rapworth  in  the  curatorship  of  the  museum  in 
October.  1S94,  was  a  son  of   the  late  IV.  bamuel 
Birch,  of  the  British  Museum,  the  distinguished 
Egyptologist.     He   was  articled  to  the  late  Mr. 
Ewan  Christian,  and  after  remaining  in  his  office 
some    years,    practised    in    Great  (iueen-street, 
W  C, 'until  he  obtained  the  post  at  the  museum. 
He  -was  for  many  years  an  Associate  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects,  and  a  member  ot 
the    Architectural    Association.      His    principal 
work  in  connection  -with  that  body  was  in  contri- 
buting drawings  of  old  churches  and  furniture  to 
the  shiMml-.   He  published,  through  Mr.  B    1. 
Batsford,  a  large  illus-rated  foUoonthe  "  London 
City  Churches."    As  an  architect,  his  bett-known 
work  was   the  quaint  Old  London  Street  at  the 
Healtherits    Exhibition   at    Earl's    Court.     Mr. 
Birch  was  also  at  one  time  an  officer  in  the  'iOth 
Middlesex  {"  Artists")  R-fle  Volunteers.  The  ap- 
pointment, which  is  worth  £300  a  year,  with  a 
reeidence  on  the  Museum  premises,  is  rested  m 
the  trustees  and  the  Royal  Academy,  who  must 
proceed  to  an  election  within  three  months  of  the 
occurrence  of  a  vacancy,  the  nquirement  being 
that  the  curator  must  be  an  architect  of  English 
birth,  and  not  less   than   25    years  of  age,  who 
shall  have  distinguished  himself  in  architecture 
or  have  carried  ofi  some  architectural  priz '.  Since 
the  museum  was  opened,  after  the  death  of  Sir 
John  Soane   in   January,    1837,   a  period  cf  67 
years,  there  have  been  but  five  curators.     George 
Baylev,   Soane's    pupil  and  assistant,    1837-60  ; 
Joseph     Bononi,     the    Egyptologist,    1860-78; 
Joseph  W.  Wild,   (he  Orientalist  and  decorative 
artist,   1S7S-92  :  Wyatt    Papworth,   the   biblio- 
graphist  of  architecture,  1892-4  ;andG.  H.  Birch, 
whose  decease  is  now  recorded. 

The  death  occurred  shortly  before  midnight  on 
Friday  last,  at  his  residence.  Knoll  House, 
Frome,  of  Mr.  Joiix  Wehd  Si.ngek,  the  founder 
of  Messrs.  Singer  and  Sons,  Limited,  art  metal- 
workers. The  deceased  gentleman  a  few  weeks 
ago  celebrated  his  S5th  birthday.  His  business 
career  commenced  with  his  apprenticeship  to  a 
local  jeweller.  On  the  completion  of  his  inden- 
tures he  went  to  London,  and  on  his  return  to 
Frome  set  up  there  as  a  watchmaker  and  jeweller 
on  his  own  account.  The  origin  of  the  ait  metal 
works  was  an  order  received  by  him  from  a 
clergyman  to  make  a  pair  ot  brass  candlesticks. 
Afterwards  the  making  of  church  ornamen's 
became  an  important  part  of  his  business. 

There  died  in  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  on  Friday, 
Mr.  George  Haxdvside,  a  buUder  and  property 
owner,  whose  estate  is  stated  to  he  worth  nearly 
XI, 000, 000,  of  which  sum  he  has  bequeathed 
nearly  £100,000  to  the  Newcastle  Infirmary  and 
other  local  charitable  institutions.  Mr.  Hindy- 
side,  who  was  84  years  of  age,  was  born  of  humble 
parents  in  Newton  village,  NorthumberUnd.  As 
a  young  man  he  started  in  Berwick  with  a  boot 
business,  which  soon  prospered.  Removing  to 
Newcastle,  he  continued  in  the  same  business 
until  at  one  time  he  'nad  50  branches  between 
Newcastle  and  Aberdeen.  He  was  also  his  own 
tanner  and  currier.  Ho  afterwards  made  money 
by  a  case  for  compensation,  and  then  became  a 
builder,  and  speculated  successfully  in  property, 
building  and  acquiring  valuable  estates  in  and 
about  Newcastle.  Nearly  all  his  life  he  lived  in 
the  small  house  built  by  himself,  in  which  he 
died. 

Aldermax  (Ieorge  Thackbay,  J  r.,  of  Hunt- 
ingdon, retired  builder  and  contractor,  died  on 
Tuesday  week,  aged  70  years.  Mr.  Thackray 
was  born  in  the  adjoining  borough  of  Godman- 
chester  in  1834.  In  1855,  when  he  was  21,  his 
father  took  him  into  partnership  in  his  fiuildmg 
business,  and  this  partnership  continued  until 
1868.  From  this  time  until  1881  he  directed  the 
business  himself,  and  under  his  careful  attention 
it  greatly  increased.  In  1881  he  took  into 
partnership  his  eldest  son,  Mr.  F.  B.  Thackray, 
who  still  manages  the  works  in  course  of  erection 
by  Messrs.  F.  B.  Thackray  and  Co.,  Mr.  George 
Thackray  having  retired  about  twelve  years  ago. 
Mr.  Thackray  had  for  many  years  been  a  pro- 
minent man  in  public  lite  in  the  district. 


Bttilbitts  InttlUsentt 


The  parish  church  of  Snodland,  near  Rochester, 
ii  about  to  be  restored  and  reseated  at  a  cost  of 
£500,  from  plans  by  Mr.  H  Bensted,  ot  Maidstone. 


BixGLEV,  West  Rii.ixo.-The  Govemors_  of 
the  Bingley  Grammar  School  Trust,  recognising 
the  necessity  of  making  an  extension  of  the 
school  premises,  have  deeded  to  build  a  new 
school  for  the  boys  on  a  site  immediately  adjoin- 
ing the  present  school,  at  a  cost  of  about  £3,600, 
and  to  give  the  existing  school  en'irely  over  to 
the  girls.  Plans  for  the  new  building  w^re  pre- 
pared by  Mr.  W.  R.  Nunns,  architect  Bmgley 
aod  intimation  has  now  been  made  that  the} 
have  recaved  the  approval  of  the  Board  of 
Education.  Steps  are  being  taken  to  let  the 
contracts. 

Brighton.— The  opening  ceremonyof  the  New 
Baptist  Church  and  Schools,  G'oucester-p  ace 
Brighton,  took  place  on  Wednesday,  May  11,  at 
3  p  m.  The  church  is  faced  with  whole  white 
flints  with  red  dressings.  There  are  lead  lights 
to  all  windows  of  quaint  designs.  Heating  is  by 
hot-water.  Electric  light.  Open  baptistery  lined 
with  white  marble.  Accommodation :  443  adults 
on  ground-floor,  282  in  galleries,  total  ,25,  or  a 
mixed  congregation  of  over  800  persons  beating 
arranged  semicircularly  on  plan  The  ceiling 
vaulted.  Three  vestries.  Schools  for  500  scholars 
under  the  church,  with  various  classrooms  to 
same.  The  fro  at  consists  of  three  bold  entrances 
large  central  gable  with  five-light  tracened 
window  in  gable,  with  a  tower  on  one  side 
terminated  by  a  quaint  spirelet  covered  by  oak 
shingles,  with  wrought-iron  vane  Messrs. 
George  Baines,  F.R.I.B  A.,  and  R  Palmer 
Baines  5,  Clement's  Inn,  London,  W.C.  are  the 
architects,  and  Messrs.  Battley.  Sons,  and  Holness, 
21  Old  Kent-road,  London,  S.L,  the  builders  , 
the  contract  amount  being  £5,381,  exclusive  of 
galleries  (except  choir  gallery)  and  upper  portion 
of  tower. 

Cheadle,  Staffs.— The  new  isolation  hospital 
was  opened  on  Friday  by  the  chiirman  of  the 
rural  district  council.  There  was  a  large  gather- 
ing of  the  members  of  the  council  and  oflicials 
and  county  and  parish  councillors,  &o.  The 
building,  which  is  near  the  Mill  House  Farm  on 
the  Rakeway-road,  is  of  red  brick,  with  stone 
facings,  and  has  been  erected  by  Mr.  William 
Alcock,  builder,  at  a  cost  of  about  £2,000.  The 
buildings  consist  of  an  administration  block,  con- 
taining kitchen,  scullery,  nurses'  din'ng,  sitting, 
and  bedrooms,  and  servants'  rooms,  and  other 
blocks,  containing  four  wards  for  two  beds  and 
six  beds  each,  laundry,  ambulance-house,  dis- 
infecting chamber,  and  mortuary. 

Newc^stle-ox-Tyxe. —Memorial  stones  of  a 
new  Presbyterian  Church,  Prospect  -  place, 
Arthur's  Hill,  was  laid  on  Tuesday.  The  archi- 
ttcts  are  Messrs.  Badenoch  and  Bruce,  New- 
castle. The  style  is  Late  Ciothic  work,  and  it 
will  be  built  in  local  s'one  with  hammer-dressed 
snecked  facing  and  chiselled  dressings.  A  tower 
which  occupies  the  angle  of  church  nearest 
to  Westgate  -  road  is  16ft.  square  and  rises 
to  a  height  of  65ft.  above  the  street,  with 
angle  turret  12ft.  higher  than  parapet,  or  a  totU 
height  of  77tt.  The  church  is  plannel  with  nave, 
aisles,  and  transepts,  the  galleries  and  roof  of 
nave  being  carried  by  cast-iron  columns.  Ths 
seating  accommodation  is  for  700,  including  choir 
seats  which  occupy  platform  immediately  in  front 
of  the  pulpit.  The  ground  floor  has  about  400 
sittings  and  galleries  300  sittings.  The  con- 
tractor is  Mr.  J.  51.  Whamond,  of  Woodbine- 
road,  Gosforth. 

Pemhuoke     Dock.  —  The     new     Coronation 
Borough  School,   Meyrick-s  reel,  was  opened  on 
Wednesday  week.     The  building  is  of  hammered 
limestone,   with  Bath   stone  dressings.     It  con- 
sists of  two  stories  and  mezzanine.     The  ground 
flo ir  has  a  central  hall   measuring  43ft.  by  30ft., 
and  16ft.  in  height,   and  opening  out  of  it  are 
six  classrooms.      The  upper  school  has  a  central 
hall  of  similar  dimensions,  and  is  surrounded  on 
one  side    and    two  ends    with   four  classrooms. 
This  school  is  approached  by  means  of  two  wide 
stone  staircases  at  the  ends  of  the  building.     Ac- 
commodation is  provided  for  900  children.  _  All 
the  floors  are  fire-resisting.      The  heating  is  by 
hot  water  on  the  low-pressure  system,  and  the 
whole  building  is  well  lightel.      I'he  two  schools 
areforbojs,  and  the  cost  works  ou*-,  including 
extra  work  in  the  foundations,  at  about  £11  per 
scholar.    The  contractor  was  Mr.  Charles  Young, 
Pembroke  Dock,  and  the  architects  were  Messrs. 
George  Morgan  and  Son,  Carmarthen. 

Sheffield. — The  new  almshouses  at  Whirlow 


Bridge,  Sheffield,  for  the  Ho  In  Trust,  were 
openid  on  Tuesday.  The  buildings  have  been 
erected  in  three  blocks.  The  central  administra- 
tive block,  which  faces  due  south,  contains  on  the 
ground  floor  a  large  combination  room  for  the 
inmates  about  30ft.  by  26ft.,  and  the  superin- 
tendent's house  with  pariour  and  the  usual 
offices  In  the  east  and  western  blocks,  whicn 
are  one-storv  buildings,  accommodation  is  pro- 
vided for  foilr  inmates  in  each,  making  a  total 
number  of  1 6  inmates.  A  small  separate  build- 
ing contains  a  large  washhouse  fitted  with 
coppers  f.r  use  of  the  inmates.  The  buildings 
have  been  built  in  local  red  bricks  and  roofed 
with  Broseley  tiles.  The  plinth  of  the  buildings 
has  been  executed  in  stone,  and  the  gables  and 
bay  windows  are  finished  in  roughcast  and  oak- 
timber  quartering.  The  premises  are  finished 
internaUy  in  a  simple  manner,  the  whole  of  the 
rooms  being  plastered,  and  having  wood  floors, 
except  the  scuUeries  and  halls,  which  are  tiled. 
The  buildings  have  been  erected  by  Messrs. 
W  and  A  Forsdike,  of  Sheffield,  from  designs 
and  under  the  superintendence  of  the  architect, 
Mr  Howard  Chatfeild  Clarke,  of  63.  Bi.hopsgate- 
stre'et  Within,  London,  Mr.  R.  Dale  acting  as 
clerk  ot  works. 

Westmixster.  —  The    City     of    Westminster 
Workmen's  Dwellings,  Page-street  and  Regency - 
street,    visited   by   the   Prince    and   Princess   of 
Wales  on  Monday,  consist  ot  three  parnUel  blocks 
—and  some  of  the  tenements  are  already  occupied 
—six  stories  in  height,  including  half-basement 
and  attic   stories,    and   they    have   been  named 
Noifolk  House,  Probyn  House,  and  Jessel  House, 
after  ihe  first  three  mayors  of  the  city.     Between 
the  blocks  are  two  playgrounds,  each  40ft   wide. 
The  exteriors  of  the  buildings  are  faced  with  red 
brick,  with  dressings  of  artificial  stone  o[  a  pale 
buff  tint,  and  cement   ornaments  sparingly  u<ed. 
Inside  the  landings  the  stiircases  have  dadoes  ot 
white  and  blue  tiles.     The  buildings,  which  have 
793  rooms  divided  into  342  tenements,  will  accom- 
modate about  1,600  persons,  and  the  rents  ot  the 
tenements  range  from  3s.  to  4s.  3d.  per  week  for 
one  room,  to   lis    6d.    to   12s    6d    per  week  for 
four  rooms.     The  cost  of  the  land  as  compared 
with  that  less  centrally  situated  in   the   Sletro- 
politan   area,    although   appreciably   lower  than 
market  value,  was  extremely  high   necessitating 
higher  reots  than  would  otherwise  be  fixed,     ihe 
reSts  include   chimney-sweeping  and  the  free  use 
of  vene-.ian    blinds,    baths,    hot-water   suppUes, 
anl  drying-rooms.      The  one,   two,  and   three- 
room  tenemens  have  been  built  on  the  "asso- 
ciated" priaciple— i.e.,  the  sanitary  accommoda- 
tion and  laundr  es  are  shared  by  the  tenants  on 
each  floor.     The  living  rooms  have   an  average 
area  of  154ft.     Every  tenement  is  lighted  on  the 
penny-in-the-s'.ot  system,  aud  cooking  gas-stoves 
are  fixed  in  every  living-room.     On  the  landings 
are    laundties,    with     boilers    and    glazed- ware 
washing-troughs,  and  the  water  supplies  are  also 
on  the  landings.     Toe  cost  of  the  land  and  the 
building   has   been   £95,000,   and  the  rents  wiU, 
after  providing  for  a  sinking   fund,   give  a  net 
return  on  the'  expenditure  of   3f   per  cent,  per 
annum.     Messrs.  Josephs  and  Smithem  are  the 
architects. 


The  annual  report  of  the  Shap  Granite  and 
Pa'ent  Concrete  Co.,  presented  at  the  annual  meet- 
ing at  Penrith  yesterday  (Thursday),  shows  a  loss 
on  the  year's  working  of  £387.  This  is  chiefly  due 
to  the  decreased  volume  ot  business  and  dimmishea 
profits  at  Shap  Granite  Quarry. 

The  new  reading-rooms  at  Cadoxton,  near  Barry, 
were  opened  on  Wednesday  week.  The  public  por- 
tion consists  of  a  room  3tft.  by  17ft.,  and  on  either 
side  are  the  magazine  and  ladies'  reading-rooms, 
each  isft.  by  14ft.,  with  caretaker's  apartments  at 
the  rear  under  the  public  rooms.  The  rooms  are 
heated  by  hot-water  pipes.  The  style  is  based  upon 
that  ot  the  Tudor  period,  and  the  contract  has  been 
executed  by  Messrs.  Gibby  and  Cleak,  contractors, 
of  Barry  Djck.  The  architects  are  Messrs.  bpeu: 
and  Beavan,  ot  Cardiff. 

The  Bishop  of  Bristol's  Church  Extension  Com- 
mission issued  in  1898  "  to  mquire  into  the  spiritual 
needs  ot  the  city  ol  Bristol  ana  thesuburjs  thereof, 
made  an  appeal  for  £100,000  to  be  raised  in  five 
years.  A',  the  beginning  ot  the  present  year,  tne 
response  to  this  appeal  m  actual  money  had  reached 
tl'OOO  but  grants  and  contributions  brougM  tne 
total  response,  direct  and  indirect,  to  an  amount 
exceeding  £  106,000.  The  work  accomplished  by  the 
commission  inclules  the  se:uring  ot  1..  sites,  eight 
bv  purchase,  costing  £7,530,  and  seven  by  gilt,  the 
valSe  being  over  £5,000.  Ten  churches  or  mission 
chapels  have  been  erected,  providing  over  o.OOU 
sittings,  at  a  cost  ot  £18,000. 


May 


13. 


1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


711 


PBOFESSIONAL   AND   TBADB 
SOOIBTIES. 

EniNKVHOu  AucniTF.CTi'RAi.  Association. — • 
A  largo  company  of  the  members  of  the  Associa- 
tion journeyed  to  Dunfermline  on  Saturday  for 
the  purpose  of  viewing  the  abbey  and  the  new 
Carnegie  baths  and  gymnasium.  At  the  north 
porch  of  the  abbey  the  various  changes  of  style 
in  the  group  were  explained  by  llr.  llippolyte 
J.  Blanc,  R.S.A.,  of  Edinburgh,  who  ventured 
the  opinion  that  the  generally  assigned  date  ot 
1070  could  scarcely  be  supported,  in  view  of  what 
was  known  to  have  been  the  practice  in  architec- 
ture in  Scotland  at  that  time.  He  pointed  to 
several  details  as  bearing  evidence  of  the  structure 
belonging  to  the  early  part  of  the  r2th  century. 
Special  attention  was  drawn  to  the  doorway 
newly  opened  out  in  the  suuth  wall,  Mr.  Blanc 
remarking  that  from  the  capitals  it  doubtless 
formed  one  of  the  accesses  to  the  cloister  of  the 
original  abbey  buildings,  and  expressing  the  hope 
that  the  doorway  would  be  fully  opened  out.  As 
to  the  two  niches  in  the  north  porch,  Jlr.  Blanc 
thought  they  were  not  likely  to  have  been  placed 
as  holy-water  vessels,  as  was  so  often  assumed, 
but  to  have  been  recesses  cut  into  the  wall,  prob- 
ably for  the  accommodation  of  offertory  plates. 
The  party  were  afterwards  conducted  by  Mr. 
Blanc  over  the  baths  and  gymnasium,  of  which 
he  is  the  architect. 

JuNioa  SuKvEvoKs. — At  the  annual  general 
meeting  of  the  junior  members  of  the  Surveyors' 
Institution,  held  at  Great  George-street  on 
Monday,  Slay  9,  Mr.  W.  J.  Walker,  the  secre- 
tary, resigned  on  reaching  the  age  limit.  Mr. 
Sydney  A.  Smith,  F.S.I.,  gold  and  silver  medal- 
list, of  22,  Chancery-lane,  was  appointed  in  his 
place.  At  the  ordinary  meeting  which  followed, 
a  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  Smith  on  "  The  Junior 
Surveyor,"  to  a  large  audience. 


CHIPS. 

The  British  Uralite  Co.  announce  a  competition 
open  to  architectural  draughtsmen  for  the  best 
original  designs  and  suggestions  for  fixing  their 
speoiaUty.  Full  particulars  will  be  found  in  our 
advertisement  columns,  and  as  the  prizes  are  sub- 
stantial in  value,  we  have  little  doubt  that~the 
competition  will  evoke  considerable  interest. 

At  the  last  mseting  of  the  town  council  for 
Bromley,  Kent,  a  special  committee  reported  that 
it  was  proposed  to  invite  six  architects  to  submit 
designs  for  a  free  library.  They  had  selected  six 
gentlemen,  all  of  whom  had  local  knowledge  or 
particular  experience  in  designing  Ubrary  buildings, 
and  the  committee  proposed  to  pay  an  honorarium 
of  20  guineas  to  each  competing  architect  sub- 
mitting a  design  in  accordance  with  the  instructions ; 
it  was  also  proposed  to  appoint  an  architect  of 
established  reputation,  nominated  by  the  president 
of  the  Royal  Institution  of  British  Ajchitects,  to  act 
as  assessor  in  the  competition  at  a  fee  of  50  guineas. 
After  some  discussion  the  report  was  adopted. 

On  Saturday  afternoon  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie 
opened  a  new  free  public  library  which  he  has 
built  for  the  town  of  Kettering  (from  plans  by 
Mr.  H.  Langton  Goddard,  M.A.,  A.R.I.B.A.,  of 
Market-street,  Leicester),  at  a  cost  of  £8,000,  and 
the  new  municipal  electric  light  works  and  refuse 
destructor. 

Preliminary  steps  are  being  taken  for  the  building 
of  another  wmg  at  the  back  of  Writers'  Buildings, 
Calcutta,  for  the  accommodation  of  Government 
officials.  This  will  complete  the  original  scheme 
drawn  up  by  Mr.  E.  J.  Martin,  F.R.I.B.A.,  for  the 
Bengal  Secretariat. 

The  Chantrey  Trustees  have  purchased  three 
works  from  the  present  Academy  Exhibition  ;  Mr. 
Napier  Hemy's  "  London  River,"  Mr.  Arthur 
Wardle's  animal  picture  "Fate,"  and  Mr.  Henry 
Pegram's  sculptured  group  "  Sibylla  Patidica." 

The  eighth  annual  distribution  of  prizes  and 
certificates  to  the  students  of  the  evening  classes 
and  day  colleges  ot  the  South-Western  Polytechnic, 
Clielsea,  took  place  on  Friday  night.  The  occasion 
was  taken  for  the  formal  opening  by  Earl  Cadogan 
of  the  new  buildings,  which  include  a  great  hall, 
advanced  cookery  class-room,  bricklayers'  work- 
shop, plasterers'  workshop,  photographic-rooms, 
refreshment-room,  and  extensions  to  the  mechanical 
and  electrical  laboratories. 

Faculties  "have  been  granted  to  the  lay  rector,  the 
rector,  and  the  churchwardens  of  the  old  church  at 
Guisborough  to  reroof  the  chancel,  to  remove  the 
present  east  window,  and  to  form  a  new  flve-light 
east  window.  New  chancel  stalls  will  be  provided, 
a  new  western  doorway  and  inner  porch,  a  new 
floor  and  gallery  for  the  bell  ringers,  with  altera- 
tions to  the  tower.  The  operations  will  be  com- 
menced at  once. 


TO    OOBBESPONDENTS. 

[We  do  not  hold  ourselves  responsible  for  the  opinions  ol 
our  correspondents.  All  communications  should  be 
drawn  up  as  briefly  as  possible,  as  there  are  many 
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is  not  unfrequentljf  otherwise  caused.  All  drawings  and 
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unsought  contributions. 

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The  Stband  Newspapke  Company,  Limited. 

Telegraphic  Address  :— "  Timeserver,  London." 
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Corresponlrettct 


R.I.B.A.   COUNCIL   ELECnONS. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 

Sill, — I  have  read  Mr.  Beresford  Pile's  com- 
munication which  appeared  in  the  Bu\hhr  of 
May  7.  In  sum  and  substance  this  letter  would 
appear  to  be  a  condemnation  of  the  custom  of 
canvassing  members  of  the  Institute  in  favour 
of  particular  candidates  for  Council. 

'i'hrough  this  translucent  form  of  condemna- 
tion the  most  casual  reader  will  perceive  an  un- 
blushing appeal  in  favour  of  candidates  who  are 
"  not  earnest  advocates  of  one  particular  policy." 
Amongst  such  candidates  Mr.  Pite  is,  of  course, 
included.  Gnly  once  before  in  the  history  of  the 
Institute  has  such  a  personal  appeal  for  votes 
been  made  by  any  particular  candidate.  Here 
surely  is  canvassing  out-canvassod.  Mr.  Pite 
has  Founded  !<■  ilrriilcr  en  in  electioneering  tactics. 
In  alluding  contemptuously  to  "planks"  and 
"  platforms,"  the  professor  seems  to  forgot  that 
ho  himself  has    unsuccessfully  "stumped"  the 


provinces  on  the  A nti- registration  "  ticket," 
leaving  the  allied  societies,  at  least  such  of  them 
as  consented  to  hear  his  views,  with  the  same 
opinions  as  they  previously  held. 

The  general  r^ualifications  which  membera  of 
council  should  possess  are  not  necessarily  denied 
to  those  who  may  ba  earnest  advocates  of  the 
particular  policy  which  Mr.  Pite  regards  as  form- 
ing a  minor  part  of  the  work  of  the  Council, 
which,  by  the  way,  should  not  be  an  ideal- 
istic assemblage,  inert  in  a  crustaceous  covering 
of  doubtful  dignity,  but  a'  body  politic  formed 
first  and  chiefly  to  deal  with  affairs. 

Without  hope  of  ever  reaching  that  high  level 
of  ingeniously  ingenuous  canvassing  to  which 
Mr.  Pite  has  attained,  I  nevertheless  make  an  un- 
sophisticated appeal  to  the  electors  to  vote  for 
such  candidates  as  have  declared  their  intention 
to  carry  into  effect  without  delay  the  very  and 
most  particular  policj'  of  the  statutory  Registra- 
tion of  qualified  architects. — I  am,  &c.. 

May  7.  Bvtlek  Wilsox. 


STATUTORY  QUALIFICATION  AND  THE 
R.I.B.A. 

Siu, — In  view  of  the  circular  letter,  dated  5th 
inat.,  issued  in  the  name  of  "  The  London  Com- 
mittee of  Members  of  th^  R.I.B.A.  for  promoting 
the  Statutory  Qualification  of  Architects,"  with  a 
list  of  names  approved  by  that  committee  as 
candidates  for  election  to  the  council  of  the 
K.I.B.A.,  will  you  kindly  permit  me  space  in  the 
BuiLDiNci  News  to  state  that,  although  my  name 
is  included  in  that  list,  and  although,  as  I  at 
present  view  the  subject,  I  am  in  favour  of  the 
principle  of  Statutory  liualification,  I  am  never- 
theless under  no  pledge  to  any  person  or  party, 
and,  as  to  the  future,  I  reserve  absolute  freedom 
of  action  and  discretion  in  dealing  with  the 
subject  ? 

In  any  case  it  appears  to  me  much  to  be 
regretted  that  this  question  should  have  been 
raised  as  a  party  cry  in  the  election  of  the  Council 
at  this  time,  and  in  advance  of  the  report  which 
we  are  awaiting  from  the  committee  of  the 
R.I.B.A.  upon  it.  I  would  add  that,  had  I 
known  beforehand  the  nature  of  the  circular 
letter  as  issued  and  expressed,  I  would  on  no 
account  hare  permitted  my  name  to  appear  in  it. 
— I  am.  Sec,  Wm.  H.  Atkin  Berrv. 

23,  Old  Broad-street,  London,  E.G.,  May  11. 


Sir, — I  find  that  my  name  appears  in  a  list  of 
candidates  issued  to  members  of  the  R.I.B.A.  by 
the  London  Committee  of  Members  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects  for  the  Statutory 
Qualification  of  Architects.  Will  you  kindly 
allow  me  the  space  to  say  that  I  have  no  con- 
nection with  this  committee,  and  that  I  dis- 
approve of  its  methods  of  procedure  ':  So  far  as  I 
am  concerned,  I  trust  that  members  will  vote  for 
the  men  whom  they  consider  best  fitted  to 
advance  the  interests  of  the  Institute,  whether 
their  names  are  included  in  the  circular  referred 
to  or  not. — I  am,  &c.,  Jofix  W.  Simpsox. 

3,  Verulam  Buildings,  Gray's  Inn,  W.C. 


Sir, — I  shall  be  much  obliged  if  you  will  put 
in  this  week's  issue  this  letter  and  the  accom- 
panying copy  of  another  letter  I  have  written  to 
Mr.  W.  tiillbee  Scott.  I  received,  probably  in 
common  with  every  member  of  the  Institute,  a 
letter  from  Mr.  W.  Gillbee  Scott,  asking  me  to 
sign  a  certain  circular  authorising  my  name  to  be 
put  in  a  list  of  candidates  for  election  to  the 
Council.  As  I  think  such  an  action  on  the  part 
of  the  committee  most  unadvisable,  I  declined  to 
agree  to  this,  although  I  am  an  ardent  supporter 
of  the  statutory  qualification  of  architects.  I 
think  it  a  great  error,  in  the  present  stage  of  the 
discusiion  of  this  important  subject,  that  such  a 
letter  as  Mr.  W.  Gillbee  Scott  proposed  should  be 
sent  out,  and  I  have  kiken  up  the  position  as 
shown  in  accompanying  letter,  whether  I  am 
again  elected  on  the  Council  or  not.  There  being 
two  sides  to  this  question,  I  shall  be  obliged  if 
you  will  publish  these  letters. — I  am,  &c., 

Cins.  IIe.vthcotk. 

ij4.  Cross-street,  Manchester,  May  5. 

[Copy.] 

W.  O.  Scott,  Esq.. 

»5,  Bedford-row,  W.C.  Ma^  3,  1;1J4. 

Dear  8m,— Replying  to  your  letter  of  .-Vpnl  '2S,  I  am 
an  ardent  supporter  of  the  principle  of  compulsory 
examination  prior  to  a  nlfin  being  quftlirtt?d  to  pnctiso  as 
an  arcliitect.  This  is  at  preatMit  called '*  It  ?gistration." 
I  am  distinctly  in  favour  of  the  statutory  qualitication  of 
arcliiteots.  But  whilst  reiterating  this,  and  acting  in  the 
Council  to  the  best  of  my  ability  to  carry  the  proposal 


712 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Mat  13,  1904. 


iuto  efftct  T  do  not  consider  the  action  of  the  independent 
•■London  Committee,"  of  which  you  are  the  honorary 
secretary,  is  such  as  to  strengthen  our  hands  on  the 
Council  There  are  many  members  of  thnt  Institute 
Council  whose  abilities  have  deservedly  gained  them  their 
-minent  positions  as  architect-!,  whose  opinions  are  known 
to  have  1  ecently  been  strongly  opposed  to  the  llegistra- 
tionisls,  but  who  have  given  pitient.  careful,  and  un- 
biassed attention  to  our  opposite  views,  and  have  agreed 
with  us  in  the  advisability  of  something  being  done  to 
improve  the  status  of  architects. 

To  fully  discuss  this  important  matter  the  Council,  as 
you  know  was  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  representitives 
from  every  allied  society.  At  the  very  full  meeting  of 
this  augmented  Council-committee  the  subject  was  treated 
by  every  side  in  a  liberal,  business-like,  level-headed 
manner,  and  many  presumed  differences  seemed  to  vanish 
on  being  touched.  It  will  be  a  thousand  pities  if  an 
outside  society  endeavours  to  force  the  pace.  As  a 
Eegi8tratioi.ist,  I  deprecate  your  suggestion.  The  work 
done  already  by  the  present  men  is  excellent.  If  actual 
Eegistration  be  not  the  immediate  outcome,  it  is  already 
assured  that  the  status  of  the  profession  will  be  much 
raised  in  the  early  future. 

I  fully  appreciate  th."  m  //•/'  of  your  committee,  and 
know  you  have  only  the  best  interests  of  the  profession 
at  heart.  You  consider  your  proposed  course  of  action 
is  the  right  one  to  pursue.  It  is  in  this  I  beg  to  disagree 
with  you.  If  such  procedure  be  carried  through  it  will 
lesult  in  splitting  the  profession  into  two  hostile  camps, 
disadvantageous  to  any  idea  of  "improved  status"  or 
anything  else  worth  having.  I  ask  you  in  all  sincerity 
to  reconsider  this  proposil,  and  to  give  the  present 
Council  -  committee  at  least  the  credit  for  earnest, 
thoughtful,  honourable  consideration  of  a  very  difficult 
subject. 

I  am  personally  unable  ft)  go  further  with  you  than 
indicated  in  this  letter,  and  beg  to  remain. 

Yours  faithfully, 

Charles  Heatuc'Otk. 


Jntatommuttication, 


Q  ussTioys. 

[12055.]— Wall.— A.  builds  a  house  on  his  own  land  a 
little  distance  from  the  road,  and  builds  a  fence  wall  from 
house  to  road.  The  owner  of  the  land  joining  his 
builds  a  house  at  right  angles  to  his,  and  makes  a  garden 
abutting  to  A.'s  flank  and  fence  wall,  later  he  builds  a 
shed  against  A.'s  flank  and  fence  walls.  Now  A.  wishes 
to  build  on  his  fence  wall.  How  much  on  each  side  and 
,7/.  .(■  shed  will  be  a  party-wall?  Is  it  still  an  external 
wall  15in.  above  roof  of  shed  ?  Can  any  of  my  fellow  sub- 
scribers state  if  and  when  this  question  has  been  decided  i 
— C.  E. 

[12056.]— Bath  Stone —Would  our  great  friend,  Mr. 
H.  Hems,  or  any  other  ftllow  subscriber,  give  us  some 
rule  to  work  out  the  strength  of  Bath,  Portland,  York, 
and  other  stones  when  fixed  as  corbels,  balconies,  and 
lintels  !-C.  E. 

[12057. 1— Approval  of  Plans  —Given  a  set  of  plans, 
which  the  local  authority  refuse  to  approve,  can  these 
be  sent  for  ■  approval,  say,  to  the  L.G.U.  or  other 
authority  ? — Architect. 


STATUES,    MEMORIALS,    &c. 

Memorial  Monument  at  Eaelestown.— Memo- 
rial monumeat,  to  be  erected  to  the  memory  of  the 
men  who  volunteered  from  Newton-in-Makerfield 
district,  and  which  is  to  be  erected  near  the  Earles- 
town  Town  Hall,  the  design  for  which  was  sub- 
mitted by  Messrs.  Dring  and  Manchester,  archi- 
tects, Exriestown,  and  selected  in  open  competition, 
is  to  he  executed  by  Messrs.  Stott  and  Prescott, 
scu'ptors,  St.  Helens  (their  tender  having  been 
accepted  by  the  committee).  The  memorial  consists 
of  a  massive  granite  base  and  pedestal  in  various 
shades  of  fine-axed  and  polished  Aberdeen  granite, 
and  is  to  be  surmounted  with  a  lite-size  figure  of  a 

man  in  khaki,"  execute!  in  white  Carrara  marble. 


MEPZIIIS. 

[12051.]— Fibrous  Plaster.- 1  should  think  there 
must  be  nearly  50  pages  on  fibrous  plaster  alone  in 
"Plastering,  Plain  and  Decorative,"  by  the  late  Wra. 
Mellar,  of  Battersea,  published,  1897,  by  B.  T.  Batsford, 
High  Holbom,  and  who  may  bring  out  a  new  edition 
some  time  this  year. — Reoent's  Park. 


The  directors  of  Drury-lane  have  appealed 
against  the  sealed  notice  served  on  them  under  the 
Metropolitan  Management  and  Building  Acts 
Amendment  Act  on  the  26th  ult.,  requiring  them 
to  carry  out  certain  structural  alterations  to  the 
building.  Application  is  therefore  being  made  to 
the  First  Commissioner  of  Works  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  an  arbitrator  to  hear  and  determine  the 
appeal. 

Some  4, .500  bricklayers,  masons,  and  labourers 
were  locked  out  in  Vienna  on  Siturday. 

Th?  parish  church  of  All  Saints,  Taynton,  was 
reopened  last  week  by  the  Bishop  of  Lincoln  after 
restoration,  carried  out  from  plans  by  Mr.  H. 
Bailey,  of  Newark.  On  removing  the  whitewash 
and  plaster  from  the  nave  walls,  the  12th-century 
limestone  columns  and  arcades  which  formerly 
opened  into  north  and  south  aisles,  long  since  de- 
stroyel,  were  revealed  in  the  walling.  Messrs. 
Bjwman  and  Son,  of  Stamford,  were  the  builders 
engaged  in  the  restoration. 

The  mayor  of  Norwich  went  down  to  Catton  on 
Tuesday  week,  in  company  with  a  large  representa- 
tion ot  ihe  town  council,  and  formally  inaugurated 
the  new  playing  field,  Waterloo  Park,  and  a  block 
of  artisans'  dwellings  which  the  corporation  have 
erected  as  a  first  experiment  in  the  way  of  muni- 
cipal housing.  The  works  have  been  carried  out 
uii  ler  the  direction  of  Mr.  Arthur  E.  Collins,  the 
city  engineer. 

F.irl  Beauchamp  has  presided  at  a  meeting  held 
in  the  ttuildhall,  Worcester,  in  support  of  the  move- 
ment set  on  foot  for  providing  a  new  church  for 
the  parish  of  St.  Martin.  The  church  is  to  provide 
accommodation  for  SCO  worshippers.  The  estimated 
cost  IS  .tl  1  ,(100,  about  one-hall  of  that  amount  being 
already  subscribed  or  promised,  and  the  site 
JroTided. 


LEOAI.  INTEIiLiaENOB. 

Costs  of  Reinstatement  of  Roads  Broken  uf. 
—New  Rivee  Comfany  v.  Westminster  City 
Council.— Judgment  was  given  in  the  King's  Bench 
Court,  on  Monday,  by  the  Lord  Chief  Justice,  Mr. 
Justice  Wills,  and  Mr.  Justice  Kennedy,  in  an 
appeal  by  the  New  River  Company  upon  a  case 
stated  by  Mr.  R.  W.  Bros,  metropolitan  magistrate. 
The  question  raised  was  whether  the  respondents 
were  entitled  to  recover  from  the  appellants  as  ex- 
penses in  reinstating  trenches  opened  in  a  street  for 
the  purposes  of  the  appellants  an  extra  charge  by 
way  of  percentage  for  superintendence  of  the  work 
in  addition  to  the  charges  which  they  had  actually 
paid  to  the  contractors.  The  appellants  contended 
that  on  the  true  construction  of  section  lU  ot  the 
Metropohs  Management  Act,  18.55,  the  respondents 
were  not  entitled  to  make  any  charge  for  super- 
vision or  superintendence,  and  that  the  same  formed 
part  of  the  general  administrative  duties  of  the 
respondents.  <Jq  behalf  ot  the  respondents  it  was 
contended  that  by  virtue  of  section  23  of  the  General 
Paving  Metropolis  Act,  1817 ;  the  Waterworks 
Clauses  Act,  1817;  sections  31,  32,  and  34;  the 
Metropolis  Local  Management  Act,  185.5,  section 
114;  and  the  Metropolis  Management  Act,  1SG2, 
section  82,  the  corporation  were  entitled  to  be  fully 
iniemnified  in  respect  ot  all  the  work  which  they  hid 
to  do  in  carrying  out  the  work  ot  reinstatement. 
The  learned  magistrate  stated  that  he  was  of  opinion 
that  in  law  the  respondents  were  entitled  to  recover 
a  sum  for  expenses  incurred  in  respect  of  the  super- 
vision or  superintendence  of  the  work ;  but  he 
reserved  the  question  of  the  amount  to  which  the 
respondents  were  entitled  in  respect  of  such  super- 
intendence and  supervision,  and  whether  it  should 
be  calculated  on  a  percentage  or  other  basis  pending 
the  opinion  ot  the  High  Court  as  to  whether  the 
respondents  were  legally  entitled  to  make  any  claim 
in  respect  thereof,  the  question  at  issue  being  one 
that  affected  the  whole  of  the  Metropolis  and  the 
corporation  and  bodies  having  statutory  powers  to 
break  up  the  street  therein.  "  Vestry  of  St.  Luke 
V.  North  Metropolitan  Tramways,''  and  "  Walt- 
hamstow  Local  Bjard  v.  Staines"  were  cited  on 
behalf  of  the  appellants.  The  Lord  Chief  Justice  in 
delivering  judgment,  said  the  case  depended  partly 
on  a  question  of  fact  and  partly  on  the  construc- 
tion of  section  114  of  the  Metropolis  Management 
Act,  1855.  At  the  time  that  the  Waterworks 
Clauses  Act,  1847.  was  passed  Michael  Angelo 
Taylor's  Act  (57  Geo  III.  oh.  29),  was  in  force, 
under  which  Act  there  was  no  doubt  but  that  the 
charge  for  supervision  and  superintendence  might 
have  been  made.  It  seemed  to  him  that,  dealing 
with  the  matter  in  a  practical  way,  and  assuming 
that  Michael  Angelo  Taylor's  Act  covered  such  an 
expense  as  the  one  in  question,  section  114  of  the 
Act  of  1855  intended  to  say  that  all  work  properly 
done  in  reinstating  the  street  came  within  the  mean- 
ing of  expenses.  The  magistrate  had  held  that  the 
respondents  were  entitled  to  recover  the  expenses  in 
question,  and,  that  being  so,  he  saw  no  grounds  for 
interfering  with  his  decision.  Mr.  Justice  Wills 
and  Mr.  Justice  Kennedy  agreed  that  the  respon- 
dents' expenses  included  a  reasonable  charge  for 
supervising  the  work  for  the  purpose  of  seeing  that 
it  was  properly  carried  out.  The  appeal  was  dis- 
missed, with  costs,  the  case  being  sent  back  to  the 
magistrate  to  determine  the  question  of  amount. 
The  Court  granted  leave  to  appeal. 

In  re  Isaac  Diamond. — An  application  has  been 
made  for  an  order  ot  discharge  by  Isaac  Diamond, 
who  had  carried  on  business  as  a  timber  merchant, 
at  Brick-lane  and  Bethnal  Green-road,  and  was 
adjudged  bankrupt  on  Nov.  28,  1903.  'The  trustee 
in  the  bankruptcy  reported  that  proofs  for  sums 
amounting  to  £6,091  Us.  4.1.  had  been  admitted, 
and  he  estimated  the  value  of  the  assets  at 
,£2,032  58.  3d.  The  Official  Receiver  reported  that 
the  bankrupt's  assets  were  not  equal  to  10s.  in  the 
£1  on  the  amount  ot  his  unsecured  liabilities  ;  that 
the  bankrupt  had  omitted  to  keep  proper  books  of 
account  disclosing  his  transactions  and  financial 
position  ;  that  he  had  contributed  to  his  bankruptcy 
by  unjustiiiible  extravagance  in  living,  and  various 
statutory  offences.  Mr.  Registrar  Hope  suspended 
the  discharge  for  three  years. 

A  Ratcliffe  Arbitration.— Mr.  Under-Sheriff 
Burchell  and  a  special  jury  at  Red  Lion-square, 


Holborn,  concluded,  on  Wednesday,  the  hearing  of 
the  case  of  "  Henry  Evans  and  Sons  v.  the  London 
County  Council,"  a  claim  for  about  £35,000  as 
compensation  for  the  leasehold  interest  in  extensive 
warehouses  and  stables  in  Butcher  -  row  and 
Medland  -  street,  Ratcliffe,  E.,  required  by  the 
County  Council  for  the  approach  to  Rotherhithe 
Tunnel.  The  claim  was  based  on  the  reinstatement 
principle — that  is,  the  cost  of  accommodating  the 
claimants  in  other  premises  in  the  locality.  It  was 
supported  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Green,  Mr.  Edward  Tewson, 
and  Mr.  E.  H.  Bousfield.  For  the  County  Council 
it  was  contended  that  a  sum  of  about  £15,000  would 
be  adequate  compensation,  evidence  to  that  effect 
being  given  by  Mr.  William  Eve,  Mr.  Samuel 
Walker  (Messrs.  S.  Walker  and  Son),  and  Mr. 
Alexander  R.  Stenning  (Messrs.  A.  R.  and  F. 
Stennin?).  The  jury  awarded  the  claimants  the 
sum  of  £30,375.    The  sealed  offer  was  £16,000. 


CHIPS. 

Tlie  Poplar  Guardians  are  about  to  erect  new 
Poor-Law  Schools  at  Hutton.  They  will  be  almost 
the  largest  in  England,  and  the  estimated  cost  is 
over  £150,000. 

Dandee  Town  Council  have  agreed  to  incrca" 
the  salary  of  their  electrical  engineer  from  £4jO 
to  £500. 

A  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  passed, 
on  Monday,  a  section  of  the  County  Council  (Tram- 
ways and  Improvements)  Bill,  authorising  the 
Council  to  construct  electric  tramways  from  Goose 
Green  along  the  Eist  Dulwich-ioad  to  near  Stuart- 
road,  Peckham  Rye,  and  from  the  authorised  Unejn 
Lordship-lane  to  a  point  opposite  Forest  Kill 
Station. 

The  Bishop  of  Wakefield,  on  Saturday,  opened  a 
side  chapel  at  St.  James's  Church,  Hebden  Bridge, 
which  has  been  built  by  the  parishioners  in  memory 
of  the  late  Canon  Sowden,  who  was  vicar  of  the 
parish  for  thirty-six  years.  The  chapel  occupies  a 
position  on  the  south-east  comer  ot  the  chancel,  and 
the  style  is  in  keeping  with  the  main  structure. 
Three  stained-glass  windows  have  been  placed 
therein  as  memorials. 

Owing  to  the  rapid  growth  of  North  and  South 
Vickeistown,  on  Walney  Island,  it  has  been  decided 
to  build  a  new  church  in  place  of  a  small  mission- 
room.  The  new  church  wUl  accommodate  600 
worshippers,  and  will  cost  about  £6,000. 

An  inspector  ot  the  Local  Government  Board, 
Mr.  A.  A.  G.  Malet,  held  an  inquiry  at  the  Town- 
hall,  Manchester,  on  Friday  into  an  application  by 
the  city  council  for  increased  borrowing  powers  in 
connection  with  municipal  electrical  departments. 
The  council  require  to  borrow  a  sum  of  £135,000, 
and  of  this  £91,490  is  to  be  expended  on  additional 
mains,  £10,000  on  the  development  of  the  motor- 
hiring  scheme,  and  £21,575  on  the  provision  of 
further  lighting  and  traction  purposes  in  the  city 
and  in  several  of  the  adjicent  districts. 

A  monument  is  to  be  erected  near  the  Town-nall, 
Earlestown,  to  the  memory  ot  the  men  who  volun- 
teered from  Newton-in-Makerfield  district  and  who 
took  part  in  the  South  African  War.  The  design  of 
Messrs.  Dring  and  Manchester,  architects,  Earles- 
town, was  selected  in  open  competition,  and  the 
tender  ot  Messrs.  Stott  and  Prescott,  sculptors,  St. 
Helens,  for  the  execution  of  the  monument  has  been 
accepted.  The  memorial  will  have  a  granite  base 
and  pedestal  in  fine-axed  and  polished  Aberdeen 
granite,  and  will  be  surmounted  with  a  life-size 
figure  of  a  "  Man  in  Khaki,"  executed  in  white 
Carrara  marble. 

A  new  Rjman  Catholic  chapel  at  Springfield, 
near  Wigan,  was  opened  last  week.  The  architect 
is  Mr.  Matthew  Honan,  F.R.I. B. A.,  Liverpool: 
and  the  builders  are  Messrs.  J,  Howard  and  Sons, 
of  Wigan.     The  chapel  seats  400  persons. 

The  will  of  Mr.  Moses  Dodd,  of  36,  Belitha- 
villas,  Birnsbury,  agricultural  surveyor,  who  twice 
filled  the  office  of  Master  of  the  Saddlers'  Company, 
has  been  proved,  the  value  of  the  estate  being 
£14,566. 

The  Manchester  Association  of  Engineers  have 
visited  Northwich  to  inspect  the  Anderton  lift  for 
connecting  the  river  Weaver  navigation  with  the 
Trent  and  Mersey  canal— by  which  barges  are  raised 
or  lowered  from  one  navigation  to  another,  through 
a  height  of  50ft.— and  also  the  new  electrically- 
operated  pontoon-supported  swing  bridges  over  the 
Weaver  Navigation  at  Northwich— which  have  been 
specially  designed  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Saner,  M.Inst.  C.E„ 
the  engineer  to  the  Navigation,  to  overcome  the 
difficulties  arising  from  the  constant  liability  to 
surface  subsidences  in  the  district.  The  main  bridge 
weighs  300  tons,  and  underneath  the  centre  of 
gravity  is  a  circular  watertight  pontoon,  which  ie 
submerged,  and  is  capable  of  carrying  250  tons  ;  the 
balance  ot  the  weight  is  carried  on  a  live  ring  of 
rollers,  which  in  turn  are  carried  on  screw  piles.  In 
case  of  subsidences  these  piles  are  capable  of  adjust- 
ment, and  the  roller  path  can  be  kept  level. 


^Iay  13.  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


•  9* 

The  following  resolution,  pissed  some  time  ago 
by  the  Bournemouth  Town  Council  concerning 
their  proposed  municipU  offices  and  town  hall,  is 
80  admirable  and  business-like  that  we  are  at  a 
loss  to  understand  the  change  of  front  which 
recent  events  appear  to  reveal.  It  was  resolved 
on  the  occasion  referred  to,  after  visiting  several 
of  the  most  up-to-date  town  buildings  of  the  kind 
in  England,  "  that  the  most  satisfactory  way  of 
procuring  a  good  design  from  a  competent  archi- 
tect is  by  competition  in  two  stages,  the  second 
restricted  to  six  of  the  competitors  in  the  first 
stage,  one  absolute  essential  being  that  the 
selection  of  the  designs  in  the  first  and  final  stages 
be  left  in  the  hands  of  the  professional  adviser, 
who  should  be  an  architect  of  the  highest 
eminence  in  his  profession  as  well  as  of  the 
public.  The  committee  found  that  where  this 
courfe  had  been  adopted  perfect  sttisfaction  had 
been  given  to  all  partifs."  Mr.  Alderman 
Lawson,  who  is  in  practice  in  Bournemouth  as  an 
architect,  was,  we  understand,  on  this  committee, 
and  has  the  credit  of  having  largely  ascisted  in 
the  adoption  of  this  admirable  resolution,  so  that 
his  influence  no  doubt  can  be  depended  upon  in 
upholding  the  course  thus  determined  (Jn  the 
lepoit  published  by  authoiity  of  the  Jlunicipal 
Buildings  Committee  quite  lately  we  see  that  in 
the  absence  of  Mr.  Lawson  it  was  proposed  that 
the  work  of  designing  the  new  building  in 
question  be  intrusted  t)  I  he  town  surveyor,  Mr. 
F.  W.  Lacey,  assisted  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Mallows,  at 
a  cost  of  £70,000.  The  terms  proposed  to  be  paid 
were  alluded  to  but  not  stated,  though  we  have 
been  informed  that  considerably  less  than  the 
usual  scale  of  charges  are  suggested.  Mr.  Lacey 
is  now  preparing  designs  for  a  large  pavilion  in 
the  town,  and  it  is  uncertain  how  far  that  build- 
ing will  supply  the  need  of  a  to  wn  hall.  Till  that 
has  been  ascertained  the  above  proposal  has  been 
left  over  for  further  consideration.  Naturally 
much  disappointment  is  felt  among  the  architects 
interested  at  the  turn  things  are  taking.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  they  will  be  speedily  reassured. 

The  Bishop  of  Peterborough  and  Lord  Lilford 
heard  an  appeal  for  £5,500  towards  meeting  the 
cost  of  the  restoration  of  Fotheringhay  church.  It 
is,  they  remark,  not  only  a  magnificent  specimen 
of  Perpendicular  architecture,  but  it  was  for 
many  years  connected  with  the  Royal  House,  and 
contains  the  tombs  of  Edward  and  Richard, 
Dukes  of  York,  thus  enshrining  memories  of 
Agineourt  and  of  the  Wars  of  the  Roses.  Fother- 
inghay Castle  also  witnessed  the  last  days  and 
death  of  Mary  (^ueen  of  Scots.  The  church  is 
now  in  a  state  which  threatens  to  become  ruinous 
The  stonework  has  in  many  places  split  and 
perished,  and  the  roofs  have  only  been  prevented 
from  falling  in  by  the  erection  of  a  supporting 
scaffolding  within  the  church.  Sir.  Temple 
Moore  estimates  the  expense  of  repiir  at  about 
£7,000. 

Mr.  Edward  S.  Dodc;si>x,  writing  from 
Bayonne,  saj  s  that  oc  the  outside  of  the  chapel 
of  St.  Joseph,  the  third  of  the  apsidal  chapels  on 
the  north,  on  walking  to  the  eastern  extremity  of 
the  cathedral  of  Bayonne  fiom  the  northern 
transept,  there  has  lately  been  found  one  of  the 
original  crosses  of  the  13th  century,  carved  there 
on  the  occasion  of  the  consecration  of  the  building 
under  English  rule.  All  the  other  consecration 
crosses  have  disappeared  ia  the  process  of  restoring 
the  surface  of  the  walls,  and  this  one  had  not  been 
noticed  by  M.  Albert  St.  Vanne,  the  architect 
who  is  now  conducting  the  restoration  of  the 
cloisters.  An  inscription,  in  the  (iascon  language 
and  in  Gothic  letters,  has  lately  been  recovered 
from  the  stables  o  t  the  bishop's  palace.  It  com - 
memora'es  tlio  building  of  a  portion  of  the 
southern  bell-tower  of  the  cathedral  in  1505,  and 
had  been  quite  forgotten. 

TicE  President  of  the  Board  of  Education,  the 
Marquess  of  Londonderry,  K.U.,  has  appointed 
a  departmental  committee  to  inquire  into  the 
present  working  of  tlie  Royal  College  of  Science, 
including  the  (School  of  Jlines,  to  consider  in 
what  manner  the  staff,  together  with  the  build- 
ings and  appliances  now  in  occupation,  or  in 
course  of  construction,  may  be  utilised  to  the 
fullest  extent  for  the  promotion  of  higher  scientiKc 
studies  in  conne<;;ion  with  the  work  of  existing 
or  projected  institutions  for  instruction  of  the 
same  character  in  the  Metropolis  or  elsewhere  ; 
and  to  idpoit  on  any  changes  which  may  be 
desirable  in  order  to  carry  out  such  recommenda- 


tions as  they  may  make.  Sir  Francis  Mowatt, 
(i  C.B.,  is  chairman  of  the  committee  ;  and  Mr. 
J.  C.  ti.  Sykes,  assistant  secretary  in  the  branch 
of  the  Board  which  deals  with  evening  schools, 
technology,  and  higher  edScation  in  science  and 
art,  has  been  appointed  secretary  to  the  com- 
mittee. The  London  County  Council  is  repre- 
sented on  the  committee. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Department  of  Public 
Works  for  the  State  of  New  S  mth  Wales  has 
just  been  presented  to  the  LegisUtive  Assembl}'. 
The  gross  expenditure  for  the  year  amounted  in 
round  numbers  to  £143,000,  the  largest  items 
being  £1,730,000  for  the  Darling  Harbour  re- 
servations, £712,300  for  roads  and  bridges, 
£1)50,000  for  railway  construction,  and  £327,000 
for  harbours  and  r'vers,  £218,000  for  county 
water  supply,  and  £138,000  for  sewerage  con- 
struction. At  the  close  of  the  financial  ye^r  the 
number  of  contracts  in  progress  was  51i,  carrying 
liabilities  to  the  amount  of  £282,032  63.  5d.  The 
engineer-in-chief,  Mr.  Deane,  reports  that  t»o 
new  railway  lines  have  been  completed  during  the 
year,  viz. ; — Dubbo  to  Coonamble,  95  miles ; 
and  Culcairn  to  Germanton,  16  miles.  This  is  a 
total  length  of  111  miles  of  new  line,  and  the 
total  length  of  the  lines  in  the  Stati  is  now  3,137 
miles.  Both  these  lines  ara  of  the  Ight  con- 
struction type,  ballasted  with  eaith,  and  unfenced. 
They  were  carried  out  by  day-labour,  wiih  the 
exception  of  station  buildings  and  the  supply  of 
materials.  A  number  of  tramways  have  also 
been  constructed,  and  others  are  in  course  of 
completion. 

The  Government  architect,  Mr.  W.  L.  Vern-n, 
rpp.Tts  that  during  the  year  the  erection  of  a 
number  0!  importint  buildings  has  been  com- 
pleted, the  principal  of  which  nre  : — Crown  Law 
Offices,  additions ;  Customs  Hous^,  additions ; 
Darlinghurst  Court  House,  additions  ;  (iuarantine 
Station,  additions ;  new  Post  and  Telegraph 
Office,  Newcastle ;  Benevolent  Asylum,  Rook- 
wood,  additions  ;  new  Court  House,  Braid  wood  ; 
Couit  House,  Cootamundra.  additions  :  new  Court 
House,  M  iree  ;  new  Court  House,  Wagga  Waggi; 
station,  Norfolk  Island,  Pacific  Cable  Board. 
Owing  to  the  nece  sity  for  keeping  down  expendi- 
ture, very  few  works  of  importance  have  been 
entered  into,  and  for  the  same  rea-ion  the  strictf st 
economy  has  been  exercised  in  all  repiirlng  works 
carried  out  through  the  year.  Mr.  Vernon  points 
out  the  unwisdom  of  not  providing  sufficient  funds 
to  properly  maintain  the  Government  buildings 
throughout  the  Stat?.  The  principal  works  com- 
menced through  the  year  wer-s  the  new  Inebriate 
Insli'ution,  Hawk^sbury  River  ;  the  new  Female 
Prison  and  Penitentiary,  Long  Bay ;  the  new 
"Fisher"  Library,  and  the  Prince  Alfred 
Hospital  pavilions,  all  of  which  are  being  erected 
by  day-labour.  As  the  question  of  economy  has 
had  to  be  so  largely  considered  in  the  carrying 
out  of  the  new  works,  special  atttn'ion  has  been 
given  in  designing  the  buildings  with  architec- 
tural simplicity,  while  at  the  same  time  insuring 
their  suitability  for  the  purposes  required  and  the 
climatic  conditions  of  the  districts  in  which  they 
are  built.  Bridges  :  Sixty-eight  new  highway 
bridges,  including  Cileba  Island  Bridge,  were 
completed  and  opened  for  traffic  during  the  year. 
Of  these,  forty  replaced  old  or  destroyed  bridges, 
whilst  twenty-eight  were  on  entirely  new  sites. 
The  number  of  bridges  now  in  the  State,  of  20ft. 
span  and  over,  is  3,440,  with  an  overall  length 
equal  to  about  62  miles.  At  the  end  of  the  year 
there  were  thirteen  structures  in  progress  esti- 
mated to  cost  £34,274. 

The  teak  forests  of  Burma  yielded  ia  1902-3 
a  surplus  to  the  Stite  of  37'  lakhs  of  rupees. 
The  Bverage  value  of  the  teak  expirted  from 
Burma  during  the  year  is  offi;iaIly  reported  as 
S3'8  rupees  per  ton.  The  for  stry  d-partment 
appears  to  be  undermanned,  for  up  to  the  end  of 
1903  in  the  whole  province  working  plani  have 
been  made  and  sanctioned  for  only  12A  per  cent, 
of  the  total  area  of  reserved  forests,  which  now 
cover  19,708  square  miles,  9S3  square  miles 
having  been  added  in  1902-3.  The  great , and 
iinpiii'tant  problem  of  fire-protection  is  still  tax-ng 
the  powers  of  the  administrative  authorities. 
Protection  was  ordered  by  the  Eorcst  Conservancy 
Hjpartment  for  no  less  than  '1,744,652  acres,  atid 
quite  a  quarter  wis  burnt.  The  total  cost  was 
2,15,141  rupees,  representing  an  increase  over 
the  previou'i  year  of  47,124  rupees. 


UEETINQS  FOR  THE  ENSXTINO  WEEK. 

Fhidav  tTo-OAv). — Architectural  Association.  .Manual 
Members'  Dinner  at  the  Criterion  Ke- 
staurant,  Piccadilly-circtu.  7  for7.3)p.ill. 

Satdrdav  (To-hobrow). — Municipal  Surveyors'  Associa- 
tion. Meeting  at  Yor'i.  P)ip?r  by  A. 
Creer,  City  Eo^neer.  on  "  Sewerage  and 
Sewftge  Disposal  of  York."    11  a.m. 

8t.  Paul's  E'-cleaiological  Society.  Visit 
to  Lambeth  Pjlace  under  [guidance  of 
S.  W.  Ker.<huw,  F.S..i.    3  pm. 

MosDAT.— Royal  Institute  of  British  Architect*.  ''The 
Planning  of  Collegiate  Buildings,"  by 
the  Rev.  .1.  B.  Lock,  MA.    «  p  m. 

Surveyors'  Institution.  "  L/indon 
Streets  and  Street  Tratti;,"  by  Thomas 
Blaahill.  F.S  I.    8  p.m. 

Society  of  Arts.  "  Pewter,  and  the 
Revival  of  its  Use,"  by  Lazenby  Liberty. 
8  p.m. 

TcESDAv,— Edinburgh  Architectnral  Association.  Visit 
to  Metro  le  and  Darwick  Tower. 

Tacasi.AV.— Society  of  Architeets.  "  Sozai  E.iamples  of 
Italian  Architecture."  by  the  Rev. 
Newton  Mant.  M  A  .  F.S.A.,  SUple  Ion 
Buildings  South,  Holborn.    8  pm. 

Satuboav  i'Mav  211.— Eainburgh  Architectural  Associa- 
tion. Visit  to  Fordell  Castle  and  Old 
Garden. 


THE  SOCIETY  OF  ARCHITECTS. 
founiled  IR'*!  Incorporatf.!  ISW.  St»nle  Inn-bui  dinee. 
Holbnrn,  WC  Telofi-rama:  "Crypt,  rondon""  T-'lephone.  is^i 
HMhrtrn.  The  nextQUALIFVIVG  EXA.M[N\TION  forUEMBER- 
SHIP  will  be  held  in  OCTOBER.  I'J'4. 

C.  McaRTHCR  butler.  Secretary. 


Crabe  ©ebjs. 


'WAGES    MOVEMENTS. 

Alloa  Mason's. — On  Siturday  evening  a  meeting 
of  the  United  Operative  Masons'  Asso:iation  of 
Scotland  (Alloa  and  Tillicoultry  Lodges)  was  held  to 
consider  the  proposed  suggestion  of  the  masters  on 
the  expiry  of  the  present  agreement  to  reduce  the 
wages  ot  the  operatives  from  91.  to  sid.  per  hour. 
It  was  agreed  that  the  proposed  reduction  should  be 
resisted,  and  a  deputation  was  appointed  to  meet 
with  a  deputation  of  the  masters,  and  a  joint 
conference  is  to  take  place  to-morrow  (Saturday.) 

Belfast. — The  dispute  tretweeu  Belfast  joiners 
and  the  Master  Builders'  Association,  which 
threatened  to  develop  into  a  serious  crisis  in  the 
local  building  trade,  was  satisfactorily  settled  on 
Friday.  The  masters  have  withdrawn  the  notice 
for  a  reduction  of  Jd.  per  hour. 

DuNDEK  Masons.— A  meeting  of  representatives 
of  masters  and  operative  masons  in  Dundee  was 
held  on  Friday  night  to  consider  the  wages  question. 
It  was  intimated  that,  in  view  of  the  present  state 
of  trade,  the  masters  were  not  prepared  to  renew 
the  present  agreement,  but  that  no  reduction  would 
be  made  meantime. 


Mr.  Stanley  Hawkins  has  been  appointed  borough 
engineer  to  the  newly-formei  town  council  tor 
Bromley,  Kent,  at  a  salary  of  £  15)  a  year. 


Mr.  Eichor  J  S.  Greenough,  the  American  sculptor, 
died  in  Rome  a  fortnight  since,  having  attained  the 
age  of  four  score  and  four  years.  His  chief  works 
were  the  statue  ot  B=!njim-n  Franklin  that  stands 
in  front  ot  the  City  Hill  at  Boston,  Miss.,  anJ  one 
of  Governor  Wmthrop,  recently  removed  from 
S30llay-sq'iare,  Boston,  aai  to  be  set  up  in  the 
grounds  ot  the  First  Church  on  Ciarenion-street. 

Mr.  T.  G.  Jackson,  R.A..  has  been  consultel  as  to 
the  desirability  ot  ramoving  ths  orgin  in  Bath 
Abbey  to  the  north  transept. 

Mr.  Richard  Whitbread,  M.S.A.,  of  Carlton,  near 
Nottingham,  who  has  held  the  appointment  of  sur- 
veyor, in  conjunction  with  private  practice,  for  the 
last  I;')  years  to  the  urban  district  council  of  Carlton, 
relinquishes  the  duties  ou  the  ISth  iast.  "The 
council  having  decided  to  employ  a  whole-time 
surveyor,  Mr.  Haller,  of  G  lisboro',  Yorks,  has  been 
appointed  to  the  ofll'.». 

•-.^ — 

T.  li.  LiSCELLES  aiid  Co., 

121,  Bunhill  Row,  London,  B.C. 

THLBPHONB    Ns.  1365. 

HIGH-CLASS  JOINERY. 

LASCELLES'  CONCRETE. 
Conservatories  &  Greenhouses. 

WOODEN    BUILDINGS. 

BANK,  OFFIOH,  ft  SHOP  FITTINaS. 

CHURCH  BENCHES  A  PULPITS. 

nniLiTMa  oirMS  on  xTrLiOAtios. 


714 


THE    BUILDmG    NEWS.  May  13,  1904. 


LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


£25    _ *. Thomas  McCarthy,  Town  Clerk,  I'rban  Council  Oflices,  Dungarvan  May  16 


Dongarvan- Water  Supply  Scheme  (limit  £3.000) 

^ZiffToo";,^-  """"""■"-S*-  ^'^'''  '^'^"^   <='"•  ^'""'^''  £10  .  ...; The  Eev.  H.  H.  Sargey,  Dudley-road.  Grantham 31 

sSted^Puhiic'£ibrar5;'(iimii'H,000)-(A8s^^^^^^^  £25"(iierged),  £15,  £10    Charles  Atter,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall.  Stamford    31 

^"■^^"^^If-f^'S""^''^"''  '^''"*  °'  ^*'  ^"'■"^"""^  '='**  The  Hon.  Secretary.  Building  Committee,  7,  Chevin-rd.,  -Liverpool..    ..     31 

Bury  St.  Edmunds-Altcratiins  to  Shire  Hall £50.  £30.  £20 A.  Ainsworth  Hunt,  County  Architect  Sudbury,  S^^^^^  ..  July    2 

Riodc  Janeiro— The-' /■?•'"  mn  i:„;.,  i'iuin  or„q  thi-oo  nthpr  Preniiiim.s  The  Com  Intel.  Branch.  Board  of  Trade,  oO,  1  aruament-8t.,  o.  v».. 

Ossett-Town  Hall . 


Bury  St.  Edmunds-A  trrations  to  Shire  Hall £50.  £30.  Jtvio ji.  jim».vu.  il.  xiu^oo,  ^■"""''' ^.'XfVjTlJrTn 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 

4-^ 

BiriLDINGS. 

EiBCa-Twelve  Houses  Eees  and  Case C.  Telford  Evans  Archifect,  8,  Queen-street,  Card^ Mar  14 

Cwmaman— Hall                                                                                                                  T.  Endenck,  Architect,  tlifton-sticet,  Aherdare  „  H 

rinchlcy.  N.-AIterationsat  FireBrig'a'deStabiys'!                       Urban  District  CouncU    The  Surveyor's  Office,  Council  Offices,  Church  End,  Fmchley U 

Totland  Bay- Enlarging  Christ  Church  ^«'^  ?*?"i-  ?' V-?-4:'.;^5"^''°li-    VVV.    ■j'-ff ?; 

Newport.  Mon- Cold  Stores Cardiff  Pure  Ice  &  Cold  Storage  Co...  E.  W.  M.  Coibett.  Architect,  Castle-street,  Cardiff^. 14 

Uanberis-Hydro-EIectric  Generating  Station Bruce  Peebles  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  39  \  ictoria-street,  S.W „  14 

Aviemore- Villa                                                                            G.  Gordon  and  Co.,  Architects,  Inverness .^....    „  14 

Sutton  Coldfleia-Town  Hali  and  Fiie  Station Corporation Mayston  and  Eddifon,  Atchts    7  St.  James-st.,  Bedford^row,  W.C.    „  16 

Carlisle-Additions  to  Irthington  Vicarage    T.  Taylor  Scott,  F.B.I.B,  A.,  Architect,  Lowther-street.CarUsIe 16 

Loughboroush-New  Union  Offices,  Ashby-road   Guardians    W.  T.  Hampson.  Architect,  Ashby-road,  Loughborough            „  16 

Eishworth-Twelve  Through  Houses  E-  Horsf.all  and  Son,  Architects,  22a  t  ommercial-street,  Halifax...     „  16 

Wetheral- Parochial  Offices    Parish  Council    J.  H.  Martindale.  Architect,  \  laduct  Chambers,  Carlisle  .    „  16 

Ferryhill-Eebuilding  Black  Bull  Inn S.  Wilkinson,  Architect.  30.  Mosley-street  >.ewca3tle-on-Tyne „  16 

Abergavennv-Four  Cottages.  Lower  Monk-street Mrs.  Dodd    F.  Baldwin.  Architect,  13.  FrogmorMtreet.  Abergavenny „  IS 

Elgin— Altei'atious  to  150  and  17:1. .  High-street James  Jamieson,  Architect,  51,  High-street  Elgin    ,  16 

Ceme-Eepairs  to  Exterior  of  Workhouse Guardians J.  Feacey,  Surveyor,  Scuth-walks.  Dorchester   .......  ■■■.••■■•■.• Jo 

Eishworth-Twelve  Through  Houses  R-  Horsfall  and  Son,  Architects,  22i.  Commercial-street.  Halifax  ...    „  IG 

Drighlington-Four  Houses    Miss  S.  J.  Liley T.  A.  Buttery  and  S.  B.  Birds,  Architects.  Queen-street  Morley  ...     „  16 

Shrewsbury-Additions  at  Technical  School W.  C.  Eddowes,  Borough  Surveyor,  The  Square  Shrewsbury  „  16 

Denton-Manager's  House  at  Pewage  Works  Urban  District  Council    J.  Barlow,  A.R.I.B.A..  S.  King-street.  Manchester 16 

Eipon- Sulphur  Baths,  Park-street Corporation Samuel  Stead.  Architect,  Victoria  Chambers,  Harrogate      ^ „  16 

Shrewsburv-Addition  to  Technical  School,  Abbey  Foregate W.  Chappie  Eddowes.  Borough  Surveyor.  The  Square,  Shrewsbury    „  16 

Dodsworth-Pnlice  Station  ^  West  Eiding  County  Council J.  Vickers  Edwards.  County  Architect.  Wakehdd   16 

Scnghenydd— Welsh  Church I.J.Thomas.  Wellington  House,  senghenydd,  Wales „  16 

Ebbw  Vale- Outbuildings   Urban  District  Council    T.J.Thomas,  Town  Surveyor,  Ebbw  \  ale 16 

Golcar-Two  Houses.  Swallow-lane Arthur  Shaw.  Architect.  Oolcar  ...  1' 

Letterkenny— Two  Houses.  Poit-road R.  M'CuUagh John  M'Intyre.  Architect.  Letterkenny.... 17 

Shelley— Additions  to  Woolrow  Farm,  Roydhouse J.  Berry,  Architect,  3,  Market-place,  Huddereheld  ....^...... „  li 

Treharris-Twelve  Houses  No.  2  Oakland  Building  Society  Osborne  and  Rees,  Architects,  Shingrig-road,  Nelson,  Glam 17 

Mountain  Ash— Chapel,  High-street T.  W.  Millar.  Architect.  Mountain  Ash   ^ t „  li 

Shelley— Four  Houses    J.  Berry,  Architect,  3.  Market-place.  Huddersfleld IT 

Bromley.  Kent-Cbapel  at  Bromley  Hill  Cemetery Burial  Board  Evelyn  Hellicar,  Architect.  East-street,  Bromley,  Kent 17 

Hayle— Faim  Buildings  at  B,ar  View   8.  Lawrey,  Helnoweth.  Gulval,  Penzance „  17 

Bristol- Additions  to  Warehouse  and  Premises  T.  T.  Chard , H.  Williams,  Architect,  Alliance  Chambers,  Bristol, .^.......^ 18 

Fulham-road,  S.W.-Painting,  Repairs,  &c.,  at  Infirmary St.  George's  Union  Guardians  Thomas  Worlock,  Clerk,  St.  Geoige  s  Hall,  Mount-street,  W „  18 

Chiswick— Alterations  to  2.  Turnham  Green-terrace Urban  District  Council    John  Barclay.  Surveyor.  Town  Hall,  Chiswiok  ........ „  IS 

Famham-Fire  Stoirs  to  Ward  at  Workhouse Guardians Friend  and  Lloyd,  Architects,  Urosvenor-road,  Aldershot „  lb 

Manchester-Sixty-four  Dwellings  and  Two  Shops    Sanitaiy  Committee The  City  Architect,  Town  Hall,  Manchester    „  18 

Slaithwaite — Two  Houses,  Varley-road  Arthur  Shaw,  Architect,  Golcar  19 

New  Elgin— School School  Board  A.  and  E.  M'CuUoch,  Architects,  Elgin ^..... „  li> 

Chelmsford- -Shop  Fronts Star  Co-operative  Society   c.  and  W.  H.  Pertwee,  Architects.  B.vnk  Chambers,  Chelmsford    ...     „  19 

Preston-Countv  Court  Offices    H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey  s  Gate,  b.W „  19 

Denby  Dale— Villa - John  Kirk  and  Sons,  Architects,  Huddereheld 19 

Brighton- Alterations  and  Repairs  at  Finshury-road  School  ...  Education  Committee  T.  Simpson  and  Son,  Surveyors,  17,  Ship-street,  Brighton „  19 

Wareham-Three  Cottages  G.  M.  Mavston    W.  Watts  Fookes,  Architect,  Noith-stieet,  Wareham „  19 

Matlock  Bridge-Additional  Awning Midland  Railway  Co The  Company's  Architect.  Cavendish  House,  Derby 19 

Tormartin— Alterations  to  Rectory  C.  E.  Pouting,  Diocesan  Surveyor,  Marlborough  „  19 

Llandough -House J.  Lloyd  Roach  J.  H.  Thomas,  Surveyor,  Pentwyn.  Llandatt  „  19 

Heckmondwike— Six  Houses.  Princess-street   Industrial  Co-operative  Society,  Ltd.  Henry  Stead.  Architect.  Heckmondwike „  19 

Sheringham- Shop  and  Bake  Office Co-operative  Society T.  Inglis  Goldie,  A.EI.B.A.,  Church-street,  Shermgham  ..^ ,  19 

Cbartham— Repairs  to  Asylum  W.  J.  Jennings,  Architect,  4,  St.  Margaret's-street,  Canterbury „  20 

Cranleigh— Mortuary Parish  Council W.  Smith.  Clerk,  Brookdene.  Cranleigh,  Surrey   ....^ 20 

Croydon-Alterations  to  Drug  Mills Town  Council G.  F.  Carter,  A.M. I.C.E..  Borough  Engineer,  Town  HaU,  Croydon..    „  20 

Goole— House Hy.  Sherwood Henry  Sherwood,  Mount  Pleasant,  Goole „  21 

Sligo— Galvanised  Iron  House    ..  Eural  District  Council M.  F.  Conlon,  Clerk,  Courthouse,  Sligo ...■■ ■■ ,.  21 

Granton— Slater's  Work  over  Various  Buildings Gas  Commissioners   W.  E.  Herring,  M.I.C.E..  New-street  Works,  Edinburgh „  2J 

Selby— Infectious  Hospital  Tennant  and  Bagley,  Architects,  Pontefract  „  2.> 

Chelmsford— Workshops  and  Gymnasium Essex  Industrial  School  Committee  ..  Frank  Whitmore,  Architect.  17,  Duke-street,  Chelmsford 23 

Uanhilleth— PubUc  Hall Workmen'sHalllnstituteCommittce  D.  Lloyd,  Architect,  Llanhilleth 23 

Croydon— Two  Padded  Rooms  at  Infirmary  Guardians F.  West,  Surveyor, '23,  Coombe-road,  Croydon  .^..™...     ,,  23 

Oldham-Market  Hall  Markets  Committee Leeming  and  Leeming.  FF.R.I.B.A.,  117,  Victoria-street,  S.W „  25 

High  Bentham-Wesleyan  Chapel  and  Schools   _ J.  F.  Curwen.  F.R.I.B.A.,  F.S.A.,  26,  Highgate,  Kendal  26 

Bmgley -Boys' Grammar  School  Grammar  School  Trust  Governors  ...  W.  Rhodes  Nunns.  Architect.  Market-street,  Bingley... 26 

Newbum-on-Tyne— Infectious  Diseases  Hospital  Gosforth  Joint  Hospital  Committee..  Thomas  Gregory,  Architect,  Newburn-on-Tyne    2b 

Dromara— Teacher's  Eesidence  The  Secretary,  Parochial  House,  Finnis,  Dromara    27 

Ardee— Eesidence  at  Creevagh   Joseph  G.  M.Keever F.  Shaw,  M.E.I.A.I.,  36,  South  Frederick-street,  Duhlm  -28 

Belfast— Masonic  Hall,  Whiteabbey Building  Committee David  Coote,  6,  Lewis-street,  Belfast 28 

Fulford— Ten  Houses G.  Wood   A.  H.  Everiet,  Architect.  8,  New-street,  York „  28 

Wilpshire-Girls'  Orphanage  Briggsand  Wolstenholme.  Richmond-terrace,  Blackburn^ „  30 

Strand,  W.C— Casual  Wards  and  Receiving  Workhouse Guardians A.  A.  Kekwick.  Architect,  18,  Outer  Temple,  Strand,  W.C „  31 

Cheltenham-Enlarging  Head  Post  Office  H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Gate,  S.W „  31 

Biggleswade-Isolation  Hospital   Joint  Hospital  Board   Henry  Young.  Architect.  Maitland-street,  Bedford „  31 

Bamet-Post  Office H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works J.  Wager.  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Gate,  S.W. ....^.    „  SI 

Fulham.  S.W.— Extension  of  Town  Hall,  Harwood-road Borough  Council    Francis  Wood,  A. M.I.C.E.,  Boro' Eng.,  Town  Hall.  Fulham,  S.W.  June   1 

Eawtenstall— Free  Library,  Haslingden  New-road Corporation James  Johnson,  C.E.,  Boro'  Survtvor.  Municipal  Offices,  Rawtenstall    ,,  2 

Teddmgton— Free  Library  Urban  District  Council    Heni-y  A.  Cheers,  Architect,  35.  Waldegrave-park,  Twickenham  ...     „  4 

Napsbury-Farm  Buildings Napsbury  Asy.  Visiting  Committee..  Walter  Ge...  Austin.  Clerk,  Guildhall,  Westminster,  S.W „  6 

Penzance-West  Cornwall  Hospital,  St.  Clare-street Oliver  Caldwell,  F.R.I.B.A..  Architect,  Victoria-square.  Penzance...     „  9 

Clerkenwell,  E.G.— Mallary  Buildings,  St.  John-street London  County  Council  The  Architect's  Department.  I'.i.  Charing  Cross-road,  W.C^.^. „  14 

Woane-square,  S.W.— Additions  to  Royal  Court  Theatre C.  E.  Lancaster  Parkinson,  A.R.I.B.  A.,  44,  Bedford-row,  W.C — 

Hkley— Eesidence  on  Middleton  Estate  -W  J  Morley  and  Son,  Architects.  Bradford — 

OrpiDgton-Two  Pair  of  Villas  Pitch  and  Co.,  43,  Bedford-row.  W.C — 

Hecfcmgton— Wesleyan  Church  and  Schools A.  E.  Lambert,  Architect,  22,  Park-row,  Nottingham — 

Chepstow-Pair  of  Semi-Detached  VUIas  James  Eowe Swash  and  Bain,  Architects,  Midland  Bank  Chambers,  Newport    ...      — 

Knaresborough— Two  Semi-detached  Villas Wm.  Driffield  Architect,  Borough  Bridge-road,  Knaresborough    ...      — 

Uwehelog-Enlarging  School Lansdowne  and  Griggs,  Architects,  Newport,  Mon — 

Port  Talbot-Customs  House Port  Talbot  Railway  Co E.  Knott,  Secretary,  Port  Talbot — 

ixeter-Laboratones  at  School James  Jerman,  F.E.LB.A.,  1,  Bedford-circus,  Exeter    — 

uury— bt.  Stephen  s  Vicarage D.  Hardman,  Architect,  Agar-street,  Bury,  Lanes  — 

ELEOTRIOAL    PLANT. 

Birkenhead-Exlensioos  to  Feeder  Coiporation W.  Bates,  Borough  Electrical  Engineer,  Craven-street,  Birkenhead  May  14 

Canterbury-Cable  (1,800  yards)    Lighting  Committee The  Engineer,  Electricity  Works,  Canterbury  • }< 

aT    "^     IS'  •■     -i; ■^■••,—: Corporation A.  Bremner,  Boro'  Elec.  Eng.„  Market  Buildings,  Burslem „  14 

Acton,  W -Wiring  New  Isolation  Hospital Urban  District  Council    W.  H.  Trentham,  39,  Victoria-street,  Westminster,  S.W 15 

weatn-tiectnc  Mains Corporation D.  M.  Jenkins,  Borough  Engineer,  GwynHall,  Neath  16 

BriBiol-Alternator , Electrical  Committee   H.  Faraday  Proctor,  City  Elec.  Engineer,  Temple  Backs,  Bristol  ...     „  16 

oi^T^^^h   K  V      o     /-t 1-^ ."—A Corporation Kennedy  and  Jenkin,  Engineers,  17,  Victoria-street,  Westminster 17 

Hr,;^.,^-.;,  'to     o,''''^'^'''''*'*""*'"'^  Station London  County  Council  The  Clerk,  London  County  Council,  Spring  Gardens,  S.W ^ 17 

SteSSrSTo.,;,.^;          ""^ Borough  Council    Q.  Gilbert  Bell,  Electrical  Engineer.  57,  Fulham  Pahice-road,  W. ...    „  18 

BriBhon.P    l^2IS„^  i;; Urban  District  CouncU    T.  L.  Miller  and  Wilson,  Engineers,  19,  Brazennose-st..  Manchester    „  18 

Ajngnouse-Laying  Cables    Corporation Lacey,  Sillar.  and  Leigh,  Engineers,  78,  King-street,  Manchester 19 


May  20,  1904.  THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 715_ 


THE       BUILDING      N  E  W  S  r-  it  was  no  longer  a  matter  of  course  for  a  |  with  the   work   of  his    colleagues."     If  the 

capable  apprentice  and    journeyman   to  be-    profession     assisted     in     this     co-operative 

AND   ENGINEERING   JOUENAL.        j  come  in   due    time   a   master  of  the  craft ;  j  movement,  the  evil  wo  complain   of  would 

vol    LXXXVI— No   25-G  '  t^"   capitalist    master    exercised    increasing   not  be  so  apparent:  we  should  soon  get  a  more 

■  _/         ■      '  ■  ;  authority  within  ttio   guild,    and  turned  its ;  sympathetic  class  of   workers   and  response 

***  '  machinery  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  poorer    from  the  large  firms  connected  with  the  build- 

FRIDAT,  MAY -20,  1901.  members."     Such    was    the   state   of   things  :  ing  trades.  The  metalworker  who  is  responsi- 

I  — —  :  when  the  guild  system  of  the  Middle  Ages  i  ble  for  our  door-handles  or  electric  pendants 

mn-    AT7'rT.iT  T\'   uTTTniTVi'  ^sis  declining   in  the   Ijth  century— it  was  !  and  brackets  would  work  in  the  spirit  of  the 

illJi,  AKilM  ii\  iiUil.UiiMi.  ousted  by  the  workshop.     As  the  workshops   architect's  design;  the  joiner  would  realise 

WE  all  know  the  exceeding  difficulty  of   grew  larger,  the  workman  ceased  to  have  any    the  meaning  of  the  details  supplied  to  him, 
bringing    modern  requirements    into   interest   in  his  production,  and  in  this  way    so  the  plasterer,  thi>  keramic  manufacturer, 
touch  with  architecture.     Every  professional   the  divorce  of  the  artist  and  craftsman  was   the  carver,  and  the  decorator  would,  in  their 
man  has  experienced  the  want  of  correspond-    brought  about.     It  is  necessary  to   turn  to  ,  several  ways,   co-operate    to    join  with   the 
once  and  relationship  between  the  necessities    history    to    discover   how    the   alliance  was   architect  in  making  the  building  a  harmoni- 
of  iron  or  steel  construction  and  the  forms  and   broken,    so   as     to    apply    a    remedv.     The    ous  whole,   instead  of   being   iulluenced  by 
types  of  architecture ;  or,  to  mention  a  more    observation   and    thinking   faculties    of    the   capitalist   tradesmen   who   make    profit   the 
modern   instance,   between  the   fittings   and   artist  -  craftsman     had     no     exercise,     and   chief    aim    of   their   business.     The   reason 
apparatus  of  certain  buildings  and  the  style   naturally  declined,  while  the  masters  of  the    why  modern  trade    products    do  not   corre- 
the  architect  has  selected  for  his  work.     The   trade  devoted  their  time  and  talents  to  effect   spond   with   the   architect's  work   is,  as  we 
fault  is  on  both  sides.  The  common  and  more   a  greater  expedition  of  the  work  by  means   said,   due   to   a   fault    on   both   sides.     The 
perfunctory  way  is  to  hand   over  all  these   of  subdivision  of  labour  and  the  employment   modern    architect     has     not    considered    or 
■essentials  to  the  manufacturer  or  tradesman,  '  of   machinery.      As    pointed    out    also,  the    studied  the  problems  of  the  tradesman,  the 
who,    by    employing    draughtsmen    with    a   abuse  of  drawing  as  an  art  rather  than  as  a    manufacturer,  and   the    engineer ;    and  the 
smattering  of  art,  manage  to  turn  out  designs   means  to   an    end,    helped   to   separate  art   craftsman,  ou  his  part,  has  lost  the  interest 
md  patterns  to  which  the  distinctive  phrase   from  utility.     In   this  way  the   commercial ;  in  his  work,  from  the  control  to  which  he  is 
of   "arf  woodwork,    "art"  metalwork,  or   spirit  became  uppermost,  and  instead  of  the  :  now  subjected  from    his  firm.     By  co-ope- 
"arf  furniture  is  applied.     The  meaning-   art-craftsman  (ve  get  the  modern  tradesman.  :  rating,    each   separate    craft  would  become 
lessness  of  this   adjective  is  obvious  to  all   But   we  cannot  go  back  ;    we  cannot  return  '  stronger  and  more  inlluential ;    be   able  to 
true  artists.     It  means  nothing   more  than   to  the    Medi;i'val    methods    of    production,    dictate  methods,    control   the  taste  of  their 
that   some  mode   of   ornamenting   wood,    or   it  is  true.     JIachine  labour,  commercialism,    employers,   and  ultimately    the   public  cus- 
3netal,  or  other  material  in  accordance  with    competition,    the    demands    for   expeditious   tomer.    In  tho  effort  to  bridge  this  chasm,  to 
historic  precedent,  or  of  making  the  thing   and  forced  production  have  to   be  accepted   bring  the  architect  and  craftsman  together 
attractive  to  the  public  taste,  is  used  without   by    the    modern    architect    and     artist    in   again,  the  advanced  men  in  the  profession  ara 
any  attempt  to  alter  the  conditions  of  manu-   a  true   spirit,   and   he    must   endeavour  to   engaged.     The  large    comrnercial   firm  who 
facture.     Thus,    in    woodwork    designs    for  bring    them   into    line    with    the    require-    supplies  everything,  from  rain-pipes  or  bricks 
■ecclesiastical  fittings  it  was  shown  by  intro-    men ts  of  his  art.  There  is  much  to  regret,  such   to  ironmongery  and  wallpapers,  has  been  the 
ducing  a  sufficient  number  of  stop  chamfers,    as    the    stereotyped    appearance   of   modern   result  of  the  separation.    Mr.  Gilbert  himself 
notches,  quatrefoils,  or  carving,  &c.  ;  in  iron   commercial   arts  due  to  subdividing  labour   remarks:  "  The  want  of  co-operation  of  many 
and  metalwork,  by  casting  grate  stoves  and   and    machine    tools,   which    the    increasing   individuals,   each  working  in  the  same  art, 
fronts   with  clusters  of  pillars  and  capitals,    demand  of  our  time   have   called  for.     Yet   though  in   different    crafts,   upon  the  same 
.and  crocketed  ornaments,  making  the  grate-    this  stereotyped  production  brings  with  it  its    building,  begot  the  clever  draughtsman  and 
front  as  much  like  a  stone  doorway  of  Kith-   own  retribution.     People   begin    to   be  im-    the  exploiting    firm.    Everything  and  Co.. 
century  date  as  it  could  be.     It  is  true  these   patient  of  seeing  their  houses  and   utensils   I^td.     For  self-preservation  and  for  the  sake 
details  are  not  seen    now.     A    better  taste   andfurnitureallcuttoonepattern.andduring   of  their  art,  craftsmen  must  ba,nd  together." 
prevails,      and  -  an     attempt     is     made    to    the  last  few  years  we  have  seen  more  changes    Every  architect  is  aware  how  difficult  it  is  to 
accentuate   the  framing   and   constructional   of  taste  in  architectural  design,  furniture,  and    get  his  designs  properly  executed  with  the 
lines  and    joints,    and   to   depend  more  on   other  productions  than  our  ancestors  saw  in   true  spirit  and  motive  he  desired.   Take  such 
structural  motives.     Though  these  improve-   a  generation  or  two.     We  have  only  to  look   a  simple  thing  as  a   pair    of  wrought-iron 
ments  are  obvious — that  is  in  not  confounding   at  the  costly  catalogues   our  large   firms  of   gates    or    a    lamp    standard.     A    working 
ornaments  derived  from  one  kind  of  material   tradesmen    yearly  bring  out,  illustrative  of    drawing  is  placed  into  the  hands  of  the  con- 
with  another — the  mistake  is  continued  of  at-    new    designs  for  metalwork,   ironmongery,    tractor.     The  work    turned    out  is  nothing 
tempting  to  make  a  thing  artistic  by  adding   keramic  decoration,  internaldeooration,  and   like  the  architect's  design ; --all  the  life  and 
something  to  it,  instead  of  leaving  art  to  be   the  like,  to  discover  the  increasing  demand   spii-it  is  gone ;  there  is  nothing  but  a  me- 
evolved  from   the  construction   itself.     The   for    variety  in    design  in  every  conceivable   chanical  reproduction  of  it.     The  workman 
word   "art,"   and  its   adjective,    "  artistic,"  ,  material.     What    does   this    indicate  but   a   employed    has    not    had    the    training    in 
are  greatly  misused.     The  ordinary  English-   growing  distaste  for  conventions  which  have   art  ;     he    has    been    denied    a    free   hand 
man  regards  art  as  some  sort  of  accomplish-    no    longer    any  real    meaning— a   tentative    in  using  his    own    discretion,    or   in    vary- 
ment  or  process  of  decoration  by  which  an   movement  towards  a  more   honest    art  ex-   ing   here    and    there    from    the    architect's 
object,   no  matter  what   it  is,  can  be  made   pression  ?      Machine    production    has    to  be    drawing  when  it  wag  desirable  to  do  so :  but 
pleasing  or  artistic;  he  thinks  it  can  be  applied   faced  by  the  artist.     Is  it    not    possible  to   if  he  had  been  tr.ained  under  the  guidance 
like  a  coat   of  paint  or  a  wallpaper,  to  any  \  make  it  an  instrument  for  better  design  than    of  a  guild  of  his  trade,  or  had  boon  brought 
portion  of  a  building  or  piece  of  furniture,  or   we  have  been  accustomed  to  see ':"  The  handi-    into  contact  with   the  designer,   the  result 
anything  else,  after  it  is  constructed  or  made,  :  craftsman  engaged  in  various  industries  of   would  have  been  dilferent.  The  apprenticeship 
and  that  the  man  who  can  do  this  is  one  who   an  artistic  kind  will  say  it  is  not  possible,    system,  too,  by  which  each  craft  was  taught 
can  draw  pleasing  or  pretty  designs,  and  can   There  is,  of  course,   the   economic  question   in*  the  shop  of,  and  under  the   eye   of,  the 
apply  his   "art"   to  anything  from  a  fire-   involved.     When   it  is    stated  by    many  of   master,  is  declining.     In  its  place  ithe  tech- 
grate  or  coal-scuttle  to  "the  decoration  of  a   those  who    practise  art  crafts  that  machine   nical  school  has  boon  doing  useful  work ;  but 
room.     Such    is    the    view    of   the   modern   work  is   cutting  out  hand  labour,    and  the   the   one  thing    necessary— artistic  instinct. 
Philistine  in  art  matters.     The  true  meaning   workers  complain  of  only  getting  a  labourer's    it  has  not  supplied  ;  the  personal  teaching  of 
of  art  or  architecture  is  construction  domi-    wage,   tho  question   certainly  looks   serious,    the  artist  is   absent.     When   the  c-ratts  can 
nated  by  an  idea  of  order  or  purpose,  and  the    But  we  can  hardly  say  such   an   opinion  is    bring  back  tho  essentials  of  apprenticeship  or 
man  who  designs  a  building  or  a  fitting  or   justified  in  many  of  those  manufactures  in   the  personal  influence  of  tho  artist,  they  will 
piece  of  furniture  for  a  given  purpose   is  the   which  the  designer  is  the  leading  factor.     Ke   again  hold  their  own.     The  school  is  only 
real  artist.     lie  must  commence  to  exercise    thinks    out   the   problem,   inspires  tho  idea,    one  jjart  of  tho  training,  as  iwinted  out  by 
his  art  at  the  very  beginning— to  shape  his   and  directs     the     workmen     personally,    or    Mr.  Gilbert,  and,  as  Morris  said,  it  was  like 
stone,  wood  or  iron  according  to  the  use  it ,  the     material    assumes    the     form    it   does  i  trying  to  toach  a  boy  to  swim  without  water, 
has  to  fulfil,  not  to  leave  it  for  others  to  give   under    tho  designer's    own    hand.     In   loss   The  shop  is  tho  only  place  to  learn  a  trade, 
it  an  extraneous  expression,  or  by  adding  to  :  important  work,    where    repetition  appears,    for  there  the  workman  has  all  his  materials 
it  a  few  ornaments.     If  art,  as  Morris  says,    the     case     is     difiorent;     here,    no    doubt,    and  tools  to  his  hand,  and  he  can  transfer  his 
is  "man's  expression  of  joy  iu  his  labour,"  j  the   machine  does  supersede  the  artist.     Mr.  '  idea  direct  to  the  real  work  without  hindrance, 
craftsmanship  must  bo  actiuatod  by  it.     Art ;  Gilbert  instanced  a  tool  worked  by  an  electric    <>"  the  other  hand,   tho  technical  school,  as 
and     craftsmanship      must     stand     or     fall  i  battery   under    the    guidance    of   hand,    by  |  pointed  out,  to  be  successful  in  it:!  results, 
together,  and  it  should  bo  our  aim  to  bring    which' beautiful  carved  silverwork  was  oxe-    must  teach  each  man  his  tr.ulo  tochnioftlly. 
them  onco  more  together.  Mr.  AValtor  Gilbert,  '■  cutod  by  Professor  Horkomor.     There  is  only  t  To  instruct  the  young  carpenter  or  mason  in 
in  his  remarks  on  "  Craftsmanship  "  at  the   one  means  by  whiol.  the  artistic  impulse  can  '  tho  same  principles  as  tho  young  jowollor  or 
Architectural    A.ssociation,    pointed   out  tho   bo  maintaim'd:  it  is  by  co-operation -crafts- :  ombroidoross  is  useless.     Each  trade  must  bo 
essential  nature  of  this  union.     .\8  ho  said,    men  must  band  themselves   together.     The   taught   soi>aratcly  to   those   for  whom  it  is 
it    was    the    increasing    amount    of    capital    same  authority  truly  remarks:  "No  craftsman  ;  intended;  for  to  teach  it  to  someone  who  will 
needed  for  .success  in  business  which  broke    takes  precedence ;  each  must  work  his  best  in    have  no  uso  for  it  is  not  technical  education 
down  the  democratic  relation  between  tho  two.    his  own  material,  so  that  it  may  take  its  place    iu  tho  true  moaning  of  tho  term.     Why  tho 


71G 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  20.  1904. 


architect  is  not  able  to  obtain  the  tradesmeus  :  and  textures  of  E.  Blair  Leighton's  "Vox   a  garden   m    strong    sunbght,   though   her 

co-operation  in  artistic  work,  or,  to  put  it  the  |  Populi,"  or  the  figures  and  incidents  recorded   face  and  part  of  her  dress  are  in  shade.     She 

otherway,why  the  craftsman  cannot  interpret !  in  Dendy  Sadler's  clever  pieces  of  country 

the    designer's     meaning,    is    due    to    the   life,    "The    Harvest    Home"     or    "After 
"      "        "  ■  .      ,      ■.    ]^){mjgi.  "  ^m  probably   be   the  last  to  see 

anything  to  admire  in  the  great  allegories  bj- 
Sigismond  Goetze  and  Solomon  J.  Solomon, 

or  the  noble  landscapes  of  David  Murray  and  ]  in    sentiment,     and 
Alfred  East.  '  grace.     It  represents 


wears  a  sun  -  hat,  and  carries  a  laco- 
parasol  richly  trimmed.  The  reflection  on 
face  is  cleverl_y  depicted.  Mouat  Loudan's 
picture,  "  Mirror,  mirror,  on  the  wall. 
Am  I  most  beautiful  of  all  !- "  is  poetic 
painted  with  subtle 
a    good  -  looking  girl 


the  young  architect  should  ' '  devote  his  whole 
mind  to  becoming  an  artist  in  building,  and 
should  never  lose  touch  in  the  school  with 
actual  handicrafts.''  Ho  also  advised  him 
never  to  make  a  design  without  understand- 
ing how  it  will  be  carried  out,  so  as  to  save 
the  workman  unnecessary  trouble.     Exoel- 


trees  in  the 
the  sunlight, 
colour.  "  A 
by  Henry    J. 


meanmg,  is  due  to  the 
inabUity  of  the  former  to  understand 
technical  processes,  and  the  difficulties 
connected  with  each,  which  the  worker  is  able 
to  realise.     There  is  the  particular  method  of 

shaping  the  material  by  the  chisel,  the  gouge,  „  .  _     ^  _    _ 

the  forge,  or  the  casting  tub,  which  limits  A  few  pictures  deserve  notice  in  Galleries  in  a  low  -  cut  gown  of  figured  brocade 
the  worker  in  particular  directions.  The  VII.  and  VIII.  One  of  these  is  "  On  the  |  before  a  toilet-table  looking  .at  herself  in  a 
material  itseU  imposes  certain  limitations,  Allotments  "  (463),  by  Ernest  Walbourn,  a  '  small  mirror  on  the  wall.  The  interior  is  o£ 
according  to  its  nature.  These  and  other  painter  whose  work  indicates  a  true  sense  of  ^  Georgian  date,  the  pearl  necklace  and 
difiiculties  can  only  be  mastered  by  the  phin-nlr  effect.  The  landscape  represents ,  trinkets  on  table  are  painted  with  care, 
craftsman  himself  after  repeated  trials.  I  farm-land,  with  ricks  and  buildings,  and  in  "  The  Price  of  a  Song''  (774),  by  Frank  M. 
When  the  young  architect  can  be  taught  ■,  the  foreground  a  large  piece  of  ground  Bennett,  is  a  skiUully-handled  piece  of 
these  in  the  same  practical  way,  there  will  with  patches  of  cabbages  and  vegetable  pro-  \  tragedy.  The  scene  is  a  16th-century  house 
be  more  progress  made  in  the  artistic  execu-  [  duce.  A  young  woman,  with  basket  under  ;  with  gateway,  the  oak  carved  panelling  and 
tion  of  our  buildings  and  their  fittings,  j  her  arm,  is  looking  round,  while  a  little  \  tracery  of  which  is  of  florid  Flemish  Gothic 
Mr.  Bankart  remarked  on  this  point,  that  |  beyond  her  husband  is  digging.  The  type,  painted  with  much  skill.  In  the  gate- 
background  are  tinged  by  way,  lying  head  to  the  spectator,  is  the  dead 
and  there  is  breadth  and  body  of  a  minstrel  or  troub.adour;  above  hint 
Consultation  of  Engravers,"  \  is  a  dagger  thrust  into  the  wall  through  a 
Haley  (514),  is  a  cleverly- |  piece  of  paper.  At  the  further  end  of  gate- 
painted  group  of  portraits  of  engravers  ex-  way  a  lady  peers  curiously  but  timidly  at  the- 
amining  or  discussing  a  work  of  their  art.  |  lifeless  body.  Is  it  her  rival  suitor  ?  A  duel 
j  No.  57o,  "A  Sunny  Shore,"  a  seaside  or  has  been  fought  at  the  still  hours  of  the  night 
lent  advice,  but  under  present  conditions  I  sandy  beach,  is  a  clever  piece  of  open-air  and  \  or  morning,  and  this  is  all  the  painter  so 
unattainable,  except  by  a  few  who  have  had  ;  sunlight  effect,  where  a  lady  is  playing  ball  tragically  discloses.  Terrick  Williams's- 
the  opportunities  of  a  workshop  training.  If  j  with  her  child.  Near  it  .Sybil  Dowie's  "  The  Fisherman's  Evening,"  boats  with 
only  the  architect  in  his  designs  would  keep  '  portrait,  "  An  Old  Woman,"  in  black  dress,  |  fishermen  in,  mending  nets,  &a.,  with  the 
in  view  what  is  possible  in  the  material  he  the  hands  on  her  lap  indicating  hard  work, 
employs,  and  set  his  face  against  those  is  strongly  painted  in  a  low  key  of  colour, 
ideas  or  things  which  are  impossible,  a  greater  in  which  there  is  character  and  pathos, 
advance  would  be  made  in  arousing  the  atten-  In  the  next  gallery,  J.  AV.  Waterhouse's 
tion  of  the  trades  and  the  crafts  themselves.  \  very  pleasing  and  decorative 
But  the  defiant  or,  rather,  thoughtless  in 
difference  of  the  profession  to  these  limita- 
tions and  difficulties  of  execution  have  been 
as  defiantly  or  ignorantly  met  by  tradesmen 

who  cater  for  the  general  building  public  '  daffodil  in  the  green  meadow,  and  the  flower  sailor  suit  on  the  top  of  cliffs  facing  the- 
without  any  reference  to  the  architect's  in  the  hair  of  the  maiden,  make  an  admirable  sea  chasing  a  butterfly  with  a  net.  Move- 
intentions,  The  profession  have  to  a  large  scheme  of  colour.  Frank  G.  Heath's  "A  ment  and  open  daylight  effect  have  been 
extent    the    matter    in    their    own   hands :    Violin   Solo,"    a  girl  playing  in  a  cottage   skilfully  realised  in  this  clever  picture.     A 

to  the   family  circle,   is  true  in  sentiment   small  picture  near,  "  A  Peep  into  the  Future," 
land     colour.       "  On     the     South     Coast, ',  by  C.    Haigh  Wood,   is  also  noticeable  for 
j  by  George  L.  Harrison   (710),  a  cliff,  with  '  refinement  of  costume  and  pose  in  the  three 
I  horse,  mare,  and  foal,  is  admirable  in  draw-  '  young  ladies  seated  round  a  card-table  play- 
ing and  colour.     The  small  study  by  Agnes  ;  ing  cards  in  a   room  of   IfSth-century  style. 
M.  Cowieson,  "  Sisters"  (70j),    two  kittens,   The  colouring  is  quiet.      A  fine  landscape  by 
a  black  and   tabby,    seated  together,    is   a      "" 


sunlit  banks  and  village,  is  a  skilful  piece  of 

realism.     "Caravan  Life"  (760),  by  Claude 

Hayes,  is  a  winter  snow  scene  on  the  border 

'  of  a  common.      Gipsy  caravans  are  putting 

1  very     pleasing     and     decorative     subject,   up  for  the  night  in  a  sheltered  corner  and 

"  Boreas."'    noticed    by    us    last    week,     is   under  large   trees.     The    work  is  feelingly 

delightful,  both  in  the  arrangement  of  line   and    strongly    handled.     "  ButterBies,"    by 

\  and  in  colour.     The  gauzy  grey  shawl  which   Charles  Sims  (807),   depicts    a    young  lady 

,  catches  the  wind  and  the  blue   dress,   the   in    white    dress,    with    a    little    boy    in    ai 


they  have  power  to  specify  that  certain 
artists,  or  art  craftsmen — such  as  sculptors, 
carvers,  glass  painters,  mosaicists,  plasterers, 
modellers,  Ac.  —  are  to  be  employed,  or 
that  certain  work  or  decoration  must  be 
the  work  of  the  artist  himself  instead  of 
leaving  it  all  under   one  contractor.     They 


have  evidence  also  offered  by  the  history  of  clever  bit  of  fjcnre,  painted  with  true  feeling 
their  own  art.     We  have  only  to  go  back  to   and  sympathy. 

the  18th  century  to  find  out  that  every !  The  great  picture  in  Gallery  X.,  "The 
tradesman  was  an  art  craftsman.  We  all '  Opening  of  the  First  Parliament  of  the 
admire  the  excellence  of  the  brickwork  and  \  Australian  Commonwealth  by  H.R.H.  the 
masonry  of  that  period,  the  carpentry  and  ^  Prince  of  Wales,  May  9,  1901,"  has  an  his- 
blacksmith's  work.  Is  it  impossible  to  return   toric   importance   which   entitles   it  to  con- 


to  the  conditions  which  favoured  so  much 
that  is  honest  and  artistic  '- 


Alfred  East  (786),  "The  End  of  the  Vintage: 
Rhone  A'alley,"  is  a  large  sunny  scene, 
mountains  inclosing  a  graceful  valley  and 
winding  river.  The  warm  golden  light 
suffasing  the  landscape  is  very  charm- 
ingly painted.  Above  Alfred  D.  IjM- 
caster's  figure-subject,  "Two  Mothers,"  a 
woman     with     her     child     looking     at    a. 


sideration  on  other  than  its  pictorial  merits.  '  portrait  of  the  Madonna,  is  noticeable. 
It  is  a  record  of  a  great  event,  and  as  such  '  "  After  Rain,"  a  view  in  Bury,  Susses  (804), 
we  must  accord  the  painter,  Tom  Roberts,  '  by  Harold  Goldthwait,  is  strikingly  sug- 
high  praise  for  the  manner  he  has  brought  \  gestive  of  a  rainy  atmosphere,  and  we  may 
the  masses  of  the  audience  and  spectators  |  note  in  passing  Robert  E.  Morrison's  portrait 
of  the  scene  into  sometfiing  like  harmonious  ;  of  a  pretty  child  in  white  dress  and  muff, 
proportion  with  the  building  itself.  It  was  !  Carl  Schloesser's  "  Beethoven  in  his  Study  " 
'INHERE  is  a  considerable  sprinkling  of  not  easy  to  paint  a  crowd  of  people  chiefly  in  '  (820),  is  a  dimly-lighted  room  with  piano- 
-L     inferior    works    to    be    found    in    the   black  coats  opposite  the  raised  platform,  or  |  covered  by  papers  and  music,  and  the  great 

the  crowd  itself  in  rear  of  the  Prince  and  1  composer  sitting  at  the  keyboard,  his  head 
Princess,  or  those  in  the  opposite  transept  in  j  slightly  turned  to  spectator  as  if  trying  to 
known  as  "technical"  are  of  a  high  order  ;  in  !  front  of  the  orchestra.  A  strong  piece  of  I  recollect  something— the  lighting  of  apart- 
fact,  it  seems  there  are  three  things  by  which  |  colour  is  afforded  by  the  scarlet  carpet  of  the  j  ment  is  cleverly  managed.  The  piano  is 
the  merits  of  a  picture  may  be  judged:—  platform  on  which  the  Royal  party  stands,  I  painted  from  the  one  made  by  Messrs. 
(1)  The  idea  or  sentiment:   (2)  the  pictorial   and  the  white  circular  front  of  pktform,  and  i  liroadwood  and  sent  to  Beethoven  in  1818. 


We  may  also  notice  Walter  Langley's 
"  The  Greeting,"  a  fis'uwoman  seated  on  a 
jetty  wall,   her  little   child  looking  towards 


qualities— composition  and   colour ;    (:3)  the    the  clever  management    of    light   from  the 

descriptive  and  technical.     These  are  in  the    arched  roof  in  front.     Prominence  had  to  be 

order  of    their    importance.     The    ordinary  '  given  to  the  two  Royal  personages  who  stand 

visitor  begins  his  examination  .at  the  lowest   on  the  front  part  of  the   rostrum,  and  yet  i  the  fishing-boat,  where  the  father  is  greeting 

point  or  quality.     He  admires  the  texture  of   their  figures  were  to  be  in  true  perspective  |  him — pleasant  and  sympathetic  in  treatment ; 

a  dress  or  the  smoothness  of  the  flesh*  tints,    with  the  groups  of  people  in  other  parts  of   the   fine   river    and  meadow  piece,    "After 

the  wrinkles  ;    he   discovers   beauty  in  the  i  the  hall.     The  interior  of  the  large  buildin"  1  Rain  "   by    Algernon    Talmage   ^790),   very 

f^Mc  „f  „  ciu  „,  „,*,„   .i_„„„     „„  ,_  XI, or  pavilion  had   also  to  form  a  part  of  the !  truthfully  painted   in    a  grey    atmosphere; 

scene.  These  conflicting  elements  of  the  •  and  the  large  and  solidly  p-ainted  landscape 
composition  have  been  skilfully  subordinated  '  and  river  scene,  Niel  M.  Lund's  "  London- 
and  brought  into  harmony.  The  painter  has  '  den-y  "  (819).  The  distant  steeples  show  the 
given  us  a  pleasing  record  of  the  assemblage,  !  old  "and  new  cathedrals  with  the  hills  of 
and  the  figures  include  many  portraits.  Those  j  Donegal  in  the  background, 
on  the  platform  are  recognisable,  and  the  light  One  important  picture  is  to  be  found  in 
thrown  on  the  faces  in  front  is  adroitly  Cfallery  XL,  Mr.  J.  C.  DoUman's  "  Famine," 
painted.  Charles  W.  Furse  has  a  clever  study  '  which  we  have  already  described,  and_  it 
'  of  a  lady,  "  The  Lilac  Gown,"  below  the  great  i  remains  to  notice  a  few  of  the  interesting 
canvas.     The  lady  represented  is  standing  in  \  subject     pictures    and    works    of    a    genre 


folds  of  a  silk  or  satin  dress,  or  in  the  por 
trayal  of  a  flower  and  piece  of  jewelry,  or 
some  small  and  insignificant  feature,  neglect- 
ing the  composition  or  the  cyixenMe.  He  has 
no  sense  of  proportion  in  his  criticism  ;  he 
takes  an  interest  in  some  trivial  or  literal 
transcript  of  nature,  failing  to  notice  the 
idea  the  artist  had  in  view.  Perhaps  the 
humorous  in  picture-painting  is  the  one  that 
appeals  to  him  the  most.  Those  people  who  can 
admire  the  technical  beauty,  smooth  painting. 


May  20,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


717 


class.  W.  I  )endy  Sadler's  amusing  picture, 
"After  Dinner,  Rest  Awhile,"  three  gentle- 
men chatting  before  a  comfortable  fire 
in  a  well-furuishod  dining-room  of  the  date 
of  a  century  ago,  sustains  his  reputation  as  a 
painter  of  l.sth-century  middle-class  society 
and  customs.  Two  elderly  gontlemon,  who 
are  in  a  chatty  humour  after  their  dinner, 
are  seated  on  each  side  of  the  fire,  -while  a 
young  man,  his  legs  stretched  out  towards 
the  grate,  sits  just  opposite,  evidently 
amused  at  the  tale.  Beiiind  him  are  the 
remains  of  a  handsome  dessert  on  a  polished 
mahogany  table  and  sideboard  of  18th- 
century  style.  The  light  and  details  of  room 
and  furniture  are  clever  and  scholarly. 

After  this  clever  incident  we  must  call 
attention  to  another  of  equal  interest,  though 
painted  in  a  very  diiJerent  manner  and  kej- 
of  tone,  by  F.  D.  Millet,  entitled  "  The  Black 
Sheep  (SjL')."  Instead  of  the  Old-English 
hospitable  interior  and  characteristics  por- 
trayed by  Mr.  Dendy  Sadler,  we  have  a 
demure  Dutch  interior  or  hall  where  a 
Puritan  of  demure  countenance  and  type, 
wearing  a  black  coat  and  a  tall  steeple  hat  of 
the  game  hue,  with  a  large  Bible  in  his  hand,  is 
expostulating,  with  finger  on  page,  in  serious 
tones,  with  a  pretty,  fair,  light-hearted  maid  in 
low-cut  dress,  who  is  perched  on  a  stool  at 
the  side  of  the  window.  The  young  girl 
takes  the  advice  not  too  seriously,  to  judge 
from  the  halt-smile  upon  her  face.  In  the 
background  near  the  fireplace  are  the  other 
members  of  the  family,  who  are  about  to 
have  a  meal,  and  who  are  listening  to  the 
preacher.  Mr.  Millet  is  a  master  of  the 
Dutch  style  and  interior,  and  his  fondness 
for  introducing  the  Puritan  into  inn-parlours 
and  other  scenes  has  been  shown  by  previous 
pictures  exhibited  at  the  Academy.  The 
lighting  of  the  interior  and  the  technical 
qualities  of  this  clever  subject  are  probably 
equal  to  anything  he  has  done  here.  The 
"Golden  Threads"  (S.j.3),  by  Philip  J.  Thorn- 
hill,  is  decorative  in  treatment  and  colour. 
Four  ladies,  in  loth-century  costume,  are 
sitting  on  a  grass  lawn  opposite  a  large  house 
or  convent,  and  are  engaged  in  embroidering 
a  costly  robe  or  coverlet  of  white  and  gold. 
The  scarlet  dresses,  relieved  by  the  intensely 
green  grass  and  the  white  and  gold- 
embroidered  tissue,  make  a  strong  contrast 
highly  decorative  in  colour.  On  the  same 
level  P.  Teasdale  has  a  large  picture  "The 
Royal  Standard " :  girls  in  a  flag  factory 
engaged  in  cutting  and  sewing  a  Royal 
Standard  —  a  picture  which  corresponds 
in  theme  and  colour  with  the  15th- 
century  maidens  with  their  long,  white, 
bonnet-like  headgear.  Ilung  high  in  the 
centre  of  gallery  is  T.  Frederic  Catchpole's 
large  upright  allegorical  subject,  "Not 
Death,  but  Love"  (848).  ~' 
suggested  by  the  Hnes  of  I 

who  holds  thee  ! ' 


'*  Guess,  now, 

but  there 
The  silver  answer  rang- 


The   subject  is 
B.  Browning — 

"  Death,"   I  said  ; 

'  Not  Death,  but  Love !  " 

and  the  painter  has  attempted  to  realise  the 
conception  of  the  poet.  There  is  skill  in  the 
pose  of  the  two  figures,  and  the  light  that 
lalls  on  the  loose  diapery  of  the  woman 
amidst  roses.  Another  large  long  canvas  on 
the  opposite  wall  is  also  imaginative  and 
poetical  in  conception.  "  AVho  Strays  into 
Love's  Dominion'"'  by  William  II.  Marget- 
son;  the  scene  is  a  moonlit  beach,  with  the 
rippling  waves  of  the  sea  gently  breaking  on 
tho  sands.  Three  maidens  clad  in  Sght 
drapery,  their  arms  entwined  lovingly,  are 
confronted  by  Cupid  with  his  bow.  The 
rising  moon  and  the  luminous  sandy  beach 
are  delicately  painted.  Tho  treatment  and 
colour  are  certainly  decorative.  A  third  large 
subject,  also  decorative,  placed  over  the  doors, 
is  lOrnest  Normand's  "  Design  for  a  Frieze  " 
(901),  tho  subject  being  taken  from  Tenny- 
son's poem  "  L.ancelot  and  Elaine." 

The  dead,  oar'd  by  the  dumb,  went  upwards  with  the 

Hood, 

where  tho  beautiful  Elaiue,  lying  in  a  barge 


covered  by  a  gold-embroidered  pall  in  the 
evening  light,  is  being  carried  up  the  river. 
It  is  painted  in  a  light  key  of  colour,  and  as 
a  frieze  would  bo  effective.  R.  Thorne 
Waite's  breezy  picture  of  a  hayfield,  with  a 
group  of  children  on  a  gate,  is  redolent  of 
country  life  and  atmosphere.  Wo  must  also 
brioflj-  notice  Edwin  Hayes'  seapioce  "  The 


overshadowing  it,  with  figures  outside,  a  woman 
nursing  a  child,  ;ind  a  man  chopping  wood.  The 
"Portrait  of  Morland  and  His  Uog"  (47),  is 
clnrjcteristic  of  the  painter  and  his  tastes.  He  is 
seated  at  a  small  inn-table  with  blue  coat  and  red 
waiatcoat,  and  his  beer,  smoking.  "  A  Wreck" 
(52)  ia  a  strongly-painted  sea  and  rocks,  with 
men  rescuing.  "  1st  October  —  .Savemako 
Forest"    {55),    sportsmen    under    the   shade   of 


Rolling  Zuider  Zee,"  strong  in  the  handling  '  a  thick  forest,'  is  "masterfully  painted,  and  shows 
of  light  and  colour  on  sea  and  craft ;  Ralph  \  thit  Morland  could  paint  trtes  as  well  and  freely 
Hedley's  "  A  Candidate  for  the  Ouild '' (87(>)  .  as  he  could  horses  and  stiblemen.  ".Snow 
a  young  craftsman  handing  a  specimen  of  his  (  Scene  "  (59),  boys  snowballing  an  old  woman, 
ironwork   to  a  committee;  Frank  W.  Top- I  <^ated  1790;  the  "Sea  Shore"   (GO),  with  cliffs 


ham's  "  Decoration,"  and  we  must  not  pass 
byW.  L.  Wyllie's  "St.  Paul's  Cathedral," 
from  the  opposite  side  of  the  Thames,  with  a 
tug  towing  barges  and  other  craft  in  the 
foreground.  In  the  water-colour  room  there 
are  several  admirable  drawings,  but  of  these 
we  must  speak  on  another  occasion. 


PAINTINGS  BY  GEORGE  MORLAND. 

A  VALUABLE  and  most  interesting  collection 
of  the  paintings  of  George  Morland  is  on 
view  at  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  South 
Kensington,  to  mark  the  centenary  of  the  death  of 
the  painter.  These  pictures  have  been  lent  by 
various  persons,  and  we  find  that  Mr.  F.  Abbiss 
Phillips  is  the  largest  contributor,  but  several  of 
them  are  examples  from  the  Jluseum.  We  see  in 
these   works   of    an    undoubtedly  most  talented 


andrough  sea;  "  A  Storm  off  Black  Gang  Chine,' 
dated  1790,  a  large  picture  depicting  wreckage 
on  the  coast,  lent  by  .Sir  Walter  Gilbey  ;  "  Horses 
in  a  Stable,"  dated  1791,  under  glass,  belonging  to 
the  Museum  ;  ' '  The  Cottage  Door,' '  a  white 
horse  and  rider  overshadowed  by  trees,  and  a 
buxom-looking  woman  hanging  clothes  to  dry, 
are  all  noteworthy  examples  ;  the  latter  is  well- 
painted,  and  is  in  the  Gilbey  collection.  "  Mr. 
Phillips'  Dog  Friend,"  who  rescued  him  from 
the  sea  in  Portsmouth  Harbour,  Oct.  4,  1789,  is  a 
large  picture  showing  the  favourite  dog.  "  The 
Country  Butcher,"  a  horse  and  rider,  a  woman 
pouring  out  spirit,  in  white  apron  and  cap 
with  blue  ribbon  trimming,  is  characteristic 
and  well  painted,  and  is'known  by  engravings. 
So  also  is  the  well-kuown  "Fishing  Party" 
(87),  a  lady  in  a  Gainsborough  hat,  hold- 
ing fishing-rod,  with  bright  curly  hair,  and  four 
other  people  in  boat  on  bank  of  a  river  under 


an     uuuoi>uc^uiy    moat    >.a;BU.™    ^  ^jjg    ^^^   ^^j    j^  ^     (J.^wing  a  net  with 

p.inter,  who   had   every   prospect  of  a  brilliant ;  g3j^_     ^^_   g^     ..^    Luncheon    Party,"   is   also 
career    amongst    the    society    of    ^.s    day,    the :  ^„„^„   ^^^^   reproductions,  some   of   which  are 

characteristics  oi  his  personal  lite  and  the  vices  '   •  -         *^  

of  the  age.  The  eighteenth  century  was  a 
period  of  "  hard  drinking  and  fast  living," 
as    the    writer    to    the    prefa'ory    note    of    the 


'  shown  on  the  screen.  "  The  Farm  Yard"(S.S), 
a  white  horse  and  mule  and  dog  in  shed,  dated 
179.3,  lent  by  Sir  Randolf  L.  Butler,  Bart.  The 
light  at  side  of  shed  is  well  handled.  "A  Stable" 
(91),  lent  by  the  same  contributor,  represents  a 
white  horde  in  a  stable,  excellent  in  tone.  Out- 
side is  a  cart,  and  a  man  with  a  sack  on  shoulder 


catalogue  says.  It  bas  been  depicted  for  us,  indeed, 

in  the  works  of   the  immortal  Hogarth,  and  in 

the    fiction    of     Richardson    and    Fielding.     In 

Morland's   pictures   we    see  the   personal  weak-  '  ^^  ^  ^^  unloading.     A  ladder  to  a  loft,  with  a 

ness  and  inclinations  of  the^  painter  who  was  led:  „j^^jj  =  ^ij. g^I^^Sj^  -    -  -    ' 


into  the  vices  of  the  day.     The  subjects  painted 
by  him  are  coast   scenes   and   fishermen,  horses, 
stables,    and    cowhouses,    wayside  inns,   and  he 
found  his  models  for  figures  in  carters,  drovers, 
stablemen,   and   postboys.      We   cannot    fail   to 
notice  the  characteristic  type  of  his  women  and 
men  ;  we  see  the  same  young,  good-looking,  fair, 
and  matronly  woman   in   many  of   his  interiors, 
and   amongst    the    women   he    painted    outside 
the  doorways  of   the  inns  and  country  cottages. 
"The  Disconsolate  and  Her  Parrot, "  a  portrait 
of  Mrs.  Morland,  is  a  small   seated   figure   of  a 
good-looking  woman  with  low-cut  dress  wearing 
the  frilled  hat  or  bonnet  of  the  period,  sitting  on 
a. couch  with  needlework  in  her  hands.     The  tone 
is  almost  opalesque.     Then  follow  several  coast 
scenes  and  rustic  subjects.  We  may  notice  "Sum- 
mer," dated  1795,  a  horse  and  cart  on  a  rugged 
rocky  landscape.     The  driver  or  carrier  has  dis- 
mounted,   and   is   pointing   the   way   to   an   old 
woman,  who,  with  her  bundles,  is  resting  by  the 
roadside — very  strongly  painted.     "  Girls  on  Sea 
Shore  in  a  Gale,"  another  of  the  pictures  lent 
by  Fred.   Abbiss  Phillips,   is   also  characteristic. 
"  Peasants  Travelling  "  is  a  cottage  with  woman 
and  child  at  the  door,  and  a  donkey  with  panniers, 
the  woman  said   to  be  Morland's  sister-in-law. 
"  Post  Boy  and  Horses  Refreshing,"  a  favourite 
subject,  dated  1794,  lent  by  Sii-  Walter  Gilbey,  j 
Bart.,   depicts  a  stable-yard  of  inn  ;  the  horses  ! 
are  well  drawn  and  the  colour  warm.     "  A  Coast 
Scene,"  a  Museum  picture  of  small  siza,  represents 
a  chalk  cliff  and  sea  with  figure.     Another  large 
sea-piece   with   fisherman  (No.   10)    dated   1792, 
depicts    a    rocky    coast    with   fisher-folk  and  a 
boat  being  hauled  on  shore.     Tho  sea  is  rough. 
"  Innocence  Alarmed ;  or,  the  Flash  in  tho  Pan," 
is   the   title   given   to   an  interior.     A  man  has 
pulled  the  trigger  of  a  gun,   while  a  woman  if. 
pouring  out  beer,  and  a  little  girl  is  frightened 
at  the  report.     There  are  also  white  dogs.     It  in 
cleverly  painted  with  much  charaiter,  and  is  one  of 
Sir   Walter  (iilbey's  collection.      "  Morning  ;  or,  j 
the  Higglers  I'reparingl'or  Market, "dated  1791,  is 
admiral)le  in  colour  ;  then  wo  come  to  tho  "  Tho  , 
Dram,"  a  woman  at  door  of  inn  pouring  out  from 
a  bla<^k  bottle  to  a  traveller,   a   woman  and  child 
resting    on   step   of  entrance,    clovorly   handled 
and  natural  in  treatment.    "  Tho  Fox  Inn  "  (42), 
dated  1792,  is  a  large  well-painted  picture  of  a 
country  inn,  whore  a   traveller  and  ajarmcr  and 
his  wil'o  are  taking  refreshment — the  horses  are 
woU  drawn  ;  clover,  too,  is  "  Tho  Cottage  Door  " 
(40),   the  entrance    to  a  cottage,   a  large    tree , 


shown.  It  is  a  finely-painted 
example.  The  large  coast  scene,  "  The  Smug- 
glers," dated  1789,  is  also  interesting,  as  showing 
the  diversity  of  subject  of  this  painter,  who  must 
have  been  industrious,  at  least  in  his  vocation. 
As  a  painter  of  stables  and  farmyards,  of  country 
inns  and  alehouses,  coast  scenes  and  fishermen, 
we  can  form  a  good  idea  of  his  skill  and  truthful- 
ness in  drawing  and  colour  by  the  collection  now 
open  at  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Mu<eum, 


ROYAL    INSTITUTE    OF    BRITISH 
ARCHITECTS. 

THE  fourteenth  ordinary  meeting  of  the  Insti- 
tute for  the  present  session  was  held  on 
iilonday  evening,  the  President,  Mr.  Aston 
Webb,  R.A.,  F.S.A.,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  .Alex- 
ander Graham,  Hon.  Secretary,  announced  the 
deaths  of  three  well-known  architects  —  Mr. 
Norman  Michael  Brown,  of  Newport,  Mon., 
elected  an  Associate  in  1887  ;  Jlr.  Francis  W. 
T.asker,  of  l^ondon,  elected  an  Associate  in  1874 
and  a  Fellow  ia  190;5  :  and  Mr.  tJcorge  Henry 
Birch,  who  recently  retired  from  the  list  of 
Associates,  to  which  he  had  long  belonged.  Mr. 
Tasker  was  greatly  esteemed,  and  an  architect  of 
great  merit,  and  Mr.  liirch  had  held  for  the  past 
ten  years,  with  conspicuous  ability  and  faith- 
fulness, the  curatorship  of  the  .Soane  Museum, 
and  the  Trustees  would  find  it  a  dilHcult 
matter  to  find  a  man  of  equal  <niaIifications  to 
suceed  him.  The  Pui;sii)Knt  said  Mr.  Tasker, 
who  died  suddenly  on  Saturday,  was  a 
very  old  friend  of  his,  and  was  an  active 
member  of  tho  Architectural  .Vssociation  when 
ho  was  closely  connected  with  it.  Mr.  Ta.skor 
and  he  wore  members  of  the  School  of  Design 
together,  and  used  to  criticise  each  other's  works 
very  candidly,  but  without  feeling.  Jtr.  Tasker, 
who  was  an  artist  of  great  ability,  was  fortunate 
in  being  a  nephew  of  Jliss  Tasker,  a  wealthy 
and  benevolent  member  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church.  Por  his  aunt  ho  carried  out  the  ("oUogo 
of  St.  Charles  at  Netting  Hill,  and  after  her 
death  ho  had  a  suHicienry  of  work  from  his 
church,  lie  had  always  thought  that  Mr. 
Tasker  could  have  designed  a  good  cathedral 
had  tho  commission  come  to  him.  Mr.  Tasker 
had  left  a  son,  who,  it  was  to  bo  hoped,  would 
succeed  to  his  practice.  The  lato  Mr.  Birch  was 
idso  an  old  friend  of  the  speaker's  at  the  Associa- 
tion, and  they  were  both  members  of  a  small 
eviirie  which   had    met    once    a    month  for  five- 


718 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  20,  1904. 


and-twenty  yesrs  to  sketch  and  draw  together. 
His  chief  work  was  the  reproduction  of  Old 
London  at  South  Kensington,  which  displayed 
much  research  arid  great  ability.  As  a  literary 
man  he  would  ho  remembered  by  his  "London 
Oity  Churches,"  and  to  the  iSoane  Museum 
during  the  last  two  years  he  hid  given  great 
attention,  and  had  brought  it  to  a  high  state  of 
efficiency. 

I'KOPOSED  nOAKD  OF  PKOl'ES.SIONAL  DEPE.VCE. 

The  I'liEsiiiEXT announced  that  the  Council  had  ! 
that  afternoon,    after  long  deliberation,  decided  I 
to   institute   a    Board   of    Professional   Defence. 
AVhen  a  member  of  the  Institute  had  a  question  ' 
upon  which  he  required  legal  advice,  the  board 
would  consider  whether  or  not  they  should  assist  I 
him  in  the  interests  of  the  profession,  and  should 
obtain    counsel's    opinion   as   to    the   course   he 
should    adopt.      Such    a  board    had   long   been 
established   in    France,   with    beneficial   results,  j 
The  principle  only  had   at  present  been   deter-  i 
mined,  and  a  list  of  members  of  the  Board  and 
the  conditions  under  which  the  members  should 
be  granted  assistance  would  be  announced  at  a 
later  time. 

rROl'OSED    BOARD    OF    EDUCATION. 

The  President  added  that  the  Council  had  also 
appointed  a  Board  of  Education  to  assist  in  the 
studies  of  architectural  students  throughout  the 
country,  and  that  the  names  of  the  members  of 
this  body  would  shortly  be  published. 

THE  PLANNING    OF    COLLEGIATF,   liUILDINGS. 

The  Rev.   J.   B.    Lock,   M.A.,    Fellow    and 
Bursar  of  Gonville  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge, 
reid  a  paper  on  this  subject,  illustrated  by  plans. 
He  referred  in  his  introductory  remarks  to  the 
colleges  which  have  come  down  to  us  from  the 
16th  and  17th  centuries,  which   were  all  built  on 
much   the  same    plan,   the   various   parts   being  : 
grouped  round  an  inclosed  court.     The  buildings  i 
were  never  more  thin  two. floors  in  height.     To 
the  lowness  and  narrowness  characteristic  of  them 
the  author  attributed  the  beauty  and  feeling  of 
rest  that  seems  to  pervade  the   old  couris.     The 
free  admission  of  sunlight  and  air  in  thp  courts  is 
also  secured  by  keeping  down  the  height  of  the 
buildings.     When  Dr.  Caius   enlarged  Gonville 
Hall  by  building  what  is  now  called  Ciius  Court,  ' 
he  bounded  his  court  on  the  south  side  by  a  wall 
broken  only  by  the  insertion   therein  of  his  beau- 
tiful G-ate  of  Honour,  and  in  his  statutes  he  ex-  ' 
pressly  forbade  the  erection  of  any  building  which  '' 
should  completely  inclose  this  court  on  the  south 
side,  "lest  the  air  from  being  confined  within  a 
narrow  space  should  become  foul." 

TI[E    SHALLOW    HCILDINGS    OP    OLDEN    TIME. 

The  old  arrangement  by  which  the  buildings 
were  in  general  only  one  room  deep  caused  the 
kitchens,  &c.,  to  be  placed  at  one  end  of  the  hall, 
■which  had  the  advantage  of  keeping  the  odours  of 
the  cooking  to  some  extent  out  of  the  hall.  At 
the  kitchen  end  of  the  hall  it  was  customary  to 
have  a  passage  going  right  through  the  building, 
and  cut  off  from  the  hall  by  a  screen,  with  a 
gallery  above.  In  modern  times  the  passage  has 
in  many  cases  become  a  thoroughfare  leading  from 
the  old  court  to  newer  courts  beyond,  with  the 
consequent  disadvantage  that  all  the  kitchen 
service  now  passes  across  the  busy  thoroughfare. 
The  position  of  the  hall  recently  built  at  Girton 
College  is  obviously  convenient.  It  is  placed  at 
some  distance  from  the  students'  rooms,  and  is 
approached  by  the  students  from  two  directions, 
through  an  inclosed  passage  or  cloister  opening 
into  the  hall  on  its  south  side,  while  the  kitchens 
are  placed  in  a  separate  building  on  the  north  side 
of  the  haU. 

THE    master's   LODGE. 

In  the  olden  time  the  master  simply  had  his 
one  or  two  rooms  in  which  he  lived  a  bachelor. 
In    modern    times  the   master  requires  a   good  , 
house   with   all  the   offices  and  belongings  of  a  ' 
modern  residence.     So  that  the  lodges  of  our  day  ' 
are  either  curious  and  interesting  conglomerations 
of    buildings    gradually   annexed    or    added   by 
successive    masters,    or   are    brand-new   modern 
mansions  built  on  detached  sites.     Coming  to 

THE    fellows'    and  STUDENTS*    ROOMS, 

the  plan  of  the  sets  of  chambers  or  men's  rooms 
m  the  ancient  building  was  a  very  simple  matter. 
1  ho  building  was  merely  sliced  up  by  the  insertion 
of  stacks  o!  cQimuHys  and  wooden  partitions,  with 
Hturctses  ol  one  Q.ght  at  the  proper  intervals.    In 

^l^ini^\-  P"^"""'  ^"y  '*"?«'  of  buildings 
ooat^iaingbviug-rooms  hivotobc  divided  up  into 


sets,   each   set   containing   at  least   one  sitting- 
room,  a  bedroom,  and  a  pantry  or  gyp's  room. 


MODERN    REUl'IUEMF.NTS. 

The  following  points  should  be  borne  in  mind 
with  respect  to  a  set  of  rooms.  Usually  each  set 
should  be  inclosed  by  a  etout  door  called  the  oak 
or  sport-door.  The  sitting-room  should  have 
some  sunlight.  The  bedroom  should  not  have 
less  than  lOOsq.ft.  of  floor  spacing,  plenty  of 
window  space  that  can  be  opened,  a  place  for  the 
bed  out  of  the  draught,  and  a  chimney  and  other 
means  of  ventilation.  There  should  be  provision 
for  the  passage  of  a  current  of  fresh  air  through 
the  rooms  when  the  sport-door  is  closed  ;  for  this 
purpose  the  windows  of  the  sitting-room  and 
bedroom  should  not  aU  face  the  sime  way.  The 
author  went  on  to  consider  how  these  points 
could  best  be  obtained.  Economy  of  space  in 
nearly  all  cases  demands  buildings  of  three  floors 
and  an  attic,  and  the  colleges  nearly  always  ask 
that  at  least  eight  sets  of  rooms  shall  be  provided 
on  each  staircase.  The  arrangement  of  four  sets 
of  rooms  on  each  floor  approached  by  one  stair- 
case would  have  many  obvious  advantages  if  a 
plan  could  be  devised  free  from  objection ,  but  this 
is  not  ea^y.  In  the  only  instance  the  author 
knew  of  in  which  it  had  been  adopted  at  Oxford 
or  Cambridge  the  plan  had  so  many  hygienic 
defects  that  it  could  not  be  said  to  be  successful. 
There  was  no  possibility  of  a  through  ventilation  ] 
of  any  one  of  the  four  sets  of  rooms,  except 
through  one  of  the  others ;  the  passages  were 
without  direct  light  or  ventilation  ;  the  scout's  • 
hole  was  outside  all  the  sets  of  rooms :  the  lobby  ' 
was  badly  lighted  and  badly  ventilated,  and  was 
larger  than  was  necessary.    As  to  what  is  the         j 

llEST   TYPICAL    ARHANGE.MENT 

of  sets  of  college  rooms,  the  author  had  made  a 
careful  comparison  of  plans  adopted  in  recent 
times  at  both  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  and  had 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  plan  recently 
adopted,  quite  independently,  by  Mr.  Champneys 
at  New  College,  Oxford,  and  by  Messrs.  Aston 
Webb  and  Ingress  Bell  at  Gonville  and  Caius 
College,  Cambridge,  was  one  of  the  best.  Show- 
ing plans  of  St.  Michael's  Court,  CUius  College, 
the  author  described  the  arrangement.  The 
building  faces  south-west  towards  a  narrow 
court.  The  staircase  is  on  the  north-east,  and 
is  approached  from  the  court  through  a  passage 
about  4ft.  wide.  On  the  ground  floor  on  each 
side  of  this  passage  is  a  set  of  rooms,  of  which 
the  keeping  rooms  face  south-west,  the  bedrooms 
north-east ;  the  gyp-rooms  also  face  north-east 
(a  good  aspect  for  a  pantry).  When  the  sport- 
doors  are  shut,  the  opening  of  a  window  in 
sitting-room  and  bedroom,  one  on  each  side  of  ! 
the  building,  gives  excellent  ventilation.  The  ' 
staircase  is  thoroughly  well  ventilated  ;  with  a 
window  open  on  the  staircase,  air  can  blow  right 
through  the  building  from  the  entrance  passage 
to  this  window.  On  the  first  floor,  as  the  space  I 
over  the  entrance  passage  is  available,  the  whole 
frontage  to  the  south  is  at  disposal  for  division 
between  the  two  sitting-rooms.  In  the  plan 
adopted  at  Caius  College  the  space  over  this  pass- 
age is  all  thrown  into  one  room,  making  the 
rooms  on  each  side  of  unequal  sice.  At  New 
College,  Oxford,  this  space  ia  divided  equally 
between  the  two  sitting-rooms.  Comparing 
plans  of  modern  buildings,  the  author  pointed  ! 
out  one  or  two  objections  to  the  arrangement 
adopted  in  the  new  buildings  of  Tree  Court  at 
Caius  College.  One  is  that  the  gyp-room  opens 
directly  on  to  the  staircase  landing,  and  is  not  i 
included  within  the  sport-door.  A  more  import-  | 
ant  objection  is  that  the  staircase  has  no  inde-  ■ 
pendent  through  ventilation.  j 

THE    OPEN    aCADRANOLE. 

The  rule  that  a  court  set  aside  for  sets  of  rooms 
only  should  have  no  buildings  on  its  south  side 
has  been  very  generally  observed  in  recent  addi- 
tions to  colleges  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  so 
that  the  additions  have  usuallv  taken  the  form  of 
a  straight  line,  or  of  an  L   or  of  a  JJ. 

COMPULSORY    IRREGULARITY    OF    PLAN. 

It  has  been  the  custom  at  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge in  planning  out  the  allotted  space  into  sets 
of  rooms  to  practically  choose  a  certain  arrange- 
ment and  then  repeat  that  arrangement  on  each 
staircase.  In  the  recent  work  at  Caius  College, 
however,  the  irregularity  of  the  site  was  such  that 
uniformity  of  plan  could  only  be  attained  by 
sacrifice  of  space,  and  the  authorities  had  to 
determine  how  far  irregularity  of  plan  was  objec- 
tionable.    In  the  end  they  decided  that  it  was 


desirable  rather  than  otherwise,  and  the  archi- 
tects were  instructed  to  give  as  much  variety  in 
size  and  shape  (within  certain  limits)  of  the  rooms 
as  they  conveniently  could.  The  result  in  the 
new  court  at  Caius  is  that  there  are  hardly  two 
,  sets  of  rooms  out  of  fifty  which  are  exactly  alike. 
,  The  irregular  site  of  St.  Michael's  Court  is  practi- 
cally an  |_  with  an  angle  at  the  corner  of  about 
120^,  and  the  plan  adopted  by  the  architects  seems 
!  a  solution  of  the  difficulty  of  how  to  deal  with  an 
'  1_  or  U -shaped  corner,  provided  it  ia  not  a  con- 
dition that  all  rooms  shall  be  rectangular.  To 
'  illustrate  the  advantages  of  the  arrangement,  the 
I  author  showed  this  plan  adapted  to  the  first  floor 
of  the  building  in  the  corner  of  the  Tree  Court, 
Caius  College,  so  that  it  could  be  compared  with, 
the  e.xisting  arrangement.  The  new  plan  gives 
two  sets  of  rooms,  with  sitting-rooms,  each  facing 
scuth-west,  of  very  irregular,  but  not  uncomfort- 
i  able,  shapes.  The  existing  plan  provides  two 
!  sets  of  rooms  which  in  size  and  shape  are  excel- 
lent, but  one  aet  has  all  its  windows  looking 
north.  And  as  the  building  looks  on  to  a  narrow 
lane  with  high  buildings  on  the  opposite  side,  the 
rooms,  notwithstanding  their  good  size  and  shape, 
were  not  popular.  The  corresponding  rooms  on 
the  ground  floor  were  practically  unsuitable  for 
habitation,  and  were  used  as  offices. 

THREE    POINTS    IN    PLANNING. 

Three  main  points  the    author  emphasised  in 
'  the  planning  of  college  buildings — viz.:  (1)  The 
desirability    of    having    some    sunlight    in    the 
;  sitting-room  in  all  cases  :   (2)  the  importance  of 
'  it  being  possible  to  set  up  a  through  current  of 
air  through  every  set  of  rooms  independently  of 
1  the  staircase ;    (3)  the    desirability  of   having   a 
I  through  current  of  air  through  the  staii-case  itself 
The  plan  recommended   provided   all    these  ad 
vantages  in  rooms  facing  south,  or  east,  or  west 
The  point  raised  as  to  the  desirability  of  having 
windows  in  living-rooms  on  more  than  one  side 
applied  with  equal  or  greater  force  to  all  rooms 
intended   to  be  used  as    chapels,  halls,  lecture- 
rooms,   laboratories,   or   class  -  rooms.     In   con- 
cluding,  the   author    begged    architects    not   to 
grudge  a  large  share  of  attention  to  the  use  to 
which  a  building  was  to  be  put.     He  fancied  he 
remembered  reading  a  report  of  a  speech  by  the 
President  in  which  he  ad\ised  architects  not  to 
put  «ff  they  knew  into  a  fa(,ade.     He  (the  author) 
asked  them  to  give  a  large  share  of  their  genius 
and  experience  to  the  planning  o£-the  building. 

At  the  close  a  short  discussion  took  place,  in 
which  Mr.  Basil  Champneys,  B.A.,  Mr.  E.  S. 
Prior,  M.A.,  Mr.  W.  J.  Locke,  B.A  ,  Mr. 
A.  W.  S.  Cross,  M.A.,  Mr.  U.  G.  Iihierson,  and 
the  President  took  pirt,  and  a  hearty  vote  of 
thanks  was  passed  to  the  lecturer. 


THE  A.A.  DINNER. 

THE  close  of  the  fifty-seventh  annual  session 
of  the  Architectural  Ass  iciation  was  cele- 
brated on  Friday  evening  by  the  members' 
dinner,  held  at  the  Criterion  Restaurant, 
Piccadilly.  The  attendance,  although  almost 
exclusively  consisting  of  members,  was  one  of  the 
largest  on  record  for  such  a  gathering,  and 
the  proceedings  were  marked  by  brightneas  and 
enthusiasm,  every  speaker  referring  in  terms  of 
the  satisfaction  born  of  pleased  expectancy  of  an 
enlarged  sphere  of  action  to  the  opening  three 
days  previously  of  the  Association's  new  home, 
the  Royal  Architectural  Museum.  The  President, 
Mr.  Henry  T.  Hare,  occupied  the  chair,  and 
was  supported  by  Professors  Beresford  Pite  and 
F.  E.  Hulme,  Messrs.  Leonard  Stokes,  Maurice 
B.  Adams,  T.  H.  Watson,  Hugh  Stannus,  E. 
Guy  Diwber  (President  elec^.),  W.  J.  Locke,  T. 
Coatigan,  J.  S.  Gibson,  W.  G.  B.  Lewis, 
11.  P.  G.  Maule,  A.  T.  Bolton,  R.  S.  Balfour 
L.  Ambler,  H.  Tanner,  jun.,  and  many  others 
The  President  set  a  commendable  example  of 
brevity  in  proposing  the  toasts,  a  lead  which  was 
generally  followed,  and  the  programme  was 
agreeably  diversified  by  songs  by  Messrs.  Mansel 
Stevens,  Kobert  Dennant,  and  Miss  Bertha  Bell, 
musical  sketches  by  Mr.  Barclay  Gammon,  a 
whistling  solo  by  Mr.  Leslie  Ross,  and  cleverly 
executed  ventriloquism  by  Mr.  Fred  Chester. 
The  loyal  toast  having  been  given  from 
the  chair  and  musically  honoured,  the  President 
proposed  the  toast  of  "The  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects."  This  was  responded  to  by 
Mr.  W.  J.  LocKF.,  B.A.,  the  Secretary  of  the 
Institute,  who  observed  that  he  had  that  day 
been  inspecting  the  magnificent  and  spacious 
premises  which  the  Association  hid  just  acquired 
in  Tufton-atreet,  and  when  he  returned  to  9, 


May  20,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


719 


Conduit-street,  and  noticed  how  exceedingly 
cramped  the  Institute  wns  for  space,  ho  was  filled 
with  envy,  of  that  noble  and  stimulating  kind 
which  induced  the  hope  that  ere  long  the  senior 
hody  in   the   profession   would   be   hoiisfd   in 


IKI.SII   BUILDING   STONES.— XIII. 


nOSl'OMMOX. 

rocks   in   this   county   are  Lower    Cja! 
Pleasures.  Millstone  (irit,  I'ppur,  Middle,  and 
Lower  Carboniferous   Limestones,    Lower    Car 


THE 
JIc 


palace  to  compare  with  that  about  to  be  occupied    boniferoua  Sandstone  ((Jld  lied).  Lower  Silurians, 


by  the  Association.  The  toast  of  the  evenin_^ 
**  The  Architectural  Association,"  wqs  proposed 
in  humorous  terms  by  Mr.  J\mi:s  Gimson,  who 
referred  to  the  frank  and  hearty  wslcome  given 
ti  all   comers— even  to  young  Scot! ish  ai'chitects 


Basalt,  Kelstone,  and  Felspalhic  Ash.  Boyle  is 
built  on  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone,  and 
Roscommr n  is  on  the  same  kind  of  rock.  The 
Coal  Measures  in  the  extreme  north,  by  Lough 
Allen,  occupy  a  small   arei,  as  do  all  the  other 


who  came  to  London  either  to  perfect  the.redu-  ^oets,  except  the  Carboniferous  Limestone,  which 

cation  or  to  learn  something  they  lacked.     So  far  ^^^^^^  ^g^,!    1^,^  ^.^oie  of  the  county.     Old  Red 

as   was   po6sible    men   of   all   na'iona  ities   were  i^  fou^j  j,  „,e    nonh-east    and    south-west  of 

treated  impartially.     One  could  usually  tell  the  Lough  K>y,  to    the    ea-t    of    Strokestown,  and 

Tl  °n      ''j      S  ^ere,  hke  himself,  from  North  o„th-west   of   Futrty,  near  the    town    of   Kos- 

01  the   Tweed      Such   young  architects  were  un-  common.     A  nucleus  of  Silurian  recks  is  fi.xed  in 

fortunate,  as  they  hailed  from  a  land  where  stoDC,  the  Old   Red  east    of    Strokestown.     The    Coal 

and  not  brick,  was  paramount,  and  they  found  in  '  Measure  Sandstones  were  worked  at  Keadey  and 

their  new  home  building  by-laws  that  seemed  to  ^rigna  for  flaggirg  ;  but  the  entire  Coal  Measure 

have   been  enacted  for    the   express   purpose   of  p^tch  is  so  inaccessible  that  the  co=,t  of  carriage 

stilling  any   capacity  for  design  with    which   a  ^„ts  stone   raised    in    it    completely  out  „f  the 

Men  from  aU  countries  market.     It  is  thought  that   some  of  the  sand- 


Scotchman  was  endowed 

wcjuld  find  in  the  Association  facilities,  friend- 
fhip,  and  attractions  which  would  be  invaluable 
to  them  throughout  life.  In  the  -Association, 
sympathies  were  broadened  and  clearer  ideas 
formed  of  their  relationship  to  other  architects  and 
to  the  world  generally.  He  cordially  wished  it  all 
prosperity,  success,  and  usefulness  in  the  future, 
and  coupled  with  the  toast  their  Chairman's 
name.  The  toast  was  received  with  enthusiasm. 
In  replying,   the  Puesidext  remarked  that  they 


stones  were  sufficiently  compact  for  working  into 
dressings.  The  limestones  here  vary  from  Calp 
to  those  of  the  Burrea  type,  many  quarries  of 
good  stone  for  dressing  being  found  all  over  the 
county.  The  only  quarry  now  under  Government 
inspection  is  that  at  Arigna  in  the  Coal  Measures, 
not  one  limestone  (juarry  being  scheduled  as 
in  work  at  present  out  of  more  than  100  shown 
on  the  Ordnance  Maps  !  There  are  good  lime- 
stone quarries  near  Boyle.     .Vmongst  others  in 


had  several  excellent  friends  to  thank,  and  that  thatlocality  are  Grevish,"  the  stone  frSm  which  was 
heartily,  for  their  help  given  in  the  acquisition  y^ed  in  Carrick-on-Shannon  Bridge,  Crisnach, 
ofthenewpremisesat  he  Museum.  They  ought  ^nd  French  Park.  Other  noted  quarries  are 
nottooverlook  the  splendid  work  done  by  their  Hughestown,  BeUanagore,  Aughris,  Scardaun, 
late  President,  Mr  ^\  .  H.  Seth-Sm.th,  since  it  Lecarrow  and  Taughmaconnell.  All  these  lime- 
was  largely  due  to  his  energy  and  initiative  that  atones  are  greys  of  Various  shades,  generally  blue  : 
they  were  in  a  position  to  avail  themselves  of  the  they  are  crystalline,  and  work  well  in  dressings 
opportun.tywhen  the  offer  of  the  Royal  Arehi-  or  waUing.  In  the  Old  Red  Sandstme  the 
was  made.  If  they^  had  n^ot  following  quarries  were  worked  some  years 
'                -  ^^^  . — John's  Hole,  near  Boyle — the   stone  was 


tectural  Museum 

possessed  the  funds  the  committee  would,  he 
feared,  have  almost  been  induced  to  decline 
their  generous  offer.  They  had  also  to  thank 
most  heartily  their  friend,  3Ir.  Maurice  B.  Adams, 
for  the  very  important  part  he  had  taken  in 
bringing  the  transfer  to  a  head,  and  Mr. 
Leonard  Stokes  alsj  for  the  skilful  way  in  which 
he  had  rendered  the  premises  suitable  to  their 
needs  and  w.mts.  He  supposed  that  most  of 
those  present  had  studied  in  the  old  museum,  and 
remembered  what  an  unutterably  dull  and  de- 
pressing a  building  it  was ;  but  now,  thanks  to 
Mr.  Stokes,  it  was  exhilarating  in  its  in- 
fluence. But  there  was  another  side  to 
the  question.  The  rearrangement  of  the  new 
premises  had  involved  the  Association  in  a  very 
considerable  amount  of  debt.  He  did  not  wish 
that  evening  to  do  any  indirect  begging  ;  but  he 
hoped    that    every    member    would   realise   his 


used  in  the  new  bridge  at  Boyle  and  in  many 
public  and  private  buildings  there,  Boyle  .Vbbey 
was  probably  built  with  stones  obtained  from  the 
bed  of  the  river  there  ;  Felton  (Boyle)  ;  and 
Fuerty.  It  is  singular  that  in  many  parts  of 
Ireland  holes  are  pointed  out  in  the  beds  of 
rivers  as  being  old  quarries  from  which  stones 
were  obtained  for  building  ecclesiastical  structures 
in  the  13th  to  the  15th  centuries.  A  man  must 
surely  have  a  "double  dose  of  original  sin  "  who 
would  start  quarrying  in  the  bed  of  a  river  when 
he  could  get  the  same  stone  in  dry  ground. 
Between  Castlerea  and  French  Park  field- stones 
have  been  much  used  for  building ;  there  are 
many  of  considerable  size  found  in  this  locality. 
Rough  slates  were  sometimes,  found  in  the  Silurian 
rocks,  but  the  quiirries  are  of  local  interest,  and 
the  slates  were  used  chiefly  for  walling.  Asso- 
ins  in  the  Curlew  Hills  are 


personal  share  of  responsibility  ;  if  each  would  do    ^iated  with  the  SUuri.u,  ..   ...  ^u...„  ^..„  a.« 
his  best  according  to  his  means,  there  would  be   felamthic  tuffs  and  other  igneous  rocks   but  none 
no    debt    a    month    henco.     The    scone   of  the    ^^'^P''"!'^  tuttsantt  omer  igneous  rocKS,  out  none 
A=.„„;„*;„„     „„         ■ioiiv.o.     j-uo    ocope   oi   me    ^f  these  have  been  used  for  buildmg. 
Association     was     continually     enlarging,     and ! 

embraced  more   and   more   the   members  of  the  :  sligo. 

architectural  profession.  Prominent  architects  The  rocks  here  are  Coal  Measures,  Carboniferous 
took  an  interest  in  the  management  of  its  affairs,  Limestone,  Carboniferous  Sandstone,  Old  Red 
and  there  was  every  promise  thit  before  long  Sandstone,  Cambro-Silurian  Altered  Grit  Sand- 
their  work  would  develop  into  something  greater  stone  and  Slates,  Granite,  Dolerite,  and  Basalt, 
than  it  had  ever  been  in  the  past.  IJe  was  glad  '  Ballymote  is  built  on  Carboniferous  Limestone  ; 
to  be  able  to  state  that  the  Day  School  had  proved  Sligo  is  also  built  on  the  same  formation.  This 
an  unqualified  success  ;  and  it  was  clear  that  the  county  is  occupied  by  Carboniferous  Limestone, 
architects  who  had  passed  through  it  would  be  j  crossed  nearly  in  the  centre  by  a  belt  of  altered 
more  completely  equipped  for  their  professional '  Cambro-Silurian  rocks  of  variable  width,  through 
duties  than  the  men  of  any  previous  period,  which  are  several  intrusions  of  granite  and  other 
With  the  facilities  for  teaching  provided  by  i  igneous  rucks.  Old  Red  Sandstone  is  found 
the  new  premises  and  the  growing  enthusiasm  {  running  in  narrow  margins  between  the  Car- 
of  the  members,  he  felt  confident  that  the  boniferous  Ijimestones  and  the  Metamorphosed 
future  success  of  the  Association  was  assured.  I  Cambro  Silurians.  In  Benbulben  Hills  the  North 
Mr.  .VuTHin  T.  BoLToM  gave  the  toast  of  "  The  j  Sligo  Carboniferous  rocks  show  the  following 
Visitors,"  with  which  he  coupled  the  names  of  I  sections  : — (I)  Millstone  grit ;  (2)  grey  limestone 
Mr.  K.  Sakurai,.V.A.  Travelling  Student  for  ISOI,  !  with  magne.siin  limestone  bands  ;  (3)  black  shaly 
one  of  the  most  apsiduous  and  keenest  visitors  limestone  with  magnesian  bands  :  and  (4)  olive, 
they  had  over  had  at  their  classes,  and  Professor  !  grey,  and  whitish  sandstones  with  partings  of 
F.  E.  Hulme.  ^  Mr.  Sakiuai,  who  was  received  ,  black  shale.  The  pale  grey  limestone  (No.  '-')  is 
with  cheers,  said  that  after  his  countrymen  had  ;  probably  on  the  same  horizon  as  the  Burren  lime- 
bcatcn  the  Russians  many  more  of  the  Japanese  I  stone  ;  it  is  about  l,.50Oft.  thick,  with  lines  of 
architects  would ■coino  over  to  England  to  enjoy  ,  stratification  not  distinctly  niarUod,  but  the 
the  advantages  offered  to  architectural  students  whole  showing  a  tendency  to  split  up  into 
by  the  Associiition.  Ilo  referred  in  appreciative  '  silicious  and  calcareous  deposits  alternately, 
terms  to  the  facilities  that  had  been  given  to  him,  ]  The  Coal  Measures  come  in  on  the  extreme  west 
and  to  tho  help  he  hacl  received  in  the  classes.  '  from  Leitrim  ;  the  beds  of  ■'tone  in  them  ate 
Professor  Hi  lmh,  in  his  response,  said  ho  could  practically  inaccessible  and  have  consequently 
not  claim  to  bo  a  visitor,  as  ho  was,  and  had  long  !  not  been  well  examined,  but  good  llag'i  have  hoen 
Jj_^en,  closely  associated  with  them  as  ,a  lecturer,  j  obtained  in  some  few  places.     Tho  limestone  in 


Tho  concluding  toast  was  "  Tho  Press,"  proposed 
by  Mr.  II.  P.  G.  Maii.e,  and  acknowledged  by 
Mr.  W.  T.  Plume  and  Mii.  T.  Raiiles  Davisuv. 


this  county  is  nof-,  generally  speaking,  a  favourite 
building  stone,  for  many  of  tho  beds  are  calpy 
and   not   eiisy  to  work  on  the  banker.     Yet,  at  I 


liallisodare  and  Lough  Arrow  there  are  good 
stones  for  dressed  work.  The  quarry  at  Ballinafad, 
near  Lough  Arrow,  furnithes  a  greyiah-blue, 
semi-compact  crystalline  stone,  which  is  easily 
worked.  It  was  ustd  in  building  Rockingham 
House,  near  B  .yle.  Various  qinrries  at  Ballisodare 
and  (jollooncy  furnish  the  typical  Irish  greyish- 
blue  crystalline  limestone  which  is  practically  indc- 
structilde  by  weathering  :  it  is  well  exposed  in 
the  railway  cuttings  in  this  district  on  both  sidcK 
of  the  river.  The  Ballieodare  i  tone  was  used  in 
Victoria  Bridge,  Sligo,  in  Sir  R.  G.  Booth's 
mansion,  and  in  all  the  railway  and  road  bridges 
in  the  locality.  The  Sledia.'val  .\bbey  in  Sligo  was 
built  with  local  dark  limestone  of  the  Calp 
type  :  none  of  the  dressed  work,  though  the 
abbey  is  in  ruins,  shows  tigns  of  decay.  Lower 
Carboniferous  Sandstones  have  been  quarried  for 
flagging  at  Ballyglass,  near  Dromore  ;  but  the 
only  quarries  now  in  work  sre  those  which  turn 
out  limestone.  Limestone  quarries  at  present  in 
operation  are  Kilboylesby,  Mr.  J.  Clarence; 
Kinatogher,  Mr.  J.  Currid.  Another  in  the 
same  place  worked  by  Mr.  1).  McMorrow ; 
Rusheen,  Mr.  P.  Davey ;  Carrowgilhooly,  Mr. 
T.  H.  Dorrian  ■  Carrownabonl,  Jlr.  Mogara  ;  and 
Cains,  Mr.  J.  Heally.  In  Dromore,  west,  and 
in  the  extreme  south,  in  the  slopes  of  the  Curlew 
Hills,  there  are  Old  Sandstones  ;  but  they  are  not 
now  worked  for  building.  Like  the  Cambro- 
Silurians  in  other  counties,  these  rocks  here  are 
only  used  locally  and  for  rough  walling  only. 
The  metamorphosed  rocks  are  generally  rich  in 
quartz  ;  they  are  therefore  best  suited  for  heavy 
rough  work  and  road  making.  The  typical  forms 
are  schists  and  gneiss.  .\  serpentine  is  found  at 
Slishwood.  Drumahaire,  and  Shanavan's  Bridge  ; 
it  is  an  altered  Cambro-Silurian  rock.  Some  of 
the  associated  rocks  are  naturil  magnets,  and 
they  contain  nickel. 

TIPl'EK.VRY. 

The  rocks  in  this  county  are  Pliocene  Clays ; 
Coal    Measures ;     Upper,     Middle,    and    Lower 
Carboniferous  Limestone  (260,  315,  318)  ;  Lower 
Limestone  Shale  and   Magnesian  Limestone  of 
the  same  formation ;   Old  Red  Sandstone  (27S)  ; 
Lower  Silurian  rocks  ;  altered  Dolomite,  Basalt, 
and  Greenstone  Ash.     Coshel  is  built  on  Upper 
Carboniferous    Limestone,    Coal    Measures,   and 
Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone.    Cahir  :   Lower 
Carboniferous  Limestone,  Lower  Limestone  Shale, 
Old   Red    Sandstone.     Carrick-on-Suir :    Lower 
Carboniferous     Limestone,     Alluvium,      Lower 
Limestone  shale.  Old  Red  Smdstone.     Clocmel : 
Lower    Carboniferous     Limestone,     Shale,    and 
Alluvium.    Nenagh  and  Tipperary:   Lower  Car- 
boniferous Limestone.     Thurles  :  Alluvium,  Car- 
boniferous Limestone.     The  whole  of  the  central 
zone  of  this  county  is  occupied  by  Silurian  Rocks, 
margined  everywhere    by    Old   Red    Sandstone, 
the  latter   attaining   its   greatest   surface   width 
towards  Ro6crea  on  the  north-east,  and  Newport 
on  the  south-west.     Between    Nenagh  and  the 
Shannon,    Silurian   rocks    are    also   found    sur- 
rounded   by    Old    R  d    Sandstone,    as    already 
desciibed  ;    and   a   very   small  outlier  of  similar 
strata   is   found   at    a    place    called    The    Pike, 
on  the  borders  of  the  King's  County.     On  the 
extreme    south-east,    Slievenaman,    which   rises 
to  a  height  of  2,3t;4ft.,  Galtymorc   3, 105ft.,  and 
the   Knockmealdown  Mount.^ins  2,lJ03ft.,  are  all 
Old    Red    Sandstone    overlying    Silurian    rocks 
which  come  to  the  surfaca  in  extensive  and  con- 
tinuous areas  where  the  former  strata  are  removed 
by  denudation.     Part  of  the  Kilkenny  Coal  Field 
extends  into  this  county,  and  there  are  outliers  of 
it  near  Fethard,  Cashel,  Clonmel,  and  south  west 
of  the  town  of  Tipperary.      Igneous  locks  are 
found   on    the    west,    adjoining    tho   county  of 
Limerick,  but  their  development  is  not  nearly  so 
extensive  as  in  that  county.      The  newest  rocks 
are  the   Pliocene    pipeclays   with  beds  of  lignite, 
found  at  Loughloheny  and   BiUvinacidam  in  a 
basin  shaped  hollow  in  tho  Carboniferous  Lime- 
stone.  The  lower  clay  was  at  ono  time  exported  to 
England  for  potter's  work,   that  above  the  lignilo 
being  unsuitable  for  this  purpose  as  it  contains  a 
good  deal  of  carbon  disseminated  throughout  tho 
mass,  which  caused  the  clay  to  crack  in  firing. 
These   davs    a'O    not   used    .at  present    in   any 
kind     of  "  building      m.aterial,      though     when 
mixed    with    some    of    tho    nonrly    pure   lime- 
stone, whiih  is  plentiful  enouijh  in  this  county, 
tho  whole  would  make  an  a'mirable  raw  matciial 
for  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement.      'I  he 
Cod  Measures  are  well  exposed  to  thenorth-enst 
andsouth-wc'st  of  Killonaulo.     The  .sandstones  in 
them,  which  are  thin  and  beddy,   like  all  Coal 


720 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Mat  20,  1904. 


Measure    sandstones,     have    been    worked    for  i 
flagging.     The    Sbrough    Quarry,    now    under 
Government     inspection,     is    in    these    rocks. 
Foilacannon    and    Killenaule   Quarries  were   at 
one   time   extensively   worked ;    but   the  use  of 
Mncrete  paving  has  caused  a  great  falling  off  in 
tl  ( demand  for  these  flags,  so  that  many  of  the 
quarries   are   closed,    and    those    still   open   are 
worked    only    intermittently.      The    thin    Coal 
Measure  beds  are  used  locally  for  walling,  the 
dressings  being   of   Carboniferous  Limestone  or 
Old  Red  Sandstone.     There  is  a  gieat  exposure 
of  limestone   locks    in    this   county ;    it   is  cut 
through   the  centre   by   Silurian   and   Old   Red 
rocks,    the   northern   division    being    as   a  rule 
calpy,   and   the    southern   close,    compact,    and 
crinoidal.     Some  of  the  thick  beds  have  a  waved, 
cxjncretionary  structure,  and  others  are   oolitic, 
like  the  limestones  of   Mayo  and   Sligo.     Holy 
Cross  Abbey  and  Cashel  Cathedral  are  built  with 
Carboniferous  Limestone,  quarried  in  the  district, 
and  the  masons'  work  everywhere  shows  the  tool- 
marks  as  fresh  as  when  they  left  the  banker  600 
years    ago.     It   is  singular  that  this    limestone 
should  resist  the  weather  so  well,  and  that  it  does 
80  completely  upsets  all  conclusions  that  might 
he  arrived  at  by  a  priori  reasoning  on  the  subject. 
Chalk  is  notoriously   a  bad  weather  stone,  and 
this  limestone  is  practically  everlasting  in  this 
respect.     Yet  both  are  nearly  pure  carbonate  of 
lime,  the  difference  in  their  weathering  qualities 
depending  wholly  on  the  physical  conditions  of 
the  carbonate  which  forms  the  great  bulk  of  the 
stone  in  each  case.     Pure  carbonate  of  lime  is 
soluble  in  water,  and  still  more  so  in  water  con- 
taining carbonic  acid  in  solution.     All  rainwater 
contains  some  carbonic  acid.     Yet  as  for  centuries 
rain  and  frost  have  had   no  perceptible  effect  on 
these  limestones,  it  is  clear  that  practical  experi- 
ence outside  the  laboratory  is  of  more  value  in 
determining  the  weathering  properties  of    any 
stone  than  any  number  of  experiments  within  it. 
The  opinions  of  geologists  and  chemists  on  this 
subject  are  consequently  of  no  more  value  than 
the  paper  on  which  they  are  written,  when  these 
opinions  are  not  based  on  actual  observations  of 
worked  stone  exposed  for  centuries  to  the  action 
of   the  atmosphere.     Much  of  the  limestone   in 
this   county,   being    hard  and   crystalline,   it  is 
natural  to  expect  that  some  of  the  beds  would 
furnish  marble  of  some  kind  ;   but  the  only  trials 
made  for    ornamental  stones   showed   that  pale 
grey,  buff,  and  purplish  marbles  of  very  ordinary 
quality  could  only  be  obtained  from  the  rocks  near 
Dunkerrin.     It  is  probable,  however,  that  a  closer 
search  would  reveal  the  existence  of  many  beds 
which  would  yield  valuable  marble.     Portumna 
bridge,   over  the   Shannon,  is  built  with  a  hard 
limestone  quarried  in  the  locality  :  it  is  really  a 
very  dark  grey   or  black   marble.     Some  of   the 
most  important  limestone,  quarries  now  worked, 
and  under  Government  inspection,  are  Argeeha, 
Clonmel  Corporation,   Mr.  H.   Brunicardi,   sur- 
veyor ;  Ballinilard,  Mr.  G.  Townsend,  agent  for 
Lord  Barrymore ;    Ballydonnell,  Mr.  E.  O'Shea, 
sculptor ;    Ballyneal,     Mr.   M.   Hearn ;     Bawn, 
Nenagh,   Mr.   M.   Gleeson ;  Benadine,   Mr.  M. 
M'Looghlin  ;    Clonpet,  Mr.  M.  Delany  ;  Cullen, 
Mr.  W.  Conway  ;    Deer  Park,  Mr.  G.  Hogan  ; 
Garryshane,    Clonmel   Corporation ;   Kedra,   Mr. 
T.  0'D.innell ;  Kylea,  Mr.  J.  F.  Egan  ;  Lissa- 
tunny,    Nenagh,   Mr.    E.    Dillon ;     Murnane's, 
Kilpatrick,   Mr.    E.   J.   Murnane;   Rathkeevan, 
Mr.  Slattery  ;  St.  I'atrick's  Rock,  Cashel,  Mr.  P. 
O'Brien ;    and   Thomastown,   Mr.   J.    M'Grath. 
Borne  of  the  old  quarries  not  now  in  work  are 
Ardloman  ;  Ballagh  ;    Ballydilard,  used  in  build- 
ing Roscrea  workhouse  ;  Eastlone,  Cashel,  used  in 
building  KiUany  church  ;  HUl's  Lot,  Cashel,  used 
in'  Templemore  Priory ;    Lisbunny,  used  in  the 
gaol,  Nenagh  ;  and  St.  Johnstown,  nearFethard  ; 
all  these  furnish  good  building  stone.  At  Lewagh 
quarry,  north  of 'Thurles,  a  splendid  limestone  was 
quarried  for  dressed  work  ;  it  was  probably  used 
in   Holy   Cross   Abbey,  which   does   not  show  a 
iecayed  stone,  though  it  is  a  13th-century  build- 
ing.    Near   I'ortumna,  and   in    this   portion   of 
Lower  Ormond,  the  limestones    are    ctilpy  and 
not  suitable  for  fine  cut  stone  work,  but  every- 
where else  they  are  compact,  easily  worked,  some- 
times inclined  to  beearthy,variablein  colour,  which 
varies  from  light   bluish  grey  to  dark  grey  and 
nearly  black.  At  Ballinilard  quarry  there  is  a  mag- 
neaian  limestone  of  a  light  brown  colour,  under- 
lying the  ordinary   blue    calcium   limestone;   it 
works   well  on  the  banker.     Some   oitthe  calp 
rocks  are  so  poor  in  lime  that  they  will  not  burn 
as  ordinary  limestones  do.     It  seems  singular  that 
no  one  has  ever  tried  to  make  cement  by  grinding 


them  with  the  purer  limestones  in  proper  pro- 
portion and  calcining  the  mixture.  Old  Red 
.Sandstone  has  been  quarried  at  Carrick  and 
Grange,  near  Roscrea,  where  it  is  much  used, 
also  at  Kilmaccumma,  near  Clonmel;  at  Dun- 
drum,  Tinnakilly,  acd  Drumbane,  these  sand- 
stones are  grey,  light  brown,  or  yellowish 
with  little  mica,  and  they  furnish  good  build- 
ing stone  for  walling  or  dressings.  The 
Knockmeldown  sandstone  is  a  brownish-red, 
free-working,  durable  stone,  it  has  been  used 
extensively  in  CLigbreen  and  the  neighbourhood. 
The  "  Old  Red  "  of  the  Galtees  has  been  used  in 
Cahir  in  preference  to  limestone,  though  for  some 
reason,  all  through  Ireland,  the  old  builders 
preferred  sandstone  where  the  present-day  masons 
will  only  look  at  limestone.  Cormac's  chapel  on 
the  Rock  of  Cashel  is  built  with  Old  Red  sand- 
stone ;  the  style  of  its  architecture  is  that  known 
in  England  as  "  Norman."  It  is  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  buildings  now  standing  in  these 
islands.  This  work  was  finished  in  11.34,  and  it 
is  now  in  good  preservation.  Constructionally 
this  chapel  is  interesting,  for  its  roof  contains 
no  timber-work  of  any  kind,  the  outer  slopes  of 
stone  being  carried  on  a  tunnel  vault,  this  latter 
being  decorated  with  transverse  ribs,  an  arrange- 
ment common  in  the  South  of  France.  This 
chapel  and  others  of  a  similar  kind  which  are 
found  in  Ireland  testify  to  the  influence  of 
the  Norman  Conquest  on  the  architecture 
of  the  country,  for  they  appear  suddenly, 
some  of  them  elaborately  decorated,  without 
any  evidence  of  their  having  been  gradually 
evolved  here  from  simpler  structures.  When 
an  old  building  is  found  in  any  place  with 
advancid  constructional  principles  carried  out 
efficiently  in  practice,  and  this  construction  is 
decorated  in  a  consistent  and  artistic  manner,  no 
other  building  being  found  of  an  earlier  date  in 
the  same  district  at  all  like  it,  as  in  this  case,  it 
may  be  taken  for  granted  the  ideas  so  crystallised 
were  developed  elsewhere.  As  these  early  Irish 
churches  had  no  aisles,  it  is  evident  their  archi- 
tects did  not  obtain  their  ideas  from  Rome,  where 
pagan  basilicas  furnished  models  for  the  succeed- 
ing Christian  churches,  and  it  is  admitted  by  all 
conversant  with  the  subject  that  Ireland  must 
have  obtained  her  Christianity  and  her  architec- 
ture previous  to  the  Norman  Conquest  from  the 
further  East,  not  through  England  or  France, 
but  probably  by  some  maritime  commercial 
route,  which  brought  Ireland  in  direct  communi- 
cation with  the  Eastern  shores  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. Killaloe  slates  are  quarried  in  Lower 
Silurian  rocks  at  Corbally  on  the  east  side  of 
Lough  Dearg,  about  five  miles  from  KilUaoe. 
Garrybeg  is  now  the  chief  quarry  in  work  ;  it 
gives  employment  to  140  men  under  Mr.  W.  J. 
Hanley,  secretary  to  the  ICillaloe  Slate  Co.,  Ltd. 
There  is  another  important  slate  quarry  at  Clash  - 
naemuth,  worked  by  80  men  under  Mr.  W. 
Hughes,  for  the  Victoria  Slate  Co.,  Ltd., 
Carrick-on-Suir.  There  are  other  quarries 
in  the  same  rocks  at  Laghtea,  and  two  near  the 
Graves  of  the  Leinster  Men,  Gap  and  Derry- 
cistle.  There  is  a  twist  in  the  surface  of  the 
Derrycastle  slates,  and  the  quarry  unbearing  is 
over  20ft.  of  massive  grit,  which  makes  the 
mining  of  slate  here  a  very  expensive  matter.  In 
the  Galtee  More  district  there  was  a  large  quarry 
in  the  Glen  of  Aherlow  :  it  turned  out  a  heavy 
greenish  grey  slate,  which  was  extensively  used 
in  the  locality.  In  the  Lingaun  valley  (Clash- 
nasmut)  the  slates  are  pale  grey.  They  can  be 
cleft  thin,  and  in  large  sizes,  being  sound  and 
even  in  texture ;  the  qualit)'  is  good,  and  the 
supply  inexhaustible.  Where  the  Silurian  rocks 
approach  the  Old  Red  Sandstone,  the  slates 
become  greenish  grey,  like  the  green  of  the 
English  Lake  District.  It  will  be  seen,  from  the 
foregoing  description  of  the  slate-quarrying  in- 
dustry in  this  country,  that  it  is  at  present  in  the 
handsof  two  companies,  the KillaloeSlate Co.,  Ltd., 
and  the  Victoria  Slate  Co.,  Ltd.,  the  oflices  of  the 
first  company  being  at  Nenagh,  and  the  latter  at 
Carrick-on-Suir.  None  of  the  igneous  rocks  are 
quarried  forbuildingor  road-making.  The  Silurian 
in  this  county  are  known  locally  as  the  "  Bally- 
money  "  and  "  Dark  Shale  Series."  They  corre- 
spond with  the  Bala  and  Caradoc  rocks  of  Wales. 
Though  this  county  contains  an  inexhaustible 
supply  of  limestone,  pipeclay,  potter's  clay,  shale, 
and  Coal  Measures  c'ay,  all  the  materials  necessary 
for  the  manufacture  of  cement  of  high  quality, 
there  is  not  a  single  cement  kiln  in  the  county. 


The  rocks  in   this   county  are   Pliocene  clay, 


with  lignite.  Chalk,  Keuprr  Marl,  Bunter  Sand- 
stone, Permian  beds  with  magnesian  limestone. 
Middle  Coal  Measures  with  coal.  Lower  Coal 
Measures  with  coal  seams  and  dolomite,  MiUstone 
Grit  (270),  Y'oreda'e  rocks.  Upper,  Middle,  and 
Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  with  sandstones 
(288,  301),  Old  Red  Sandstone  (293).  altered 
rocks  of  Silurian,  Cambrian,  and  pre-Cambrian 
age ;  granite,  basalt,  and  other  igneous  rocks. 
Cookstown  is  built  on  Calci'erous  Sandstone  and 
Lower  Carboniferous  Limstone ;  Djngannon  on 
Calp  Sandstone.  Yoredale  beds;  Omigh,  Lower 
Carboniferous  Limts'one  and  sandstone,  Calp 
sandstone:  Strabane,  metamorphic  rocks,  allu- 
vium. The  north  of  this  county  is  occupied  by  the 
oldtr  metamorphic  rocks,  and  the  south  by  Old  Red 
Sandstone.  Thtre  are  detached  areas  of  Car- 
boniferous Limestone,  chiefly  the  lower  divisions, 
which  are  represented  here  by  shales  and  sand- 
stones ;  but  they  are  not  nfarly  so  extensive  as 
the  Old  Red  Sandstone  and  Silurian  rocks.  The 
building  rocks  of  the  county  are  chiefly  sand- 
stones, .and  there  appears  to  be  some  difficulty  in 
classifying  them.  The  Calp  middle  limestone, 
which  in  Dublin  and  the  southern  counties  is  an 
argillaceous,  flaggy  sandstone,  is  represented  here 
by  a  series  of  sandstones  known  as  "  Calp  of  the 
Ulster  type."  The  Geological  Survey  maps  show 
beds  of  Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone  under- 
lying beds  of  sandstone ;  there  are  also  beds  of 
Upper  and  Lower  Caleiferous  Sandstone,  and 
Lower  Carboniferous  Sandstone,  so  that  it  is  not 
easy  to  deflne  the  actual  outcrop  of  the  beds,  or 
even  to  separate  them  ;  the  present  arrangement 
is,  therefore,  probably  only  provisional.  It  i-", 
however,  quite  clear  that  the  typical  development 
of  Carbonvferous  Limestone  found  in  the  central 
plain  of  Ireland  does  not  exist  here,  tor  pure 
limestones  are  found  to  be  replaced  by  sand- 
stones, and  the  latter  are  irterbedded  with 
all  the  lower  divisions  of  the  Carboniferous 
formation.  On  the  river  Ballinderry,  near  Coagh, 
and  east  of  Stewartstown,  there  are  small  out- 
crops of  chalk  or  white  limestone,  with  bands  of 
flint.  Bunter  and  Permian  beds  extend  south- 
wards from  Cookstown  to  Caledon,  passing  Dun- 
gannon  and  Benburb.  They  furnish  the  stone 
known  as  "  Red  Free  "  in  the  northern  counties; 
but  there  is  no  quarry  o!  any  importance  in  these 
rocks  here.  Coal  Measures  are  found  to  the  oast 
of  Dungannon,  and  they  furnish  sandstone  suit- 
able for  dressed  work.  The  great  depth  of  un- 
bearing, however,  makes  the  cost  of  working  so 
great  that  the  price  of  the  blocks  is  prohibitive. 
Carboniferous  Limestone  proper  is  not  much 
used  for  dressings  in  this  county.  It  is  quarried 
at  Gorestown,  Cookstown,  and  Castlecaulfield,  in 
all  of  wliich  places  the  rock  is  grey,  fossiliferous, 
and  crystalline.  Some  beds  are  flaggy.  At 
Keeran's  Cross  there  is  a  thin  bed  of  limestone, 
which  yields  a  lime  having  hydraulic  properties. 
At  Drmmreach  there  is  a  thick  bed  of  clayey 
limestone  under  37ft.  of  thin  bedded  rock. 
It  would  burn  to  hydraulic  lime,  and  at 
Bloomhill  there  U  such  another  bed  about 
12ft.  thick.  This  last  was  discovered  in  boring 
for  water.  The  Cookstown  stone  is  crystal- 
line. Some  beds  are  compact,  and  polish  well. 
In  colour  the  beds  vary  from  grey  to  pink  and 
red.  'The  Castlecaulfield  stone  is  grey,  compact, 
and  crj'stalline  ;  it  works  well,  though  it  is  in- 
clined to  be  flaggy.  There  are  shale  partings 
between  the  beds  ;  the  whole  formation,  therefore, 
yields  the  best  possible  raw  material  for  the 
manufacture  of  Portland  cement.  In  passing,  it 
may  be  said  that  pure  lime  has  no  hydraulic 
properties,  neither  does  it  set  under  water  or  in 
air,  though  it  hardens  in  drying.  A  slightly 
hydraulic  lime  is  burned  from  a  limestone  con- 
taining from  10  to  20  per  cent,  of  clay.  A 
hydraulic  lime  contains  not  less  than  20  per  cent, 
and  up  to  25  per  cent  ,  and  an  eminently  hydraulic 
lime  contains  from  20  to  35  per  cent,  of  cIa5^  To 
confer  the  property  of  hydraulicity  on  a  lime  or 
cement,  it  is  only  necessary  that  its  constituents 
should  be  silica  and  lime.  Clay  affords  the  silica 
required  in  the  most  minute  state  of  subdivision, 
for  if  the  silica  is  present  as  sand,  it  will  not 
combine  with  the  lime  to  form  calcium  silicate 
when  fu=ed.  Calp  sindstoncs  are  cream  yellow 
or  bluish  grey  ;  they  are  good  working  stones, 
many  being  found  in  lenticular  masses,  from 
which  cause  they  frequently  die  out  rapidly  ; 
and  quarries  once  in  work  are  now  abandoned, 
as  this  particular  stone  is  exhausted  in 
several  districts.  In  different  quarries  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Cookstown,  cream-coloured 
silicious  sandstones  are  raised,  which  are  slightly 
micaceous  ;  some  beds  are  hard  and  suitable  for 


May  20,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIXG    KEWS. 


721 


mtm 


^^F> 


■\  inDEPEIiDErrr  METH0D!ST  CHURCH.CHORLEY  hew  road.  DOLTOri. 


all  kinds  of  dressed  work,  others  are  not  very 
reliable  ;  some  of  the  Cookstown  sandstone  used 
in  Belfast,  fur  instance,  does  not  stand  well  in  all 
cases.  Kildress  and  Loughrea  quarries  also  yield 
stones  of  the  same  general  quality  as  those  at 
Cookstown.  The  Lower  Carboniferous  sand- 
stones are  grey,  yellow,  and  brownish  red  ;  they 
are  more  or  less  sOicious,  with  felspathio  or  ar- 
gillo-silicious  cement ;  some  are  micaceous,  others 
ferriferous  ;  some  of  the  best  known  quarries  are 
Derrynascope,  Dernasill,  Altaveu,  Billymac- 
gowan,  E'.derwooJ,  Cavey,  Trinmadan,  and 
Carrickmore.  All  these  sandstones  work  freely, 
but  they  soon  wear  down  the  mason's  tools ; 
indeed  some  of  them,  the  conglomerates  near 
Ballygawly  for  instance,  were  at  one  time  worked 
into  millstones.  "  Dangannon  stone"  is  one  of 
these  carboniferous  sandstones ;  an  important 
quarry  in  it  wai  worked  at  Kanfurly  for  the  Post 
Office,  Belfast,  the  Northern  Bank,  Fintona, 
and  the  Koyal  University  in  Dublin.  The 
stone  was  also  mu'-li  used  in  Hangannon. 
The  particular  bed  of  Dung^nnon  stone 
known  as  the  '*  lied  Bed,"  is  easily  worked,  but 
does  not  weather  well,  as  may  be  seen  by  an  in- 
spection of  the  dr  ssed  work  in  Omagh  barracks, 
which  are  built  with  it.  Old  Red  Sandstone  is 
raised  in  many  quarries  near  Fintona;  some  of  the 
mostimpoitantare  Lacagh,  liangoran,  Diindiven, 
and  Uaveagh  :  all  the  sandstones  raised  here  are 
reldish-brown,  greenish-grey,  or  yellow;  the 
Dandiven  stone  is,  perhaps  the  best  known  of  any ; 
it  is  argillaceous,  partly  ca'careous,  and  felspathic; 
it  is,  however,  fine-grained  and  free  working.  A 
Lower  Silurian  sandstone  is  quarried  at  I'omcroy ; 
it  is  a  dark  grey  micaceous  rock,  which  works 
well  in  dressings.  The  rocks  of  this  formation 
generally  are  used  for  rough  work  ;  they  range  in 
gr.tin  from  conglomerates  to  fine  sandstones,  and 
in  composition  they  are  silicious,  argillaceous, 
and  carbonaceous.  The  older  rocks  are  used 
locally  for  walling  and  rough-dressing,  the  thin 
slate  beds  being  preferred  to  the  larger  and  more 
compact  blocks  for  these  purposes.     Small,  rough 


roofing  slates  were  formerly  worked  in  a  quarry 
to  the  north  of  Pomeroy  ;  but  at  present  there 
are  no  slate  quarries  in  the  county.  Coming 
in  from  Londonderry,  near  Lissan,  and 
extending  west  to  near  Omagh,  there  is  a  narrow 
belt  of  granitic  rocks  and  basalt :  associated  with 
these  are  metamphosed  igneous  rocks  of  various 
kinds.  The  granites  are  full  of  joints  and  easily 
disintegrated  :  hence  they  are  not  good  building 
stones ;  but  the  basalt  is  sometimes  worked  into 
quoins  and  other  rough  dressings  for  walls  buUt 
with  sandstone  or  slate  rock.  To  the  south-east 
of  Omagh  valuable  ornamental  stones  are  found 
in  these  igneous  rocks  ;  but  as  there  is  no  demand 
for  such  luxuries  in  Ireland,  they  are  practically 
unknown,  though  many  of  them  might  be  easily 
worked,  as  they  are  found  like  ordinary  sedi- 
mentary rocks  in  thin-bedded  strata,  a  peculiar 
structure  impressed  on  them  by  metamorphism. 
There  are  473  quarries  shown  in  the  geological 
maps  of  this  country-;  in  IS.'iS  there  were  3S  in 
work ;  at  present  30  are  under  Government  in- 
spection, 13  being  in  limestone,  7  sandstone,  5 
whinstone,  and  5  gravel,  clay,  and  sand.  The 
most  important  quarries  now  in  work  are  Mr.  T. 
Fullan's  sandstone  ([uarry  at  Carlan ;  Messrs. 
Howard's,  Uortnaclush  ;  Mr.  J-.  Howard's 
LisQagleer  ;  and  the  Cookstown  Lime  Co.'squarry 
in  the  limestone  at  Cookstown.  The  Killylack 
Clay  Pit  is  worked  by  the  Tyrone  Colliery 
Sanitary  Pipe  and  Brick  Co.,  Ltd.,  Dungannon. 


INDl<;PKM)EXT  METHODIST  CHUIICH. 
CHOULEV  NEW  ROAD,  BEVERLEY 
ROAD,  BOLTON. 

THE  above  contains  seats  (including  three 
galleries)  for  4  30  people;  an  upper  and 
lower  schoolroom  to  accommodate  3G0  each,  and 
seven  vesttii  s  and  classrooms.  The  materials 
are  red  pressed  bricks  and  red  terracotta.  The 
cost  will  be  £1,200.  Messrs.  Potts,  Son,  and 
Ilennings  are  the  architects. 


THE   QUEEN   VICTORIA   MEMORIAL    IN 
ST.   JAMES'S   PARK. 

AT  the  Royal  Institution  on  Friday  night  Mr. 
M.  11.  Spielmann  lectured  on  the  (iueen 
\'ictoria  Memorial.  The  Duke  of  ^rorthumber- 
land  was  in  the  chair.  The  lecture  took  the  form 
of  a  continuous  commentary  upon  a  long  series 
of  lantern  slides.  Beginning  with  a  brief  refer- 
ence to  the  preliminary  arrangem  nts  for  the 
erection  of  the  memorial,  Mr.  Spielmann  gave  au 
accDunt  of  what  had  been  done  by  other  countries 
which  could  show  some  noble  monuments  to 
raonarchs  departed  and  a  few  failures  for  our 
warning. 

Taking  Russia  first,  he  showed  pxturts 
of  the  colossal  equestrian  statue  of  Peter 
the  Great  at  St.  Petersburg,  of  the  granite  mono- 
lith erected  in  honour  of  .\le.\ander  I.,  and  of 
the  monuments  to  Nicholas  I.  and  the  EmpiesB 
Catherine  II.  From  Austria  he  folected  the 
monument  to  the  I'mpress  Maria  Theresa  ;  from 
France  the  memorials  to  Ganibetta  and  Carnot, 
and  from  Spain  the  model  of  the  monument  pro- 
posed to  Alphon-o  Xll..  which  he  criticised 
severely.  From  liel^ium  he  took  the  monument 
of  (lie  canopied  series — wh'«t  Ruskin  termed  a 
church  spire  set  on  the  ground— erected  to  King 
Leopold  I.  In  Germany  the  finest  work  of  tho 
kind  he  was  considering  was,  to  his  mind,  the 
memorial  to  Frederick  tho  Cireat  in  Berlin  ; 
among  others  which  he  showed  was  the 
national  monument  Gcrmania,  placed  on  the 
banks  of  the  Rhine  opposite  Bingcn  tc 
Mmmemorate  the  founding  of  the  German 
Empire.  For  those,  if  there  were  any,  who 
did  not  think  that  nuuh  should  be  spent  on  the 
liuccn  Victoria  memorial,  the  Italian  memorial 
to  \'ictor  Emanuel  was  an  object  lesson.  Its  coat 
was  at  first  estimated  at  i3i;o,000,  but  in  1858 
over  a  million  had  been  tpont,  and  before  the 
work  was  fini^hod  it  was  expcc'ed  the  expendi- 
ture would  bo  two  millions.  This  was  the  tribute 
of  impoverished  Italy  to  her  great  kinp  ;  ■■vealt'- 


722 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


Mat  20,  1904 


En»laEd  had  so  far  contributed  only  atout  an 
eighth  of  that  sum  for  the  memorial  of  her  great 
Queen.  Jlr.  Spielmann  next  showed  plans  and 
pictures  of  the  designs  which  had  been  submitted 
for  the  architectural  portion  of  the  Queen's 
Memorial  by  the  five  architects  selected  by  the 
committee,  and  pointed  out  the  chief  features  of 
the  proposals  o!  Jlr.  T.  G.  Jackson,  R.A.,  Mr. 
Emeet  George,  Sir  Thomas  Drew,  and  Sir 
Eowand  Anderson.  Still  more  fully  he  discussed 
the  accepted  design  of  Mr.  Aston  Webb,  R.A., 
describing  the  original  plan  and  the  modifications 
subsequently  adopted.  The  choice  made  by  the 
committee,  he  thought,  was  generally  approved. 
Mr.  Aston  Webb's  design  would  give  a  splendid 
monument  to  London,  and  would  form  a  magnifi- 
cent bequest  from  the  20th  century  to  Londoners 
of  the  future.  He  then  described  in  detail  the 
sculptured  portion  of  the  memorial,  which  had 
been  intrusted  to  Mr.  Brock,  R.A.,  his  account 
being  illustrated  by  a  number  of  photographs 
taken  from  plaster  models,  which,  he  mentioned, 
ihe  sculptor  had  decided  to  have  completelj' 
finished  before  he  took  in  hand  any  of  the  actual 
work.  The  statuary  along  the  processional  road 
was  also  to  be  under  the  control  of  Mr.  Brock,  and 
the  whole  of  the  work  was  to  be  carried  out  in  the 
most  durable  materials.  The  only  unsatisfactory 
feature  in  the  whole  scheme  was  the  unflignified 
and  incongraous  fa(,'ad9  of  Buckingham  Palace. 


LONDOX 


STREETS   AND    STREET 
TRAFFIC. 


AT  the  ordinary  general  meeting  of  the  Sur- 
veyors' Institution,  held  on  Monday  evening 
la.st,  the  discussion  of  the  paper  read  at  the  last 
meeting  by  Mr.  T.  Blashill  was  resumed  by  Mr. 
Howard  Martin  (Member  of  Council),  who  said 
he  understood  the  argument  of  the  paper  to  be 
that  the  enormous  expense  of  constructing  new 
streets  would,  for  some  time,  delay  the  carrying 
out  of  any  improvements  of  an  ambitious  kind  ; 
but  he  thought  some  of  the  new  routes  might,  at 
all  events,  be  begun  if  not  completed,  by  com- 
paratively inexpensive  connecting  links  between 
existing  thoroughfares.  He  did  not  think 
there  was  yet,  nor  would  there  be  for  some 
time  to  cjme,  sufficient  traffic  t)  warrant 
some  of  the  schemes  advocated  in  the  paper, 
but  some  of  them  would  undoubtedly  be 
useful  as  links  betweeen  north  and  south 
and  east  and  west.  It  would  be  thought, 
he  generally  admi'ted,  that  Col.  Haywood's 
scheme  was  a  valuable  one,  forming  as  it  would  a 
direct  line  between  Holborn  and  the  Whitechapel 
Road  north  of  Guildhall,  and  much  advantage 
might  be  gained  by  the  straightening  and  widen- 
ing of  Gresham-street,  which,  though  largely 
used,  was  a  most  inconvenient  thoroughfare.  It 
would  seem  well  if  local  authorities  could  get  a 
clause  inserted  in  their  Bills  that  cases  of  compen- 
sation should  go  to  an  umpire  instead  of  to  a 
jury ; — not  that  he  doubted  the  honesty  of  juries, 
but  their  decisions  were  sometimes  a  little  erratic. 
On  the  question  of  raising  the  money  for  im- 
provements, he  thought  all  would  regret  the  loss 
of  the  old  coal  and  wine  dues,  which  worked 
so  easily  and  which  were  so  little  felt. 
But  if  the  amounts  were  to  be  raised  by 
rates,  he  could  not  think  it  was  fair  to 
tax  only  one  interest  out  of  the  many  which 
derived  additional  value  from  the  facilities  for 
tralKc  in  London.  He  could  hardly  agree  that 
business  owaers  fronting  on  streets  could  be 
expected  to  devote  part  of  their  expensive  land  to 
the  formation  of  loading  docks  within  their  own 
area,  and  abandon  the  use  of  the  street  for  which 
they  had  actually  paid  and  on  the  value  of  which 
they  were  rated.  He  thought  it  would  be  well  if 
all  surface  works  to  streets  could  be  under  the 
control  of  some  appointed  authority  who  would 
grant  licenses  to  disturb  the  roid,  taking  cire 
thatit  a  number  of  applications  to  do  ^eo  were 
received,  the  works  should  be  done  as  nearly  as 
possible  simultaneously.  He  was  not  sure  that, 
all  things  coniidered,  motor-cars  and  waggons 
would  not  take  as  much  room  as  horsed  vehicles, 
especially  as  there  was  a  marked  tendency  to  make 
the  former  wider  and  longer  and  heavier.  If  Mr. 
Blashill'a  ideal  nation  of  taking  a  car  anywhere 
and  being  set  down  exactly  at  any  wishel-for 
spot,  were  carried  out,  he  feared  it  would  not  be 
found  possible  for  the  police  to  marshal  the 
traffic  in  different  streets  as  suggested  elsewhere 
in  the  paper. 

Mr.  William  Woodward  said  that  while  he 
agreed  thit  much  might  be  done  by  way  of  new 
Btree»i  to  -elieve  the  traffic  of  London,  one  of  the 


worst  causes  of  congestion  was  the  constant 
breaking  up  of  the  surface,  for  which  he  thought 
the  borough  councils  were  largely  to  blame.  As 
to  road  material,  he  had  himself  found  that  true 
macadam  (not  stones  of  all  sizes  mixed  with  mud 
and  hoggin)  made  one  of  the  very  best  and  most 
lasting  of  surfaces.  The  obstruction  caused  by 
shopkeepers  exposing  their  wares  on  the  footway 
had  been  alluded  to,  and  an  unfortunate  book- 
seller had  recently  been  fined  for  an  ISin. 
projection,  while  no  notice  was  taken  by  the 
police  of  the  human  encroachment  outside  the 
theatres,  which  constituted  a  very  real  obstruc- 
tion. The  powers  conferred  on  the  police  were 
not  sufticiently  ex-rcised,  or  much  of  the  trouble 
would  be  avoided.  The  nuisance  of  carts  left 
standing  at  the  side  of  the  road  could  easily  be 
avoided  by  due  vigilance  and  firmness. 

Professor  Henry  Robin;on  expressed  an  opinion 
that  the  matter  of  the  materials  of  which  roads 
were  made  was  of  the  greatest  importance  in 
connection  -with  the  question  under  discussion. 
Wood  had  its  advantages  and  disadvantages,  and 
macadam,  or  what  was  called  macadam,  was  of 
many  different  qualities.  If  properly  made_  it 
was  an  exceedingly  good  and  lasting  material, 
but  was  not  suitable  in  every  situation.  For  the 
purpose  of  motor  traffic  asphalte  was  a  splendid 
material,  and  was  also  healthy. 

Mr.  J.  Douglass  Mathews  said  that,  as  a  matter 
of  fact,  London  was  over-roaded,  and  the  only 
remedy  soon  would  be  to  move  it  bodily  twenty 
miles  away  from  the  present  site  and  begin  afresh. 
The  difficulties  of  making  entirely  new  roads 
were  many,  among  the  most  serious  being  the 
stoppage  of  bus'ness,  and  the  great  cost  to 
ratepayers .  It  was  a  great  pity  that  the  old  coal 
and  wine  dues  had  been  allowed  to  slip  away. 
Th"?  coal  duty,  originally  Is.  per  ton  on  all  coal 
brought  into  London,  was  latterly  divided.  Id. 
going  to  the  City  and  Sd.  to  ths  Metropolitan 
Board  of  Works,  and  the  completion  of  many 
great  and  valuable  improvements  had  been 
accomplished  by  the  aid  of  this  fund.  He  did 
not  quite  agree  with  the  author  of  the  paper,  that 
traffic  would  be  facilitated  by  a  system  of  shopping 
from  samples  and  sending  the  goods  home  from 
the  factories  direct.  Much  the  same  change  had 
already  taken  place  in  the  City.  He  thought  a 
street  northward  from  Southwark  Bridge  would 
be  of  the  greatest  importance.  He  would  carry 
the  road  over  Queen  Victoria-street  in  a  north- 
westerly direction  to  Bread-street,  then  widen 
Wood -street,  and  by  Red  Cross-street  and 
Golden-lane  reach  the  Citj'-road.  Mr.  Douglass 
Mathews  also  suggested  many  other  modifications 
of  existing  streets  for  the  opening-up  of  north 
and  south  or  east  and  wes*,  routes. 

Mr.Wm.  Blair,  borough  engineer  of  St.  Pancras, 
believed  that  much  of  the  blame  which  was 
heaped  upon  the  borough  authorities  for  the  ob- 
struction of  traffic  owing  to  the  disturbance  of 
roadways  was  unjust.  It  was  not  the  local 
authorities,  but  the  companies  possessing  statutory 
powers  to  open  up  roadways,  who  were  in  fault. 
In  the  borough  of  St.  Pancras  no  less  than  12 
independent  bodies  had  statutory  powers  to  break 
up  the  road.  They  had  to  give  notice  to  the 
borough  council ;  but  the  latter  had  no  power  to 
refuse  or  even  to  suggest  methods  other  than 
those  adopted  by  the  companies  at  their  own  dis- 
cretion. The  scheme  for  tramways  down  Totten- 
ham Court-road,  with  a  minute  and  a  half 
service,  20ft.  between  the  lines  for  a  central  cab- 
stand, and  only  10ft.  6in.  each  side  for  omni- 
bus s,  carts,  and  standing  carriages,  was  a  mo-t 
unreasonable  one.  More  than  a  thousand 
\ehicle3  per  hour  often  used  that  thoroughfare, 
and  the  result  of  such  an  arrangement  would  be 
disastrous.  Delays,  or  apparent  delays,  were 
often  caused  by  the  use  of  such  materials  as  Port- 
land cement,  which  must  be  allowed  to  set  when 
employed  as  a  foundation,  or  the  road  would  be 
unsound.  Materials  were  not  always  to  hand 
when  wanted,  and  when  on  the  spot  hid  some- 
times to  be  rejected,  the  delay  thus  caused  being 
unavoidable,  however  annoying  it  might  be. 

Mr.  Blashill  having  briefly  replied,  acknow- 
ledging the  kindly  criticisms  of  those  who  had  so 
largely  added  to  the  value  ot  his  paper  by  taking 
part  in  the  discussion,  the  meeting  then  a'ijourned. 

It  was  announced  that  the  next  meeting  would 
be  held  at  Newca-tle-on-Tyne  on  the  2ijth  inst., 
and  the  annual  general  meeting  in  Lmdoa  on  the 
30th  inst. 


The  education  committee  of  the  Darham  County 
Council   have  appointed  Mr.  Wm.    Rushworth  as 
I  architect. 


SEWAGE   DISPOSAL  AND  RIVER 
POLLUTION. 

ACONFERENX'E  of  the  Incorporated  Asso- 
ciation of  Municipal  and  County  Engineers 
was  held  on  Saturday  at  York,  and  was  the  most 
representative  gathering  the  association  has  held 
in  the  provinces  within  recent  years.  The 
morning  session  was  held  in  the  Guildhall,  where 
the  members  assembled  und«r  the  presidency  of 
Mr.  W.  Weaver,  of  Kensington,  and  were 
welcomed  by  the  Lord  Mayor  on  behalf  of  the 
City  Corporation. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Hopkinson,  of  Keighley,  was  re- 
elected the  district  hon.  secretary.  A  paper  on 
the  "  Sewerage  and  Sewage  Disposal  of  the  City 
of  York  ' '  was  then  read  by  Mr.  Alfred  Creer,  city 
engineer,  who  gave  an  exhaustive  and  interesting 
account  of  the  various  experiments  conducted  at 
York  in  the  chemical  and  bacteriological  treat- 
ment. A  discussion  followed,  the  most  important 
speech  being  made  by  Dr.  Maclean  Wilson,  the 
chief  inspector  to  the  West  Riding  Rivers  Board. 
He  agreed  with  the  remarks  which  had  been 
made  as  to  the  impossibility  of  fixing  uponan 
equitable  percentage  standard  of  chemical  purity, 
because  the  sewage  of  some  districts  differed  so 
greatly  from  that  of  others,  whilst  regard  inust 
always  be  had  to  the  nature  of  the  stream  into 
which  the  effluent  was  turned,  in  that  it  would 
be  permissible  for  an  effluent  to  be  turned  into  a 
tidal  stream  or  a  river  with  the  enormous  volume 
of  water  such  as  passed  down  the  <Juse  at  York, 
as  compared  with  somewhat  small  streams,  the 
waters  of  which  might  afterwards  be  used  for 
drinking  purposes.  Subsequently  the  members  of 
the  association  were  entertained  to  luncheon  in  the 
Guildhall  by  Alderman  Agar  and  the  sewers  com- 
mittee, and  later  in  the  afternoon  they  proceeded 
by  the  Ouse  Navigation  tug  to  the  pumping 
station  at  Fulford,  and  the  disposal  works  at 
Naburn,  where  teptic  tanks  and  filter-beds  were 
inspected. 

DESIGNS  FOR  GARDEN  FrRNITURE. 

WE  have  received  a  well  illustrated  and 
artistic  catalogue  of  garden  furniture, 
published  by  Mr.  John  P.  White,  of  the  Pyghtle 
Works,  Bedford,  which  wiU  be  found  of  service 
to  the  profession  who  are  often  employed  not  only 
in  building  residences,  but  in  the  laying-out  of 
gardens.  Landscape  gardening,  once  a  lucrative 
profession,  has  been  largely  taken  up  by  archi- 
tects both  here  and  in  America,  and  some  of  the 
most  recent  works  on  formal  and  Italian  gardens 
have  been  written  by  architects.  Generally  the 
designs  for  garden  seats,  gates,  pavilions,  rustic 
summerhouses,  conservatories,  garden  arches, 
sundials,  and  other  accessories,  have  been  left 
in  the  hands  of  tradesmen,  who  have  little  idea 
of  art.  Take,  for  instance,  garden  seats  and 
gates  and  fences — how  very  few  are  seen 
which  are  suitable  for  their  immediate  surround- 
ings '.  The  manufacturing  ironmonger  and  the 
ordinary  rustic  carpjnter  turn  out  the  mcst 
commonplace  designs  of  wrought-iron  bars,  cast 
iron  with  florid  ornaments,  which  are  constantly 
getting  broken  off,  to  the  utter  disfigurement  of 
the  property ;  or  wooden  erections  of  a  very 
stereotyped  kind.  Mr.  John  P.  White  has  in  his 
book  shown  us  a  few  artistic  seat^,  such  as 
the  Picts  Hill  Seat,  made  with  a  slatted  seat  with 
back  in  deal,  painted  green  or  white,  or  oak 
fumigated,  oiled,  and  varnished.  The  Radleyand 
Elstow  seats  and  the  "  DingwaU "'  seat,  with 
upright  flat-shaped  bars,  and  of  curved  ramped 
outlines,  are  exceedingly  appropriate  for  gardens, 
and  the  prices  range  from  £3  3s.  upwards. 
For  gardens  in  the  Italian  style  designs  are 
shaped  to  resemble  marble  seats  in  form  and 
painted  white  are  shown.  The  designs  for  gates  are 
equally  good.  The  "  Haynes  Design,''  a  carriage 
gate,  with  side  wickets,  is  a  very  simply  framed 
and  serviceable  design,  with  oak  posts  and  deal- 
painted  gates,  with  open  top  panels  filled  with 
crossbars  or  ironwork.  The  "  Cranfield "  and 
Wilden  designs  are  also  artistically  framed  with 
appropriate  relief .  The  "  Woburn  "  pattern,  rail- 
ing aiid  gate  combined  in  wrought  iron,  is  a  useful 
form  of  entrance  to  garden,  and  the  firm  submit 
designs  for  wrought  iron  railings  and  gates  to 
suit  requirements.  Several  designs  for  trellis 
arbours  framed  of  light  timbers,  which  can  be 
delivered  and  fixed  complete  in  deal  to  any  colour, 
are  illustrated.  We  also  see  schemes  for  trellis- 
work,  rosaries,  arbours,  and  inclosures.  A  few 
simple  designs  for  sundials  in  fumigated  and 
oiled  and  varnished  oak  are  illustrated.  The 
1  summerhouses    shown,  made   in    white  -  painted 


May  20,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


723 


deal,  with  painted  white  roof,  covered  with 
shingles  stained  with  carbolineum,  square  and 
octagonal  on  plan,  are  less  pretentious,  and  more 
suitable  for  modern  houses  than  the  ordinary  rustic 
erections.  We  also  notice  some  very  admirable 
designs  for  garden  houses,  simply  framed  in  oak 
left  from  the  saw,  which  tone  down  to  a  pleasing 
grey  colour.  The  roof  is  boarded,  felted,  and 
thatched  with  heather,  the  inside  boarded  and 
covered  with  fine  Indian  matting.  Outside  thfse 
houses  are  boarded  with  elm  feather-edged 
boarding,  cut  on  the  quarter  to  get  rid  of  the 
heart.  The  sizes  and  heights  vary.  One,  the 
"  Silsoe,"  is  6ft.  by  1ft.  and  10ft.  in  height,  the 
price  is  only  £17  lOs.  The  garden  pavilion  is 
another  class  of  erection  serviceable  for  formal 
and  other  gardens,  and  are  generally  octagonal, 
with  open  upper  panels  and  roof,  fitted  with  seats 
and  table.  The  other  pages  of  this  catalogue 
give  designs  for  garden  arches  of  deal  painted 
green  or  dark  oak  oiled  for  climbing  plants, 
8ft.  high,  4ft.  wide,  and  1ft.  deep,  also  rustic 
bridges,  garden  trellis  fences,  palm  boxes,  &c, 
The-e  designs,  in  wood,  iron,  and  ttone,  for 
garden  furniture  and  adjuncts  show  a  decidedly 
advanced  taste  upon  what  we  have  been  accus- 
tomed to  see,  and  they  indicate  the  influence  of 
art-craftsmanship  in  this  direction.  The  fcizee 
and  prices  are  aflSxed  to  each  design. 


KXUIBITIOX  OF  MINIATUKE  PAINTERS. 

THE  ninth  annual  exhibition  of  the  Society 
of  jSIiniature  Painters  is  now  open  at  the 
Modern  Gallery,  175,  Bond-street,  where  L'40 
subjects  are  on  view.  The  collection  includes 
miniatures  by  several  well-known  painters  : 
Hal  Kurst,  Mabel  Lee-Hankey,  Cecil  J.  Hobson, 
Sir  William  B.  Richmond,  R.A.,  E.  J.  Gregory, 
R.A.,  Sir  Edward  Poynter,  K.C'.B.,  R.A., 
Briton  Riviere,  R.A.,  Gabrielle  Debillemont 
Chardon,  Dorothy  Cox,  and  several  lady  minia- 
turists. It  is  impossible  to  mention  the  works 
of  many  members  of  the  Society,  and  we  content 
ourselves  with  naming  a  few.  "Sylvia," 
"  Rachel,"  and  other  works  of  Florence  Bennett 
are  excellent  examples.  Harrison  Miller  sends 
two  or  three  very  charming  portrairs,  such 
as  those  of  "Mrs.  Joseph  Izod "  (8),  "The 
Mandolinist"  (11);  Hal  Hurst  has  a  "  Portrait 
Study  "  (25),  a  lady  in  low-cut  dress  with  a  fan, 
French  in  style.  Eveline  Corbould  Ellis  sends 
portraits  of  Lidy  Ellis  (32),  "  Study  in  Grey," 
Mrs.  Alfred  Buchanan,  Mrs.  Montague  Church, 
Mrs.  Claude  Watney,  and  Miss  ilay  Haywood. 
Mabel  Lee-Hankey's  "Summer  Days,"' a  trio 
of  young  girls  in  Directoire  dress,  with  fair, 
dark,  and  brown  hair,  with  roses  in  their  hands, 
is  graceful.  "La  Cigale,"  by  Florence  White 
(72),  is  an  idealised  figure  with  mandolin.  "  A 
Study,"  by  Edward  J.  Gregory,  U.A.,  and 
"  Une  Blonde,"  by  G.  Debillemont-Chardon 
(7-t),  is  delicately  handled,  and  the  Study  by  the 
President  of  the  Roj-al  Academy,  a  chalk  profile 
on  reddish  paper,  is  vigorous.  A  pretty  child 
study  in  large  blue  bonnet  and  feathers  (82),  by 
G.  Debillemont-Chardon,  is  very  pleasing.  We 
may  notice  ako  Val.  Davis's  ideal  study,  "  In 
Her  Eyes  a  Pensive  Sadness"  (131),  a  fair- 
haired  girl,  pleasant  in  colour,  and  "  A  Portrait 
of  Mrs.  Alfred  Balfour  in  18th-Century  Dress," 
by  Margaret  E.  Foley,  her  hair  done  up  in  the 
fashion  of  that  period.  It  is  a  good  and  exprestive 
portrait.  Jeanie  Reynolds  has  some  nice  studies 
of  children,  and  we  may  notice  some  excellent 
miniatures  by  Lucy  Hilda  Bell,  Annie  G. 
Fletcher,  Edith  Lloyd,  Beatrice  C.  Smallfield, 
Nellie  Hepburn  Edmunds,  Nellie  Hadden,  Alyn 
Williams,  A.R.R.A.  Thn  portrait  of  the  last 
painter's  wife,  a  profile,  with  fair  hair,  is  pleasing 
and  graceful.  Many  of  the  miniatures  are  on  ivory, 
and  are  refined  and  graceful  in  drawing  and 
colour. 


OBITUARY. 

Mu.  FuANcis  William  Taskeh,  F.R.I.B.A., 
of  2,  John-street,  Bedford-row,  died  very  sud- 
denly on  Saturday  last  at  his  residence,  Maryon 
Hall,  Frognal-lane,  Hampstead,  aged  50  years. 
He  carried  out  a  residence  at  Brentwood  for  his 
aunt,  the  late  Countess  Tasker,  and  many  Roman 
Catholic  churches  and  schools,  including  the  St. 
Charles  School,  Notting  Hill. 

Ix  our  notice  last  week  of  the  career  of  the  late 
Mr.  Geouoe  II.  Bn<(H,  F.S.A.,  for  the  past  ten 
years  curator  of  the  Soane  Museum,  we  omitted 
to  mention  that  he  was  President  of  the  Archi- 
tectural Association  in  the  year  1S74-5,  having 
served  as  vice-president  for  two  earlier  sessions, 
1871-3.  From  1877  to  1883  Mr.  Birch  was  hon. 
secretary  of  the  London  and  Middlesex  Arch;eo- 
logical  Society. 

The  death  occurred  at  Dundee  on  Sunday  of 
Mr.  William  Alexaxdeii,  city  architect,  Dun- 
dee, at  the  age  of  tixty-three  years.  He  was  a 
rative  of  Dundee,  and  received  his  early  training 
in  his  native  town  and  in  Edinburgh.  Some 
years  after  he  had  started  business  in  Dundee, 
Mr.  Alexander  was  appointed  city  architect,  a 
post  which  involves  the  oversight  of  most  of  the 
public  buildings.  By  the  Free  Library  Com- 
mittee he  was  called  upon  to  design  and  superin- 
tend an  important  addition  to  the  Victoria  Art 
Galleries.  He  designed  the  hospital  for  the  sick 
poor  at  the  East  End,  a  building  which  cost 
£25,000,  and  on  ex-Provost  Moncur  coming  for- 
ward with  his  great  gift  for  the  establishment  of 
a  sanatorium,  Mr.  Alexander  was  intrusted  with 
the  plans.  Deceased  also  designed  the  Dundee 
and  Perth  theatres,  one  of  the  Carnegie  branch 
libraries,  and  a  number  of  other  public  and  muni- 
cipal buildings  in  Dundee,  and  he  was  also  re- 
sponsible for  the  upkeep  of  the  kirk  fabrics  of 
Dundee.  He  had  more  than  a  local  reputation  as 
a  valuator.  In  his  early  days  Mr.  Alexander  was 
an  enthusiastic  Volunteer. 


In  succession  to  Mr.  W.  S.  Walker,  resigned,  Mr. 
Sidney  A.  Smith,  22,  Chancery-lane,  has  been  elected 
the  honorary  secretary  of  the  junior  secticn  of  the 
Surveyors'  Institution. 

The  new  pulilic  dispensary  at  North-street,  Leeds, 
has  just  been  opened.  For  the  old  building  €25,000 
was  received  trom  the  corporation,  while  tha  new 
one  has  cost  £33,000.  The  plainness  of  the  exterior 
has  been  to  some  extent  relieved  on  the  north  side 
by  a  cartouche  over  the  entrance,  consistin"  of 
cherubs  sculptured  by  Mr.  II.  C.  Fohr.  Messrs 
P.  W.  Bedford  and  H.  D.  Kitaon,  of  Leeds,  are  the 
architects.  The  painting  and  decoration  of  the 
interior  was  carried  out  by  Messrs.  F.  Jackson 
and  Co. 


CHIPS. 

Mr.  Edward  Toppin,  for  70  years  a  surveyor  and 
valuer  in  the  City  of  London,  died  on  the  9lh  inst. 
at  St.  Stephen's-terrace,  Albert-square,  Clapham, 
in  his  90th  year. 

At  St.  Martin's  Church,  Knowle,  Bristol,  on 
Ascension  Day,  a  new  organ  built  by  Messrs. 
Vowles,  of  St.  James's- square,  in  that  city,  was 
formally  opened. 

A  special  meeting  of  the  Malvern  Urban  District 
Council  was  held  on  Friday  to  appoint  a  gas  and 
electrical  engineer  and  a  surveyor  and  water 
engineer.  There  were  nearly  250  applications,  and 
twelve  of  the  candidates  were  accorded  an  interview. 
To  the  first-named  position,  Mr.  W.  J.  R.  Baker,  of 
Bolton,  was  appointed,  at  a  salary  of  £400  per 
annum,  with  residence  ;  and  Mr.  W.  Osborne  Thorp, 
of  Ripon,  was  elected  surveyor,  at  a  salary  of  £250. 

The  Prince  of  Wales  will  lay  the  foundation-stone 
of  the  Union  Jack  Club,  to  be  erected  in  Waterloo- 
road,  S.E.,  opposite  the  exit  from  the  London  and 
South  Western  Railway  Co.'s  terminus,  on  July  21. 

After  reconstruction  and  enlargement,  at  a  cost 
of  £250,  the  organ  in  the  Wesleyan  church  at  Selby 
was  formally  reopened  on  Friday.  The  instrument 
has  been  rebuilt  by  Messrs.  Abbott  and  Smith,  of 
Leeds. 

The  sales  at  the  Mart  last  week,  as  registered  at 
the  Estate  Exchange,  amounted  to  i'143,5S5,  and 
for  the  corresponding  week  of  last  year  to  £424,862. 

The  special  art  scholarship  of  £60  given  by  the 
Liverpool  Elucation  Committee  has  just  been 
awarded  to  Miss  Phu-be  G.  M'Leish,  of  the  Liver- 
pool University  School  of  Architecture.  The 
scholarship  ia  tenable  for  one  year  at  London  or 
some  art  centre  on  the  Continent.  Miss  M'Leish 
has  been  a  student  at  the  school  of  architecture  and 
■applied  art  of  the  University  of  Liverpool  for  the 
last  four  years,  and  has  held  the  municipal  £30 
scholarship. 

Mr.  J.  L.  Redfern,  deputy  surveyor  of  Carlisle, 
has  been  appointed  surveyor  to  the  corporation  of 
OiUiughaiu,  Kent. 

At  Christie's,  on  Tuesday,  the  sale  of  the  second 
portion  of  the  late  Mr.  C.  II.  T.  Hawkins's  art 
collections  was  concluded,  the  total  amount  realised 
being  £77,662.  Aa  the  first  portion  brought 
C66,531,  the  gross  total  is  £143,193. 

Lever  Park,  some  half  a  dozen  miles  from  Bolton, 
was  formally  opened  for  the  use  of  the  public  on  ) 
Wednesday     atternoon.      Lever     Park     includes  I 
Rivington  I'ike,  ahill  rising  to  a  height  of  1, 200ft. 
and  surmounted    by   a    tower    built   in    1733,  and  i 
much  else  besities,  nearly  40t*  acres   in  all  of  moor  [ 
and  upland.    The  "  Rivingtou  lakoa  "  of  the  Liver- 
pool Waterworks  adjoin  the  estate.  { 


PBOFESSIONAL   AND   TRADB 
SOCIETIES. 

Devon  and  Exeteu  AiicniTEcri  bal  Society. — 
The  seventeenth  annual  meeting  r.f  this  society 
was  held  at  Newton  Abbot  on  Saturday,  when  the 
following  were  present: — Messrs.  A.  S.  Parker 
(I'lymouth),    president ;    Harbottle    Reed,    hon. 
secretary ;  J.  Crocker,   J.   Jerman,   V.   Railing, 
C.  Cole,  L.  F.  Tonar,  J.  A.   Lucas,  J.  M.  Pinn, 
A.  J.  Finn,  P.  Morris,  F.  A.  M.  Rawes  (Exeter), 
Messrs.  C.  King,  L.  P.  Shires,  A.  Watte,  W.  H. 
May,  G.    P.    D.    Saul    (Plymouth),  Mr.   N.  G. 
Uridgman    (I'aignton),    S.    Dobell    'Exeter),  S. 
Griflin.and W.W. Hitchins(Plymouth).  Mr. Har- 
bottle Reed  read  the  annual  report,  which  stated 
that  the  roll  of    membership  now  stands  at: — 
Members  51,  associate  members  13.  associates  27 
— total  91.     A  circular  had  been  issued  to  every 
recognised    practising   architect    in    Devon  and 
Cornwall  asking  whether  they  approved  of  and 
would  support  the  extension  to  this  province  of 
the  Architectural  Association  School  of  Design 
and  the  suggestion  of    a  paid  vioiting  lecturer. 
Seventy-five    circulars   were     sent  :  twenty-one 
replies  were  received,  all  being  in  favour.     The 
council  regret  while  only  one  measured  drawing 
was   submitted  for   the    book   prize,   it  was  not 
deemed  of    sufficient    merit.     No  sketches  were 
submitted  for    the    hon.  secretary's  prize.     Ac- 
cording to  rule,  Messrs.  N.  G.  Bridgman,  L.  F. 
Tonar,    and    M.    A.    Bazeley    retire    from  the 
council,  the  two  first  named  being  eligible  for  re- 
election.    The  president  moved  the  adoption  of 
the  report.     This  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Crocker, 
and  carried.     The    balance    sheet,  presented  by 
the  hon.  treasurer  (Mr.  Railing),  was  adopted,  on 
the  motion  of  Jlr.  Dobell  seconded  by  Mr.  Lowe 
The  president  delivered  his  address,  in  whichhi 
remarked  that    although  there    are  several  pro^ 
vincial  societies    much  older  and  stronger  than 
their  own,  they  were  the  first  provincial   society 
to  be   allied  to  the  Royal  Institute    of    British 
Architects.      They  were  also  the  first  society  to 
suggest  to  the  London  Architectural  Association 
the  extension  of  their  teaching  to  the  provinces, 
in  conjunction  with  the  local  societies — a  sugges- 
tion which  had  been  favourably  received.    He  had 
strongly   felt   for   a   considerable   time   that   the 
present  system  of  pupilage  with  the  more  or  Icis 
feeble  architee!ural    instruction   given  at  many 
technical  colleges,  was  an  extrem-ly  slow  and  in- 
efficient means  for  modern  equipment  for  such  a"^ 
extensive  and  great  art  as  that  of  architecture 
Tbere  was  need  for  a  thorough  course  of  art  and 
technical  instruction    for    students    outside   the 
routine  of  ollice  work,  combined   with  the  highly 
important  element  of  the  mutual  enthusiasm  and 
friendly  rivalry  which  was  only  obtained  by  a 
class  communion  of  students.     It  should  not  be 
difficult  to  impress  on  architects  and  the  public 
the  great  desirability  of  raising  the  teaching  of 
architecture  to  a  level  more  worthy  of  so  great  an 
art.     The  Devon  and    Exeter  Society   was   not 
strong  enough  to  follow  tho  lines  of  the  more 
concentrated    and    thickly-populated     districts. 
The   council  had,   therefore,   suggested   to    the 
London    Architectural     Association     that    they 
extend  their  teaching  and  lectuns  to  the  provinces 
by  sending  a  visiting  lecturer  to  (.'ardiff,  Bristol, 
Exeter,  and   I'lymouth,    which    suggestion   had 
been  favourably    received.     It    remained    with 
them  to  see  if  there  were  any  prac'ical  means  to 
work    out    this    scheme,   and    tliat    a   eiilUcient 
number  of  students  were  forthcoming  to  guarantee 
success.     Mr.    Charlts    Cole    was    then    elected 
president    for    the    ensuing    y'ar:    Mr.    B.    P. 
Shirts,      \  ice  -  president  ;     Messrs.      Bridgman, 
Tonar,  and  Morris,  members  of  the  council.    Mr. 
llarbottio    Reed,    hon.    secretary,   and   Mr.   O. 
Railing,  hon.    treasurer,   were  re-elected.     The 
two  latter  officers  and  the  retiring  president  were 
acciirdcd  votes  of  thanks,  as  was  also  tho  hon. 
auditor,   Mr.  Dobell.     After   luncheon   tho  fine 
Jacobean  mansion  of  Ford  was  inspected.     One 
of  the  stately  homes  of  Devon,  its  ijuaint  gables, 
and    E- shaped    plan     are    visible    through    the 
splendid   old   west   iron   entrance   gates   on   the 
Torquay-road.      Internally     there     is    much    of 
architectural    interest  in    tho    oak  wainscoting, 
elaborate  staircase,  and  ornamental  carved  plaster 
ceilings.     The  present  house  was  built  in  1610by 
Sir  Richard   Reynell,  who  entertained  Charles  1. 
on  his  way  to   Plymouth  in   1625  to  inspect  the 
llcot  fitting  out  for   tho   Cadiz   expedition.     At 
Wolborough  Church  may  bo  seen  tho  monument 
of  Sir  Richard,  who  died  in   1633.     From   Ford 
tho  luembcra  visited  <  >ld   Bradley  Manor  Llouse. 
This  is  an  earlier  type  of  residence,  being  of  the 
15th-century  date. 


724 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Mat  20,  1904. 


BttilMns  Ittt^lUfiettCt 

— *  •• 

Alioa. — The  Wfst  United  Free  Church,  which 
has  just  had  an  addition  made  to  it,  and  a  new 
Lewis  organ  introduced,  was  formally  reopened  on 
Friday.  The  new  portion  of  the  church  provides 
for  140  or  l.'iO  additional  seats,  and  contains  three 
memoriiil  stained-glass  windows.  The  interior 
has  been  modernised  to  correspond  with  the  new 
portion ;  a  carved  oak  pulpit  and  canopy  have 
been  provided,  marble  and  alibaster  Communion 
table,  marble  steps  and  platform  in  front  of  pulpit. 
the  entire  church  renovated  and  redecorated,  and 
the  spire  of  the  church  improved.  The  cost  of 
the  work  amounted  to  about  £9,000. 

AtcHTEitARnER.  —  The  contracts  have  been 
settled  for  the  erection  of  a  new  parish  church  at 
Auchterarder,  Perthshire,  which  will  take  the 
place  of  the  old  church,  in  wh'ch  the  Disruption 
of  1843  originated.  The  plans  of  the  new  edifice 
have  been  prepared  by  Messrs.  John  Honeyman, 
Keppie,  and  Mackintosh,  Glasgow.  The  church 
is  to  be  built  on  a  part  of  the  south  glebe,  front- 
ing High-street.  The  plan  of  the  church  shows  a 
nave  9.ift.  long  and  .50ft.  broad,  with  a  single 
aisle  18ft.  broad.  At  the  end  of  the  nave,  and 
centring  with  it,  is  a  chancel  18ft.  deep  and  24tt. 
in  breadth.  This  is  separated  from  the  nave  by 
a  chancel  arch  in  stone,  the  aisle  being  separated 
from  the  nave  by  a  series  of  stone  arches,  five  in 
number,  13ft.  span,  and  rising  to  a  height  of  13ft. 
6in.  A  feature  of  the  building  is  the  corner 
tower  and  spire,  IGft.  square,  in  which  will  be 
the  main  entrance  to  the  church.  Accommodation 
is  being  pro\ided  for  920  people.  The  estimated 
cost  of  the  church  and  church  hall  is  £6,500. 

Camberwell  Polytechnic. — On  Monday  List 
the  Passmore  Edwards  Polytechnic  in  the 
Peckham-road,  Camberwell,  was  opened  by  Sir 
William  J.  Collins,  JI.D.,  J. P.,  Chairmm  of  the 
Educational  Committee  of  the  London  County 
Council,  and,  at  the  same  time,  a  splendid 
collection  of  modem  paintings  lent  by  the  City 
Corporation  was  opened  in  the  L^rd  Leighton 
Memorial  Art  Giilleries  attached  to  these  .\rts  and 
Crafts  schools,  including  works  by  Mr.  G.  F. 
Watts,  R.A.,  Mr.  Frank  Brangwyn,  A.K.A.,  the 
late  Sir  J.  E.  MUlais,  P.R.A.,  Mr.  B.  ^y. 
Leader,  R.A.,  Sir  Alma  Tadema,  R.A.,  Mr.  H. 
H.  la  Thangue,  A.R.A.,  and  many  others.  The 
exhibition  includes  sculptures  by  M.  George 
Frampton,  K..V  ,  Mr.  H.  C.  Fehr,  T.  Stirling 
Lee,  Albert  Toft,  kc.  The  Technical  Education 
Board  of  the  London  County  Council  conducts 
the  classes  held  in  these  buildings,  and  the  success 
attending  the  institution  has  been  so  great,  that 
already  further  extensions  still  are  contemplated. 
The  students'  roll  has  risen  lately  from  315  to  the 
560  now  in  attendance.  The  buildings  are  among 
the  best  and  most  extensive  of  their  kind  in 
London  incorporated  for  the  purposes  of  conduct- 
ing an  organised  scheme  of  instruction  in  all  the 
technical  arts  in  fully-equipped  workshops.  The 
property  belongs  to  the  Borough  of  Camberwell, 
towards  the  public  institutions  of  which  Mr. 
Passmore  Edwards  has  given  £20,000.  Mr.  AV. 
B  Dalton  is  the  principal  of  the  Polytechnic  and 
curator  of  the  Art  Galleries.  The  builders  of  the 
extensions  just  now  finished  were  Messrs.  F.  and 
H.  F.  Higgs,  of  Loughborough  Junction.  The 
clerk  of  works  was  Mr.  Alfred  Biggs,  and  the 
quantities  were  taken  out  by  Mr.  R.  Gleed.  The 
fireproof  flooring  was  carried  out  by  Slessrs. 
Iloman  and  Rodgers,  and  Jlr.  ( Jeorge  Wragge 
did  the  metal  casements  in  wrought  ironwork. 
Messrs.  Cliff  supplied  the  white  and  coloured 
glazed  bricks,  and  Messrs.  Doulton  and  Co.  the 
sanitary  fittings.  Jlr.  Maurice  B.  Adams, 
F.R.I.B..\.,  is  the  architect.  His  Royal  Academy 
drawing  of  the  fa(,ide  appeared  in  the  Biildixo 
Np.w.s  for  Slay  22,  1903,  and  a  view  is  now  being 
exhibited  in  the  British  Section  at  St.  Louis. 

Leei.s.— The  Lady-lane  Circuit  of  the  U^nited 
Methodist  Free  Church  in  Leeds  is  about  to  be 
extended  by  the  erection  of  a  new  church  in 
Astloy-road,  Harehillj.  The  designs  of  Mr.  H. 
Ascough  Chapman,  .\.R.I.B.A.,  of  Leeds,  have 
been  selected.  There  will  be  seating  accom- 
modation for  3,i0  adults  in  about  a  400  mixed 
congregation.  The  interior  is  loftv,  with  an  open 
timber- work  roof,  the  elevations  to  be  in  the 
1.5th- century  Gothic  style,  and  the  fronts  will 
be  faced  with  red  pressed  bricks  and  terracotta 
dreseings. 

MANinv.sTEn.-The  new  building  on  the  .south 
side  of  the  Manchester  Cathedral  is  now  nearly 
completed.     In   it  room   will   be    found  for  the 


Cathedral  library,  vestries  for  the  clergy  and 
choir,  and  a  sacristy.  There  is  an  entrance  from 
the  churchyard,  and  also  two  short  corridors 
running  from  the  cathedral,  both  leading  to  a 
main  corridor,  give  access  to  the  vestries  and 
library.  The  library  and  clergy  vestry  are  fitted 
with  bookcases  and  cribs,  and  divided  by  a 
movable  screen.  The  choir  vestry  is  a  smaller 
room,  provided  with  cribs  and  cupboards,  and 
with  cases  for  the  choir  library.  The  space 
between  the  two  short  corridors  is  occupied  by  a 
small  room  to  be  used  as  a  sacristy.  Inside  the 
Cathedral  a  restoration  of  the  Jesus  Chapel  or 
chantry  has  been  effected  by  the  removal 
of  the  bookcases  and  screens  which  for  forty 
years  or  more  have  obstructed  the  view  in 
that  portion  of  the  church.  A  new  carved 
wooden  ecrcen  now  divides  the  chapel  from  the 
south  aisle,  but  does  not  interfere  with  the  view. 
The  ancient  screens  dividing  the  chapel  from  the 
choir  side  aisle  remain  in  their  old  position,  but 
the  glass  with  which  they  were  fitted  some  time 
in  the  last  century  has  been  removed.  The  walls 
have  been  freed  from  plaster,  and  some  interest- 
ing features  have  been  disclosed  in  the  process, 
notably  a  built-up  archway  high  up  on  the  wall 
above  the  entrancs  to  the  Chapter-house.  The 
lower  portion  of  the  same  wall  has  been  wains- 
coted, and  a  raised  seat  has  been  provided  for 
the  chancellor  of  the  diocese,  who  will  in  future 
hold  his  consistory  court  there. 

Ri'NCOKx. — St.  John's  Presbyterian  Church, 
Runcorn,  is  bting  erected  upon  a  site  fronting 
Victoria-road,  and  is  connected  with  the  existing 
school  buildings  which  face  York-street,  entrances 
being  provided  from  both  streets.  Accommoda- 
tion is  provided  for  about  500  adults — 500  on  the 
ground  floor  and  60  in  the  gallery  over  entrances. 
A  cloakroom  is  arranged  near  the  main  entrances, 
and  a  vestry  for  ministers'  use  at  the  chancel  end 
of  church.  The  general  design  is  Late  Gothic 
in  character,  and  there  is  a  tower  and  spire  to  the 
right  of  miin  front.  The  buildings  facing 
Victoria-road  are  of  red  Runcorn  stone,  and  all 
the  windows  will  be  filled  with  cathedral  lead- 
lights.  The  interior  woodwork  will  be  of  pitch- 
pine  varnished.  The  contract,  amounting  to 
£3,500,  is  being  carried  out  by  Messrs.  George 
Parker  and  Co.,  of  Edge-hill;  the  joiners'  work 
by  Messrs.  J.  Paterson  and  Son,  of  Liverpool, 
from  the  design  and  under  the  superintendence 
of  Mr.  T.  W.  Cubbon.  architect,  of  Birkenhead; 
Mr.  Robert  Harrop  acting  as  clerk  of  works. 

SoiinsEA. — The  Queen's  Hotel,  which  was 
opened  ti  the  public  yesterday  (Thursday),  is 
situated  close  to  the  Common,  and  overlooks  Spit- 
head  and  the  Solent.  It  contains  over  sixty  bed 
and  sitting-rooms  on  four  floors,  and  the  corridors, 
staircases,  and  walls  are  of  fire -resisting  construc- 
tion. Fire  hydrants  are  distributed  over  each 
floor,  and  a  fire-escape  staircase,  which  is  outside 
the  hotel,  is  approached  from  every  bedroom 
corridor,  and  runs  from  the  roof  to  the  garden. 
The  opening  of  any  corridor  (by  pressure  only) 
will  automatically  light  the  staircase.  The  elec- 
tric lifts  were  specially  designed  by  the  architect, 
Mr.  Thomas  \V.  Cutler,  F.R.I.B.A.,  Q  leen- 
square,  W.C.  The  lift  doors  of  each  floor  cannot 
be  opened  until  the  lift  arrives  at  the  floor,  and 
the  lift  cannot  be  started  until  the  doors  are  closed. 
The  building  is  faced  with  red  brick  and  terra- 
cotta, and  the  figures  over  the  entrance  doorway 
and  the  low  relief  figures  and  ornament  at  the 
base  of  the  tower  were  modelled  by  Mr.  F.  E.  E. 
Schenck,  of  London.  The  furniture  and  equip- 
ment of  the  hotel  was  designed  and  executed  by 
Messrs.  Maple  and  Ci.  The  coatractora  were 
Messrs.  Armitage  and  Hodgson,  of  Leeds. 


The  Local  Government  Board  have  appointed  Mr. 
James  (Sreen  (Weatherall  and  Green)  to  make  the 
initial  valuation  in  connection  with  the  proposed 
Hampstead-road  improvement  charge. 

At  Greetland,  on  Friday,  Mr.  R.  S.  Fawcett,  one 
of  the  inspectors  of  the  Local  Government  Board, 
conducted  an  inquiry  respecting  an  application  by 
the  district  council  to  bor  ow  £2,000  for  works  of 
sewage  disposal.  The  area  of  the  works,  it  was 
stated,  would  be  two  acres,  and  the  method  of 
treatment  was  to  be  the  bacteriological  system. 

At  Paisley,  on  Friday,  Colonel  Yorke  and  Mr. 
Trotter,  for  the  Board  of  Trade,  accompanied  by 
Mr.  \Y.  M.  Murphy  and  his  representatives,  besides 
the  Master  of  Works,  Paisley,  joined  a  Glasgow 
Corporation  car  at  the  Cross,  Paisley,  and  travelled 
over  the  mile  of  tramway  which  runs  east  to  the 
j  uuccion  with  the  Glasgow  system.  The  section  was 
declared  ready  for  traffic. 


aFnginttrutg  ©otes* 


WiDXEs. — The  thirty-eighth  and  last  cable  of 
the  Widnes  and  Runcorn  transporter  bridge  was 
formally  pressed  into  place  by  Sir  J.  T.  Brunner, 
Bart.,  M.P.,  chairman  of  the  company,  last  week. 
There  are  two  cables  stretched  across  the  Slersey 
between  four  steel  towers  which  rise  190ft.  above 
high-water  level.  Each  of  the  cables  consists  of 
19  steel  ropes  bound  together,  each  rope  being 
built  up  of  127  wircS,  0'16in.  diameter,  the  whole 
cable  thus  consisting  of  2,413  wires.  The 
diameter  of  the  cable  is  about  12in.  Each  wire 
is  capable  of  withstanding  a  tensile  strain  of 
95  tons  per  square  inch.  The  weight  of  the 
cabUs  is  about  243  tons.  The  cables  are  attached 
to  cross-bars  which  are  anchored  into  the  solid 
30ft.  from  the  rock  surface.  The  cables  are  now 
to  be  covered  with  a  bituminous  compound  and 
wrapped  with  two  layers  of  strong  sailcloth 
saturated  with  bitumen.  The  next  work  of  con- 
struction is  the  fixing  of  the  stiffening  girders  to 
the  cables,  and  will  present  fewer  difficulties  than 
that  which  has  gone  before.  These  stiffening 
girders  are  suspended  from  the  main  cables,  and 
are  18ft.  deep,  and  placed  35ft.  apart  horizontally, 
the  underside  of  the  girders  being  8;2tt.  above  the 
level  of  high  water.  The  two  girders  are  to  be 
braced  together  horizontally  to  withstand  the 
wind-pressure.  To  allow  for  longitudinal  ex- 
pansion and  contraction,  the  girders  are  fixed  to 
vertical  rockers.  Upon  the  lower  flange  of  the 
stiffening  girders  are  fixed  the  rails  upon  which 
runs  the  trolley,  from  which  is  suspended  the  car. 
The  trolley  is  about  77ft.  long,  and  is  carried  by 
IG  wheels  on  each  rail.  It  is  propelled  bytw% 
electric  motors  of  about  35  b.k.p.  each.  Sir. 
J.  J.  Webster  is  the  engineer,  Mr.  T.  L.  Chase, 
the  resident  engineer,  and  the  contractors  are  the 
Arrol  Bridge  and  Roof  Co. 


CHIPS. 

A  feature  of  the  Ascension  Day  services  at  St. 
Saviour's  Collegiate  Church,  Southwark,  was  the 
dedication  by  the  Bishop  of  Southwark  of  a  new 
font  presented  by  Mrs.  Barrow,  of  Blackheath.  The 
font,  which  is  of  green  Italian  marble,  has  been  con- 
structed from  a  design  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Bodley,  R.A. 
A  font- cover  is  needed,  and  a  suitable  design,  in 
harmony  with  the  church,  has  been  prepared  by  Mr. 
Bodley. 

The  laying  of  the  foundation-stone  took  place,  on 
the  12th  inst.,  of  an  Institute  which  is  to  form  part 
of  Whitefield's  Central  Mission,  in  Tottenham 
Court-road.  The  institute,  situate  immediately 
behind  the  church,  will  cost,  apart  from  furnitme, 
£10,000,  and  the  whole  of  this  sum  has  been  given 
by  Mr.  W.  H.  Brown,  chairman  of  the  Mission 
Committee.  It  is  hereafter  to  be  associated  with  a 
hostel  for  workers,  and  the  further  sum  of  £10,000 
is  needed  to  secure  the  completion  of  the  entire 
scheme. 

At  Cardinham,  Devon,  it  has  been  resolved  to  get 
estimates  for  restoring  the  aisle  roofs  of  the  parish 
church,  renewing  the  flooring,  and  providing  an 
organ.  Mr.  G.  H.  Fellowea  Prynne,  F.R.I.B.A., 
of  Qaeen  Anne's-gate,  Westminster,  is  the  architect. 

In  both  Houses  of  Parliament,  on  Tuesday,  a 
resolution  was  adopted  to  the  effect  that  an  address 
be  presented  to  his  Majesty,  praying  that  he  will 
give  directions  for  the  erection  of  a  monument  in 
Westminster  Abbey  to  the  late  Marquess  of  Salis- 
bury. The  Bill  passed  through  the  report  stage 
without  alteration  in  the  House  of  Commons  on 
Wednesday  night. 

Representatives  of  the  Lunacy  Commissioners 
visited,  on  Friday,  the  newly- completed  asylum 
at  Kingseat,  Newmachar,  Aberdeenshire,  for  the 
purpose  of  inspecting  the  institution,  which  was 
formally  opened  on  Monday. 

The  General  Hospital,  Tunbridge  Wells,  is  being 
warmed  and  ventilated  by  means  of  Shorland's 
patent  '  double-fronted  Manchester  stoves  with 
descending  smoke  flues,  the  same  being  supplied 
by  Messrs.  E.  H.  Shorland  and  Brother,  of  Man- 
chester. 

The  Bishop  of  London  consecrated  on  Wednesday 
week  the  completed  portion— consisting  of  chancel, 
side  chapels,  and  two  bays  of  the  nave — of  the  new 
church  of  St.  Saviour's,  Wood  Green,  a  red-brick 
building  crowning  the  height  on  which  the  Alexandra 
Palace  is  situated.  The  church  has  been  built  from 
the  designs  of  Mr.  T.  S.  Adler. 

Stirling  Town  Council  resolved,  on  Monday,  to 
approach  the  Secretary  for  Scotland  for  authority  to 
borrow  £4,300  for  probable  extensions  in  connection 
with  the  electric-lightiug  of  the  town  during  the 
next  three  years.  The  sum  already  borrowed  is 
£37,000. 


May  20,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


725 


CONTENTS. 
*-*-* 

The  Artist  in  Building' 

Pictures  at  the  Royal  Academy.— IV 

Paintings  by  Qeorge  Morlaud 

Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects      

The  A. A.  Dinner    ... 

IrL'ih  Building  Stones.— XlII 

Independent  Methodist  Church.   Chorley  New-road, 

Beverley-road,  Bolton     

The  Queen  Victoria  Memorial  in  St.  James'a  Park  ... 

London  Streets  and  Street  Traffic    

Sewage  Disposal  and  River  PoUutioa    

Designs  for  Garden  Furniture 

Exhibition  of  Miniature  Painters    

Obituary   

Professional  and  Trade  Societies     

Building  Intelligence    

Engiaeering  Notes 

The  Building  News  Directory 

Oar  Dlusti-ations    

Competitions 

Intercommunication     

Parliamentary  Notes    

I^egal  Intelligence 

Our  Office  Table     

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  Week      

Trade  News     

Latest  Piicea   

List  of  Tenders  Open   

List  of  Competitions  Open 

Tenders     


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

CAMDERWELL  GUARDIANS'  OI-flCES  AND  BELIEF  STATION. 
— "  PARK  DOWS,"  .SURREY.— ilAMMERSMITll  CENTRAL 
LIBRARY.— SECOND  PRKSIIATEO  DESIGN  FOR  WAKEFIELD 
CITY  LIBRARY.  —  PREMISES,  LXXV.  BENSHAW  STREET, 
LIVERPOOL.— INDEPENDENT  METHODIST  CHURCH,  CHORLEY 
NEW  ROAD,  BOLTON.  —  FURNITURE  SKETCHES  FROM 
VARIOUS    SOURCES. 


(Dttt  $llttstrati0ng. 


GUAKDIAXS      OFFICES    AND    RELIEF    STATION, 
CAMBEKWELL.  ^ 

This  view  of  the  above,  now  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  is  taken  at  the  S.E.  corner  of  Havil- 
street,  and  represents  in  the  front  portion 
the  guardians'  offices,  and  in  the  hack  portion 
the  central  relief  sta'ion.  The  building  will  be 
externally  of  rod  brick  and  Portland  stone,  the 
roofs  being  of  green  slate.  The  building  is  to  be 
of  fire-resisting  construction.  The  plan  shown  is 
of  the  first  tloor,  which  contains  the  committee- 
room,  ante-room,  and  the  boird-room,  with  public 
gallery,  approached  bj-  separate  staircase  from 
Havil-street.  The  relief  station  consists  of  a 
large  waiting-hall  and  the  necessary  rooms  for 
medical  and  relieving  officers,  with  dispensary, 
&c.  The  contractors  are  Blessrs.  F.  and  II.  i\ 
Higgs,  of  Loughborough,  the  clerk  of  works  is  Mr. 
Dennj',  and  the  architect  Mr.  Edwin  T.  H^U, 
F.R  I.B.A.,  of  Bedford-square,  W.C. 

"   I'AUK    DOWX,"    SIRKEY. 

This  house,  situated  not  far  from  B:instead,  is 
now  being  built.  The  wall  are  roughcist,  with 
a  red  brick  base,  hand-made  red  tiles  and  lead- 
latticed  casements.  Owing  to  the  fall  of  the 
ground  the  hall  and  parlour  ore  arranged  on 
a  lower  level.  The  builders  are  Jlessrs.  Utai  and 
Wilkinson,  of  Koehampton,  and  the  architect  is 
Mr.  E.  (4uy  Dawber,  of  London.  The  drawings 
reproduced  are  in  the  Royal  Academy. 

HAMMEIISMITH    CEXTUAL   LI]!KA1!V. 

This  drawing,  illustrating  the  central  library  now 
in  course  of  erection  at  Hammersmith,  is  in  the 
Royal  Academy  this  year.  Mr.  H.  T.  Hare, 
F. R.I. B. A.,  is  the  architect.  We  published  the 
plans  and  elevations  of  this  design  when  the 
•competition  was  settled  last  year,  together  with  a 
smaller  perspective,  in  the  Brii.DiNr:  News  for 
Aug.  28,  1903,  and  some  particulars  appeared  at 
that  time.  The  turret  has  bten  added  ;  otherwise 
the  facade  has  not  been  much  alteroJ,  and  the 
few  changes  which  have  been  made  certainly 
appear  to  be  improvements. 

WAKEFIELD    IITV    LIIIUAUY,    SELOXH    rilEMlATEII 
I)ESI(;X. 

Lam  week  we  published  plans  and  views  of  the 
eelectod  design.  To-.day  we  gi\o  illustraions  of 
the  design  placed  second,  and  awardel  the 
preiiiium  of  £Gi).  The  report  of  the  advisory 
.architect,  Mr.  Maurice  B.  Adams,  K.R.I.Ii.A., 
was  printed,  so  far  as  the  preuiiated  plans  were 
concerned,  in  the  Biiltjixu  News  for  ,\pril  22. 
This  plan  was  considered  the  bust  of  those  sub- 
mitted wliich  could  have  been  carried  out  for  tliu 
sum  of  £S,0UO,  including  the  tees,  and  as  the 
terms  of  the  competition  turned  very  much  upon 


the  question  of  cost,  this  design  fir  that  reas  n 
came  to  the  front.  Messrs.  Hector  and  Thornton, 
of  Westminster,  are  the  authors,  and  their 
drawings  are  so  clear  .and  detailed  as  to  render 
furthtr  description  needless. 

I'UEMISES    UEXS]IAW    .STItEET,    LIVEUl'OOL. 

These  premises,  now  in  course  of  erection  in 
Ren^haw-street,  Liverpool,  for  Slessrs.  (iuiggin 
Bros.,  ironmongtrs,  comprise  store-rooms  in 
basement,  shop  and  smithy  on  the  ground  floor, 
and  work  rooms,  store-rooms,  &e  ,  on  the  upper 
floors.  The  front  elevation  will  be  face!  with 
Jabez  Thompson's  2jio.  red  pressed  br'cks  with 
Hall  Dale  stone  dressings,  and  the  shop  front 
will  be  executed  in  teak.  The  contractors  for 
the  structure  are  Messrs.  H  dme  and  Green,  of 
Liverpool,  and  the  work  is  being  carried  out  from 
the  designs,  and  under  the  tupervision  of,  Mr. 
Henry  Hartley,  F.R, LB. A.,  Liverpool. 

FFIIXITUUE    FROM    VAUIOUS    SOURCES. 

These  pieces  are  chiefly  from  the  Louvre,  and 
present  notable  examples  of  ornamental  turnery 
of  different  types.  The  carved  Flemish  Chair, 
with  its  arcaded  balustrades,  has  a  hunting  scene 
cut  in  the  capping  piece,  as  shown  in  the  detail 
sketch.  The  English  17th-century  seat  is  a  much 
more  primitive  kind  of  thing  very  like  much 
earlier  examples.  The  Sideboard  is  more  free  in 
patterning,  showing  manipulative  skill  rather 
than  lefined  taste.  It  maintains  the  buffet 
arrangement  of  shelvings,  stepping  up  for  the 
display  of  plate. 


In  the  churchyard  of  St.  Andrew,  Dublin,  last 
week,  Field-Marshal  the  Duke  of  Connaught 
unveiled  a  graaite  memorial  column  to  19  members 
of  the  74th  (Dublin)  Company  Imperial  Yeomanry 
who  fell  in  South  Africa.  The  shaft  is  18ft.  in 
height,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  crown. 

The  parish  church  clock  at  Burnham,  Somerset- 
shire, is  now  being  restored,  and  Westminster 
chimes  added,  by  Messrs.  John  Smith  and  Sons, 
Midland  Clock  Woiks,  Derby,  who  recently  fixed 
up  the  new  chiming  clock  at  Wembdon,  near 
Bridgwater. 

The  Runcorn  Urban  District  Council  have  passed 
plans  for  an  extension  of  the  Infectious  Diseases 
Hospital  at  a  cost  of  £1,000. 

A  new  Wesleyan  chapel  in  Marsh-lane,  Bootle, 
built  at  a  cost  of  £5,200,  was  opened  last  week. 

The  will  of  the  late  Mr.  William  Robinson 
Marshall,  of  the  firm  of  W.  R.  Marshall  and  Co.,  of 
U  reat  Grimsby,  timber  merchants,  has  been  proved 
at  ,£40,151. 

The  King  has  given  directions  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  Mr.  Philip  David  Warren  (Assistant 
Surveyor-General)  to  be  Surveyor-General  of  the 
Island  of  Ceylon. 

The  Bishop  of  Oxford  dedicated  on  Monday  a 
new  chancel  which  has  been  added  to  the  parish 
church  at  Loudwater,  Buckinghamshire.  The  old 
church  was  built  about  100  years  ago,  and  was 
totally  devoid  of  any  architectural  pretensions.  By 
the  addition  of  the  chancel,  a  new  west  entrance, 
and  a  new  aisle  and  vestry,  all  Gothic  in  character, 
the  church  has  been  thoroughly  modernised,  a  sum 
e.xoeeding  £2.000  having  been  expended  on  the 
building.  The  old  plaster  ceiling  has  been  takeii 
out,  and  a  Gothic  pine  ceiling  substituted.  Mr. 
G.  H.  Fellowes  Prynne,  F.R. I. B. A.,  0,  Queen 
Anne's-gate,  Westminster,  has  been  the  architect, 
and  Mr.  H.  Hunt,  of  High  Wycombe,  the  builder. 

On  Sunday,  at  AU  Souls'  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  Peterborough,  Canon  Moser  dedicated  a 
statue  of  the  Sacred  Heart  (executed  by  Zwerger), 
in  the  Lady-chapel.  The  church  has  recently  been 
beautified  by  other  gifts,  including  fourteen  carved 
groups  representing  "  Stations  of  the  Cross,"  from 
the  .Tudgmpiit  Seat  to  Calvary.  The  carvings, 
whii-h  stand  out  in  full  relief,  are  Oft.  in  height,  and 
were  designed  by  Herr  Fenerstein,  Protessor  of 
Sacred  Art  in  the  Academy  of  Munich.  The  church 
has  just  been  enlarged  by  the  additiou  of  two  bays. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Metropolitan  Water 
Board,  a  discussion  took  place  on  a  recommendation 
by  the  Woiks  Committte  that  a  chief  engineer 
(.hould  be  appointed  at  a  salary  of  £2,500  a  year, 
the  otlic3r  to  give  his  whole  time  to  the  services  of 
the  Board,  ami  not  to  take  auy  private  practice.  It 
was  pointed  out  that  to  fix  the  salary  at  i;2,5O0 
would  shut  out  from  applying  all  the  engineers  of 
the  present  water  companies  who  would  be  trans- 
ferred to  the  Board.  These  gentlemen  could,  if 
they  chose,  insist  upon  retiring  and  claim  pensions 
of  between  £2,000  and  £3,000  a  year.  In  the  end 
it  was  agreed  that  a  chief  engineer  should  be  ap- 
pointed who  would  give  his  whole  time  to  the 
Board,  and  the  question  of  the  salary  was  further 
adjourned. 


COMPETITIONS. 

Manchester. — .Seven  fchemes  wer)  submitted 
in  a  limited  competition  at  Manchester  for  a  new 
stock  exchange,  to  be  erected  at  a  cost  of 
£30.000.  The  asse  sor  was  Jlr.  John  Burnet, 
of  Glasgow.  Mefsrs.  Bradshaw  and  Gass.  of 
Bolton,  are  the  architects  of  the  chosen  design. 
Jlcssrs.  Willoughby  and  Lingham  are  said  to 
have  run  the  successful  plan  veiy  hard.  .Vmong 
the  other  competitors  are  Messrs.  Worthington 
and  Son  and  AV.  Beaumont  and  Waddington. 
The  plans  have  been  on  view  this  week  in  the 
present  exchmge  building. 

Newcastle-ox-Tv-n'e. — In  a  limited  competi- 
t'on  for  the  extension  and  alterations  to  the 
Northern  Counties  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution 
the  committee  unanimously  selected  the  design  of 
Mr.  Stephen  Piper,  architect,  4,  Ridley-place, 
Newcastle.     The  proposed  outlay  is  about  .£S,000. 

SoiTHALL. — Mr.  PaulWaterhouse.  F.R. I  B.A., 
the  assessor  appointed  by  the  President  of  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects,  has  made 
his  award  in  the  competition  for  a  block  of 
school  buildings  to  be  erected  at  Southall  by  the 
Middlesex  County  Council.  Sir.  ti.  E.  T. 
Laurence,  .^.R.I.B.A.,  Buckingham  -  street, 
Adelphi,  is  placed  firs',  Mr.  T.  Mann  second,  anl 
Mr.  W.  Eves  third. 


CHIPS. 

Mr.  Peter  Paul  Pugin,  of  Phillimore-place, 
Kensington,  architect,  who  died  on  March  10  last, 
left  estate  valued  at  £4,278  gross,  with  net  personalty 
amounting  to  £3,000. 

The  new  workhouse  infirmary,  Tynemouth,  is 
being  warmed  and  ventilated  by  means  of  Shorland's 
double-fronted  patent  Manchester  stoves  with  de- 
scending smoke  flues,  the  same  being  supplied  by 
Messrs.  E.  H.  Shorland  and  Brother,  of  Manchester. 

A  site  on  Ormerod-  road  has  been  found  for  the 
Technical  Institute  which  it  is  proposed  to  estiblish 
at  Burnley,  and  a  Special  Committee  of  the  educa- 
tion authority  recommends  that  it  be  purchased.  .S» 
John  Ttiursby  has  agreed  to  sell  10,000  yards  of 
land  for  ,£5,O00.  The  land  forms  part  of  the  Bank 
Hall  grounds,  and  lies  between  the  parish  church 
and  the  entrancs  to  Queen's  Park.  The  outlay  on 
building  and  equipment  will  be  £60,000  or  £70,000. 

Lord  Brassey,  K.C.B.,  cut  onWednesday  the  first 
sod  in  the  construction  of  the  new  reservoir  on 
Burwash  Common,  which  is  to  supply  water  to 
Ticehurst,  Burwash,  and  other  villages  in  the 
district.  The  reservoir  will  have  a  capacity  of 
150,000  gallons,  and  is  situated  on  the  highest 
ground  in  the  district,  the  top  water  level  being 
572ft.  above  mean  sea  level.  The  reservoir  wUl  be 
constructed  of  concrete,  and  provision  has  been 
made  for  duplicating  its  capacity  at  any  future  time 
when  required.  The  cast  iron  mams,  which  have 
now  nearly  all  been  laid  through  the  district,  have  a 
total  length  of  alout  9  miles,  and  are (5in.,  5in  ,  4in., 
and  Sin.  in  diameter.  The  work  ia  being  carried 
out  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  G.  H.  Perryn, 
A.M.I.C.E.  The  en:;ines  and  pumps  are  being 
made  by  Messrs.  Glenfield  and  Kennedy,  of  Kil- 
marnock. All  the  machinery  will  be  in  duplicate, 
and  capable  of  lifting  9,000  gallopj  par  hour. 

The  accidental  death  occurred  ou  Friday  of  Mr. 
Thomas  Egglestone  Hope,  25,  son  of  Mr.  Wm. 
Hope,  and  a  member  of  the  firm  of  builders  and 
contractors,  Messrs.  W.  Hope  and  .Sons,  of  Coun- 
don,  near  Bishop  Auckland.  The  deceased  was 
engaged  on  the  roof  of  a  building  iu  course  of  erection 
at  Coundon  on  Thursday -sfternoon  when  he  fell. 
He  was  unconscious  when  picked  up,  and  never 
regained  consciousness. 

The  London  County  Council  and  the  Holborn 
Borough  Council  have  completed  negotiations  for 
widening  Portpool-lane  throughout  its  length  to 
40ft.  by  throwing  S,715  super,  feet  of  land  into  the 
thoroughfare. 

At  a  Consistorv-court  held  at  Oxford  on  Situr- 
day,  the  Chancellor  of  the  diocfse  (Sir  W.  Anson, 
M.P.)  granted  a  faculty  for  the  removal  of  a 
number  of  articles  and  things  .alleged  to  have  been 
illeg.ally  placed  iu  Ileailingtou  Church  by  the  vicar. 
Exception  was  taken  to  a  second  and  additional 
Commuuion  table,  or  altar,  under  the  east  window 
of  the  south  aisle,  and  a  super-altar  thereon;  a 
picture  of  the  Vugiu  Miry  over  the  additional 
Communion  table  or  altar ;  a  crucitix  over  the 
tatilo:  a  crucifix  over  the  pulpit ;  a  super-altar  over 
the  Couinuiiiiou  table  at  the  east  end  of  the  chance), 
with  a  crucitix;  a  picture  of  the  Virgin  anil  Child 
between  the  windows  of  the  south  aisle;  pictures 
coninioiily  ralleil  the  Stations  of  the  Cross,  1 1  in 
number,  and  three  other  pictures  upon  the  walls  of 
the  church  ;  a  vessel  for  holy  water  near  the  belfry  : 
a  seat  and  a  kiieeling-stool  in  the  south-west  corner 
of  the  chancel  for  the  purpose  of  hearing  confession ; 
and  gates  erected  at  the  chancel  steps. 


THE    BT71LDINO   NEWS,   May  20,  190 1. 


;        PEEMISKS;  75.  -RENSnAW  STEEET,  LIVEEPOOL.— Mk.  Henry  Hartley,  E.E.I.B.A.,  Architect. 


CPwiN  T  Hall  Arh 


OFnCE3  AND  HELIEF 
CAMDEUWELL 


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Photo -TimtT  by  James  A}c«rm«n  6   Queen  SquaM.London.W  C 


The  Building  ]} 


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THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  20,  1904. 


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T.  W.  Co.-G.  B.-Perplesed.-S.  S.— W.  H. 


Inttrcommiitticatt0n, 


Q  VESTIONS. 

U2058.]-Sectioii  of  Beam.— What  is  the  proper 
section  of  a  wooden  beam  whose  span  i<  14ft.,  to  tike  a 
weight  of  3  tons  in  the  centre  and  3',  tons  4ft.  from  the 
bearing  at  iw:h  end?  Please  show  the  working  out.— 
KowE. 

[12059.]— Ohureh.-Could  anyone  kindly  give  me  an 
example  of  a  modern  church  in  London  which  has  cost 
£2.700  ?-As  Old  Header. 

[12060.1 -Calcareous  Bu'ldingr  Sand  —  Riving- 

ton  8  Jfotea  on  Building  Construction,"  vol.  iii.  (Mate- 
rials), says:  "Calcareous  fands  on  the  whole  give 
stronger  mortars  than  silicious  ones."  Is  this  really  so  ' 
I  cannot  imagine  any  chalky  substance  taking  the  place 
of  hard  angular  grains  of  silicious  sand  for  making  Kood 
mortar.  Where  can  I  obtain  a  typical  sample  of  cal- 
^''^"V"'^  suitable  as  an  aggregate  for  lime  mortar  '— 
Iv.  W.  B. 

REPLIES. 
,.fl2.035.]-Wall.-If    for    London,  see    B.  Fletcher's 
Building  Act,"   isni      B.  T.   Batsford,  High  Holbom, 

Publisher.-RE.:ENTV  PvilK.  '6  '"^•.     , 

TlnilS;^;^^**'^  Stone.-In  part  iii.  Rivington'a  "  Notes 
BuUdmg  Construction,"  page  81,  is  a  table  of  resistance 


of  atones  to  crushing— granites,  basalts,  slates,  sandstones, 
marbles,  limestones.  Mr.  B.  T.  Batsfordwould  stock.  Do 
not  think  there  are  formula'  available.— Rehen-t's  P.vrk. 

[12057.1— Approval  of  Plans  —Do  not  think  L.G  B. 
would  interfere.  The  local  authority  surely  have  the 
whip  hand.  See  Banister  Fletcher's  "  London  Building 
Act,"  1894.- Regent's  Park. 


CHIPS. 

An  adjudication  in  bankruptcy  has  been  made  in 
the  case*  of  William  Arthur  Koa;er8  and  Charles 
Frederick  Laycock  (trading  as  Rogers,  Vincent, 
and  Co.),  Broadway,  Wimbledon,  London,  S.W., 
architects  and  surveyors. 

On  Wednesday  weel:  the  two  new  engines  which 
have  lately  been  added  to  the  City  Waterworks 
at  Canterbury  were  started  by  the  chairman  of  the 
company  and  the  Mayor  respectively.  The  additional 
works  comprise  two  new  boreholes,  an  engine- 
house,  two  steam  engines,  and  the  necessary  pump- 
ing machinery,  so  that  all  the  arrangements  for  the 
water  supply  to  the  city  are  now  duplicated. 

The  Preston  R'aral  District  Council  have  instructed 
Messrs.  Myres,  Veevers,  and  Myres,  of  Preston,  to 
prepare  a  scheme  for  the  sewerage  and  disposal  of 
the  sewage  of  Longton,  Lanes. 

At  Brighouse  FreeLibrary  on  Saturday,  a  marble 
bust  of  the  late  AIJ.  Henry  Sugden,  of  Woodfield, 
Brighouse,  was  unveiled  by  the  Mayor.  The  bust, 
which  is  the  work  of  Mr.  J.  F.  Williamson,  of 
Esher,  Surrey,  is  of  white  Carrara  marble,  on  a 
marble  pedestal,  the  whole  standing  about  6ft.  high. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Stock,  M.P..  on  Saturday  laid  the 
foundation  stoneof  the  new  mission-room  tTrosvenor- 
road,  in  connection  with  the  parish  of  St.  Bridget, 
Wavertree.  The  hall  will  accommodate  TOO  people, 
and  will  cost,  including  furnishing,  t'l,SOU.  Mr. 
Frank  Rimington  is  the  architect,  and  the  builders 
are  Messrs.  BuUeu  Brothers. 

On  Siturday  afternoon  a  peal  of  six  bells  (two 
old  ones  recast  and  four  new  ones),  which,  with 
repairs  to  the  tower  and  belfry,  have  cost  over  £500, 
were  dedicated  at  St.  James*s  Church,  Taxal, 
W  haley  Bridge,  one  of  the  oldest  churches  in 
Cheshire. 

The  new  chancel  which  has  been  added  to  the 
church  at  Mold  Green,  Huddersfield,  was  dedicated 
by  the  Bishop  of  Wakefield  on  Siturday.  The 
chancel  has  been  built  from  plans  by  Mr.  G.  F. 
Bodley,  R.A.,  at  a  cost  of  £1,900,  exclusive  of  a 
stained-glass  memorial  window  in  the  east  wall, 
representing  the  Ascension,  for  which  a  legacy  of 
£300  was  received. 

The  town  council  of  Rotterdam  will  receive 
tenders  for  the  supply  of  l,.5'22,190kilog.  of  common 
cast-iron  pipes,  and  178,00Gkilog.  of  common  cast- 
iron  additional  parts. 

Mr.  Thomas  TurnbuU,  engineer,  and  inspector  of 
the  Tay  Bridge,  has  been  appointed  superintendent 
of  the  Forth  Bridge.  A  son  of  Mr.  TurnbuU's  has 
been  appointed  to  the  vacancy  at  the  Tay  Bridge. 

After  long  consideration,  the  Burnley  Education 
Committee  are  to  be  recommended  to  build  a  new 
technical  and  higher  grade  school,  at  a  cost  of  about 
£70,000. 

Mr.  Robert  Brockie,  inspector  of  works  at  the 
new  oilices  and  warehouses  at  present  in  course  of 
construction  at  Kilnways  factory,  Alloa  (Messrs. 
John  Pdton,  Son,  and  Co.),  was  killed  on  Friday  by 
a  hoist  accident  on  the  building.  Mr.  Brockie,  who 
was  a  builder  and  contractor,  was  for  some  time 
Provost  of  Lockerbie,  and  only  went  to  Alloa  about 
a  year  ago  to  undertake  the  supervision  of  the  large 
extension  which  the  Messrs.  Paton  are  making  to 
their  works.  Mr.  Brockie  was  forty-five  years  of 
age,  and  leaves  a  widow  and  family. 

A  memorial  carved  oak  pulpit  is  shortly  to  be 
shipped  from  England  for  erection  in  Pretoria 
Cathedral  to  the  memory  of  Bishop  Bjusfield,  first 
Bishop  of  Pretoria,  who  died  at  Capetown  in 
February,  1902.  The  pulpit,  which  is  a  family 
gift,  is  of  solid  EngUsh  oak,  and  is  made  on 
Jacobean  lines. 

On  Saturday,  the  foundation-stone  of  the  new 
vicarage  of  St.  Aldhelm's,  Bedmiuster,  was  laid. 
The  site  adjoins  the  mission  church,  and  the  vicarage 
is  to  be  built  in  the  Gothic  style  at  a  cost  of  about 
£2,200.  Mr.  W.  V.  Gough,  of  Bristol  is  the  archi- 
tect, and  Mr.  A.  J.  Bsaven,  of  the  same  city,  the 
builder. 

The  Lord  Mayor  of  Birmingham,  on  Saturday 
afternoon,  opened  the  new  public  park  at  Ward 
End,  Saltley.  The  Lord  Mayor  explained  that  the 
total  area  of  the  park  was  51  acres,  and  the  total 
cost  £21,000.  With  the  exception  of  the  Lickey 
Hills  and  Cannon  Hill  Park,  which  were  outside 
the  borders  of  the  city,  this  would  be  the  largest 
park  under  the  control  of  the  corporation.  The 
portion  they  were  opening  was  about  20  acres  in 
extent,  and  the  remainder  would  be  temporarily  let 
until  the  needs  of  the  neighbourhood  required  a 
larger  area. 


PARIilAMENTARY   NOTES. 

Aechitects'  Reqisteation  Bill.  —  The  Bill  to 
provide  for  the  Registration  of  Architects,  pro- 
moted by  the  Society  of  Architects,  was  introduced 
into  the  House  of  Commons  on  Tuesday  evening  by 
Mr.  L.  A.  Atherley  Jones,  K.C.,  supported  by  Sir 
T.  Coddington,  Bart.,  Mr.  Wallace,  and  Sir  Chris- 
topher Furness,  and  passed  its  first  reading.  The 
Bill  was  ordered  to  be  printed  (No.  204),  and  the 
second  reading  was  set  down  for  Wednesday, 
June  1.  Architects  interested  in  the  passing  of 
the  measure  will  do  well  to  write  to  their  members, 
calling  attention  to  the  date  fixed  for  second  read- 
ing, and  asking  for  their  support. 


The  Lady-lane  Circuit  of  the  United  Methodist 
Free  Church  in  Leeds  is  about  to  be  extended  by  the 
erection  of  a  new  church  in  Ashley -road,  Harehills. 
The  designs  of  Mr.  H.  Ascough  Chapman,  archi- 
tect, Leeds,  have  been  selected.  There  will  be 
seating  accommodation  for  3.30  adults  in  about  a 
400  mixed  congregation.  The  interior  is  lofty,  with 
an  open  timber-work  roof,  the  elevations  to  be  in 
the  l.'nh-century  Gothic  style,  and  the  fai;ades  will 
be  faced  with  red  pressed  bricks  and  terracotta 
dressings. 

Arrangements  have  been  made  for  the  erection 
during  the  ensuing  few  days  of  the  memorial  to  the 
late  Dean  Ingram  in  Peterborough  Cathedral.  The 
memorial,  which  consists  of  a  marble  effigy  recum- 
bent on  an  altar-tomb  of  Frosterley  marble  and 
clunch,  was  designed  and  commenced  by  a  brother 
of  Dean  Ingram,  but,  unfortunately,  the  sculptor's 
death  prevented  the  completion  of  the  work  by 
him.  It  has,  however,  since  been  completed,  and 
will  be  placed  in  the  eastern  chapel  or  so-i^alled 
Lady-chapel,  in  close  proximity  to  the  Saxon 
monument.  The  work  of  erection  has  been  placed 
in  the  hands  of  Messrs.  John  Thompson  and  Co., 
of  Peterborough. 

Lord  Derby  will  open  the  new  County  Sessions 
Hall  at  Preston  on  June  29.  The  cost  of  the  build- 
ing, including  furnishing,  is  £100,000. 

The  late  Mr.  John  Morgan,  of  Wem,  Salop,  left 
by  will  a  sum  of  money  to  be  expended  in  the  erec- 
tion of  a  free  library  with  endowmenti  for  its  sup- 
port, and  a  start  has  now  been  made  with  the  work 
on  a  site  at  the  entrance  to  the  town  from  the  rail- 
way station,  and  near  New-street.  The  library  has 
been  designed  by  Mr.  Ashton,  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
the  building  contract,  which  is  for  over  £1,200,  is 
intrusted  to  Mr.  T.  Jervis,  of  W>m. 

A  Roman  Catholic  church  of  Late  Perpendicular 
type  is  being  built  on  the  site  of  a  smaller  edifice  in 
Sandford-gardens,  PortobcUo.  Messrs.  John  Smith 
and  Son,  with  Messrs.  Brown  and  Grieve,  all  of 
Portobello,  are  the  contractors  for  the  mason,  slater, 
and  joiner  works  :  the  other  contractors  are  Messrs. 
Baxendine  Bros.,  Eraser  Walker,  Dixon  and  Walker, 
and  Wni.  Logan.  Mr.  J.  T.  Walford,  of  Joppa,  is 
the  architect, 

Mr.  Andrew  Murray,  F.R.I.B.A.,  the  city  sur- 
veyor, has  sent  in  his  resignation  to  the  Corporation 
of  London,  and  will  retire  on  a  pension,  having 
reached  the  limit  of  age.  Mr.  Murray  entered  the 
City's  service  in  1S.54  as  a  j  unior  clerk,  and  rose, 
step  by  step,  until  he  became  the  head  of  his  depart- 
ment, succeeding  the  lato  Mr.  A.  Peebles  in  1 89 1  as 
city  surveyor.  During  his  long  association  with  the 
City  Mr.  Murray  has  taken  part  in  many  important 
architectural  and  building  projects,  especially  those 
connected  with  the  corporation's  markets  and  the 
bridges. 

Lord  Shuttleworth  unveiled,  on  Siturday,  a 
stained-glass  window  and  baptistery  in  Burnley 
Parish  Church,  subscribed  for  as  a  memorial  to  the 
late  Canon  Arthur  Townley  Parker,  for  40  years 
rector  of  the  parish.  The  memorial  and  other 
improvements  to  the  church  have  cost  about  £5,000. 

The  Governors  of  the  Royal  Grammar  SAool  of 
Norwich  are  making  an  appeal  for  £20,000  to 
enable  them  to  rebuild  their  premises,  which  consist 
of  the  ancient  chapel  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist, 
near  the  cathedral.  Mr.  Eiward  Boardman,  of 
Norwich,  has  been  appointed  as  the  architect. 

The  Durham  Cathedral  organ,  which  was  built 
by  the  late  Henry  Willis  in  1877,  is  in  process  of 
restoration  and  enlargement,  at  the  hands  of  Messrs. 
Harrison  and  Harrison,  of  Durham  and  London. 

Captain  J.  F.  H.  Carmichael,  Royal  Engineers, 
has  been  appointed  head  of  the  Engineering  and 
Works  Department  under  the  Crown  Agents  for 
the  Colonies. 

Anew  organ,  built  by  Messrs.  Hele  and  Co.,  of 
Plymouth,  at  a  cost  of  £1,500,  has  been  opened  in 
the  parish  church  of  St.  Mary,  Andover. 

The  King  and  Queen  will  pay  a  public  visit  to 
Liverpool  within  the  next  two  months  for  the  pur- 
pose of  laying  the  foundation-stone  of  the  new 
cathedral.  Their  Majesties  are  to  stay  at  Knowsley 
Park,  which  has  been  placed  at  their  disposal  by 
Lord  and  Lady  Derby. 


May  20,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


745 


LEQAI.  INTELLiaENOB. 

Is    Eeoistbation    Desiearle  ?  —  Wickenj  v. 
Franklin.— This  case,  heard  at  Timbridge  Wells 
County-court  last  week,  was  a  claim  for  £  n  123.  for 
professional  services  rendered  as  an  architect  at  Crow  - 
borough.  Mr.  Abiuger  appeared  for  the  plaintiff,  and 
Mr.ElvyRobbforthedefence.  Mr.  Abingerexplained 
that  plans  had  been  prepared  for  defendant  for  a 
bungalow.    A  contract  was  entered  into,  and  the 
building  erected.     The  builder's  claim  came  into 
that  Court,  and  was  settled  at  the  last  moment.    In 
the  present  case  the  claim  was  resisted  on  the  ground 
that  the  bedrooms  were  too  small ;  but  the  plans  were 
submitted  and  approved  by  the  defendant,  and  the 
point  was  not  raised  till  the  building  was  completed. 
The  bedrooms  were  enlarged   by   defendant's  in- 
structions by  tender,  and  yet  the  defendant  came 
here  and  oounterclaimed  for  the  cost  of  the  enlarge- 
ment.   Mr.  Robb  said  he  should  set  up  negligence. 
His  Honour  :   You  want  very  strong  evidence  to 
sustain  a  case  against  an  architect.    Mr.  Abinger  : 
These  counterclaims  are  sprung  on  us  at  the  last 
moment,  and  it   is  significant  that  the  builder  had 
also  to  come  into  Court.    Plaintiff  deposed  that  he 
had  been  a  bricklayer,  but  was  now  an  architect.  His 
.  Honour :  What  have  you  done  to  call  yourself  an 
architect?    Witness:  I  have  prepared  plans.    His 
&)noar :    You    have   not    served    your   articles  r 
Witness:  No.    Proceeding,    witness    said   he   was 
instructed  to  prepare  plans,  which  he  submitted  to 
defendant,  who  instructed  him  to  obtain  tenders 
which  were  opened  in  defendant's  presence,  who 
instructed  him  to  accept  the  lowest.    He  prepared 
the  plans  with  his  own  hand.    Mr.  Abinger  :  Rather 
artistic  for  a  bricklayer.     His  Honour  :  It  does  not 
matter  what  the  man  was  if  defendant  chooses  to 
■employ  him.     Witness,  continuing,  said  as  regards 
the  bedrooms,    which    plaintiff    complained    were 
smaller,  this  was  done  in  an  amended  plan,  as  the 
first  plan  was  considered  by  defendant  too  large, 
when  the  house  was  practically  completed.  Defend- 
ant wanted  the  bedrooms  enlarged,  and  instructed 
tim  to  prepare  a  plan  for  enlarging  them,  which  he 
did,  and  defendant  accepted  a  tender  for  the  work. 
Mr.  Robb  said  he  did  not  dispute  the  charges,  but 
alleged  negligence  in  carrying  out  defendant's  re- 
quirements.   Two  of  the  bedrooms  could  scarcely 
be  called  rooms,   and  the  drain  had  an  insufficient 
fall,  while  access  to  the  house  from  the  public  road 
was  only  by  a  precipitous  bank.    He  also  submitted 
the  builder's  account  was   not  properly  checked. 
His  Honour:    If  your  client  approved  the  plansj 
how    can    he    complain    of    the    bedrooms  r    Mr. 
Abinger:    Your    Honour   wiU   see   the   plans   are 
beautifully  drawn.     Mr.  Robb  said  he  should  call 
■expert  evidence  on   the  plans,   and  show  that  an 
ordinary  layman  could  not  tell  from  the  plans  what 
sort  of  bedrooms  he  was  going  to  have  with  a  ceiling 
slopmg   almost  to   the  floor.     His    Honour:   You 
must  abide  by  the  plans  your  client  accepted.    Mr. 
Abinger  said  he  should  show  by  the  correspondence 
that   defendant   was  fully  acquainted    with   these 
matters.      The    original    plans    were    cut    down. 
Defendant  wanted  a  bungalow,  not  a  house.    The 
parties  then  conferred,  at  his  Honour's  su""estion 
and  judgment  for  £29  and  costs  was  accepted.         ' 
South  London  Teamways  Award  .—The  award 
has  just  been  issued  in  the  case  of  the  "  London 
Deptford,  and  Greenwich  Tramway  Company  v.  the 
London  Couaty  Council,"  a  claim  for  the  structural 
value  of  the  tramway  which  runs,  with  branches 
between  London  Bridge  and   Gretnwich,  and  for 
the  stabling  premises  and  cars,  horses,  and  other 
stock  taken  over  by  the  County  Council  under  the 
Tramways  Act.    The  case  was  originally  referred 
to  the  late  Sir  Frederick  Bramwell,  owing  to  whose 
death,  however,  it  was  argued  before  Mr.  Graham 
Harris,   C.E.      For   the    tramway    company    Mr 
Edward  Boyle,  K.C.,  Mr.  Hansell,  and  Mr.  Vasey 
Knox  called  experts  whose  valuation  amounted  to 
about  £105,000;  while  for  the  County  Council  Mr 
Freeman,  K.C.,  and  Mr.  Edward  Morten  submitted 
ttiat  about  £MOW  would  be  proper  compensation. 
The  umpire,  after  a  hearing  extending  over  several 
days,    has    awarded    the    company    the    sum    of 
-£  Jl  ,000. 


or  linen  with  advertisements,    and    provision  was 
made  for  illuminatiu;;  the  interiors  of  the  cases  by 
electric  lit,'ht.     The  cases  varied  in  width  from  '2ft 
to  5ft.,  and  in  height  from  5ft.  to  7ft.      Each  of 
them  stood  out  luin.  in  front  of  a  front  wfill  of  the 
building,  but  each  projection  was  less  than  the  pro- 
jection of  the  existing  cornice  over  the  shop,  which 
is  2ft.  from  the  face  of  the  main  building.    The 
front  of  each  of  the  cases  was  about  lOin.  beyond 
the  general  line  of  buildings,  as  determined  by  a 
certificate,     dated    December    23,     VMS,    of    the 
Superintending   Architect   of  Metropolitan  Build- 
ings.   It  would   be  possible   to   move   the   whole 
of  th3  cases  (with  the  exception  of   the  iron  sup- 
ports^   in    a    single    day   without    injury    to    the 
building.      The    respondents    had    not    obtained 
the  consent  of  the   appellants  to   the  erection  of 
the  cases.    The  appellants  contended  that  the  cases 
so    fixed    aiii    supported    were    stiucturei  within 
sections   22  and  200  (3)  of  the  Act  of   1894.     The 
respondents  contended  the  contrary.  The  magistrate 
was  of  opinion  that  the  cases  were  not  structures 
within  the  Act,  that  they  were  in  the  nature  of  mere 
excrescences  which  could  be  removed  at  will  with- 
out in j  ury  to  the  fabric,  and  that  they  could  not  be 
said,  therefore,  to  be  a  "  bringing  forward  "  of  the 
main  building  such  as  was  contemplated  by  the 
statute.    He  accordingly  dismissed  the  summons. 
The  question  for  the  Court  was  whether,  on  the 
true  construction  of  the  sections  above  referred  to, 
the  respondents,   on    the  above  facts,    erected    a 
structure  or  structures  beyond  the  general  line  of 
buildings.     The    following    cases    were    cited:  — 
**  Coburgh    Hotel    v.    London    County    Council," 
"Hull  V.  London  County  Council,"  "Venner  v. 
M'Donell."      Mr.    Justice    Kennedy,     in    giving 
judgment,  said  that  he  was  unable  to  decide  that 
the  magistrate  had  gone  wrong  in  law.     It  was  a 
question  of  fact  and  of  degree  in  each  case,  and  it 
was    for   the    magistrate    to    decide,   and  he  had 
decided  that  the  cases  were  not  structures  within 
the  Act.     His  Lordship  could  not  say  that  he  was 
wrong  in  point  of  law  in  holding  that  these  things 
were   not    structures    within    the    Act,    and    his 
Lordship  was  inclined   to   agree  with  him.    They 
were    not,    to    his    mind,    like    a   bow-window, 
which   was   from    its    very    nature    intended   to 
form  part  of  the  building.     Mr.  Justice  Wills  said 
that  he  had  the  misfortune  to  differ  from  the  Lord 
Chief  Justice  and  Mr.  Justice  Kennedy,     t^uestions 
of  this  kind  were  questions  of  mixed  law  and  fact, 
and  it  was  not  easy  to  say  to  what  extent  law  pre- 
vailed and  to  what  extent  fact.    But  he  was  sure 
that  the  magistrate   did   not   intend  the  Court  to 
deal  with  the  case   as   if   he   had  found  as  a  fact 
that  these  things  were  not  structures.    His  Lord- 
ship could  not  help   feeling   that   as  long  as  they 
remained  annexed  to  the  building  they  were  a  part 
of  it,  although  they  could  be  removed.    The  Lord 
Chief  Justice  said  that  he  agreed  with  the  greater 
part  of  what  Mr.  Justice  Wills  had  said,  but  he  was 
unable  to  arrive  at  the  same  conclusion.     He  was 
unable  to  say  that  the  magistrate  had  gone  wrong 
as  a  matter  of  law.     The  question  they  had  to  ask 
themselves  was   whether  the   magistrate   on  these 
facts  was  bound  to  hold  that  a  thing  so  erected  came 
within  section  22  and  section  200  (3).    There  were 
a  number  of  other  sections  dealmg  with  what  this 
structure  was— namely,  a  projection  from  the  build- 
ing.   He    was    hampered    very    much    when    he 
approached  this  part  of  the  subject  by  the  j  udgment 
in  "Hull  V.  London  County  Council"  ;  and  when 
the  question  came   up   as  to  whether  a  particular 
thing  was  or  was  not  a  projection,  then  the  question 
would  arise   how  far   that   case    was  an  authority 
that  things  of  this  kind  were  not  projections  under 
section  73.    The  appeal  was  accordingly  dismissed. 


€>ur  Office  Cable. 


Illuminated  Adveetisements  and  the  London 
Building  Acts.-London  County  Council  v.  the 
Illuminated  Advertisements  Company  —In  the 
Court  of  Appeal  en  May  12,  judgment  was  delivered 
by  the  Lord  Chief  Justice,  Mr.  Justice  Wills,  and  Mr 
Justice  Kennedy  in  a  case  stated  by  Mr.  Plowden 
the  Metropolitan  magistrate,  on  an  information 
charging  the  respondents  with  unlawfully  erectintr 
certain  structures  in  contravention  of  Part  III  of 
the  London  Buildinfj  Act.  1891,  beyond  the  general 
Ime  of  buildings  in  Cranbourn-street,  without  the 
consent  in  writing  of  the  appellants,  whereby  Ihey 
became  liable  to  the  penalty  prescribed  by  section  'DO 
<3)of  the  London  Building  Act,  1S91,  as  amended 
^L}"  ^™''°"  Building  Act  (1S91)  Amendment  Act, 

;  ^  ^"  .^P^i'  ^f^  ^"y-  ^■'°^'  "'«  respondents 
erected  on  the  front  walls  of  48,  Cranbourn-street 
twelve  advertisement  cases,  constructed  of  sheet 
iron,  supported  by  strong  wrought-iron  supports 
securely  cut  and  pinned  through  the  front  walls  of 
the  buildmg.  The  outer  side  of  each  of  the  cases 
was  covered  with  a  wooden  frame  carrying  canvas 


On  Siturday  Mr.  R.  L.  Morant,  Permanent 
Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Education,  formally 
opened  the  first  Council  school  erected  by  the  new 
education  authority  of  Nelson,  Lanes.  The  school 
has  been  erected  and  equipped  at  a  cost  of  £13,000, 
and  jirovides  accommodation  for  1,300  children. 

The  sum  of 


The  Worshipful  Company  of  Carpenters,  ia 
order  to  encourage  Forestry  in  the  TTnited 
Kingdom,  offered  prizes  some  months  ago  for  the 
best  essays  on  "  The  Adaptatiijn  of  Land  for 
Afforestation,"  and  the  Company  has  now  had 
the  two  essays  which  were  awarded  the  prizes 
printed  and  published.  The  first  is  by  Mr.  A.  C 
Forbes,  and  the  second  by  Prof.  W.  K.  Fisher. 
The  volume  is  well  illustrated,  and  will  be  found 
suggestive  and  interesting  by  landowners. 

Nkxt  to  its  Norman  Abbey,  perhaps  the  most 
interesting  building  in  Hexham  is  its  ancient 
Keep  or  Manor  Office,  as  it  is  now  called.  Some 
time  ago  Jlessrs.  L.  C.  and  H.  F.  Lockhart, 
solicitors,  purchased  it  from  the  Lord  of  the 
Manor,  and  have  removed  their  offices  there  from 
the  Meal  iMarket.  As  a  consequence  of  that, 
workmen  have  been  busily  amployed  in  its 
interior  putting  the  premises  into  a  more  habit- 
able condition.  In  carrying  out  their  work  on 
the  basement,  the  workmen  have  come  upon  the 
top  of  the  arch  of  one  of  the  two  "  prison  pits  " 
that  old  documents  bearing  upon  the  Keep  make 
mention  of.  These  prison  pits  were  the  lower 
dungeons,  the  upper  dungeons  being  on  the 
ground  floor.  This  dungeon,  built  of  large  stones 
from  Glendue  Uuarry,  h  15ft.  deep,  about  20ft. 
in  length,  and  about  as  many  feet  in  width,  with 
a  vaulted  roof.  There  is  no  staircase  leading  into 
it.  The  prisoners  must  either  have  been  thru  t 
down  into  it,  or  made  their  descent  into  the  prison 
by  a  movable  wooden  ladder,  their  food  being 
lowered  down  to  them.  There  are  no  apertures 
or  windows  to  give  either  light  or  ventilation, 
and  the  prisoners  in  the  lower  dungeons  would  be 
shut  up  in  utter  darknees.  The  upper  dungeons 
were  dimly  lighted  by  narrow  slits  in  the  walls, 
but  there  are  in  these  several  modern  windows  ; 
these  were  probably  put  in  a  century  ago,  or  even 
at  a  later  date. 

Mr.  Howard  Goulu,  of  New  York,  has  sued 
his  architect,  Mr.  Haydel,  for  the  return  of  30,000 
dollars,  commissions  paid  in  advance  on  designs 
for  the  duplication  of  Kilkenny  Castle,  at  a  cost 
of  four  million  dollars.  The  first  stone  has  not 
yet  been  laid,  although  Mr.  Haydel  has  been  con- 
sidering his  plans  for  four  years.  He  was  unable 
to  reconcile  the  demands  made  upon  him  either 
with  his  artistic  conceptions,  or  even  with  the 
structural  possibilities.  Mr.  Gould  wanted  Castle 
Gould  to  be  double  the  size  of  Kilkenny  Castle, 
with  200  living  rooms,  an  orangery  200ft.  wide, 
a  library  150ft.  by  50ft.,  and  a  stable  to  cost 
800,000  dollars,  accommodating  100  horses.  Mr. 
Haydel  alleged  that  the  proposals  were  not  only 
monstrosities,  but  were  structurally  impossible. 

The  AVarwickshire  educational  committee 
received  and  adopted  on  Tuesday  the  following 
report  as  to  the  county  surveyor's  services  under 
the  Education  Act : — -We  find  that  the  out-of- 
pocket  expenses  of  the  county  surveyor  in  con- 
nection with  the  preliminary  work  were  .£U6, 
and  he  or  his  staff'  were  engaged  96  days  in 
attending  committees  or  inspecting  schools.  We 
recommend  that  £300  be  paid  to  the  county  sur- 
veyor for  the  first  inspection  of  schools  and 
report,  including  out-of-pocket  expenses  and 
general  work  in  attending  committees  up  to 
December  31,  1903.  That  the  county  surveyor 
be  paid  £250  per  annum  additional  remuneration 
from  January  1,  1901  (1),  for  inspecting  and 
superintending  the  repair  of  council  schools  and 
negotiating  for  purchase  of  sites ;  (2)  for  advising 
the  committee  as  to  cLaims  against  the  managers 


1,100  guineas  realised  by  the  rector    """  ^^0"""'":=" '»  to  cmmis  agamst  tno  managers 
dens  of  West  Mailing  by  the  sale  at    °*  nc^n-proyided  schools  for  repairs  to  buildings. 


and  churchwarde 
Christie  s  of  the  unique  Elizabethan  stoup  recently 
found  in  the  palish  church  of  St  Mary  the  Virgin,  has 
been  utilised  for  the  provision  of  a  new  porch,  and 
for  reseating  the  church.  On  Saturday  the  works 
were  dedicated  by  the  Bishop  of  Dover. 

The  Worshipful  Company  of  Makers  of  Playing 
Cards  offers  the  "  H.  D.  PhiUips  Prize"  of  £10  lOs. 
for  the  best  special  design  for  the  backs  of  playing 
cards  intended  for  presentation  at  the  dinner  of  the 
masters  and  wardens.  Three  other  prizes  of  £5  5s., 
I'i  oi. ,  and  £2  29.  respectively  are  offered  by  the 
comjiauy  for  the  three  next  best  of  such  designs. 

The  foundation-stone  has  boen  laid  of  a  new 
church  at  Seatou  Delaval.  The  design,  which  was 
prepared  by  Mr.  C.  S.  Erringtou,  A.R.I.B.A., 
Newcastle,  is  for  a  red  brick  liasilicaii  Church  in 
the  Early  Italian  style.  There  will  be  accommoda- 
tion for  300  people.  The  estimated  cost  is  £1,700. 
The  contract  has  been  taken  by  Mr.  Joseph  Stobbs, 
of  Cramhngton. 


and  as  to  plans  submitted  by  such  managers  for 
alterations  and  improvements  required  by  the 
committee ;  (3)  for  reporting  to  the  committee, 
attending  meetings  of  the  committee  and  sub-com- 
mittee, this  to  over  all  out-of-pocket  expenses. 
That  the  county  surveyor  receive  commission  on 
new  work  at  3  per  cent.;  no  commission  to  bo 
paid  in  respect  of  expenditure  over  tho  contract 
amount,  and  that,  in  the  event  of  tho  committee 
deciding  to  invite  plans  from  other  architects,  ho 
be  entitled  to  compete  if  he  wishes,  and,  if  his 
plans  are  accepted,  to  receive  the  ordinary  com- 
mission at  5  per  cent. — Looking  to  the  magnitude 
of  tho  work  about  to  fall  on  the  committee  and 
their  surveyor,  tho  rate  of  remuneration  cannot 
bo  deemed  excessive. 

.\t  tho  quarterly  meeting  of  the  Northc'n 
Counties  Federation  of  Building  Trade  Employers, 
at  the   (iuoen's  Hotel,    Stockton-on-Tees,  Mr. 


746 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


IklAY  20,  1904. 


Walter  Lowry,  of  Jlessrs.  J.  and  W.  Lowry, 
contractors,  of  Newcastle,  was  the  recipient  of  a 
silver  and  gold  bowl  and  stand,  suitably  inscribed, 
as  a  mark  of  the  esteem  in  which  he  is  held 
amongst  the  employers  of  the  North  of  England, 
and  in  apprteiation  of  the  great  services  he  has 
rendered  to  the  building  trades  for  many  years 
past.  The  presentation  was  made  on  behalf  of 
the  association  by  Mr.  Wilkinnon,  president. 
Mr.  AValter  Lowry,  who  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  John  Lowry,  was  for  eight  years  pre- 
sident of  the  Newc  istle  and  Gateshead  District 
Building  Trade  Employers'  Association,  and 
resigned  that  position  last  year.  A  few  years  ago 
when  the  Employers'  Associations  in  Northum- 
berland, Durham,  Cumberland,  and  Westmore- 
land were  formed  into  the  Northern  Counties' 
Federation  of  Building  Trade  Employers,  Mr. 
Lowry  was  elected  the  first  president,  and  was 
re-elected  for  a  second  year.  Mr.  Lowry  has 
also  been  president  of  the  Northern  Centre  of  the 
National  Federation  of  Building  Trade  Employers 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland . 

Legislation  for  schoolhouse  ventilation  has  at 
last  been  enacted  in  New  York  State  after  some 
years  of  effort  in  which  the  American  Society  o£ 
Heating  and  Ventilating  Engineers  has  held  a 
prominent  position.  The  Act  provides  that  "  No 
schoolhouse,  nor  additions  to  such  like,  shall 
hereafter  be  erected  in  the  State,  the  cost  of 
which  shall  exceed  500dol.,  until  the  plans  and 
specifications  for  the  same  shall  have  been  sub- 
mitted to  the  Commissioner  of  Education  and  his 
approval  indorsed  thereon.  .  .  .  Such  Com- 
missioner of  Education  shall  not  approve  any 
plans  for  the  erection  of  any  school  building  or 
addition  thereto  unless  the  same  shall  provide  at 
least  loaq.ft.  of  floor  space  and  200c. ft.  of  air 
space  for  each  pupil  to  be  accommodated  in  each 
study  or  recitation-room  therein,  and  no  such 
plans  shall  be  approved  by  him  unless  provision 
is  made  therein  assuring  at  least  SOc.ft.  of  pure 
air  every  minute  per  pupil,  and  the  facilities  for 
exhausting  the  foul  or  vitiated  air  therein  shall 
be  positive  and  independent  of  atmospheric 
changes."  The  remainder  of  the  Act  refers  to 
provisions  for  fire  protection,  chiefly  as  to  the 
openings  or  stairways,  the  use  of  platforms  on 
stairs,  the  opening  of  main  doors  outwards,  and 
so  on. 

An  interesting  collection  of  maps,  plans,  draw- 
ings, and  engravings,  dealing  with  old  Leeds 
and  the  surrounding  district  ia  being  exhibited, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Thoresby  Society,  in 
their  Park-street  Rooms,  Leeds.  From  an  In- 
spection of  the  exhibits,  which  are  lent  by 
Aid.  J.  H.  Wurtzburg,  one  can  obtain  a  fairly 
good  idea  of  Leeds  in  the  olden  time,  when  the 
Jloot  Hall  and  Shambles  blocked  Briggate,  and 
Boar-lane  was  little  more  than  an  alley.  There 
are  a  large  number  of  sepia  drawings  by  Mr.  W. 
Braithwaite,  who  has  preserved  an  outline  of 
many  interesting  architectural  features  that  have 
long  met  with  demolition.  York,  Scarborough, 
Knaresborough,  Richmond,  and  other  Yorkshire 
towns  are  also  represented  through  ancient  prints 
or  plans.  There  is,  too,  a  collection  of  MSS.,  and 
autograph  letters. 

DcEiNfi  the  field  season  of  1903  most  of  the 
cement-producing  districts  of  the  United  States 
were  visited  by  members  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  and  data  were  collected  for  a 
report  on  the  cement  resources  and  industry  of 
the  country.  The  districts  not  visited  in  1903 
will  be  examined  early  in  1904,  and  a  detailed 
report  on  the  subject  will  be  published  as  soon  as 
possible.  In  the  mean  time,  three  papers  on  in- 
teresting cement  districts  have  been  prepared  and 
published.  One  of  those  districts,  in  Penn- 
sylvania, now  produces  about  90  per  cent,  of  the 
tutfil  United  States  production  of  Portland  cement, 
while  the  other  two,  in  Alabama  and  Virginia, 
which  are  at  present  only  slightly  developed, 
promise  to  become  important  centres  of  production. 

An  examination  of  the  ruins  in  Baltimore 
shows,  says  the  Herali!  of  that  city,  that  of  all 
material  none  stood  the  fire  better  than  the  Bilti- 
more  red  brick.  In  the  more  modern  buildings 
stone  of  various  kinds,  granite,  marble,  and  the 
whitish  variety  of  brick,  made  chiefly,  we  believe, 
of  material  found  in  the  West,  and  concrete  in 
one  building  at  least,  were  used,  and  in  the  intense 
heat  all,  of  course,  suffered,  but  the  red  brick,  it 
is  believed,  least  of  all.  It  has  been  estimated 
that  perhaps  20  per  cent,  of  old  brick  can  be  used 
in  rebuilding  in  work  on  inside  walls,  which  will 
amount  to  considerable  in  the  way  of  saving.  It 
18  admitted  that  in  the  residence  section  red  brick 


has  been  too  freely  used,  giving  the  effect  of  too 
great  uniformity ;  but  in  the  business  district,^, 
affected  by  the  fire  this  was  not  so  much  the  case. 
As  to  durability,  this  brick  is  perhaps  the  equal 
of  almost  any  material.  There  is  a  dispute  as  to 
whether  some  of  the  old  Colonial  churches  still  in 
good  condition  in  Eastern  Virginia  were  built  of 
brick  brought  from  England  ;  but  it  is  certain 
that  they  were  most  substantial!}'  constructed. 
This  brick  corresponds  closely  to  what  used  to  be 
called  "  Baltimore  pressed  brick,"  and  is  a  splendid 
specimen  of  material.  Some  of  these  churches 
date  back  to  early  in  1700,  and  a  few  were  con- 
structed still  earlier.  The  best  quality  of  Balti- 
more-made brick,  it  is  believed,  is  quite  as  good 
as  these  old  specimens. 

In  a  recent  issue  of  the  St.  Loiiix  Glohf-Dcmon-iit 
Ferdinand  Tonney  declares  that  the  axeman  is 
fast  destroying  the  melancholy  cypress,  and  that 
the  enormous  consumption  of  the  imperishable 
wood  will  soon  clear  the  Southern  swamps  of 
their  noblest  product.  Mr.  Tonney  says  the 
best  specimens  are  found  in  Arkansas  and 
Louisiana.  The  lumbermen  class  the  timber  as 
red,  yellow,  and  white,  according  to  the  tint 
of  the  wood.  In  Southern  Illinois  some  years 
ago  there  were  brakes  of  a  white  variety,  but 
the  trees  were  pigmies  when  compared  with 
the  yellow  cypress  giants  of  the  Cache  River 
country  in  Arkansas,  and  the  mammoth  red 
cypress  tree  along  the  Ouachita  River.  The  slow 
growth  and  the  uncertain  method  of  reproduc- 
tion lead  to  the  belief,  says  Mr.  Tonney,  that 
before  many  years  the  tree  will  become  extinct. 
The  great  brakes  are  rapidly  disappearing  before 
the  modern  methods  of  lumbering,  and  regions 
heretofore  regarded  as  inaccessible  because  of  the 
swamp  conditions  are  being  cut  over,  .and  the 
lumber  is  going  into  the  markets  at  a  surprising 
rate.  Slow  and  cumbersome  methods  of  logging 
have  been  replaced  by  up-to-date  ideas.  The  com- 
mercial value  of  a  good  cypress  brake  is  almost 
beyond  the  belief  of  those  who  are  not  familiar 
with  the  lumbering  industry.  The  merits  of  the 
timber  as  adapted  to  a  multiplicity  of  uses  are 
without  question,  and  it  has  taken  rank  along 
with  white  pine  and  poplar.  A  house  may  be 
built,  these  days,  wholly  ol  cypress. 


The  council  of  the  Society  of  Architects  have 
appointed  Mr.  B.  R.  Tucker,  of  41,  Sisters-avenue, 
Clapham  Common,  to  the  post  of  hon.  treasurer  of 
the  society,  in  the  place  of  the  late  Mr.  H.  U. 
Quartermain.  Mr.  'Tucker  was  lately  chief  sur- 
veyor at  the  War  Office,  and  has  been  a  member  of 
the  society  for  ten  years,  during  the  last  three  of 
which  he  has  been  a  member  of  the  Council. 

A  stained-glass  window  has  recently  been  placed 
in  the  south  chapel  of  Droxford  parish  church  to  the 
memory  of  the  late  rector,  the  Rev.  Robert  Everson 
Harrisson.  The  subject  is  our  Lord's  charge  to 
St.  Peter,  *'  Feed  my  sheep;  feed  my  lambs." 

Mr.  Robert  Sheach,  of  27,  Shamrock -street, 
Dundee,  builder,  who  died  on  March  28  last,  left 
personal  estate  valued  at  £33,029. 

The  movement  to  place  a  memorial  to  Canon 
Ainger  in  Bristol  Cathedral  has  taken  definite  shape. 
An  official  announcement  says  it  is  proposed  that  the 
memorial  shall  take  the  form  of  a  bust,  statue,  or 
recumbent  effigy.  An  influential  committee,  with 
Mr.  Lewis  Fry  as  treasurer,  has  been  formed  to 
collect  funds  and  make  the  necessary  arrangements. 

A  board  school  for  infants  has  been  built  at 
Balderton  from  plans  by  Messrs.  Saunders  and 
Saunders,  of  Newark-on-Trent,  selected  in  com- 
petition. Accommodation  has  been  provided  for 
300  children  at  a  total  cost  of  £3,Ui. 

On  Friday  four  foundation-stones  of  St.  John's 
Presbyterian  Church,  Runcorn,  were  laid.  The  new 
building  provides  accommodation  for  560  persons. 
The  contract  price  is  £3,500. 

Mr.  Haynes  King,  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  British  Artists,  was  run  over  and  killed  at  the 
entrance  of  the  tunnel  at  Swiss  Cottage  Station,  on 
the  Metropolitan  Railway,  on  Tuesday  afternoon. 
Mr.  King,  who  was  73  years  of  age,  and  who  for 
many  years  had  resided  in  Finchley-road,  had  been 
in  ill-health  for  some  time.  He  was  born  in 
Barbados,  and  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
iu  1865.  His  speciality  was  figure  subjects,  chiefly 
young  women  of  the  fishery  and  peasant  classes, 
and  his  work  was  always  very  highly  finished. 

At  a  special  meeting  of  the  Harrogate  Town 
Council  on  Monday,  it  was  agreed  that  the  town 
clerk  be  instructed  to  make  application  to  the  Local 
Government  Board  for  sanction  to  borrow  £50,0110 
for  the  northern  outfall  works  in  connection  with 
the  new  sewerage  scheme  in  accordance  with  the 
estimate  presented  to  the  council. 


MEETINGS  FOB  THE  ENSTJINO  WEEK. 


ATURDAY. — Edinburgh  Architectural  Association.  Visit 
to  Fordel  Castle  and  Old  Garden,  near 
Inverkeithiug  Railway  Station.  Traia 
from  Waverley  Station,  2  S  p.m. 


THE  SOCIETY  OF  ARCHITECTS. 
Founded  Is^l,  Incorporated  1k93.  Staple  Ian  buildinBS, 
Holborn,  W  C.  Telegrams:  "Crypt.  TonJon.  Telephone,  l^Si 
Holborn.  The  next  QUALIFYING  EXAMI.NATION  for  ME.MBER- 
SHIP  »ill  be  held  in  OCTOBER,  IWil. 

C.  McARTHUR  BVTLER,  Secrelarv. 


CHIPS. 


On  Ascension  Day  a  five-light  east  window, 
erected  as  a  thankofferitag  for  God's  blessing  upon 
the  Church  and  nation  during  the  reign  of  the  late 
Queen  Victoria,  was  dedicated  and  unveiled  at  St. 
Mark's,  East-street,  Walworth.  The  subjects  de- 
picted are  the  Annunciation,  the  Adoration  of  the 
Magi,  the  Flight  into  Egypt,  the  Finding  in  the 
Temple,  the  Baptism,  the  Woman  of  Samaria  at  the 
Well,  the  Breaking  of  the  Alabaster  Box  of  Oint- 
ment over  our  Lord's  Feet,  the  Entry  into  Jerusalem, 
the  Crucifixion,  and  the  Resurrection.  The  tracery 
above  the  lights  shows  the  Angel  of  Victory,  with 
crown  and  palm,  surrounded  with  many  cherubp. 
The  work  is  from  the  studio  of  Messrs.  'JTaylor  and 
Clifton,  4,  Berners-street,  W. 

The  Garrett  Memorial  Hall  in  Liverpool,  to  be 
erected  for  the  purposes  of  the  Liverpool  Wesleyan 
Mission,  from  plans  by  Messrs.  Bradshaw  and  Gass, 
of  Bolton,  will  shortly  be  built.  The  cost  of  the 
hall  and  its  organ  will  be  £37,250,  exclusive  of 
£4,750  given  for  the  site. 

The  new  St.  Chad's  theological  hostel,  Hooton 
Pagnell,  Doncaster,  for  the  training  of  young  men 
for  the  Church,  was  opened  on  Friday. 

A  Local  Government  Board  intiuiry  was  held  on 
Tuesday  at  King's  Heath  Institute  by  Mr.  W.  A, 
Ducat,  with  respect  to  an  application  made  by  the 
King's  Norton  and  Northfield  Urban  District 
Council  for  sanction  to  contract  a  loan  of  £9,000 
for  the  provision  of  refuse  destructors  for  the 
district,  and  a  further  £4,000  for  the  erection  of  a 
mortuary,  fire  station,  and  depot  at  King's  Heath. 

Two  South  African  war  memorials  were  unveiled 
yesterday  in  Manchester  Cathedral.  In  each  case 
the  memorial  is  a  brass  taljlet,  placed  in  the  west 
porch  of  the  building.  One  commemorates  the 
officers  and  men  of  the  1st  Dragoon  Guards,  the 
other  the  late  Lieut. -Col.  A.  W.Valentine  Plunkett 
who  was  killed  in  action  in  .Somaliland  in  April,  1903. 

The  only  building  of  historic  interest  in  New 
York,  Fraunces  Tavern,  has  been  saved  from 
destruction,  the  Society  of  Sons  of  the  Revolution 
having  purchased  it  on  Wednesday.  The  building 
dates  from  1710,  when  it  was  erected  as  the  resi- 
dence of  Etienne  de  Lancey.  Afterwards  it  was 
bought  by  Samuel  Fraunces  and  established  as  an 
inn.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  banquet  given  by 
Governor  Clinton  to  Washington  on  the  entry  of 
the  Americans  into  New  York  in  1783  and  of 
Washington's  farewell  to  his  officers  in  the  same 
year. 

A  meeting  of  the  Arts  and  Exhibition  Sub-com- 
mittee of  the  Liverpool  Corporation  was  held  on 
Tuesday,  when  three  candidates  for  the  position  of 
curator  of  the  Walker  Art  Gallery  appeared  before 
the  members.  They  were :  Mr.  Percy  Bate,  secre- 
tary of  the  Glasgow  Institute  of  Painters;  Mr. 
Carew  Martin,  secretary  to  the  Royal  British 
Artists  ;  and  Mr.  E.  R.  Dibdin,  art  critic,  of  Liver- 
pool. The  sub- committee  decided  to  recommend 
the  appointment  of  Mr.  Martin. 

The  Bishop  of  St.  David's  recently  dedicated  the 
new  Church  of  St.  David's,  at  Hendy.  The  new 
building,  which  is  in  the  Early  Decorated  style,  has 
cost  £2,000,  and  there  are  300  sittings.  The 
architect  was  Mr.  W.  Griffiths,  Llanelly. 

The  London  County  Council  has  given  permission 
for  the  erection  of  a  drinking  fountain  in  Brockwell 
Park  to  the  memory  of  Alderman  S.  Horace 
Candler,  vice-chairman  of  the  recent  extension 
scheme,  who  died  shortly  after  the  42J  acres  were 
rescued  from  the  builders'  hands.  Mr.  C.  E. 
Tritton,  M.P.,  chairman,  and  Mr.  Albert  Larking, 
hon.  sec.  of  that  scheme,  have  the  matter  in  hand, 
with  Mr.  W.  C.  Parsons,  of  51,  Loughborough 
Park,  the  treasurer.  The  fountain  is  to  have  a 
circular  grey  granite  base,  surmounted  on  two 
octagonal  steps,  with  four  red  granite  columns 
above  and  furnished  with  Portland  stone  pediments. 
There  will  also  be  side  panels  with  inscriptions 
engraved  thereon,  and  one  with  a  portrait  medallion 
of  Mr.  Candler  in  bronze.  It  has  been  designed 
and  will  be  carried  out  from  drawings  prepared  by 
Mr.  Arthur  W.  Sheppard,  A.R.I.B.A.,  of  21,  John- 
street,  Adelphi,  W.C,  by  Messrs.  J.  Whitehead 
and  Sons,  of  Kennington-road. 

The  new-post  office  which  has  been  erected  in  the 
Northgate,  Peebles,  at  a  cost  of  £3,500,  was  opened 
for  public  business  on  Monday.  The  new  building 
is  of  one  story  from  the  street  level,  with  a  sunk 
fiat  at  the  back. 


May  20,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


747 


Ctabe  ©tb)s. 


WAGES    MOVEMENTS. 

The  Laboub  Maiikkt  in  April, — The  monthly 
memorandum  prepared  by  the  Labour  Department 
of  the  Board  of  Trade  on  the  state  of  the  labour 
market  in  April  is  based  on  4,020  returns — viz., 
U,G'28  from  employers  or  their  associations,  1,30.5 
from  trade  unions,  and  O.'i  from  other  sources.  The 
.general  state  of  employment  shows  little  change  as 
compared  with  March,  but,  on  the  whole,  it  has 
slightly  improved.  As  compared  with  a  year  ago, 
however,  a  decline  continues  to  be  shown,  and  the 
percentage  of  unemployed  trade  union  members  is 
higher  than  the  mean  percentage  for  April  in  the 
past  ten  years.  lu  the  21'A  trade  unions,  with  an 
aggregate  membership  of  'iGl, Oil,  making  returns, 
33,700  (or  60  per  cent.)  were  reported  as  unem- 
ployed at  the  end  of  April,  as  compared  with  the 
same  percentage  in  March,  and4'l  percent,  in  April, 
1903.  The  mean  percentage  of  unemployed  re- 
turned at  the  end  of  April  during  the  ten  years 
1891-1903  was  3-8  Employment  in  the  build- 
ing trades  continues  dull.  Compared  with  a 
month  ago  it  is  rather  better ;  but  it  is  worse 
than  a  year  ago.  The  percentage  of  unem- 
ployed trade  union  members  among  carpenters 
and  joiners  was  O-l  at  the  end  of  April,  compared 
with  6'7  at  the  end  of  March,  and  2'8  in  April,  I'JOS. 
The  percentage  for  plumbers  was  9-7  at  the  end  of 
April,  compared  with  9-2  at  the  end  of  March,  and 
7"1  a  year  ago.  In  the  furnishing  and  woodworking 
trades,  employment  generally  was  dull,  being  worse 
than  a  year  ago,  but  rather  better  than  a  month  ago. 
The  percentage  of  unemployed  trade  union  members 
at  the  end  of  April  was  4 '9  aa  compared  with  .5-9  in 
March,  and  3'3  a  year  ago.  Twenty-one  trade 
disputes  began  in  April,  involving  3,972  workpeople, 
compared  with  11  in  March,  1904,  and  23  in  April, 
1903.  Definite  results  were  reported  during  the 
month  in  the  case  of  16  disputes,  new  and  old, 
affecting  3,933  workpeople.  Of  these  disputes  two, 
involving  .5.S0  persons,  were  decided  in  favour  of  the 
workpeople ;  eight,  involving  2,389  persons,  were 
decided  in  favour  of  the  employers ;  and  six,  in- 
volving yiU  persons,  were  compromised.  The  changes 
in  rates  of  wages  reported  during  April  affected  about 
40,800  workpeople,  of  whom  nearly  1,900  received 
advances  and  33,900  sustained  decreases.  The  net 
effect  of  all  the  changes  was  a  decrease  of  £1,000 
per  week.  One  of  the  principal  changes  reported 
was  a  decrease  affecting  1 ,800  bricklayers  in  Glasgow. 

Alloa  Masons. — On  Saturday  a  conference  of 
masters  and  operatives  from  Alloa  and  Tillycoultry 
was  held  in  the  Museum  Hall,  Alloa.  The  wages 
question  was  discussed,  and  the  position  of  the  men 
was  pointed  out  by  the  workmen's  delegates,  who 
asked  that  the  agreement  of  9J.  per  hour  should  be 
again  adopted.  The  masters  adhered  to  their  offer 
of  S|d.  per  hour,  but  the  men's  delegates  had  no 
powers  to  accept,  and  no  agreement  was  come  to. 
At  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  operatives  them- 
selves the  masters'  offer  was  submitted,  but  no 
finding  was  arrived  at. 

Newcastle-on-Tynk.  —  The  notice  which  the 
I  painters  gave  for  an  advance  of  23.  per  week  in 
I''  wages  two  months  ago  to  the  engineering  employers 
has  been  withdrawn.  The  painters  gave  siniilar 
notice  to  the  shipbuilders  in  the  Tyne  and  Tees  and 
Hartlepool  districts,  and  have  been  out  on  strike 
about  a  month  owing  to  the  refusal  of  the  ship- 
builders to  grant  th?  advance. 


The  following  appointment  is  announced  from  the 
War  Office:— Mr.  Harry  B.  Measures,  F.R.I. B. A., 
has  been  ai»iiointed  Director  of  Barrack  Con- 
struction. Mr.  Measures'  well-thouglit-out  work 
as  architect  tj  the  Kowton  Dwellings  Trust  is  well 
known,  and  the  apjiointment  promises  to  be  an 
excellent  one  for  the  I'all  Mull  authorities. 

Mr.  Frederick  Henry  C.iiger,  formerly  chief  sur- 
veyor to  the  Metropolitan  I'olice  Force,  died  on 
Saturday  last  at  87,  St.  Martin's-road,  North  Ken- 
sington, aged  "8  years.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Mr.  Frederick  Caiger,  solicitor,  of 
Winchester. 

The  new  home,  erected  at  a  cost  of  £1,300  in 
Barassie-street,  Troon,  for  the  nurses  of  Troon  Dis- 
trict Nursing  Association,  was  opened  on  M  mday  by 
Lady  Arthur,  of  Fullarton,  who  was  presented  by 
Mr.  Hay,  architect  for  the  building,  with  a  gold 
key.  The  home  is  a  two-story  building  in  the 
English  stylo,  and  is  provided  with  accommodation 
for  two  nurses,  dispensary,  &(!. 

The  new  public  library,  Hawick,  for  the  erection 
of  which  Mr.  Carnegie  gave  £10,000,  was  formixlly 
opened  by  Mr.  Carnegie  on  Tuesday.  The  burgh 
provided  the  site,  Mr.  Carnegie's  money  being  spent 
on  the  building  and  furnishings.  The  architects  are 
Messrs  .1.  N.  Scott  and  A.  Lorno  Campbell,  of 
Elinhurgh,  whose  design,  selected  in  competition, 
was  illustrated  in  the  Bua.uiNd  News  for  July  23, 
1902,  liy  a  plan  and  perspective. 


LATEST    PRICES. 

— t-*-t — 

IRON,    &o. 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

EoUed-Iron  Joiatn,  Belgian £5  10  0    to  £5  15  0 

RoUcd-Steel  Joints,  English   6  10  0    „  8  12  6 

Wrouifht-Iron  Girder  Plates  7    0  0,,  7    S  0 

Bar  Iron,  good  Staffs 8    6  0,,  8  10  0 

Do.,  Ijowmoor,  Flat,  Round,  or 

Square    20    0  0     „  20    0  0 

Do.,  Welsh  5  18  0    „  6  17  6 

Boiler  Plates,  Iron — 

SouthStaffs 8  15    0    „       8  15    0 

Best  Snedahill 9  10    0  9  10    0 

Angles  lOs.,  Tees  20s.  per  ton  extra. 

Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  for  bonding.  Sec,  £7  Ts.  6d. 
Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  galvanised,  £12  to  £13  per  ton. 

Qalvanised  Corrugated  Sheet  Iron — 

No.  18  to  20.  No.  22  to  24. 

6ft.     to     8ft.    long,    inclusive     Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

gauge £1115    0    ...£12    0    0 

Best  ditto 12    5    0    ...     12  10    0 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Cast-iron  Colunms £6  10    0   to    £8  10    0 

Cast-iron  Stanchions 6  10    0    „       8  10    0 

RoUed-Iion  Fencing  Wire  8    0    0,,       850 

RoUed-Steel  Fencing  Wire 6    5    0,,       6  10    0 

„  „  Galvanised.      7  15    0    „       8    0    0 

Cast-iron  Sash  Weights  4  12    6    „       4  12    6 

Cut  Clasp  Nails,  3in.  to  6in 9    5    0,,       950 

Cut  Floor  Brads 9    0    0,,       900 

Wire  Noils  (Points  de  Paris)— 

6  to  7      8        9        10       11       12       18       14      15     B.W.G. 

8/-      8/6     9/-    9/6      9/9    10/6     11/3    12/-   13/-   per  cwt. 

Cast-iron  Socket  Pipes- 
Bin,  diameter    £5  15  0    to  £8    0  0 

4in.  to6in 5  12  6    „  5  17  6 

7in.  to  24in.  (all  sizes)  6    7  6,,  5  10  0 

[Coated  with  composition,  Ss.  Od.  per  ton  extra;  turned 
uid  bored  joints,  58.  6d.  per  ton  extra.] 
Pig  Iron-  Per  ton. 

Cold  Blast,  LiUeshaU    105s.  Od.  to  1128.  6d. 

Hot  Blast,  ditto  65a.  Od.  to   703.  Od. 

Wrought-Iron  Tubes  and  Fitting*— Discount  off  Standard 

Lists  f.o.b.  (plus  5  per  cent.)  : — 

Gas-Tubes 67Jp.o. 

Watei^Tubes   621   „ 

Steam-Tubes    57J   „ 

Galvanised  Gas-Tubes  55     „ 

Galvanised  Water-Tubes 50     „ 

Qalvanised  Steam-Tubes 45     „ 

lOcwt.  casks.  6ewt.  casks. 

-  Per  ton.  Per  ton . 

Zinc,  English  (London  mill)  £24  15  0  to  £25    0  0 

Do.,  Vieille  Montague 27  10  0  „  27  15  0 

Sheet  Lead,  31b.  and  upwards  ...    13  15  0  „  13  15  0 

Lead  Water  Pipe  (F.O.R.  Lond.)    14    5  0  „  14    5  0 

Lead  Barrel  Pipe   15    2  6  „  15    2  6 

Lead  Pipe,  Tinned  inside  16    2  6  „  16    2  6 

and  outside    17  12  6  „  17  12  6 

Composition  Gas-Pipe 16    2  6  „  16    2  6 

Soil-Pipe  (Sin.  and  6in.  extra)  ...    16    2  6  „  16    2  6 

Pig  Lead,  in  Icwt.  pigs 10  16  3  „  10  17  6 

Lead  Shot,  in  281b.  bags 15    0  0  „  15    5  0 

Copper  Sheets,  sheathing  and  rods    74    0  0  „  71    5  0 

Copper,  British  Cake  and  Ingot...    61    5  0  „  6115  0 

Tin,  Straits  126    7  6  „  126  17  6 

Do.,  English  Ingots  127  10  0  „  128    0  0 

Spelter,  SUesian 22    7  6  „  22  12  6 

TIMBEB. 

Teak,  Burmah per  load  £'.i  15  0    to  £18    0    0 

„     Bangkok 9    5  0,,  16    5    0 

Quebec  Pine,  yeUow 3  15  0    „  6  10    0 

„     Oak ,     ...  5    0  0,,  7  10    0 

„    Birch  ,...300.,  600 

„    Elm 4     5  0,,  800 

„     Ash ,     ...  3  15  0    „  7    0    0 

Dantsic  and  Memel  Oak      „    ...  2  12  6    „  6    0    0 

Fir ,     ...  2  15  0    „  5    5    0 

Wainscot,  Riga  p.  log...       „     ...  2  12  6    „  5    5     0 

Lath,  Dant.sic,  p.t 4    0  0,,  600 

St.  Petersburg „    ...  4    0  0,,  600 

Greenheart ,    ...  7  15  0    „  8    0    0 

Box „    ...  7    0  0,,  15    0    0 

Sequoia,  U.8.A percubefoot  0    3  6,,  039 

Mahogany,  Cuba,  per  super  foot 

lin.  thick  0    0  8,,  008 

„           Honduras  ...      „    ...  0    0  8,,  00  7J 

„           Mexican „    ...  0    0  4,,  005 

„           African  „    ...  0    0  84  „  0    0  6} 

Cedar,  Cuba    ,    ...  0    0  8,,  0    0  31 

„  Honduras    0    0  3i  „  0    0  3J 

Satinwood    ,    ...  0    0  10    „  0    19 

WaUiut,  Italian 0    0  8,,  00  7J 

„      American  (logs)      0    8  1,,  031 

Deals,  per  St.  Petersburg  Standard,  120-12ft.  by  IJin. 
by  11m.  ;^ 

Quebec,  Pine,  Ist  £22    0  0    to  £29    5  0 

2nd 18    5  0    „  23  10  0 

8ld  11  15  0    „  14    0  0 

Canada  Spruce,  lat 11    0  0    „  16  10  0 

2nd  and  8rd  9    0  0,,  10  10  0 

New  Brunswick 8    0  0,,  9  15  0 

Riga    8    0  0,,  8  10  0 

St.  Petersburg 8    0  0,,  16  10  0 

Swedish 11  10  0    „  20    0  0 

Finland 9    0  0,,  10    0  0 

White  Sea 1110  0    „  20    0  0 

Battens,  all  sorts   6  10  0    „  II    5  0 

Flooring  Boards,  per  square  of  I'n. : — 

Istprepared £0  13  0    „  £0  IS  6 

2nd  ditto   0  12  0    „  0  15  6 

Other  qualitiea    0    6  .I    „  0  13  0 

Staves,  per  standard  M  : — 

U.S.,  pipe £37  10  0  „  £45  0  0 

Memel,  or.  pipe  220    0  0  „  2.30  0  0 

Memel,  brack 180    0  0  „  200  0  0 


STONE.' 

Darley  Dale,  in  blocks per  foot  cube  £0    2    8 

Red  Mansfield  ditto „    ...    0    2  4i 

Hard  York  ditto    0    2  10 

Ditto  ditto  6in.  sawn  both  sides,  landings^ 

random  sizes per  loot  sup.    0    2    8 

Ditto  ditto  3in,  slabs  sawn  two  aides, 

random  sizes ,,    ...    0    1    8 

•  All  F.O.R.  London. 

Bath  Stone,  deUvered  on  rail  at  qnarry  stations 

per  foot  cube  £0    10 
Delivered  on  road  waggons,  Paddington 

Depot „    ...    0    1  61 

Ditto        ditto        Nine  Elms  Depot  „    ...    0    1  8J 

Portland  Stone,  in  random  blocks  of  20ft.  average  : — 

Brown  White 

Whit  Bed.   Base  Bed. 
Delivered  to  railway  depot  at  the 

quarry per  foot  cube  £0    1    5J  ...  £0    1  7J 

Delivered  on  road  waggons  \ 

at  Paddington  Depot    ...  (  o    o    i  n    9  91 

Ditto    Nine  Elms  Depot  ..  j    u    i    l    ...    u    i  n 

Ditto    PimUco  Wharf I 

OILS. 

Linseed   per  tun  £14    0    0    to  £14  15    0 

Rapeseed,  EngUsh  pale  ...    „    ...    21    5    0    „     24    0    0 

Do.,  brown ,    ...    20    0    0    „     21    0    0 

Cottonseed,  reaned 18    0    0    „     20    0    0 

Olive,  Spanish  „    ...    81    0    0    „     81    5    0 

Seal,  pale  ,    ...     18    0    0    „     28    0    0 

Cocoanut,  Cochin „    ...    30    0    0    „     81    0    0 

Do.,  Ceylon   „     ...     27     0    0    „      27  10    6 

Palm,  Lagos 28    0    0    „      28  10    0 

Oleine ,    ...     17    5    0    „     19    5    0 

Lubricating  D.S per  gal.     0    7    0,,       080 

Petroleum,  refined ,     ...      0    0    65  „       0    0    0 

Tar,  Stockholm per  barrel      18    0,,       180 

Do.,  Archangel „     ...      0  19    6    „       10    0 

Turpentine,  American  ...per  tun    87    0    0    „     87    6    0 


CHIPS. 

The  ceremony  of  laying  foundation-stones  of  a 
new  Wesleyan  Church  in  Alum  Rock-road,  Saltley, 
Birmingham,  took  place  on  the  12th  inst.  The  new 
church,  which  will  occupy  a  site  in  front  of  the 
present  school  chapel,  will  afford  accommodation 
for  about  900  worshippers,  and  is  estimated  to  cost 
about  £4,500.  The  construction  will  be  of  red 
brick  with  terracotta  facings,  the  internal  appear- 
ance of  the  church  being  enhanced  by  two  rows  of 
buff  terracotta  columns  and  arches  carrying  an 
open-timber  roof,  the  columns  at  the  same  time 
supporting  the  galleries.  The  architect  is  Mr. 
Arthur  Harrison,  of  Birmingham. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  tha  Lxmbeth  Council  a 
proposal  to  increase  the  salary  of  Mr.  E  iwards,  the 
borough  engineer  and  surveyor,  from  £  JOO  a  year  to 
a  maximum  of  £S00  by  eight  successive  annual 
instalments  of  £25  each  was  discussed  in  private. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  has  been  held 
at  Southeud-on-Sja  into  the  application  of  the 
corporation  for  power  to  borrow  £1,001)  for  altera- 
tions and  additions  to  the  technical  schools. 

The  contract  period  for  Swansea's  new  dock 
undertaking  is  8i.t  years,  but  the  contractors- 
Messrs.  Topham,  .lones,  and  Kiilton— hope  to  have 
it  completed  in  five  years. 

Mr.  Sholto  Douglas,  assistant  surveyor  and 
sanitary  inspector  to  the  Wealdstone  L'rban  Djstriot 
Council,  has  tieen  appointed  surveyor  to  the'Konil- 
worth  Urban  D.3triot  Council. 

Mr.  J.  Howard  Colls,  the  plaintiff  in  the  anciont- 
lights  case  of  "  ColU  v.  the  Horns  and  Colonial 
Stores  (Limited) "  (which  was  decided  in  the 
plaintiff's  favour  in  the  House  of  Lords  on  May  2, 
as  reported  in  our  issue  of  May  6,  p.  653),  has 
been  presented  by  the  Institute  of  Builders,  of 
which  he  is  a  prominent  member,  with  a  silyer- 
gilt,  Georgian  bowl,  bearing  a  suitable  inscription, 
in  recognition  of  the  public  spirit  displayed  iu 
contesting  the  case. 

Mr.  Carnegie  opened,  last  week,  a  new  free 
library  at  Brentford,  towards  which  he  has  con- 
tributed a  sum  of  £5,000. 

The    Peterborough    board    of    guardians    have 

adopted  plans  by  Mr.  Stallebrass,  of  that  city,  for 

extensions  to  the    workhouse,    estimated   to  cost 

£3,700. 

*.«^ 

PILKINGTON  &  CO. 

(E8TABLI8HKD    1838), 

MONUMENT    CHAMBERS, 
KING  WILLIAM  STREET,  LONDON,  B.C. 

KtgMttr4d  T*«d*  Mark: 

POLONCEAlimiLTE 

Patent  Asphalte  and  Pelt  Roofing. 

ACID-RESISTING    ASPH.M.TB. 

WHITE  SILICA  PAVINQ. 

PTRIMONT  8EY8SKL  ASPHALTK. 

TsLBPUONX  No.  6319  AVKNlIg. 


718 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS.  Mat  20.  1904. 


LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 

^^y  -^T.'±^:  Grantham-  St.  Anne's  Church   (500  sittings ;  ^^^  ^^  ^^  ^  ^^  ^^^^^^  Dudley-road.  Grantham May  SI 

StamfoM-Public  LibrarVaimitfin^^^^  £25  (mergedy.nsrilO    Charles  Atter,  Town  Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Stamford    31 

ra^zakerley.  I.iverpooI-New  Church  of  8t.  Emmanuel  (seat  ^^^  ^^^   ^^^^^^  ^^.^^^^  Committee,  7,  Chevin-rd.,  Liverpool,.    ..     31 

Petei;o™4h-Pubh^^  £50  (mergedi,  £25,  £15 W.  Mellows,  Town  Clerk,  P'^tf>-bor«°f''    ■.>,■■,„■ -^nffniw M°v  ^ 

ii;,,„KtFSr),,>n,1a-AUr-rationUo  Shire  Hall  .    £50,  £30.  £20  A.  Ainsworth  Hunt,  County  Architect.  Sudbury,  Suffolk   ■■•^•-  Ju'y    2 

Er„Lkner-Thea1"e[£70°S?0liS^^  £500  and  three  other  Premiums  The  Com  Intel  Branch,  Board  of  Trade  50,  Parliament-st.,  8.W 29 

Abcrjstwjth-rublic  Library  (Umit  £3,000)  (Assessor)    £30  (mergedi,  £15 Arthur  J.  Hughes,  Town  Clerk,  Aberyatwyth   S> 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 


BTJILDINaS. 

Goole— House    Hy.  Shprwood Henry  Sherwood.  Mount  Pleasant.  Goole May  21 

Sligo— Galvanipcd  Iron  House   Eural  District  Council M.  F.  Conlnn.  Clerk.  Courthouse.  Sligo ,.  21 

Aboyne- Additions  to  Altdinnie  House Msior  rhas.  Davidson Jenkins  and  Marr.  Architects,  16  Bridge-street.  Aberdeen  „  21 

■Wes'ton-snper-Mare-Pavilion    Golf  Cl"b  Committee    Wilde  &  Fry  and  Price  &  Jane.  .loint  Architects.  Weston-super-Mnre    „  21 

Newburgh-HouFC  nnd  Shop  James  Keith Leslie  Tait.  Mill  of  Foveran.  Udney  Station,  Aberdeen  „  21 

Nuneaton — Schools.  Queen's-road Education  Committee  H.  Quick.  Architect.  64.  Hertford-street.  Coventry    2t 

Oranton- Slater's  Work  over  Various  Buildings Gas  Commissioners   W.  R.  Herrine.  M.I.C.E..  New-street  Works,  Edinburgh „  23 

Selby— Infectious  Fofpital  Tennantand  Bagley.  Architects,  Pontefract  ...  „  2.? 

Chelmsford— Woikshops  and  Gymnasium Essex  Industrial  School  Committee...  Frank  Whitmore.  Architect,  17,  Duke-street,  Chelmsford ,  23 

Torpnint— Addition  to  Carbeal  House R.  Wavish.  Elm  Cottage,  Torpoint,  R. 8. 0 „  23 

LlaDhilleth-rublic  Hall Work  men's  Hall  Institute  Committee  D.  Lloyd,  Architect.  Llanhilleth 2S 

Croydon— Two  Padded  Rooms  at  Infirmary  Guardians F.  West,  Surveyor,  23.  Coombe-road.  Croydon  ,.  23 

Buttermere— Additions  to  tyke  Farm  Buildings Heibert  J.  Watson.  Cockermouth  Castle ,  21 

Trevego- Cattle-Houses   John  Bevill  Foiteicue H.  W.  Rowe,  Clerk  of  Works.  Boconnoc 24 

Ayle&biiry— Alterations  at  House Guardians    F.  Taylor,  Surveyor,  Temple-street,  Aylesburv , ,  24 

Birfe— Milkhouse  at  Pankhead Cochran  and  Macpher-on,  Advocates.  1,W.  Tnion-street,  Aberdeen    ,,  24 

Cbristchurcb,  Newport,  Mon.— Rebuilding  The  Greyhound   ...  Griffith  Bros,,  Ltd Lansdowne  &  Griggs,  Metropolitan  Bank  Chmbrs  ,  Newport,  Mon.    „  24 

Saltash- Stable  at  Burraton  Coombe  .' Jefford  and  Rons'  Uuarry  Offices.  Burraton  Coombe , „  24 

Belfast-  New  Kitchen  at  Workhouse Guardians. Young  and  Mnckenzie,  C.E,*8  Belfast  „  2* 

Birse— Alterations  to  House  at  Boffmore  Cochran  and  Macpherson.  Advocates,   152,  Union-street,  Aberdeen    „  24 

Gaitly— Repairs  to  Farm  Offices,  Whitelums  The  Estates  Offices,  Huntlv ..  25 

Dewsbury- Eight  Houses,  Healds-rnad T,  Kershaw,  A  R,I.B.A..  Lanes  &  Yorks  Bank  Chambers,  Halifax    „  25 

Huntly— Byres  and  Sheds,  Dunbennan  The  Estates  <  >tfices,  Huntly  ,.  25 

Rhynie- Repairs  on  House  and  Farm  Offices,  Old  Meldrum  The  Estates  Olhces,  Huntly  t,  55- 

Hereford— Alterations  to  Training  College  for  Women    Herefordshire  Education  Authority..  Alfred  Diyland.  County  Surveyor  Shire  Hall,  Hereford   25 

Gartlv- Slating  Byres  and  Barn.  Easter  TiUathrowie  The  Estates  Offices.  Huntly 25 

Dsifleld-Repaiiing  Tower  of  Church A.  B.  Linford.  Architect,  Carlton  Villa,  Wombwell „  25 

Cairnie- Mill  Barn,  &c..  Riggens The  Estates  Offices,  Huntly  ■•    •>  25- 

Drumblade- Stable  and  Men's  Room,  Mosshead The  Estates  Offices,  Huntlv 25 

Oldham-MarketHail  Markets  Committee Leeming  and  Ijieming.  FF.R.LB.A.,  117,  Victoria-street,  S.W 25 

Cairnie— Rerooflng  Byres.  &o..  Oveihall The  Estates  Offices,  Huntly ,.  25- 

Gartly— Repairs  to  Dwelling-house.  &c.,  Kirkhill  The  Estates  Offices,  Huntly  25- 

Bradford— Alterations  to  Market  Tavern,  Godwin-street Corporation F.  E.  P.  Edwards,  A.R  I.BA,,  Whitaker  Buildings,  Bradford  25 

Caimie— Byres  and  Turnip-Shed.  Drumhead The  Estates  Offices.  Huntly  25 

Halifax— Two  Semi-Detached  Villas  Geo.  Buckley  and  Son,  Architects,  Tower  Chambers,  Halifax „  25 

Gai  tly- Repairs  to  Farm  Offices,  Tillyminnate    The  Estates  OiHces.  Huntly  ■■ ,  25 

Seascale— House J.  S.  Motfat,  Architect.  53.  Church-street,  Whitehiven ,  25 

Caiinie  -New  Smithy,  Coachford The  Ei-tates  Offices.  Huntly  ..  '^5- 

Birmingham  -Foutdations  for  Generating  Station Electric  Supply  Committee Ewen  Harpur  and  Brother,  Archts.,  Corporation-st.,  Birmingham  .    „  25 

Gaitly— Byre  and  Men's  Room.  &c.,  Bothwellseat The  Estates  Offices.  Huntly ..  25 

High  Benthem-Wesltyan  Chapel  and  Schools   J,  F.  Curwen.  F.R.I.B.  A„  F.S.A..  26,  High^ate.  Kendal  „  26 

Bingley— Boys'  Grammar  School  Grammar  School  Trust  Governors  ...  W.  Rhodes  Nunns,  Architect.  Market-street,  Bingley .„  26 

Cleator  Moor— Villa  Fred  Atkinson.  77.  Main-street.  Cleator 2e 

Bamsley-BusineFsPremises,  Market  Hiil Crawshaw  and  Wilkinson,  l.l,  Regent -street,  Barnsley  „  26 

Newbum-on-Tyne- Infectious  Diseases  Hospital  Oosforth  Joint  Hospital  Committee..  Thomas  Gregory,  Architect,  Newburu-on-Tyne „  26 

Brynmawr— Vil'a  and  Four  Houses Wm.  Jones,  Draper.  Beaufort-street,  Brynmawr ,,  26 

Pengam-Thirty  Houses  Glan-y-nant  Building  Club    P.  Vivian  Jone.s,  P.A.SI,.  Architect.  Hengoed 26 

Rotherbam— Two  Houses,  Godstone-road R,  Watson,  "Morton,"  Gerrard-road,  Rotherham   „  26 

Bumside  of  Affleck- Altering  Steading  and  House    William  Davidson,  Architect.  Ellon  i>  27 

Buckie-Higher  Grade  Department Rathven  School  Board D.  and  J.  R.  M'Millan.  Architects,  211,  Union-street,  Aberdeen „  27 

Hill  of  Fechel— Altering  House William  Davidson,  Architect,  Ellon ,  27 

Dromara- Teacher's  Residence  The  Secretary.  Parochial  House.  Finnis,  Dromara   27 

Auchenhuive  -  Rerooflng  Part  of  Farm  Steading William  Davidson,  Architect,  Ellon  ...  27 

Abertillery— Additions  t«  Railway  Inn  J.  E.  and  T.  A  Webb,  Ltd R.  L.  Roberts,  Architect,  Abercarn  ..  2» 

Belfast- Masonic  Hall.  Whiteabbey Building  Committee David  Coote.  6,  Lewis-street.  Belfast 59 

Ferndale— Extensions  to  Pen  uelWthhCalv.Meth.  Chapel  R.  S.  Griffiths,  M.S  A.,  Architect  Tonypandy 2,S 

Ardee— Residence  at  Creevagh   .Toseph  G.  M'Keever            F.  Shaw,  M.R.I.  A. I„  36,  South  Frederick-street,  Dublin  „  28 

Fulfcrd-Ten  Houses G.  Wood  A.  H.  Everist,  Architect,  8,  New-street,  York ..    „  2.'! 

Eoger.stone- Four  Houses R.  L.  Roberts,  Architect,  Abercarn    ,  28 

Radchtfe— Four  Shops,  with  Arcade Urban  District  Council    8.  Mills,  Clerk,  Council  Offices,  llidclilTe „  28 

Biidgend— Residence,  Station-road  Arthur  Miles P.  J.  Thomas.  Architect.  Bridgend 2» 

Taunton— Additions  to  Municipal  Offices   Town  Council George  H.  Kite.  Town  Clerk,  Taunton  ,•  30 

Rotherham-Alterations  to  Town  Hall  Assembly  Rooms J.  Platts,  Architect,  Town  Hall.  Rotherham 30 

Leicester-Floor  at  Fish  and  Poultry  Market  Markets  Committee E.  George  Mawbey.  M.I.  C.E..  Buro'  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Leicester    „  30 

Aberbargoed— House  and  Surgery    Dr.  J,  Thomas   Geo.  Kensole,  Architect,  SUtion-road,  Bargoed 30 

Guildford-Mortuaiy Town  Council C.  G.  Mason.  C.E,,  Borough  Surveyor,  Tuns  Gate,  Guildford  ,  30 

Wilpsbire-Girls'  Orphanage Briggsand  Wolstenholme,  Richmond-terrace.  Blackburn „  30 

Consett-Reconstiuction  of  Outhouses  to  Cottages Consett  Iron  Co,.  Ltd Charles  E,  Oliver,  Architect,  General  Offices,  Consett „  31 

Bamet- Post  Office H.M,  Comn  issioners  of  Works J,  Wager,  H.M,  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Gate,  S.W 31 

Bigglesiiade-lsolation  Hospital  Joint  Hospital  Board  Henry  Young.  Architect,  Maitland-street,  Bedford „  31 

Strand.  W.C— Casual  Wards  and  Receiving  Workhouse Guardians A.  A.  Kekwick.  Architect,  18,  Oater  Temple,  Strand,  W.C „  31 

Sheffield- Tar-Macadam  Shed    C.  F.  Wike,  C  E  ,  City  Survevor,  Town  Hall,  Sheffield  „  St 

Consett-Twenty  Cottages  at  Chopwell  Consett  Iron  Co.,  Ltd Charles  E.  Oliver.  Architect,  I leneral  Offices,  Consett... „  81 

Abercanaid-Calvinistic  Methodist  Cbapel Rev.  P.  Francis C.  M.  Davies,  112.  High-street.  Merthyr  ,.  31 

t^eltenham-Enlarging  Head  Post  Office  H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Qite,  S.W 31 

Whitchurch— Primitive  Methodist  School  The  Rev.  A.  Clarke,  Micheldever  Station.  Hants  31 

Comett-Twelve  Cottages  at  Leadgate    Consett  Iron  Co.,  Ltd Charles  E,  Oliver,  Architect,  General  Offices,  Consett 31 

lulham.  S.W.-Extension  of  Town  Hall,  Harwood-road Borough  Council    Francis  Wood,  A.M.I. C.E.,  Boro'  Eng.,  Town  Hall,  Fulham.  S.W.  June   1 

Belfast-Block  of  Buildings,  Donegall-square  South Scottish  Temperance  Assurance  Co  ..  Henry  Seaver.  B.E.,  M.R  I.A.I.,  Archt.,  1-28,  Royal-avenue,  Belfait    „  1 

Keeves-place,  N.-Verandah  outside  Workhouse St.  Leonard,  Shoreditch,  Guardians..  F.  J.  Smith.  F.R.I.B.A.,  Parliament  Mansions,  S.W 1 

Bndgwater-Boiler-House  Gaslight  Co J.  H.  Cornish,  Secretary  and  Manager.  Gasworks  Offlie,  Bridgwater    „  1 

Manchester- Clearing  Stanley-grove  Site  of  Royal  Infirmary E.  T.  Hall  &  J.  Brooke,  Architects,  18,  Exchinge-st,  Minchester    „  I 

KawtenstaU--Free  Library,  Haslingden  New-road Corporation James  Johnson,  C.E..  Boro'  Surveyor.  Municipal  Offices,  RiWtensU'J    „  2 

Glouccfter-Worlishops,  &c Gashght  Co W.  B.  Wood,  Architect,  Gloucester    ..  3 

(>ckermouth- Villa   .. » j   Fleming.  2,  Corn  Market,  Cockermouth  ■« 

welwyn- Mortuary  and  Isolation  Ward  at  Workhouse    Guardians T.J.  Sworder,  Clerk,  Union  Workhouse,  Welwyn  -4 

ledOington-- Free  Library  LTrban  District  Council    Henry  A.  Cheers.  Architect,  35.  Waldegrave-park,  Twickenham 4 

£r^«  vl!'^^"™  Buildings Napsbury  Asy.  Visiting  Committee..  Walter  Geo.  Austin.  Clerk,  Guildhall,  Westminster.  S.W S 

5=,q„i"l,       •"'■;■■>; iV.-;-: ' EoghanK.  Carmichael.  C.E.,  Architect,  ll,  aieeu-st.,  Edinburgh..    „  B 

neagley-RepaustoUucenVictonaCouncd  Schools Staffordshire  Education  Committee  ..  Thomas  J.  Howitt,  Queen  Victoria  Schoils,  Sedgley  S 

mountain  Ash-Additions  to  School  Buildings E  I ucation  Committee  A.  O.  Evans.  Architect,  Post  Office  Chambers.  Pontypridd   7 

Handsworth-f.enerating  Station.   Urban  District  Council    Henman  and  Cooper,  Architects,  10,  Temple-street.  Birmingham  ..    „  H 

1-enzance-W est  Cornwall  Hospital,  St.  Clare-street Oliver  Caldwell,  F.R.I, B,A.,  Architect.  Vi^toria-S'iuare.  Penzinca  ..    „  !» 

r.eicester- ramping  Station,  Beaumont  Leys  Sewage  Farm  ...  Sewage  Works  &  Farms  Committee  E.  George  Mawbey.  M.I.C.E.,  Boro'  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Leicester    „  !» 

l,«Ven,  bounty  rife— CoastffUard   BniMiTlc^a                                                           A.lm^raU«                                                                              rfl-„   c.,_ :_i 3;_1  T^__j TT  HT     VT...-,1   T^,ejKli„1,monh     Rosyth,       „  10 

..       „  11 

14 

14 

Knrrrsbo"ro;roh"Tirsl"°"'.™.''u''i'^?';P'''  A,'E,LaVbVtVAr'ihrtMtTfi,Park-Vow,  Nottingham  ,!'::.!""""".!;      - 

GSXw-Pn^^S^S  1™"'?''''"''""^  ^'"'"' "Wm.  Driffield,  Architect,  Bomugh  Bridge-road.  Koaresborough    ...      - 

rheps.ol-Pair  of  8?>^f  ne^^^^^^^  Lansdowne  and  Giiggs.  Architerts,  Newport.  Mon - 

Port  ■Talbot- CustoS^,n„^,.!f  ""  -f™"  I^"* Swash  and  Bain,  A?cTiitects,  Midland  Bank  Chambers,  Newport   ...      - 

i  on  lalDot- Customs  House Port  Talbot  RaUway  Co E.  Knott,  Secretkry,  Port  TJbot — 


JVTay   27,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS, 


749 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERING  JOURNAL. 
VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  2577. 


FRIDAY,  MAY '21,   1901. 


DEVELOPMENTS— STRUCTURAL  AND 
SCIENTIFIC. 

TO  the  advances  made  in  hygiene,  social 
and  communistic  life,  and  scientific 
equipments  the  profession  owe  a  good  deal. 
To  obtain  some  idea  of  the  progress  that  has 
boon  made,  we  have  only  to  compare  the 
modern  dwelling-house  with  that  of  the 
same  class  of  house,  say,  a  hundred  years  ago. 
The  comparison  can  easily  be  made  in  any 
largo  town.  Many  of  our  Old  London  streets 
and  suburban  thoroughfares  will  supply  us 
with  instances  of  the  kind  of  dwelling  which 
satisfied  the  middle-class  resident  in  our 
towns  at  that  time,  or  even  later.  With  the 
exception  of  a  good  hall  and  two  or  three 
fairly-sized  rooms,  the  remaining  floors  were 
often  poor,  ill-lighted,  and  provided  with 
sanitary  arrangements  which  in  these  days 
would  be  accounted  utterly  bad.  The  bed- 
rooms were  small,  often  low,  with  narrow 
windows ;  the  enti'ance  to  the  house  was  not 
even  raised  a  step  or  two  above  the  outside 
street  level,  and  was  often  at  a  lower  level, 
and  the  basement  floor,  if  any  existed,  was 
dark  and  stuffy  and  unhealthy.  There  was 
no  bathroom,  while  the  other  conveniences 
were  often  unventilated,  and  had  fixtures 
that  in  our  time  have  been  pronounced 
deadly  traps.  It  is  astonishing,  in  fact,  to 
discover  the  complete  revolution  made  in 
hygienic  science  since  those  days ;  how 
entirely  our  ideas  of  dealing  with  gaseous 
poisons,  of  ventilation,  of  dampness,  in  fact, 
of  the  whole  scientific  economy  of  a  house 
has  been  altered.  Our  grandfathers  honestly 
believed  in  low  stuffy  rooms,  with  small 
windows ;  the  larking  risks  of  moisture 
and  sewer  gases  never  disturbed  their 
equanimity ;  they  had  no  suspicion  of 
danger  or  ill  -  health  from  unventilated 
rooms,  for  there  was  no  belief  in  anything 
like  disease  germs  or  bacterial  life  m  air  and 
water  that  had  become  contaminated.  The 
progress  made  in  chemical  and  bacteriological 
research,  and  in  the  destruction  of  germs  and 
noxious  gases  by  hot  dry  steam,  .  has 
completely  changed  the  idea  that  once  pre- 
vailed. It  is  now  known  that  a  complete 
change  of  the  air  in  a  room  ought  to  be  made 
twice  or  three  times  every  hour,  whereas  our 
forefathers  had  a  very  different  notion,  and 
considered  a  change  of  air  meant  draught 
and  disconaiort.  These  matters  have  appre- 
ciably modified  and  altered  our  ideas  of  space 
and  cubical  capacity  for  our  rooms,  as  well  as  of 
the  importance  of  light,  which  can  be  seen  by 
an  inspection  of  any  middle-class  dwelling- 
house  built  under  the  sanitary  conditions  of 
to-day.  The  model  labourers' dwelling  affords 
also  a  remarkable  contrast  to  the  cottages  of 
the  last  century. 

But  there  are  other  classes  of  building 
which  wo  may  take  as  types  of  even  greater 
development  in  plan  ami  construction,  which 
have  boon  mainly  due  to  the  outgrowth  of 
city  life  and  community  of  interests.  Of 
these  we  may  mention  the  blocks  of  resi- 
dential buildings  and  blocks  of  offices  on  the 
flat  system — qiiito  a  mcdern  development  in 
this  country.  Nothing  of  tho  kind  was  to 
be  seen  during  the  early  part  of  tho  last 
century  ;  now  in  every  large  town  buildings 
of  this  kind  have  been  erected.  The  chief 
consideration  which  has  brought  this  system 
of  construction  into  upo  for  residential  and 
business  purposes  has  been  tho  increasing 
value  of  land  in  our  great  towns.  A  largo 
area  of  occupation  is  utilised  in  several  stories, 
thus  minimising  tho  ground  area  of  build- 
ing according  to  the  value  of  tho  land.  The 
conditions  of  business  and  dwelling  in  towns 


have  also  changed.  Formerly  every  business 
and  professional  man  had  his  own  private 
offices  and  private  apartments  or  set  of  rooms, 
but  in  the  large  town  this  is  no  longer  neces- 
sary or  economical.  Living  in  towns  over 
one's  offices  or  shop  is  no  longer  a  desirable 
or  healthful  condition,  and  we  accordinglj- 
find  that  offices  and  shops  have,  in  the 
nature  of  things,  and  on  grounds  of  economy, 
become  dissociated  from  ihe  dwellings.  Here, 
as  in  other  instances,  the  law  of  segregation 
has  been  in  operation.  A  suite  of  living- 
rooms  or  a  set  of  offices  built  in  a  busy 
street,  mixed  up  with  shops  simply  for 
dwelling  or  business,  would  be  costly ; 
but  by  this  method  of  combining  them 
in  one  large  block,  they  can  be  erected 
at  proportionately  less  cost,  and  in  the 
most  business  centres.  xV  firm  of  solici- 
tors, engineers,  or  of  architects  and 
surveyors,  may  in  this  manner  rent 
sets  of  rooms  on  various  floors  and  at  varying 
rents  in  the  heart  of  a  city.  Perhaps  a 
stronger  reason  for  this  mode  of  building  is 
the  growing  dislike  of  the  members  of  pro- 
fesssional  and  business  firms  to  dwell  in 
towns.  Suburban  and  country  life  have 
greater  attractions  for  men  with  families,  and 
every  year  makes  the  separation  of  private 
life  and  business  more  desirable  on  grounds 
of  economy  and  health,  to  say  nothing  of 
other  inducements.  In  this  connection  we 
may  observe  there  is  an  increasing  desire 
amongst  large  manufacturing  firms  who 
have  their  business  premises  in  crowded 
parts  of  London,  where  ground  rents  are 
so  exorbitant,  to  remove  their  workshops 
to  districts  on  the  outskirts  of  the  Metro- 
polis. We  know  several  large  fii'ms  who 
have  transferred  their  workshops  to  districts 
like  Villesden,  Croydon,  Ilford,  Sti'atford, 
East  Ham,  Charlton,  Erith,  and  other 
locilities  where  carriage  is  convenient  and 
labour  cheaper  ;  and  such  emigration  to  less 
expensive  neighbourhoods  must  ultimately 
become  the  rule  if  tho  over-cougested  centres 
of  London  industries  arc  to  bo  relieved. 
There  is  also  a  wish  for  some  people 
to  live  together  and  to  occupy  offices  in  the 
same  building  :  it  is  the  idea  of  association 
or  brotherhood,  which  is  much  more  pre- 
valent now  than  it  has  been  since  the 
monastic  orders  declined,  and  much  stronger 
than  it  was  during  the  eighteenth  century, 
when  the  idea  of  "  every  man  his  own  castle  " 
prevailed.  Thehabits  of  French  and  American 
life  have  also  spread  with  our  facilities  for 
travel  and  the  greater  intercourse  with  those 
nations.  Their  modes  of  buQding  in  flats 
have  influenced  our  plans  of  late  years. 
These  dwellings  or  suites  of  offices  on  one 
floor  require  the  exercise  of  ingenuity  and 
invention.  For  the  former  the  principal  living 
and  reception  rooms  ought  to  face  the 
main  street  or  the  best  aspect.  There  must : 
be  a  good  staircase  or  lift  approach  to  the  set 
of  rooms  for  the  sake  of  visitors  and  guests  ; 
the  lighting  must  be  ample,  and  if  necessary  j 
supplemented  by  light-courts  and  areas,  and  ■ 
the  sanibiry  arrangements  made  as  compact  i 
as  possible,  and  confined  to  an  open  or 
ventilated  corner  of  the  floor.  The  planning 
of  a  suite  of  offices  must  be  similarly  arranged 
with  regard  to  the  approach  and  lighting. 
As  the  story  must  be  all  of  one  height,  and 
as  the  smaller  rooms,  such  as  kitchen  or 
smaller  oftices,  do  not  require  the  same  height 
as  tho  larger  and  more  important  rooms, 
moxzaniue  arrangements  may  be  introduced 
over  certain  parts.  The  Paris  Hats,  whether 
it  bo  the  private  mansion  or /il>^7y)('r/(V»;/(■;•^', 
tho  Imirl  f/nnii  or  furnished  bedroom,  or' 
the  furnished  flat,  iippurlenn nt  m-'iihli.  as 
tho.so  to  be  found  in  the  Champ- l'',ly.'^oos, 
tho  I'arc  Moncoau,  and  other  parts  of  Paris,  ' 
are  worth  study.  Many  of  the  plans 
are  ingenious  adaptations  of  irregular-shaped 
areas,  as  in  tho  mansions  in  tho  lluo  Hanton, 
which  are  triangular.  The  plans  of  tho  prin- 
cipal floors,  which  are  mainly  alike,  have  the 
t'uiiiii/r    or    smoking-room     at    the    corner, 


forming  the  acute  angle,  though  this  has  been 
canted  off  with  flat  windows,  and  becomes  a 
turret-like  termination.  The  salle-a-manger, 
salon,  entrance,  and  the  chief  bedrooms  are 
also  placed  along  the  main  street  with  flat 
bay  windows ;  while  the  staircases,  lighted 
by  areas,  the  cuisine,  bathroom,  &c.,  are 
'  placed  in  the  inner  angles,  which  are  formed 
by  party-walls.  The  mansions  are  entirely 
constructed  of  bt-ton  arme  (M.  Ilennebique'a 
system).  In  the  construction  of  blocks  on 
the  flat  principle,  the  Ilennebique  or  some 
similar  system  of  reinforced  concrete  is 
admirably  suitable,  as  it  permits  of  a  freer 
arrangements  of  walls  and  ])artitions,  and 
;  any  subsequent  modification  in  them. 

The  development  of  the  large  town  hotel  is 
even  more  remarkable  in  the  complexity 
of  organisation  to  which  it  has  reached. 
When  we  compare  it  with  the  old- 
fashioned  type  of  hostelry  we  are  at 
once  astonished  at  the  increasing  require- 
ments of  visitors  and  guests  ;  how  much 
more  now  is  expected  in  the  conveniences 
and  comforts  of  modern  town  life.  If  we 
take,  for  instance,  the  most  recent  addition 
to  hotel  accommodation  in  London,  as  that  of 
''  the  Savoy  extension,  we  shall  see  the  latest 
development  of  a  palatial  hotel,  which  has 
'  many  special  features,  such  as  the  bath  and 
'  lavatory  arrangements  to  each  suite  of  rooms, 
the  arrangement  for  postal  deliverj-  from 
every  Hoar,  the  "  r)tis "  electric  elevator 
installation,  perfect  of  its  kind,  comprising 
seven  passenger  elevators,  four'  freight  ele- 
vators, and  ten  service  elevators,  all  mag- 
netically controlled  and  having  a  speed  of 
300ft.  per  minute.  Each  elevator  will  lift 
14  persons.  By  a  lever-handle  switch  in 
the  car  complete  control  is  given,  and 
the  car  can  be  instantly  arrested  and 
locked  to  the  steel  guides  in  the  event 
of  breakage  or  excessive  downward  speeds. 
Then  the  drainage  and  plumbing  systems 
are  of  the  latest  type,  carried  out  by 
Messrs.  Doulton  and  Co.,  from  the  plans 
of  Mr.  J.  R.  Anderson,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  in 
which  all  the  pipes  are  of  cast  iron,  and  they 
are  so  placed  or  suspended  below  concrete 
[  floors  with  iron  inspection  manholes  that 
they  can  be  constantly  kept  in  order.  The 
fittings  to  baths  and  lavatories  provide 
against  expansion  and  contraction  through 
hot  water:  special  ventilating  pipes  are  intro- 
duced. The  hotel  has  its  own  water  supply 
from  an  artesian  well,  and  a  storage  capacity 
of  .30,000gal.  is  provided  on  the  roof  by 
means  ot  a  series  of  tanks  forming  a  reser- 
voir. Every  fitting  can  be  shut  off  singly,  so 
can  any  floor  or  lavatory.  Meters  are  also 
introduced  on  many  of  the  water  mains.  The 
baths  are  of  cast  ii'on,  white  vitreous, 
enamelled  inside  and  out.  fitted  with  1  >oulton's 
patent  mixing  valve,  which  gives  water  at 
any  temperature  required.  Other  improve- 
ments are  iatrodiiced,  tho  result  of  which  is 
to  i-euder  every  lavatory  sink,  tap,  closet, 
bath,  as  perfect  and  controllable  as  possible, 
so  that  each  visitor  can  manage  it. 

The  modern  hospital  is  another  institution 
which  has  brought  with  it  many  develop- 
ments. The  old  hospital  was  a  very  simple 
and  unpretending  structure,  intended  for  a 
lew  of  tho  sick  poor ;  tho  modern  one  is  sup- 
ported bj'  endowment  o>it  of  the  rates  or  by 
voluntary  aid,  and  therefore  tho  greatest 
economy  has  to  be  kept  in  view.  It  has  to 
be  so  arranged  and  constructed  to  enable 
medical  men,  nurses,  and  an  administrative 
staff  to  porforiu  their  duties  with  the  le,ast 
friction  and  inconvenience  to  the  .sick,  llonco 
the  patients  have  to  be  groupeil  for  tho  sake 
of  otfieient  administration  and  economy. 
The  large  modern  hospital  is  also  a  technical 
or  medical  school  for  tho  modical  student,  in 
which  scieutilic  experiments  are  carried  on. 
Tho  bringing  together  of  many  sick  persons, 
or  grouping  them  in  wards,  is  not  in  itself 
desirable  or  hygienic  ;  sep.arato  treatment 
would  be  far  better,  lint  it  is  a  necessity  in  our 
largo  communities,  and  tho  hospital  is  tho  only 


50 


THE     BUILDING    NEWS. 


Mat  27,  1904. 


Lovell  School  District,  New  Haven,  Conn, 
and  lecturei'  in  Yale  University,  in  which  the 
author  observes  that  the  light  should  be 
put  in  the  rooms  iised  for  school-work. 
' '  The  assembly  room  is  used  less  thau 
a  tenth  of  the  school  time,"  and  there- 
fore does  not  require  the  light  from  the 
most  favourable  side  ;    and  dressing-rooms 


data.  Allowing  a  passage  of,  say,  1-ft.  up 
the  centre  of  the  ward  between  the  rows  of 
beds  we  may  take  27ft.  as  the  width  between 
the  walls.  If  the  floor  space  is  1.5Uft.  and 
the  height  of  ward   is  1. 'if fc.,  the  cubic  space 


means  of  providing  medical  attendance  and  theatres,  &o.,  involve  many  points  of  scientific  and  oblong  types  are  best  adapted  to  small 
nursinc.  and  permitting  it  to  be  more  easily  inquiry.  It  has  been  pointed  out  that  by  im-  buildings;  for  the  frontage  necessary  to  make 
and  economically  done.  But  all  hospital  proved  structural  arrangements  and  sanitary  them  conform  to  the  requirements  for  light 
authorities  are  agreed  that  serious  risks  of  details,  septic  diseases:  have  been  reduced  would  be  great  compared  with  the  H-shaped 
a<"»re<»ation  are  encountered  by  grouping  if  not  rendered  impossible,  thus  permitting  building  with  two  blank  walls.  The  subject 
patients  together  in  wards.  The  ward  unit  pavilions  of  more  than  three  stories  to  be  ;  has  been  dealt  with  in  a  small  book  on 
is    the    result  of   experience   and    research,    erected  in  our  towns.  '"  Lighting  of  School  Rooms,"  by  Stuart  H. 

A  standard  size  of  ward  is  necessary  for  The  development  of  modern  school  Eowe,  Ph.D.,  supervising  principal  of  the 
economy  of  construction,  as  well  as  of  planning,  and  its  structural  arrangements 
fittings  and  working.  The  aggregation  of  a  and  fittings  have  been  etjually  remarkable, 
number  of  ward  units  forms  a  pavilion  The  old  school  of  fifty  or  sixty  years  ago  was 
complete  in  itself,  and  the  collection  of  these  a  very  simple  arrangement,  consisting 
pavilions  in  a  given  jjlan  of  distribution  forms  merely  of  a  wide  school-room  with  raised 
the  hospital.  Experience  has  shown  that  platform.  Now  the  requirements  of  educa- 
rather  less  than  thirty  beds  in  a  ward  is  the  tion  and  the  classification  of  pupils  of 
most  advantageous  ;  "and  the  floor-space  pro-  opposite  sexes  and  ages,  and  of  diiferent 
vided  for  each  patient  is  put  by  Parkes  at  standards  have  made  it  necessary  to  provide  also  "  monopolise  windows  which  are  needed 
from  100  to  loO  superficial  feet.  Every  a  type  of  plan  of  a  more  complex  kind,  in  for  light  in  the  classrooms,  while  on  the  side 
architect  who  has  had  to  do  with  hospital  which  a  central  hall  or  schoolroom  has  on  from  which  the  best  light  is  secured  is  not 
planning  knows  how  to  apply  these  figures  two  or  more  sides  a  sot  of  classrooms.  This  infrequently  found  halls  and  staircases," 
or  data  to  the  area  and  plan  of  his  ward,  the  type  of  plan  is  too  well  known  by  the  recent  which  would  have  been  better  placed  in  the 
unit  in  this  case  being  the  bed,  usually  school-board  buildings  to  require  description  side  cut  off  from  the  sun.  The  amount  of 
Gft.  Gin.  by  3ft..  and  with  a  space  of,  say,  '  here,  and  it  is  practically  the  same  as  window  space  has  been  a  question  among 
4ft.  from  the  next  bed  at  least,  or  more  that  adopted  by  the  present  Board  of  hygienists.  According  to  Dr.  Cohen  the 
if  for  purposes  of  clinical  instruction.  ,  Education.  Recently  the  question  of  hygiene,  relation  of  window  space  to  floor  area  should 
W.  Bruce  Clarke,  M.A.,  Jtl.B.,  Surgeon  of  especially  the  lighting  of  school  and  class-  be  at  least  one  to  six,  and  when  this  amount 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  gives  some  useful   rooms,  has  been  discussed,   and  the  results   of  window  space  was  provided  he  found  the 

of  inquiiy  and  experiments  have  promised  minimum  of  defective  ej'esight.  One  to  four 
to  lead  to  further  structural  develop-  is  the  rule  in  Switzerland.  The  light  should 
ments.  Teachers,  physicians,  and  scientists  be  from  left  or  above,  and  the  light  from  the 
have  been  engaged  in  this  investigation  top  of  window  is  the  most  valuable.  This 
for  many  years,  che  main  object  they  direction  of  light  avoids  shadows,  and  the 
per  patient  is  l^.JOft.  If  the  air  is  changed  have  had  in  view  being  to  remove  the  abuses  conclusion  of  all  authorities  on  the  subject  is 
three  times  an  hour  and  the  cubic  space  is  which  have  led  to  the  serious  impairment  of  that  unilateral  lighting  from  the  leftisb9st, 
l,.')00ft.,  a  supply  of  4  .JHOc.ft.  per  hour  for  pupils'  eyesight.  These  abuses  have  mainly  and  it  should  be  from  the  long  side  rather 
each  patient  is  insured,  and  Dr.  Bruce  arisen  from  the  neglect  ot  archit?ots  and  than  the  short.  Bilateral  lighting  is  defensible 
Clarke  shows  that  by  means  of  a  series  of  teachers  to  apply  the  principles  ot  scientific  only  with  windows  at  the  left  and  right, 
factors  it  is  quite  easy  to  determine  the  lighting  to  school  buildings,  simple  as  they  and  if  the  latter  is  shaded  or  thrown  to  the 
dimensions  of  any  ward  that  may  be  desired.  '  are.  Many  of  the  early  schools  were  inade- 
A  typical  plan,  shown  by  this  authority,  is  i  quately  provided  with  windows,  while  a  still 
a  ward  for  12  beds  on  each  side,  2iirt.  wide  larger  number  have  suffered  from  the  light 
between  the  walls,  allowing  each  bed  to  be  being  admitted  in  the  wrong  direction.  The 
brought  out  1ft.  from  the  wall  for  air  circu-  subject  has  been  most  thoroughly  dealt  with 
lation.     The  cubic  space  given  for  patient  is    in  many  ot  the  Continental  schools,  notably 

1,0'JOft.,  allowing  10ft.  of  wall  space ;  12(l{t.  is  in  Germany.  In  the  United  Stiates  the 
the  length  of  ward,  considered  to  be  a  reason-  hygienic  condition  of  schools  has  been 
able  length.     Short  wards  have,  however,  the   minutely   investigated.      Dr.   P.  D.    Risley, 

advantage  of  easier  supervision  by  the  nurses.  ,  of  Philadelphia,  who  has  studied  the  subject. 

At  the   two   outer   angles   of   ward    project   remarks,  "  Too  little  thought  is  given  either 

diagonally  blocks  of  w.c.  bathroooms.   lava-    to    the    quality   of    light    admitted,    or  the   ribbed  prism  can  be  used  to  distribute  light 

tories,  and  slop-sinks,  with  balcony  and  stair   relation    of    the    desks    to    the    windows."    just  where  wanted.    These  and  reflectors  have 

between  them.  These  form  turrets  externally.    The    student    is    often    compelled    to   work   been    used    in    many   foreign   schools   with 

each  connected  to  ward  by  a  cross-ventilated   facing   the  light,  or  with  the  point  of  pen   advantage.     We  could  extend  these  remarks 

or  isolating  lobb}-.     The  ward  accessories  at   or  pencil  constantly  in  the  shadow  of  the  hand    and  conclusions  of  science  to  other  buildings, 

the   other   end   consists  of  a  widened  block   or   body.     "  Earl}' in  the  last  century,"  he    laboratories   or  technical  schools,   museums 

divided  by  a  passage  from  connecting  bridge,    says,  "  it  had  been  observed  in  England  that    and  picture  galleries  amongst  others.     The 

On  one  side  nearest  the  ward  is  the  clinical   there  seemed   to   be   some   definite  relation   architect  has  to  regard  them  as  pointing  to 

room,    a  ward  kitchen,  or  duty  room,  with   between  near  sight  (myopia)  and  the  pursuits   developments  of  plan  and  design,  which  he 

bath  attached  ;  on  the_ other  side  is  a  sisters'    of  the  educated  classes."     The  result  of  the    cannot  afford  to  overlook  in  the  best  interests 

room,   with   opening  into  ward,   a  cupboard   examination  of  thousands  ot  eyes  revealed  a    of  his  profession. 

for  patients'  clothes,  a  day-room,  and  a  small    steady  increasing  percentage  of  near  sight  in  »-^ 

single  or  two-bedded  room.  These  accessories   pupils  advanced   in   age  in  most  European 

add  a  block  of  30tt.    or  40ft.  more  to  the   schools.  Certain  principles  are  now  recognised   BRITISH    ENC+INEERING    STANDARD 

length  ot  ward.     Such,  then,   is   a  modern   in  school-building.     One  is  that  no  obstruct- 

development  of  a  ward  unit  or  plan.     These   ing  building  should  be  nearer  to  ground-floor 

are  grouped  in  four  or  five-storied  blocks,  or   windows    of    a    schoolroom    than   twice  the 

the  units  maybe  superposed  to  form  a  pavilion   height  of  such  building,  so  that  it  will  be 

with  a  raised  open  basement.    Then  we  have   possible  for  each  child  to  see  the  sky  from 

the  question  of  grouping  the  units  or  pavilions,    his  desk.     The  application   of  this  pi'inciple 

and    this    is    a    very    important     point    in  '  will  make  it  desirable  to  adapt  the  shape  of 

the  economical  administration  of  a  hospital,    buildings  of  certain  dimensions  to  the  site. 

Our    readers   know    how    these    have    been  ,  so  as  not  to  incur  the  cost  of  a  larger  area. 

arranged.     Sjmo   plans    show  the  paviUons  ■  Thus  a  building  requiring  light  from  all  sides 

radiating  ;  others   arranged  on   the  echelon   would,   allowing  for  space  for  unobstructed 

principle  ;    others     parallel.      ( »ae     of    the   light,   need  a  very  large    area    of    ground. 

chief    controlling   factors    is    the    Kspoot    of   To  secure  sun'ight  for  all  the  rooms  during  a 


ceiling  there  is  no  shadow,  whereas  light 
facing  the  pupils,  and  light  from  left  and  rear 
are  trying  both  for  the  pupil  and  teacher.  Light 
from  above  is  unobjectionable  in  one-story 
buildings.  But  we  do  not  discuss  the  matter 
further  here,  but  refer  ihe  reader  to  \>. 
Rowe's  little  book,  where  he  shows  the 
application  of  these  principles  to  standard 
rooms.  Bevelled  window  piers  and  mullions 
are  desirable  in  saving  light,  as  may  be  shown 
graphically,    and    the    corrugated    glass  or 


CODED   LISTS.* 

THE  Engineering  Standard  Committee 
have  issued  a  first  volume  cf  their 
Coded  Lists  dealing  with  rolled  sections  for 
constructional  iron  and  steel  tram  rails,  with 
tho  intention  of  furthering  tho  object  of 
standardisation  in  a  commercial  form.  The 
coded  lists  have  been  prepared  under  the 
committee's  authority,  and  will  be  found 
"to  place  within  the  reach  of  merchants, 
rollers,  constructional  engineers,  and  others 
a    useful    telegraphic    code    containing   the 


each  ward,  or  the  admission  of  sunlight  to  each   part  ot  the  dav,  the  building  should  face  the   technical  details  of  British  standards  as  formu- 

during  a  portion  ot  the  day.     The  mode  ot    middle  points'  of  the  compass,  by  which  plan  i  lated,  and  a  series  of  coded  phrases  and  tables 

placing  all  the  wards  to  face  one  direction,  with  ;  each  side  will  receive  the  sun  at  some  part  of  '  enabling  buyers  and  sellers  to  communiMte 

balconies  fronting  south,  has  been  adopted  in   the  day.  A  building  on  this  plan  makes  south-  i  by  cable  at  tho  minimum  of  expense.  _     The 

some  cases;  in  others  the  quadrangle  plan  has    east  rooms  most  desirable,   south-west  next,  i  code  words  are  taken  from  '\^^hitelaw■s  Vo- 

been  adopted  with  the  corners  open  for  air   the  north-west  being  the  least  desirable.     In  !  cabulary,  and  are  all  good  telegraphic  words. 

circulation.  But  it  is  needless  here  to  discuss  |  Germany  this  arrangement  has  been  adhered  \  A  short  history  of  the  work  of  ^the  Standard 

details.     The  planning  of  a  modern  hospital,  :  to.     As  "lighting  is   effected  by  the  plan  or  1  Committee  precedes  the  lists.   We  have  before 

the  grouping  and  arrangement  of  ward  units  '  type  of  building,  the  architect  has  to  consider  !  noticed   the   composition   of   the    committee 

for  tho  sake  of  complete  isolation,  tho  ques-    which  is  the  best  for  a  given  site.     Thus  on  i  and  the  official  representatives  of  other  bodies. 

tion  of  superposing  the  wards,  whether  one   some  sites  light  may   be  admitted  on  only  '  First  we  have  rolled  sections  for  iron  and  steel. 

story   or    three    should     be   the   limit;    the  '  two  opposite  sides,  the  tsvo  other  sides  being    Equal  angles  are  first  tabulated.    A  section  of 

structural  arrangements  of  ward  accessories   blank.     A  plan  of  Il-type  is  an  example.    A  i  angle  iron  heads  the  table,  the  flange  lengths 

and  furniture  ;   sanitary  details,  ventilation,    long     and     narrow     building    may    obtain  i  "77- ^^ ^'ITTi:^- V^T'i^^^^^^-^ZZ 

isolation  blocks  fiirinfpi'tiniiooQi.oi,  n«„„,t;        '  „    £  ■      t.  ^■   \.^   n  j  „^J  •      'njondon:  Robert  Atkinson,  Ltd.,  Bausbury  House, 

uiauuu,  uiocKs  loi  miectious  cases,  operating   sufficient  light  from  one  side.      The  square  ;  London  Wall,  E,C. 


May  27,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


751 


from  angle  are  marked  A  and  B,  the  thickness 
/,  the  radii  of  .curve  at  inner  angle,  &o.,  I  r  2. 
There  are  six   columns  to  each  list :   the  first 
is  the  reference  No.  and  code  word,  the  second 
the  size  of  section  in  inches,   the   third  the 
standard  thickness  in  inches,  and  the  fourth 
and  fifth  the  radii  in  inches,  the  sixth  weight  per 
foot  in  lbs.,  and  the  last  column  the  sectional 
area  in  inches.     Thus,  any  engineer  in  speci- 
fy ing  has  only  to  turn  to  the  list  to  fi  nd  out  the 
exact  section  he  is  in  want  of,  and  its  weight, 
sectional  area,  S:c..  and  the  code  word,  which 
will  enable  a  buyer  or  contractor  to  obtain 
the  exact  section.     The  other  lists  contain  the 
same  detailed  particulars  in  tabulated  form  for 
unequal  angles,  bulb  angles,  bulb  plates,  bulb 
tees  and  plates,   Z^l^'ii's,  channels,  beams  of 
I  section,  and  T-bars.     The  weight  of  these 
sections  =  o'-la,  weight  in  pounds  per  foot. 
To  take  the  beam  section  or  X  shape,  the 
standard  sections  give  the  architect  and  engi- 
neer a  large  variety  to   select  from — thirty 
altogether.     The  first  .size  is  Sin.  by  Uin., 
which,   of  course,  means  3in.  in  depth  and 
l.liu.    in    width    of    flange.     The    standard 
thickness  of  web  and  flange  are  respectively 
•160  and  -248,  the  weight  per  foot  in  pounds 
4-00,  and  the  sectional  area  in  inches  1-176. 
Let  us   next  take  the   section   Tin.  by  4in. 
Here  the  standard  thickness  of  web  is  ''250 
and  the  flange   SSI ;  the  weight   per  foot  is 
lG-01,  and  the  sectional  area  4-709.     From 
this   useful-sized   section    the   sizes  increase 
gradually ;    thev    are    as    follows :    S  by  4, 
8  by  5,  8  by  G,   9  by  4,    9  by  7,   10  by  5, 
10  by  6,   10  by  8,  12  by  5,   12  by  6,  12  by  s, 
14   by  G   in    two    thicknesses   of  web   and 
flange,  15  by  5,   15  by  G,   IG  by  G,  IS  by  7, 
20  by  7A,   24  by  7i.     The  other  sections  are 
less   numerous.     The    sections    and    specifi- 
cations    of    standard    ti-amway    rails    and 
fishplates  will  be   found   of   much  value  to 
all  engineers  and  contractors  for  tramways. 
One  clause  of  the  specification  runs:  ''The 
sections  of  the  rails  for  straight  and  curved 
tracks     shall    respectively    conform    to    the 
British  Standard  (indicated  by  the  brand  and 
initials   '  B.S.')      Sections  Xo.  —  and  Xo.  — 
C,    as    recommended    by    the    Engineering 
Standards  Committee."     A  table  of  general 
dimensions  of  "B.S."'  rails  is   given:   these 
are  Giin.  height,  GJin.  width  of  flange,  901b. 
per  lineal  yard.     A  heavier  section  of  same 
size  is  9Glb.     Xo.  2  is  Giin.  by  7in.,  95lb.  per 
yard;  a  heavier  section,  2 C,  weighs   lOUb.  ; 
No.    3,  the  same  dimensions,  is    lOOlb.   per 
yard;  No   SC,    same    size,   weighs    IDGlb.  ; 
No.  4,  Tin.  by  7in.,  weighs  lG5lb. ;  No.  4C, 
1111b.;  No.  5,  Tin.  by  Tin.,  weighs  IlOlb. ; 
and  .JC,   11  Gib.  per  yard.      Rails  are  to  be! 
paid  for-  according  to  actual  weights  before 
drilling  or    punching,    such    weight    being 
ascertained    during     the    rolling.      Various 
other  instructions  are  given  in  the   classes 
relating     to     templates,     length     of      rail ' 
for    straight     and     curved    tracks,    sawing, 
straightening,  branding,  impact  test,  tensile 
and   bending    tests,     holes    for    fish    bolts 
and   other  details.      These  various   sections 
described  above  are  illustrated  by  full-size 
drawings   in    which  every    dimension    and 
thickness   aiid  radius  of  curve  arc  figured 
minutely.      We   have   previously  described 
these  sections  in  detail.      The  impact  test  is 
perhaps   the  most  serviceable;    as  the  rails 
of    this    kind     have     to    withstand    sudden 
shocks  and  jumpings  of  car.     The  clause  is 
thus  "iven    in  specification:    "Out  of  each 
80  rails  one  may  be  selected  by  the  inspector 
as  a  sample,  and  a  length  of  5ft.  shall  bo  cut 
therefrom ;    this    shall    be    supported    in  a 
horizontal  position,  head  uppermost,  on  solid 
iron  or  .steel  bearings  placed  :!ft.  Gin.  apart 
in  the  clear  or  firm  foundations.     Such  piece 
of  rail  shall   then   receive   a   blow,  midway 
between  the  bearings  from  a  ball  or  tup  weigh- 
ing not  loss  than  2,24()lb.,   the  striking  force 
of  which  shall  have  a  radius  not  greater  than 
9iri.     This  tup  sliall  have  a  fall' of   15ft.  for 
rails  less  than   lOOlb.  per  »iuaro  yard,  18ft. 
for  rails  of  lOOlb.  and  over  per  j'sird,  and  in 


such  manner  that  the  stress  from  the  blow 

shall  be  transmitted  vertically  through   the 

web  of  the  rail."  This  is  a  pretty  severe  test ; 

but  will  it  always  bo  acted  upon  '.'     We  should 

not  like  to  say  the  steel  rails  that  are  being 

put  down  on  our  tramlines  are  tested  at  all  ,  „  .  ,„,,  „,  «„!,„„ 
*  ri,L      J-       1     •  i    II  -i-  L  !  not  lull  01  nsnes, 

in    some  cases.     The  directories    of    British  |     ,„  f^^y^^j.^   ^f  , 

rollers  of  sectional  iron  and  steel  construe 


persons  with  Chriat  in  front  of  the  tomb,  and 
before  him  kneeh  Lazarus's  sister  in  a  scarlet 
robe,  with  Martha  and  Disciples  ;  Lazarus  comes 
forth  bound  in  graveclothes  from  the  rock-h«wn 
tomb,  and  No.  i  depicts  Christ  beckoning  to 
Andrew  and  Peter,  standing  in  their  boats,  their 
Follow  Me,  and  I  will  make 
men."  These  panels  formed  a 
portion  of  one  of  two  predelheof  the  great  altar- 
piece  Duccio  executed  for  the  cathedral  of  his 
native  city,  one  of  the  most  splendid  of  its  time. 
It  is  made  in  tiers  and  compartments,   so  much 


tional  engineers  and  merchants,  with  the 
sizes  they  roll  or  stock,  will  bo  found  very 
useful  to  all  engineers  and  contractors.     The 

addresses  and  telegraphic  address  are  given  of  '  seen  at  the  close  of  the  14th  century,  and  was  one 
each  firm.  These  directories  take  up  a  large  1  "t  the  first  of  the  large  altarpieces  in  this  form. 
portion  of  the  volume.  The  engineering  j  T'l*  editor  remarks  that  in  these  four  piedella 
standard's  code  for  correspondence  will  P'ctures  we  see  three  distinct  inUuences.  'Ine 
be    of    great   service    in    coming    to    terms,!'''''*''  ""/!•  a°'l..  l■'J4'•t^  pictures  exhibit  strong 


and  in  making  contracts.  Take,  for  in- 
stance, the  code  which  applies  to  ''quality," 
such  as  "  best  quality,"  "  best  best  (juality," 
"boiler  quality,"  "common  qualitj',"  and 
"  crown  quality."  "Is  the  quality  guaran- 
teed ?  "  "  (iuality  to  ■  "  ■  "  ' 
ments,"  "  Staflordshire  quality,  '  "  What 
quality  do  you  require  '^  '  and  many  other 
questions.  For  each  there  is  a  code  word. 
The  same  for  "quantity,"  "rail  lengths,"  and 
details,  "  jjiece,"  "  rate,"  &c.  Separate 
codes  are  given  for  "  weight  in  lbs.  per 
foot  run,"  weight  jier  lineal  yard,  dimen- 
sions relating  to  thickness  of  web  and  flange. 


traces  of  Byzantine  influence  in  composition  and 
technical  qualities.  The  new  spirit  in  art  is 
evident.  Six  panels  are  exhibited.  Of  the  early 
iSienese  School  we  notice  a  diptych,  lent  by  Sir 
W.  Itichmond,  R.A.,  comprising  eight  scenes 
from  the  life  of  Christ ;  some  of  them  are  partly 
Admiralty  require- |  effaced  by  age.  The  subjects  are  The  Nati\ity, 
The  Last  Supper,  The  Deposition  and  the 
Entombment  on  one  panel,  and  the  Betrayal, 
Crucifixion,  Christ  in  Ulory,  and  \'irgin  and 
Child,  with  St  Francis  and  St.  Clare  on  the  other. 
The  diptych  was  painted  about  1270,  and  was,  it 
is  thought,  executed  in  a  Franciscan  convent.  A 
long  panel  crowded  with  figures  of  scenes  from 
the^  lives  of  the  hermits  and  founders  of  the 
Religious    Orders     (IG)    is    a    very  instructive 


prices  in  sterling,  tables  of  dimensions,  &c.  !  example.  Tt  represents  a  rocky  country,  and  no 
These  telegraphic  codes  contain  all  the  details  '  less  than  forty-six  scenes  are  depicted.  St. 
of  British  standards  defined  by  the  committee;    Jerome    in  his    cave,   kneeling  before  a  cross, 


the  phrase  codes  and  tables  will  enable  con- 
tractors and  others  to  arrange  all  their 
business  by  telegraph.  This  bulky  volume 
has  been  compiled  by  Robert  Atkinson,  and 
its  price  is  21s.  net. 


EXHIBITION    OF     SIENESE    PICTURES. 


AN  exhibition   of   pictures  of  the  School  of 
Siena   was  open  to  the  Press  last  week  at 
the    Burlington     Fine    Art    Club,    S.avile-row.  , 
Arranged  in  fairly  chronological  order,  the  visitor  !  ^"^  j 


beating  himself  with  stones  and  a  whip,  near 
him  a  lion  and  serpent  fighting  :  next  we 
see  the  saint  taking  a  thorn  out  of  the 
lion's  foot ;  monks  reading  in  a  cell,  devils 
attacking  a  church  on  a  hill,  the  Devil  cutting 
the  rope  by  which  a  monk  is  lowering  food  to  St. 
Benedict,  and  various  other  adventures  of  monks 
and  hermits  ;  a  bishop's  soul  held  up  by  two 
devils  in  a  boat,  &c.  This  large  panel  belongs  to 
the  school  of  the  Lorenzetti,  and  is  lent  by  the 
Esrl  of  Crawford.  Simone  Martini  was  one  of 
the  leading  masters  of  the  golden  age  of  Sienese 
The  editor  says,   "  In  Simone's  works  we 


find  religious  emotion  harmoniously  expressed  in 
works  of  great  decorative  charm," — an  opinion 
confirmed  by  the  works  exhibited.  They  belong 
to  his  last  period,  and  were  painted  whilst 
Simone  was  painting  for  the  Pope  at  Avignon. 
The  modelling  and  details  show  strong  French 


may  see  typical  examples  of  the  most  important 

phases  or  period  of  the  School.     The  committee 

have  been  assisted  in  this  interesting  collection  of 

Sienese   painting   and  art   by   Mr.    11.    Langton 

Deuglas,   the  author  of  "  A  History  of  Siena," 

and   the    joint-editor   with    the   late   S    Arthur    .    ,. 

Strong  of  Crowe  and  CavalcaselH's  "History  of  '  t^*^""?- 

Painting  in  Italy,"  by  whom  also  the  interesting  |      We   may   mention  the  two    panels  joined   aa 

introduction  to  the  catalogue  is  written.     To  this   a  diptych  (20),  showing  the  Crucifixion  in  one 

intioduction  we  are  indebted  for  much  interesting  '  panel,  and  a  Pieta   in  the  ether,  described  fully 

historical    information  relating   to  the    painters    in  the  catalogue.  These  panels  have  gold  grounds, 

and  their  works.     We  may  mention  the  fact  that    and  have  cusped  heads  to  the  frames  :    it  belongs 


the  Roman  and  the  Sienese  schools  were  the  first 
of  the  modern  Italian  schools  of  painting,  both  of 
which,  as  we  are  reminded,  owed  their  inspiration 
to  the  second  golden  age  of  Byzantine  art.  The 
earlier  examples  brought  together  in  this  collec- 
tion show  the  strong  influence  of  the  Greek 
mosaicists,  a  school  of  decorators  of  the  walls  of 
churches,  and  of  the  miniaturists  of  Siena,  of 
whom  the  names  of  Ugolino  and  Duccio  di 
Buoninsegna  maybe  named.  Of  Duccio's  Gothic 
or  last  period  thtre  are  five  interesting  panels. 
These  masters  excelled  as  painters  of  panels. 
Miniature  painting  mainly  influenced  Sienese  art. 
As  Mr.  Douglas  says  in  his  "  History  of  Siena  "  : 
"Like  their  Byzantine  predecessors  the  Sienese 
strove  to  realise  an  effect  of  hieratic  sumptuous- 
ness.     Disdaining  feats  of  modelling,  they  sought 


to  Mrs.  Robert  Benson,  who  is  a  large  contributor. 
Another  small  pauel  over  fireplace  is  dated 
128.5  vireir — 1344,  and  represents  four  scenes  from 
the  life  of  Christ  :  the  Annunciation  in  the 
e.xtreme  end  panels  and  the  Deposition,  Iho  Cruci- 
fixion in  the  centre  panels.  These  panels,  the 
catalogue  states,  probably  belong  to  Simone's  last 
period,  about  1:140.  There  is  a  strong  Gothic  in- 
fluence, and  one  critic  thinks  certain  analogies 
connect  this  picture  with  the  Tllizi  picture  "  The 
Annunciation,"  painted  in  the  year  13:5:5.  In  this 
.\ntwerp  example  the  throne  is  decorated  with 
beautiful  Gothic  finials  of  a  Northern  typo.  The 
panels  are  on  a  gold  ground.  The  decorative 
quality  of  Simone's  work  is  hero  seen  at  their 
best.  The  adornment  of  wall  surfaces  with 
mosaic  fresco  was  the  chief  aim  of  the  artists  of 


to  express  religious  emotion  by  subtle  elVccts  of    the  Xeo-Roman  school.    The  Sienese  artists  were 


giaceful    line,      bright  "pure     colour, 
exquisitely     scrupulous     technique." 
to    the    collection,     we    find     those 
in    the    panels   in     gold     ground     by 
da  Siena,    belonging  to   the  close    of 


century,  representing  "Two  Apostles,' 
figures  in  small  Gothic  compartments.  One  of 
thciu  is  St.  James  the  Less,  lent  by  H.  Wagner, 
and  in  Duccio  di  Buoninsegna's  "  Four  Scenes 
from  the  liife  of  Christ"  ('.'  and  7).  The  first 
represents  "  The  Woman  of  Sauinria,"  Christ 
seated  on  a  well-head,  and  the  ^\'oman  of  Samaria 
with  an  earthen  pitcher  un  her  htud  and  a  bucket 
in  her  hand,  behind  whom  arc  four  disciples 
coming  tlirough  a  gateway  and  bearing  bread  in 
their  cloak.s.  Xo  2  shows  ( 'hrist  standing  upon 
tho  Mount,  reproving  Satan,  who  is  pointing  out 
to  Ilim  all  tho  Kingdoms  of  tho  world,  when  our 
Lord  faid,  "  Got  thee  behind  me,  Satan.''    No.  3, 


and  an  hieratic  or  anecdotal,  and  theii  work  was  inaioly 
Turning  j  dependent  on  graceful  line  and  colour  rather  than 
qualities  :  on  modelling  ;  hence  the  decorative  quality 
Ugolino  which  wo  find  in  these  examples.  Over  the 
tho    I3th  1  fireplace    wo    notice  a   single    figure    of   Christ 


half  j  broaring  the  Cross,  Idn.  high,  in  crimson 
robe  marching  to  tho  right,  tho  head 
turni'd  full  face,  behind  is  a  small  figure 
of  a  Dominican  monk  kneeling  on  a  gold  ground. 
The  simplicity  of  this  figure  is  its  charm,  and  it 
is  by  Berna  da  Siena,  1830.  Later  we  have 
Sassetta,  a  great  n  aat  -r  of  Sienese  art ;  also 
(iiovanni  di  Paolo  and  N'ecchiotta  belonging  to  tho 
liuatlro-conto.  Of  tho  first  of  these  we  have  an 
ccamplc  of  a  small  panel,  lent  by  tho  trustees  of 
the  Bowes  JIuseum,  representing  "  .V  Miracle  of 
the  Sacrament  "  (2')),  tho  invisible  Deity  testify- 
inj  to  the  truth  of  the  Church's  central  mystery. 
In  the  act  of  administering  the  host  to  another 


the   "Raising  of   Lazirus,"   shows  a  group  of   priest  the  host  bleeds  as  the  communicating  pri<8t 


752 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  27,  1904. 


falli  dead.  A  demon  bears  away  his  soul.  The 
subject  shows  the  fine  technique  and  delicate  draw- 
ing of  the  heads  and  hands,  and  the  colour  is  excel- 
lent. Thelifeofthepainterwa8l392-1450.  "Four 
Scenes  from  the  Life  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,"  1403 
ii>i«,  are  by  Giovanni  di  Paolo,  depicting  the  Birth 
of  St.  J<hn,  St.  John  going  into  the  Wilderness, 
the  Baptism  of  Christ,  and  Herod's  Feast.  These 
small  panels  were  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
Exhibition  of  Old  Masters  in  1896,  and  they  thow 
the  work  of  this  artist  at  his  best.  They  are 
predella  pictures  of  exquisite  quality  and  ttchnique, 
and  in  good  preservation.  The  subjects  are 
dramatically  treated  on  conventional  lines,  and 
they  are  clearly  the  work  of  a  real  miniaturist. 
The  editor  remarks  that  "  he  has  covered  the 
surface  of  the  panel  with  gold  before  painting, 
and  then  has  used  pure  tones.  He  has  emanci- 
pated himself  from  the  gold  background."  A  rich 
decorative  effect  is  thus  obtained.  Another 
example  is  the  "Annunciation"  (1403-1482). 
Vecchietta  was  a  contemporary  of  Giovanni,  and 
was  influenced  by  Sassetta,  and,  the  Editor  re- 
marks, was  "  more  strongly  affected  by  the 
Renaissance  than  they  were."  Vecchietta  was  an 
architect  and  sculptor  as  well  as  a  painter  ;  his 
type  of  face  "  square,  old-looking,  with  large 
noses  and  high  cheek-bones,"  are  peculiarly  his 
We  have  in  this  collection  one  large  panel 


belonging  to  the   Royal  Institution,   Liverpool, 
"St.  Bernardino  Preaching"   from  a  pulpit  in 
front  of  a  Renaitsance  church  or  building.    The 
congregation  kneel  or  stand  in  groups  on  a  large 
piazza,  the  women  to  the  left.     The  architectural 
background    and  detail  afford    evidence   of   the 
painter's  architectural  knowledge.     A  "  Madonna 
and  Two  Saints,"  by  Matteo  di  Giovanni,  is  of 
interest — a  panel  on  gold  ground,   the  Virgin 
wearing    a    blue    cloak    with    white    and    gold 
brocade  under.  One  of  the  most  interesting  works 
attributed  to  Francesco  di  Giorgio  (40)  hangs  at 
the    end    of    room.     It  is  a  Cassone   front,   the 
subject    being    "  The    Triumph    of    Chastity," 
taken  from   Petrarch's   poem.     It  is  a  fine  alle- 
gorical  composition,    and   represents  the   poet's 
story  of  the  battle  between  Love  and  Chastity  in 
the  person  of  Liura.     The  scene  is  a  triumphal 
procession  ;     Chastity,   personified  by  Laura ,  is 
enthroned  on   a   car    of    cloth    of    gold,   richly 
decorated  with  scarlet  and  gold  hangipgs.     She 
holds  on  her  knee  an  open  music -book  ;  in  front 
of  her  kneels  Love,  his  hands  bound  behind  him, 
while  two"amorini"  clip  his  wings.     The  car 
is  followed  by  a  group  of  twelve  maidens,  who, 
like  Laura,   have   forsworn   allegiance  to  Love. 
Three  precede  the  car  with  a  banner  bearing  a 
device  of   an    ermine,  the  emblem   of   Chastity. 
The    panel    belongs    to    Lady    Wantage.     The 
Madonnas  of  Matteo  di  Giovanni  are  fine  sym- 
pathic  renderings  of  womanhood  and  childhood 
which  adorn  his  gorgeous  altar-pieces  of  Siena, 
and  these  were  painted  during  the  later  years  of 
the  Quattro-cento.    We  can  only  note  here  "  The 
Madonna  and  Child"   (42),  with  half -figure  of 
the  Virgin,  the  child  entirely  naked  on  her  lap, 
and  behind  stand  St.  Sebastian  and  St.   Francis, 
painted  on  gold  ground,  lent  by  Sir.  and  Mrs. 
Arthur  Severn — it  was  formerly  in  the  Ruskiu  col- 
lection ;  also  of  the  School  of  Matteo  di  Giovanni, 
"  The    Vision    of    St.    Augustine,"   1430  cina, 
showing  the  aaitited  Bishop  in  cope  and  mitre 
seated  writing  at  a  desk  in  a  raised  loggia ;  St. 
John    the     Baptist    and     St.    Jerome,     clad  in 
camel's    hair,     appear    (o    him,   surrounded  by 
cherubim.     Lent     by     Earl    Brownlow.     With 
the    followers    of     Matteo     and    of    Benvenuto 
di    Giovanni    the    Sienese   school    came   to  an 
end,    and   were   succeeded    by  artists  of  Um- 
brian    or    Florentine     descent.     We    notice   in 
passing  "Four  Scenes  from  the  Life  of  Christ  " 
(54),  by  Girolamo  di  Benvenuto  (1470-1.524),  lent 
by  Sir  Frederick  Cook,   Bart,  M.P.,  depicting 
Christ  bearing  the  Cross,  The  Crucifixipn,   The 
Resurrection,  Christ's    Deactnt    into    Hades ;  a 
circular  panel   of    "  Madonna  and    Child,"    by 
Girolamo  del  Pacchia  (1477-1.535),  a  seated  figure 
■with  child  naked  in  her  lap  ;  and  the  same  painter's 
finelife-sizerecliningfigureof"  Venus,"  showing 
the  goddess  reclining  on  her  right  elbow.     She  is 
almost  nude  except  for  a  c'oak  of  red  colour  over 
her  shoulders,  and  Cupid,  blindfolded,  andamorini 
play    about    her.      The  main    thing  about  this 
fine  work  is  the  strong  modelling  of  the  body  and 
limbs.     The  E  Htor  says :   "  It  is  undoubtedly  the 
work   o!     Pacchia,    and   has    the    softness    and 
rotundity  of  the  master's  other  works  of  his  last 
period.     The  amorino  in  the  centre  is  of  a  type 
common  in  Pacchia's  works,  and  closely  resembles 
hn   reproBcntations   of    the   Divine   Child."     It 


belongs  to  Lieut. -Colonel  Sir  Herbert  Jekyll, 
K.C.M.G.,  and  was  painted  about  1520.  His 
"Madonna  and  Child"  (58)  shows  the  later 
influence  of  Raphael  in  the  composition  ;  the 
modelling  and  shadows  are  strong,  and  arethown 
the  greater  artistic  or  pjctorial  qualities  in  the 
work.  So  also  the  "  Flight  of  CIa-lia'|  and  her 
seven  female  companions  across  the  Tiber  from 
the  camp  of  Lars  Porsenra,  by  Beccafumi,  1479- 
1549,  must  be  noticed  for  the  clever  drawing  and 
composition  of  the  horses,  their  foreshortening, 
modelling,  light  and  shadow  ;  the  first  and  labt 
horses  and  their  riders  are  admirable  in  drawing 
and  movement.  The  same  qualities  of  pictorial 
ett'ect  of  light  and  shade  in  colour  are  to  be  seen 
in ' '  The  Ordeal  of  St.  Lucy,"  by  the  latterpaintcr. 
In  the  Members'  Writing  Room  we  notice  a  fine 
"Madonna  and  Child"  (65),  seated,  of  the 
Sienese  school,  and  a  delicately  pain'ed  decorative 
panel  on  gold  ground,  with  arched  and  gabled 
head,  of  "St.  Catherine  of  Alexandra"  in  robe 
and  cloak  of  pale  blue,  wearirg  a  white  veil  and 
jewelled  crown.  "St.  Michael  between  St. 
Augustine  and  St.  Ambrose"  chra  1340,  of  the 
school  of  Simone,  is  a  fine  altar-piece,  arched  and 
gabled,  in  three  panels,  lent  by  the  Fitzwilliam 
Museum,  Cambridge.  Besides  these,  several 
interesting  drawings  in  pen  and  bistre  are  Been 
of  considerable  interest. 

In  these  later  examples  of  Sienese  art  the 
Renaissance  movement  had  great  influence. 
Bartolo  was  one  of  the  leaders ;  other  painters, 
like  Simone,  remained  iminfluenccd,  and  their 
work  was  chiefly  decorative,  as  we  have  shown. 
Beiuty  of  line  and  pattern,  bright  pure  colour, 
and  hieratic  subjects  were  the  leading  qualities 
which  are  prominent  in  the  panels  of  Ciiovanni 
di  Paolo,  Vecchietta,  and  other  artists  in  this 
interesting  collection.  Yet  even  in  some  of  these 
the  Renaissance  influence,  which  exchanged 
pictorial  qualities  for  decorative  treatment,  is 
seen.  These  decorative  ideals,  however,  were 
not  Entirely  wanting  in  the  Sienese  school,  and 
Benvenuto  was  one  of  the  artists  who  carried  on 
the  tradition  of  the  early  masters.  But  we  must 
break  off  here.  The  minor  arts  shown  in  the 
cases  are  of  considerable  interest,  and  will  repay 
examination.  Majolica  in  jugs,  vases,  and  pots, 
of  partly  Oriental  design  ;  oak-leaf  jars,  as  shown 
in  one  or  two  examples.  Painted  tiles  or 
nmbrogettr  were  manufactured  in  Siena.  Black 
vases  of  Classic  shape,  goldsmiths'  work,  wood- 
carving,  illuminated  MSS.  of  great  beauty  and 
design  are  to  be  observed ;  but  of  these  objects 
we  leave  the  visitor  to  judge  for  himself.  He 
will  find  in  them  much  refinement  in  design  and 
tcch>ii(]iif,  a  regard  for  decorative  effect  and 
colour,  but  all  more  or  less  conventionalised  in 
treatment. 


JOHN  WEBB  SINGER,  OF  FROME. 

THE  announcement  was  made  in  the  Building 
News  of  the  13th  inst.  that  John  Webb 
Singer,  one  of  England's  most  famous  craftsmen 
in  metal,  had  passed  away  upon  the  Gth  inst.,  in 
liis  86th  year,  at  his  residence.  Knoll  House,  in 
his  native  town  of  Frome  in  Somerset.  That  he 
was  a  man,  taken  all  in  all,  of  whom  we  shall  not 
soon  see  his  like  again,  none  will  be  inclined  to 
gainsay. 

Bom  February  23,  1819,  he  was  the  only  son  of 
Joseph  Singer,  a  builder  at  Frome,  who  appears  to 
have  been  one  of  more  than  local  fame.  He 
died,  however,  when  John  was  but  three  years 
old,  leaving  the  subject  of  this  memoir  and  a  little 
sister  in  the  care  of  his  widow.  The  lad  was 
educated  at  the  Frome  Blue  Coat  School,  and  after- 
wards was  apprenticed  to  »  watchmaker  and  silver- 
smith in  the  same  town.  His  articles  expiring,  a 
couple  of  days  later,  the  aspiring  young  man  hied 
to  London  town,  where,  procuring  employment  at 
liis  trade,  he  remained  for  some  twelve  months 
During  that  time  lie  and  a  fellow  worker,  one  of 
kindred  mind,  paid  a  visit  to  Paris— nc  small 
undertaking  in  those  days  (a  h.  1S40).  With  the 
modebt  sum  of  five  golden  g\iineas  between  them, 
they  went  a  pied  from  Havre  to  Paris  ;  \  isiting 
en  route,  all  the  little  churches  and  cliotcai..i, 
making  notes  and  sketches  of  their  aichitectural 
ihatacteristics.  But  ere  they  returned,  their 
modest  funds  failed  them,  und  they  only  saw  the 
Englibh  shore  again  through  the  monetary 
assistance  of  the  English  Consul  at  Rouen, 
landing  at  Southampton— as  another  prominent 
craftsman  we  might  mention  did  under  similar 
conditions — with  empty  pockets,  but  brimful  of 
ambitious  ideas,   much  practical  knowledge,  and 


information  Ihat.  maybe,  formed  the  foundation 
within  them  for  final  success  later  on.  Young- 
Singer  afterwards  worked,  for  yet  another  year 
or  so,  as  a  journeyman  at  Blandford. 

It  W8S  towards  the  end  of  184?,  being  then  in 
his  25th  year,  the  hero— for  he  «■«.>  a  hero — ol 
these  notes  returned  to  his  old  home  at  Frome, 
and  started  business  on  his  own  account  as  & 
watch  and  clock  maker.  Some  few  years  later, 
a  local  clergyman,  intt  rested  in  the  vei  satile  young 
clockmaker,  induced  him  to  try  and  make  a  pair 
of  ornamental  braes  candlesticks  for  h"a  church. 
The  commission  was  exceptionally  well  carriid 
out,  and  proved  so  congenial  to  the  taetes  ane} 
natural  instincts  of  their  producer,  as  were 
further  commissions  with  which  he  was  entrusted 
in  the  way  of  art  metalworb,  that  he  determined 
to  devote  his  great  energies  to  it.  The  pre- 
eminently successful  refcult  of  that  resolve  is  now 
well-known.  Soon  he  started  a  couple  of  forges, 
with  half  a  dozen  promising  young  Vulcans  as  hi» 
helpers,  and  as  years  went  on,  gradually  extended 
his  borders,  until  now  some  200  hands — amongst 
them  many  of  the  most  skilled  craftsmen  to  be 
found  in  this  countrj'  and  abroad — are  diligently 
employed  at  the  Frome  Art  Metal  Works  in  the 
production  of  the  highest  class  of  iron  and  br  s» 
work  modem  times  have  probably  ever  pio- 
duced.  Many  of  these  men,  educated  by  the  master 
mind — alas  !  now  still  in  death — have  toiled  a  li'e- 
time  in  the  same  employ ;  indeed,  fully  half  a. 
dozen  of  them  have  been  with  the  Singer  family 
for  periods  ranging  from  47  to  30  years. 

From  a  small  and  humble  beginning  the 
establishment  grew  to  be,  perhaps,  unequalled  in 
size  and  mechanical  appointments,  in  this  country, 
whilst,  aided  more  latterly  by  his  two  sons, 
Walter  Herbert  and  Edgar  RatcUffe  Singer,  who, 
from  boyhood  (the  former  for  31  years),  have  beei> 
their  father's  right  hand  (and  who  now  worthily- 
con  tinue  to  wear  his  mantle),  the  Master  toiled 
on  with  unabated  vigour  and  diligence.  It  wa» 
not  till  ten  years  or  so  ago  the  latter  practically 
retired  from  active  life,  and  from  being  the  head 
and  actual  mainspring  of  the  business.  Still, 
until  twelve  months  since,  when  a  slight  stroke 
of  paralysis  caused  him  to  become  a  partial 
invalid,  he  continued,  with  unabated  interest,  to 
visit  the  works  daily. 

John  Webb  Singer  was  not  only  a  man  of  many 
parts,  but  a  distinctly  ideal  personage.  He  was 
an  artist  in  appearance,  as  well  as  in  heart  and 
instinct.  Possessing  almost  to  the  last  a  tall,  erect, 
military  figure, withfirm  tread  and  piercingeye,  his 
silver  locks  hanging  over  a  shawl,  the  latter  usually 
thrown  lightly  across  his  shoulders  in  well-draped 
folds,  no  stranger  could  pass  him  without 
instinctively  feeling  that,  in  some  walk  or  other 
in  life,  he  was  a  man  of  mark.  Blessed  with  a 
retentive  memory,  and  as  a  widely  -  travelled 
man  (for  he  had  crossed  the  Chancel — outward 
bound  —  considerably  more  than  fifty  times), 
he  was  a  most  interesting  companion,  brim 
full  of  anecdote  and  general  information.  As  an 
ardent  and  judicious  collector — especially  of 
antique  jewelry— he  had  few  rivals.  Much  of 
the  Intter  he  obtained  in  Spain,  Normandy,. arid 
Flanders.  A  large  selection  of  theseareatpresentin 
South  Kensington  Museum.  His  collection  of  old 
betrothal  and  wedding  rings  —  English  and 
foreign — are  probably  unrivalled  in  their  extent 
in  anvcountiy;  whilst  his  book  plates  are. 
admittedly,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  exhaustive 
collections  in  Christendom.  His  accumuhation  of 
old  and  rare  wineglasses  was  also  one  of  which  he 
was  exceptionally  proud.  When  the  Volunteer 
movement  started  in  England,  he  was  one  of  the 
prominent  organisers  of  the  local  corps,  which 
he  was  almost  the  first  to  join,  rising  therein 
from  the  ranks  to  Colour-Sergeant.  To  the  last, 
there  were  few  things  he  was  prouder  of  than  of 
his  long-service  medal.  He  was  the  originator 
and  President  of  the  Frome  School  of  Art  ;  was  an 
active  member  of  the  Local  Board,  a  Guardian  of 
the  Poor,  and,  indeed,  was  closely  identified  with 
almost  all  public  matters  that  had  for  their  aim  the 
benefit  of  those  amidst  whom  he  spent  the  greater 
part  of  his  long  and  active  life.  Married  twice, 
and  leaving  (besides  the  sons  already  mentioned) 
a  sorrowing  widow  and  two  (married)  daughteis, 
he  celebrated  his  golden  wedding  t»o  years  ago, 
upon  which  occasion,  the  present  writer  remem- 
bers, he  gave  £50  to  the  poor,  and  double  that  sum 
to  a  local  charity.  This,  however,  was  only 
characteristic  of  the  man,  for  his  benevolence  all 
through  a  long  and  useful  life  was  unbounded  as 
it  was  unostentatious. 

To  the  work  carried  out  by  John  Webb  Singer 
there  is  no  need  to  refer  in  these  pages.     Is  it  not 


May  27,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


753 


—  Plaster     Mantel     Piece  f^omOld   House    — 

COLLYHURST      LoCWOOD     MiLLS 


to  he  seen  in  nearly  every  cathedral  and  church  of 
any  note  throughout  the  country,  as  well  as  in 
those  of  our  colonies  r  Further,  wherever  it  is  to 
he  found,  it  is  pronounced  good.  A  clever  crafts- 
man who  loved  his  vocation,  one  whose  diligent 
hands  and  fertile  brain  were  ever  engaged  in  the 
endeavour  to  produce  the  best  that  man  could 
create,  he  was  pre-eminently  successful  in  all 
he  undertook  to  do.  As  an  artist  he  excelled, 
as  a  man  he  was  loved  and  esteemed. 
And  now  : — ■ 

Like  autumn  fruit  that's  mellowed  lon^, 

he  is  gathered  to  his  fathers.  "  The  labourer's  task 
is  o'er,"  and  the  dust  of  England's  Quintin  Matsys 
rests  quietly  beneath  the  ehadow  of  the  ancient 
I.adye  Chapel  in  Frome's  old  churchyard.  But, 
his  name  and  his  fame  will  live  "  on,  as  an 
incf  ntive,  let  us  hope,  to  many  an  aspiring  young 
craftsman  who,  in  turn,  will  earnestly  strive  to 
emulate  the  same  diligent  and  good  life  he  lived, 
80  til  at  wlien  in  turn  the  end  comes,  it  may  be 
said  of  him,  as  it  is  of  JOHN  WEBB  SINGtCR— 
"  Although  dead,  his  work  speaketh  !  "  H. 


A  PLASTER  MANTELPIECE. 

IN  or  about  the  year  1872  this  mantel,  together 
with  a  cove  over  a  sideboard,  were  taken  out 
of  the  residence  connected  with  the  Collyhurst 
Logwood  Mills,  which  stand  at  the  junction  of 
Moss  Brook  with  the  Kiver  Irk,  and  b>-longed  to 
the  Appleton  family.  Both  pieces,  which  are  fine 
specimens  of  the  Adams  work,  now  stand  in 
the  School  of  Art,  Cavendish-street,  Manchester, 
having    been    presented    by   Mr.   Jno.    Holdtn, 

F'J'  I.B.A.  OllTON     IIOLDEN. 


TllK   SURVEYORS'   INSTlTUTKJiN. 

MEETING   AT   NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE. 

rpiIE  annual  summer  rapeting  of  this  Institu- 
i  tion  has  been  hold  during  the  past  week  at 
Newcastle,  whpre  a  considerable  number  of  the 
members  assembled  to  take  part  in  the  discussion 
of  papers  of  professional  interest,  and  to  avail 
themselves  of  the  opportunities  afforded  of  visiting 
places  of  local  interest. 


On  Thursday,  after  a  reception  at  the  town- 
hall  bj'  the  Deputy  Mayor,  the  members  proceeded 
to  the  lecture  theatre  of  the  Institute  of  Mining 
and  Mechanical  Engineers,  where  a  lecture  on 
the  "  History  and  Antiquities  of  Newcast'e  "  was 
given  by  Mr.  R.  Welford,  and  papers  were  read 
on  the  following  subjects  : — 

1.  "Tte  Rehousingof  Displaced  Populations," 
by  Mr.  E.  J.  Harper. 

'2.  "  Sjme  Thoughts  on  the  Housing  of  the 
Working  Classes,"  bv  Mr.  H.  J.  Potter, 
A.R.I.B.A. 

3.  "Agriculture  in  Cumberland,  1850-1900," 
by  Jlr.  J.  Smith  Hill. 

The  first  two  papers,  being  on  kindred  subjects, 
were  discussed  together. 

The  visiting  members  were  entertained  at 
luncheon  by  the  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland 
and  Northumberland  and  Durham  Provincial 
Committees  of  the  Instituti^in,  and  in  the 
evening  dined  together  at  the  County  Hotel, 
many  distinguished  guests  being  present.  The 
chair  was  taken  by  the  Presidunt,  Mr.  Albert 
Buck,  who  was  supported  by  Mr.  Herbert  Thomas 
Steward  (President  Elect)  and  many  members  of 
the  Council. 

For  Friday  several  interesting  excursions  were 
arranged  : — 

1 .  To  the  Elswick  works  and  other  works  on 
the  Tyne,  a  steamer  being  provided  by  the  Tyno 
Improvement  Commissioners. 

2.  To  Hexham,  Hnltwhistle,  and  a  portion  of 
the  Roman  wall. 

3.  To  the  Northumberland  County  Council's 
experimental  farm  at  Cockle  Park,  near  Morpeth, 
where  the  part>-  wore  the  guests,  at  luncheon,  of 
His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Portland,  IC.O. 

I. THE    UEIIOI'SINO     01'     DISPLACE!)     VOPUHTIONS. 

In  dealing  with  this  suliject,  Mr.  E.  J.  Harper 
(whoso  paper  was  read  in  his  unavoidableabsonce) 
said  there  were  three  piincipal  causes  producing 
displacements  of  population  (.\)  Clearance  of  in- 
sanitary areas,  (li)  Kxeeution  of  works  authorised 
by  Parliament,  (C)  Conunorciul  and  industrial 
development.  In  all  three  cuses  the  displacement 
was  compulsory  po  far  as  the  displaccil  population 
was  concerned,  but  in  the  first  two  the  compulsion 
was  exercised  under  statutory  powers.     Consider- 


able improvements  had  recently  been  made  in  the 
law  affecting  provision  of  accommodation  for  dis- 
placed working-c'ass  tenants.  Previous  to  the 
Housing  of  the  Working  Classes  Act,  1900,  the 
population  of  iusanitary  areas  might  be  displaced 
without  any  rehousing  provision,  and  under  part 
of  that  Act  the  confirming  authority  had  power 
to  reduce  the  maximum  provision  by  50  per  cent. 
In  case  of  closing  orders  under  this  Act  and  the 
Public  Health  Act  there  was  no  provision  for 
rehousing.  The  Act  of  1S90  enacted  that  dis- 
placed persons  were  to  be  accommodated  within, 
or  close  to,  the  insanitary  areas,  or  where  this 
was  impossible  by  the  acquisition  by  the  local 
authorities  of  an  entirely  new  site,  often  an  un- 
reasonable condition.  The  result  was  that  in 
many  cases  no  provision  of  new  accommodation 
was  made.  Local  authorities,  companies,  or 
other  promoters  had  a  clause  in  their  Acts  prevent- 
ing their  purchasing  20  or  more  houses  in  any  one 
parish  occupied  wholly  or  partly  by  the  working 
classes  until  a  scheme  had  been  approved  for  re- 
housing them  in  such  numbers  as  a  Govern- 
ment department  might  deem  necessary,  and 
having  regard  to  all  the  circumstances  of 
the  case,  which  practically  often  gave  an 
at'Soluto  discretion  in  the  matter,  unless  there 
were  20  houses  taken  in  a  parish  the  question 
did  not  arise.  Displacement  by  private  enter- 
prise was  controlled  only  by  the  ordinary  law  of 
landlord  and  tenant;  but  locil  authorities  had 
powtr  under  the  Act  of  1890  to  acquire  land  and 
build,  but  not  bejond  their  own  area.  The  .\ct 
of  1900  removed  th's  latter  restriction,  and, 
moreover,  enabled  the  authorities  to  lease  land  in 
this  connection  provided  the  lessee  built  an4 
maintained  buildings  within  the  meaning  of  the 
Act,  and  a  county  council  w.as  also  empowered  to 
act  in  default  by  a  rural  district  council.  A  Joint 
Select  ('omrniltee  appointed  in  1902  reported  in 
favour  of  abolishing  the  limit  of  20  houses  in  a 
parish  and  substituting  one  of  30  ponons  in  a 
borough,  urban  district,  or  rural  parish.  They 
recommended  that  such  houses  should  not  be  too 
ambitious  in  design,  and  the  location  should  be 
left  to  tlic  discretion  of  the  Government  dep.art- 
inint,  which  should  also  be  able  to  fix  rents  for 
the  new  houses.  The  result  was  the  puising  of 
llui  .\ct  of  1903,  which  adopted  the  limit  of  30 
porsons    and    embodied    a    model    clause    in  a 


754 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


Mat  27,  1904. 


schedule  to  the  Act.  The  suggestion  that  the 
department  should  fix  rents  was  not  adopted. 
Further,  the  Act  extended  the  period  for  which 
money  could  be  borrowed — from  CO  to  80  years, 
empowered  the  department  to  take  into  considera- 
tion the  displacement  of  working-class  populations 
within  five  years  previous  to  the  acquisition  of  a 
scheduled  area,  and  to  require  that  all  or  some  of 
the  new  houses  should  be  fit  for  occupation  before 
the  displacement  took  place.  The  beneficial  effect 
of  these  changes  was  considerable.  The  com- 
pulsion to  provide  accommodation  within  the  area 
cleared  often  involved  large  pecuniary  loss.  In 
one  case  in  London  this  loss  amounted  to  £200 
per  head  of  the  persons  rehoused  on  a  valuable 
site,  a  sacrifice  without  apparent  purpose  or 
adequate  result.  The  sites  were  frequently 
unsuitable,  the  persons  who  occupied  the 
new  dwellings  were  in  most  cases  not  those 
dispossessed,  and  public  improvements  were 
checked  by  diverting  land  from  its  most  profit- 
able use.  The  twenty-house  limit  was  frequently 
evjided  by  limiting  the  number  of  houses  taken  in 
any  one  parish  to  nineteen,  a  public  body  (not 
now  in  existence)  on  one  occasion  adopting  this 
subterfuge.  The  new  limit  of  thirty  persons  did 
not  apply  to  a  single  parish,  but  promoters  dis- 
placing that  number  of  persons  in  the  County  of 
London  or  in  any  borough  or  urban  district 
came  at  once  under  the  obligation  to  rehouse. 
The  effect  of  the  alterations  was  well  shown  by 
the  fact  that  under  the  twenty-house  limit  in 
1903  one  person  in  four  was  displaced  without 
the  obligation  to  rehouse,  whereas  in  lOOt  the 
proportion  was  one  in  seventy-six.  A  great  deal, 
however,  still  remained  to  be  done  in  the  direc- 
tion of  securing  adequate  rehousing  in  displace- 
ment under  closing  orders  and  by  private  enter- 
lirise  which  appeared  to  be  a  strong  argument  in 
favour  of  municipal  action  in  a  matter  affecting 
the  moral  and  material  welfare  of  a  numerous 
class.  A  public  authority  was  better  fitted  to 
provide  for  such  cases  than,  say,  a  railway  com- 
pany, whose  chief  aims  were  to  provide  means  of 
transit  and  earn  dividends,  and  which  possessed 
neither  experience  nor  machinery  for  grappling 
with  the  problem.  Yet  Parliament  placed  the 
responsibility  on  it,  often  delaying  its  railway 
operations  in  the  process.  Since  the  Act  of  1900 
it  had  been  the  practice  of  the  London  County 
Council  to  endeavour  to  induce  owners,  if  pos- 
sible, to  provide  accommodation  to  meet  the 
ascertained  needs.  During  the  past  three  j  ears 
it  had  been  discovered  that,  out  of  6,570  persons 
displaced,  provision  for  rehousing  had  been 
wanting  in  2,182  cases.  Large  freeholders 
had  recently  shown  themselves  willing  to  co- 
operate with  the  public  authorities  in  dealing 
with  the  question  ;  but  much  more  might  be  done 
if  existing  disabilities  were  removed  and  further 
facilities  offered.  The  provision  of  rapid,  fre- 
quent, and  cheap  means  of  transit  would  have  an 
important  effect,  making  it  profitable  to  build 
cottages  in  localities  where  previously  only  large 
houses  would  pay,  and  giving  the  working  classes 
the  benefit  of  purer  air  and  more  cheerful  sur- 
roundings. The  greatest  hindrance  to  progress 
remained  while  the  whole  of  the  local  and  much 
of  the  imperial  taxation  was  levied  directly  on 
house  property,  which  kept  the  standard  of 
town  rents  much  above  what  the  poorest  class 
could  pay  for  accommodation  at  once  adequate 
and  sanitary,  and  the  necessary  reduction  in  this 
standard  could  only  be  attained  by  a  readjustment 
of  taxation. 

II.' — SOME     THOUGHTS     OX     THE     HOUSING     OF     Till. 
WORKIXO    CLASSES. 

This  papei,  which  professed  to  contain  no  more 
than  some  thoughts  on  the  important  subject  of 
housing,  proved,  in  spite  of  the  modesty  of  the 
author,  Mr.  Henry  J.  Potter,  A.K.I.B.A.,  of 
Shelfield,  to  be  a  careful  compilation  »f  many 
details  of  considerable  interest  and  value.  Dealing 
with  the  preparation  of  schemes  for  laying  out 
estates  for  the  erection  of  small  houses,  the 
owner  asked  whether  it  was  always  necessary  to 
reduce  the  frontage.  Five  feet  more,  including 
the  road,  added  only  about  £10  to  the  cost  of  the 
site,  but  the  extra  width  admitted  of  a  more 
compact  and  economical  plan,  a  less  depth  of 
building,  more  air  and  sunlight  for  the  rooms, 
and  the  advantage  of  a  passage  at  the  side  for  the 
removal  of  refuse,  and  under  which  the  house 
drain  may  run.  To  avoid  unsightly  and  useless 
gardens  it  was  well  to  enclose  with  a  light  iron 
fence  a  yard  of  loOsq.ft.  for  each  house,  letting 
the  remaining  land  adjoining  the  backs  of  a  block 
ot  houses  form  one  largo  open  space,  which,  if  it 


can  be  made  to  extend  from  one  cross  street  to 
another,  forms  a  convenient  access  to  the  back 
and  a  good  line  f^r  the  main  sewer,  besides  being 
available  for  a  playground  for  the  tenants  and 
their  children.  If  the  depth  of  the  land  be 
100ft.  between  roads,  there  would  be  25ft.  for 
house  and  forecourt,  10ft.  j'ard,  and  30ft.  open 
space,  which  may  be  planted  or  partially 
asphalted  or  gravelled.  For  roads  on  such  an 
estate  40ft.  was  ample  width,  and  the  expense  of 
anything  wider  should  fall,  not  on  the  owner, 
but  on  the  ratepayers  who  were  supposed  to 
benefit.  If,  for  effect,  more  than  40ft.  was 
desired,  it  could  best  be  secured  by  setting  back 
the  building  line.  The  cost  of  roads,  as  now 
insisted  on  by  the  local  authorities,  was  a 
heavy  item,  and,  indeed,  by-laws,  as  now 
adopted,  had  added  very  considerably  to  the  Cost 
of  building  small  housfs.  AVhere  they  were 
evidently  framed  to  check  unsound  and  insanitary 
construction  no  objection  could  be  raised ;  but 
how  often  they  failed  in  this  respect,  notwith- 
standing their  stringency  r  Many  districts  where 
they  were  in  full  force  afforded  instances  of 
modern  slums.  Their  chief  defects  were  lack  of 
uniformity  and  inconsistency.  As  instances  of 
the  former  might  be  quoted  the  care  of  the  thick- 
ness of  walls.  In  some  districts  buildings  of 
more  than  two  stories  must  have  13^in.  party  and 
external  walls  below  the  topmost  story ;  but  in 
Sheffield,  for  instance,  one  might  use  9in.  for  two 
stories  and  an  attic.  But  why  could  not  the 
capacity  of  a  9in.  wall  be  settled  definitely? 
Again,  some  authorities  would  have  party- walls 
carried  up  through  roofs,  others  only  to  the  under- 
side of  slates  or  tiles.  The  former,  if  not  well 
flushed,  was  a  constant  source  of  trouble,  expen- 
sive to  remedy,  and  was  certainly  unsightly,  while 
the  risk  of  the  spread  of  fire  in  this  direction  was 
small.  The  provision  of  rooms  in  the  roof  was 
subject  to  many  varying  conditions,  although  one 
would  suppose  the  occupation  of  such  accommo- 
dation must  be  similar,  in  one  town  or  another. 
Szes  and  inclination  of  drains,  combined  drains, 
and  the  formation  of  private  roads  were  also  sub- 
ject to  many  variations.  The  inconsistency 
existed  largely  with  reference  to  the  height  of 
rooms.  Ground  and  first  floors  must  generally  be 
8ft.  Gin.  in  height,  and  rooms  in  the  roof  8ft.  But 
plans  showing  first-floor  rooms,  with  a  vertical 
wall  of  7ft.  and  18in.  in  the  roof,  would  not  be 
approved.  What  was  a  habitable  room  as  an  attic 
was  not  permitted  as  an  improved  form  on  the 
first  floor.  This  was  an  important  question  as 
affecting  cost.  While  great  stress  was  laid  on 
height,  nothing  was  said  as  to  floor  area. 
The  distance  from  floor  to  ceiling  was 
aften  the  longest  dimension  of  a  room.  The 
author  advocated  the  use  of  bay  windows 
when  possible  as  helping  to  catch  the  sun  and 
air,  and  said  that  care  should  be  taken  that  the 
foodstore,  which  might  be  in  a  suitable  place  in 
one  house,  was  not,  if  similarly  placed  in  the 
adjoining  house,  quite  unsuitable.  Forecourts 
were  useful  as  adding  to  the  comfort  of  tenants, 
but  if  not  more  than  Oft.  deep  they  should  be 
paved  entirely.  Un  the  ground  floor  of  a 
working-class  dwelling  should  consist  of  a  large 
living-room,  without  the  so-called  parlour ;  a 
scullery,  pantry,  coal-store,  w.c,  and  portable 
dustbin.  The  living-room  should  have  an  area 
of  at  least  160ft.,  and  he  approached  from  the 
street  by  a  small  lobby  and  inner  and  outer  door. 
A  small  front  roof  over  the  front  door  was 
desirable  if  possible.  A  bay  window,  a  fireplace 
for  cooking,  space  for  cupboard,  dresser,  couch, 
table,  and  furniture  should  be  provided  in  the 
living-room.  There  should  not  be,  if  practicable, 
more  than  two  doors  to  this  room,  one  to  the 
lobby  and  one  to  the  scullery,  which  should  con- 
tain sink,  copper,  and  perhaps  a  small  range  or 
gas  stove.  The  w.c.  should  be  approached  by  the 
open  lobby,  but  not  necessarily  a  separate  build- 
ing forming  an  unsightly  feature  at  the  back  of 
each  house.  A  solid  cast  concrete  ceiling  Sin. 
thick  and  7ft.  Bin.  from  the  floor  would  leave  a 
ventilating  space  of  9in.  between  this  and  the 
ground  floor  ceiling  level  above.  The  coal-store 
should  be  placed  under  cover.  Cellars  should  not 
be  encouraged  except  where  for  other  reasons  it 
was  necessary  to  carry  the  walls  a  considerable 
depth  below  the  ground  floor.  They  formed 
storing  places  for  aU  sorts  of  rubbish,  and  soon 
became  insanitary.  AVhere  an  extensive  scheme 
ffas  being  dealt  with  the  number  of  bedrooms 
might  well  vary  to  suit  large  or  small 
families.  Two,  three,  or  four  rooms,  the 
extra  ones  being  in  the  form  of  attics,  would 
provide    for    most    cases.      The    question    of   a 


bathroom  was  frequently  a  debatable  one. 
In  a  large  scheme,  perhaps  the  best  way  was  to 
make  up  one's  mind  where  a  bathroom  might  be 
put  if  required,  and  fit  up  one  in  Eome  houses  by 
way  of  experiment.  This  might  be  simply  and 
cheaply  done  by  arranging  for  it  in  the  scullery, 
sinking  it  and  bedding  it  in  concrete  about  ISin. 
below  the  floor,  and  covered  by  a  flap  forming  a 
platform  raised  about  Sin.  providing  the  floor- 
space  in  front  of  the  sink.  Cold  water  could 
easily  be  laid  on,  hot  water  obtained  from  the 
copper  or  set-pot,  and  the  waste  discharged  into 
the  sink-gulley,  if  the  latter  be  fixed  slightly 
lower  than  usual.  The  space  for  ashes  and  refuse 
should  be  as  small  as  possible— a  portable  ash- 
bin  under  cover,  and  frequently  emptied,  being 
the  best  form.  Double  tenements  were  suitable 
in  suburbs  where  land  was  costly,  and  by  pro- 
viding separate  front  doors  and  arranging  the 
plans  so  that  each  is  self-contained  and  has 
nothing  in  common  with  the  other  they  could  be 
made  very  comfortable  residences.  Two  tene- 
ments, each  with  ground  and  first  floor,  but  only 
one  common  entrance  and  stairway,  were  some- 
times met  with,  and  some  saving  was  effected  by 
adopting  this  method.  Houses  over  lock-up 
shops  were  convenient  in  or  near  centres  ot 
towns.  They  could  take  the  form  of  separate 
houses,  each  occupying  the  same  frontage  as  the 
shop  below,  or,  less  preferably,  could  be  arranged 
on  the  "flat"  system  if  necessary.  Living- 
rooms,  usually  placed  on  the  ground  floor,  gained 
in  comfort  by  being  raised  to  the  first  when 
they  adjoined  a  busy  street,  and  if  the  shops  were 
deep  there  was  room  for  separate  asphalte  yards 
over  the  back  portion.  There  were  few 
towns  or  cities  where  distances  were  consider- 
able without  rapid  and  cheap  tram  services, 
which  aided  considerably  in  the  solution  of 
the  housing  problem  and  benefited  the  health 
of  the  workers  in  a  very  appreciable  way. 
On  the  question  of  materials,  those  most  easily 
procurable  locally  would  be  used,  and  for  pictur- 
esque effect,  in  outlying  districts,  assistance 
might  be  sought  from  nature  in  the  form  of 
creepers.  .Sash  windows  in  comparatively  small 
squares  were  best.  "Stucco,"  or  "roughcast," 
helped  appearances,  and  added  to  the  efficiency  of 
a  9in.  wall.  Colouring  material  applied  to  the 
external  surface,  which  required  renewing  at 
regular  intervals,  brightened  it  up  at  small  cost. 
In  a  scheme  of  large  extent  a  certain  amount  of 
variety  should  be  introduced  by  variations  of  the 
elevations,  the  windows,  the  external  materials, 
and  the  number  of  bedrooms  in  each  house.  The 
architect,  whether  his  efforts  were  appreciated  or 
not,  owed  a  duty  to  the  large  community  which 
was  to  occupy  such  dwellings.  He  feared  the 
better  education  of  the  poorer  classes  had  cot 
influenced  their  home  life  as  one  would  have 
hoped  and  expected  ;  but  much  might  be  done  in 
this  direction  by  careful  foresight  in  planning 
houses  which  were  being  built,  not  for  the 
present  only,  but  for  the  future  dwellings  of  the 
working  classes. 

III. AC.RICULTUKE      IN      CUMIIERLAND,     1850-1900. 

"  Fifty  Years'  Development  and  Vicissitudes 
of  Agriculture  in  the  North  of  England,"  formed 
the  subject  of  a  paper  by  Mr.  J.  Smith-Hill, 
Principal  of  Aspatria  Agricultural  College.  In  a 
county  comprising  nearly  1,000,000  acres,  about 
one-fourth  consisted  o£  mountain  and  heath  land 
used  for  grazing.  Crops  and  grass  accounted  for 
600,000  acres  ;  nine-tenths  farmed  by  tenants 
and  one-tenth  by  owners.  By  1850  practically 
all  the  common  land  had  been  enclosed.  Of  the 
7,000  holdings  50"  per  cent,  were  under  50  acres 
each.  The  yeomen  who  farmed  their  own  land 
were  known  as  "  statesmen,"  but  their  numbers 
were  diminishing,  and  their  position  deterior- 
ating. The  chief  system  of  cultivation  was  the 
five-course  shift,  and  the  feeding  and  breeding  of 
horses,  sheep,  and  cattle  formed  a  main  object  of 
the  industry.  The  buildings  were  often  rough, 
but  homely  and  comfortable.  Leases  were  gene- 
rally for  seven,  nine,  or  Jburteen  years,  and  the 
conditions  of  letting  k«d  altered  little  in  the 
period  under  review.  Great  freedom  of  action  in 
the  matter  of  cropping  was  gener.ally  allowed  to 
good  tenants.  There  were  now  many  yearly 
agreements,  and  rents  ranged  from  20s.  to  30s. 
for  the  best  land,  to  hill  farms  7s.  to  128.,  and 
fell  land  2s.  6d.  to  4s.  Owing  to  the  time  of 
entry  on  arable  farms  being  in  February,  the 
tenant  had  to  sink  little  capital  in  tillage,  &c., 
and  thus  could  employ  nearly  all  of  it  in  working 
the  farm  ;  but  considerable  responsibility  rested 
with  the  agent  to  secure  suitable  tenants.     The 


May  27,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


755 


SMADWELL  COV^V 


different  crops  usually  cultivated  were  then 
enumerated,  and  the  author  went  on  to  say  that 
Cumberland  was,  as  it  had  been,  essentially  a 
grass-producing  country,  and,  roughly  speaking, 
two-thirds  of  the  cultivated  land  was  devoted  to 
pasture  aad  hay.  In  the  middle  of  the  century 
artificial  manures  were  just  beginning  to  be 
used,  guano  having  been  introduced  in  1840. 
And  between  1824  and  1850  the  draining  of  the 
land  inclosed  under  the  various  Inclosure  Acts 
took  place  extensively,  horseshoe  tiles  with  soles 
being  generally  employed.  The  cost  of  draining 
per  acre  was  estimated  to  average  £4  lOs.  to  £5. 
As  in  Scotland  and  Xorthumberland,  the  use  of 
one-horse  carts  was  general,  and  in  1850  wooden 
ploughs  were  used  to  some  extent,  but  the 
majority  were  of  iron.  The  great  contrast 
between  the  two  dates  he  had  taken  was  in  the 
harvesting  implements.  Formerly  these  were 
confined  to  the  reaping  hook  or  sickle  and  the 
scythe  ;  in  fact,  the  latter  was  only  just  becoming 
usual.  In  fifty  years  the  hook  had  given  place  to 
the  scythe,  the  scythe  to  the  reaper,  and  th's,  in 
turn,  to  the  harvester  and  self-binder.  In  18'20 
Joseph  Mann,  of  Riby  Cote,  invented  a  self- 
delivering  machine  which  cut  a  breadth  of  3ift., 
and  with  one  horse  could  accomplish  ten  aires 
a  day.  A  few  haymaking  machines  and  many 
threshiug  machines  were  in  use  in  Cumberland 
fifty  years  ago.  Steam  cultivation  was  first  tried 
in  1862.  The  cattle,  principally  "shorthorns," 
had  a  worldwide  reputation.  Agricultural  educa- 
tion, for  which,  on  scientific  lines,  there  was  no 
provision  in  LS^O,  was  now  provided  for  by  a 
College  at  Aspatria  and  a  Farm  School  at  Newton 
Rigg.  In  conclusion,  the  author  quoted  statistics 
from  the  (Xlicial  Agricultural  Ueturns  for  T.io:! 
showing  that  agriculture  was,  on  the  whole,  in  a 
prosperous  and  promising  condition  in  Cumber- 
land at  the  present  time. 

Keen  disappointment  was  felt  by  the  members 
attending  the  gathering  that,  owing  to  an  acci- 
dent (fortunately  not  of  a  serious  nature),  the 
secretary  of  the  Institution,  Mr.  Julian  C. 
Rogers,  was  unable  to  be  present.  It  was, 
however,  stated  that  Jlr.  l;;iger3  is  making  good 
progress  towards  recovery. 


SUMMER-HOUSE,   SHADWELL  COURT, 
NEAR  THETFORD. 

THIS  building  has  just  been  completed  in  con- 
nection with  the  tennis-court.  The  materials 
are  rough  Kentish  stone,  with  Bath  stone  dress- 
ings, and  the  columns  to  entrance  in  polished 
Irish  green  marble.  The  floor  is  laid  in  mosaics, 
and  panelled  benches  constructed  round  sides  also 
forming  lockers.  The  architect  is  Mr.  Leonard 
Crowfoot. 


BOOKS  RECEIVED. 

Si(ir)iiill  WorJc  and  I'mctiir.  A,  Book  for 
Owners,  Overseers,  and  Operators,  By  W.  J. 
BL.UKMrii.  (London:  William  Rider  and  Son, 
Ltd.,  1(54,  Aldeiagate-street.) — In  this  useful 
little  book— one  of  Rider's  Technical  Handbooks 
— the  author  looks  at  woodworking  machinery 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  operator,  or  from  that 
of  the  manager  of  the  sawmill,  who  desires  to  see 
that  it  is  economically  employed  and  that  the 
maximum  output  is  assured ;  and  in  these  two 
respects  his  work  is  different  in  aim  from  those  of 
his  predecessors — Mr.  Powis-liile  and  Mi-. 
Star'ord  Kansome — whose  handbooks  on  wood- 
workingraachinery  are  sowell  known.  The  volume 
is  thoroughly  practical,  and  those  who  have  the 
management  of  sawmill  machinery  will  find  in  it 
valuable  advice  and  many  suggestions.  The 
chapters  contain  in  a  condensed  form  experience 
in  saw-sharpening,  working  of  circular  saws, 
saws  for  special  purposes,  working  a  deal 
frame  and  log  frames,  band  saws,  machines 
fur  special  objects  —  shafting  and  belting, 
\'c.  Mechanical  ingenuity  and  enterprise  have 
been  employed  in  no  direction  more  con- 
spicuously than  in  the  machinery  used  for 
the  conversion  of  timber  and  the  industries 
connected  with  wood.  'J'o  master  the  toclinical 
methods  of  sawmill  work  requires  a  long  ap- 
prenticeship. Slany  good  machines  arc  spoilt  by 
an  incompetent  and  indilToient  workman,  who  is 
apt  to  blame  everything  but  his  own  carelessness. 
A  great  deal  of  the  success  of  a  sawmill  depends 
on  the  sharpening  of  the  saws,  as  it  makui!  all  the 


difference  between  good  and  clean  and  bad  and 
rough  work,  and  the  remarks  on  saw-shiirpening, 
the  shape  and  size  of  the  teeth,  for  every  tooth 
has  to  be  conditioned  to  the  purpose  and  svood  to 
be  cut.  There  are  certain  bevels  for  the  teeth 
that  must  be  followed,  and  these  angles  are  of  the 
greatest  importance  in  the  saw's  cutting  powers. 
We  commend  to  every  woodworker  the  remarks 
and  suggestions  made  on  sharpening.  The  re- 
marks on  "Motive  Power,"  "Machines  for 
Special  Objects,"  contain  many  valuable  hints 
on  the  experiences  of  one  who  has  sp'-nt  his  life 
in  the  management  of  sawmill  machinery.  We 
can  recommend   this   useful   addition   to  Rider*s 

Technical    Series  of    Handbooks. CdUiilating 

Tuhks  and  CoUtct'wit  ofFyiqiuiitht-tiS-MlNiinurals, 
By  Dr.  H.  Zxmmeuvanx.  Translated  from  Ger- 
man into  English  by  L.  Dssiuoix.  (London: 
Asherand  Co.,  Bedford-street,  Covent  Harden). — 
Arithmetical  calculation  is  at  all  times  tedious,  and 
occupies  much  valuable  time.  Various  means 
and  inventions  have  been  sought  by  tables,  the 
sliding  rule,  calculating  machines,  but  these 
ingenious  expedients  have  not  been  generally  in 
request.  A  table  of  logarithms  can  only  be  used 
by  those  who  know  matheniathics,  and  for  the 
sliding  rule  good  eyesight  is  tsicntial  in  addition 
to  a  knowledge  of  logarithms.  Machines  like 
thosa  of  Thomas  are  more  useful,  but  have  their 
shortcomings.  Dr.  Zimmermann's  tables  consist 
of  a  huge  multiplication  table,  with  notes  at  the 
foot  of  each  page,  giving  squares,  cubes,  square 
and  cube  roots,  areas  of  circles,  \c.  The  author 
acknowledges  that  these  tables  are  not  in  every  case 
preferable  to  the  other  expedients  of  labour,  but 
he  claims  that  the  "  tables  naturally  shorten  moat 
technical  and  mercantile  calculations,  with  tcitlinff. 
liability  to  error."  The  "  Explanations  and 
Examples"  shows  in  concise  language  how  the 
table  is  to  bo  used.  Table  I.  extends  to  200  pages, 
and  gives  the  products  of  1,  2,  i  .  .  .  9a9,  and 
1,  2,  3  .  .  .  100;  each  pair  of  opposite  pages 
gives  1,000  products  of  ten  numbers  standing  at 
the  head  and  iiO  at  each  margin.  We  refer  our 
readers  to  the  work  itself  for  instruction.  The 
double-page  arrangement  of  the  table  is  carried 
t'-rough  the  book.   Facilitiesare given  for  finding 


756 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Mat  27,  1904. 


out  any  numteror  double  page  by  numbers  in 
the  margin.  Examples  are  shown  of  the  use  of 
the  table  for  multiplication,  division,  extraction  of 
square  root  and  of  cube  root,  and  other  arith- 
metical operations  of  an  irksome  kind.  Two  other 
tables  are  given.  The  tables  are  clearly  printed, 
and  a  cursory  glance  at  the  head  of  each  double 
page  or  margin  is  all  th^t  is  necessary  to  find  the 
number  or  product.  For  archi'ects,  engineers, 
eurveyors,  and  others  engagei  in  calcu'ations, 
and  who  want  a  rapid  means  of  finding  products, 
powers,  roits,  circle  areas,  &c..  Dr.  Zimmer- 
mann's  Tables   will    be    found   a   valuable   aid. 

A  Eiindhouk  of  Seurr  aii''  Drain  Cnnes.    Noted 

in  T/if  Siiffi-i/or  iiiii  .Vitnwipnl  and  Coimtij 
Etig'mrrr.  Kevised  and  corrected  by  J.  B. 
Reigniek  CosnoR,  a  Solicitor  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  &c.  (London:  The  St.  Bride  Tress,  Ltd., 
St.  Bride's  House,  Bride-lane,  Fleet -street),  is  a 
compendious  little  volume  o!  carefully-revised 
"Law  Notes"  which  have  appeared  in  The 
Siinri/or  anil  MiDiicipul  n»d  Coinilij  Eiirjiiieer,  re- 
lating to  sewers  and  drains  and  house  sanitation, 
extending  from  January,  1891,  to  June,  1903. 
These  cases  are  briefly  stated  with  reference  to 
the  sections  of  the  Acts,  and  are  placed  under 
proper  headings  for  reference.  Some  of  them  are 
important  decisions  of  the  Superior  Courts,  while 
others  are  magisterial  and  county-court  decisions. 
There  is  a  good  alphabetical  list  of  cases  prefixed, 
and  an  index.  Part  I.  comprises  cases  of  sewers 
in  general,  sewage  disposal,  and  rivers'  pollution 
protection.  Thus  there  is  the  important  decision 
under  Sect.  13  ot  the  Public  Health  Act,  IS75, 
in  the  case  of  "  Minehead  Local  Board  v.  Luttrell," 
sewers  made  for  profit,  which  the  defendant,  the 
owner,  subject  to  building  leases,  &c.,  of  the 
town  of  Minehead,  constructed  at  his  own  cost, 
and  with  sanction  of  local  authority,  a  system  of 
sewerage  for  the  town.  The  defendant  con- 
tended that  the  sewers  and  tanks  were  con- 
structed by  him  for  his  own  profit,  and  were, 
therefore,  not  vested  in  the  authority — a  view 
which  was  upheld  by  the  Court,  and  the  action 
was  dismissed.  The  case  is  well  reported,  with 
notes  on  the  Section.  Several  important  cases  on 
sewage  disposal,  pollution  of  stream  and  rivers 
follow.  Part  II.  comprises  several  valuable  deci- 
sions on  "  Combined  Drainage,"  referring  to  sec- 
tion 4  of  the  Public  Health  Act,  and  to  250  of  the 
Metropolis  Management  Act,  1855.  These  cases 
have  reference  to  the  questions  of  liability  of  local 
authority  to  refund  cost  of  repair  and  liability 
for  cost  of  repair.  Part  III.,  on  House  Sanita- 
tion and  Prevention  of  Nuisances,  contains  a  few 
interesting  decisions.  This  volume  of  the  St. 
Bride's  Press  Publications  will  be  found  a 
useful  book  of  reference  for  all  municipal 
surs'eyors  and  officials  of  urban  and  rural 
district  authorities.      The  price  is    2s.  6d.  net. 

The  second  edition  is  published  of  A  Prae- 

tii'tij  Guide  for  Sfinifarif  Insprt-tors.  By  Fiiank 
Charles  Stockman,  with  an  introduction  by 
Henry  Kenwood,  M.B.A.  (London  :  Butter- 
worth  and  Co.) lion-  to  Estimate,  by  John  T. 

Rea  (London  :  B.  T.  Batsford),  which  comprises 
the  series  of  articles  published  in  these  pages,  has 
reached  a  revised  and  enlarged  second  edition. 
Prices,  of  course,  are  always  changing,  and  no 
permanent  list  is  possible.  Our  aim,  however, 
and  that  of  the  author  was  to  lay  down  fixed 
principles  on  which  calculations,  irrespective  of 
time  and  place,  might  be  made,  the  contractor 
himself  fiUiug  in  the  current  rates  of  labour  and 
materials  in  what  Mr.  Rea  aptly  terms  "  the 
natural  way,"  and  the  success  of  the  book  has 
justified  our  anticipations.  Mr.  Kea  gives  also 
some  useful  figures  about  house  property.  There 
is,  besides,  a  number  of  useful  references  not 
generally  available  by  architects — such,  for  in- 
stance, as  the  averages  in  cost  per  foot  cube  of  a 
variety  of  buildings  based  on  actual  outlay,  in- 
cluding asylums,  schools,  hospitals,  and  Wie  like. 
The  prices  at  which  such  undertakings  finally 
■work  out  are  diiBcult  to  obtain,  owing  to  a  variety 
of  circumstances ;  but  no  doubt  the  author  has, 
where  names  are  given  of  individual  examples, 
taken  every  care  to  possess  himseJf  of  information 
based  on  the  finally  adjusted  accounts,  including 
variations  and  extras.  "Here,  again,  some  margin 
H  inevitable,  owing  to  difiiculties  of  site  and  local 

peculiarities. Holu  Trmity   Church,  lUhwell. 

-Mr.  II.  Caylev,  M.A.,  A.R.I  B  A.,  of  Bank 
Chambers,  Rothwell,  near  Kettering,  has  just 
written  a  short  historical  account  of  this  interest- 
ing and  larffB  parish  church,  which  is  published 
by  Messrs.  W.  E.  and  J.  Goss,  of  RothweU,  as  a 
sixpenny  pamphlet.  The  church,  a  five-aisled 
structure  with  western  tower,   contains  work  of 


Norman,  Transitional,  Early  English,  Decorated, 
Perpendicular  periods,  while  the  upper  part  of 
the  tower  dates  from  the  17th  century.  There  is 
a  stone-vaulted  crypt  30ft.  by  15ft.  under  the 
south  aisle,  which  "has  evidently  been  used  as  an 
ossary,  as  it  contains  portions  of  between  3,000 
and  4,000  human  skeletons.  The  little  pamphlet 
is  carefully  compiled,  and  is  illustrated  by  repro- 
ductions of  photographs  of  the  ex'erior  and 
interior  and  a  uselul  ground  plan.  The  first- 
named  view,  taken  from  RothweU  Mirket-place, 
shows  in  the  foreground  the  famous  IGth-century 
Market  House,  restored  a  few  years  since  under 
the   direction  of   Mr.   J.   A.   Gotch,  F.S.A.,  of 

Kettering. The  Corporation  of  Bournemouth 

have  issued  a  well-illustrated  pictorial  and  de- 
scriptive guide  to  their  beautiful  town,  which  will 
be  found  very  useful  by  all  who  contemplate 
visiting  this  prosperous  and  progressive  health 
resort.  A  copy  will  be  forwarded  free  on  receipt 
of  a  postcard  by  the  town  clerk.  A  street  plan 
of  the  borough,  showing  the  tramway  and  bus 
service,  would  be  a  very  useful  addition,  from  the 
intending  visitor's  standpoint,  to  this  attractive 

handbook  to  an  attractive  town. -Itomex  for  the 

Cuioilni  (London :  B.  T.  Batsford)  is  the  title 
given  "by  Mr.  R.  A.  Briggs,  F.R.I.B  A.,  to  a 
collection  of  designs  and  some  few  executed 
works  of  a  domestic  character,  illustrated  by 
forty-eight  plates.  These  include  plans  as  well 
as  exterior  and  interior  sketch  views,  showing 
some  versatility  of  aim,  coupled  with  an  endeavour 
to  adapt  differing  styles  to  modern  uses.  The 
examples  do  not  invariably  appear  to  advantage, 
some  of  the  drawings  being  unequil  in  merit. 
The  projected  residence  planned  for  a  site  in 
Johannesburgh  has  the  breadth  of  simplicity, 
which  also  would  appear  to  be  the  aim  embodied 
in  the  scheme  for  a  Georgian  suburban  house  pro- 
posed to  be  erected  at  Wimbledon,  with  the 
reception-rooms  at  the  rear.  The  design  for  a 
small  Aberdeenshire  house,  planned  for  a  site  at 
Tilliesbourne,  is  more  picturesque,  with  a  lofty 
roof  'midst  fine  scenery.  Plates  6  and  7  show  a 
sketch  design  for  a  house  in  Herts,  which  was 
eventually  carried  out  differently,  and  the  next 
two  plates  are  devoted  to  a  house  designed  for  a 
position  where  the  road  was  considerably  above 
the  level  of  the  site,  giving  the  dining-room  and 
kitchen  ofliices  in  the  basement. 


payable  annually  for  membership  is  78.  6d.,  pay- 
able in  advance.  Applications  for  membership 
should  be  mide  to  Mr.  F.  W.  Finch,  Kingston 
House,  Lansdown-road,  Gloucester. 


BRITISH  FOUNDRYJIEN'S  ASSOCIATION. 

THERE  has  been  formed  an  Association  of 
Managers,  Foremen,  and  others  in  respon- 
sible positions  engaged  in,  or  in  contact  with, 
foundry  work  or  the  study  and  manipulation  of 
metals. 

The  lines  on  which  it  is  suggested  to  carry  on 
the  Association  follow  in  some  degree  those  of  the 
American  Foundrymen's  Association,  which  heis 
done  such  satisfactory  work  in  the  past,  and  has 
given  such  a  great  impetus  to  scientific  thought 
as  applied  to  foundry  operations.  The  proceed- 
ings of  the  Association  will  be  both  scientific  and 
practical,  and  it  is  hoped  educational  in  the  best 
sense. 

Papers  bearing  upon  varied  asp'cts  of  the 
foundry  business  will  be  read  and  discussed. 
Leading  scientists  and  metallurgists,  as  well  as 
practical  men,  will  be  invited  to  contribute  to  the 
usefulness  of  the  meetings. 

Such  an  interchange  of  ideas  and  of  scientific 
and  practical  knowledge  cannot  fail  to  be  of  the 
highest  value  to  those  engaged  practically  in  the 
business,  and  through  them  to  those  with  capital 
invested  in  this  important  industry.  If  we  are  to 
keep  in  the  front  line  of  progress  we  must  leave 
behind  the  indifference  to  scientific  fact  and 
higher  knowledge  which  has  too  long  beset  us. 
That  the  industrial  future  lies  witli  the  people 
most  highly  tr.ained  in  the  arts  and  sciences 
applicable  to  practical  work  as  well  as  in  practical 
work  itself,  there  is  no  manner  of  doubt. 

The  president  is  Sir.  Robert  Buchanan,  35, 
Thornhill-road,  Handsworth.  The  secretary  and 
treasurer  is  Mr.  F.  W.  Finch,  Kingston  House, 
Lansdown-road,  Gloucester.  The  committee  are  : 
Messrs.  C.  Morehead,  Rugby  ;  F.  C.  Shaw,  Bir- 
mingham ;  Percy  Longmuir,  Sheffield ;  Wm. 
Vickers,  Birmingham  ;  J.  Ellis,  Woolston, 
Hants;  J.  G.  Stewart,  I'rmston.  Lanes;  F.  J. 
Cook,  Birmingham ;  and  W.  Roxburgh,  Kil- 
marnock. 

The  convention  will  be  held  annually,  the 
place  of  meeting  being  changed  from  year  to 
year.  Opportunity  will  be  sought  to  visit  repre- 
sentative works  in  the  several  districts.    The  sum 


SKETCHES  FROM  THE  HOME  ARTS  AND 
INDUSTRIES   EXHIBITION. 

THE  Albert  Hall  gathering  this  year  was  a 
great  success,  and  the  (iueen  took  a  personal 
share  in  the  proceedings,  being  also  an  exhibitor 
herself  with  examples  from  the  Royal  branch  of 
the  Association  at  Sindringham.  We  give  a 
sheet  of  sketchts  made  on  the  occassion  referred 
to.  The  Memorial  to  the  R-iv.  Thomas  Hancock, 
of  St.  Nicholas  Cole  Abbey,  is  wrought  in  hard 
work,  and  has  been  executed  by  the  Hendon 
School.  The  end  grain  of  the  crosses  is  covered 
with  sheet  copper  to  protect  the  work.  The 
design  is  practically  a  copy  of  an  old  Norwegian 
example.  The  arm-chair  in  oak  is  a  capital  piece 
of  cabinetwork,  alto  by  the  Hendon  class.  Tlie 
large  bookcase  is  of  oak,  from  the  Ascot  Suhool, 
and  has  cupboards  in  the  centre  of  the  lower 
body.  The  central  upper  panel  is  made  ready  to 
receive  a  photograph  and  inscription,  it  being  a 
presentation  piece  of  furniture.  The  news- 
paper rack  and  revolving  bookcase  combined 
is  in  walnut,  by  the  same  school.  The 
following  pages  are  occupied  by  drawings  of 
alterations  done  by  the  author  to  a  house  at 
Kensington.  Plates  17,  18,  and  19  show  a 
Dorking  dwelling  which  has  been  built,  and  re- 
calls some  of  Mr.  Briggs's  bungalow  designs  with 
its  circular  stair  turret.  Sheet  20  shows  a  design 
for  a  house  in  the  Colonial  style  coated  with 
roughcast  and  having  a  colonnade  and  pediment, 
and  the  next  plates  illustrate  a  house  to  be  erected 
with  some  modifications  in  Scotland.  Then 
follows  a  scheme  for  the  interior  of  a  ha'l  and 
staircaise  in  wax-polished  oak.  A  proposed  house 
at  Kingston  has  the  entrance  level  with  the  bed- 
rooms, the  reception  rooms  being  below,  owing  to 
the  levels  of  the  contemplated  site.  Four  plates 
illustrate  alterations  to  an  Italian  sort  of  villa  at 
Worcester.  A  music  room  has  been  added,  and  a 
sculpture  gallery,  of  which  a  view  appears.  There 
is  a  perspective  also  of  another  proposed  house  at 
Tillietoure  which  would  be  built  in  local  atone 
and  tile-hung  above.  Plate  33  is  a  des'gn  for  a 
house  to  be  built  at  Marlow,  and  the  next  shows 
an  executed  one  at  Horley.  A  design  for  a 
dining-room  is  seen  in  plate  36  nicely  drawn.  37 
and  38  show  a  proposed  Scotch  house,  and  39 
and  40  a  South  -Vfrican  Colonial  style  residence. 
The  four  next  sheets  are  among  the  most  interest- 
ing, illustrating  the  conversion  of  an  old  mill 
into  a  dwelling  house. 

The  concluding  pages  are  devoted  to  the  large 
alterations  done  by  the  author  at  Cowley  Minor, 
Gloucestershire,  already  illustrated  some  while 
ago  in  our  pages.  The  walls  were  faced  with 
Birdlip  stone,  with  Ilollington  stone  dressings. 
The  woodwork  is  in  mahogany,  in  a  handsome 
style,  which  is  here  nicely  delineated.  The 
volume  is  demy  quarto  in  size,  and  half  a  guinea 
in  price.  The  preface  includes  some  appreciative 
allusions  to  the  value  of  formal  gardens,  added  to 
notes  on  house  finishings.  White  is  advocated 
for  interiors,  even  in  manufacturing  towns,  and 
outside  doors  can  be  painted  in  colours  and 
varnished. 


The  Runcorn  Urban  District  Council  have  decided 
to  extend  the  town's  isolation  hospital  at  a  cost  of 
£4,000,  in  order  to  provide  13  extra  beds. 

The  urban  district  council  for  Febxstowe  and 
Walton  have  approved  plans  of  the  proposed  exten- 
sions of  the  electric-light  works  prepared  by  Mr. 
R.  P.  Wilson,  so  that  they  may  be  submitted  to  the 
Local  Government  Board. 

Mr.  EJwin  Jones,  of  Wyvelsfield,  Chislehurst, 
and  of  Messrs.  Bayliss,  Jones,  and  IJayliss,  Ltd., 
of  London,  Wolverhampton,  and  Minsterley.  Salop, 
engineers  and  contractors,  who  died  on  Feb. .  U> 
last,  aged  71  years,  left  estate  valued  at  £227,707. 
Mr.  John  Bayliss,  who  died  in  1900,  left  personalty 
to  the  amount  of  £256,630 ;  and  Mr.  Sxmuel  Bayliss, 
who  died  intestate  in  1898,  left  estate  valued  at 
£545,849. 

The  John  White  Memorial  Church  in  Tennent- 
street,  Belfast,  was  opened  last  week,  The  church 
is  designed  in  the  style  of  the  Classic  Renaissance. 
The  walls  are  of  red  brick,  with  dressings  ot 
Giifnock  stone.  Mr.  John  Seeds,  of  Donegall 
Square  West,  Belfast,  is  the  architect,  and  the 
contractors  were  Messrs.  C.  and  W.  McQuoid, 
Roden-street,  Belfast. 


May  27,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


757 


758 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Mat 


17,  1904. 


NEW    .SYSTEM    OF    TUNNEL 

CONSTUUCTION. 

PROBABLY  the  most  original  piece  of  engi-  : 
neeiing  work  along  the  whole  route  of  the 
Knpid  Transit  Subway  is  the  tunnel  which  ia 
heing  built  beneath  the  Harlem  River.  The 
method  adopted  is,  says  the  Sfi-nf[lic  Aim-yiean, 
new  in  a  work  of  this  character,  and,  like  many 
another  development  in  engineering,  it  is  the  out- 
come of  local  conditions  of  extreme  difficulty 
which  demanded  some  fresh  methods  of  construc- 
tion. These  conditions  arose  from  the  compara- 
tively shallow  depth  at  which  it  was  necessary  to 
build  the  tunnel  in  order  to  avoid  excessive  grades 
at  the  approaches,  and  the  extremely  treacherous 
nature  of  the  material  encountered  at  this  depth. 
The  silt  is  so  loose  that  tunnelling  by  the  shield 
system  would  have  been  very  hazardous,  and 
accordingly  the  contrac'or,  Mr.  D.  D.  McBean, 
hit  upon  the  plan  of  driving  two  parallel  linos  of 
sheet  piling,  spaced  a  little  wider  apart  than  the 
width  of  the  completed  tunnel,  bulkheading  each 
end  of  the  structure,  and  covering  it  with  a  heavy 
water-tight  timber  roof,  the  interior  then  being 
pumped  dry  of  water,  and  the  inclosed  mud 
excavated  down  to  grade  under  the  pneumatic 
system.  This  was  the  method  adopted  in  crossing 
the  first  half  of  the  river  on  the  Manhattan  shore. 
For  the  second  halt  the  contractor  followed  the 
same  principles  of  construction,  but  made  an 
advance  in  point  of  rapidity  and  cheapness  of 
erection  by  driving  the  two  parallel  walls  of  sheet 
piling,  cutiing  them  oft  at  the  level  of  the  longi- 
tudinal axis  of  the  tunnel,  building  the  upper 
segmental  half  of  the  cast-iron  lining  in  lengths 
of  70tt.  to  iSOft.  upon  pontoons,  floating  it  over 
the  sheet  piling,  lowering  it  until  its  flanges 
rested  upon  the  piling,  with  which  it  maHe  a 
water-tight  joint,  and  letting  this  finished  halt  of 
the  tunnel  terve  as  the  roof  of  the  temporary 
cofferdam.  ^Vhen  the  water  is  pumped  out  the 
mud  is  excavated  to  grade,  the  lowfr  halt  of  the 
cast-iron  shell  is  built  in  place,  bolted  to  the  upper 
half  and  caulktd,  and  the  tunnel  is  completed. 


THE    FORESTS    OF    EASTERN    CANADA. 

THE  report  of  a  Royal  Commission  on  the 
forests  of  Eastern  Canada  has  recently  been 
published  at  Quebec.  The  Royal  Commission 
was  appointed  by  the  Quebec  Provincial  Govern- 
ment nearly  two  years  ago  to  investigate  alleged 
hindrances  in  the  way  of  the  settlement  of  Crown 
lands  ;  and  the  Commissioners  made  an  exhaustive 
study  of  the  laws  and  customs  aifecting  the 
forests,  which  cover  most  of  the  Crown  lands, 
and  form  the  most  valuable  asset  of  the  province. 
An  erroneous  idea  prevailed  that  the  capitalists 
who  purchase  the  right  to  cut  timber  from  the 
provincial  domain  not  only  look  with  disfavour 
on  settlers  who  subsequently  obtain  the  land 
itself,  but  strip  the  land  so  bare  that  the  eettlers 
can  hardly  find  wood  enough  to  build  their  houses 
with.  Although  there  are  exceptional  cases  of 
unjust  treatment  of  settlers  by  timber  men,  and 
although  settlers  are  found  to  have  cut  and  sold 
timber  to  which  they  are  not  entitled,  yet, 
taking  the  forest  lands  as  a  whole,  the  Com- 
missioners find  that  there  is  no  conflict  between 
the  two  classes  of  occupiers.  There  is  a  third 
class  of  men,  however— that  of  the  mere  specu- 
lators— whose  illicit  operations  are  found  to  have 
been  carried  on  upon  a  large  scale.  Some  of 
these  men,  ostensibly  settlers,  take  up  land, 
cut  and  sell  off  its  limber,  and  then  abandon 
their  holdings  to  repeat  the  operation  elsewhere 
if  possible.  Such  speculation  is  actually  declared 
to  be  endangering  the  stability  of  many  great 
pulp  and  pjper  industries,  especially  in  the 
eastern  townships  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
river,  by  depleting  the  timber  limits.  The  Com- 
missioners report  that  "  in  the  Eastern  townships 
and  in  the  Beauce  region  at  least  one-thh-d  of  the 
lots  apparently  conceded  for  settlement  purposes 
thus  pass  into  the  hands  of  spsculators ' ' ;  and  the 
area  of  land  sold  year  by  year  for  "  settlement" 
IS  declared  to  be  far  in  excess  of  the  real  demand. 
The  curious  law  by  which  any  father  of  12  living 
children  may  claim  a  free  giant  of  100  acres  of 
land  has  been  grossly  abused.  The  speculators 
make  it  their  business  to  discover  the  happy 
fathers  and  buy  up  their  rights  for  a  song.  The 
father,  m  consideration  of  a  small  cash  payment 
signs  an  application  for  a  hundred-acre  lot  chosen 
by  his  tempter  on  account  of  its  fine  timber. 
Ihe  speculator  puts  in  the  applicstion,  gets  pos- 
session of  the  land,  and  strij.s  it  of  timber  worth 
perhaps  £4,000  or  XS.OOO.     This  £ort  of  thing  is 


done  in  a  wholesale  and  systematic  way  ;  and  it  is 
stated  that  one  speculative  organisation  had,  when 
the  report  was  drawn  up,  70  applications  pending 
in  the  Government  offices. 

To  end  these  abuses  the  Commissioners  recom- 
mend that  any  father  of  12  children  who  disposes 
either  of  his  free-grant  land  (  r  of  the  timber  on 
it,  shaU  immediately  forfeit  the  property  ;  that 
every  transfer  of  settlement  lots  and  timber  shall 
be  registered  ;  that  the  non-fulfilment  of  settle- 
ment conditions  on  any  lot  thall  be  automatically 
followed  by  a  cancellation  of  the  grant ;  and  that 
the  whole  of  the  public  domain  shall  be  classified 
into  settlement  or  farming  lands  and  timber 
limits,  to  be  reserved  exclusively  for  the  purposes 
thus  specified. 

To  prevent  the  enormous  losses  caused  by  forest 
fires,  the  Commissioners  recommend  that  the 
season  when  settlers  are  forbidden  to  burn  their 
choppings  should  be  altered,  and  that  the  sanction 
of  the  local  "  ranger"  should  be  required  before 
any  fire  is  kindled. 

For  the  development  of  the  pulp  and  paper  in- 
dustry the  Commissioners  advise  the  Government 
to  grant  a  bounty  on  all  exports  of  piper  made 
from  pulp-wood  cut  in  the  pi-ovince  :  and  it  is 
further  recommended  that  wat  r  powers  should 
be  sold  along  with  the  timber  limits  by  public 
auction. 

There  is,  according  to  the  Commissioners, 
enough  settlement  land  already  surveyed  and 
divided  in  the  province  to  meet  the  probable 
demand  for  the  next  70  years.  To  facilitate  the 
colonisation  of  these  regions,  the  report  recom- 
mends land  grants  to  a  number  of  projected  rail- 
ways, these  grants  not  to  exceed  -1,000  acres  per 
mile  except  in  very  special  cases. 


IRISH  BriLDING  .STONES.— XIV. 

WATEKFOKD. 

THE  rocks  here  are  Middle  and  Lower  Car- 
boniferous Limestone  with  Magnesian  Lime- 
stone as  deposited,  and  as  altered  (335, 339) ;  Lower 
Carboniferous  Limestone  Shale  ;  •  Ud  Red  Sand- 
stone ;  Lower  Silurian  rocks,  known  here  as 
Ba^lymoney  grits,  and  dark  shales;  (Quartz 
rock  :  Porphyry ;  Felstone  ;  Felspathic  ash  ; 
granite,  &c.  Dungannon  is  built  on  Lower  Car- 
boniferous shale  and  Limestone,  Silurian  rocks 
with  limestones,  greenstone  and  Diorite;  Lismore, 
Lower  Carboniferous  Limestone,  Alluvium,  Old 
Red  Sandstone  :  Traniore,  Felspathic  Ash,  Fel- 
stone ;  WatertorJ,  Silurian  rocks,  Alluvium, 
Diorite,  Felstone,  and  Old  Red  Sandstone. 
Roughly  speaking,  the  whole  west  of  this  county 
is  occupied  by  Old  Red  Sandstone  and  Carbonifer- 
ous Limestone,  and  the  east  by  Lower  Silurian 
rocks  and  basalt  :  a  line  running  due  north  and 
south  through  Dangarvan  Harbour  would  roughly 
mark  the  boundary  between  these  two  main 
divisions.  A  narrow  band  of  the  main  mass  of 
Old  Red  Sandstone  runs  along  the  Suir  to  Water- 
ford,  thus  cutting  the  Silurian  rocks  off  from  that 
river  in  the  north,  and  a  great  development  of 
Igneous  rocks  cuts  them  off  from  the  sea  on 
the  south.  Minor  exposures  of  Old  Red  rocks 
are  found  along  the  west  side  of  ^Vaterford 
Harbour,  and  along  the  coast  as  far  as  Brown's 
Town  Head.  A  gradually  narrowing  tongue  of 
Carboniferous  Limestone  runs  from  Dungarvan 
Harbour  due  west  of  Lismore  to  Fermoy,  where  it 
joins  the  Limestone  of  the  Great  Central  Plain. 
It  is  25  miles  long,  about  five  miles  wide  by  Dan- 
garvan, and  scarcely  a  mile  wide  where  it  crosses  the 
county  boundary.  Another  narrow  belt  of  lime- 
stone runs  due  west  from  the  Drum  Hills  across 
the  B'ackwater  and  over  the  county  boundary 
into  Cork.  There  is  another  smaller  belt  running 
west  from  Ardmore  Bay  to  Youghal  Harbour,  and 
a  small  outlier  a  little  farther  north,  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  same  river.  A  narrow  margin  of 
Carboniferous  shales  is  found  inevery  case  between 
the  Limestone  and  the  Old  R;d  Sandstone.  There 
is  a  tradition  that  limestone  sufficiently  hard  and 
crystalline  to  he  classed  as  marble  was  once  ob- 
tained between  Dangarvan  and  Lismore.  The 
exact  locality  is  not  now  known,  but  the  discovery 
was  never  followed  up,  and  there  are  no  marble 
quarries  at  present  worked  in  the  county.  I  >n  the 
whole,  the  limestone  rocks  here  do  not  furnish 
any  very  goad  building  stone,  though  they 
are  used  locally,  even  in  the  public  build- 
ings ;  for  instance,  a  quarry  at  Shandon, 
Dungarvan,  furnished  the  stone  used  in  build- 
ing the  Courthouse..  It  is  a  dark  grey  stone, 
and  it  burns  to  a  good  lime.  The  limestone  from 
Whitechurch   Quarry,  near  Cappaquin,  is  prob 


ably  the  best  for  building  found  in  this  county. 
It  has  been  used  in  railway  bridges  and  numerous 
other  public  works.  A  quarry  at  Thinacruslea, 
near  Waterford,  furnished  stone  for  the  Water- 
ford  Lunatic  Asylum,  and  it  weathers  well. 
Many  of  the  limestones  here  are  shaly  and  earthy. 
No  doubt  many  of  the  beds  would  yield  good 
hj  draulic  lime  ;  but  as  there  ia  little  demand  for 
it  in  this  county  the  ordinary  limestone  appears 
to  furnish  a  lime  which  answers  every  purpose  for 
which  the  material  is  required.  The  Monavullagh 
and  Comeragh  Jlountaina  are,  like  the  Hereford 
Beacons  or  Black  ilountains,  made  up  of  conglo- 
merite  and  sandstones,  thick  and  thin  bedded.  In 
the  valley  which  runs  from  Dangarvan  to  Lismore 
there  are  yellow  sandstones  found  which  graduate 
downwards  into  the  Old  Red.  These  sandstones 
are  the  basement  beds  of  the  Carboniferous  for- 
mation here,  and  are  known  as  "  Lower  Carbo- 
niferous Sandstone,"  but  as  there  is  no  well- 
defined  boundary  between  the  upper  ( )ld  Red 
Sandstones  and  the  Carboniferous  Sandstones, 
no  distinction  will  be  made  between  them 
here.  Like  the  Old  Red  Sandstones  of  the 
Border  counties  in  England  and  Wales,  those 
found  here  are  of  various  colours,  reddish- 
brown,  pale  green,  and  cream-grey  ;  the  same 
quarry  will  frequently  yield  beds  of  different 
coloured  stones,  as  well  as  compact  and  sluty 
blocks.  It  is  not  an  uncommon  thing  to  pick  up 
a  piece  of  sandstone  in  an  Old  Red  quarry  not 
more  than  lin.  thick,  in  which  brilliantly  coloured 
layers  are  seen,  such  as  purple-brown,  green, 
white,  and  grey,  a  single  layer  sometimes  being 
not  more  than  Jin.  thick.  The  colours  are  of 
course  more  brilliant  when  the  stone  is  wet  than 
when  the  surface  is  quite  dry.  These  remarkable 
sandstones  are  very  plentiful  in  the  "  stone  tile  " 
quarries  in  the  hills  over  Hay  in  Herefordshire. 
The  Waterford  sandstones  are  good  building 
stones — that  is,  if  they  are  selected  ;  all  e;irthy, 
micaceous,  very  fine-grained  blocks  should  be 
reserved  for  inside  work  only,  as  coarse-grained 
silicious  stones  only  can  be  used  with  safety  in 
exposed  positions.  The  chief  sandstone  quarries 
are  Cappagh,  Killongtord,  Ardmore,  Clonmel 
Qmrry,  Jlillvale,  and  Brown  Head  Promontory. 
The  Clonmel  IJuarry  is  so  called  because  the 
stone  was  much  used  in  Clonmel ;  but  there  is 
very  good  limestone  in  Clonmel,  and  it  is  not 
easy  to  understand  why  builders  should  come  to 
Waterford  County  for  good  building  stones 
when  they  have  quite  as  good  at  their  own 
doors.  Clonmel  woikhouse,  for  instance,  was 
built  with  limestone  raised  on  the  site.  None 
of  the  Silurian  rocks  are  used  at  present  for 
any  building  purpose,  though  fifty  years  ago 
there  were  workings  for  roofing-slates  in  these 
beds.  Ross  quarries  (worked  up  to  1803)  furnished 
dark-grey  slates,  and  the  Glenpatrick  quarries 
(closed  in  1850)  yielded  bluish-grey  slates ;_  all 
these  were  fine-grained,  and  of  good  quality. 
Under  efficient  management,  the  slate  quarry 
industry  in  this  county  would  prove  a  profitable 
one.  Reddish-coloured  slates  were  worked  in  the 
Old  Red  Rocks  at  Clashmore.  None  of  the 
io-ueous  rocks  are  now  used  for  building,  but  in 
some  places,  where  railway-cuttings  were  made 
through  them,  the  stones  were  used  in  the 
bridges :  the  tuffs  are  specially  adapted  for 
building.  There  are  only  10  quarries  scheduled 
as  being  in  work  in  this  county — viz.,  1  sand- 
stone, 2  whinstone,  5  limestone,  1  clay,  and 
1  shale.  There  is  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  raw 
material  for  making  hydraulic  limes  and  Portland 
cement :  but  there  are  no  kilns  for  these  in  the 
county,  though  ordinary  lime  is  burnt  extensively 
in  building  work. 

WEST:\ir..\Tn, 
The  rocks  here  are  Carboniferous  Limestone 
(327),  Old  Red  Sandstone,  and  Lower  Silurian 
beds.  Athlone  and  KUbeggan  are  built  on  lower 
Carboniferous  Limestone ;  Moate,  Lo  werlimestone, 
shale,  and  •  >ld  Red  Sandstone ;  Mullingar 
Upper  Carboniferous  limestone.  It  may  be  said 
that  the  whole  of  this  county  is  occupied  by 
Carboniferous  limestone  ;  the  exposures  of  other 
rocks  are  so  very  limited  that  the  combined  area 
of  the  whole  is  a  negligible  quantity  in  the 
acreage  of  the  entire  county.  There  is  a  small 
trace  of  Old  Red  Sandstone  at  Moate  :  it  is  cut 
through  by  the  Jlidland  Great  Western  Railway, 
a  second  is  found  at  Kilbeggan,  and  another 
north  of  Killucan,  where  it  encirles  a  very  small 
area  of  Silurian  rocks.  Although  Carboniferous 
Limestone  covers  nearly  the  whole  of  this  county, 
it  is  buried  under  great  deposits  of  sand  and  gravel, 
and,  therefore,  difficult  to  work  ;  where  it  comes 
I  near  the  surface,  the  rock  is  ciilpy,  and  not  fit  for 


May  27,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


759 


dressed  work  :  hence  the  limestone  for  this  pur- 
pose is  brought  from  King's  (.'ounty,  Jleath,  and 
even  (ialwuy.  There  is  a  quarry  at  Fulmont, 
near  Multil'arnham,  the  only  one  scheduled  as 
being  in  work  at  present.  The  stone  from  it  was 
used  in  MuUingar  Railway  Station,  and  for  other 
public  buildings  in  that  town  ;  it  is  calpy.  Thi'i  is 
a  very  old  quarry,  and  the  name  is  spelled 
Fulmuth  and  Fulmore,  apparently  according 
to  the  taste  and  fancy  of  the  speller.  The 
Kxchange,  Manchester,  is  decorated  with 
marble  from  Hall  quarry,  near  Moate ;  it  is 
grey  with  red  streaks,  and  is  a  handsome 
stone.  Near  Coole  a  dark  grey  crystalline  lime- 
stone was  raised ;  but  it  was  earthy,  and  not  a 
safe  weather  stone.  The  K.C.  Church  at  Mul- 
lingar  is  built  with  a  limestone  from  Kerry  ; 
though  it  IS  a  very  dark  grey  and  shaly,  it  works 
fairly  well.  There  are  beds  of  hydraulic  lime- 
stone at  Donore  and  other  places,  but  they  are  not 
worked.  The  old  Red  sandstones  are  of  local 
interests  only,  and  they  are  seldom  used  «Kcept 
for  rough  walling.  The  Silurian  rocks  yield 
neither  building  stones  nor  slates  ;  but  the  entire 
area  occupied  by  them  cannot  be  more  than  a  few 
acres.  Briefly  speaking,  it  may  be  said  that  this 
is  a  county  vi  limestone,  sand,  and  gravel. 


WEXFOllD. 

The  rocks  in  this  county  are  Carboniferous 
Limestone,  Old  lied  Sandstone,  Silurian,  Cam- 
brian, and  pre -Cambrian  beds  ;  Granite,  Felstone 
Felspathic  Ash,  Diorite,  and  other  igneous  rocks. 
Enniscorlhy  is  built  on  Lower  Silurian  rocks, 
Felstone,  and  Greenstone ;  Gorey,  Lower  Silurian 
Rocks,  Felstone  Ash  ;  New  Ross,  Lower  Silurian 
Rocks,  Alluvium ;  "Wexford,  Cambrian  Beds, 
Quartz  rock.  This  county  is  occupied  chiefly  by 
Lower  Silurian  rocks  :  they  extend  from  the 
extreme  north,  where  they  run  into  Wick- 
low,  along  the  eastern  boundary  by  Carlow 
and  Kilkenny  to  the  sea  at  "Waterford 
Harbour  and  Bannow  Bay.  There  is  a 
detached  area  south  of  Wexford  Harbour  which 
turns  east  in  line  with  Greenore  Point  and 
Kilmore  ;  it  terminates  along  the  coast  in 
Ballyteige  Bay.  Cambrian  and  older  rocks  run 
in  a  south-westerly  direction  from  Roney  Point, 
past  Wexford  town  to  Bannow  on  the  south 
coast.  Carboniferous  Limestone  is  found  occupy- 
ing small  areas  north  of  Wexford  Harbour,  and 
at  some  distance  to  the  south  of  it,  where  it  runs 
between  Cumbrian  and  Silurian  rocks  to  the  Sua 
at  Ballyteige  Bay.  North  of  Hook  Head  there 
is  another  exposure  of  this  limestone  ;  but  its  area 
is  very  limited,  being  a  mere  tongue  of  land 
washed  on  both  sides  by  the  sea.  Old  Red  Sand- 
atone  outcrops  as  a  narrow  margin  on  the  north 
and  west  sides  of  the  limestone,  dividing  it  from 
the  older  Cambrian  and  Silurian  Rocks.  The 
entire  region  occupied  by  Silurian  Rocks  is 
invaded  by  intrusive  igneous  masses  consisting 
of  granite,  hornblende,  felstone  and  felspathic 
elvans,  which  gradually  change  into  granite. 
At  Carnsore  Point  there  are  very  old  meta- 
morphosed sedimentary  and  igneous  locks  inter- 
mixed. The  limestone  of  this  county  is  oalpy, 
and  therefore  not  well  suited  for  dressed  work, 
though  it  is  suitable  for  quay  walls,  bridges, 
and  engineering  works  generally  where  large 
blocks  are  required,  and  can  be  used  without  much 
chisel  work  in  mouldings  or  other  minute  decora- 
tions. There  is  only  one  quarry  in  the  Carboni- 
ferous Limestone  scheduled  as  being  in  work  at 
present,  that  at  JCerelogue,  near  Wexford, 
which  is  worked  by  Mr.  F.  Boxwell  with  11  men. 
Drinagh  quarry,  near  Wexford,  Hook  south  of 
Fethard,  Knockstown,  near  Duncormae,  and 
Taghmon,  were  extensively  worked,  chiifly  for 
agricultural  purposes.  (.)Id  Red  Sandstone  was 
quarried  at  liallyhack,  Carnivan  near  Fethard, 
Duncormack,  Park,  Ballyr^igan,  Sanderscourt, 
Templetown,  and  in  several  quarries  round  Wex- 
ford town.  All  these  quarries  yielded  building 
stone  which  was  sold  at  fid.  per  ton  in  the  ipuirry. 
The  only  sandstone  <iuarry  now  worked  is  one  at 
Drumcree,  Newtown  Barry.  i\ll  these  <  tld  Red 
or  Lower  Carboniferous  Sandstones,  as  K'inahan 
calls  them,  are  reddish  brown,  shaley,  and  more 
or  less  Conglomeratic.  Park  stone  is  a  fine  Con- 
glomerate or  pebbly  sandstone.  It  was  used  in 
some  i;.*'.  churches  in  Wexford.  If  worked  into 
dressings  as  soon  as  it  is  ([uarriod  it  makes  good 
work  :  but  it  is  a  peculiar  stone,  and  should  be 
worked  by  mon  who  understand  it.  Some  of 
the  Media'val  buildings  in  this  coimty  arc 
built  with  oolite  of  the  Bath  typo.  As  there 
is  no  Budi  stone  found  in  Ireland,  it  is  thought 
that  Doulting  stone  w;i8  imported  ;  no  evidence 
has  ever  been  ottered  to  prove  that  such  a  stone 


was  ever  brought  to  this  county  for  building,  and 
oolites  arc  found  in  other  places  besides  Doulting. 
There  is   a  good  deal  of   this  stone  in  Tintern 
Abbey  (that  in  Wexford,  not  the  Monmouthshire 
building-  of  the  same  name),  which  is  close  to  the 
sea ;  it  is  probable,  therefore,  that  if  the  stone 
was  imported  the  quarry  from  which  it  came  was 
very  lilsely  close  to  some  river  or  waterway,  so  as 
to  admit  of   water  carriage  all  the  way.     Lower 
Silurian  rocks  were  quarried  for  building  at  Bally 
Thomas,  elvan  and  greenstone  ;   Baginbunhead, 
conglomerate     and     breccia  ;     Ballinabola    and 
Cushentown,    greenstone  ;     Ballinaslud,    Gorey, 
clay  slate  ;   Ballygillestown,  mica  schist ;    Glas- 
lacken,  bluish  grey  roofing  slate  ;  Ballyrannell,  a 
stone  between   granite   and  schist ;  Bally tegan, 
felstone  ;  Banoge,  grey  mica  schist ;    P.ellcarrig, 
felstone  and  greenstone  ;  Canpile  Ballyvelig  and 
neighbourhood,  felspathic  ash  ;   Camross  Moun- 
tain,  Cai-riganeagh,    Carrickbyrne  Hill,  Cherry 
Orchard,     Clologue,     Courtown,      Enniscorthy, 
Goreyhill,  Jamestown,  Kellystown,   Lackenhill, 
Monart,  New  Ross  and  its  neighbourhood.  Slieve- 
coiltha  and  neighbourhood ;  all  tliese furnished  fel- 
stones,  greenstones  and  clay  slatt  s,  which  were  at 
one  time  extensively  used  for  building  and  road 
making  in  this  county.     The  principil  quarries 
now    worked    are    Ballyrannel     (3)  ;     Drinagh, 
Drumgold  ;  and  several  at  Gorey  Hill.     Nearly 
all  of  these  are  in  igneous  rocks,  but  being  inter- 
bedded  with  the   Silurians,  and  are  consequently 
of  the  same  age.     The  slate  quarry  at  (ilaslacken 
is  still  worked  :  but  the  demand  for  slatcs  must 
be  small,  as   it   gives   employment   to  two  men 
only.     There    are    123    quarries    shown   on  the 
I  jrdnance  maps  of  the  county  ;  76  of  these  were 
worked  in  1860.  At  present  17  only  are  scheduled 
as  being  "alive,"  and  not  one  of  these  apparently 
is  worked  for  building  stone — that  is,  for  dress- 
ings.    The  whinstones  and  slate  rocks,  wherever 
found,  are,  of   course,  used   for  rough  walling. 
There   are   hydraulic   limestones   in    the  Carbo- 
niferous and  Silurian  rocks,  but  they  are  wholly 
neglected.     At   Carnsore    there   is  a  bright  red 
granite    which    was    formerly  worked  ;  but   the 
owner  thought  that  such  a  quarry  must  be. detri- 
mental   to    his     property,    so     the     men    were 
"evicted,"  and    the    quarry    closed.     The   new 
Land  Act  may  do  something  to  revive   the  de- 
cayed building  stone  quarry  industries  of  Ireland  ; 
but   this   is  donbtful,  for  the   grabbing  propen- 
sities of  landlord  parliaments  withhold  alt  mineral 
rights  from  the  peasantry,   while   making  them 
owners  of  the  land  by  purchase  at  a  figure  con- 
siderably beyond  what  the  surface  and  minerals 
are  worth.     When  landlords  seized  the  land  of 
these  counties  by  virtue  of  Acts  passed  by  them- 
selves, "  the  land  "  carried  everything  on  it  and 
under  it ;  but    now   they  are  parting   with  the 
land,  new  laws  in  their  own  interests  are  again 
made  by  them,  and  they  will  continue  to  be  made 
until  the  working  men  cease  to  elect  such  men  to 
Parliament.     It  anyone  would  care  to  know  what 
a  curse  landlords  and  lawyers  are  to  any  country, 
let  him  look  to  Ireland.     Bluish  roofing  slate  is 
found  in  the  Forth  mountains,  where  the  strata 
are  Cambrian  ;  greenish-grey  slates  are  raised  at 
Glaslacken,  and  bluish-grey  at  Ballyprecas.  both 
in  Silurian  rocks.    At  Slievebawn,  five  miles  from 
tiorey,  and  at  Killybeg,  four  miles  from  Ennis- 
corthy,  roofing  slates  wtre  obtained  in  the  same 
rocks.     There  is  no  doubt  that  good  slates  can  be 
found  in  the  Silurian  rocks  here.    Hitherto,  how- 
ever, no  great  measure  of  success  has  rewarded 
the   efforts    of   those   who   prospected   for  these, 
apparently  because  no  proper  method  of  working 
was  adopted. 

WICKLOW. 


The  rocks  in  this  county  are  Lower  Silurians, 
Cambrian,  Granite  (26.5,  302),  Felstone,  Arc.  Ark- 
low  and  Wicldow  are  built  on  Lower  Silurian 
rocks ;  Baltinglass,  granite.  Lower  Silurian ; 
Ralhdrum,  Lower  Silurian,  Felstone,  tireenstone. 
Moro  than  one-half  this  county  is  occupied  by 
granite,  and  the  other  half  by  Cambrian  and 
Silurian  rocks  more  or  less  altered.  The  Silurian 
and  Cambrian  altered  rocks  make  good  walling 
where  they  are  slaty,  for  thoy  are  hard  and  self- 
budded,  but  as  the  edges  are  nut  easily  dressed 
thoy  are  little  used  for  cut  stone  work.  The 
general  practice  is  to  use  slaty  rocks  for  walling, 
and  granite  for  ([uoins  and  other  dressings.  In 
some  places,  as  at  tJloncormick,  near  Bray,  the 
old  sedimentary  rocks  furnish  sandstones  which 
are  used  for  dressed  work.  A  tull'oso  sandstone 
was  used  for  tho  roof  of  St.  Kevin's  Kitchen, 
Glendalough,  and  this,  though  a  hard  working 
material,  is  dressed  to  tho  weathering  of  the  roof, 
which    is   wholly    of    stone.      In    the    "Seven 


Churches,"  slate  -  rock  and  granite  have  been 
used.  The  former  ia  apparently  imperishable, 
but  the  latter  is  much  decayed.  The  green 
tulf'ose  sandstones  found  in  the  less  altered 
rocks  in  the  west  of  the  county  make  good 
building  stones.  A  quarry  at  Glencormick 
furnished  a  cream-coloured  fine-grained  sili- 
cious  stone  which  was  much  used  in  Bray 
and  ihe  neighbourhood.  Liranite  is  the  chief 
building  stone  of  the  county ;  nearly  all  tho 
quarries  now  worked  are  at  Karneystown  or  at 
Ballyknockan*.  The  Karneystown  or  Ballybrew 
district  in(dudes  four  quarries  worked  by  Mr.  P. 
McGuire,  Mr.  J.  Tutty,  Mr.  H.  Roe,  and  Mr.  J. 
d'Grady  ;  the  Ballyknockan  quarries  are  worked 
by  Mr.  W.  Osborne,  Mr.  J.  A.  Brady,  Mr.  D. 
McEvoy,  Mr.  P.  O'Brien,  Mr.  A.  Freeman, 
Ut.  J.  O'Brien,  Mr.  .1.  Costello,  and  Mr.  M. 
Kavanagh.  Tho  Ballyknockan,  tilencullen,  and 
Scalp  (Quarries  furnished  nearly  all  the  granite 
used  in  the  public  buildings,  Dublin.  The 
Ballyknockan  granite  works  easier  than  the 
Kingstown  and  Dalkey  granites,  but  it  is  not  so 
durable  :  hence  it  is  a  favourite  building  stone 
with  the  Dublin  builders.  All  the  granites  of 
this  county  are  of  the  "  Lein^ter  type  "  ;  that  is, 
they  are  bright  grey,  felspathic,  and  sometimes 
regularly  jointed.  The  railway  station  at  Kings- 
town is  built  in  granite  ;  the  whole  district  lies 
on  granite,  yet  the  stone  for  the  station  buildings 
was  carted  twenty  miles  (from  Ballyknockan)  ; 
it  was  so  much  easier  to  work  the  granite  from 
the  latter  district  than  that  found  on  the  site. 
The  largest  quarry  in  Wicklow  is  "  Parnell's  "  ; 
it  gives  employment  to  over  160  men,  and  is 
worked  for  paving  setts. 

In  nearly  all  the  granites  of  the  Leinater  rango 
there  is  a  peculiar  structure  called,  by  tlie  work- 
men, "grain,"  and  in  some  districts  large  tracts 
of  granite  are  weathered  to  great  depths  iuto 
"  Growan,"  or  granite  sand.  In  the  Wicklow 
Mountains  there  are  granites  of  two  distinct  ages 
mixed  together ;  but  before  either  invaded  this 
place  it  was  occupied  by  shale,  slates,  and  sand- 
stones of  Cambrian  and  Silurian  ages,  each  being 
several  thousands  of  feet  thick.  Now,  as  the 
lowest  of  these  formations — the  Cambrian — is  not 
found  resting  on  the  granite  anywhere,  it  is 
evident  that  when  it  was  intruded  the  granite 
d  id  not  uplift  the  rocks  above.  The  probability  i.^, 
therefore,  that  the  molten  mass  ate  its  way 
slowly  and  gradually  through,  melting  and  ab- 
sorbing them  as  it  passed  upwards.  Jukes  thought 
that  at  no  very  great  distance  down  the  whole  of 
the  county  of  Wicklow  and  Wexford  is  underlaid 
by  a  continuous  mass  of  granite  with  a  very 
irregular  surface,  which  has  sent  out  in- 
numerable veins  of  the  same  rock  through 
the  overlying  sedimentary  strata  in  all  direc- 
tions. The  microscopical  structure  of  granite 
shows  that  it  consolidated  at  about  600' Fahr.,  a 
temperature  due  to  a  pressure  equal  to  that  of 
10,000ft.  of  rock.  If  this  is  true  of  the  Leinster 
granite,  this  enormous  mass  must  have  been  re- 
moved from  the  W^icklow  mountain  range  by  de- 
nudation, long  after  the  granite  was  formed,  .\bout 
the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  a  slate  vein 
was  worked  in  the  Silurian  rocks  near  Blessing- 
ton.  The  cleavage  was  good,  but  the  material 
was  not.  The  workings  were  not  extensive ;  but 
if  thoy  had  been  carried  to  a  greater  depth  it  is 
probable  that  the  (Quality  of  the  slate  would  im- 
prove. In  the  Cambrian  rocks  of  the  Devil's  Gler 
slate  was  worked  for  roofing  in  18 li  ;  but  owini^ 
to  trade  depression  tho  quarry  was  abandoned 
about  1854.  There  wore  other  slate  quarries  at 
Kilcavan,  near  Rathdrum,  at  Crehelp.  near  Duu- 
lavin,  and  at  Gibbet  Hill,  near  Cloncgal.  There 
aro  no  elato  quarries  in  this  county  at  present 
There  are  166  quarries  shown  on  the  Ordnance 
maps,  nine  mentioned  as  being  in  work  fifty 
years  ago.  -Vt  present  there  are  20,  includinsr 
tivo  of  gravel  and  sand. 


The  urban  district  council  of  Southsea  have 
adopted  Mr.  Harris's  revised  scheme  for  dealing 
with  the  back-flooding.  Mr.  Harris  recommends  a 
scheme  similar  to  that  of  tho  late  Sir  Frederick 
Brauiwell  for  the  erection  of  automatic  pumps  to 
discharge  into  the  sea  at  the  Burgoyne-roa  1  outlet 
in  times  of  stress,  to  iie  carried  out  at  the  estimated 
cost  of  .C2,'),0n0. 


•  The  English  spoiling  ot  Iriah  plnce-namo  is  phonetic, 
for  there  are  no  Buch  words  in  that  liinguiigo  as  "  UiUly- 
booloy,"  "Ballyknockan."  or  "llnUy"'  anythinR  else. 
Irish  names  arc,  therefore,  represented  in  Unghsh  by  any 
iwciublagcot  letters  which  may  give  tho  -.".  >  ot  iha 
coircet  mate  in  Irish.  For  instance,  the  capit*!  is  Dubh- 
linn  (the  black  pool)  Anglicised  UubUo,  which  means 
nothing. 


760 


THE    BTHLDING    NEWS. 


Mat  27,  1904. 


OBITUARY. 
The   unexpected   death   occurred   on   Monday 
■week  of  Mr.   Robeut  J.  Chapman,  architect  and 
surveyor,   of  the   firm  of  Chapman  and  Snape, 
M.iwcastle-under-Lyne,  at  Kmg's  Field  Hou^e, 
King-street,  where  he  resided  with  his  partner, 
jlr.  J.  T.  ynape.     Though  he  had  been  in  a  pre- 
carious sttte  of  health  for  some  years  owing  to 
heart  diseise,  and  had  recently   recovered  from 
somewhat  severe  indisposition,   Mr.    Chapman's 
death  was  quite  unexpected,  and  occurred  with- 
out warning  whilst  sitting  in  a  cha'r  reading. 
The  deceased  was  a  bachelor  and  55  years  of  age. 
He   was  the  son  of  the  late  Mr.   R.  Chapman,  , 
for  many  years  borough  surveyor  of  Newcastle.  | 
Mr.  Chapman  was  a  vice-president  of  the  New-  '< 
Ciistle   Conservative  Club,   of    which   he    was   a 
member   for    over    30    years.     He   was    also    a 
Freemason,  and  for  some  years  secretary  to  the 
Sutherland  Lodge  of  T'nity,  No.  400. 


CHIPS. 

The  Salford  Tramways  Committee  are  laying 
tramways  from  the  junction  at  Worsley-road, 
Wmton,  to  the  boundary  of  the  borough  of  Eocles, 
a*  Alderforest.  There  their  lines  will  join  the 
South  Lancashire  system  from  Leigh  and  Booths- 
town,  and  from  Bolton  and  Walkden. 

A  memorial  is  about  to  be  erected  in  front  of  the 
Victoria  Rooms,  Bristol,  to  the  members  of  the 
Gloucester  Rsgiment  who  fell  in  South  Africa.  Mr. 
Onslow  Whiting  is  the  sculptor.  j 

Mr.  J.  U.  Sowter  has  been  appointed  electrical 
en.;meer  at  Bray,  County  Dublm,  at  a  salary  of 
£21 )  a  yexr — double  that  which  he  was  receiving  at 
Dorchester.  | 

New  elementary  schools  have  been  built  at ' 
Harringay  at  a  cost  of  £40,000.  la  the  higher 
elementary  school  there  is  accommodation  for  310 
scholars,  and  in  the  ordinary  elementary  school 
accommodation  for  900.  The  architects  are  Messrs. 
A.  Mitchell  and  A.  M.  Butler,  of  Fmsbury-circus, 
niii  the  builders  Messrs.  McCormick  and  Sons,  of  i 
I-iiington.  I 

Business  was  transferred  on  Monday  from  the  old  ' 
to  the  new  post-office  erected  in  High-street,  i 
Musselburgh.  The  new  office  is  a  few  doors  east- 
ward from  the  old  one.  It  has  a  public  office,  with 
sorting-hall,  on  the  ground  floor,  with  courtyard 
and  out  offices  behind.  On  the  upper  fiat  there  are 
the  telegraph  room,  telephone  room,  and  aecommo- 
dation  for  temale  staff  and  messengers. 

Mr.  Sidney  Stallard,  lately  surveyor  to  the 
Croydon  Rural  District  Council,  has  been  appointed 
county  surveyor  of  Oxfordshire  (out  of  186  candi- 
dates) at  a  salary  of  £150  a  year. 

The  Bishop  of  Worcester  consecrated  on  Tuesday 
a  new  altar  and  dedicated  an  east  window  in  the 
ancient  parish  church  of  Astley,  near  .Stourport, 
where  a  great  work  of  restoration  has  just  been 
completed.     This  has  entailed  an  outlay  of  £2,400. 

The  Aberdeen  High  School  for  Girls  has  been 
enlarged  by  a  wing  connected  with  the  old  school 
by  a  covered  glazed  corridor  80tt.  long.  A  school 
hall  and  gymnasium,  80ft.  by  35ft.,  is  provided  on 
the  ground  floor,  while  on  the  first  floor  are  science 
classrooms,  with  cookery  and  domestic  rooms 
above.  The  architect  for  the  new  wing,  which  has 
cost  £9,300,  is  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen,  of  Aberdeen. 

The  Finsbury  Borough  Council  proposs  to  remove 
the  old  obelisk  at  the  corner  of  Goswell  and  City- 
roads,  and  to  erect  in  its  place  a  public  clock. 

The  name  of  Hanry  Rowley  Ellis,  architect,  of 
Great  Grimsby,  appears  in  Tuesday's  list  of 
adjudications  in  bankruptcy. 

An  extraordinary  case  was  heard  on  Tuesday  at 
Newcastle-under-Lyme  Police-court,  where  thirty- 
four  people  were  charged  with  steaUng  several  tons 
of  wood.  The  owner  of  some  cottage  property  in 
Baker-street  had  decided  to  demolish  some  of  the 
houses,  and  a  fence  was  placed  round  them  for  this 
purpose.  Visiting  the  houses  one  day,  the  owner 
was  surprised  to  find  they  had  been  razed  to  the 
ground  and  every  atom  of  wood  carried  awa^.  The 
charge  was  reduced  to  one  of  wilful  damage,  and 
defendants  were  ordered  to  pay  the  value  of  the 
wood  and  costs. 

The  Bishop  of  Exeter  laid,  on  Tuesday,  the 
foundation-stone  of  a  chancel  and  sanctuary  at  the 
British  Seamen's  Orphan  Boys'  Home,  Brixham. 
The  new  budding  is  being  erected  at  the  end  of  the 
existing  schoolroom,  and  will  consist  of  a  chancel 
and  a  vestry,  which  wdl  be  divided  from  the  present 
building  by  a  chancel  arch  with  a  screen.  The  work 
13  to  be  carried  out  in  rubble  masonry  and  Bith 
stone  dressings.  The  roof  will  be  of  open  timber  to 
the  ruige,  and  the  chancel  will  be  paved  with  wood 
blocks  and  tiles.     A  bell  will  be  hung  outside  the 

fm      P^\'*'fT    ■'^^^  "«"  buildTug  will  cost 
i-lOO.    Col.  Appleton  is  the  honorary  architect. 


pkofessionaIj  and  tkadb 
sooiET  :es. 

An  Arch/eological  Exci'rsion-  to  the  West 
Coast  oi-  Scotland. — Late  on  Sunday  night  the 
steamer  rrliiress  Jlej.trii-e  arrived  at  Stornoway 
with  a  party  of  about  seveaty  on  a  week's  cruise 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland Antiquarian  and  Arch;c3'.ogical  Society. 
They  are  visiting  the  churches,  cells,  and  crosses 
of  tlie  early  Columbian  missionaries,  prehistoric 
forts  and  circles,  medi;eval  castles,  &i;.  Starting 
from  Obin  on  Friday,  they  visited  the  Firth  of 
Iiorne  and  Jura  Island.  Saturday  was  spent  in 
Islay  and  Oronsay.  On  Monday  they  drove  from 
Stornoway  to  the  famous  stone  circle  at  CoUanish 
and  the  Doune  at  CUrloway.  On  Tuesday  they 
proceeded  to  Kodle,  Harris,  then  to  Dunvegan, 
Canna,  and  Tiree.  All  Wednesday  was  devoted 
to  lona,  and  yesterday  (Thursday)  the  rrim-rsi 
Beatrief  reached  Oban  in  time  to  connect  with 
the  trains  for  the  south. 

Di'Mi'RiES  Antiquarian  Society. — Atameeting 
of  this  society,  on  Friday  evening,  Mr.  James 
Barbour,  architect,  read  a  paper  on  "  Vestiges  of 
the  Old  Castle  of  Dumfries,"  to  which  Robert 
Bruce  proceeded  when  he  had  slain  Comyn  at  the 
monastery  of  the  town,  and  which  was  captured 
from  the  English  garrison.  The  castle  was  at  the 
south  end  of  the  town,  close  to  the  river  Nith,  in 
a  property  known  as  Castledykes,  and  which  was 
lately  purchased  by  the  town  council  to  obtain  on 
part  of  the  laud  a  site  for  sewage  purification 
work?.  Mr.  Barbour  stated  that  it  had  been  a 
moated  castle,  and  the  fosse  encompassing  the 
citadel  could  still  be  clearly  followed  on  the 
north,  east,  and  west  sides.  On  the  east  side, 
where  it  is  open  and  practically  intact,  it  is  from 
25ft.  to  soft,  deep,  6ft.  wide  at  the  bottom,  and 
50  !t.  to  60ft  wide  at  the  top.  They  appeared  to 
be  as  large  and  formidable  barriers  of  defence  as 
any  of  the  ditches  of  military  works  in  Scotland. 
Edward  I.,  in  L300,  greatly  strengthened  the 
castle.  According  to  calculations  made  by  Dr. 
George  Neilson,  ditchers  to  the  number  of  250, 
with  some  women  helpers,  worked  on  the  fosses 
for  a  fortnight,  and  60  to  100  carpenters,  with 
two  dozen  smiths,  were  continuously  at  work  for 
a  period  of  between  two  and  three  months  cutting 
timber  in  Inglew-ood  Forest,  Cumberland,  and  in 
woods  near  Dumfries,  transporting  the  material, 
and  constructing  with  it  a  strong  palisade  round 
the  castle.  Whether  the  palisade  was  the  only 
carpenter  work  undertaken  seemed  doubtful,  con- 
sidering the  number  of  workmen  employed  and 
the  time  occupied.  It  was  a  notable  circumstance 
that  masons  were  not  represented  among  the 
craftsmen.  We  had  no  evidence  of  stone  build- 
ings. Mr.  Barbour  added  that  he  hoped  to  see 
the  property  soon  added  to  the  public  park. 

Manchester  Society  or  Architects. — On  the 
evening  of  April  26  the  Manchester  Society  of 
Architects  began  their  summer  programme  by  a 
visit  to  the  new  transit  sheds  for  the  Ship  Canal. 
The  sheds  are  entirely  of  ferro  -  concrete,  on 
the  Hennebique  system,  the  roofs  being  covered 
with  Limmer  asphalte.  Mr.  Williams,  the  resi- 
dent engineer,  showed  the  visitors  through  sheds 
in  various  stages  of  erection,  and  the  visit  was  a 
most  instructive  one.  The  next  visit  (on  May  17) 
dealt  with  a  very  different  branch  of  an  archi- 
tect's work,  the  members  visiting  the  works  of 
the  Pilkington  Tile  Company  at  Clifton  Junction. 
Such  a  works,  seen  under  the  guidance  of  such  an 
enthusiast  as  Mr.  Burton,  the  manager,  shows 
one  something  of  the  wonderful  fascination  of  the 
potter's  craft ;  and  explanations  of  the  various 
processes,  from  the  raw  clay  to  the  very  beautiful 
finished  tile  or  pottery,  were  listened  to  with  the 
keenest  interest. 


Dr.  King,  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  laid  on  the  IPth 
inst.  the  foundation-stone  of  the  new  All  Saints' 
Church,  Heneage-street,  Grimsby.  The  church, 
which  is  in  the  Perpendicular  style,  is  estimated  to 
cost  £7,800. 

Mrs.  Julia  Gribble,  widow  of  the  late  Mr. 
Herbert  A.  Gribble,  architect,  died  on  the  17th  inst. 
She  has  survived  her  husband,  the  designer  of  the 
Oratory  Church  at  Brompton,  by  nearly  ten  years. 
Their  sou,  Mr.  Bernard  Gribble,  is  a  well-known 
exhibitor  at  the  Royal  Aoidemy. 

On  Sunday  week  the  fifteenth  anniversary  of  th&- 
late  Rev.  Father  Richard  Francis  Davis,  O.S.B.,  of 
Coughton,  a  new  stained-glass  window,  the  third  of 
a  series  presented  by  Mr.  E  iward  R^eve  to  the 
Church  of  Our  Lady  and  St.  Joseph,  was  unveiled 
to  the  memory  of  this  priest  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  at  Alcester.  The  artists  are  Messrs.  Hard- 
man  and  Co.,  of  Birmingham. 


WATEK  SUPPLY  AND  SANITAKY 
MATTERS. 

BlKMINGHAlT      WELSH      WaTEE      ScHEME.  —  The 

annual  report  of  the  water  committee  of  the  Bir- 
mingham City  Council  states,  with  reference  to  the 
Welsh  water  undertaking  in  the  Elan  Valley,  that 
the  filter-beds  are  the  most  backward,  and  it  is 
upon  these  that  the  delivery  of  water  chiefly 
depends.  The  means  of  through  communication 
between  Foel  tunnel  and  aqueduct  will  very  shortly 
be  established,  and  a  sufficient  number  of  filter-beds 
will  be  completed  to  permit  the  commencement  of 
the  supply,  and  the  remainder  of  the  beds  will  be 
brought  into  use  as  quickly  as  possible.  The 
aqueduct  is  now  in  a  sufficiently  forward  state  to 
permit  of  the  passage  of  water  from  end  to  end,  with 
the  exception  of  the  section  immediataly  in  con- 
nection with  the  Foel  filter-beds.  In  consequence  of 
the  backward  condition  of  the  filter-beds,  the  supply 
to  Birmingham  at  first  will  only  be  a  small  portion 
of  the  whole;  but  it  will  be  a  quantity  con- 
stantly increasing  as  the  filter  area  brought  into 
operation  is  extended.  The  committee  are  specially 
desirous  of  obtaining  the  supply  as  early  as  possible. 
They  further  wish  to  secure  the  advantage  of  cur- 
tailing pumping  as  soon  as  possible,  and  have 
accordingly  instructed  the  engineers  to  begin  send- 
ing water  through  the  aqueduct  at  as  early  a  date 
as  may  be.  The  amount  expended  on  the  works  in 
the  Elan  Valley  during  the  year  was  £203,454, 
giving  a  total  of  £1,603,703.  The  amount  expended 
on  the  whole  scheme  during  the  year  was  £352,895, 
giving  a  total  to  March  31  of  £5,255,991  ISs.  5d. 


CHIPS. 

The  partnership  hitherto  subsisting  been  G.  A. 
Vallance  and  H.  Blythe,  builders  and  contractors, 
Mansfield,  Nottinghamshire,  under  the  style  of 
Vallance  and  Blythe  has  been  dissolved. 

In  the  open  space  facing  the  Elizabethan  mansion 
of  Christchurch  in  the  beautiful  park  acquired  some 
years  since  by  the  corporation  of  Ipswich,  a  pedestal 
of  freestone,  treated  in  the  Renaissance  style,  has 
for  many  months  been  waiting  to  be  capped  by  a 
bronze  statue  of  the  late  Queen  Victoria.  The 
statue,  the  work  of  Mr.  Herbert  Hempton,  has  at 
last  been  completed  by  the  founders,  and  will  be 
formally  unveiled  by  the  Marquis  of  Bristol 
to-morrow  (Saturday).  The  total  cost,  raised  by 
public  subscription  to  which  some  9,000  towns- 
people contributed,  has  been  £2,500. 

The  Principal  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum 
have  appointed  Mr.  G.  F.  Warner  as  Keeper  of 
Manuscripts,  and  Mr.  Cecil  Harcourt  Smith  as 
Keeper  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities. 

.The  foundation-stone  for  new  baths  to  be  erected 
in  Leeds-road  by  the  Bradford  City  Council,  at  a 
cost  of  £6,000,  was  formally  laid  on  Thursday  in 
last  week.  The  baths  are  to  be  built  on  a  site  of 
2,247  square  yarcs,  purchased  by  the  council  at  a 
cost  of  £1,123.  The  swimming-bath  will  be  60ft. 
by  20ft.,  and  in  addition  there  will  be  15  douche 
baths,  12  slipper-baths  for  males,  and  10  for  females. 

The  line  over  the  two  long  stone  viaducts  east- 
ward of  Truro  railway  station,  which  have  super- 
seded Brunei's  wooden  structures,  was  doubled  on 
Sunday  week.  The  length  dealt  with  was  about 
forty  chains.  The  work  was  executed  under  the 
superintendence  of  Mr.  Harris,  inspector  of  perma- 
nent way,  Lostwithiel. 

The  first  public  building  given  to  the  town  of 
Wellington,  Salop,  has  been  formally  handed  over  to 
the  urban  district  council  by  Mr.  France  Hayhurst, 
of  Overley  Hall.  It  is  a  free  library  erected  in 
Walker-street,  in  a  central  position,  the  urban 
council  and  board  of  guardians'  offices  being  in  the 
same  street.  The  site  was  given  by  Mr.  Hayhurst, 
in  addition  to  a  subscription  of  £400.  Mr.  Andrew 
Carnegie  also  gave  £500.  The  new  building  is  in  the 
Gothic  style,  and  has  cost  about  £1,185. 

It  has  been  decided  to  erect  a  new  church  of  St. 
Paul's,  Newcastle-under-Lyme,  in  the  place  of  the 
iron  structure.  The  church  is  estimated  to  cost 
£5,000,  and  towards  this  Mr.  A.  F.  CoghiU  has 
promised  £2,000. 

The  foundation-stone  in  connection  with  the  first 
Baptist  church  in  the  Isle  of  Man  was  laid  on 
Wednesday  week.  The  new  church  is  to  be  erected 
in  Broadway,  at  a  cost  of  .£3,800. 

Mr.  Danforth  Hurlbut  Ainsworth,  M.Am.Soc, 
C.E.,  who  recently  died  in  Des  Moines,  was  one  of 
the  most  noteworthy  members  of  the  group  of 
remarkable  engineers  engaged  in  the  early  railway 
building  west  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

Anew  organ,  built  by  Messrs.  Hele  and  Co.,  of 
Plymouth,  has  been  placed  in  the  noble  15-century 
parish  church  of  St  Mary  Magdalene,  Lauuoeston. 
The  dedication  service  took  place  on  Wednesday  in 
last  week. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  Chelmsford  Rural  District 
Council,  the  Local  Government  Board  wrote 
sanctioning  a  loan  of  £6,430  for  the  purposes  of  the 
Writtle  sewerage  scheme. 


May  27,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


761 


CONTENTS. 
^♦-t 


DeTelopmcnt-s— Strm-'tunil  and  Scientiftj     

British  Engin*.-erins?  Staadaid  Coded  Liata 

Exhibition  uf  Sienese  Pictures 

John  Webb  Singer,  of  Frome    

A  Plaster  Mantelpiece 

The  Surveyors' Institution 

Summer-IIouse,  Shadwell  Court      

Books  Received      

British  Foundrymen'a  Association 

Sketches  from  the  Home  Aits  and  Industries  Exhibi- 
tion      

New  System  of  Tunnel  Construction     

The  Forests  of  Eastern  Canada        

Irish  Building  Stones.— XIV. 

Obituary    

Professional  and  Trade  Societies     

Water  Supply  and  Sanitaiy  Matters      

The  Building  News  Directory 

Our  Illustrations    

Statues,  Memorials,  &c 

Building  Intelligence    

Correspondence      

Intercommimication     

2->egal  Intelligence 

Our  Office  Table    

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  Week      

TradeNews     

Latest  Prices    

List  of  Competitions  Open 

List  of  Tenders  Open   

Tenders     


\    STKEET     rUOXT,    COLCIII^STKU. 

This  is  the  front  elevation  of  the  new  premises 
5jj    in  the  High-street,  belonging  to  the  f,ondon  and 

751  County  Hanking   Co.,   Ltd.     The   building    has 

752  1  recently  been  erected  on  the  site  of  the  old  bank. 
l^?  i  Above  the  fivst-lloor  windows  the  fai.ride  is  faced 
7?^  !  with  brown  Tortland  stone,  with  bands  of  blue 
755  !  Pennant,  and  below  this  grey  Cornish  granite  is 
'SO  ,  used.     The  joiner's   work,  as  well  as  the  ollice 

fittings,  is  all  carried  nut  in  teak.  There  is  ample 
strong-room  accommndation  in  the  basement,  and 
above  the  ground  floor  is  a  residence  for  I'le 
manager,  with  a  tradesmen's  entrance  from 
Culver-street  at  the  rear.  Considerable  dilliculty 
...  760  was  met  witli  in  planning,  owing  to  the  narrow- 
ness of  the  eite,  and  this  necessitated  placing  the 
entrance  to  the  manager's  residence  on  the  mez- 
zinine  landing  approached  from  the  bank  lobby. 
During  the  excavation  work  a  large  number  of 
old  coins,  of  various  dates,  was  discovered  and 
were  claimed  by  the  Crown  as  "  treasure  trove." 
Mr.  W.  Campbell  Jones  is  the  architect,  and  his 
drawing  is  in  the  Koyal  Academy  Exhibition  this 
year. 


756 

758 
758 
758 
760 
760 


761 
761 

780 
781 
781 
782 
782 
783 
784 
78-1 
785 
785 
786 


STATUES,    MEMORIALS,    See. 

YoEK. — Maj.-*!en  .^ir  Leshe  Ruudle,  command- 
ing the  Xorth-Eastern  District,  unveiled  at  Vork, 
on  Wednesday,  a  memorial  which  has  been  erected 
in  that  city  by  their  surviving  comrades  to  com- 
memorate men  of  the  Alexandra  Princess  of  Wales's 
Own  (Yorkshire  Regt.  or  Ureen  Howards),  who 
were  killed  in  the  action  or  who  died  of  wounds  or 
diseaee  during  the  South  African  War.  The  monu- 
ment, which  is  situated  on  a  triangular  piece  of 
ground  at  one  end  of  the  Skeldergate-bridge,  takes 
the  form  of  an  obelisk  of  Peterhead  granite,  i'ft. 
in  height,  and  has  four  panels,  on  which  are 
engraved  the  names  of  three  oflicers  and  iss  men. 
The  front  face  bears  a  bronze  representation  of  the 
regimental  arms,  the  Princess  of  Wales's  (now 
l^ueen  Alexandra's)  cipher  with  a  cross  and  coronet. 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

THE  KI.NCj'S  S.VS.VTOEIUII,  :MU>IirRST. — SHIl'TOS  COURT; 
DISISO  ,\ND  DRAWING  ROOMS.— DESKiS  KOR  W.VKEFIELD 
rUBLIC  LIBRARY. — UOUSE  AT  RIOHY. — A  STREET  FRONT, 
COLCHESTER.  —  DISArTEARlNG  MONASTIC  RUINS  IN 
LINCOLNSHIRE. — THE  CHURCH  OF  ST.  OSWALD,  RAND, 
LINCS. — PLASTER  MANTELl'IECE  FROM  OLD  HOUSE,  COLLY- 
HURST,  LOtiWOOD  MILLS.— SUIIUER-HOUSE,  SHADWELL 
COURT.— SKETCHES  FROM  THE  HOME  .ARTS  .AND  INDUSTRIES 
EXHIBITION. 


(Dux  $llustrati0tts. 


THE    KING  S    SAN'ATORIIM,    MIIllURST. 

The  drawing  we  illustrate  this  week  is  of  the 
proposed  Medical  Superintendent's  House  at  the 
King  Edward  VII.  Sinatorium,  MiJhurst.  The 
plan  has  study,  dining  and  drawing  rooms,  and 
kitchen  (with  usual  offices)  on  the  ground  floor, 
and  six  bedrooms,  bath,  Jtc,  on  the  first  floor. 
Elevations  of  red  facing  bricks  and  bath -stone 
dressings,  with  local  hand-made  tiles  for  the  roof 
and  hanging  tiles.  The  architect  is  Mr.  H.  Percy 
Adams,  F.R.I.B.A.,  2S,  Wo'burn-pl.ace,  Russell- 
square,  \V.C. 

Snil'TON"  COl'RT,    OxriX. 

These  two  interior  drawings  are  now  at  the  Royal 


DISAI'PEAUIXr;     MONASTIC    RVIXS    IX    I.IXCOLNSHIllE. 

The  sketches  here  given  are  probably  the  only 
records  made  of  two  fast- disappearing  monastic 
ruins  since  Birling's  Abbey  was  illustrated  in  the 
' '  Monasticon  Anglicanum."  Barling's  .\bbey  of 
Premonstratensian  Canons,  dedicated  to  the 
Virgin  Jlary,  and  founded,  in  1131,  was  one  of 
the  most  important  religious  houses  in  the  king- 
dom. The  Premonstratensians,  called  "White 
Canons  on  account  of  their  white  habits,  held  that 
St.  Mary  the  Virgin  had  herself  prescribed 
these  white  garments.  The  sketch  of  Bullington 
Priory  shows  all  that  now  remains  of  a  Gilbertine 
house,  of  which.  Tanner  tays,  "  Simon  Fitz- 
william,  or  He  Kyma,  built  in  his  pirk  here  a 
religious  house  for  a  'prior  and  convent  of  both 
sexes,  under  the  rule  of  St.  Gilbert  of  Sepring- 
ham,  to  the  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary." 
This  order,  founded  in  the  12th  century,  com- 
prised, in  all,  twenty-six  h".usc9.  The  women 
followed  the  Cistercian  regulations  of  St.  Bene- 
dict's rule,  and  the  men  that  of  St  Austin. 

J.  E.  Dixox-Si'Aix. 


THE    iHUUCH 


RAXD, 


T.    OSWALD  THE    MARTYR 
LINCS. 

The  illustration  shows  one  of  the  numerous  lit'le- 
known  churches  that  stud  Lincolnshire,  and 
which  are  full  of  interest  for  the  architect.  St. 
Oswald's  Church,  at  Rind,  has  been  recently 
restored  and  made  sound  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Diion- 
Spain.  Its  chief  interest,  perhaps,  lies  in  the 
rich  store  of  mural  monuments  it  possfsses;  one 
.  -,,  .,     ^r-   ,  .         ,    •        of  -which  is  shown  in  our  sketch,  as  is  also  an 

Academy.     We  gave  the  third  perspective,  show-    exceedingly  beautiful  early  recumbent  figure  on 
ing  the  ha  1   also  m  the  same  exhibition,  on  the    ^^^  north  side  of  the  chancel. 

occasion  of  the  opening  on  April  29  last,  when  a 

reference  to  the  work  was  made.     Mr.  Bulmer,  of  ^ 

Messrs.    Perkins  and  Bulmer,  of    Leeds,  is   the 
architect  who  has  carried  out  the  work  illustrated. 


AAAKEIIELI)    I'LliLIC    LIIUIARY. 


The  new  Continental  pier  at  Folkestone,  which 
has  cost  upwards  of  £500,000,  is  to  be  opened  in 
July. 
In  Park-row,  Bristol,  the  Woodland  Hotel 
This  is  the  design  submitted  by  Mr.  Arnold  B.  premises  have  been  converted  into  new  headquarters 
Mitchell,  F.R.I.B.A.,  and  to  which  the  third  for  the  Bristol  Engineer  Volunteers,  and  a  block  of 
premium  of  £10  was  awarded.  During  the  past  buildings  has  beeu  erected  on  the  same  side  of  the 
fortnight  we  have  given  the  first  and  second  street  by,  and  for,  Messrs.  J.  Lovell  and  Sons,  con- 
premiated  plans.  This  design  has  the  merit  of  tractors.  Mr.  J.  Hart,  of  Corn-street,  Bristol,  was 
directness  and  squareness  of  arrangement,  coupled  :  tl^e  architect  of  both  groups  of  buddings  The  front 
with  a  degree  of  architectural  contrivance  which  °!  Messrs  Lovell's  P/^^-^f^^,  '^„  f^f  «^,/.'' . '''^ 
1  A     T,  At       c  i.1.  ■        At         1   ,,       Georeian  style.     It  is  faced  with  liracKuell  bricks, 

appeared  to  be  worthy  of  the  occasion  though  the  '^^^%\^y,  l^^^^  dressings,  and  plaster  gables,  with 
scale  was  beyond  the  c^.st  limit  fixed  by  the  con-  modelled  ornamentation  executed  by  Mr.  Gilbert 
ditions.  Ihe  report  alluding  to  this  and  the  Seale,  of  London.  The  treatment  of  the  showroom 
other  preiniated  proposals  was  printed  on  page  on  the  ground  floor  is  carried  out  in  the  Adams  style. 
.578  of  the  present  volume  of  the  Bi-.l.,inu  News,  ■  -^^^^^^^  ^j  Montrose  has  recently  opened 

showing  exactly  how  each  was  deat  with  by  the  :  j^g  Laufiue  Home  for  Consumptives,  erected 
advisory  architect,_  Mr.  Maurice  B.  Adams,  in  „jf^iu  the  policies  of  Broomhill  Home  at  Kirkiu- 
submitting  his  choice  for  the  consideration  of  the  tilloch.  The  liome  is  intended  for  patients  who  are 
<'ity  Council.  The  author  gave  it  as  his  opinion  beyond  the  point  .xt  which  treatment  in  a  sanatorium 
that  tho  design  illustrated  could  be  carried  out  for  would  be  beneficial,  and  is  the  first  institution  of 
£8,000,  including  the  architect's  fees  and  clerk  of  '  this  specific  character  opened  in  Scotland.  It  has 
works  salary,  though  '•  severe  economy  in  all  been  erected  from  £20,000  left  for  the  purpose  by 
matters"  would  have  to  be  exercised  to  koco  to    the  late  Miss  Martha  Brown,  of  Lintirie,  Ayrshire 

-  -       -  '^         The  home  has  been  erected  to  the  oast  of  Broomliill 

Home  for  Incurables.  It  has  been  built  in  the  form 
of  the  letter  L.  There  is  an  Iiospital  section  of  one 
story,  and  behind  is  an  administrative  block  of  two 
stories.  In  the  hospital  block  are  two  main  wards, 
one  for  men  and  another  tor  women.  There  are 
also  two  single  rooms  for  patients,  giving  in  all 
accommodation  for  eighteen  beds.  A  reception- 
room,  bathroom,  lavatories,  and,  in  the  basement,  a 
laundry  and  washhouse  complete  the  equipment. 
The  walls  have  heoii  plastered  in  an  impervious 
cement,  with  all  corners  rounded,  whilst  tho  maple 


this  figure.  Local  red  bricks  and  local  stone  were 
intended,  and  the  domes,  also  tlat  roofs,  in  sheet 
lead. 

HOISK   AT    UKiHY. 

This  house  was  built  by  Jlessrs.  I.innelland  Sjn, 
of  Kugby,  for  Mr.  E.  A.  St.  Hill.  It  is  of  Bath 
stone  and  roughcast,  the  upper  part  of  the  walls 
being  hung  with  green  Westmoreland  slates.  Tho 
roof  is  also  covered  with  the  same  slates.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  .lohn  W.  Simpson,  of  .'>,  Vorulam 


Buildings,  Gray's  Inn.   The  drawing  is  exhibited    flooring  of  tho  wards  will  be  chemically  treated  and 
at  tho  Royal  .Vcademy.  '•  afterwards  polished. 


CHIPS. 

In  the  case  of  the  application  on  behalf  of  Hugh 
Dean,  Failsworth,  Lancashire,  joiner,  builder,  and 
contractor,  formerly  carrying  on  business  in  partner- 
ship with  George  VVilson  under  the  style  of  Deau 
and  Wilson,  as  joiuera,  builders,  and  contractors, 
the  order  of  discharge  has  been  suspended  for  two 
years. 

Progress  is  being  made  with  t'ae  Berber-Suakin 
railway.  Material  is  on  the  ground  for  -JO  miles, 
and  at  the  Berber  end  the  lines  have  already  been 
laid  for  a  distance  of  15  miles.  The  work  is  being 
pushed  from  the  Suakin  end,  where  there  is  a  good 
dealofheavy  rock-cutting  to  be  done.  Important 
docks  are  under  construction  at  Suakin.  The  line, 
which  will  be  some  250  miles  in  length,  is  expected 
to  be  opeued  by  October,  1906. 

Field-Marshal  Sir  Evelyn  Wood  will  unveil  the 
S.A.  War  Memorial  at  Beaumont  College  on  the 
school  speech  day,  which  is  fixed  for  July  2.  The 
memorial  consists  of  a  mural  tablet  in  marble  and 
alabaster,  erected  from  designs  by  Mr.  Giles  Gilbert 
Scott,  in  the  dining-hall,  and  commemorates  the 
five  Beaumont  boys  who  lost  their  lives  in  the  South 
African  War. 

An  art  gallery  and  museum  is  being  built  in 
Queen's-road,  Bristol,  the  cost  being  home  by  Sir 
W.  H.  Wills,  Birt.  Mr.  Frank  Wills  is  the 
architect,  and  Messrs  Cowlin  and  Son,  of  Bristol, 
were  the  contractors. 

The  foundation-stone  of  the  Godfrey  Ermen 
Home  of  Best  for  the  Blind  at  Southport,  which  has 
been  presented  to  the  Manchester  and  Salford  Blind 
.iid  Society  by  the  residuary  legatees  of  the  lata 
Mr.  Godfrey  Ermen,  was  laid  last  week.  The  new 
home  is  being  erected  in  Roe-lane,  to  the  plans 
of  Mr.  Joh-.  Brooke,  A.R.I.B.A.,  Manchester,  at  a 
cost  of  £5,500. 

At  the  Northwich  workhouse  on  Tuesday  week, 
Mr.  F.  St.  George  Mivart,  Local  Government 
Board  inspector,  inquired  into  the  County  Council's 
application  to  borrow  £U,500  for  the  purpose  of 
erecting  .an  infectious  diseases  hospital  for  the 
Northwich  Rural  and  the  Xorthwich,  Middlewich, 
and  Winsford  Urban  Joint  Hospital  District.  The 
plans  were  submitted  by  Mr.  J.  Cawley,  architect, 
who  explained  various  details.  The  building  is  to 
accommodate  34  patients,  divided  into  the  following 
blocks  :  Scarlet  fever,  10  ;  typhoid,  10  ;  observation, 
8.  There  will  also  be  accommodation  for  a  staff  of 
15,  a  porter's  lodge,  and  a  mortuary  suitably 
situated. 

The  Withington  I'rban  Dlslrict  Council  have 
received  the  sanction  of  the  Local  Government 
Board  to  the  borrowing  of  11,443  for  the  purchase 
of  land  at  Mauley  Park,  and  12,055  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  school  on  the  site.  It  has  beeu  resolved 
to  apply  to  the  Local  Government  Board  for  sanc- 
tion to  borrow  £20,000  for  the  Chorlton  new  out- 
fall sewage  and  storm -water  reservoirs. 

The  new  bridge  for  Cairo,  the  order  for  which 
has  lieen  given  by  the  Egyptian  tJovernment  to  Sir 
W.  Arrol  and  Co.,  of  Glasgow,  and  Messrs.  Head, 
Wrightsou,  and  Co.,  of  Thoruatiy,  will  he  of  steel 
construction,  in  spans  of  llOft.,  supported  upon 
cylinders  of  stool.  Tho  length  is  one-third  of  a 
mile,  the  width  (!5ft.,  and  the  foundations  are  to 
be  lOOft.  below  the  surface.  The  bridge  will  take 
the  place  of  an  old  one  higher  up  tho  Nile,  iiud  will 
provide  a  direct  road  to  the  Pyramids.  It  is  to  con- 
nect the  island  of  Rodah  with  the  banks  of  the  Nile. 
After  undergoing  extensive  repairs,  the  parish 
church  of  St.  Michael  and  All  Angels,  Marwood, 
near  Birnstaple,  was  reopened  last  week  by  tho 
Bishop  of  Exeter.  So  dilapidated  had  tho  church 
become  in  recent  years  that  it  had  been  dcscrilwd 
by  some  as  "a  barn."  The  total  cost  of  the 
restoration  and  tho  new  org.xn  amounted  to  11,100. 
Owing  to  the  urgent  need  of  more  electrical  jjlant 
for  tramway  propulsion,  the  Rochdale  'lowii 
Council,  at  their  last  meetinc,  decided,  on  the 
advice  of  Professor  A.  W.  B.  Kennedy,  F.R.S.,  to 
commence  at  once  an  extension  of  the  Dane-street 
Electric  Power  Station  at  an  estimated  cost  of  from 
£15,000  to  »;  10,000. 


762 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  27,  1904 


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THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


I^Iay  27,  1904. 


Bulling  Jnt^llisena 

— •-♦-• — 

Hemjilingtox. — The  parish  church  -was  re- 
opened on  Thursday  in  last  week  by  the  Bishop 
of  Norwich.  The  church,  which  is  dedicated  to 
All  Saints,  is  s  small  building  of  rubble  in  the 
style  of  the  loth  century,  consisting  of  chmcel, 
nave,  south  porch,  and  round  western  tower. 
The  plans  were  prepared  by  Mr.  W.  D.  C'aroe, 
architect  to  the  Ecolessiautical  Commissioners, 
and  the  contract  for  the  work  was  placed  in  the 
hands  of  Messrs.  Cornish  and  (laymer.  The 
restoration  has  been  can'ied  out  in  a  conservative 
manner.  Before  the  restoration  the  roof  had 
spread  and  forced  the  south  wall  out  of  the  per- 
pendicular, and  it  was  feared  at  first  that  the  wall 
would  have  to  be  taken  down.  This,  however,  has 
been  avoided,  though  here,  as  elsewhere,  there 
has  had  to  be  extensive  underpinning.  The 
ancient  roof,  with  the  stencilled  monograms 
I. U.S.  and  M.  was  taken  down  piece  by  piece, 
and  though  some  of  it  was  honeycombed  much  of 
it  was  saved.  An  old  fahe  screen  has  been  re- 
moved, and  a  chancel  beam  with  oak  uprights 
put  in,  which  meets  a  difficulty,  caused  by  the 
fact  that  the  nave  roof  is  higher  than  the  chancel 
outside.  The  door  under  the  seats  in  the  north 
and  south  bides  of  the  nave  has  been  laid  with 
wood  blocks.  The  original  benches,  which  were 
injured  in  a  "  restoration  "  of  former  days,  have 
been  restored  to  their  original  positions,'  though 
backs  have  been  added  to  them.  The  ancient 
poppy  heads  have  been  restored,  and  the  stone- 
work has  been  preserved.  The  windows  in  the 
north  wall  have  been  restored,  and  the  stonework 
repaired.  On  the  south  side  of  the  chancel, 
behind  the  pulpit,  a  niche  within  a  niche,  both 
of  which  were  formerly  plastered  up,  have  been 
discovered,  and  on  the"  south  side  of  the  nave  two 
piscinas  have  been  uncovered,  similar  to  the 
piscina;'  in  the  chancel.  The  fabric  of  the  chancel 
was  restored  by  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners 
in  1S72,  and  they  have  now  put  in  a  new  circular 
oak  roof  panelled  with  carved  bosses.  They  have 
replastered  the  chancel  wall,  and  given  desks  and  \ 
choir  stall. 

Liverpool  Cathedral. — Lord  KnoUys  has  in- 
formed the  Cathedral  Building  Committee  that  his 
Majesty's  long-promised  visit  to  Ihe  city  to  lay 
the  foundation-stone  of  the  new  Cathedral  will 
not  take  place  before  July,  and  that  the  King 
hopes  in  a  few  days  to  give  the  exact  date.  It  is 
understood  that  the  Queen  will  accompany  the 
King,  and  that  during  their  visit  their  Majesties  ' 
will  be  the  guests  of  Lord  and  Lady  Derby,  at 
Knowsley-hall.  The  preparations  for  the  site  of 
the  foundation-stone  are  well  advanced.  The 
stone  itself  is  to  be  set  in  a  huge  pier,  16ft.  I 
square,  and  a  contract  for  the  construction  of  the  ', 
pier  has  already  been  placed.  The  intention  is 
to  erect  staging  accommodation  for  7,000  people, 
who  will  be  enabled  to  witness  the  ceremonial. 

Llandvdxo. — The  new  post-office  was  opened  ' 
bythe  Pojtmaster-Ueneral,  Lord  Stanley,  JE.P., 
on  Friday.  It  is  situated  in  the  main  thorough- 
fare from  the  railway  station  to  Mostyn-'street  ' 
and  the  Parade,  the  area  being  loOft.  long  by 
45ft.  wide.  The  elevation  to  Vaughan-street  is 
treated  in  a  Free  Renaissance  style  in  golden  buff 
terra  cotti  from  Mr.  J.  C.  Edwards'  woiks  at ' 
Ruibon,  with  teak  doors  and  windows.  The 
mam  entrance  through  a  teik  wood  vestibule 
leads  into  a  public  office  fitted  up  with  horseshoe 
counter,  writing  spaces,  and  telephone  box.  This 
part  has  a  Minton-HoUins  glazed  tile  dado  all 
round,  with  tile  floor  to  the  public  space  and 
wood  floor  behind  the  counter.  Behind  the 
public  office  is  a  large  sorting  oflice.  At  one 
corner  of  the  sorting  office  is  a  large  room  for 
messenger  boys,  and  in  the  rear  thereof  bicycle 
house,  truck  shed,  coal  place,  covered  yard,  &c. 
In  -the  basement  is  the  boUer  house,  by  which 
the  premises  are  heated  on  the  low-pressure  hot- 
w.ater  system.  The  first  floor  of  main  front 
building  18  ttken  up  bythe  postmaster's  office, 
clerk  8  office,  waiting-room,  surveyor's  office, 
storeroom,  and  large  common  room  for  female 
clerks,  fitted  up  with  cooking  stove,  &c.  The 
second  floor  is  occupied  as  a  telegraph  instrument 
room,  except  the  one  corner  which  is  separately 
cut  off  for  the  telephone  switch  room.  The 
third  floor  comprises  battery  room,  telegraph 
linesmen  s  room,  telegraph  stores,  post-office 
stores,  and  caretaker's  rooms.  There  is  a  lift 
connecting  each  floor.  Messrs.  J.  (1.  and  O 
ihomaa,  of  Llandudno,  were  the  builders.  The 
works  have   been   carried  out   from  the  desi"-ns 


and  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  G.  A 
Humphreys,  A.K.C.A.,  architect,  M  istyn-street, 
Llandudno. 

Manxuesteu. — The  present  buildings  of  the 
JIanchester  Stock  Exchange  proving  inadequate 
for  the  growing  needs  of  the  business  of  the 
important  body  of  members  it  was  decided  to 
build  new  premises.  A  central  site  was  secured 
in  Xorfolk-street,  with  frontages  to  Pall  Mall 
and  adjoining  thoroughfares.  Designs  were 
asked  for  from  a  limited  number  of  leading 
architects  in  Manchester  and  within  a  radius  of 
•Jo  milts.  The  following  firms  were  selected 
to  compete  : — Messrs.  AVaddingtan,  Son,  and 
Dunkerley,  Messrs.  WiUoughby  and  Langham, 
Messrs.  Thos.  Worthington  and  Son,  Mr.  T. 
Sington,  and  Messrs.  J.  W.  Beaumont  and  Son, 
of  ilanchestfr,  and  Messrs.  Bradshaw  and  Gass, 
of  Bolton  and  London.  The  designs  were  sent 
in  .anonymously,  and  submitted  to  Mr.  J.  ,1. 
Burnet,  A  R  S.A.,  .architect,  of  Glasgow,  as 
professional  assessor.  After  the  examination  of 
all  the  drawings,  and  an  exhaustive  i  xamination 
in  detail  of  five  of  these,  he  stated  in  his  report 
that  he  had  no  hesitation  in  placing  first  the 
design  submitted  by  Messrs.  Bradshaw  and  Gass, 
of  Bolton,  and  they  have  been  appointed  archi- 
tects to  the  new  building,  which  will  cost  over 
£30,000.  The  main  entrance  to  the  Stock 
Exchange  is  on  the  street  level  at  the  higher 
end  cf  Xorfolk-street,  with  secondary  entrance 
from  Pall  Mall.  Through  a  members'  hall  access 
is  given  to  the  house,  which  has  a  floor  area  of 
3,820sq.ft.  The  interior  of  the  house  is  arcaded 
round  under  the  main  cornice  level,  arches 
springing  from  marble  columns,  and  surmounted 
by  central  dome,  41ft.  high  to  the  crown.  There 
are  bold  ribs  and  cross  arches  springing  from  the 
angles  of  the  square  into  the  circular  uppfr  part, 
which  is  coffered  and  part  glazed,  and  the  walls 
are  marble-lined.  The  clearing-room  and  the 
clerks'  room,  with  the  secretary's  office  and  all  the 
complex  requirements  of  a  busy  stock  exchange, 
are  provided.  In  addition,  space  is  afforded  for 
a  bank  .and  offices.  The  building  is  to  be 
Ren!iis3,ance  in  style.  On  the  main  front  the 
centr.ll  part  is  emphasised,  and  the  end  blocks 
are  surmounted  by  curved  pediments.  A  series 
of  bays  give  relief  to  the  Norfolk-street  front, 
which  is  enriched,  and  with  the  other  main 
frontages  is  intended  to  be  bu'lt  of  Portland 
stone. 

NoExn  Shields.— The  Queen  Victoria  Schojls 
in  Coach-lane  were  opened  by  the  Mayor  on 
Wednesday.  The  first  portion  of  the  scheme 
was  completed  some  years  ago,  and  it  has  been 
found  necessary  to  complete  the  buildings  as  at 
first  planned.  Accommodation  is  provided  for 
1,350  pupils  on  two  floors,  each  floor  having  ten 
classrooms,  and  large  assembly  halls.  The  hall 
on  the  first  floor  is  92ft.  long  by  28ft.  wide. 
There  are  two  cookery  rooms  on  the  third  floor, 
accommodating  50  students  each.  Each  class- 
room is  fitted  with  dual  desks,  and  left-hand 
light  is  obtained  in  every  case.  Electric  fans 
have  been  introduced  to  assist  the  extraction  of 
vitiated  air,  in  place  of  the  gas  burners  previously 
in  use.  Electric  light  is  provided  throughout. 
The  first  part  of  the  school  was  built  by  Alderman 
,Tos.  Elliot,  contractor,  of  North  Shields.  The 
new  portion  has  been  erected  by  Mr.  Thomas 
Patterson,  contractor,  of  North  Shields  and 
Whitley  Bay.  Mr.  J.  T.  Heslop  had  the  plumb- 
ing contract,  and  ilessrs.  Harding  and  Co., 
Whitley  Bay,  the  decoration.  The  heating  con- 
tract has  been  in  the  hands  of  Messrs.  Emley  and 
Sons.  The  electric  lighting  and  fans  were  in- 
stalled by  Messrs.  Dagman  and  Ryder,  of  North 
Shields.  The  North  of  England  School  Furnish- 
ing Co.  .are  responsible  for  the  furniture  and 
fittings.  The  plans  have  been  carried  out  by 
Messrs.  Marshall  and  Tweedy,  architects,  17, 
Eldon-square,  Newcastle,  under  whose  super- 
intendence the  buildings  have  been  erected. 
The  plans  were  selected  in  competition  some  five 
or  six  years  ago,  when  the  firm  was  Messrs. 
Marshall  .and  Dick,  who  designed  the  whole 
scheme.     The  clerk  of  works  is  Mr.  Carpenter. 

St.  Alhaxs  Cwhedual.  —  The  appeal  for 
funds  to  establish  a  memorial  to  the  late  Bishop 
Festing,  h.aving  met  with  a  generous  response, 
the  Faculty  Committee  have  decided  to  provide  a 
case  for  that  part  of  the  organ  which  overlooks 
the  choir.  The  memorial,  which  consists  of  a 
new  Bishop's  throne  and  stalls  for  the  Chapter 
and  choir,  is  now  being  placed  in  position  in  view 
of  the  dedication,  which  has  been  fixed  for  the 
eve  of  St.   Alban's-day,  June  10.      The  throne. 


which  is  a  lofty  Gothic  structure,  is  now  in 
position.  It  has  52  carved  pinnacles,  while  it  is 
embellished  with  numerous  cirvinga  of  Saints, 
the  central  one  being  St.  Alban,  and  at  the  back 
of  the  throne  there  is  a  carving  in  bas-relief  of  the 
Crucifixion  scene.  The  various  stalls  are  elabor- 
ately carved,  some  with  the  arms  of  donors, 
others  with  figures  of  Saint's,  and  they  are  sur- 
mounted with  a  cornice  and  frieze.  'The  bench 
ends  are  cirved  with  popny-heads.  The  architect 
is  Mr.  J.  (_)ldrid  Scott,  F.S.A. 

St.  Paul's  Cathkdual  — The  conversion  of  the 
south-west  chapel  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  (which 
has  been  called  the  Wellington  Chapel,  or  the 
Consistory  Court,  according  to  the  use  it  has 
been  put  to  from  time  to  time)  into  a  chapel  for 
the  t)rder  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George  has  been 
the  cause  of  the  removal  of  the  font  from  there  to 
the  western  aisle  of  the  E(]ulh  transept,  be- 
tween the  memorials  to  Sir  John  Moore  and 
General  Ralph  Abercromby.  Until  within  the 
last  few  years  it  occupied  a  position  in  the  last 
bay  on  the  south  aide  of  the  west  end  of  the  nave. 
The  installation  of  electric  light  four  years  ago  iu 
the  cathedral  necessitated  its  removal  from  that 
place  to  make  room  for  one  of  the  standard  lights. 
Then  it  was  placed  in  the  south-west  chapel, 
which  for  .about  twenty  years  contained  Alfred 
Stevens'  Wellington  Memorial,  since  placed  in 
the  centr,il  body  of  the  north  arcade.  The  font 
itself  is  the  original,  from  Wren's  own  design, 
and  figures  as  an  item  of  expenditure  in  the 
accounts  of  the  rebuilding  after  the  CTreat  Fire. 
It  is  of  white  Sicilian  marble,  and  rests  upon  an 
oval  base  of  grey  marble.  Originally  it  had  a 
solid  and  flat  marble  cover  weighing  nearly  half 
a  ton.  This  is  not  now  used,  though  stUl  in 
existence.  Previous  to  its  removal  to  its  present 
position  it  had  no  dra'n.  It  has  now  been  pierced. 

Westminsteii  Cathedral  — The  first  chapel  to 
be  completed  in  the  Ute  Mr.  J.  F.  Bentley's 
Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  at  Westminster  is  the 
one  dedicated  to  the  Holy  Souls.  It  has  been 
decorated  by  Mr.  Symons  in  accordance  with  the 
architect's  terse  injunction,  "  Greek  in  drawing 
and  Byzantine  in  colour."  The  altar-piece 
presents  as  the  central  figure  Our  Lord  seated 
on  a  throne,  displaying  the  five  wounds.  He  is 
robed  in  a  mantle  of  dusky  crimson,  with  the 
folds  of  drapery  accentuated  by  Byzantine  lines 
of  gold.  The  throne,  draped  in  silver  and  white, 
forms  the  centre  of  a  cross,  OQ  which,  at  the 
extremities  of  the  arms,  are  the  Alpha  and  Omega. 
Surrounding  the  figure  are  six-winged  Seraphim, 
the  wings  of  reddish  purple,  feathered  with  gold. 
In  the  lower  portion  of  the  composition  the 
Blessed  Virgin  and  St.  Joseph  stand  on  either 
side  with  upraised  hands  in  the  attitude  of  prayer 
interceding  for  the  faithful  souls.  The  cross  is 
gold  with  ornament  of  red  and  white.  The  back- 
ground is  of  a  dark  full  blue  with  a  geometrical 
design  of  intersecting  circles  of  gold.  At  the 
foot  of  the  picture  on  each  side  is  a  small  kneeling 
figure.  In  style  the  .altar-p'ece,  agreeing  with 
that  of  the  mosaics  in  the  chapel,  is  that  of  the 
earlier  period  of  Byzantine  art.  The  decor.ation 
of  the  chapel  has  been  carried  out  at  the  cost  of 
Lord  Brampton,  better  known  undtr  his  former 
title  of  Sir  Henry  Hawkins. 

WE^iTMixsTEU,  S.W. — The  contract  for  a  block 
of  ofllces  to  be  called  Parliament  Chambers,  facing 
the  Church  House  and  adjoining  the  Westminster 
City  Library,  Great  Smith-street,  has  been 
signed.  Messrs.  L.  Whitehead  and  Co.,  Ltd., 
are  the  contractors,  and  the  work  is  to  be  com- 
menced at  once  and  completed  in  twelve  months, 
from  plans  approved  by  the  Ecclesiastical  Com- 
missioners, who  are  the  superior  landlords. 
Messrs.  Palgrave  and  Co.,  Westminster,  are  the 
architects.  The  building  will  have  a  frontage  of 
125ft.  to  Great  Smith-street,  and  be  faced  with 
red  bricks  and  terracotta  dressings  by  the  Hathern 
Station  Terracotta  Co.,  Loughborough,  of  special 
manufacture.  The  construction  will  be  fireproof, 
and  the  various  upper  floors  approached  bv  electric 
lifts. 


Mr.  Grevilla  C.  Hems,  of  Fair  Park,  Eseter,  sou 
of  our  genial  correspondent,  Mr.  Harry  Hems,  who 
was  laid  aside  for  nearly  the  whole  of  last  year,  as 
the  result  of  a  most  serious  operation,  left  Exeter  on 
Friday  for  a  recess  in  Italy  and  Corsica. 

On  Wednesday  week  the  new  St.  Andrew's 
Presbyterian  Church,  at  the  Victoria  Gardens, 
Chatham,  was  publicly  opened.  The  cost  of  the 
building,  with  furnishing,  installation  of  electric 
light,  and  organ,  has  been  .upwards  of  £7,000.  Mr. 
G.  E.  Bond,  of  Rochester,  is  the  architect,  and  Mr. 
J.  D.  Corke  the  builder. 


11 


May  27,  1904. 


THE    BUILDlIiiG    NEWS. 


781 


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Receivf.i).— F.  B.  and  Co.— Architect.— M.  W.  and  Son. 
— R.  A.— J.  W.— Doubtful.— S.  W, 


— '  ♦  »  » 

THE    DANGERS    OP    LEGISLATIVE 

EXPERIMENTS. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 

•>"'■— In  1S97   Parliament  passed  an  Act  with 
the  a%;owed  object  of  trying  for  three  years  as  an 
\      experiment   in   one   county   in    England   a   now 
\      system  of  ollicial  conveyancing. 

The  Act  came  into  force  in  London  on  Jan.  1, 
'.SOU.  Since  the  three  years'  trial  cime  to  an  end 
on  Doc.  :!1,  I'JOl,  the  authorities  have  evaded 
every  effort  that  hiis  been  made  to  induce  them  to 
hold  the  public  imjuiry  into  the  working  of  the 
system  which  it  was  understood  would  then 
follow. 

The  breakdown  of  the  system  ha.s  bosn  so  pro- 
nounced that  the  officials  found  it  essential  on 
Jan.  1  of  this  year  to  supersede  the  previous  rules, 
and  to  bring  into  op -ration  a  new  set,  numbnrinn- 
together  :i71,  and  72  forms.  In  enacting  these 
rules  the  authorities  have  certainly  strained 
violently  the  words  of  the  Act.     Rules  were  to  be 


made  by  the  Lord  Chancellor,  "  with  the  advice 
and  a9?i3tance  "  of  a  Rule  Committee  ;  but  they 
have  been  brought  in*o  operation,  notwithstand- 
ing the  fact  that  the  committee  declined  to 
sanction  them. 

With  the  view  of  calling  public  attention  to 
the  matter,  Mr.  J.  Bamford  Slack,  M.P.,  desired 
to  ask  in  the  House  of  Commons  whether  or  not 
it  was  the  fact  that  the  Rules  have  been  issued, 
notwithstanding  their  disipprjval  by  the  Rule 
Committee.  He  has  no"-,  however,  I  understand, 
been  allowed  to  ask  this  question,  on  the  ground 
that  it  is  against  the  rules  of  the  House  to  allow 
any  question  with  regard  to  anything  done  or 
left  undone  by  the  Lord  Chancellor  ! 

Some  o!  the  results  of  the  experiment  sanctioned 
by  Parliamentcan  ir.  this  case  be  thus  summarised : 

1.  The  system  of  conveyancing  in  the  C'ountj' 
of  London  differs  now  from  every  other  part  of 
the  country,  and  has  apparently  been  fastened  on 
to  Lindon  for  all  time  without  it  being  possible 
to  ascertain  by  an  independent  inquiry  whether 
the  system  is  or  is  not  working  satisfactorily. 
Every  attempt  made  to  induce  other  counties  in 
England  to  adopt  the  system  has  signally  failed. 

2.  The  new  system  is  the  laughingstock  of 
every  expert,  and  is  condemned  by  everyone  who 
has  had  experience  of  it.  The  extent  to  which  it 
embarrasses  and  increases  by  heavy  registration 
fees  the  expenses  of  property  transactions  in 
London  is  a  grievous  burden  on  property  owners, 
and  has  led  to  a  demand  for  a  public  inquiry  from 
every  representative  body  inter'^sted  in  property 
— a  demand  which  the  authorities  find  safety  in 
ignoring. 

3.  The  sum  of  £265,000  public  money  is  being 
spent  in  the  erection  of  a  permanent  building  to 
house  the  officiila,  200  or  more  in  number,  who 
are  at  present  engaged  in  unwinding  the  extra- 
vagant quantity  of  red  tape  required  by  the 
system. 

4.  The  new  Rules,  although  made  without 
Parliamentary  consideration  or  the  sanction  of 
the  Rule  Committee,  gives  the  registrar  almost  a 
free  hand  to  issue  titles  carrying  with  them  a 
State  guarantee — a  guarantee  that  may  hereafter 
involve  the  expenditure  of  public  funds  that  may 
run  into  millions. 

5.  Notwithstanding  the  public  responsibilities 
and  interests  involved,  a  question  on  the  subject 
cannot  be  asked  in  the  House  beciuse  forsooth  it 
is  against  the  rules  to  ask  any  question  with  re- 
gard to  anything  done  or  left  undone  by  the 
Lord  Chancellor.  And  yet  we  boast  that  we  are 
governed  constitutionally  1 

The  proverbial  ell  that  is  taken  when  an  inch 
is  given  sinks  into  utter  insignificance  in  com- 
parison with  the  measure  that  hai  in  this  instance 
been  appropriated  for  the  inch  given  by  the  Act 
of  1897. — I  am,  &c.,  J.  S.  Ri'kinsieix. 


WEII   FREE   LIBRARY. 

Siu, — In  your  last  edition  you  mention  the  fact 
of  a  free  library  at  Wem,  Salop,  now  in  course  of 
erection,  as  being  designed  by  Mr.  Ashton, 
Shrewsbury.  As  I  am  the  architect  for  this 
building,  and  your  announcement  is  causing  me 
some  trouble,  I  shall  be  glad  if  you  will  contradict 
it  in  your  next.  The  buildiog  is  properly  termed 
"The  John  and  Phmbe  Ann  Morgan  Reading 
Room  and  Library,"  and  will  consist  of  reading- 
room  36ft.  by  ISft.,  with  large  bay  witdow  and 
recessed  and  seated  ingle  with  open  fireplace, 
library,  chess  -  room,  committee  -  room,  and 
librarian's  house. — I  am,  &c., 

Shrewsbury,  May  21.     Fiiaxk  II.  Sitavleh. 


A    CURIOUS    KIND    OF    STCJNE. 
WHAT    IS    IT? 

Sir, — The  following  is  clipped  from  a  West- 
Country  newspaper  of  Saturday's  date.  It  is 
part  of  a  report  of  a  Vestry  Meeting  at  S. 
Thomas'  Church,  Exeter,  and  runs  : 

The  Vicir  reported  ho  very  much  reffi-etteil  to  say  that 
the  cuinpletioD  of  the  Swubey  pulpit  memori.Hl  w.»:^  stiU 
hetDg  delayed  on  account  of  some  special  stone  which  had 
to  no  through  a  particular  kind  of  treatment,  and  which 
could  not  be  hastened. 

What  stone  exists,  suitable  for  internal  ecclesi- 
astical work,  that  requires  tho  peculiar  attenti  m 
the  worthy  cleric  refers  to':  Can  any  reader 
explain':  —  I  am,  &c.,  Pl'ZZLEU. 


The  infectious  hospital,  Birkdalo,  is  being  warmed 
and  ventilated  by  means  of  Shorland's  patent  Man- 
choBlor  stoves,  the  same  being  supplied  by  Messrs. 
E.  H.  Shorland  and  Brother,  of  Manchester, 


Jttttrcommunication. 


Qi'K.STIOXS, 

L 12061.] -Stone  Balcony.  —  I  think  "  Regent's 
Para"  fur  his  answers  to  my  questions  in  last  week's 
i-8ue-one  till-d  '■WhII,"  and  the  other  "  Bath  Stone." 
There  is  no  answer  in  Sinister  Fletcher's  bo  I'lt,  and 
Kivington  only  gives  the  cru-ihing  strength  of  stone. 
What  I  would  like  answered  is.  if  I  tis  a  4iQ.  Portland 
balcony,  10ft.  long,  projecting  3ft.,  in  front  ofahou^e, 
how  many  people  would  it  be  safe  to  stand  on  it  at  one 
time?  These  are  often  condemned,  but  no  one  seems  to 
know  their  strength.— C.E. 


REPLIES. 

1 12058.1  —  Section  of  Beam.  —  See  Rivington's 
"  Notes,"  Part  IV'.,  in  librarie-*,  'luery  page  Zl'.K  t  ible  II., 
where  safe  loads  for  rectangular  beaui^  of  pine  or  Hr  for 
a  breadth  of  lin.  is  given,  A  '20ft,  span  beam  i^iu.  deep 
is  given  at  4cwt.  safe  load,  at  sin.  4'6cwt.,  at  SJin.  5  IcwC, 
at  yin.  5'7cwt.,  at  9iin.  (>  ocwt..  at  lOin.  7-lcwt.,  at  lOUn. 
79ewt.,  at  llin.  Sficwt.,  at  l-2in.  lOacwt..  at  13in, 
121cwt.,  at  Hin.  14"0cwt.  The  width  eisily  estimitecl.  — 
Regent  s  Park. 

tl2053.]-Section  of  Beam. -The  BfiLuisfi  News 
of  Feb.  27,  1903,  gives  the  iatormition  asked  for  in  part : 
the  working  out  is  easily  done.  Any  large  knots  and 
shak<^s  which  may  be  present  in  the  timber  render  all 
calculations  valueless,  for  they  are  bisei  on  co-istints 
obtained  by  experiments  mide  on  perfect  wood  of  smiU 
dimensions. — Stuxeceidge  Pakk. 

LI-2058.]— Section  of  Beam —I  don't  know  the  kind 
of  timber  you  wish  to  use  or  how  the  weights  are  applied, 
but  the  ordinary  method  of  working  out  the  section  is 
this  :  Suppose  the  beam  itself  to  be  of  good  suuad  wood 
weighing  about  401b.  to  the  cube  foot,  aod  that  its  total 
weight  is  \  ton,  the  weight  on  the  supports  will  then  be 
equal  to  - 

1  +  3}  -r  3  +  3i  =  lOi  tons, 

or  5J  tons  on  each  support.  The  greatest  bending 
moment  is  in  the  centre,  and  ia  therefore  ec^ual  ti)  — 

5J  X  7  -  .3i  X  3  =  251  foot-tons. 

say  1h\  foot-tons,  or  25}  x  12  incli-tons.  This  bending 
moment  is  resisted  by  tlie  fibres  of  the  beam,  and  this  re- 
sistance can  easily  be  proved  to  be  equil  to  /  -'-  .  Where ; 

/  =  the  safe  working  stress  in  t3ns  per  square  inch, 
h  =  breadth  of  beam  in  inches, 
<^  -  depth  of  beam  in  inches. 

Equating  these  two  results,  we  get  — 
J  '—    ~  25}  X  12. 

Xow  the  safe  working  stress  for  good  timber  cin  be  taken 
as  1  ton  per  square  inch,  and  we  have  now  to  fiad  li  and '/. 
We  know  from  practice  that  the  depth  of  the  beam 
required  will  be  between  12in.  and  18in. ;  say  lain.,  and 
see  how  this  will  work.    Then  — 


/ 


b./i 


6 

15  X  IS 


=  25J  X    12 
=  25}  X   12 


h  =  Sin. 

Thesectinnof  beam  required  is  therefore  15in.  x  Sin.  or 
llin.  X  9in..  but  tin  former  preferred.— C.  C.  Harov. 

[12059.]— Ohurch.—Reference  to  back  numbers  or 
Vols,  of  •'  B.N."  at  the  Patent  Om;e  Library  miy  afford 
examples.  Usually  they  allow  £S  or  £10  per  sitting, 
brick  or  stone.  Iron,  permanent,  410  to  70()  sittings  per 
sitting.  £2  5s.  to  £3.  [Banister  Fletcher  on  Quantities.) — 
Regent's  Pauk. 

[12060.] -Calcareous  Building  Sand.— Part  III. 

Rivington's  "Notes,"  page  199,  gives  thus:  "On  the 
whole,  calcareous  sands  give  stnmger  mortars  than 
silicious.  Ordinary  ;19S)  sands  are  not  in  any  way 
chemically  acted  on  by  lime,  but  are  simply  in  a  state  of 
mechanical  mixture  with  it.  With  hydraulic  liuie^  and 
cements  the  etfect  of  sand  is  to  weaken  the  mirtar. 
When  lime  is  used,  however,  the  pornu^i  structure 
caused  by  the  sand  enables  the  carbonic  acid  of  the  air 
to  penetrate  farther,  and  to  act  upon  a  larger  p>rtion  of 
the  joint. — Rkoest's  Park. 

[12060.1  —  Calcareous    Baildin?  Sand. —The 

quotation  from  "  Notes"  is  too  general  t*>beof  .any  value. 
Martnrs  made  with  pure  lime  do  not  "set  "  :  thoy  harden 
MS  they  dry.  and  as  the  lime  takis  up  C:irbjnic  acid  from 
the  atiuijsphere,  and  the  process  ceases  when  the  lim^  is 
saturated— in  fact,  the  lime  in  such  a  mortar  gradually 
returns  to  the  condition  of  amorphous  carbtmate  of  lime. 
Slaked  lime  has  a  great  avidity  for  carbonic  acid,  and  it 
will  rob  any  carbonate  it  miy  be  in  contact  with  of  thit 
sub-tance  :  lienoe  if  the  8and  is  calciriou-*,  the  rite  of 
hard-'niug  will  be  more  rapid  than  if  it  is  sdicious,  for  in 
the  former  c  i.'^e  the  sand  reacts  With  the  lime,  in  the  Utter 
ease  the  sand  is  inert.  The  strength  of  a  chain  i^  in  it^* 
weakest  liuk  ;  and  in  a  mortir  there  is  no  object  gained 
by  having  the  sand  harder  than  the  lime  which  bin  Is  tho 
grains  together.  Calcareous  sand  is  not  necessarily  soft : 
tiie  sands  in  Carboniferous  Limestone  districts  are  hard, 
though  not  80  hard  as  silicious  sands,  and  they  miko 
tirst-ol'iss  mortars.  Typical  samples  may  be  obUiinei  in 
any  coimty  where  there  are  exposures  of  Carboniferous 
Limestone  ;  these  have  been  described  in  articles  in  the 
Biii.oiNii  News  on  the  "  Building  St  mes  of  tireat  Britain 
and  Ireland."  Hydraulic  limes  "set"  without  absorp- 
tion of  carbonic  acid.  Lime  in  a  mortar  made  with 
silicious  sand  does  not  combine  with  silica  to  form 
calcium  silicnto ;  any  silicate  found  is  due  to  the  presence 
of  soluble  silica  in  the  lim-stone  frt»m  which  the  Uiao  was 
obtained  by  calcination.— SroNniiiioGK  Park. 


The  aales  at  the  Mart  last  week,  as  re{;isterdd 
at  the  Kstiite  Kxchan^e*  amounted  to  £13*J,701, 
and   for  the   correspoadlug  week   of  laat  year  to 

X27:3,7SJ. 


•82 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  27,  1904. 


IiEaAI.  INTELLIGENOB. 

In  eeH.  W.  Melloe.— An  application  was  made 
in  the  London  Bankruptcy  Court  on  Friday,  to  Mr. 
Kegistrar  Brougham,  for  an  order  of  discharge  by 
Mr.  Herbert  Williams  Mellor,  a  quantity  surveyor, 
who  filed  his  petition  in  bankruptcy  on  January  22, 
1004,  after  having  carried  on  business  since  January , 
1S;17,  successively  at  Trafalgar-buildings,  Charmg- 
cross,  Craven-street,  Strand,  and  Buckingham- 
street,  Strand.  The  unsecured  liabilities  were  esti- 
mated at  £2,426,  and  the  assets  had  realised  £420. 
The  debtor  attributed  his  bankruptcy  to  a  falling- 
off  in  his  business,  the  excess  of  his  expenditure  over 
income,  and  pressore  by  a  creditor.  The  bankrupt's 
income  formerly  exceeded  £2,000,  but  it  fell  durmg 
the  last  two  years  before  the  bankruptcy  to  about 
£150  a  year.  Although  the  bankrupt  curtailed  his 
expenditure,  he  failed  to  keep  it  within  his  reduced 
income.  The  Official  Receiver,  Mr.  C.  W.  Chapman, 
reported  the  following  statutory  grounds  of  oppo- 
sition to  the  application:— (1)  That  the  bankrupt's 
assets  were  not  of  a  value  equal  *,o  lOs.  in  the  pound 
on  the  amount  of  unsecured  liabilities ;  (2)  that  the 
bankrupt  had  omitted  to  keep  proper  books  of 
account.  Mr.  Profumo  opposed  for  creditors  on  the 
same  grounds.  Mr.  Kegistrar  Brougham  suspended 
the  discharge  for  two  years,  the  Official  Receiver's 
report  being  undisputed. 

Rectification  of  Teems  of  a  Conteact.— 
Macaetney,  M'Eleot,  and  Co.  (Limited)  v.  the 
Mayoe,  &c.,  of  Beighton. — Mr.  Justice  Grantham 
delivered  judgment  on  Friday  in  this  action,  heard 
on  April  28  last,  in  which  a  firm  of  contractors 
sought  to  recover  from  the  corporation  of  Brighton 
about  £16,000,  balance  alleged  to  be  due  for  work 
and  labour  done  under  a  contract  for  laying  down 
tramlines  and  roadmaking.  His  lordship  had  de- 
ferred judgment  pending  the  consideration  of 
questions  of  law  raised  by  the  defendants.  The 
point  at  issue  was  whether  the  plaintiffs,  on  a  true 
construction  of  their  contract  with  the  corporation, 
were  entitled  to  charge  some  £14,000  for  preparing 
the  bed  of  the  wood  pavement,  or  whether  this  work 
was  covered  by  the  contract  price  for  the  paving  of 
13s.  7d.  per  yard.  The  special  jury  had  found  that 
both  parties  had  intended  that  the  bed  should  be  an 
extra  charge,  and  the  plaintiffs  asked  that  it  it 
should  be  held  that  the  contract  as  drafted  did  not 
embody  the  intentions  of  the  parties,  it  should  be 
rectified.  For  the  defendants  it  was  contended  that 
a  contract  of  a  corporation,  being  uecessaril}^  under 
seal,  could  not  be  subsequently  rectified,  and  that 
this  contract  bore  so  clear  a  meaning  on  the  face  of 
it  that  evidence  to  vary  its  terms  was  excluded.  His 
lordship,  in  giving  judgment,  reviewed  the  facts, 
and  severely  commented  on  the  conduct  of  the 
defendants  in  attempting  to  evade,  by  legal  techni- 
calities, a  liability  which  they  had  undoubtedly 
meant  to  undertake.  He  held  that,  in  order  to  carry 
out  the  intentions  of  the  parties,  the  contract  re- 
quired rectification,  and'that  he  had  power  to  rectify 
it,  and  he  gave  judgment,  with  costs,  for  the  plain- 
tiffs for  an  amount  to  be  ascertained  when  certain 
items,  including  the  sum  due  under  a  counterclaim, 
had  been  settled  on  a  reference  in  accordance  with 
the  findings  of  the  jury. 

Custom  of  the  Painting  Teade.— At  Ather- 
stone,  on  Tuesday,   the  magistrates  heard  a  case 
brought  under  the  Employers  and  Workmen   Act 
by    Mr.  Richard   Percy    Blower,   painter,    against 
George  Williams,   formerly   in  his  employ,    com- 
plainant   claiminig   £1    odd    in    lieu    of  a   week's 
notice.      Defendant    counterclaimed     Ss.    4d.    20 
hours'  work    at    5d.  per   hour.     Mr.  Blower  said 
he  engaged  defendant  twelve   months    ago   as   a 
weekly  hand   at  od.  per   hour,   and   on  Tuesday, 
May  10,  Williams  expressed  his  intention  of  leaving 
that    day,   which    he   did    without   giving   notice. 
Defendant  denied  that  he  was  under  an  obligation 
to   give  a    week's    notice ;     an   hour's   notice   on 
either    side    was   sufficient.    That  was   a    recog- 
nised  custom    in  the   painting    trade.     The    pay- 
ment of   wages  weekly  was   simply    a    matter  of 
convenience.    Mr.  Alfred  Sale,  who  appeared  for 
Mr.  Blower,  said  if  such  a  custom  were  generally 
observed  the  trade  of  the  country  would  soon  be  at 
a  standstill.   There  were  customs  in  different  trades, 
but  they  must   he  reasonable.     Defendant  said  he 
had  been  employed  by  various  firms,  and  the  custom 
was  always  an  hour's  notice  when  he  wa!S  paid  by 
the  hour.    He  called  two  mastermen  and  a  journey- 
man painter,  all  of  whom  bore  out  his  contention. 
The   Chairman  said  the    Bench  were    of   opinion 
that  it  had  been  proved  that  an  hour's  notice  on 
either  side  was  a  custom  of  the  painting  trade,  and 
the  claim  by   Blower  would  be   dismissed.     They 
^sould  allow  the  counter-claim,  but  each  side  would 
pay  its  own  costs.     Mr.  Sale  said  the  defence  was 
rather  sprung  up>n  him,  and  if  he  had  known  that 
Williams  was  going  to  plead  custom  he  should  have 
been  prepared  with  counter  evidence. 

Imi'Oetant  Decision  undee  the  Liadility 
Acts.— In  the  King's  Bench  Division  on  Thursday 
in  last  week,  before  the  Lord  Chief  Justice,  Mr. 
Justice  Wills,  and  Mr.  Justice  Kennedy,  an  appeal 
was  heard  from  a  decision  of  the  Couuty  Court 
Judge  of  Croydon  raising  the  question  whether  a 


workman  who  has  made  and  afterwards  abandoned 
a  claim  for  compensation  under  the  Workmen's 
Liability  Act  is  debarred  from  bringing  an  action 
for  damages  in  respect  of  the  same  injuries  under 
the  Employers'  Liability  Act.  The  County  Court 
Judge  held  that  he  was  ;  but  their  Lordships,  with 
some  doubt  came  to  an  opposite  conclusion,  and 
allowed  the  appeal,  ordering  the  case  to  be  sent 
back  to  the  County  Court  to  be  heard  on  its  merits, 
but  granted  a  stay  of  execution. 


CHIPS. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Glasgow  Corporation 
the  sub-committee  on  halls  recommended  that 
alterations  on  St.  Andrew  Halls,  suggested  by  the 
curator,  including  improved  means  of  access  and 
exit,  be  approved,  the  estimated  cost  being  £11,300. 
The  minutes  were  approved  by  20  votes  to  IG. 

At  the  Norwich  Consistory-court,  last  week,  a 
citation  was  granted  for  erecting  an  oak  reredos 
with  carved  niches  in  St.  Matthew's  parish  church, 
Ipswich. 

The  Lord  Mayor  laid,  on  Whit-Monday,  the 
foundation-stone  of  the  new  offices  of  the  Hearts 
of  Uak  Benefit  Society,  in  Euston-road,  to  be  erected 
at  a  cost  of  £44,000.  The  building  will  occupy  a 
site  opposite  St.  Pancras'  Church.  The  architects 
are  Messrs.  Essex,  Nichol,  and  Goodman,  of  Bir- 
mingham, and  the  builder  is  Mr.  Charles  Gray  Hill, 
of  Coventry  and  London.  The  elevations  to  Euston- 
road  and  Grafton-place,  now  in  course  of  erection, 
are  the  centre  block  only  of  a  building  extending 
from  the  proposed  new  roadway  adjoining  the 
Women's  Hospital  to  the  fire-station,  and  will 
occupy  an  area  of  32,304ft.  The  basement  story 
and  front  piers  are  to  be  executed  in  Aberdeen 
granite,  and  the  superstructure  in  Portland  stone. 

The  new  mission  church  of  The  Ven.  Bede  which 
has  been  erected  at  North  Benwell  was  dedicated  on 
Friday  by  the  Bishop  of  Newcastle.  The  new 
building  is  of  wood  with  slated  roof,  and  will  serve 
until  the  permanent  structure  can  be  built.  It  has 
sitting  accommodation  for  about  450  worshippers. 
The  scheme,  including  the  building  and  furnishings 
of  the  church,  and  also  the  site,  has  cost  £2,300. 
The  contractors  were  the  Alnwick  Foundry  and 
Engineering  Company. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  was  held  at 
Knaresborough  on  Friday,  respecting  an  application 
by  the  rural  council  for  sanction  to  borrow  £1,100 
for  the  construction  of  a  sewer  to  drain  the 
Harrogate  and  Knaresborough  Isolation  Hospital. 

The  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  to  consider 
the  application  of  Teignmouth  I'rban  District 
Council  for  the  loan  of  £7,100  to  purchase  the 
Bitton  Estate,  widen  the  road,  and  the  erection  of 
an  isolation  hospital,  will  be  held  on  Thursday  next, 
June  2. 

Mr.  E.  H.  McHenry,  owing  to  protracted  ill- 
health,  has  given  up  his  work  as  chief  engineer  of 
the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway.  Since  Mr.  McHenry 
began  his  engineering  work  in  IS83  he  has  been  con- 
nected with  but  two  railway  systems,  the  Northern 
Pacific  and  the  Canadian  Pacific,  of  both  of  which 
he  has  been  chief  engineer. 

A  Bill  to  confirm  certain  provisional  orders  made 
by  the  Local  Government  Board  came  on  the  19th 
inst.  before  Mr.  Campion,  one  of  the  examiners 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  for  proof  of  com- 
pliance with  the  Standing  Orders.  There  was  no 
opposition.  The  Bill  will  accordingly  be  reported 
for  second  reading.  It  includes  a  provisional 
order  authorising  the  corporation  of  Pwllheli  to 
purchase  land  for  the  purposes  of  the  erection  and 
provision  thereon  of  a  town-hall,  a  market-hall, 
and  other  "buildings,  accessories,  and  conveniences. 
Power  is  also  given  to  the  corporation  to  borrow 
.£10,000  for  the  purposes  of  the  order. 

The  members  of  Winchester  Town  Council  have 
decided  to  provide  a  dust  destructor  and  pumping 
plant  at  the  sewerage  works,  at  a  cost  of  £10,000. 

Kirkwall  Town  Council  has  decided  to  guarantee 
the  expenses  of  the  trustees  of  the  late  Sheriff'  Thoms 
in  the  action  raised  in  the  Court  of  Session  for 
reduction  of  the  will,  and  setting  aside  of  the  clause 
leaving  the  residue  of  the  estate  for  the  restoration 
of  St.  Magnus'  Cathedral,  Kirkwall. 

The  Yorkshire  Federation  of  Master  Builders  held 
a  meeting  in  the  Assembly  Room,  Malton,  on 
Thursday  afternoon  in  last  week,  under  the  chair- 
manship of  Mr,  Good,  of  Hull,  this  year's  president. 
They  afterwards,  to  the  number  of  about  forty,  sat 
down  to  tea  at  the  George  Hotel,  where  they  were 
joined  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Channon,  F.R.I.B.A.,  tf 
Malton. 

The  new  lifeboat  house  at  Llandudno  was  opened 
on  Friday.  It  is  situated  in  Lloyd-street,  about 
midway  between  the  two  shores  of  the  promontory. 
It  has  been  built  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  G.  A, 
Humphreys,  and  is  formed  of  very  substantial  lime- 
stone walls  and  stout  timbered  and  slated  roof. 
Over  the  front  portion  of  it  is  a  room  for  the  accom- 
modation of  the  men  on  duty. 


Our  €^ffice  €Mt 


The  annual  exhibition  of  the  Koyal  Cambrian 
Academy  just  opened  at  the  picturesque  Eliza- 
bethan mansion  of  Has  Mawr,  Conway,  is,  as 
usual,  especially  strong  in  landscapes.  The- 
President,  llr.  CUarence  AVhaitc,  shows  only  one- 
oil  painting  and  two  water-colours,  all  depicting 
mountain  recesses.  Seascapes  are  exhibited  by 
Mr.  Furnie  and  by  Mr.  Reginald  Smith :  the- 
latter  has  gone  this  year  to  the  cliffs  of  Pem- 
brokeshire for  inspiration.  Mr.  Lester  Sutcliffe 
shows  "A  Rose  Red  Village"  and  two  other 
Welsh  landscapes,  and  Mr.  Anderson  Hague  a 
study  of  "  Butter  Burs."  The  water-colours  in- 
clude works  by  Maurice  Jones,  W.  Stephenson, 
and  Joseph  Knight. 

"The  Story  of  Staple  Inn"    was  told   in    a 
lecture  given  in  the  Hall  of  that  Inn,  in  con- 
nection with  the  London  Topographical  Society, 
by  Mr.  T.  Cato  "Wcrsfold,  author  of  "  Staple  Inn 
and   its    Story."     Mr.    H.    B.   Wheatley,  vice- 
president  of  the  Society,  was  in  the  chair,     ilr. 
Worsfold   spoke    of    the    Inn    as,    perhaps,  the 
quaintest,    quietest  spot    in  the   whole   of  busy 
London.      He    recalled    Dickens's    reference   tc- 
entering  the  Inn  as  like  putting  velvet  slippers 
on  one's  feet  and  cotton  wool  in  one's  ears.     The 
supposed  connection  of  Staple  Inn  with  the  Mer- 
chants of  the  Staple  was  discussed.     The  wool- 
staplers     made    their    quarters    here    in    1375. 
Subsequently   the    Inn    became,    like   Barnard's 
Inn,  one  of"  the  Inns  of  Chancery,   and  was  sc 
described  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Henry  V.     In 
the  architecture  of  the  Inn  there  are  are  still  to 
be    seen    styles    belonging   to  the   Elizabethan. 
Stuart,  Queen  Anne,  and  Georgian  periods.     The 
structure  of  the  haU  of   the   Inn   in   which  the 
lecture   was    given   was    next    referred   to,  and 
special  allusion  was  made  to  the  interesting  old 
carvings,  some  of  which  rest   on  the  buttresses 
which  support  the  beams  of  the  roof,  and  have  a 
remarkable  resemblance  to   Maori  fetishes.     Sir 
Richard  Hutton,  Sir  Thos.  Walmesley,  Sir  Peter 
Warburton,   Sir    Jus.    Mutes,    and   other   legal 
worthies  associated  with  the  Inn,  whose  arms  are 
still  to  be  seen  in  panels  or  windows,  were_  men- 
tioned. Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  took  up  his  residence 
in  the  Inn  in  1795,  at  No.  2.     The  latter  part,  if 
not  the  whole,  of  "  Rasselas  "  was  written  here. 
In  course  of  time  the  Honourable  Society  of  Staple 
Inn  were  found  to  be   doing  practically  nothing 
for  legal  education,  and  to  be  under  no  obligation 
in  that  respect.     The  Inn  was  sold  to  the  free- 
holders  in    1SS4,    and    the   HaU  is   now  in  the 
occupation  of  the  Institute  of  Actuaries.     A  vote 
of   thanks   was   given   to   Mr.   Worsfold  on  the 
motion  of  Mr.  T.  Blashill,  seconded  by  Mr.  E.  J. 
Barron  and  supported  by  Sir  Henry  lloworth. 
who  expressed   the  ^opinion   that  the  fetish-likc 
carvings  referred  to  by  the  lecturercould not  have 
been  in  their  present  position  eanier  than  17T0, 
and  that  they  were  probably  real  fetishes  brought 
over  from  New  Zealand  by  Captain  Cook. 

A  cohuesi'Ondent  in  South-West  Devon  writes 
that  the  decline  of  the  local  granite  industry,  due 
to   the   increasing   importation    of   Swedish   and 
Norwegian  granite,  is  a  very  serious  matter.     He 
names  a  well-known  firm  in  Plymouth  which  not 
long     ago     employed    several    hundred    banker 
masons.     Now  the  number  in  work  is  reduced  tt> 
a  score   only.      The  same    correspondent  writes 
that  in  the  "principal  thoroughfare  of  Plymouth 
is    a  large   music  shop  having    columns  in   the 
fa(,ade    of   Devonshire    marble.     As    the   polisl. 
naturally  did   not  stand   well    or.   these   pillars, 
placed  as  they  are  in  the  open  air,  the  enterprising 
shopkeeper  has  had  them  grained  and  varnished  : 
The  work  of  excavation  at  Gezer,   which  Jlr. 
R.   A.    S.    Macalister    has    carried    on   for  the 
Palestine  Exploration  Fund  during  the  last  twc 
years,  has  been  rewarded  by  a  discovery  of  ex- 
ceptional interest.     Tell-el-Gezer  is  a  low  tabular 
hill  in  the  Plain  of  Sharon,  and  has  been  identi- 
fied with  the  town  given  to   Solomon  by  a  Kini; 
of  Egypt.  The  excavators  have  already  unearthed 
the  remains  of  a  series  of  towns,  about  seven  in 
number,  superposed  one  on  the  other.     The  first 
occupants  of  the  site  were  probably  representativei- 
of  the   Neolithic   folk.     The   next    represents  an 
early  Semitic   race   anterior   to   the   Hebrew  in- 
vasion, and  on  these  follow  signs  of  that  people, 
of    its    Egyptian    destroyers,    of   the  restoration 
under  the   Jewish  kingdom,  with  those  of  later 
occupants.     Pools,  cisterns  excavated  in  the  rock, 
the  town  walls  and  dwellings  of  various  ages,  a 
row  of  monoliths,  which  were  raised  by  one  ol 


May  27,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


783 


the  two  earliest  raees  and  regarded  aa  sacred  even 
in  the  Jewish  times,  the  socket  of  an  Aoherah — 
the  "grove"  o£  our  Dibles  —  have  been  dis- 
covered, with  a  great  quantity  of  pottery  and 
other  objects,  of  dates  ranging  from  that  of  the 
first  occupants  of  this  hill  fortress.     Scarabs  and 

■arvings  have  indicated  a  close  connection  with 
Kgypt,  more  especially  about  2,200  to  1,700  ii.c. 
l''ragments  of  Greek  inscriptions  have  also  been 
found,  which,  however,  probably  belonged  to  the 
days  when  the  place  was  fortified  by  Bacchides  in 
the  middle  of  the  second  century  ii.c.  IJut  no 
inscribed  tablet,  such  as  those  found  at  Lachish  and 
in  numbers  at  Tell-el-Amarna,  near  Assiout  on  the 
Xile,  marking  an  Egyptian  occupany  of  Palestine 
some  Hi  centuries  before  theC'hristian  era  had  until 
lately  been  discovered  at  liczer,  though  thrt  e  from 
that  place  are  among  the  Tell-el-Amwrna  series. 

But  on  the  9th  of  this  month  Sir.  Macalister 
unearthed  part  of  a  tablet,  with  writing  in  cunei- 
form characters,  one  face  retaining  1 3  lines  and 
the  other  five  lines,  the  edge  between  them  bear- 
ing a  row  of  seal  imprfssions.  A  cast  of  this 
valuable  relic  is  now  on  its  way  to  Kngland,  in 

irder  that  the  inscriptions  may  be  deciphered.        ! 

The  British  Art  Exhibit  at  the  St.  Louis  i 
Exhibition  fills  a  space  of  nearly  21,000ft.  In 
the  four  groups  of  Paintings  and  Drawings, 
Engravings  and  I>ithographs,  Sculpture,  and 
Architecture  are  1,022  entries,  the  whole  being 
fairly  representative  of  the  arts  in  the  United 
Kingdom  and  the  British  Empire  generally 
during  the  last  decade.  Of  pictures  in  oil 
colours  alone  there  are  292,  including  Leighton's 
■'  Perseus  and  Pegasus  with  the  Head  of 
Medusa,"  "  Perseus  and  Andromeda,"  and 
"  Clytemnestra,"  Burne-Jones's  "  Dream  of 
Launcelot  at  the  Chapel  of  the  San  Cireal,"  and 
*'  Flamma  Vestalis,"  and  six  pictur.  s  by  Millais, 
among  them  being  "Chill  October"  and  the 
"Portrait  of  J.  C.  Hook."  Leighton  is  further 
I.  represented  by  six  black-and-white  chalk  draw- 
'  ings  and  a  bronze  statuette,  "The  Sluggard," 
and  Burne- Jones  by  two  water-colours  and  fifteen 
drawings.  The  water-colours  in  all  number  159, 
the  drawings,  etchings,  engravings,  Sec,  292,  the 
sculptures  90,  and  the  architectural  views  and 
drawings  liS9.  In  addition  there  are  three  rooms 
JevoflW  to  arts  and  crafts,  in  which  are  arranged 
ill  exhibits  of  original  objects  of  art  workman- 
ship. The  galleries  in  which  the  British  Art 
section  is  housed  are  decorated  with  a  frieze 
designed,  and  for  the  most  part  painted,  by  Mr. 
AValter  Crane,  the  scheme  consisting  of  a  series 
of  shields,  connected  by  decorative  scrolls  of  oak, 
rose,  and  bay  foliage. 

The  last  of  the  great  English  explorers  of 
Africa    having    now  gone    from  among  us,  the 

luestion  has  been  asked  whether  it  would  not  be 
a  fitting  thing  to  raise  a  memorial  to  these  intrepid 
men.  Aluogo  Park,  Livingstone,  Grant,  Burton, 
Baker,  and  Stanley  are  names  worthy  to  take  a 
place  alongside  the  other  "  great  dead  "  who  are 
handed  down,  in  bronze,  to  succeeding  genera- 
tions. Mr.  Francis  Galton — himself  an  explorer 
of  reputation— suggests  that  a  memorial  to  all  the 
explorers  be  placed  in  Kensington-gardens.  His 
idea  is  a  massive  block  near  the  present  obelisk  in 
memory  of  Speke.  I  In  its  rounded  top  would  be 
a  map  of  Africa,  in  hold  and  coloured  mosaic, 
such  as  it  would  appear  on  a  globe  of  5ft.  radius, 

md  down  its  sloping  sides  would  be  carved  the 
names  of  the  greater  and  lesser  explorers. 

Mu.  NifiEL  Bond,  secretary  of  the  National 
Trust  for  Places  of  Historic  Interest  or  Natural 
Beauty,  25,  Victoria-street,  writes  calling  atten- 
tion to  the  proposal  to  demolish  a  part  of  the 
Edwardian  town  walls  of  Berwick-on-Tweed.  | 
Much  damage  has  already  been  done  to  the  ' 
historic  remains  in  that  Border  town  :  but  suf- 
ficient relics  have  been  spared  to  remind  the 
public  of  the  close  connection  of  the  place  with  ' 
the  great  I'lantagenet  who  at  Berwick  gave  | 
ludgmcnt  between  the  rival  claimants  to  the 
Scottish  Throne  at  the  end  of  the  1 3th  century. 
[.  The  proposed  denu-lition  is  to  bo  effected  so  that  a 
>  modern  dwelling-house  maybe  erected,  the  site 
^  being  thus  enhanced  in  money  value  for  the 
■  benefit  of  the  freemen  of  the  town.  "  C^m  it  not 
be  brought  home  to  the  freemen  of  Berwick," 
says  Mr.  Bond,  "  that  they,  as  landlords,  have 
duties  and  rosponsibilitics  as  well  as  privileges, 
and  that  to  increase  the  financial  value  of  their 
land  without  regard  to  any  other  consideration 
may  be  to  neglect  those  responsiljllitios  r " 
Letters  deprecating  the  destruction  of  the  walls 
have  been  addrussed  to  the  town  council  by  tho 
National  Trust  and  kindred  societies,  and  it  is 


earnestly  hoped  that  the  local  authority  will  re- 
consider its  decision,  and  prove  itself  a  worthy 
guardian  of  the  antiquities  of  tho  locality. 

Tui:  full  cast  for  the  performances  of  the 
"  Elcctra  "  of  Sophocles,  which  are  to  be  given 
at  the  Court  Theatre  next  Jlonday  and  every 
afternoon  and  evening  of  the  ensuing  week,  is  as 
follows: — Miss  Smilto,  Electra :  Miss  Adam, 
Clytemnestra ;  M'ss  Xenon,  C'hrysothemia ; 
Mme.  Costi,  Hegemonis  of  tho  Chorus ;  Mr. 
Filotas,  Orestes;  Mr.  C'leon,  Pedagogue;  Mr. 
Xanthos,  .Egisthus ;  Mr.  Leandros,  Pylades. 
Chorus  of  fifteen  women.  Miss  Smilto  is  re- 
sponsible for  the  dresses  and  scenery  and  for  the 
production  generally,  which  will  be  likened  in 
every  possible  way — in  speech,  accent,  gesture, 
and  costume — to  the  representations  given  in  the 
time  of  Sophocles  himself. 


CHIPS. 

The  consumption  of  asphalte  in  the  United  States 
alone  in  the  year  1903  was  over  250,000  tons, 
which  is  equivalent  to  more  than  one-half  of  the 
average  production  in  the  world. 

The  new  workhouse  infirmary  at  Holbeach  is  to 
be  formally  opened  on  Monday  next.  The  contract 
has  been  carried  out  by  Mr.  Bateman,  of  Holbeach. 

A  singular  accident  has  occurred  to  the  parish 
church  at  Aston  Clinton,  where  a  portion  of  the 
massive  wall  of  the  north  aisle  has  suddenly 
collapsed.  By  a  stroke  of  good  fortune,  the  mis- 
hap occurred  in  the  still  of  the  night  on  Sunday, 
30  that  the  great  body  of  masonry  which  was 
displaced,  much  of  which  fell  with  disastrous 
etfects  upon  the  north  porch,  was  responsible  for 
uo  injury  to  human  life. 

An  "At  Home"  will  be  given  by  the  President 
of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects,  at  9, 
Conduit-street,  on  Saturday,  June  IS,  when  there 
will  be  an  exhibition  of  architects'  sketches  on 
view. 

Col.  Langton  Coke,  M.I.C.K.,  held  an  inquiry  on 
behalf  of  the  Local  (iovernment  Board,  at  the  town- 
hall,  Burton,  on  Wednesday  week,  with  reference 
to  the  application  of  the  Burton  Town  Council  for 
sanction  to  borrow  £2,000  for  providing  a  recrea- 
tion ground  at  Stapenhill. 

Mr.  John  F.  Wallace,  general  manager  of  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  has  been  appointed 
chief  engineer  of  the  Isthmian  Cmal  Commission, 
Panama. 

An  outbreak  of  fire  occurred  on  Monday  at 
Trefynant  terracotta  works,  near  Ruabon,  owned 
by  Messrs.  Edwards.  Flames  were  noticed  issuing 
from  the  pipe  department  sheds,  and  with  amazing 
rapidity  two  extensive  blocks  were  gutted,  damage 
being  caused  to  theextent  of  £1,000. 

The  Board  of  Trade  have  made  an  additional 
Rule,  under  the  Light  Railways  Act,  1896,  with 
respect  to  the  notices  to  be  given  and  deposits  made 
in  cases  where  alterations  of  works  are  proposed 
during  the  progress  of  an  application  for  an  Order. 
The  rule  will  be  placed  on  sale  as  a  Government 
publication. 

Memorial-stones  of  a  new  Congregational  church 
were  laid  at  Bushey  on  Wednesday  week.  It  will 
seat  500  persons,  and  will  cost,  including  furnish- 
ing, about  £3,500.  The  architeot  is  Mr.  P.  Morley 
Horder,  of  New  Bond-street,  W. 

The  city  council  of  Norwich  have  adopted  plans 
prepared  by  the  borough  surveyor,  Mr.  A.  E.  Collins, 
for  extending  the  free  library  on  the  west  or  Duke- 
street  side,  at  au  estimated  cost  of  £2,000. 

The  first  section  of  the  tramway  in  Brixton- 
road,  which  has  been  converted  from  cable  to 
electric  traction,  was  opened  on  Saturday.  This 
section  extends  from  Kenningtou  (iate  to  Brixton 
railway  station,  and  the  line  was  not  closed  until 
April  U. 

During  recent  improvements  on  the  New  York 
Central  Railway,  it  has  been  necessary  to  demolish 
tho  roofing  of  the  old  Park  Avenue  tunnel  near  the 
{.irand  Central  Station.  The  roof  was  waterproofed 
thirty-two  years  ago  with  tarred  felt  and  coal-tar 
pitch,  and  when  taken  down  was  found  to  be  still 
quite  impervious,  and  in  a  perfect  condition. 

Up  to  the  present  time  £101,.S5ii  has  been  spent 
on  the  Blakoley  reservoir,  and  £298, till  on  the 
Butterley  reservoir,  which  belong  to  the  Hudders- 
field  Corporation. 

The  window  which  has  been  erected  to  the 
memory  of  the  late  Sir  (ieo.  L  Iwards  and  his  wife 
in  St.  Mary  KedclilT  Church  was  dedicated  on 
I'Viday  by  the  Bishop  of  Bristol.  The  window  is 
situated  in  the  oast  end  of  the  church,  and  depicts 
the  Crucifixion.  Ainong  the  figures  introduced  are 
those  of  St.  John,  tho  Centurion,  Josepli  of  Ariraa- 
th;ea,  the  Virgin  Mary,  Mary  Salome,  and  Mary 
Cleopas,  and  that  of  Christ,  which  occupies  the 
centre  position. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENStTINO  WEEK. 

MoNUAV. — Surveyors'  Institution. — Annual  General 
Meeting  and  Di&tributioa  of  Prizes. 
3  p.m. 

TcEsii-kv. — Society  of  Arts.  "  The  Economic  and  Indus- 
trial Progress  and  Condition  of  India," 
by  J.  E.  O  Connor,  CLE.    4.30  p.m. 

S.VTcm>.\v,  June  4.— Northern  Architectural  Association. 
Visit  to  West  Hartlepool. 


The  Kent  County  Council  have  instructed  their 
surveyor  to  prepare  plans  for  rebuilding  the  bridges 
over  the  Medway  at  East  Peckham  at  an  estimated 
cost  of  £12,500,  and  have  empowered  their  bridges 
committee  to  obtain  and  accept  tenders  for  the 
works. 

On  Saturday  afternoon  the  Bishop  of  Exeter 
took  part  in  the  dedication  of  the  new  reredos, 
lectern,  and  reading-desk,  and  also  the  reopening 
of  the  restored  tower  and  bells,  at  St.  Brandon's 
Church,  Brendon. 

The  work  of  constructing  the  new  graving  dock 

at  Hebburn,  the  largest  on  the  north-east  coast,  has 
now  been  finished  by  the  contractors,  Messrs. 
McAlpine  and  Co,  Next  week  the  dam  will  be  re- 
moved, the  entrance  to  the  dock  dredged,  and  the 
caissons  fixed,  and  the  dock  will  be  opened  on 
June  U. 

A  stained-glass  window  was  dedicated  in  St. 
Michael's  Church,  Sittingboume,  on  Friday.  The 
window,  which  fights  the  Lady-chapel  on  the  north 
side  of  the  church,  was  erected  in  memory  of  Mrs. 
Matilda  Jane  Grant,  who  died  on  January  29  of 
this  year,  at  the  age  of  97  years.  The  deceased  was 
the  mother  of  Mr.  W.  Leonard  Grant,  architect,  of 
Sittingboume. 

Lord  Rosebery  will  unveil  in  October  the  bust  of 
the  late  Lord  Salisbury  to  be  placed  in  the  Debating 
Hall  of  the  Oxford  Union  Society.  The  bust,  which 
is  by  Mr.  G.  Frampton,  R.A.,  is  now  in  the  Royal 
Academy.  The  Debating  Hall  of  the  Oxford  L'nion 
already  contains  a  bust  of  Mr.  Gladstone. 

The  Beach  restaurant  and  hotel  at  Weston-super- 
Mare  is  being  extended  so  as  to  provide  five  dining- 
rooms  accommodating  from  40  to  200  persons  in 
each  room.  Messrs.  Hans  Price  and  Jayne  are  the 
architects,  and  Mr.  C.  Addicott,  also  of  Weston- 
super-Mare,  is  the  builder. 

The  tender  of  Messrs.  R.  Ward  and  Son,  of 
Battersea,  has  been  accepted  in  public  competition 
for  the  erection  of  a  block  of  residential  flats  to  be 
called  Ringford  House,  at  the  corner  of  Ringford- 
road  and  West  Hill,  Wandsworth.  The  contract  is 
signed,  and  the  work  is  to  be  proceeded  with  at  once 
under  the  direction  of  the  architects,  Messrs. 
Palgrave  and  Co  ,  Victoria-street,  S.W. 

The  new  Protestant  Cathedral  for  Belfast  will  be 
consecrated  by  the  Bishop  of  Ripon  on  Thursday  in 
next  week,  when  the  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
Earl  Dudley,  will  attend  the  service  in  state. 

The  honorary  freedom  of  the  borough  of 
Stockton-on-Tees  was  presented  on  Wednesday 
week  to  Alderman  Richard  Hind,  J.P.,  whose 
services  on  the  Worshipful  Company  of  Plumbers 
and  to  the  cause  of  the  Plumbers'  Registration 
movement  are  well-known  to  our  readers.  During 
the  26  years  Alderman  Hind,  who  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  John  Hind,  plumber,  of  High-street, 
Stockton,  has  beeu  a  member  of  the  Stockton 
Corporation,  he  has  taken  an  active  interest  in  all 
sanitary  questions  affecting  the  health  and  welfare 
of  the  townspeople. 

The  Linlithgow  Town  Council  have  under  con- 
sideration a  report  by  Messrs.  Leslie  and  Reid,  C.E., 
Edinburgh,  on  the  scheme  for  providing  the  burgh 
with  an  additional  water  supply. 

The  Bishop  of  Menevia  (Dr.  F.  Mostyn)  blessed 
and  laid  on  Tuesday  the  foundation-stone  of  the 
new  Roman  Catholic  Church  and  School  of  St. 
Francis  of  Assist  at  Morley.  It  is  the  first  Roman 
Catholic  church  built  in  Morley,  and  will  accom- 
modate about  500  worshippers,  whilst  tho  schoo  IwUI 
accommodate  about  250  children. 

Mr.  S.  Tyzack,  now  resident  in  England,  hut 
formerly  of  Port  Adelaide,  S.A.,  has  notified  the 
rector  of  that  parish  of  his  desire  to  build  a  new 
parish  church  at  a  cost  of  L'4  000,  and  also  to  place 
thr^estained-glass  windows  in  its  chancel.  The  new 
church  is  greatly  needed,  for  the  present  structure 
is  a  parody  of  the  tieorgian  type  of  architecture, 
and  quite  unworthy  of  the  chief  seaport  of  South 
Australia. 

The  Bishop  of  Exeter  visited  Lynmouth  on 
Saturday,  and  took  ]>art  in  the  dedication  of  the 
now  vestry  and  organ  of  the  church  of  St.  John  the 
Baptist. 

\n  inquiry  was  held  at  the  town-hall,  Todmorden, 
on  Wednesday,  by  Mr.  R.  D.  Sweeting,  an  inspector 
under  the  Local  Government  Board,  with  roforouco 
to  the  application  of  tho  town  council  for  permission 
to  borrow  a  sum  of  L't,.500  to  pay  the  cost  of  ex- 
tensions at  the  Fielden  Fever  Hospital. 


784 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


May  27,  1904. 


Crabe  &thss. 


WAQES    MOVEUEKTP. 

Penehyn  Quaekies. — Another  strike  has  occurred 
at  Penrhyn  quarries.  The  men  employed  in  loading 
slates  were  dissatisfied  with  the  wages  they  received, 
and  to  the  number  of  a  dozen  came  out,  causing 
considerable  delay  and  inconvenience  in  delivering 
slates  at  Port  Penrhyn.  Before  the  big  strike  those 
loading  trucks  at  the  top  of  the  incline  shared  their 
earnings  with  those  engaged  coupling  trucks  below, 
and  the  average  earnings  per  man  worked  out  at 
3|d.  per  ton.  This  has  been  reduced  to  3Jd.,  the 
management  having  now  introduced  arrangements 
by  wfich  the  men  on  the  incline  receive  day  wages 
and  the  loaders  proper  are  paid  by  piece.  The  latter 
demanded  3Jd.  per  ton,  or  that  they  should  le 
placed  on  the  same  footing  as  the  day  men.  This 
demand  was  refused,  and  the  discontented  men 
were  paid  oif,  the  management  replacing  them  with 
old  day  workmen. 


CHIPS. 

An  inquiry,  ordered  by  the  Local  Government 
Board,  in  reference  to  an  application  by  the  Tyne- 
mouth  Corporation  for  sanction  to  borrow  £15,000 
for  purposes  of  electric  lightinj,  was  held  on  Friday 
before  Col.  A.  J.  Hepper,  D.S.O.,  R.E.,  in  the 
Council  Chamber,  at  North  Shields. 

On  Whit-Monday  the  Earl  of  Dartmouth,  Lord 
Lieutenant  of  Stailtordshire,  opened  the  new  Hamps 
and  Manifold  Light  Railway.  There  are  no  stations 
on  the  line  except  at  the  termini,  but  trains  will 
stop  to  pick  up  or  set  down  at  the  wish  of  the 
passenger.  The  line  starts  from  near  Hartington, 
on  the  Duke  of  Devonshire's  estate,  and  runs  to 
Waterhouses,  where  it  connects  with  a  branch  of 
the  ISorth  Staffordshire  Railway,  which  is  being 
completed. 

The  Wentwood  water  scheme  carried  out  by  the 
town  council  of  Newport,  Mon.,  which  has  taken 
ten  years  to  finish,  and  involved  a  cost  of 
£400,000,  is  practically  completed,  and  on  Tuesday 
next.  May  31,  Councillor  Phillips,  the  mayor  wUl 
perform  the  ceremony  of  turning  on  the  water. 

The  Birmingham  Board  of  Guardians  have 
agreed  to  provide  two  additional  cottages  at  the 
children's  home  at  Marston-green,  one  for  boys  and 
one  for  girls,  to  accommodate  20  each,  approximate 
cost  £1,400  each,  and  also  to  erect  a  chapel  for 
Divine  service  at  a  cost  of  £3,000,  to  accommodate 
500. 

Mr.  Samuel  William  Francis,  of  Huntingdon 
House,  Homsey-lane,  and  of  S.  VV.  Francis  and 
Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Gray's  Inn-road,  revolving  shutter 
manufacturers  and  brassworkers,  whose  death  we 
recently  reported  at  the  age  of  80,  left  £124,400. 
He  bequeathed  £100  to  the  Royal  Free  Hospital, 
£50  to  the  South  London  Hospital,  and  one  week's 
wages  to  each  of  the  workmen  and  boys  in  the 
employment  of  the  company. 

The  new  King  Edward  the  Seventh  Home  for 
Nurses  in  connection  with  the  North  Staffordshire 
Infirmary,  Stoke-on-Trent,  the  foundation-stone  of 
which  was  laid  by  the  King  when  Prince  of  Wales, 
was  opened  on  the  I9th  iiist.  by  the  Bishop  of 
Shrewsbury  (Sir  Lovelace  Tomlinson  Stamer).  The 
home  has  been  erected,  at  a  cost  of  over  £9,000, 
from  designs  by  Messrs.  R.  Stephen  Ayling 
and  A.  R.  P.  Piercy,  selected  in  open  competition, 
and  illustrated  in  the  Building  News  for  Sept.  4, 
1903,  by  plans  and  a  perspective.  Mr.  John  Bagnall, 
of  Fenton,  was  the  contractor.  It  is  built  of  red 
bricks,  with  HoUington  stone  dressings. 

A  joint  committee  of  the  Lord  Provost's  and 
Markets  Committee  ut  Edinburgh  Town  Council 
had  on  Friday  under  consideration  the  acquisition 
of  the  ground  at  Gorgie,  belonging  to  the  Trinity 
Hospital,  for  the  purpose  of  the  ntw  cattle  markets 
and  slaughter-houses.  It  was  agreed  to  recommend 
that  127  acres  of  ground  be  acquired,  and  that  the 
work  of  erecting  the  markets  and  slaughter-houses 
should  be  intrusted  to  the  city  architect's  department. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  City  Court  of  Common 
Council  the  town  clerk  read  a  letter  irom  Mr. 
Andrew  Murray,  A.R.I.B.A.,  the  city  surveyor, 
resigoing  his  appointment.  The  letter  was  referred 
to  the  officers  and  clerks  committee,  with  power  to 
confer  with  the  City  Linds,  Bridge  House,  and 
Improvements  and  Finance  Committees. 

At  a  meeting  of  ths  Joint  Committee  of  the 
Sunderland  Corporation  on  Thursday  in  last  week, 
a  communication  was  read  from  Mr.  G.  S.  Gibb,  of 
the  N.E.R  ,  stating  that  the  plans  for  a  new  bridge 
over  the  Wear,  at  Southwick,  were  now  complete. 
1  he  company  requested  the  corporation  to  appoint  a 
deputation  to  have  a  consultation  with  the  directors 
with  a  view  to  having  the  contracts  let  as  soon  as 
possible  Th9  new  bridge  is  to  be  somewhat  similar 
to  the  High  Level  at  Newcastle,  the  railway  running 
above  the  ordinary  roadway.  The  footpath  wiU  bl 
on  brackets  at  either  side  of  the  carriageway 


LATEST    PRICES. 

— *-*-* — 

IBON,    &0. 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

EoUea-Iron  Joists,  Belgian £5  10    0    to  £5  16    0 

RoUed-Steel  Joists,  EngUsh  8  10    0    „  8  12    6 

Wrought^Ixon  Girder  Plates  7    0    0,,  760 

Bar  Iron,  good  Staffs «    6    0    „  8  10    0 

Do.,  Lowmoor,  Flat,  Bound,  or 

Square    SO    0    0    „  SO    0    0 

Do.,  Welsh  6  16    0    „  S  17    8 

Boiler  Plates,  Iron- 
South  Staffs 8  15    0    „  8  15    0 

Beat  Snedshill 9  10    0  9  10    0 

Angles  ICs.,  Tees  20s.  per  ton  extia. 

Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  for  bonding,  &c.,  £7  78.  8d. 
Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  galvanised,  £12  to  £13  per  ton. 

Qalvanised  Corrugated  Sheet  Iron — 

No.  18  to  20.  No.  22  to  24. 

6ft.    to    8ft.   long,   inclusive     Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

gauge £1115    0    ...£12    0    0 

Best  ditto 12    5    0    ...  12  10    0 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Cast-iron  Columns £8  10    0   to  £8  10    0 

Cast-iron  Stanchions 6  10    0    „  8  10    0 

Eolled-Iron  Fencing  Wire  8    0    0,,  860 

Eolled-Steel  Fencing  Wire „      6    5    0,,  6  10    0 

„         „           „        Galvanised.      7  15    0    „  8    0    0 

Cast>-Iron  Sash  Weights  4  12    6    „  4  12    6 

Cut  Clasp  Nails,  Sin.  to  6in 9    6    0,,  960 

Cut  Floor  Brads 9    0    0    „  9    0    0 

Wire  Nails  (Points  de  Paris)— 

6  to  7      8       9       10       11       12       18       14      16  B.W.G. 

8/-      8/6     9/-    9/8      9/9    10/«     11/3    12/-   13/-  per  cwt. 

Cast-iron  Socket  Pipes- 
Sin,  diameter    £6  16    0    to  £6    0    0 

4in.  to6in 6  12    8    „  6  17    6 

7in.  to  2(in.  (all  sizes)  6    7    8,,  6  10    0 

[Coated  vith  composition,  Bs.  Od.  per  ton  extra ;  tamed 
uid  bored  joints,  6s.  ed.  per  ton  extra.] 

Pig  Iron—  Per  ton. 

Cold  Blast,  Lflleshall    105s.  Od.  to  1128.  8d. 

Hot  Blast,  ditto  656.  Od.  to   70s.  Od. 

Wronght-lron  Tubes  and  Fitttnga — Disooont  off  Standard 

liste  f.o.b.  (plus  5  per  cent.) : — 

Gas-Tubes 87}p.o. 

Water-Tubes  62*  „ 

Steam-Tubes    B7j  „ 

Galvanised  Gas-Tubes  65     „ 

Galvanised  Water-Tubes 60     „ 

Galvanised  Steam-Tubes 46     „ 

lOcwt.  casks.  6civt.  casks. 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Zinc,  English  (London  mill)  £24  15    0    to  £25    0    0 

Do.,  Vieille  Montague 27  10    0    „  27  15    0 

Sheet  Lead,  81b.  and  upwards  ...     13  15    0    „  13  15    0 

Lead  Water  Pipe  (F.O.E.  Lond.)    14    5    0    „  14    5    0 

Lead  Barrel  Pipe   15    2    6    „  15    2    6 

Lead  Pipe,  Tinned  inside   16    2    6    „  16    2    6 

and  outside    17  12    8    „  17  12    6 

Composition  Gas-Pipe 18    2    8    „  18    2    6 

Soil-Pipe  (5in.  and  Sin.  extra)  ...    16    2    6    „  16    2    6 

Pig  Lead,  in  Icwt.  pigs 10  16    3    „  10  17    6 

Lead  Shot,  in  281b.  bags 16    0    0    „  15    5    0 

Copper  Sheets,  sheathing  and  roda    74    0    0    „  74    5    0 

Copper,  British  Cake  and  Ingot...     61    5    0    „  61  15    0 

Tin,  Straits  126    7    6    „  126  17     6 

Do.,  EngUah  Ingots  127  10    0    „  128    0    0 

Spelter,  Sileaian 22    7    6    „  22  12    6 

TIUBEB. 

Teak,  Bnrmah per  load   19  15    0    to  £18    0    0 

„    Bangkok ,     ...       9    5    0    „  18    5    0 

Quebec  Pme,  yellow „    ...      8  15    0    „  6  10    0 

„    Oak „     ...       5    0    0,,  7  10    0 

„    Birch  „    ...      3    0    0,,  600 

„     Elm „     ...       4    5    0,,  800 

„     Ash „     ...       4     0    0,,  700 

Dantsic  and  Memel  Oak      „    ...      2  12    6,,  6    0    0 

Fir „     ...       2  15    0    „  5    5    0 

Wainscot,  Riga  p.  log...      „    ...      2  12    6    „  6    5    0 

Lath,  Dantsic,  p.f „     ...       4    0    0,,  600 

St.  Petersburg „    ...      4    0    0,,  600 

Greenheart  „    ...       7  16    0    „  8    0    0 

Box „    ...      7    0    0,,  16    0    0 

Sequoia,  U.S. A percubefoot      0    8    6,,  089 

BJaJiogany,  Cuba,  per  super  foot 

lin.  thick  0    0    8,,  008 

„           Honduras  ...      „    ...      0    0    6,,  00  7| 

„           Mexican 0    0    4,,  005 

„           African  „    ...      0    0    8}  „  0    0  5j 

Cedar,  Cuba    „    ...      0    0    8,,  0    0  3J 

„  Honduras   „    ...       0    0    SJ  „  0    0  3| 

Satiiiwood    „     ...       0    0  10    „  0    19 

Walnut,  Italian „    ...      0    0    8,,  00  7} 

„      American  (logs)      „    ...      0    8    1,,  081 

Deals,  per  St.  Petersburg  Standard,  120— 12ft.  by  IJin. 
by  llin.  : — 

Quebec,  Pine,  1st  £22    0    0    to  £29    6    0 

„              2nd 18    5    0    „  23  10    0 

„              Srd  11  15    0    „  14    0    0 

Canada  Spruce,  1st 11    0    0    „  15  10    0 

„           2nd  and  Srd   9    0    0,,  10  10    0 

New  Brunswick 8    0    0,,  9  15    0 

Riga    8    0    0,,  8  10    0 

St.  Petersburg 8    0    0,,  16  10    0 

Swedish n  ID    0    „  20    0    0 

Finland 9  10    0    „  10    5    0 

White  Sea 11  10    0    „  20    0    0 

Battens,  all  sorts   6  15    0    „  14    5    0 

Flooring  Boards,  per  pqnare  of  lin. : — 

Ist  prepared £0  13    0    „  £0  18    6 

2nd  ditto  0  12    0    „  0  15    6 

Other  quaUties    0    5    3,,  0  13    0 

Staves,  per  standard  M  : — 

U.S.,  pipe £37  10    0    „  £45    0    0 

Memel,  or.  pipe 220    0    0    „  280    0    0 

Memel,  brack 190    0    0    „  aoo    0    0 


STONB.* 

Darley  Dale,  in  blocks per  foot  cube  £0 

" ..   0 

..    0 


Red  Mansfield  ditto  . 

Hard  York  ditto    „    ... 

Ditto  ditto  6in.  sawn  both  sides,  landings, 

random  sizes per  foot  sup.    0 

Ditto  ditto  Sin.  slabs  sawn  two  sides, 

random  sixes  ,,    ...    0 

•  All  F.O.E.  London. 

Bath  Stone,  delivered  on  rail  at  quarry  stations 

per  foot  cube  £0 
Delivered  on  road  waggons,  Paddington 

Depot „    ...    0 

Ditto       ditto       Nine  Elms  Depot  „    ...    0 

Portland  Stone,  in  random  blacks  of  20ft.  average  : 

Brown 
Whit  Bed, 
Delivered  to  railway  depot  at  the 

quarry per  foot  cube  £0 

Dehvered  on  road  waggons  \ 
at  Paddington  Depot    ...  I 
Ditto    Nine  Elms  Depot..  (    ••   " 
Ditto    PimUco  Wharf f 

OILS. 

Linseed  per  tun 

Rapeseed,  English  pale  ...    „    ... 

Do.,  brown ,    ... 

Cottonseed,  refined „    ... 

OUve,  Spanish 


2  3 
2*i 
2  10 


16J' 
181 


White 
Base  Bed. 


1    5i. 


0    2    1 


.  £0 


17i 
0    2  2} 


Seal,  pale 

Cocoanut,  Cochin „    ... 

Do.,  Ceylon  „    ... 

Palm,  Lagos „    ... 

Oleine „    ... 

Lubricating  U.8 per  gal. 

Petroleum,  refined „    ... 

Tar,  Stockholm .per  barrel 

Do.,  Archangel „     ... 

Turpentine,  American  ...per  tun 


£14 

21 
20 
18 
81 
18 
SO 
28 


27  n 
17  6 
0    7 

0  0 

1  6 
0  19 

87    0 


to  £14  15 

„  24  0 

„  21  0 

„  20  0 

„  81  6 

„  23 

„  31 


0 

Q 
0 
0 
O 
0 
0 

28  10    0 

28  10    n 

19    6 

0    8 

0  0 

1  « 
1    0 

87     6 


A  new  quarter  clock  and  a  peal  of  bells  have  just 
been  placed  in  the  tower  of  St.  Barnabas'  Church, 
Linslade,  Bucks,  the  Bishop  of  Oxford  officiating  at 
the  dedicatory  service.  The  clock,  which  shows 
four  dials  and  chimes  the  Cambridge  quarters,  and 
strikes  the  hours  on  a  tenor  bell,  has,  with  the  bel's. 
been  supplied  by  Messrs.  J.  W.  Benson,  Ltd.,  of 
London, 

In  Montmartre  cemetery  there  was  unveiled  oa 
Sunday  the  monument  which  Madame  Emile  Zoli 
has  had  erected  to  the  memory  of  her  husband. 
The  memorial  is  a  simple  one,  consisting  of  a 
marble  slab  on  a  granite  foundation,  all  being 
surmounted  by  the  bust  of  the  realistic  novelist.  M. 
Frantz  Jourdain  is  the  architect  of  the  monument,  M. 
Solari  being  the  sculptor. 

On  Thursday  in  last  week,  Mr.  W.  A.  Dacat,  an 
inspector  for  the  Local  Government  Board,  attended 
at  the  town-hall,  Haoley,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
an  inquiry  concerning  an  application  made  for  the 
sanction  to  borrow  £7,000  for  street  improvements. 
Mr.  A.  Challinor,  town  clerk,  and  Mr.  J.  Lobley, 
borough  surveyor,  explained  the  proposals. 

Mr.  E  Iward  A.  Bond  has  formally  resigned  the 
office  of  State  engineer  and  surveyor  of  New  York 
to  join  the  advisory  board  of  engineers  on  the  canal 
improvements. 

The  foundation-stones  of  a  new  Methodist  Free 
Church  were  laid  on  Tuesday  at  the  comer  of 
Birchington  -  avenue  and  Oxford  -  street.  South 
Shields.  The  building  will  cost  £4,500,  and  is 
being  erected  from  plans  by  Mr.  G.  R.  Smith. 

A  Jtablet  in  brass,  with  repousse  lettering,  the 
work  of  Mr.  P.  Wylie  Davidson,  instructor  in  the 
Glasgow  Sjhool  of  Art,  has  been  placed  in  the 
Anatomical  Department  of  Glasgow  University,  in 
commemoration  of  the  grant  made  by  the  trustees- 
of  the  late  J.  B.  Thomson  for  buildings  anl 
equipment  in  connection  with  the  Anatomical 
Department, 

The  death  is  announced  from  Runcorn  of  Mr. 
Michael  Birker,  who  was  surveyor  to  the  local 
authorities  for  titty  years. 

The  Bombay  Port  Trustees  have  accepted  the 
tender  of  Messrs.  Price,  Wills,  and  Reeves  for  their 
new  dock.  The  figure  is  185  lakhs,  and  the  work  is 
to  be  completed  by  June,  1911.  A  bonus  of  4  lakhs 
is  offered  if  the  work  is  done  by  June,  1910,  and 
2  lakhs  if  by  January,  1911.  The  tender  is  9J  lakhs 
in  excess  of  the  engineer's  estimate. 

Mr.  F.  Fowler,  land  surveyor,  of  Sheffield,  the 
umpire  who  sat  at  an  arbitration  court  held  at 
Bradford  on  April  20  to  fix  the  value  of  certain 
property  belonging  to  Mr.  T.  Longbottom,  mer- 
chant, Bingley,  which  Bingley  Council  require  for 
the  new  road  which  is  being  made  past  the  parish 
church  at  Bingley,  has  decided  that  the  council 
must  pay  £357,  as  against  £694  asked  by  Mr. 
Longbottom. 

The  Presbyterian  congregation  at  Chatham  on 
Sunday  transferred  their  services  from  the  old  iron 
building,  in  which  they  have  worshipped  for  the 
last  43  years,  to  a  new  church  which  has  been 
built  in  New-road,  in  that  borough,  on  a  site  given 
by  the  War  Office.  The  building,  which  has  been 
designed  in  the  Transitional  Early  English  style,  has 
cost  between  £5,000  and  £6,000. 


June  3,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


785 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERIKG  JOURNAL. 
VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  2578. 


FRIDAY,  JrXE  3,   1901. 


ADAPTATION  OF    BUILDING. 

TO  be  able  to  say  that  a  particular  design 
or  building  is  perfectly  adapted  to  its 
purpose  or  use,  is  certainly  one  of  the  highest 
recommendations  in  its  favour,  and  should 
be  the  most  flattering  tribute  to  the  architect ; 
but  the  quality  of  adaptation  is  not  one  that 
is  much  esteemed,  to  judge  by  the  number  of 
buildings  and  designs  for  them  which  appear 
to  bo  in  no  sense  related  to  the  purposes  for 
which  they  are  erected.  In  fact,  if  we  take 
any  dozen  of  our  recent  buildings,  we  shall 
find  at  least  half  of  them  are,  by  external 
appearance,  at  any  rate,  quite  unsuited  for 
■their  special  use.  Except  its  inevitable  shop- 
front,  the  modern  business  premises  may  be 
mistaken  for  a  public  building,  or  an  hotel, 
or  private  street  residence,  and  the  bank 
and  insurance  office  often  resemble  an  hotel 
or  clubhouse.  Our  new  theatre  street 
f a(;ades  are  often  strangely  out  of  keeping  with 
buildings  of  this  description.  The  fronts  are 
crowded  with  windows  which  have  no  relation 
to  the  auditorium,  and  not  a  few  of  them  may 
be  mistaken  for  Nonconformist  churches. 
Various  trades  localise  themselves  in  certain 
parts  of  London :  thus  we  have  the  up- 
holsterers and  furniture  dealers  of  Tottenhim 
<'ourt-road,  the  extensive  drapery  establish- 
ments of  Oxford-street,  the  carriage-building 
and  motor  works  of  Long  Acre,  and  it  might 
be  naturally  expected  to  find  each  of  these 
kinds  of  business  premises  designed  on 
certain  principles.  Here  and  there  one  sees 
an  attempt  made  to  make  the  shop  and  farade 
above  more  suitable  or  appropriate  to  the 
business  ;  but  the  exceptions  prove  the  rule. 
Every  trade  has,  or  ought  to  have,  its  special 
mode  of  arranging  or  displaying  its 
productions.  A  grocer's  shop  can  hardly  be 
planned  or  designed  in  the  same  way  as 
that  for  a  draper  or  a  jeweller,  or  a  bookseller, 
yet  wo  find  the  large  plate-glass  window 
used  for  aU  these  several  purposes  without 
distinction.  No  difference  is  made  for  the 
kind  of  goods  or  industries  displayed  or 
stored.  Commercially,  no  doubt,  such  a 
uniform  treatment  of  the  architectural 
features  may  be  found  in  some  cases  an 
advantage,  a3  when  trades  are  transferred 
from  one  building  or  street  to  another,  as  in 
such  a  case  little  expense  for  alteration  is 
required  ;  but  distinctive  character  is  thereby 
lost.  In  streets  there  is  a  general  desire  to 
produce  uniformity  of  elevation,  certainly 
prejudicial  to  the  actual  requirements  of 
trade,  if  desirable  on  other  grounds.  Many 
of  our  old  streets  exhibit  shop  treatments 
which  display  decided  character  in  their 
design.  The  old  small-pane  shopfront,  with 
its  often  convex-shaped  plan  (some  of  which 
have  been  lately  removed  in  Newcastle-street 
and  other  old  streets  to  make  room  for  the 
•Strand  improvements)  is  an  instance,  and  the 
neat  dentilled  wooden  cornices  over  these  old 
shops  are  excellent  examples  of  window 
fittings  adapted  to  certain  goods. 

But  adaptation  of  buildings  as  a  whole  will 
largely  depend  on  the  suitable  treatment  of 
various  elements  in  the  design.  It  will  depend 
on  the  adaptation  of  material,  of  plan,  of 
structure,  and  details.  The  word,  indeed, 
connotes  various  things— chiefly  the  circum- 
stances including  site  and  convenience,  the 
plan  of  building,  its  structure,  its  fittings 
and  decoration.  Wa  must,  in  fact,  begin  by 
adapting  each  of  these  to  the  use  and  purpose 
of  the  building.  To  imagine  that  wo  can 
adapt  an  elevation  to  a  curtain  trade  without 
reference  to  thoso  elements  is  one  of  tho 
mistakes  which  modern  architects  commit  - 
tho  rock  on  which  much  of  our  architecture 


has  been  wrecked.  It  takes  for  granted  that 
existing  internal  structure  and  arrangements 
remain,  that  certain  materials  and  the  plan 
of  the  buUding  will  not  be  materially 
affected ;  in  short,  that  the  process  of  adapta- 
tion is  from  without  inwards.  On  these 
assumptions  precedents  are  followed,  and 
traditional  modes  of  building  adhered  to. 
No  good  architecture  has  been  the  result  of 
this  idea  ;  we  have  always  seen  the  adapting 
process  taking  cognisance  of  site,  of  local 
materials,  of  technical  methods  and  other 
factors,  which  in  their  turn  exercised  an  in- 
fluence upon  tho  external  design.  The  pro- 
fession have  not  yet  come  to  acknowledge 
the  intimate  relation  between  materials  and 
workmanship  and  the  design,  in  spite  of  all 
that  technical  training  has  done.  We  still 
see  scjuare  or  oblong  buildings  planned  for 
sites  which  ought  to  have  had  buildings 
of  a  different  shape  ;  porticoes  and  other 
Classical  features  intended  for  stone  added 
to  facades  requiring  a  much  less  o.^tenta- 
tious  kind  of  treatment  ;  costly  materials 
and  details  used  unsuitable  to  the  use  and 
requirements  of  the  building  or  its  cost.  In 
most  of  the  principal  streets  of  London  we 
may  see  elaborately  worked  and  carved  stone 
of  an  inferior  quality  employed  on  the  fa<;ade8 
or  shop-fronts,  commercial  premises  and 
restaurants,  or  if  not  stone,  richly  moulded 
and  modelled  terracotta,  instead  of  plain 
brickwork.  The  incongruity  of  these 
materials  and  their  treatment  is  at  once 
apparent.  They,  in  fact,  set  the  "keynote 
to  the  design  ;  oveiy  other  detail  must  be 
carried  out  in  a  palatial  or  pronounced  archi 
tectural  style ;  all  suitability  and  character 
are  lost  sight  of.  It  is  almost  vain  to  hope 
for  anything  better  while  the  owner  or  build- 
ing speculator  is  tantalised  by  the  erection  of 
similar  structures  in  a  style  which  appeals  to 
the  public  taste,  and  is  thought  to  be  re 
munerative.  Rivalry  in  these  matters  is  too 
strong  to  permit  the  ordinary  architect  to 
attempt  any  more  appropriate  design  to 
withstand  the  accusation  of  being  common- 
place, and  between  the  forces  of  competition 
and  example  he  is  helpless.  A  stronger  man 
than  he  with  marked  individuality  may  design 
a  building  that  at  once  appeals  to  a  more 
select  class  of  people,  but  he  may  have  to 
endure  the  ridicule  of  the  many.  In  this 
predicament  the  architect  of  to-day  is  placed, 
lie  is  afraid  to  be  original,  or  to  use  his 
individual  power ;  his  employer  may  desert 
him,  or  the  public  ridicule  his  work.  Yet 
all  this  is  distinctly  detrimental  to  the  pro- 
gress of  honest  architentiu'e  in  our  large 
towns.  In  London,  Manchester,  Birming- 
ham, Ijiverpool,  and  in  all  the  great  manu- 
facturing and  industrial  centres  we  see 
scores  of  commercial  buildings  that  are 
openly  defiant  of  all  the  best  qualities  of 
good  architecture  and  real  character,  colossal 
shops  and  emporia  of  trade,  huge  public- 
houses  and  restaurants,  that  flaunt  all  the 
excesses  and  vagaries  of  architectural  clap- 
trap. How  can  we  expect  honesty  and 
adaptability  in  these  circumstjinces  ? 

Tho  adaptation  of  material  involves,  in  the 
first  place,  the  proper  selection  of  our  brick, 
terracotta,  stone,  timber,  and  other  materials. 
But  the  design  which  is  elaborate  in  detail 
and  full  of  carving  cannot  afford  to  omploj' 
the  best  stone  ;  it  must  bo  satisfied  with  a  soft 
limestone  or  inferior  sandstone — a  stone  that 
can  be  easily  worked  and  is  of  fine  texture 
-in  other  words,  not  a  good  weiither  stone. 
As  a  consoquonco,  tho  stoiioworkand elaborate 
details  begin  early  to  decay ;  portions  exfoliate 
or  fall  away,  and  the  arrises  and  mouldings 
and  sharpiii'ss  of  the  carving  soon  disappear 
ill  a  mouldering  mass.  Such  is,  indeed,  the 
Nemesis  of  tho  extravagant  design  and  a 
very  sad  ono  it  is.  Our  stone  buildings  in 
London  alone  afford  a  salutary  lesson.  Those 
of  tho  most  elaborate  detail  and  carving  ha\o 
wiilfered  to  a  degree  that  loaves  a  veiy  bad 
impression  of  the  wisdom  and  caution  of  the 
architect.     In    some    cases   every  moulding ' 


and  detail  have  partially  crumbled  away, 
leaving  masses  and  courses  of  white  soft 
stone  ready  to  be  attacked  by  every  shower 
of  rain  and  frost.  Where  is  the  adaptation  ? 
Has  any  principle  been  observed  in  tho 
bedding  and  coursing  of  tho  stonework  ?  la 
many  of  these  instances  of  rapid  decay 
we  should  find  the  "natural  bed"  en- 
tirely disregarded ;  the  lamina'  of  the 
stone,  instead  of  being  placed  parallel 
to  the  bed,  are  placed  upright  or  cross- 
wise, exposing  the  edges  of  the  lamin.o 
to  the  acids  of  the  atmosphere,  or  if  they  are 
placed  parallel  to  the  face  of  the  wall,  they 
scale  off  in  plate-like  layers  whenever  the 
frost  attacks  the  cementing  material.  The 
moulded  cornices  and  other  members  are  cut 
out  of  stones  laid  with  the  lamina?  horizontal, 
which  scale  off  in  the  projecting  parts.  Can 
we  wonder  at  the  result  ?  In  short,  a  good 
deal  of  the  decay  of  stonework  we  meet  with 
in  our  buildings,  ancient  and  modem,  is 
attributable  to  a  want  of  knowledge  in 
selecting  stones  for  such  purpose,  and  in 
bedding  them  in  a  position  with  the  edges  of 
lamime  at  right  angles  to  wall-face,  or  verti- 
cally in  cornice,  which  will  least  expose  them 
to  the  attacks  of  frost  and  the  atmosphere. 
But  adaptation  does  not  end  with  either  the 
selection  of  a  material  or  a  quarry,  and  the 
method  of  bedding  or  cutting  it  to  prevent  as 
far  as  possible  premature  decay,  but  also 
upon  its  treatment  in  regard  to  the  design. 
Are  we  adapting  a  stone  for  a  particular 
purpose  in  a  building  by  simply  making  it 
resist  atmospheric  attacks,  without  taking  into 
account  also  the  best  way  in  which  the  stone 
may  subserve  its  purpose  for  the  building  ? 
Its  physical  and  durable  qualities  are,  of 
course,  essential ;  but  the  higher  sort  of 
adaptation  is  the  employing  and  treating  it 
in  a  manner  suitable  to  the  structure  and  its 
use.  For  a  warehouse  or  factorj-  the  stones 
should  not  only  be  hard  and  weatherproof, 
capable  of  resisting  weight,  but  be  employed 
in  plain  solid  blocks  as  in  piers,  either  tooled 
or  hammer-dressed  ;  but  for  an  office,  club, 
restaurant,  or  residence  it  may  be  moulded, 
panelled,  or  relieved  by  carving,  and  have 
a  finer  dressed  face  to  correspond  to 
the  character  of  the  building.  A  town 
hotel  or  clubhouse,  a  theatre,  or  restaurant 
may  have  a  good  deal  more  carving  and 
ornament  than  a  building  of  lesspretensions. 
It  is  this  proportionate  sense  of  orna- 
ment and  treatment  which  we  see  so  often 
disregarded.  And  the  hardness  and  texture 
of  the  stone  must  also  be  considered  in  the 
kind  of  treatment  or  face  it  should  have.  la 
hard  stone  or  granite  districts  we  see 
masonry  of  a  plain  and  severe  style,  while 
where  limestones  and  free-working  stones  are 
used  the  treatment  is .  more  florid.  Com- 
pare, for  example,  districts  in  Cornwall  and 
Somersetshire.  This  is  an  adaptation  to 
circumstances  or  physical  conditions  which 
cannot  be  disregarded  in  the  design  of  any 
class  of  building,  and  tho  architect  may 
profitably  follow  a  similar  load  when  ho 
designs  for  buildings  destined  for  hard  use 
and  wear,  such  as  a  factory,  and  for  others 
of  a  festive  or  monumental  character.  Though 
the  same  material  may  be  used  in  each,  there 
is  a  higher  law  which  dictates  a  simpler 
treatment  in  the  first  than  that  which  may 
bo  observed  in  the  latter.  For  other  mate- 
rials, like  terracotta,  wood,  and  iron,  tho 
same  considerations  prevail.  How  fre- 
quently we  see  very  florid  terracotta  used 
for  vcrj-  ordinary  buildings  like  shops,  in 
which  all  the  resources  of  the  art  of  the 
manufacturer  and  modeller  have  been  called 
out.  I  liffering  from  stone  in  certain  qualities, 
tho  selection  of  the  material  is  less  trouble- 
some. Diversities  of  texture,  hardness,  and 
durability  have  not  to  bo  considered  ;  tho 
chief  aim  is  to  obtain  a  material  tliat  has  a 
good  reputation  for  hardness  and  cjlour. 
that  will  retains  its  shapo  and  arrso?  after 
tiring.  In  tho  amount  of  relief  or  enricli- 
luout   it   should  have,  tho  use  and  purposo 


786 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Ju.NE  3,  ia04. 


of  the  building  are  the  m;\in  points.  For 
warehouses,  offices,  schools,  and  other  build- 
ings of  this  class  terracotta  should  be  plain 
and  broadly  treated,  the  relief  low  or  flat ; 
but  for  structures  of  a  more  elaborate  and 
costly  kind  moulded  relief  and  ornament 
may  "be  more  liberally  used.  The  compara- 
tive cheapness  of  ornamental  terracotta  has 
vitiated  the  taste  of  builders,  and  even  archi- 
tects. If  an  ornamental  cornice  or  string- 
course can  be  got  at  nearly  as  low  a  price  as 
one  of  plain  moulded  brick  or  terracotta  it 
is  used,  whether  suitable  to  the  character 
of  the  building  or  not.  Highly  enriched 
pilasters,  window  dressings,  gable  ornaments, 
and  panels  are  now  on  the  market  at  low 
prices,  although  the  designs  were  originally 
made  for  a  building  of  some  pretension.  It 
is  worth  while  to  keep  the  patterns  or  models 
in  stock,  and  so  we  get  designs  of  arabesques, 
relief  figures,  and  well- modelled  friezes  from 
Italian  palaces  stuck  on  fronts  of  shops, 
public-houses,  and  in  third-rate  tenements. 
The  same  with  any  ornament  or  design 
which  can  be  reproduced  in  this  way ;  so  that, 
instead  of  adaptation  of  design,  the  cost  of  the 
material  is  made  the  determining  motive. 
No  doubt  this  is  one  of  the  evils  of  macliine- 
made  designs — they  lend  themselves  so 
readUy  to  all  purposes.  In  wood  and  metal- 
work  the  adaptation  is  equally  important, 
but  how  often  neglected !  In  shop  and 
restaurant  and  bar  fittings,  we  at  least  look 
for  substantial  framing  in  partitions,  screens, 
lobbies,  especially  in  those  where  the  goods 
are  heavy,  and  their  removal  attended  with 
risk.  The  most  flimsy  kind  of  joinery  is 
often  noticed,  so  dift'erent  from  the  old  wood- 
work of  shops  and  hotels  a  century  ago.  The 
mania  for  decorative  woodwork  in  shops  and 
restaurants  has  been  the  bane  of  honest 
joinery.  Scrolls  and  ramps  of  a  very  rococo 
kind  are  introduced,  instead  of  moulded 
cappings  or  cornices.  The  suitable  conversion 
of  timber  to  the  purjjose,  the  shape  and 
contour  of  detail  and  mouldings  appear  to  be 
lost  sight  of  in  a  good  deal  of  modern  work. 
The  same  mouldings  are  introduced  for 
very  different  purposes,  without  any  dis- 
crimination. Woodworking  machinery  has 
made  it  possible  to  employ  a  set  of  mouldings 
for  a  cottage  or  tenement  that  was  originally 
intended  only  for  the  interior  of  a  country  or 
town  residence.  We  thus  get  repeats  of 
window  and  door  architraves,  skirtings, 
eashes  and  frames,  panelled  doors,  and  many 
other  details,  the  degree  of  elaboi-ation  or 
ornament  being  regulated  only  by  price.  In 
the  decorative  treatment  of  wood,  metal, 
plaster,  and  other  materials,  the  architect  has 
a  wide  range  in  which  to  exercise  his  choice 
and  adaptative  .skill  ;  but  it  is  often  left  to  the 
individual  taste  of  clients,  to  manufacturers 
and  other  circumstances.  Mere  fancy  or 
caprice  is  alone  responsible  for  many  of  the 
absurdities  we  see.  Take  as  an  example  the 
decoration  of  the  interior  of  buildings.  Walls 
and  ceilings  are  dealt  with  as  if  there  were 
no  principles  to  control  the  design,  as  if  the 
design  for  one  room  having  a  totally  different 
aspect  and  use  and  amount  of  light  to  that 
of  another,  is  equally  suitable  to  both. 
In  the  choice  of  patterns  and  colours  of  wall- 
papers for  instance,  the  destination  of  the 
room,  and  the  amount  of  light  it  receives, 
its  size  and  height,  are  often  completely  dis- 
regarded. To  an  even  greater  degi'ee  the 
plan  and  structural  desiga  of  buildings 
ought  to  be  controlled  by  the  same  principle. 
Here  the  architect  can  exercise  his  skill  in 
the  type  of  plan  which  best  suits  the  site  and 
its  surioundings.  Obstructive  buildings  on 
one  or  more  sides  ought  to  determine  the 
plan  and  the  aspects  of  the  chief  rooms  and 
entrances.  Adaptation  ought  to  be  shown  in 
the  number  and  distribution  of  window 
openings  and  their  size  ;  these  being  regu- 
lated by  the  light  and  other  considerations. 
let  we  SCO  new  buildings  in  which  the  same 
amount  or  proportion  of  window  openin"  to 
Bohd  wall  18  observed  on  both  the  fronts  and 


sides,  or  back,  with  no  regard  to  the  amount 
of  light  received,  or  obstruction  of  other 
premises.  The  elevations  have  been  deter- 
mined, and  other  matters  must  give  way. 
A'arious  other  points  of  plan  and  structure 
will  occur  to  the  practical  reader  who  takes 
the  trouble  to  compare  the  plan  and  elevation 
of  an  existing  building  with  the  site  and  its 
surroundings. 

• »— ^^^   ■ 

THE    EEHOUSING    PROBLEM. 

THE  rehousing  of  displaced  populations 
was  one  of  the  themes  discussed  at  the 
annual  summer  meeting  of  the  Surveyors' 
Institution  last  week,  the  papers  on  which 
were  reported  in  our  last  issue.  Mr.  E.  J. 
Harper,  the  author  of  the  paper  ' '  Eehousing 
of  Displaced  Populations,"'  gives  a  brief 
history  of  this  subject,  and  the  exercise  of 
statutory  powers.  Under  these,  as  was  shown, 
the  clearance  of  insanitary  areas  and 
also  that  effected  by  works  authorised  by 
Parliamentwere  exercised  under  legal  powers. 
Before  the  Housing  of  the  Working  Class 
Act,  1901,  it  was  pointed  out,  persons  could 
be  displaced  without  any  rehousmg  provision, 
a  condition  of  things  which  led  to  still 
further  overcrowding  and  abuse.  The  Act 
of  1S90  provided  for  the  accommodation  of 
displaced  persons  within  or  close  to  the  in- 
sanitary area,  or  by  the  purchase  by  the 
local  authorities  of  a  new  site.  The  result 
was,  as  we  are  told,  that  in  many  places  no 
provision  was  made.  Then  the  Act  of  1900 
enabled  local  authorities  to  lease  land,  pro- 
viding that  the  lessee  built  and  maintained 
buildings  within  the  meaning  of  the  Act.  A 
county  council  was  also  empowered  to 
act  in  default  of  a  rural  district  council. 
In  1902  a  joint  select  committee  re- 
ported in  favour  of  abolishing  the  limit  of 
20  houses  in  a  parish,  substituting  one  of  l!0 
persons  in  a  borough,  urban  district,  or  rural 
parish.  They  also  recommended  that  the 
houses  built  should  not  be  too  ambitious  in 
design,  and  that  they  should  be  built  in 
areas  approved  by  the  Government  iJo- 
partment,  which  should  also  fix  the  rents 
for  the  houses.  The  Act  of  1903  adopted, 
as  the  author  says,  the  limit  of  30 
persons.  The  Act  embodied  a  model  clause 
in  a  schedule,  and  extended  the  period 
for  the  repayment  of  money  borrowed  from 
(iO  to  SO  years.  It  also  empowered  the  de- 
partment to  take  into  consideration  the  dis- 
placement of  working-class  population  within 
five  years  previous  to  the  acquisition  of  a 
scheduled  area,  and  to  require  that  all  or 
some  of  the  new  houses  should  be  fit  for 
occupation  before  the  displacement.  The 
loss  occasioned  by  having  to  provide  accom- 
modation within  the  area  cleared  was  con- 
siderable. Other  evils,  as  we  have  pointed 
out  before,  followed.  One  was  that  the  new 
houses  provided  for  the  displaced  people  were 
occupied  bj-  other  classes  who  were  not  dis- 
possessed, and  another  was  that  the  displaced 
population  had  to  find  lodgings  in  the  already 
overcrowded  parts  surrounding  the  area.  The 
Act,  by  the  limit  of  30  persons,  brought  any 
borough  or  urban  district  under  an  obliga- 
tion to  rehouse.  Mr.  Harper  says :  '  •  The 
effecc  of  the  alteration  is  shown  by  the  fact 
that  under  the  20-house  limit  in  1903  one 
person  in  four  was  displaced  without  the 
obligation  to  rehouse,  whereas  in  1904  it  is 
one  in  seventy-six.''  The  question  of  re- 
housing is  indeed  a  very  important  one  in 
this  problem.  Public  and  private  enterprise 
should  combine.  A  public  authority  ought, 
no  doubt,  to  be  able  to  grapple  with  the  diffi- 
culty ;  it  had  the  means  and  machinery  in  its 
hands.  The  means  of  cheap  and  quick 
transit  by  railways  and  tram  lines  were  abso- 
lutely essential  to  any  scheme  of  rehousing, 
and  the  two  should  be  made  to  co-operate, 
and  be  kept  in  view. 

The  statistics  available  prove  the  accom- 
modation for  the  workmen  class  has  much 
improved  in  London  and  the  suburbs.     We 


may,  for  instance,  give  the  results  compiled 
by  Mr.  W.  Thompson-.  When  we  compare 
London  with  other  great  cities,  like  Glasgow, 
Birmingham,  and  Manchester,  there  is  not 
much  to  complain  about.  It  is  stated  that, 
while  two-thirds  of  the  population  of  London 
have  houses  containing  not  more  than  four 
rooms  ;  in  (xlasgow,  the  "  '  second  City  of  the 
Empire,'  things  are  worse.  No  less  than 
one-fifth  of  the  people  live  in  one-room  dwel- 
lings ;  more  than  half  the  people  have  houses 
with  not  more  than  two  rooms  ;  87  per  cent, 
have  three  roorns  and  less ;  while  90  per  cent, 
of  the  new  houses  built  during  the  last  three 
years  have  not  more  than  three  rooms."  lu 
Edinburgh  more  than  half  the  homes  have 
only  one  or  two  rooms,  and  in  Canongate 
and  St.  Giles  this  proportion  is  said  to  be  as 
high  as  70  per  cent.  In  Birmingham  the 
housing  accommodation  is  far  behind,  not- 
withstanding many  schemes  of  improve- 
ment; in  Manchester  the  city  is  greatly 
overcrowded;  and  in  Newcastle,  Gateshead, 
and  other  large  towns  a  large  proportion 
of  the  population  live  in  overcrowded 
dwellings.  In  fact,  as  it  is  pointed  out, 
new  slums  are  created  faster  than  the 
old  ones  can  be  improved,  the  result 
of  which  is  that  higher  rates  are  exacted, 
while  sanitary  improvements  and  appliances 
are  neglected.  The  evil  is  increased  by  the 
so-called  "box-dwellers'' — tall  blocks  con- 
taining great  masses  of  people,  most  of  whom 
are  such  a  distance  from  the  street  entrance 
that  the  women  and  children  become  box- 
dwellers  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year, 
as  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Thompson.  The 
present  supply  of  houses  of  this  class  in 
London  and  elsewhere  is  undesirable.  If 
we  have  not  the  "  back  to  back"  houses  of 
many  of  the  Midland  towns,  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  population  of  London  are 
deprived  of  sunlight  and  air  and  open  space. 
How  many  underground  and  basement  rooms 
and  offices  are  to  be  found,  often  filled  by 
men  and  women  during  many  long  hours  in 
which  gas  or  other  light  is  used  I  A  large 
proportion  of  the  working  population  of 
London  work  underground,  and  though 
building  and  sanitary  regulations  are  en- 
forced, they  cannot  be  healthful,  for  there  is 
no  current  of  air  through  them.  The  demoli- 
tion of  dwellings  for  improvements,  and  the 
clearance  of  insanitary  areas,  have  added 
immensely  to  the  overcrowding.  The  closing 
or  demolition  of  houses  under  Section  32-39 
of  Part  II.  of  the  Housing  of  the  Working 
Classes  Act,  1890,  and  the  clearance  of 
insanitary  areas  under  Part  I.  of  the  Act,  by 
restricting  accommodation  has  increased 
overcrowding  in  other  houses.  The  result 
has  been  to  raise  the  rents  even  of  the  worst 
class  of  dwellings,  and  to  spread  the  coa- 
tagion  of  disease,  bad  habits  which  had  been 
generated  in  the  old  slums,  by  dispersing 
and  scattering  the  tenants  through  the  whole 
neighbourhood.  These  results,  due  largely 
to  the  operation  of  the  Act  we  have  mentioned, 
have  tended  to  spread  the  evil.  Under  the 
existing  legislation  a  more  hopeful  condition 
of  things  may  be  looked  for.  The  L.C.C. 
has  spent  enormous  sums  in  clearing  insani- 
tary sites  like  those  for  the  Sti-and  Improve- 
ment, at  a  cost  of  from  £o0  to  £70  per  head 
displaced.  To  put  into  force  sanitary  laws  is 
often  to  drive  out  the  hapless  tenant,  who 
is  unable  to  get  shelter  for  himself  and 
family  at  a  rent  he  is  able  to  pay.  Such 
tenants  dread  the  visits  of  the  sanilary  in- 
spector more  than  the  owner  of  these  dwellings 
himself.  So  that,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the 
remedy  may  become  worse  than  the  disease  ; 
and  this  is  one  of  the  difficulties  our  legis- 
lators and  sanitary  reformers  have  to  face  — 
namely,  how  to  apply  the  remedy  without 
dispossessing  the  tenant  in  case  of  abatement 
of  nuisance  or  overcrowding.  Local  authori- 
ties are  engaged  in  stemming  a  gigantic  evil ; 
but  they  are  rendered  helpless  and  powerless 
to  move  in  the  presence  of  the  greater  evil  of 
turning  out    thousands    of    labouring-class 


June  3,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


787 


families  or  of  rendering  thoiu  houseless. 
Wholesalo'evictions  would  follow  the  carrying 
outtho  law  against  overcrowding.  Theevilcan 
only  be  gradually  overcome  by  the  pro- 
vision of  dwellings  in  every  part  of  London. 
These  are  being  slowly  supplied,  as  we  have 
lately  pointed  out ;  but  the  hindrances  in  the 
way  of  building  sanitary  and  efficient  houses 
are  not  few.  The  Building  Acts  and 
By-laws  under  the  Public  Health  Acts  have 
been  adverse  to  the  supply.  Compliance  with 
sanitary  regulations  has  added  much  to  the 
cost  of  erection,  as  in  the  demand  that  party- 
walls  must  be  carried  through  roofs,  and 
that  onlj' certain  materials  are  to  be  used  in  the 
construction.  These  by-laws  have  certainly 
hindered  the  erection  of  cottages  in  our 
suburban  and  rural  districts,  and  private 
enterprise  has  been  mainly  checked  by  the 
additional  cost  and  the  increase  of  local  rates 
due  to  the  expenses  in  carrying  out  the  Acts. 
Then  the  conditions  of  lease  have  operated 
against  the  private  speculator  by  making 
land  very  difficult  to  obtain  in  certain  neigh- 
bourhoods. Artisan  -  dwelling  companies 
and  other  private  companies  have,  we  know, 
had  to  suspend  their  operations  because  of 
these  conditions.  These  are  reasons,  we 
think,  why  municipal  bodies  should  take  an 
active  share  in  the  work  of  rehousing ;  and 
we  may  point  to  the  large  and  many  success- 
ful schemes  carried  out  by  the  Ijondon 
County  Council  and  other  municipalities. 

Mr.  Henry  J.  Potter,  A.R.I.B.A.,  in  a 
paper  on  "Some  Thoughts  on  the  Housing 
of  the  Working  Classes,"  dwelt  on  a  few 
practical  details  of  building  schemes.  Re- 
ferring to  the  planning  of  small  houses,  and 
the  value  of  frontage,  he  said,  ' '  Five  feet 
more,  including  the  road,  added  only  about 
£10  to  the  cost  of  the  site  ;  but  the  extra 
width  admitted  of  a  more  compact  and 
economical  plan,  a  less  depth  of  building, 
more  air  and  sunhght  for  the  rooms,  and  the 
advantage  of  a  passage  at  the  side  for  the 
removal  of  refuse,  and  under  which  the  house 
drain  may  run."  He  also  suggested  that 
any  useless  garden  land  might  be  shut  off 
from  the  garden  or  yard  of  each  house,  and 
made  a  large  playground  for  tenants  and 
their  children.  Such  land  may  extend  from 
one  cross  street  to  another.  Mr.  Potter 
thinks  if  the  depth  of  land  be  100ft.  between 
the  roads,  there  would  be  2oft.  for  house  and 
forecourt,  a  lOlt.  yard,  and  .'JOft.  open  space, 
which  might  be  planted  or  asphalted.  We 
believe  more  can  be  done  to  render  these 
rows  of  dwellings  attractive  by  either  setting 
them  back  and  giving  a  decent  border  of 
garden  or  forecourt,  or  by  adopting  the  plan 
suggested  by  one  writer  of  setting  back  everv 
other  block  of  double  cottages,  thus  giving 
alternate  gardens  on  both  roads,  and  so  avoid- 
ing monotonous  lines  of  frontage.  This  plan  of 
alternate  blocks  would  enable  the  houses  to 
receive  more  sunlight  on  two  at  least  of  the 
sides,  and  prevent  an  unsightly  row  of  backs 
in  the  rear  of  every  row  of  dwellings.  The 
cost  of  roads  between  houses  of  this  class  is 
considerable.  The  by-laws,  stringentlv  en- 
forced, have  assuredly  not  been  always  an  un- 
mixed good.  In  many  of  the  districts  about 
London  they  have  certainly  not  added  to  the 
sanitary  condition  of  building,  probably  be- 
cause they  have  been  administered  without 
proper  discretion.  The  varying  thickness  of 
walls  is  an  instance  :  In  many  towns  party 
and  external  walls  of  buildings  of  more  than 
two  stories  are  to  be  l;j.Un.  thick  below 
the  topmost  story;  in  other  iilaces,  like 
Sheffield,  as  Mr.  Potter  says,  !)iu. 
w.-ills  for  two  stories  and  an  attic  are 
allowed.  Wo  have  referred  to  the  by-law 
ro.iuu-ing  party-walls  to  be  carried  up 
through  the  roofs  above  the  slates  or  tiles  ;  in 
other  i)laces  they  are  only  carried  to  the 
underside  of  the  roof  covering.  The  former 
plan,  as  observed,  is  a  source  of  coat  and 
trouble  in  keeping  out  the  rain.  Rooms  in 
the  roof  are  allowed  in  some  districts,  in 
others    they   are   restricted;    the   height  of 


rooms  is  also  not  definitely  fixed.  Ground- 
floor  rooms  have  in  many  cases  to  be  Sft.  Oin. 
in  height,  and  the  upper  floors  in  roof  Sft.  ; 
but  for  rooms  in  the  roof  a  height  of  wall  of 
7ft.,  with  ISin.  in  the  roof,  is  not  generally 
allowed.  This  question  of  allowing  rooms  in 
a  roof  is  a  matter  that  affects  cost  of  build- 
ing, and  the  rural  by-law  restrictions  on 
half-timbered  and  tile-hung  upper  stories  for 
country  cottages  appear  to  be  vexatious.  Mr. 
Potter  suggested  bay  windows  as  helping  to 
catch  the  sun  and  air,  a  feature  of  great 
value  in  many  dwellings  with  small-sized 
rooms.  So  also  we  agree  with  him  that  the 
food  store  should  be  placed  on  the  cool  and 
ventilated  side  of  house ;  that  it  should  not 
necessarily  be  placed  in  the  same  relative 
position  in  all  the  other  houf-es.  Other  sug- 
gestions of  a  practical  nature  are  made  in  the 
paper  to  which  we  refer.  There  are  certain 
indispensable  features  in  the  planning  of 
these  dwellings.  A  large  living-room  should 
be  always  provided,  even  if  the  small  parlour 
is  dispensed  with,  and  fireplace  for  cooking  ; 
cupboard,  and  dresser  sjiace,  and  couch, 
table,  and  furniture  are  necessaries.  There 
should  be  an  open  lobby  approach  to  the 
closet,  and  the  plan  of  upper  stories  should 
be  varied  to  suit  the  requirements  of  families. 
The  rigid  uniformity  found  in  many  schemes 
is  a  mistake  to  be  avoided. 


Cathedral  a  great  deal  of  its  individual 
character.  The  wonderfully  picturesque 
cathedral  of  I-imberg  is  planned  on  tho  same 


SOME   POINTS   IN   THE   NEW  WEST- 
MINSTER CATHEDRAL. 

IT  is  rather  curious  that  the  domical  tj'pe 
of  church  which  was  recommended  long 
since  by  the  Rev.  J.  L.  Petit  for  Anglican 
purposes,  by  Mr.  Fergussou  for  Protestant 
uses  in  general,  and  by  the  Buildixg  News 
in  a  seiies  of  articles  published  about  1S70 
for  the  structures  of  Nonconformists  in  par- 
ticular, should  make  its  first  adequate 
appearance  here  in  a  Roman  Catholic 
cathedral.  But  if  "  one  touch  of  nature 
makes  the  whole  world  kin,"  one  touch  of 
art  should  do  no  less  for  everyone  whose  love 
of  art  is  more  than  an  affectation  and  a  sham. 
:Mr.  Bentley's  great  work  at  Westminster 
already  claims  a  place  among  the  monu- 
mental buildings  of  the  world,  and  its  archi- 
tectural ancestry  is  as  worthy  of  study  now 
as  if  centuries  looked  down  on  its  walls.  In 
some  ways,  perhaps,  it  has  more  to  teach  in 
its  present  nascent  state  than  if  it  were  com- 
pleted by  the  marbles  and  mosaics  which 
future  years  may  add. 

1.  The  ground-plan,  especially  that  of  the 
nave  and  its  adjuncts,  strikes  an  architect  at 
once.  Here  we  have  a  church  roofed  by 
great  domes  some  60ft.  in  span,  and  yet 
planned  in  a  way  quite  unlike  that  of  ancient 
domical  churches.  It  has  not  one  vast  central 
dome,  like  St.  Sophia ;  it  has  not  five  domes 
placed  over  the  tour  arms  and  the  intersec- 
tion of  a  (ireek  cross,  like  St.  Mark's,  Venice, 
and  St.  Front,  Perigueux,  and  it  is  not  a  mere 
series  of  domes  above  an  aisleless  nave,  like 
Fontevrault,  Angouleme,  or  Souillac.  The 
fact  is  that,  as  to  its  plan,  Westminster 
Cathedral  largely  follows  a  Garmau  Roman- 
esque type  ;  but  a  Romanesque  type  vastly 
magnified,  and  skilfully  adapted  to  Byzantine 
forms  of  construction. 

The  little  church  at  Sinzig  shows  this  type 
at  its  simplest.  Each  bay  of  the  nave  is 
square  on  plan,  and  is  flanked  by  two  bays 
in  each  side  aisle.  In  the  longitudinal 
section,  this,  of  course,  gives  us  a  largo  nave- 
pier  and  a  smaller  one  alternately ;  the 
large  pier  to  carry  the  cross  arches  or  trans- 
verse ribs  which  divide  one  compartment  of 
the  navo  vaulting  from  the  no.xt,  and  tho 
small  pier  to  support  the  clerestory  wall. 
This  systom  of  making  two  bays  in  tho  aisles 
range  with  one  bay  in  tho  navo  was  a  very 
common  one  in  early  times  in  Northern 
Europe,  though  not  in  lOiigland,  and  w.as 
adopted  in  Sweden;  as  well  as  in  (iormany ; 
and  it  is  this  which  gives  to  the  Westminster 


Zt'awyA  Mao.     '      Oflt>«iy  Plan 
"v.      ■ 

Fig.  1. 

type,  with  a  gallery  over  its  side  aisles :  and 
one  can  hardly  help  regretting  that  some 
simOar  picturesqeness  has  not  made  the  out- 
side of  the  AVestminster  church  as  entirelj' 


•^•"^:i 


Fig.  2. 

admirable  as  its  interior  is.  Tho  exteriors  of 
domed  churches,  however,  are  seldom  quite 
satisfactory,  except  when  there  is  only  onegreat 
dome,  and  that  one  placed  over  the  crossing. 


788 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  3,  1904 


The  Westminster  plan  goes  farther  in  the 
dii-ection  of  complexity  than  either  Siuzig  or 
Limberg  ;  for  its  aisle-compartments  are  con- 
tinued outward  as  a  range  of  lateral  chapels. 
Without  these  chapels  it  would  have  been 
hard,  perhaps,  to  provide  abutment  enough 
for  the  great  cross  arches,  60ft.  in  span. 
Yet  even  here  the  Eomanesque  builders 
have  led  the  way,  and  at  St.  Quirinus,  Neuss, 
and  at  the  Andreas-Kirche,  Cologne,  have 
produced  naves  which,  on  plan,  foreshadow 
clearly  the  one  at  Westminster.  Their  size, 
indeed,  is  quite  trifling  in  comparison. 
Against  the  Westminster  nave,  with  its  6()ft. 
of  span,  Sinzig  can  only  show  one  of  22ft., 
while  that  of  the  Andreas-Kirche  is  only 
about  2oft.,  Limberg  28ft.,  and  Naumberg 
32ft.  in  clear  width.  Now,  if  the  thrust  of 
an  arch  varies  as  the  square  of  its  span,  that 
by  itself  would  demand  for  the  great  cross- 
arches  of  the  Westminster  nave  four  or  five 
times  as  much  abutment  as  suffices  to  these 
German  12th  or  loth-century  ones.  But 
it  must  be  remembered  further  that  in 
the  modern  church  each  cross-aroh  has  to 
carry  its  share — not  merely  of  a  light  vault 
12ft.  or  14ft.  wide  on  each  side  of  it,  but  of 
two  massive  domes  (iOft.  in  diameter,  and 
beyond    this    of    two    spherical  pedentives. 


Fia.  3. 

formed  of  brick   in    cement,  on    which  the 
donies  rest.    All  these  masses,  and  the  thrusts 
■which  result  from  them,  have  been  success- 
fully dealt  with.     Mr.  Beutley's  great  build- 
ing, carried  up  with  no  aid  from  steel  girders 
or  perishable  materials  of  any  kind,  recalls 
in  its  solidity  and  strength  the  old  Roman 
brickwork  of   pre-Christian  periods;    and  if 
much  of  his  planning,  as  wou'd  appear,  was 
first  of  all  suggested  by  Eomanesque  models 
— all  the  more  we  must  admire  the  courage 
and  skill  which  adapted  them  to  a  different 
style  with  so  much  success,   and  on  a  scale 
never  before  attempted,  nor  perh.aps  proposed. 
2.   The  way   in    which   the    Westminster 
nave  is  lighted  deserves  more  notice  than  it 
seems  to    have  received.      The  commonest 
way  of  lighting  a  large  church,  is,  of  course, 
by  a  clerestory  over  the  nave  arcade.    Where 
there  is  no  clerestory   there,    we  are  accus- 
tomed to  see  the  aisles  carried  up  nearly  as 
high   as    the    nave     (as,    for    instance,"   at 
lavistock  and  Totnes),  and  the  whole  build- 
inglighted  by  large  windows  in  them.     But 
at  Westminster  the  aisles  are  low.     There  are 
galleries    above     them,     and    side    chapels 
abutting  against  them,  and  so  this  mode  of 


lighting  was  out  of  the  question.  A  clerestory 
is  equally  impossible  above  the  side  arches 
from  which  the  great  domes  spring.  There 
might  indeed  have  been  a  sort  of  quasi- 
clerestory  under  them,  such  as  there  is  at  St. 


Fio.  4. 

Sophia,  and,  I  think  also  in  some  other 
buildings  of  the  same  type,  such  as  the 
Mosque  of  Suleiman,  Constantinople.  Such 
a  clerestory  has  to  be  carried  by  smaller 
arches,  and  if  the  architect  had  chosen  to 
keep  his  intermediate  piers  (those  midway 
between  cross  arch  and  cross  arch)  low 
enough  down,  it  could  easily  have  been 
arranged  for  at  Westminster.  But  he  pre- 
ferred to  carry  up  the  intermediate  piers  as 
high  as  the  main  piers,  and  this  carrying  of 
these  up  is,  more  than  anything  else,  what 
gives  its  distinctive  individual  expression  to 
the  design  of  the  nave.  It  is  neither  the 
expression  of  an  avenue  church,  nor  of  a 
central-area  church,  but  of  something  be- 
tween the  two.  When  the  mosaics  are  com- 
pleted, it  may  prove  to  be  wholly  satisfactory. 


though  at  present  it  is  difficult  not  to  wish 
that  the  intermediate  piers  were  a  little 
slighter,  a  little  further  recessed,  and  a  little 
more  subordinate  than  they  are,  to  the  great 
primary  piers  which  divide  dome  from  dome 
down  the  whole  length  of  the  nave. 

The  question  of  obtaining  sufficient  abut- 
ment for  the  great  cross-arches  must  in- 
evitably have  mixed  itself  up  with  the 
problem  of   lighting   the   nave.    Had    the 


lighting  been  managed  by  a  clerestory,  of 
whatever  kind,  in  the  wall  between  the  "nave- 
and  the  aisles,  the  chief  abutment  for 
the  cross-arches  must  have  come  oulsidc  this- 
clerestory.  Now  their  thrust  is  evidently 
enormous,  and  altogether  beyond  comparison 
with  that  from  the  transverse  ribs  of  any 
Gothic  vault.  Mere  buttresses,  or  even  flying 
buttresses,  would  be  absurdly  inadequate  to 
resist  it.  At  St.  Sophia,  where  the  dome  is- 
104ft.  in  diameter,  its  arches  are  upheld  bv 
counterforts  of  masonry,  some  20ft.  thick  and 
oOft.  or  so  in  projection.  At  San  Antonio. 
Padua,  with  a  domed  nave  as  wide  as  that  at 
Westminster,  similar  features  proiect  more 
than  25ft.,  and  are  lOft.  or  12ft.  thick, 
forming  monuments  of  uncompromising 
ugliness.  Neither  of  these  solutions  of  the 
problem  seems  to  have  commended  itself  to- 
the  English  architect.  Yet  he  contrived 
efi^ectively  to  light  his  church,  and  he  did  it 
without  any  external  buttresses  at  all.  For 
a  thing  similar  in  kind,  though  less  in  mag- 
nitude, had  been  done  in  the  wide  aislelfss 
churches  of  the  South  of  France  and  Spain. 
Whether  it  was  by  developing  their  type,  or 
by  re-inventing  it,  it  was  on  this  line  that 
the  double  difficulty,  of  lighting  and  abut- 
ment, was  actually  conquered  at  Westminster. 
We  may  see  in  the  Cathedral  of  Alby,  a 
Mediii'val  example  showing  how  it  was  done. 
St.  Cecile,  Alby,  whose  cross-section  and  a 
part  of  whose  nave  are  shown  m  the  annexed 
sketch,  is  said  to  have  been  begun  in  12N2, 
and  to  have  been  finished  in  1512.  With  th& 
exception  of  its  elaborate  south  porch,  it  is 


Flo.  6. 

so  p'ain  and  massive  that  it  has  rather  the 
character  of  a  fortification  than  of  a  church. 
Its  nave  is  about  60ft.  wide,  95ft.  high  to 
the  ajiex  of  the  vault,  and  290ft.  long.  Its 
buttresses  are  wholly  internal.  They  are 
20ft.  thick  and  5ft.  deep,  and  the  spaces 
on  the  ground  floor  between  them  were 
mostU'  intended  for  chapels.  Above  these 
chapels  comes  a  gallery,  every  bay  of  which 
contains  a  long  window  in  the  oiiter  walls ;  and 
it  is  by  these  windows  that  the  nave  is  lighted. 
In  its  essence,  we  have  here  the  very  arrange- 
ment adopted  at  Westminster.  But  while  at 
Alby  the  bays  are  only  some  20ft.  wide — so 
that  the  windows  are  shut  in  between  wall 
and  wall  in  a  way  which  allows  very  few  of 
them  to  be  seen  at  once  from  any  point  in  the 
church — at  Westminster  there  is  a  space  of 
more  than  25ft.  between  their  inclosing  walls. 
The  result  is  that  there  are  fewer  shadows  iu 
the  nave,  so  that  we  see  a  church  which,  for 
the  purposes  of  the  congregation,  is  remark- 
ably well  lighted. 

y.  Yet  there  seems  to  be  one  drawback, 
though  perhaps  not  a  permanent  one,  to  tho 
success  of  this  mode  of  lighting.  This  is, 
that  it  leaves  the  domes  over  the  nave  so 
much  in  the  dark.  Now,  in  spite  of  popular 
catchwords,  it  is  easy,  as  every  architect 
knows,  to  lif  ht  a  building  too  evenly  and  too 
uniformly.  But  whether  an  amount  of  shade 
which  makes  the  nave-domes  nearly  invisible 
during  a  great  part  of  the  day  is  not  itself 


JrNK  3.  1904. 


THE  buildi:ng  news. 


rs9 


too  uniform  and  too  unbroken,  is  a  question 
which  can  hardly  be  answered  till  some  pro- 
giess  has  been  made  with  their  mosaic  decora- 
tion. This  may  probably  be  so  treated  as  to 
explain  their  form,  and  to  relieve  their  want 
of  visible  shape ;  but  at  present  the  nave- 
domes  are  sometimes  hardly  distinguishable 
by  daylight  from  mere  flat  ceilings. 

An  unfinished  church,  more  than  a  com- 
pleted one,  sets  the  spectator  thinking,  and 
this  one  at  Westminster  does  so  to  an  un- 
usual degree.  It  is  full  of  problems  and 
suggestions,  and  hints  of  what  might  have 
been,  and  of  what,  either  there  or  elsewhere, 
still  may  be.  There  are  points  which, 
whether  wisely  or  not,  one  could  at  present 
easily  wish  otherwise ;  for  instance,  the 
comparatively  lo^v  arch  in  front  of  the 
apsidal  choir.  I'erhaps  the  lunette-shaped 
space  above  this,  and  below  the  nave 
arch,  is  meant  to  be  filled  in  as  a  corre- 
sponding space  is  now  at  the  church 
of  St.  Castor,  <  'oblenz,  with  an  important 
figure  subject ;  but  in  the  meantime  the  pro- 
portions of  the  building  looking  west  are, 
because  of  this  low  choir  arch,  more  impres- 
sive than  those  visible  in  looking  the  opposite 
way.  Was  the  choir-arch  lowered  thus  that 
the  half-dome  over  the  choir  might  be 
treated,  externally,  in  the  German  Roman- 
esque fashion,  with  a  separate  roof  far  above 
it  and  shadowy  pierced  arcades  between  ^  The 
result  outside  is  an  apse  good  enough  to  have 
made  the  reputation  of  an  average  church  ; 
but  inside  one  wishes  for  a  loftier  one,  like 
that  of  St.  Mark's  Venice.  However,  of 
asking  many  questions,  as  of  writing  many 
books,  there  is  no  end.  In  spite  of  the 
multiplicity  of  the  sources  which  seem  to 
have  influenced  the  design  at  Westminster, 
some  lloman,  some  Byzantine,  some  12th- 
century  Oerman,  and  some  14th-Century 
French  or  Provencal,  the  building,  internally 
at  least,  is  beyond  question  an  organic 
whole.  There  is  a  great  unity  about  it 
which  few  modern  buildings  can  equal,  and 
the  thought  that  is  in  it  gives  it  a  place  by 
right  amongst  the  monuments  of  the  world  : 

For  out  of  thought's  interior  sphere 
Those  wonders  rose  .to  upper  air ; 
And  Nature  gladLly  gave  them  place  — 
Adopted  them  into  her  rdce. 
And  granted  them  an  equal  date 
With  Andes  and  with  Ararat. 

James  Ccbitt. 


ROCK    NAMES    FOR    QUARRY  OWNERS. 

IN  February,  1891,  the  first  portion  of  the 
BviLDiN(i  News  Quarry  List  was  published, 
and  the  concluding  portion  in  August  ot  the  same 
j'ear ;  the  geology  of  the  country  commenced  in 
Jan.  1900,  and  was  finished  last  week  ;  both  scries 
taken  together  forming  a  more  practical  and  ex- 
haustive description  of  the  building  stones  of  the 
British  Isles  than  any  which  his  hitherto  appeared 
in  print.  The  practical  value  of  these  articles 
may  be  judged  by  the  fact  that  several  owners 
throughout  the  kingdom  have  adopted  the  dejcrip- 
tion  given  of  their  quarries  and  the  building 
stones  obtained  from  them,  at  the  same  time 
acknowledging  the  Biii.ijixg  Nkws  as  the  source 
of  their  information.  On  looking  over  the 
articles  referred  to,  it  is  obvious  that  geological 
terms  are  used  which  are  unfamiliar  to  the 
ordinary  reader,  and  which  can  have  little  or  no 
meaning  for  liim  ;  it  is  also  possible  that  even 
quarry  proprietors  may  not  in  every  instance  be 
able  to  assign  to  each  term  its  precise  meaning. 
This  being  so,  it  seems  advisable  to  select  such 
names  as  are  not  in  common  use  in  the  trade,  and 
give  delinilions  of  them  in  siuiplo  language  and 
as  brielly  as  possible,  without  obscuring  the 
meaning.  There  are  many  hooka  from  which  a 
knowledge  of  the  subjects  deidt  with  here  may  be 
obtained  ;  but  as  the  information  given  in  them 
is  more  or  less  encyclop.ndii:  and  diffuse,  it  is 
thought  that  by  rigidly  excluding  all  mutter  not 
pertinent  to  the  business  of  praclicul  ipnrrying, 
a  useful  glossary  of  terms  will  be  of  malorial 
assistance  to  everyone  wlio  peruses  the  articles 
already  published.     First,  then,  for 

nElINITIOXS    01-    nOCK    NAMES 

which  I'xpres.'i  t  he  comjmsition  of  a  rocic  as  affected  by 


till  in  I  tiinct  tif  nuinr  tii'ctsMttr/  iiiiihraL — Arenaceous  : 
Sandy,  containing  grains  of  quartz  sand  in  con-  ' 
sidtrable  amf unt.  Sandstones  are  .irena'eous 
locks.  Arij'tltfteroH>i  :  Clayey,  a  compound  of 
clay,  or  containing  some  notable  proportion  of  ' 
clay,  with  c'ay  as  a  basis,  other  substances  being- 
associated  with  it.  It  is  of  importanca  to  recollect 
that  though  clay  is  commonly  cal'ed  by  semi- 
scientists  "  alumina,"  it  is  in  reality  silici  and 
alumina  combined,  with,  perhaps,  varying  quan- 
tities of  t.and  and  alumina  mixed.  London  clay 
is  an  argillaceous  deposit.  Lias  Limestone  is 
an  argillaceous  limestone.  There  are  several  I 
great  clay  deposits  and  limestones  which  are 
more  or  less  argillaceous.  Bitnimnons  :  Contain-  i 
ing  bituminous  matter  or  asphalt :  limestone 
quarried  at  Seyssel  in  the  Jura  Mountains  is  ; 
impregnated  with  from  5  to  lij  per  cent,  of 
asphalt.  A  smell  of  asphalt  is  very  perceptible 
in  the  Irish  Carboniferous  Limestone  rock-^, 
when  the  latter  are  being  quarried.  Bituminous 
matter  is  always  derived  from  decaying  animal  or 
vegetable  substances  in  rocks — the  colouring  of 
black  marble  is  entirely  due  to  organic  matter  ; 
when  such  a  stone  is  calcined  it  yields  pure  white 
lime,  as  the  bitumen  is  converted  during  the  i 
process  into  carbon  dioxide,  and  passes  away  as 
gas.  Ccileayeoiis :  Containing  lime,  generally  as 
calcium  carbonate.  Lime  does  not  exist  in  a 
free  state :  it  is  always  found  in  combination  i 
with  some  other  substance — in  nature  that  sub- 
stance  is  generally  carbon,  and  oxygen  is 
invariably  found  combined  with  bo'h.  For  some 
reason  or  other,  rocks  which,  like  gypsum  or 
alabaster,  contain  lime  in  combination  with 
sulphur  and  oxygen,  are  not  called  "lime- 
stones,"— probably  because  lime  cannot  be 
obtained  from  them  by  calcination.  In  100 
parts  by  weight  of  carbonate  ot  lime  there  are 
86  parts  of  lime:  in  100  parts  of  sulphate  of 
lime  there  are  only  40  parts  of  lime  ;  in  gypsum 
the  proportion  of  lime  is  still  less,  being  only 
31  per  cent,  of  the  whole,  water  making  about 
20  per  cent.  Cn/eifmiis  :  Groups  of  strata  which 
contain  beds  or  layers  of  limestone.  The  sub- 
term  applied  to  any  particular  bed  of  stone  or 
hand  specimen  is  "  calcareous."  A  sandstone  is 
"  caleiferous  "  when  it  contains  lime  as  an  acces- 
sory substance.  The  lowest  division  of  the  Scotch 
Carboniferoub  rooks  is  known  as  the  "  Carboni- 
ferous Sandstone  Series  "  :  it  furnishes  some  of 
the  best  building  stone  in  Scotland.  In  the 
south  of  Ireland  there  are  no  corresponding 
rocks  yielding  building  stone  in  the  Carboni- 
ferous strata,  for  there  they  are  mostly  limestone 
shales;  in  the  north,  however,  there  are  sand- 
stones which  approach  closely  to  the  Scotch 
rocks.  C'trhiiHifeeoiis  :  Containing  carbon  in  some 
form,  such  as  coal,  lignite,  graphite,  or  other 
vegetable  matter  converted  in  a  mineral  sub- 
stance. This  term  is  almost  synonymous 
with  "bituminous."  Cur/ioiiiferoiis :  Groups  of 
strata  with  interbedded  layers  of  coal,  or  rocks 
associated  in  some  way  witti  coal-bearing  strata, 
applied  to  that  group  of  rocks  found  between  the 
Permian  and  Devonian  strata.  Kinahan  includes 
the  Irish  Old  Red  Sandstone  with  the  Carboni- 
ferous rocks  there,  for  one  group  graduates  into 
the  o'her;  the  sub-term  is  Carbonaceous. 
Dolnmitic :  Containing  dolomite;  generally  speak- 
ing, any  rock  with  magnesium  carbonate  as  an 
essential  constituent.  Fe/.ymthic  :  With  felspar, 
the  latter  being  one  of  the  essential  constituents 
of  granite  ;  any  rock  in  which  felspar  predomi- 
nates. There  are  felspattic  sandstones  and 
felspathic  sands.  FerriKjimm^  :  Containing  iron, 
stained  or  cemented  with  oxide  of  iron.  The 
"  Carstones "  of  Norfolk,  favourite  building 
stones,  are  typical  ferruginous  sindstoncs. 
(liimitie :  Ciranite  like,  having  the  texture  and 
composition  ot  granite.  SUieinim :  Containing 
siliiaor  quartz,  both  terms  being  synonymous. 
Qiniitzose:  Containing  quart/  in  large  propor- 
tions. When  the  quartz  grains  of  a  sandstone  are 
seen  to  be  imbedded  in  a  .silicious  matrix  the 
rock  is  a  "  quarlzosc  sandstone." 

('!)  Xaiiiex  irhirh  e.rprexx  I'hijsieal  Coii'HIion, 
Strncliire,  and  Mode  of  Ocenrretier. — Aeitl  lioe^s  : 
Igneous  rocks  which  contain  more  than  63  per 
cont.  ot  silii  a  in  a  free  state,  and  in  combination 
with  any  of  the  bases,  Jimo,  magnesia,  alumina, 
potash,  or  Boda.  Chemically  the  name  ib  intelligible: 
in  popular  language  it  is  misleading.  Aiiinrphniis: 
Without  structure,  n^assive,  non-crystalline: 
applied  to  any  single  bod  of  stone  in  a  (luarry 
or  to  an  individual  rock  specimen.  The  structure 
of  chalk  is  amorphous.  ^t</noie^:  Having  a 
watery  origin,  a  rock  deposited  in  water  on  a 
lake  or  sea  bed,  the  material  being  derived  from 


the  wearing  down  of  fire-formed  or  water-formed 
rocks  previously    consolid-it  d.      All  a<[ueou3  or 
sedimentary   rocks    were  derived    frotn    igneous 
rocks  in  the  first  instance.     Jl"^ie  A''.r/. .  ,-  Igneous 
reeks  containing  not  more  than  from  4-j  to  55  per 
cent    of    silica,    and    which    are    rich   in   lime, 
magnesia,  and  oxide  of  iron.      Basalt  is  a  typical 
"basic"    roek,  as  granite  is  a  typical   "acid" 
rock.     The  mean  specific  gravity  of  the  former  is 
2"96.    and    if  the   latter    266,    a  cubic  foot  ot 
granite   therefore   weighs  about    1661b.,    one  ot 
baf  alt  about  1861b.    Brereui  :  Any  rock  composed 
of   angular   fragment*   of   other    rocks  set   in   a 
ground  mass  or  matrix  of  cementing  matter.     In 
the     Ijake      District     breccias      are     found   in 
the    Lower    Permian     Beds :     they  are    known 
locally   as    "  brockram,"    and    consist  of   frag- 
ments of  Carboniferous  Limestone  imbedded  in  a 
red,  sindy  matrix.    Permian  breccia  are  quarried 
for  lime-burning  and  walling  stone  at  Appleby 
and    other     places.       Cinslone :    Sand  cemented 
into  stone,  hard  enough  for  building,  by  the  in- 
filtration of  o.xide  of  iron.     It  is  common  in  the 
Upper  Greensand  ot  Norfolk  and  Northampton- 
shire.    Cjrstone  is  used  for  walling  and  dresbings. 
Coiiipdct :  Fine-grained,  with  constituent  particle* 
invisible  to  the  naked  eye.     Coiichoida/ :  Shelly, 
"  conchoidal  fracture"    means    having  a  shelly- 
fracture — that    is,    with    convex   elevation!  and 
concave    depressions.      Coni/lonierate :    Any  roet 
composed  of  rounded   and  water-worn  fragments 
ot  pre-existing  rocks  Eet  in  a  base  or  matrix  of 
cementing  matter,   the  fragments  being  at  least 
large    enough    to    be     called     gravel.      Cri/pto- 
criistallinc :    Imperfectly    crystalline,    a   mineral 
whose  structure  is  so  fine  as  not  to  be  seen  by  the 
naked  eye   is    said  to  be   "  crypto-crystalline." 
I  'ei/stiilluic  :  An  aggregate  ot  minerals  in  the  con- 
dition of  crystals,  a  crystal  being  "  a  body  which,, 
by    the    operation   of    molecular  attraction,  has 
assumed   a   definite   internal  structure   with  the 
form  of   a   regular   solid   inclosed   by   a   certain 
number    of     plane    surfaces     arranged    accord- 
ing   to    the    laws    of     symmetry."      Eriipliee : 
Formed   of    substances    ejected    from   the  crater 
of     a    volcano,    or    poured   out    from    a    crack 
or    fissure    in   the    crust.      Rocks   produced   by 
an  eruption,  such  as  the  igneous  roeks.     Though 
there  are  no  active  volcanoes  in  the  British  Is'ands- 
now,  there   are  remains  of   several   extinct  ones 
in    England,    Ireland   and    Scotland.      Frlsiiic  : 
When  the  grains   of   quartz   and   felspar  which 
form  the  ground  mass  of  an  igneous  rock  are  so 
minute  and  intimately  mixed  as  to  be  invisible- 
to  the  naked  eye,   the   condition   ot  the  ground 
mass   is   said   to   be  "felsitic";    but   the   name 
lacks    precision.       Fisxi/e :     Capable     of     being 
split  into   layers   with   parallel   surfaces.     Some- 
apparently  compact  rocks    become   fissile   whea 
exposed   to   frost   after    being   quarried  ;    if   the 
I  quarry   water    evaporates   before    this   exposure 
they  show  no  fissile  tendency.     Stonesfield  and 
Cullyweston  Slate,  and  many  of  the  lower  oolites 
in   the   Cotswold   Hills   are   rocks  of  this  d  iss  ; 
when  split  they  are  used  for  roofing,  but  they 
are  not  true   slater.     Freesl'ni'  :    A  stone  which 
works  freely  in  all  directions.     With  us  it   is  a 
term  applied  to  granites,   limestones,  and  8:ind- 
stooes,  but  more  generally  to  the  latter.     In  the 
United     States   any   sandstone     easily    iiniyeied 
is    a    freestone.     Friuld,  :    Easily    disintegrated 
by  natural  or  artificial  means.     ilvbi-erijslaUine  : 
Composed  wholly  of   crystals,  having  no  ground 
I  mass,   or    interstitial   glassy    or   felsitic   matter, 
as,     for    instance,     granite.     Ljiicons :     Having 
a   fiery   oiigin.      Any    rock    consolidated    from 
molten  materials  being  an  aggregate  of  one  or 
!  more  minerals    with   or    without  an  amorphous 
base.     An  igneous  rock  is  not  a  dolinito  chemical 
compound,   and    the    chemical,    as    well   as   the 
I  mineralogicat,  composition   of   dilTerent  parts   of 
the  same  rock  may  vary  considei-ably.     .}fii.isive  : 
Homogeneous,     non  -  fissile,     without    bedding. 
(renerally   applied   to  igneous   rocks  and  to  the 
I  very  thuk  beds  ot  Bodiuientary  rocks.     Melamor- 
\  ^dlie  :   .V  term  frequently    used  in    the  fore>going 
:  articles,  but  e)ne  the  meaning  of  which  is  hard  to 
limit;  it  is  synonymous  wi'h  "  alteied  "  :   hence 
j  the  expiessions  "  Silurian  rocks  as  deposited  and 
alleird."     The   name    is   properly    re»strictcd    tt> 
rocks,  either  igneous  or  aqueous,  whieh  since  their 
consolidation     or     deposition     have     undergonw 
structural  or  other  change  by  the  action  of  forcea 
external    to    them,  and   which    may   have  been 
phybical   or   chemical,    er   both,    interacting    ir. 
presence  of  heat  and  moisture,  electricity  probably 
]  infiuencing    the    ultimate    result.     True    slates 
are  altered  acjueous   rock,    and   serpentines    are 
altered    basic    igneous    rocks.     On    page    6d0 


790 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  3,  1904. 


of   the   Bliluing    Xi.ws,    May    6,  190i,    under 
the  heading  **  Jlayo  "  some  further  information 
on  the  subject  may  he  found.     Oo/it'u- :  Built  up 
with  more  or  less  spherical  grains,  which  show 
on  section  a  radial  and  concentric  structure.    The 
term  is  derived  from  two  Greek  words,  specifying 
an  egg  and  a  stone.     There  are  oolitic  sandstones 
found  in  some  localities,  and  oolitic  structure  is 
common  in  Irish  Carboniferous  Limestone  ;  but, 
strictly  speaking,  the  rocks  known  in  England  as 
"  oolitic  "  are  the  series  of  limestones  and  clays 
found  between  the  Lias  and  the  Wealden  beds, 
forming  that  division  of  the  Mesozoic  or  secondary 
rocks  known  as  the  Jurassic.     FurplnjrUir :  The 
condition  of  an  igneous  rock  in  which  one  or  more 
of  the  mineral  constituents  show  large  crystals  in 
a  ground  mass   of  nearly    even  texture.     Por- 
phyritic  structure  is  due  to  the  consolidation  of 
the   included   crystals  and   the   ground  mass  at 
different   times.     rUito>i'ic :    Igneous   rocks  con- 
solidated under  pressure  ;  molten  masses  forced 
upwards   through    overlying    rocks,    igneous  or 
aqueous,   and  which  do  not  reach  the  surface  : 
also   rocks   poured   out   on   the  sea   bottom   and 
consolidated  under  pressure.     Granites,  basalts, 
and    similar    rocks    are     all     "  plutonic,"     for 
they   were   consolidated    in    this    way,    though 
now     found     in     many     places     at     the     sur- 
face,   denudation     having    removed    the    over- 
lying rock  which  caused  the  necessary  pressure. 
d'lccliai-oidal  :  Crystalline  in  texture,    like  loaf- 
sugar  ;  a  term  applied    to  the  crystallisation  of 
statuary  marble  and  rocks  of  similar   structure. 
Sr/iisfose  :  Having  a  foliated  structure  ;  capable  of 
being  split  into  very   thin   plates    of    irregular 
thicknesses,  not  along  ordinary  bedding  or  cleavage 
planes.     ScdUiieiitnrij ;  Formed  of  sediment  carried 
in  suspension  by  a  river,  or  rivers,  to  the  sea, 
and  deposited  there    in   regular  layers  or   beds. 
Strati tifil :  Deposited  in  strata  or  layers  more  or 
less  horizontal    from   suspension  in   water  ; — all 
stratified  rocks  are  necessarily  sedimentary  also. 
Tolcttiiic  :  Igneous  rocks  which  reach  the  surface, 
and   spreading   out    there    become    consolidated 
under  atmospheric  pressure  only  ;   such,  for  in- 
stance, as  pumicestone,  which  is  rendered  vesicular 
or  porous  by  the  escaping  steam. 

(3)  Xames  ii-Ineh  siijuify  Mode  and  Plm-e  of  Deposi- 
tion mid  present  Arranejement  of  Roclc  Masses. — 
Aiilie/iiie  :  Owing  to  secular  cooling  the  earth  is 
shrinking  in  bulk.  The  rocks  comprising  what  is 
called  the  "crust"  resist  lateral  compression, 
so  that  they  do  not  settle  down  regiilarhj 
and  follow  this  shrinkage.  In  some  localities 
where  they  have  fallen  in  on  the  shrinking 
core,  the  beds,  which  were  level,  are  thrown 
into  a  series  of  contortions  like  sea-waves. 
Measured  along  this  wavy  surface,  the  rocks  give 
a  length  much  greater  than  the  base-line  on 
which  they  rest ;  the  rising  portion  of  any  of  this 
wave-like  arrangement  is,  where  the  rocks  dip 
each  way  from  a  central  plane,  known  as  an 
"anticline."  Clearage  :  When  a  comparatively 
soft  structureless  material,  such  as  clay,  is 
subjected  to  intense  pressure,  a  property  is  de- 
veloped in  it  known  as  "  cleavage,"  which  enables 
the  rock^  to  be  easily  split  into  thin  slates,  the 
surface  planes  of  which  do  not  coincide  with  the 
original  rock  beds,  and  are  apparently  in  no  way 
related  to  them.  Cleavage  planes  are  always 
developed  at  right  angles  to  the  direction  of  the 
thrusting  force.  Rocks  which  split  into  thin 
layers  as  a  result  of  stratification,  are  not 
"cleaved,"  they  are  merely  fissile  limestones  or 
sandstones,  as  the  case  may  be.  Fissile  sand- 
stones used  for  building  are  noticed  in  the 
BriLDiNC!  News,  July  20,  1900,  under  "  Here- 
ford," and  fissile  oolites  under  "Oxford," 
Sept.  21  in  the  same  year.  Cuntact  Metamor- 
plnsin  :  When  a  molten  mass  of  rock  is  forced  into 
fissures  in  other  rocks,  the  heat  of  the  injected 
ma.«s  alters  the  invaded  rocks  in -immediate 
contact  with  it ;  such  alteration,  which  is  usually 
chemical,  mineralogical,  and  physical,  is  called 
contact  metamorphism."  Coiifenqmrnneoas 
Jijntyus  Moeks:  During  the  deposition  of  the 
entire  series  of  sedimentary  rocks  there  were  from 
time  to  time,  as  at  present,  volcanic  eruptions  of 
lava  and  ashes.  Where  these  are  found  inter- 
beddcd  with  the  rocks  of  any  formation  they  are 
said  to  be  "contemporaneous"  with  it.  The 
green  slates  of  the  Lake  District  are  volcanic  ash 
contemporaneous  with  the  Cambrian  strata  of 
Cumberland  and  Westmoreland.  Sena.Ution  ■ 
Ihe  wearing  down  and  removal  of  surface  rocks 
I  w^i"'i  "•  f""^  °"^'""  ag«°cies,  the  material 
solutZ  to"""  }T,"  '■■""'^'^  '°  suspension  or 
solution  to  groat  lakes  or  the  sea,  4here  it  is 
-W'P  •■  The  angle  which  the  bed  of  any 


deposited. 


rock  in  situ  makes  with  a  horizontal  plane.  I>;ile  : 
A  wall-like  mass  of  igneous  rock  injected  into  a 
more  or  less  vertical  fissure   in   any   other   rock. 
Erosion  :  The  wearing  away  of  the  bed  and  banks  of 
a  river  by  the  current  and  the  solvent  power  of  the 
water.  The  ri  ver  Colorado  has  eroded  its  bed  through 
C, 000ft.  of  sandstone,  limestone,  and  granite,  the 
valley   so  caused  being  300   miles  long,  and  in 
places  three  miles  wide.     Jixtaarine  :  Belonging 
to  an  estuary,  strata  deposited  in  an  estuarj' — 
that  is,  in  shallow  water,  an  estuary  being  that 
part  of  the  mouth  of  a  river  which  is  subject  to 
tides.      Ftihf  Bedding  :  In  sandstones,  the  upper 
and  lower  surfaces  of  any  rock  bed  are  parallel ; 
the  sands  forming  such  a  bed  are  sometimes  seen 
to  be  deposited  at  various  angles  with  the  true 
beds  of  the  stone  ;  this  is  called  oblique,  or  false 
bedding,  and  it  is  due  to  counter-currents  in  th<) 
water.     Fanit :    A    crack    or    fissure   extending 
through  several  beds  of   rock  ;   the  acute  angle 
such  a  crack   marks   with   a   plumb   line  is  the 
"angle   of   the  fault";  on  one  side  of  the  fault 
rocks  which  were  once  continuous  have  sunk  down 
along  the   "fault  plane."     Fo/iation  :    Splitting 
into  layers  or  "folia,"  not  necessarily  parallel 
sheets — they    are     sometimes     lenticular ;     this 
structure  belongs  to  typical  metamorphic  rocks. 
Inlier  :  An  isolated  mass  of  older  rocks  rising  to 
the  surface  through  strata  of  more  recent  date. 
Intrusive   Hoelr :    An  igneous  rock  injected  in  a 
molten   condition   into   a   fissure  or  opening   in 
any  other  rock.     Joint :    Cracks  or  partings  in 
rocks  due  to  shrinkage  of  the  mass  ;  in  stratified 
rocks     there     are     two     sets      of     joints,     one 
running,    with  the   "dip,"  and  the  other  with 
the  strike  of  the  rocks.     Joints  in  igneous  rocks 
are  noticed  in  describing  the  granites  of  Dublin 
and  Wicklow.    (See  the  Biilding  News  Jan.  22. 
1904,  and  the  last  number.)     Laeeolite  :  An  in- 
trusive mass  of  igneous  rock,  in  section  something 
like  a  plano-convex  lens.     The  shape  is  due  to 
upward  pressure,  accompanied  by  arrested  lateral 
development,     l.aeaslrine :  Deposited  in  a  lake. 
The  old  Red  .Sandstone  is   "  lacustrine,"  having 
been  thrown  down  in  great  lakes ;   and  in  this 
respect  it  is  distinguished  from  other  Red  rocks 
of  the  same   age — viz.,    Devonian — which   were 
deposited  in  the  sea.     Maijmo  :  The  molten  mass 
which  gives  rise  to  igneous  rocks.     All  igneous 
rocks  were  produced  by  two  magmas — the  one, 
from  its  excess  of  silica,  is  an  "acid  magma," 
and  the  other,  from  the  proportion  it  contains  of 
earthy  bases  and  iron  oxides,  is  a  "  basic  magma." 
The    difference    between    the    two    is    really  in 
the  proportion  of  silica.     Matri.r  :    The  ground 
msss   of   an    igneous    rock,    or    the    cementary 
matter    in     which     the      pebbles     of     a     Con- 
glomerate    are      imbedded,      which     is     gene- 
rally calcareous   or   silicious,   -nith    ferric  oxide. 
Builders    know    that    in    making    concrete    the 
"matrix  "  is  the  lime  or  cement  mortar  used  to 
bind  the  broken  stone  or  other  "  aggregate  "  into 
one  solid  mass.     Marine:  Belonging  to  the  sea; 
rocks  deposited  on  the  sea  bottom  as  distinguished 
from    those    deposited     in     lakes     or    estuaries. 
Marine  formations  are  identified  by  their  fossil 
contents.     The   Bath   and    Portland    stones   are 
Marine  Beds  which  were  laid  down  in  the  warm 
seas  which    surrounded    Dartmoor,    Wales,   and 
Cumberland  when  these  places  were  islands  in  a 
British    Archipelago.      Oitterop  :   When    a  rock 
comes  to  the  surface  it  "  outcrops,"  and  to  do  so 
the  rock  bed  must  have  an  appreciable  "  dip  " — 
in  other  words,  a  series  of  rock  beds  which  slope 
considerably  wiU  show   the    layers   outcropping 
obliquely  and    successively    along    a    horizontal 
plane.     Oatlier  :  A  detached  mass  of   rock  sur- 
rounded    by     more     ancient     strata.      liefionat 
Metamorphism  :  Rocks  altered  over  great  areas  by 
"crust-creep"   in    conjunction    with  heat  and 
moisture.      "Crust-creep"    is  another  word  for 
lateral  pressure.     Strati/ieation  :  An  arrangement 
in  layers    or    strata ;    all    rocks   deposited   from 
suspension   in   water   are  "stratified."     Sni/ce  : 
The  direction  across  country  of  any  sloping  bed 
of  rock ;  the  "dip  "  is  always  at  right  angles  to 
the   "  strike."     If   a  slate  is   set    on   edge   and 
sloping,  in  a  sand-heap,  the  angle  made  by  the 
slate  surface  with  the  horizon  is  the  "  dip  "  ;  the 
direction  taken  by  the  upper  edge  of  the  slate  as 
ascertained  by  a  compass  is  the  "  strike." 

Si/ne/ine  :  see  "  Anti-cline."  A  syncline  is  the 
reverse  curve  or  invert  arch,  of  any  wave-like 
arrangement  of  rocks.  Vneonformlty :  When 
newer  strata  are  deposited  on  the  upturned 
denuded  edge  of  older  rocks,  they  are  said  to  be 
"  unconformable."  Unconformity  always  signifies 
lapse  of  time  unrepresented  by  any  rock  deposit. 
Volcanic  Neck  :  The  throat  of  an  extinct  volcano 


solidly  filled  with  bombs,  lava,  and  the  ashy 
material  of  the  final  eruption.  There  are  several 
necks  in  the  British  Islands,  ll'eathennri  :  The 
destructive  action  (mechanical  and  chemical)  of 
rainwater,  wind,  and  frost  on  rocks  exposed  to  its 
action ;  a  process  of  much  interest  to  the  builder. 


SKETCHES   FROM   A   COLLECTION   OF 
OLD    GARDEN   ORNAMENTS. 

THESE  sketches  of  garden  architectural  furni- 
ture are  very  varied  in  character,  the 
objects  themselves  having  been  brought  to- 
gether from  various  parts  of  the  country. 
The  Wrought-irou  Gate  was  originally  made 
for  Romford  House,  Essex ;  the  total  width 
is  5ft.  .3in.  The  Purbeck-stone  Vase  is  carved 
with  figure-work,  having  masks  and  scroll- 
trusses  at  the  cardinal  points.  The  Sundial, 
from  Old  Cavendish  House,  Clapham,  is  9in. 
in  diameter,  the  pedestal  being  in  Portland 
stone.  The  Verona  marble  Font  is  enriched 
with  lions' masks  and  female  heads  on  the  out- 
side of  the  basin.  A  pair  of  Children,  of  which 
we  give  one  representing  Jupiter,  the  other  being 
of  Neptune,  are  3ft.  3in.  high.  The  other  figure 
shown  is  of  a  Boy  holding  a  cornucopia,  also  ia 
stole.  The  Louis  XVI.  Vase  stands  3ft.  Gin. 
high,  and  is  particularly  handsome.  Messrs. 
Robinson  and  Fisher  sold  these  things  the  other 
day  at  Willis's  Room,  St.  James's. 


THE  MODEL  CARPENTER,  JOINER,  AND 
CABINET-MAKER.* 

THE  concluding  volume  of  this  work  has  now 
been  issued,  and  the  character  of  the  under- 
taking has  been  maintained  throughout,  em- 
bodying a  vast  amount  of  information  and  nearly 
1,200  drawings,  not  to  name  the  woodcuts  in  the 
glossary  at  the  end.  JIany  of  these  varied  illus- 
trations are  evidently  old  engravings  utilised 
from  previous  publications,  so  that  the  pages  are 
by  no  means  uniform  either  in  style  of  draughts- 
manship or  up-to-date  in  manner,  giving  the 
effect  of  a  compilation  rather  than  that  of  a  new 
and  thorough  practical  work.  For  instance, 
Plate  92,  illustrating  a  Pine  Doorway  from  Lin- 
coln's Inn-fields,  and  Plate  93.  representing  some 
Double-marginedand  Folding  Doors,  havenothing 
whatever  in  common,  the  latter  showing  what  to 
avoid,  for  the  designs  are  absolutely  bad.  and  of 
the  worst  period  of  the  last  century.  Plate  91 
represents  an  admirable  door  from  the  King's 
Gallery  in  Kensington  Palace,  nicely  drawn.  Plate 
9')  is  devoted  to  reproductions  of  steel  engravings 
of  jib  and  pew  doors  no  longer  in  vogue,  which 
is  a  gain  if  these  may  be  taken  as  typical.  Not  a 
word  in  the  accompanying  letterpress  discrimin- 
ates between  the  relative  values  of  the  se  examples. 
Plate  106  of  a  Skylight  and  Dormer  (iiserted  in 
the  middle  of  a  chapter  on  Gates  and  Fences)  has 
a  cut-and-dried  description  in  a  previous  article 
on  p.  3.5(),  amidst  a  quantity  of  similar  antiquated 
monstrosities,  without  any  clue  to  its  origin,  and 
no  allusion  to  its  real  merits  or  defects.  What 
could  be  wor-e,  again,  than  the  Panelled  Gate, 
Fig.  2,  on  p.  365,  or  furnish  a  greater  contrast 
with  the  Vestibule  Doors  and  Screen  on  Plate  96? 
The  latter  is  excessively  "modern,"  and  not 
really  good  at  that,  with  a  peep-hole  peforated  in 
the  side  panel  to  admit  of  a  cut-glass  horseshoe, 
just  for  the  sake,  it  would  seem,  of  "luck." 

Mr.  E.  S.  Roscoe,  Barristcr-at-Law,  has  con- 
tributed a  chapter  on  "  Building  Law,"  and  5Ir. 
W.  E.  Davis  an  illustrated  tssa)' on"  Estimating 
and  Taking  OH  for  Quantities. "  "  Trade  Union 
Rules  and  Shop  Management,"  by  Mr.  A.  C. 
Remnant,  are  included. 


Messrs.  J.  Lemon,  J. P.,  and  W.  Burrough  Hill, 
the  arbitrators  agreed  upon  by  the  Northam  Bridge 
and  Roads  Company  in  respect  to  their  claim  for 
compensation  against  the  South  Stoneham  Rural 
District  Council  for  damage  done  to  their  road, 
the  Bitterne  High-street,  in  carrying  out  the 
Bitteine  drainage  scheme,  having  failed  to  agree 
upon  thesr  award,  Major- General  Phipps  Carey, 
G.B.,  R.E.,  the  umpire  appointed  by  the  Local 
Government  Board,  sat  at  the  Philharmonic  Hall, 
Southampton,  on  Thursday  in  last  week,  to  hear 
the  case.  During  a  six  hours'  hearing  numerous 
witnesses  were  called,  and  the  inquiry  was 
adjourned  till  June  9,  when  the  case  will  be  closed. 


•  The  Model  Carpenter,  Joiner,  and  Cabioet  M^ker. 
A  Complete  Guide  to  Current  Practice.  Edited  b?  G. 
Lister  ScTcLirrE,  A.R.I.B.A.  Vol.  viii.  Qreaham  Pub- 
lishing Co.    1904. 


June  3,  1904. 


THE   BUILDING    NEWS, 


791 


792 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  3,  1904. 


IRISPI   PAINTERS   AT   GUILDUALL. 
nHE    admirable    selection   of    work   by  Irish 


_l      painters  at  the  Guildhall  Art  Gallery  will 
be  welcomed  by  all  art  lovers.     We  are  informed 
that  the  principal  pictures  of  this  exhibition  were 
brought  together  at  the  request  of  the  Department 
of    Agriculture    and   Technical    Instruction    for 
Ireland,  and  were  intended  to  form  part  of  the 
Irish  Section  of  the  St.  Louis  Exhibition,  but  the 
scheme   fell    through,    and    the    Corporation   of 
London  placed  Ihtir  galleries  at  the  disposal  of 
the  promoters  of  the  Irish  Art  Exhibition  before 
the  works  were  returned  to  their  owners.  Through 
the  medium  of  Mr.  George  Briggs,  the  chairman 
of  the  Library  Committee,  the  Board  of  Agri- 
culture and  Technical  Instruction  in  Ireland,  the 
arrangements  were  effected.  To  Mr.  A.  G.  Temple, 
F.S.A.,  the  Director  of  the  Guildhall  Gilleries, 
much  is  due  for  the  present  arrangements.     In 
Gallery  I.  we  find  the  chief  oil  pictures,  number- 
ing in  all  70  works  by  eminent  Irish  painters. 
J.  B.  Yeates,  Iv.H.A.,  is  represented  by  several 
admirable  works.     Of  these  we  may  notice  the 
portrait  of  Mrs.  Katherine  Tynan  Hinkson,  the 
author  of  many   poems  upon    Irish  subjects — a 
face  full  of  personality,   of  fair  hair   and  com- 
plexion, "Miss  Yeates,"  -'The  Bird  Market," 
a  group,  a  boy  with   cage,  and  girls,  remarkable 
for   tone  and   expression;    Mr.  W.  S.  Fay  (.)). 
"Ariadne,"    by    John    Lavery,   is   exceedingly 
charming  and  graceful  iu  the  daughter  of  Minos 
standing  on  the  seashore,   the   sea  forming  the 
background  of  the  figure.    The  legend  the  painter 
represents  is  whtre  Theseus  forsakes   her  on  the 
island  of  Naxos  in  the  yEgean  Sea.     "  Evening, 
Malahide  Sands"  (9),  by  Nathaniel  Hone,  lent 
by  the   arlist,  is   a   powerful   impression  of  the 
beach  and  bare  hills.     The  light  in  sky  and  its 
reflection  on   the   calm   water  are   painted  with 
firmness  and  solidity.    His  "  Irish  Channel  "  (37) 
is   an   able   rendering   of   rough    sea.     "  Castle 
Malahide  "  (25) ,  cows  resting  in  a  meadow,  with 
heavy  clouds,   is  solidly  handled.      Charles    H. 
Shannon  is  a  painter  of  much  decorative  power. 
"  Salt  Water  "  (12)  isaclever  composition  in  the 
nude  figures  of  a  woman  and  two  little  boys  on  a 
beach.     His  "  Toilet  of  Venus  "  is  a  clever  com- 
position, in   which   \''enus   is   shown   in  a  well- 
shaped    bath,   half  -  submerged,     two     maidens 
arranging  her  toilet.     We  must  also  notice  his 
"  Man  in  a  Black  Shirt  " — portrait  of  the  artist 
(15),  another  in  an  Inverness  cloak  (16),  "  Lady 
with   AVhite   Fan"    (17)  :  \ life-size    studies    of 
portraiture  :  "  The  Shell  Girtherers  " — a  work  of 
much    beauty    in     composition    in    the    colour, 
reminding  us  of  Mr.   Watts'   work -showing  a 
child  by  the  sea  collecting  shells  with  girl  half- 
draped.     Alexander  Roche  sends  "  The  Sailing  of 
the  Boat  "  (21),  a  delightful  boat  and  harbour 
scene.   The  sky  clearing,  its  light  reflected  in  the 
sea.     His  seated  portrait  of  "  Miss  Blaikie  "  (33) 
— a  young  lady  in  white  with  a  red  fan  on  her 
lap  is  an  attractive  work  of  colour  and  portraiture, 
vigorous    in    style.      "Jessie    Wertheimer,"  by 
Wm.  Orpen  (27),  a  halt  life-size,  in  brown  dress, 
and  white  hat  and  feather,   is  also  interesting. 
"The  Last  Chapter,"  by  J.  Doyle  Penrose,  is  an 
incident  in  the  Yen.  Bede's  life,  where  the  aged 
scholar  is  seen    reclining   on  a  bed   in  Jarrow 
Monastery,   dictating  a   version    of    St.   John's 
Gospel   into  Anglo-Saxon    to  a  youthful  pupil 
who    sits  at   a    small   desk   transcribing.     Two 
monks  stand  at  the  window   of   his   cell.     The 
interior  is  painted  with  marvellous  skill  and  feel- 
ing. "  Tantalon  Castle,"  by  Edwin  Hayes,  shows 
the  headland,  with  its  castle  and  bay  and  glisten- 
ing  waves   of   sunlit    sea.     "  Stormy   Weather, 
Harbour  of  Enkhuizen,  Holland  "  (38),  is  also  a 
fine    seascape,    with    sailing    boat    making    for 
harbour  in  a  rough  sea.     John  Lavery,  R.S.A., 
whose    "jVriadne"    we    have    noticed,    is    the 
painter  also  of   the   large   picture    of^  a  lady  on 
horseback  in  an  open  landscape  at  end  of  gallery, 
a  characteristic  portrait  of  the  late  Right  Hon'. 
W.  E.  II.  Lecky,  the  historian,  of  "  Miss  Blanche 
La  Primaudaye  "  (58),  in  pale  salmon  and  lace, 
seated.      J.  J.  Shannon's  "  Embroidery,"  Mark 
Fisher's  "  Ploughing  "   (41),  Alexander  Roche's 
"  Landscape  "  with  its  atmosphere  and  li»ht  the 
full  life-size  portrait    of   "Mrs.   Noel  Guinness 
and  Child  ''  (45)  by  Walter  T.  Osborne,  in  which 
that  lady  is  shown  sitting  on  a  settee  reading  to 
her  httlo  girl  in  a  white  figured  satin,  are  all  note- 
worthy fpecimens.     J.J.  Shannon's  "Sirens" 
IS  a  delightfully  painted  group  of  four  captivatio" 
girls,  spurting  on  a  billow  of  the  sea,  with  li»ht 
hair  andl.lue  eyes  ;  one  dark  haired  beauty  is°on 
her  back  in  the  trough.     His  last  portrait  of  Lady 
Henry  Bentinck   50),  a  life-size  standing  fi..ure 


in  a   white  teagown  on  a  background  of  foliage 
and  poppies,  with  two  dogs  at  her  feet,  is  worth 
notice.  Then  we  have  his  beautiful  "  Marchioness 
otGranby"  (53)   a  fine  de'icately  featured  face. 
Dermod   O'Brien    has    a    clever  interior,   "The 
Jewel  "  (63),  a  mother  holding  up  to  her  baby  on 
a  sofa  a  pendant,  two  other  ladies  forming  the 
group.     St.  (ieorge  Hare's  "  Miserere  Domine  !  " 
"The  Victory   of     Faith,"    is   a  dramatic   and 
powerfully  painted  picture  of  two  beautiful  girls 
undraped,  who  have  fallen  asleep  in  each  other's 
arms,  one  i^ir  and  the  other  bronze  colour,  wait- 
ing their  doom  in  the  Roman  Amphitheatre,  and 
near  a  lion's  den.     Two  lions  are  glaring  at  the 
maidens  as  they  sleep  peacefully.      It  was  in  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1903.      In  the  second  gallery 
are  two  or  three  fine  pictures.     "The  Opening 
of  the   Sixth    Seal"    (79),    by   Francis   Dinby, 
A.R  A.,  lent  by  the  National  Gallery  of  Ireland, 
is  a  grand  and  powerful  composition,  the  theme 
being  taken  from  Rev.  vi.  12,  where  the  apostle 
beheld  an  appaling  earthquake,  and  a  scene  of 
commotion   and    terror.       The    highly    finished 
picture  "  Othello,  Desdemona,  and  Emilia  "  (80), 
by  Daniel  Maclise,  R.A  ,  and  his  grand  "  Banquet 
Scene'' (Macbeth)  (109)  are  works  of  surpassing 
dramatic  skill  and  power.  His  fertile  imagination 
and  consummate  skill  in  draughtsmanship  of  the 
figures   are   displayed    in   the   crowded   banciuet 
chamber,  where  the  queen  is  the  central  figure  in 
the  tragedy,  trying  to  reassure  the  terror  -stricken 
company,  during  Macbeth's  words  of  passion  and 
fear  as  he    sees     Banquo's   ghost.      It  is  a  fine 
composition.       His     other    Shakespearian    sub- 
jects, include  "Othello."     Tne  "  Earls  of  Des- 
mond  and    Ormond "    (120),    is  a  marvellously 
painted     procession     of     figures.      The     scene 
depicted  is  where  the  Earl  of  Desmond,  wounded 
in_   a     dispute     between     the     two     houses,    is 
being  borne  upon   a   litter   from  the  field  slung 
across  the  shoulders  of  Ormond's  men,  one  arm 
wounded  uplifted  in  defiance,  and  the  other  given 
to  his  sorrowing  wife,   who,  with  a  large  number 
of  his  friends,  follow  him.     Some  brilliant  works 
by  Alfred  Elmore,  n..\.,   as  "  Hotsmir  and  the 
Fop"    (So),    "Supplication,"    "Katherine    and 
Petruchio"    (105);    William    Mulready,    R.A., 
his   famous    picture    "Choosing    the    AVedding 
(iown "    (88),    "The   Sonnet,"  "Bathers  Sur- 
prised"  (90),  "  Giving  a  Bite  "  (92),  "  Burchell 
and  Sophia"  from  the  "Vicar   of    Wakefield" 
(125)  ;    of   Sir  John  Leslie,  Sir   Martin   Archer 
Shee,   P.R.A.,    Francis    Danby,   A. R.A,   J.    S. 
Copley,  and  others,  are  hung.     "The  Offering  " 
(154),  by  J.  J.  Shannon,  in  the  third  gaUery,  has 
not   been  seen  before  at   any   exhibition.     Two 
girls,   the    elder  seated    at   "a    small   table,   the 
younger  holds  a  vase  of  golden  chrysanthemums, 
and  a  plaque   on  the   wall   behind   her   forms  a 
nimbus   to   her  head ;    the   work   is   exquisitely 
painted,  and  is  decorative  in  its  treatment.     We 
may  also  notice  in  passing  John  Lavery's  charming 
girl's  figure  in   white   (160),   "Mary  in  Green" 
(169),  Norman  Garston's  "Moulin  de  la  Ville  " 
(170),  ^and  the   "Cape  Rose"   (187);   William 
Orpen's  "A  London  Window"  (137  and  142). 
Alexander   Roche's   "Tcte-a-Tcte "    (133),   and 
works  by  Walter  F.  Osborne,  Mark  Fisher  (159), 
J.  Barry,  and  George  Henry.    The  water-colours 
occupy   a   fourth   room,   and   works   by   Wal'er 
Osborne,  J.   S.   Sargent,  R.A.,  C.   H.  Shannon, 
A.  B.  Brabazon,   Phil  May  (264—267),  Mildred 
Butler,  Mary  Barton,  and  "Rose  Barton  are  seen. 
There  is   also   a   collection   of   miniatures.     We 
must  not  omit   to   mention   Clarkson  Stanfield's 
large  picture,  "  The  Morning  After  the  Wreck  " 
(107),  representing  a  Dutch  East  Indiaman  ashore 
m  a  stormy  sea.     The  breaking  sky  and  roii<>-h 
sea  are  powerfully  painted,  and  truthful  in  colour. 
The  craft,  busy  in  taking  pieces  of  the  wreck,  is 
skilfully  painted.     The   period    covered   by   the 
collection   is    from    the   beginning    of    th'?   last 
century  to  the   present.     The  exhibition  is  well 
worth  a  visit,  and  is  open  from  10  to  6  on  week- 
days and  from  3  till  6  on  Sundays. 


OBITITARY. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  William  A. 
RoYLE,  F.R  I.B.A.,  of  17,  Cooper-street,  Man- 
chester, at  an  advanced  age.  He  was  apprenticed 
to  the  late  Mr.  Philip  Nunn,  who  died  in  1867, 
when  Mr.  Royle,  who  had  for  some  time  acted  as 
draughtsman  and  assistant  to  Mr.  Nunn,  suc- 
ceeded to  his  practice,  joining  with  himself  as 
partner  the  late  Mr.  Robert  I.  Bennett.  It  is 
believed  that  Canon  Nunn,  from  his  position  on 
the  Manchester  School  Board,  was  able  to  help 
these  young  men  to  a  1  trge  share  of  the  work  of 
the  board.  Mr.  Royle  had  many  oSices  and 
warehouses  to  build,  including  one  at  the  south- 
east corner  of  Albert-square.  A  house  charac- 
teristic of  Mr.  Royle's  work  is  Clarence  Lodge, 
built  for  Mr.  Pooley,  near  the  Book-street  en- 
trance to  Victoria  Park.  He  was  one  of  the 
comparatively  few  in  Manchester  who  designed 
his  own  buildings,  which  were  unassuming  in 
character  and  cirefully  and  sensibly  planned. 
He  has  been  twice  elected  president  of  the  Slan- 
chester  Society  of  Architects,  and  of  which  body 
he  was  vice-president  at  the  time  of  his  decease, 
and  he  had  also  been  since  1888  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects. 

Colonel  Ben  Hav  Martindale,  C.B.,  late 
R.E.,  died,  on  May  26,  at  his  residence,  Weston 
Lodge,  Albury,  near  Guildford,  in  his  eightieth 
year.  From  1857  to  1S61  he  was  successively 
Commissioner  of  Railways,  Superiotendent  of 
Electric  Telegraphs,  and  Commissioner  of  Roads, 
New  South  Wales  :  being  also,  from  1859  to  1861, 
I'nder-Secretary  of  Public  Works  in  that  colony. 
Returning  to  England,  he  was,  until  1868, 
Superintendent  of  the  B  irrack  Department  in  the 
War  Office.  From  1866  to  1868  he  was  member 
of  the  Army  Sanitary  Committee.  In  1873 
Colonel  Martindale  was  appointed  general 
manager  of  the  London  and  St.  Katharine  Docks, 
a  company  of  which  he  became  a  director  in  1889. 
He  was  an  Associate  Slember  of  the  Institute  of 
Civil  Engineers. 


The  .Stepney  Borough  Council  having  agreed  to 

f?-'nn??^:v'''T'*  °i  ^^^  ™'''  '"''''=•»  'S  estimated  at 
il,,O00,  the  London  County  Council  have  notified 
.  .'^  ^'"'°g°«??  to  proceed  with  the  reconstruction 
of  the  \  ictoiy  Bridge,  across  the  Regent's  Canal  at 
btepney. 

Col.  Von  Donop,  inspector  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
has  attended  at  Darlington  to  inspect  the  new 
electric  tramway  system,  previous  to  its  public 
opening  On  Friday  Mr.  Trotter  examined  the 
electrical  equipment,  and  the  line,  which  extends 
from  Harrogate  Hill  to  the  suburb  of  Eastbourne, 
was  opened  ou  Monday. 


CHIPS. 

Thirty-one  tenders  for  the  erection  ol  the  new 
town-hall  and  fire-station  at  Sutton  Coldfield  have 
been  received  by  the  council,  and  at  the  council's 
meeting  on  Wednesday  the  General  Purposes  Com- 
mittee recommended  the  acceptance  of  that  of  Mr. 
T.  Elvins,  of  Birmingham,  of  .£10,100,  conditional 
on  the  contract  being  completed  within  three  years. 
The  report  was  adopted. 

At  the  council  offices.  Felling,  Co.  Durham,  on 
the  26th  May,  Mr.  M.  K.  North,  M.Inst.C.E.,  held 
an  inquiry,  on  behalf  of  the  Local  Government 
Board,  into  a  proposal  of  the  Felling  Urban  District 
Council  to  borrow  the  sum  of  £11,000,  for  the  pro- 
vision of  a  refuse- destructor  on  a  site  adjoining 
■Stoneygate-lane.  Mr.  Dykes,  the  engineer,  explained 
the  plans. 

The  Bill  for  the  proposed  extension  of  the 
boundaries  on  the  north  of  the  city  of  Bristol  has 
been  passed  by  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Lords. 
The  Bill  brings  into  the  city  the  whole  of  Shire- 
hamptonand  Westbury-on-Trym.  part  of  Henbury, 
and  the  upper  portion  of  Horfield,  and  it  will  give 
the  borough  an  acreage  of  17,004,  with  a  population 
of  351,443,  and  a  rateable  value  of  £1,723,119. 

Memorial -stones  of  a  Wesleyan  school  chapel  were 
laid  at  Short  Lanes- 3nd,  Truro,  on  Friday.  Mr. 
Sampson-Hill,  of  Bedruth,  was  the  architect,  and 
Mr.  Clemens,  of  Truro,  the  contractor. 

An  inquiry  on  behalf  of  the  Local  Government 
Board  was  held  by  Col.  A.  C.  Smith  on  Friday  at 
the  Guildhall,  Conway,  with  reference  to  the  appli- 
cation of  the  corporation  for  power  to  borrow 
£4,000  for  the  construction  of  a  new  gasholder  at 
the  gasworks. 

As  a  result  of  the  application  of  the  Leeds  City 
Couucil  to  the  Local  Government  Board  for  sanction 
to  borrow  £100,000  for  sewerage  purposes,  the  Board 
have  decided  to  comply  to  the  extent  only  of  £92,647, 
various  items,  including  the  reconstruction  of  the 
culvert  sewer  in  Great  AVilson-street,  being  regarded 
as  not  properly  applicable  to  loan  account. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  city  council  of  Glasgow 
a  prolonged  discussion  took  place  on  a  report  by  the 
city  engineer  and  treasurer  on  the  measurements  for 
the  plumber  work  at  liuchill  Hospital,  showing  a 
sum  due  of  £22,180,  being  £13,173  in  excess  of  the 
amount  of  the  offer.  Biilie  Burrell  said  steps 
should  be  taken  to  make  the  recurrence  of  anything 
like  this  iorpossible  in  the  future.  Mr.  Gray  moved, 
as  an  amendment,  that  consideration  of  the  report 
should  be  continued  until  they  had  a  full  statement 
of  all  the  accounts  to  be  met  in  connection  with  the 
hospital.  After  a  lengthy  discussion  Mr.  Gray 
withdrew  his  amendment,  and  the  report  was 
1  adopted. 


June  3,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


793 


PKOFESSrONAL   AND   TSADB 
SOOIETIES. 

iNCOltrOKATF.D    ASSOCIATIOM  OF  JXlNICIl'AL    AND 

Coi'NTV  Engineeks.— A  Weatern  Counties  dis- 
trict meeting  of  this  asaoeiation  will  be  held  at 
Newport,  Mon.,  on  Saturday  in  next  week,  the 
11th  inst.  An  exhibition  of  drawings  of  Muni- 
cipal Engineering  Works  and  Buildings  will  be 
on  view  in  the  Council  Chamber,  Town  Hill 
After  a  recoption  bj  the  Mayor  (Colonel  W. 
Clifford  I'hillips).  the  following  papers  will  be 
submitted  :  —  "  Newport  and  its  Municipal 
Works,"  by  Mr.  K.  H.  Haynes,  Borough  Engi- 
neer, Newport ;  "Electric  Power  and  Lighting 
Stations,"  by  Mr.  H.  CoUings  Bishop,  Borough 
Electrical  Engineer,  Newport;  and  "Newport 
Borough  Asylum,  Caerleon,  Mon.,"  by  Mr.  A.  J. 
Wood,  architect.  The  visitors  will  afterwards 
leave  for  inspection  of  the  Borough  Asylum,  now 
in  course  of  erection  at  Caerleon,  :U  miles  distant 
from  the  town,  and  then  proceed  to  the  Corpora- 
tion Road-Power  Station  and  Car  Sheds,  and  to 
examine  the  transporter  bridge  across  the  l;iver 
Usk,  no;v  being  built  *  an  estimated  cost 
of  £90,000  (including  approaches).  In  the 
evening  a  meeting  will  be  held  at  the  town-hall 
to  discuss  the  papers  read  in  the  earlier  part  of 
the  day. 

Norfolk  amd  Nohwk-h  Auch.'eolooical 
Society. — The  annual  general  meeting  of  this 
society  was  held  on  Thursday  in  last  week  in  the 
Council  Chamber  of  the  Guildhall,  Norwich. 
The  president.  General  W.  E.  G.  L.  Bulwer, 
C.B.,  was  in  the  chair.  Mr.  L.  G.  Bolingbroke, 
hon.  secretary,  read  the  annual  report,  which 
was  adopted.  Dr.  Bensly  read  the  treasurer's 
account,  which  showed  that  the  year  began  with 
a  balance  in  hand  of  £455  19s.,  and  ended  with  a 
balance  in  hand  of  £353  I63.  Id.  Mr.  Walter 
Kye'moved  that  General  Bulwer  be  re-elected  presi- 
dent. The  Rev.  Dr.  Haven  seconded  the  motion, 
and  it  was  adopted.  The  treasurer,  the  hon. 
secretary,  the  editorial  secretary,  the  auditor, 
and  the  retiring  members  of  the  committee  were 
re-elected.  Mr.  Walter  Rye  produced  some 
pieces  of  brasses  from  Ingham  Church  which 
had  been  sent  to  him  by  the  present  holder  of 
them,  who  was  not  the  original  thief.  They  were 
fragments  of  the  canopies  of  the  well-known 
brasses  of  Sir  Miles  de  Stapleton,  dated  1365,  and 
part  of  the  side  canopies  of  the  brasses  of  another 
Sir  Miles  Stapleton,  dated  1466.  Mr.  Rye  hoped 
to  be  able  to  restore  the  brasses.  Members  of  the 
society  had  restored  no  less  than  seven  large 
brasses,  and  six  had  been  replaced  in  the  churches 
from  which  they  came. 

Royal  Auoh hological  Ixstitite.— At  the 
ordinary  meeting,  on  Wednesday  afternoon,  at 
No.  20,  Hanover-square,  Sir  Henry  Howorth 
presided.  The  first  paper,  by  Mr.  C.  R.  Peers, 
on  "The  White  Monastery,"  was  illustrated 
with  plans  and  drawings.  This  ruined  religious 
house  is  near  Sohag,  in  Upper  Egypt,  about  310 
miles  south  of  Cairo,  on  the  Western  edge  of  the 
Desert.  Its  foundation  is  ascribed  to  the  great 
Coptic  saint,  Shanuda,  in  the  5th  century.  It  was 
then  held  to  be  the  largest  church  in  the  world, 
and  its  founder  called  it  Jerusalem.  Within  the 
inclosure  there  lived  4,000  monks  and  nuns.  The 
remains  consist  of  the  monastic  church,  part  of 
■which  is  still  used  for  sacred  purposes,  but  the  in- 
habitants are  now  represented  by  an  illiterate 
Coptic  priest  and  some  nine  or  ten  families,  who 
occupy  houses  within  the  walls,  and  use  the 
nartbex  as  a  common  receptacle  for  their  rubbish. 
The  attention  of  Lord  Cromer  has  been  called  to 
the  ruined  condition  of  this  early  monument  of  i 
Christianity  in  Egypt.  It  is  hoped  that  some  1 
money  will  be  stt  aside  for  clearing  the  site,  and 
the  authorities  of  the  Coptic  Church  have  been 
communicated  with  on  the  subject.  Mr.  P.  M. 
Johnston  exhibited  and  described  some  sketches 
of  the  wall-paintings  recently  discovered  in  the 
little  chapel  of  Shorthampton,  Oxfordshire, 
formerly  served  by  the  Benedictine  monks  of 
Eynsham.  They  range  from  the  end  of  the 
12thto  the  middle  of  the  14th  century,  and  are 
of  great  interest.  One  appears  to  bo  unique  in 
English  ecclesiological  art— the  story  of  the 
Child  Jtjsus  making  birds  of  clay,  and  endowing 
them  with  life.  ° 

Tuii    lulVAL     InsTITI-TE     OF    PlIllT.K'    HeAI.TII.— 

The  Folkestone  congress  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  Public  Health  will  take  place  from  Thursday, 
July  21,  to  Tuesday,  July  2(1.  The  congress  will 
be  conducted  in  the  following  sections  :— Pre- 
ventive medicine  (president,  Dr.  W.  J.  Tyson 


F.R.C.P.)  ;  comparati\e  pathology,  bacteriology, 
and  chemistiy  (president.  Dr.  K.  Ivlein,  F.R.S.)  ; 
engineering  and  building  construction  (president, 
Mr.  \V.  Harpur,  M.I.C.E.) ;  child  study  and 
school  health  (president.  Sir  George  W.Kekewich, 
Iv.C.B.) ;  ladies' section  (president.  Lady  Radnor) ; 
the  early  physical  training  of  the  Navy,  Army, 
and  Imperial  Forces  (president.  General  Sir  \V. 
G.  Stirling,  K.C.B.)  ;  tropical  medicine  (presi- 
dent. Professor  W.  J.  Ritchie  Simpson,  M.D., 
F  R.C.P.).  The  general  programme  arranges  for 
a  number  of  social  gatherings,  receptions,  and 
excursions.  On  Sunday,  July  24,  there  will  be  a 
special  service  at  the  parish  church  of  SS.  Mary 
and  Eanswyth,  when  the  sermon  will  be  preached 
by  the  Dean  of  Canterbury.  On  Mondaj',  July  25, 
there  will  be  a  garden  party  at  ShorncUffe  Lodge, 
Sandgate,  by  invitation  of  Sir  E.  .bassoon,  M.P., 
and  Lady  Sassoon.  On  Tuesday,  July  26,  an 
address  on  tuberculosis  (in  English)  will  be  given 
by  Professor  Ferdinand  Hueppe,  M.D.,  director 
of  the  Hygienic  Institute  of  Prague,  and  a  popular 
lecture  on  "The  Personal  Health  of  the  Citizen 
in  Relation  to  National  Efficiency,"  by  Surgeon- 
,  General  G.  J.  H.  Evatt,  C.B.,  M.D. 

,  The  Society  OF  AucHiTEiTs' Visit  TO  Coventry. 
— The  Council  of  the  Society  of  Architects  have 
arranged  for  members  to  pay  a  visit  to  Coventry 
on  Saturday,  June  IS.  With  Mr.  T.  F.  Tickner, 
M.S. A.,  as  cicerone,  the  party  will  first  visit 
Christ  Church,  Ford's  Hospital,  and  St.  Mary's 
Hall.  Following  upf.n  luncheon  St.  Michael's 
and  Holy  Trinity  Churches,  the  ruins  of  the 
former  cathedral  in  the  vicinity  of  Holy  Trinity 
Church,  and  the  remains  of  the  Whitefriars 
Monastery  at  the  workhouse  premises  will  be 
inspected.  The  old  City  Gates — or  what  is  left 
of  them— St.  John's  Church,  and  Bond's  Hospital 
will  also  be  inspected  before  the  visitors  return  to 
London. 

j      SovTH   Wales  .\nd    Moxmouthsiiire   Archi- 

'  TECTs'  Society.  —  The  annual  dinner  of  the 
South  Wales  and  Monmouthshire  Architects' 
Society  was  held  at  the  Royal  Hotel,  Cardiff,  on 
May  19,  the  President,  Mr.  Jenkin  Williams, 
F.K.I.B.A.,  in  the  chair.  The  guest  of  the 
eveningwas  Professor Beresford Pite,  F.R.I.B.A., 
and  among  the  visiters  were  also  Mr.  W.  H. 
White,  F.R.I.B.A.,  and  Mr.  Harding  Payne, 
A  R.I.B.A.     In  responding  to  the  toast  of   the 

j  R.I.B.A.,    I'rofessor   Beresford  Pite   said,    after 

j  referring  to  the  pleasure  of  revisiting  S.  Wales, 
where  he  had  commenced  his  professional  training 
nearly  thirty  years  before  in  the  office  represented 
there  by  his  friend  the  Treasurer,  and  thanking 

[  Mr.  Seward  for  the  terms  in  which  he  had  pro- 
posed the  toast  and  for  the  opportunity  that  he 
had  made  for  an  allusion  to  current  professiona' 
politics,  he  said  that  he  much  feared  that  political 
discussion  was  taking  the  place  of  architectural 
enthusiasm  among  them,  and  that  the  spirit  of 
emulation  in  the   art   of   design  would  suffer  if 

:  interest  was  so  largely  diverted,  as  of  late,  to 
matters  which  ultimately  were  those  of  personal 
and  professional  advancement  only.     It  would  be 

[  admitted  by  all,  he  hoped,  that  the  increasing 
beauty  and  interest  of  their  buildings  would  be  a 
valuable  aid  towards  obtaining  proper  recognition 
and  respect  from  the  public,  and  from  public 
bodies.  Such  a  view  of  the  situation,  too,  would 
relieve  them  of  merely  local  considerations  in 
such  a  matter  as  confining  local  work  to  local 
architects  only.  This  would  be  desirable  and 
possible  where  a  defined  and  characteristic  school 
of  local  architecture  existed ;  but,  personally,  after 
their  delightful  visit  that  afternoon  he  could  not 
but  be  very  thankful  that  Cardiff  Castle  was  not 
designed  by  a  Cardiff  architect,  and  that  William 
Barges  had  been  given  the  opportunity  of  con- 
ferring lustre  upon  their  town  by  creating  within 
it  a  work  of  art  which,  for  many  generations, 
would  make  it  a  notable  example  of  the  splendid 
architectural  attainment  of  the  best  period  of  the 
CJothic  revival.  He  wished  to  assure  them  that 
no  spirit  of  local  narrowness  animated  the 
Institute  Council  in  London,  and  instanced  the 
recent  nomination  lists  for  candidates  for  the 
selection  of  an  architect  for  the  additions 
tc  the  Briti-<h  Museum  in  London,  in  which 
the  Council  placed  seven  provincial  architects 
and  seven  non-members  of  the  Institute  among 
those  upon  whom  they  jirocecded  to  vote.  As 
Mr.  Seward  had  given  him  the  opportunity,  ho 
would  remark  how  much  he  thought  the  recent 
propaganda  in  connection  with  the  election  of 
the  Council  was  to  be  regretted,  .\part  from  the 
merits  of  Registration  or  of  a  Registration  Bill, 
he  considered  it  an  unwiEC  policy  on  the  part  of 


those  who  were  in  favour  of  such  a  movement, 
while  the  large  and  representative  committee  ap- 
pointed at  the  special  general  meeting  was  sitting, 
to  issue  a  declaration  which  could  only  have  the 
effect,  if  signed  and  acted  upon  as  ro()ue8ted,  of 
splitting  the  profession  into  two  opposing  camps. 
If  there  was  one  question  more  than  another  upon 
which  it   was  necessary  to  unite  lather  than  to 
divide  the  profession,  it  was  certainly  upon  one  in 
which   architects  appealed  to   Parliament.     The 
method  of  dividing  the  profession  into  rival  lists 
or  camps  would  not  only  render  useless  and  futile 
the  labour  of  the  representative   national   com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  Institute,  but   also    con- 
solidate that  opposition  which  was  so  largely  felt, 
and  felt  by  those  who  most  really  repre  sented  the 
the  artistic  feeling  for  architecture  as  an  art,  in 
the  face  of  which  opposition  no  progress  whatever 
could  be  made.      Let  this  become  a  matter  upon 
which  the  profession  could  be  united  by  reason,  by 
interest,  and  by  common  devotion  to  the  art  which 
they  practised  rather    than   one    which   divided 
invidiously  into  rival  camps,  produced  irrecon- 
cilable party  warfare.      The  Institute  committee 
was  sitting  with  a  bona-fide  purpose  of  consider- 
ing the  whole  matter  thoroughly,  and  of  reporting 
to  the  general  body,  and  until  it  had  completed 
its    work  suspension   of    forcible  expressions   of 
opinion  and   of   committals   on   both   sides    was 
desirable  and  necessary.     He  would   mention  in 
this  connection  the  important  fact  that  a  Bill,  in 
the  promotion  of  which  the  Council  of  the  In- 
stitute  assisted,  had   now    been   introduced  into 
Parliament    for     the     legal     protection    of    the 
titles  of   chartered  societies,  the  effect  of  which 
was     that     the     Institute     initials    of    diploma 
would    be    protected    from     use     by     improper 
persons  who  were  not  entitled  to  them,  such  pro- 
hibition not  existing  at  present.     This  measure 
would  strengthen  the  position  of  all  members  of 
the  Institute,  and  was  an  important  step  towards 
the  proper  recognition  of  the  architect's  status  a3 
a  member  of  his  chartered  society.     Referring  to 
the  alliance  of  the  provincial  societies  with  the 
Institute,  he  emphasised  the  importance  of  making 
the  central  body  of  the  profession  representative, 
in  order  to  give  weight  and  effect  to  its  action. 
An  increased  membership  alone  would  insure  this, 
and  as  there  were  over  1,000  members  of  allied 
societies  who  were  not  yet  members  of  the  Insti- 
tute,  it  was  a  primary  matter  that  as  many  as 
were  eligible  should  at  once  apply  for  the  Fellow- 
ship,  and   that   the   rest   should   qualify  for  the 
examination.      He    cordially    believed   that   the 
strengthening  of  the  Institute,  and  the  inclusion 
within  its  ranks  of  all  good  architects,  was  the  best, 
and  at  present  the  only,  policy  which  would  be  of 
value  to  the  profession.     The  Institute  w;is  a  body 
charged  to  promote  the  art  of  architecture,  and 
necessarily  and  incidentally  the  interests   of  itj 
practitioners,  by  mutual  fellowship.    Architecture 
was  an  art  which,  appealed  to,  claimed  and  found 
success  in  winning  the  attention  and  appreciation 
of    the    world,   and    no    appreciation  was  more 
valued  by  the  architect  than  that  of  his  culti- 
vated brethren,  and  a  sense  of  their  fellowship  in 
its    practice,     with    their   comprehension  of   the 
difficulties  and  limitations  which  attend  jresent- 
day  efforts  to  attain  a  high  standard  of  design 
and  construction,  was  of  the  greatest  value.    This 
fellowship  of  artistic  symp.athy  to  a  certain  extent 
could  only   be  found  within  such  a  body  as  an 
institute  of  architects.     There  were  also  the  more 
difficult  matters  connected  with  the  maintenance 
of  a  high  standard  of  professional  conduct  as  be- 
tween architect  and  architect,  and  towards  clients 
and  the  public.     Tte  delicate  questions  that  arose 
in    these    matters    could    be    better    considered 
and    dealt     with     by    the     small    '  ■  professional 
questions  "   committee    of    the    Council    of   the 
Institute  than  by  any  other  body.    The  judgment 
of   independent   professional   brethren  sitting  in 
London  could  in  these  matters  be  of  espeiial  v»lu  ; 
to  provincial  architects,  and  in  many  crises  such 
a  committee   was  able  to  offer  advice   aud  help 
which  would  not  be  obtained  from  a  formal  or 
IE  ore   distinctly   judicial   tribunal.     Professional 
interests  needed   in   the   matter   of  competitions 
such   active    and   intelligent   watching  as   could 
best  be  obtained  by  the  action  of  the  central  body 
of  the  profession.     He  appealed  to  all  members 
of  the  allied  societies  at  emco  to  put  before  the 
prcmioters  of  any  competitions  of  which  they  had. 
private  knowledge  the   Institute   paper   of  Sug- 
gestions  for   the  Conduct    of   Competitions.     If 
promoters  objected  to  interference  it  should  only 
be  necessary  to  point  out  the  inauguration  of  a 
competition  implied  a  grout  amount  of  labour  and 
expense  on  the  part  of  many  architects  which  the 


794 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  3,  1904. 


promoters  of  tea  were  in  complete  ignorance  of,  '  excursion  of  the  Thoresby  Society,  of  Leeds,  took 
and  that  it  was  most  proper  and  advantageous  place  on  Saturday,  when  about  thirty  members 
that  the  suggestions  of  the  central  body  for  the  i  spent  the  afternoon  in  visiting  and  inspecting  the 
protection  of  its  own  members  in  the  expenditure  |  objects  of  antiquarian  interest  associated  with  the 
of  their  time,  thought,  and  labour — unremunera-  village  of  Hartsbead  and  Kirklees  Hall- and  I'ark, 
lively  in  the  vast  majority  of  cases — should  be  ,  the  seat  of  Sir  (Jeorge  J.  Armytage.  The  party 
complied  with,  and  that  unless  an  agreed  standard  I  travelled  by  train  from  Leeds  to  Mirfield,  where 
of  regulation  in  their  conduct  was  accepted,  i  they  were  met  by  two  four-in-hands,  and  were 
architects  of  ability  and  high  standing  would  not  j  driven  by  way  of  Koe  Head,  the  school  attended 
submit  designs,  and  the  ultimate  result  must  be  j  by  Charlotte  Bronte,  to  Walton  Cross,  Hartshead, 
that  only  second-rate  men  would  enter  these  |  Mr.  F.  Kitson  Clark  (Leeds)  acting  as  guide.  At 
competitions.  The  services  of  the  Institute  were  [  Walton  Cross  the  party  were  joined  by  Sir 
also  much  needed  for  pressing  upon  municipalities  I  George  Armytage,  who  accorded  a  hearty  welcome 
and  public  bodies  the  just  claims  of  architects  !  to  the  members  of  the  society  to  Hartshead.  The 
within  their  own  districts,  and  generally  for  con-  j  base  of  the  old  Runic  cross,  one  of  the  finest 
sideration  in  the  disposal  of  commissions  for  examples  of  its  kind  to  be  found  in  the  West 
public   works.     While   willing   to  overlook   and  j  Riding,  was  described  by  Mr.  Clark,  who  called 


attention  to  the  beautiful  interlacing  work  still 
boldly  defined  on  the  four  sides  of  the  base.  The 
shaft  of  the  cross  has  long  since  disappeared.  It 
was  stated  that  nothing  was  known  of  the  origin 


of  the  cross  or  its  history,  but  it  is  generally  sup- 
posed to  be   pre-Norman.     Under  the   name  of 


forgive  much  professional  want  of  qualification 
or  other  training  in  anyone  who  could  and 
did  produce  a  beautiful  building,  there  being 
no  narrowneM  in  any  true  view  of  artistic 
qualification,  nt  was  essential  to  the  honesty  of 
public  life  and  in  the  true  interests  of  the  com- 
munity to  insist  that  they,  as  architects,  had  a  Wagestan,  it  is  mentioned  in  Reiner  le  Fleming's 
right  to  protest  against  a  municipal  engineer  or  ,  foundation  charter  of  Kirkless  Priory,  the  prob- 
surveyor  professing,  or  being  employed,  to  design  able  date  of  which  is  some  time  during  the  reign 
or;carry  out  public  buildings  which  all  the  time  j  of  Henry  II.  (Ju  arriving  at  the  Xorman  church 
were  being  done  for  him  by  some  talented  but  :  of  St.  Peter,  Hartshead,  the  party  were  met  by 
inadequately -paid  ana  improperly  recognised  '  the  Rev.  Thos.  King  (vicar),  who  briefly  described 
architectural  assistant  or  ghost  upon  his  salaried  the  many  objects  of  rare  historical  and  antiquarian 
staff.  The  principal  work  of  the  Institute  had  of  ,  interest  associated  with  the  ancient  fabric,  which 
recent  years  been  the  establishment  of  the  ex-  I  was  restored  in  18S1.  The  beautiful  Norman 
aminations,  and  it  had  now  become  necessary  to  ^  arch,  the  quaint  old  font,  the  solid  old  oaken 
carry  its  work  beyond  the  examinations  to  the  pews,  the  rich  stained-glass  windows  (some  of 
education  preparatory  to  and  presupposed  by  |  them  containing  Modi:i!val  glass  removed  more 
them.  This,  perhaps,  had  been  better  under-  than  twenty  years  ago  from  windows  in  Cologne 
taken  years  ago  :  but  an  important  education  Cathedral),  and  other  features  of  interest  were 
committee  had  been  sitting  for  the  purpose  of  :  pointed  out.  In  the  vestry  the  old  registers, 
agreeing  upon  a  scheme  of  architectural  educa-  going  back  to  the  15th  century  (recently  printed 
tion  which  would  be  available  for  all  students,  by  the  Yorkshire  Parish  Register  Society  from 
and  form  a  guide  to  more  teaching  bodies  which  ;  copies  prepared  by  Miss  Armytage,  of  Kirklees) 
were  so  rapidly  taking  up  architecture  as  part  of  were  inspected,  and  the  signature  of  Rev.  Pa'rick 
their  course,  and  be  of  assistance  to  those  newer  Bronte,  who  was  vicar  of  Hartshead  in  the  early 
universities  that  were  contemplating  bestowing  ,  part  of  last  century,  was  pointed  out.  The  old 
degrees  in  architecture.  The  importance  of  silver-plate  was  also  exhibited.  Kirklees  Hall 
bringing  these  great  bodies  into  line  with  the  and  Park  were  next  visited,  and  in  the  library 
central  body  of  the  profession  was  ^ry  evident.  ,  were  on  view  some  of  the  old  charters  and  deeds 
The  constitution  and  work  of  this  education  ;  selected  from  the  extensive  stock  of  family  and 
committee,  upon  which  sat  representatives  of  the  other  muniments  preserved  at  Kirklees.  After 
colleges  where  architecture  is  at  present  taught,  inspecting  the  old  coaches,  the  party  went  to  the 
mcluding  the  very  distinguished  principal  of  the  site  of  the  old  Kirklees  Priory,  where  the  features 
University  of  London,  augured  well  for  the  of  interest  were  pointed  out  in  an  address  by  Mr. 
success  of  their  work,  and  he  ventured  to  impress  S.  J.  Chadwick,  of  Dewebuiy,  to  whose  remarks 
upon  his  hearers  that  education  was  now  the  Sir  George  Armytage  added  a  few  observations 
prime  matter  of  importance  in  the  question  of  an  of  interest  relative  to  recent  excavations  on  the 
architect  s  status,  and  that  any  hasty  steps  now,  site  of  the  old  Priory  buildings.  The  gatehouse 
while  a  complete  education  scheme  was  immature  from  the  latticed  window  of  which  it  is  said  the 
and  almost  non- existent,  would  be  dangerous,  bold  outla'v,  Robin  Hood,  shot  his  last  arrow, 
and  hinder  tor  many  years  proper  progress  upon  .  was  visited,  as  also  was  Robin  Hood's  grave  and 
those  lines  in  which  the  Institute  could  effectively  :  the  site  of  the  old  Roman  encampment,  which  is  in 


assist.  In  conclusion,  he  urged  them  to  re 
member,  in  all  the  controversy  of  the  hour,  that 
architecture  was  more  than  a  profession  :  it  was 
an  art  that  called  for  a  high  standard  of  Intel 


close  proximity  thereto.  In  the  evening  the 
church  at  Jlirfield,  built  in  1871  by  the  late  Sir 
GilbertScott,  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  structure, 
was  \isited,  and  its   features  of  interest  pointed 


lectual  culture,  which  it  was  theirs  to  express  in  ,  out  by  Mr.  Nevin.     The  old  moated  mou£d  near 
their  buildings,  and  by   that  alone  would  they  I  the  church   was  aleo  visited,  and  a  paper  on  its 


justify  individually  their  claim  to  the  honoured 
title  of  architect. 

Surveyors'  Ixstitution.— The  annual  meeting 
of  the  Surveyors'  Institutioa  was  held  on  Monday 
at  the  hall,  Great  George-street,  Westminster, 
the  retiring  president,  Mr.  A.  Buck,  in  the  chair. 
The  report,  read  by  Mr.  Percival  Currey,  the 
new  honorary  secretary,   recorded  an  increase  in 


history,   prepared  by  Mrs.  Armitage.'of'Rawdon, 
was  read  by  Mr.  Clark. 


A  slab  of  granite  has  been  fixed  in  the  wall  at  the 
Xorth-Eastern  Railway  extensions  in  Pleasant  Bow, 
ShielcfieM,  Newcastle,  by  the  employes  of  the  con- 
tractor, Mr.  John  M.  Knowles,  of  Leeds.    The  fresh 


membership 'of   one  hundred  and  seventeen""the  '  ^u'*^ '*'!"''"?  "x?°°i''^*^°''®''^'"^^''='°"°«'=:-"  The 
fi„«„^;.i    X(^„„„*   v„.:__    „_    _",'''"'' I  above  stone  is  the  door  Imtel  of  the  house  where  the 


financial  statement  being  equally  satisfactory. 
Mention  was  made  of  the  retirement  of  the  late 
honorary  secretary,  Mr.  ,1 .  W.  Penfold,  who  had 
occupied  the  position  since  the  establishment 
of  the  institution  thirty-six  years  ago.  Mr. 
Penfold  has  since  been  elected  to  a  seat  on  the 
council.     -       ■■  •  - 


first  Lord  Armstrong  was  born,  and  indicates  the 
site  occupied  by  the  house.  1904."  The  dimensions 
of  the  granite  slab  are  about  3ft.  by  2ft.,  with  a 
thickness  of  about  half  a  foot. 
At  the  Surveyors'  Institute,  Great  George-street, 
■"'■     on  Friday,  was  commenced  the  arbitration 


S.W., 


<^"  tje  motion  of  Mr.  Hardcastle,  who  i  concerning  the  terms  of  the  acquisition  by  the 
congratulated  the  members  on  the  position  and  Bournemouth  Borough  Council  of  the  Poole  and 
progress  of  the  institution,  the  report  was  adopted.  Christchurch  undertakings  from  the  Poole  and 
\'otes  of  thanks  to  the  president,  couccil,  and  District  Electric  Traction  Company.  The  arbi- 
officers  were  passed,  reference  being  specially  *f^'°"  "■<"«  Mr.  William  Eve,  nominated  by  the 
made  to  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Penfold  and  to  the' ''°'P°''**'°°'  ^''-  ^-  "^""gors,  nominated  by  the 
absence   of  the    secretary,   Mr.    Julien   Rogers   ■  '=°'°P'"!y'  '"''^  M''-  A.  S.  Lawrence,  K.C.,  sitting 

through  illness.     The  president,  having  presented    ''^Tr/''-^'.^  ,  ,         .. 

prizes   to    successful    candidates    at    the    recent  >  a       ^         ."-.^.""i' S®°®,™'  ™^<'*'°S  °* '•»»  British 

rorrSs  t'  lirSk'tth^'^^^-t  ,^  mxrnXrX^:^?[d%^ti:rurX'^  "s  n\ft 

^£^  rar-Yed    racc^m^^ior   ^^i^e    Z!^T^}^:'}^.U!^t^'i^  k 

and   formally   installed   his   successor,    luncheon  given  by  the  mayor  of  the  city,  a  smoking 
thanked  the  members    """""-^    "'"    "" '    ^ "  


of  ollice, 

Mr.  II.  T.  Steward, 
for  his  election. 
The    TnoiiESBY 


who 


Society. —The  forty-second 


concert,  the  annual  dinner,  and  a  visit  to  the 
corporation  waterworks,  concluding  with  a  visit  to 
the  Belgian  Waterworks.  A  large  number  of 
technical  papers  will  be  read. 


Builirins  JuUlltfimct 
— •-•-• — 

Acton-,  W.— The  "Works  Committee  of  the 
Acton  Urban  District  Council  are  advising  that 
1  per  cent,  shall  be  the  rate  to  be  paid  to  the 
surveyors  for  taking  out  the  biUs  of  quantities 
of  the  town-hall  and  municipal  buildings  about  to 
be  erected  in  the  High-street.  It  was  proposed 
to  ad\-ertise,  but  it  appears  uncertain  whether  a 
quantity  surveyor  will  not  be  appointed  without 
competition  after  all. 

AsTLEY  Church,  Wohcesteushire.  —  This 
fine  Norman  alien  priory  church,  founded  by 
Ralf  de  Todeni,  standard-bearer  to  the  Conqueror 
at  Hastings,  and  placed  in  subjection  to  Evreux, 
was  reopened  last  week  after  restoration.  It  was 
built  about  a.d.  1100,  suppressed  as  an  alien 
priory  .i.n.  Uli,  and  granted  to  the  College  of 
Westbury,  a  house  subordinate  to  the  see  of 
Worcester,  which  held  it  till  the  final  dissolution 
of  religious  houses.  The  prior's  well,  under  a 
Norman  arch,  and  a  small  portion  of  the  founda- 
tions of  the  monastery  are  still  to  be  seen.  The 
church  has  in  800  years  only  undergone  two 
alterations  of  any  magnitude.  In  1402  one 
John  de  Beauchamp,  the  tenant  of  the  priory 
lands,  built  a  chantry-chapel  on  the  north 
side  of  the  chancel,  rebuilt  the  east  wall  of 
chancel  and  some  of  the  north  aisle,  and 
erected  a  grand  tower  at  the  west  end.  So  in  the 
main  the  church  was,  until  about  1836,  the  north 
aisle  was  pulled  down,  and  one  double  the  width 
erected  in  a  Debased  siyle.  The  restoration  work 
now  completed  has  comprised  the  thorough  repair 
of  the  ancient  fabric  :  nothing  has  been  rebuilt 
that  was  not  quite  past  repair.  The  chantry  has 
been  restored,  with  a  second  altar  for  use  at  daily 
services  and  weekday  celebrations.  An  oak  screen 
has  been  erected  across  the  north  aisle,  to  form  a 
sacristy  and  entrance  to  the  chantry.  The  gifts 
to  the  church  have  been  in  the  form  of  memorials 
— a  carved  oak  high  altar  and  reredos,  carved  oak 
altar-rails,  carved  oak  lectern,  and  a  stained- 
glass  east  window.  This  work  has  been  carried 
out,  at  a  cost  of  £2, 500,  under  the  personal  super- 
intendence of  the  rector,  the  Rev.  Martin  B. 
Buckle,  who  was  formerly  an  architect. 

Belia.st  Cathedral. — The  first  section  of  the 
new  Protestant  Cathedral,  erected  on  the  site  of 
St.  Anne's  Church  and  its  burial  ground  in 
Donegall-street,  Belfast,  from  plans  by  Sir 
Thomas  Dres',  R.H.A.,  of  Dublin  (a  native  of 
Belfast),  was  consecrated  yesterday  (Thursday). 
The  original  proposal  was  to  erect  a  building  in 
the  13th-Centurv  sijle,  and  designs  for  such  an 
edifice  were  obtained ;  but  the  estimated  cost, 
£200,000,  was  prohibitive,  and  it  was  decided  to 
revert  to  the  Basilican  type.  The  plan  is 
designed  to  embrace  a  choir  and  chancel  and 
transepts  planned  for  bodies  of  singers  supple- 
mentary to  the  usual  body  of  choristers  on  the 
occasion  of  greater  choral  services.  The  place 
for  a  great  orgiu  in  the  modern  cathedral  is 
also  provided.  The  internal  length  of  the  church 
will  be  210ft.  Gin.,  and  its  width  across  the  nave 
and  aisles  S8ft.  The  carrying  out  of  the  com- 
plete ground  plan,  fitted  for  the  worship  of  a 
cathedral  corps  and  a  congregation  of  4,000,  will 
cost  £70,000.  When  the  west  front  or  natthex, 
with  its  impressive  entrances  in  Donegall-street,  is 
complete,  and  the  great  central  belfry,  56ft. 
square  has  risen  in  its  mass — to  dominate  low- 
lying  Belfast — to  a  height  of  200ft.,  the  total  cost 
will  reach  £100,000.  The  expenditure  of  the 
cathedral  board  up  to  the  present,  when  the 
tide  of  generous  contributions  has  for  the  time 
ebbed  and  a  first  contract  with  the  builder, 
Messrs.  Laverty  and  Sons,  of  Belfast,  is  closed,  has 
exceeded  £30,000.  The  ground  plan  of  the  com- 
plete Belfast  Cathedral  is  a  simple  one,  presenting 
a  symmetrical  Latin  cross  in  form,  adapting  itself 
to  the  limits  of  the  site.  It  consists  of  a  nave 
and  lateral  aisles,  the  shell  of  which  is  now  built 
and  roofed,  of  a  crossing  designed  to  be  the  base 
of  a  great  central  tower  externally,  and  internally 
the  central  space  where  the  Chorus  Cuiitoriiin  is 
ultimatel}'  intended  to  be  set  up  among  the  con- 
gregation. They  will  be  placed  in  the  nave 
westward  of  it  and  in  transepts  to  the  north  and 
south  of  it.  To  the  east  of  this  choir  will  be  a 
chancel  of  similar  size  to  the  transepts — viz.,  40ft. 
by  40ft.  internally.  The  erection  of  stalls  for  the 
clergy  and  choir  in  the  nave  at  present  is  but  a 
temporary  one,  as  is  the  gallery  for  the  organ  near 
it.  It  is  also  intended  that  the  nave  shall  have 
two  lateral  aisles,  the  foundations  of  which  are 
laid  at  the   west    end.      The   south   aisle,    it   is 


June  3,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


795 


proposed,  shall  be  a  memorial  of  old  St.  Anne's 
in  which  its  stained  glass  and  other  monuments 
shall  have  an  honoured  preservation.  The  nave 
at  Belfast  is  40ft.  wide,  as  against  30ft.  in  St. 
Patrick's,  Dublin,  and  with  its  aisles  is  calculated 
to  accommodate  a  congregation  of  ■-',000  in  itself. 
The  width  of  the  nave  and  aisles  from  north  to 
south  is  S5ft.,  and  the  length  divided  into  six 
bays  of  20ft.  each,  is  12Ift.  The  height  to  the 
coffered  ceiling,  of  wood,  is  SOft.  The  church 
will  be  faced  inside  and  outside  with  wrought 
stone,  chiefly  Somersetshire  oolite.  For  the 
great  bearing  pillars  and  arches,  Port- 
land stone  is  used.  The  wall  lining  of  the 
interior  is  of  red  Dumfries  ftone.  The 
coffered  ceiling  of  Australian  sequoia  wood,  re- 
sembling red  cedar,  repeats  the  colour  of  the 
wall.  Already  two  memorial  stained  glass 
windows,  the  gifts  of  Sir  Daniel  Dixon  and 
Mi.  Robert  S.  Keade,  respectively,  are  to  be 
found  in  the  south  aisle  ;  and  another  window 
which  fills  the  triple  lights  of  the  western 
gable  is  the  gift  of  an  anonymous  donor,  and 
has  as  its  subject  the  Building  of  the  Temple. 
Mr.  James  Powell  is  the  artist  of  all  three 
windows.  The  electric  lighting,  in  arrange- 
ment specially  devised  by  the  architect,  has 
been  carried  out  by  Messrs.  Coates  and  Son, 
Ltd.  The  pulpit,  which  is  carved  in  the  French 
Gothic  manner,  is  a  free  gift  by  the  Dean  and 
(-'hapter  of  Westminster  Abbey,  where  it  has 
been  a  familiar  feature  of  the  nave  for  forty 
years  past.  It  was  designed  by  the  late  Sir  G. 
G.  Scott,  R.A.,  and  executed  bj'  Farmer  and 
Brindley  at  a  ccst  of  £2,000  in  1S04.  | 

Plymouth. — The  Mayor  of  Plymouth  formally  | 
opened,  on  Friday,  the  cew  school  buildings 
erected  in  Hyde  Park-road,  JIutley.  They  con- 
tain accommodation  on  the  ground-lloor  for  512 
infants,  on  the  first-floor  for  480  girls,  and  on  the 
upper  story  for  430  boys,  while  in  connection 
with  each  department  there  is  provided  respec- 
tively a  special  room  for  babies,  a  cookery  class- 
room, and  a  room  for  .irt  teaching  which  can  be 
used  in  common  by  both  the  senior  departments  at 
different  times.  In  addition  there  are  in  the 
basement  classrooms  for  manual  instruction  for 
boys,  a  washing  classroom,  with  accessories,  for 
teaching  girls  washing,  and  a  boiler-house  and 
stores.  In  each  department  the  main  schoolroom 
and  several  of  the  large  classrooms  are  divided  by 
folding  shutters  to  facilitate  separation  into 
classes.  Eight  rooms  are  set  apart  for  the  use  of 
masters  and  mistresses.  The  buildings  are 
warmed  by  hot  water  by  pipes  and  radiators  ;  the 
staircases,  corridors,  and  cloakrooms  are  of  fire- 
proof construction ;  each  department  has  two 
separate  entrances  and  two  separate  staircases  at 
opposite  ends,  and  the  electric  light  is  installed 
throughout.  Externally  the  buildings  are  of 
very  plain  and  simple  character,  the  walls  being 
faced  v/ith  grey  limestone,  with  square  joints  and 
rough,  unwrought  faces.  The  playgrounds,  in 
which  are  large  covered  sheds,  are  laid  with  tar- 
pa^nng,  with  narrow  borders  fur  flowers  around 
the  buildings  and  boundary  walls.  Designed  by 
Mr.  H.  J.  Snell,  the  schools  were  erected  by  Mr. 
W.  T.  Jinkin  at  the  contract  price  of  £15,350, 
while  the  total  cost  amounted  to  £21,S00. 

St.  Ives,  IIuxts. — The  foundation-stone  of  a 
new  AVesleyan  chapel  was  laid  on  Thursday  in 
last  week.  It  is  Late  Gothic  in  style,  and  the 
internal  dimensions  are  55ft.  by  40ft.,  with  small 
transept  on  west  side  and  a  large  one  on  the  east, 
and  small  end  galleiy  over  tlie  vfstibulc.  The 
church  is  lighted  by  three  5 -light  muUioned 
traceried  windows  on  either  side,  with  large 
lights  in  the  transepts,  and  a  circular  window  at 
the  back  of  the  rostrum.  The  roof  will  be  open, 
principals  and  main  timbers  of  pitch-pine,  and 
the  common  rafters  will  be  covered  with  match- 
boarding  and  varnished.  The  seating,  gallery, 
front,  and  rostrum  will  all  be  finished  in  pitch- 
pine,  and  Tarnished.  The  church  is  to  be  heated 
bv  hot  water  (low  pressure)  on  the  radiator 
principle.  The  plinths,  mouldings,  bands, 
dressings,  and  copings  of  the  main  front  are  to 
be  in^Monks  Park  stone  (Bath),  the  base  anJ 
angles  in  the  Snettisham  Carr  stone,  and  the 
fillings  are  finished  in  random  rubble.  The  side 
elevation  will  bo  faced  with  Bawsey  red  bricks. 
The  adjiiining  school  building  will  consist  of 
vestibule,  corridor,  kitchen,  heating- chamber, 
anil  lavatory.  The  main  room  is  to  be  SOft.  by 
24ft.,  with  three  classrooms  connected,  and  also 
an  infants'  room,  which  can  bo  thrown  into  tho 
main  room  ;  and  there  are  classrooms  and  a  church 
parlour  upstairs.   The  architect  if  Mr.  F.  Sydney 


Webber,  and  tho  builder  is  3Ir.  F.  Giddings,  of 
St.  Ives. 

Wavuktkkk.  —  The  foundation-ttone  laying 
ceremony  of  the  Baptish  church  and  schools, 
Wavertree,  Liverpool,  took  place  on  Thursday, 
May  26.  Those  buildings  occupy  a  fine  site, 
having  the  front  and  both  sides  facing  broad 
roads.  The  block  is  designed  in  Perpendicular 
Gothic  freely  treated.  The  facings  are  in  whole 
white  Hints  with  red  dressings.  The  block  com- 
prises church,  having  four  vestries,  large  school- 
room, with  six  classrooms  opening  into  same  by 
means  of  swivel  partitions,  boys'  and  girls' 
cloakrooms,  heating  chamber  and  coal  store,  and 
the  usual  conveniences.  The  plan  of  both  church 
and  school  is  based  upon  the  Greek  cross.  The 
accommodation  of  church  is,  on  ground  floor  735 
adults,  in  future  end  balcony  237  adults,  in  choir 
40  adults,  making  a  total  of  1,012  adults,  or  a 
mixed  congregation  of  about  1,175  persons. 
Provision  is  made  for  future  extension  by  means 
of  side  galleries,  which  can  easily  be  put  in 
without  structural  alteration  at  any  time._  The 
whole  of  the  seating  is  circular  on  plan,  so  that 
the  entire  congregation  directly  faces  the  preacher. 
The  contract  amount  of  the  scheme  is  £8,693. 
The  architects,  whose  design  was  selected  in  a 
recent  open  competition,  are  Messrs.  George 
Baines,  F.R.I.B.A.,  and  R.  Palmer  Baines,  5, 
Clement's  Inn,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 


CHIPS. 

The  BarrasB  Memorial  Hall,  adjoining  and  at- 
tached to  Queen-street  Baptist  Chapel,  Peter- 
borough, was  opened  on  Thursday  in  last  week.  It 
is  faced  with  brickwork,  and  harmonises  with  the 
adjoining  chapel.  The  assembly-hall  is  50ft.  by20ft., 
and  is  seated  for  250  people.  There  are  also  six  class- 
rooms, vestries,  kitchen,  and  scullery.  Mr.  Ruddle, 
of  Peterborough,  is  the  architect,  and  Mr.  J. 
Cracknel!,  of  the  same  city,  the  builder.  The  cost 
has  been  over  £2,000, 

Lord  Alverstone  opened,  on  Monday,  an  orphan- 
age at  Aldridge,  South  StaiTordshii-e,  which  has 
been  erected  by  the  Royal  Antediluvian  Order  of 
Buffaloes,  Grand  Lodge  of  England,  to  provide 
home  and  education  for  20  boys  and  20  girls, 
children  of  deceased  members  of  the  Order.  The 
erection  and  furnishing  of  the  home  will  cost  £3,000, 
nearly  £2,000  of  which  has  been  raised  by  the  Order. 

A  new  Baptist  chapel,  with  schools  adjoining,  is 
being  erected  in  Dovedale-road,  Wavertree,  Liver- 
pool, at  a  total  cost  of  £10,000.  The  foundation- 
stone  was  laid  on  Friday  by  the  Countess  of  Derby. 
Messrs.  G.  and  R.  P.  Baines,  of  Clement's  Inn, 
W.C,  whose  design  was  selected  in  open  competi- 
tion, are  the  architects.  Seats  will  be  provided  for 
735  persons  on  the  ground  area,  and  237  in  an  end 
balcony. 

To  Macclesfield  parish  church  a  stained -glass  west 
window  is  being  presented  by  Mr.  F.  D.  Brockle- 
hurst,  of  Harehill,  as  a  memorial  to  Queen  Victoria. 
The  church  has  recently  been  restored  at  a  cost  of 
upwards  of  £25,000,  and  Mr.  Brocklehurst  was 
chairman  of  the  Consultative  Committee  which 
carried  through  the  work.  In  addition  to  being  a 
large  subscriber  to  the  general  fund  he  also  gave 
the  east  window. 

The  course  of  business  at  the  Mart,  interrupted 
by  the  fall  of  Whitsuntide,  was  actively  resumed 
last  week,  the  increased  businees,  being  more 
pronounce<i  in  the  direction  of  small  investments 
than  in  high-priced  securities.  The  total  realisations 
amounted  to  £70,484.  as  against  £131,157  in  the 
corresponding  week  of  last  year. 

Mr.  Alderman  John  Stothert  Bartrum,  of  Gray- 
street,  Bith,  has  left  estate  valued  at  £29,442  gross 
and  £2'J,221)  89.  5d.  met.  He  bequeathed  to  the 
corporation  as  the  nucleus  of  a  Municipal  Art 
Gallery  for  the  works  of  local  artists,  paintings  by 
Miss  lalmer  and  by  Benjamin  Barker,  and  by 
Thomas  .Tones  Barker,  including  the  picture  of  the 
last-named,  "  Nurse  on  Field  of  Sedan,"  which  was 
painted  on  the  spot  the  day  after  the  battle. 

At  the  first  meeting  of  the  Metropolitan  Asylums 
Board,  held  on  Saturday,  a  letter  was  read  from 
the  Local  Government  Board,  stating  that  they  had 
approved  of  the  plans  relating  to  the  proposed 
adaptation  ol  Belmont  Asylum,  and  promising  to 
issue  an  order  authorising  an  expenditure  of 
£15,'.)II0  on  the  works,  and  a  loan  for  that  amount. 

Hogarth's  House  at  Chiswick,  which  has  been 
purcliased  by  Lieut. -Col.  Ship  vay  with  tho  inten- 
tion of  dedicating  it  to  the  publio,  is  about  to  be 
opened  as  a  Hogarth  Museum,  aud  in  celebration 
of  tlie  event  a  duiner  was  held  there  on  Saturday 
evening,  at  which  Sir  L.  Alma-Tadema  presided, 
and  Mr.  Aston  Webb,  P.U  I.B.  V.,  Lord  G.  Hamil- 
ton, M.P.,  and  Sir  M.  Bhownaggreo,  M.P.,  were 
among  the  speakers. 


(IFnsiutciing  Baits, 

♦-»-4 

i      Actov   axu    WvtoMJu;    Railway. — The  new 

j  direct  route  to  Oxford  of  the  Great  Western 
li'ailway  system  an!  other  new  lines  in  Bucks  and 
Middlesex  are  being  actively  carried  out  by  the 
Great  \\'estern   and   Great   Central  Companies. 

!  The  lines  are  to  provide  the  Great  Western  Riil- 
way  with  a  direct  route  to  all  points  north  and 
west  of  Oxford,  avoiding  the  present  detour  cirf 
Reading,  and  saving  eight  miles  in  route,  and  to 
give  the  tireat  Central  Railway  accessto  London  in- 
dependently of  the  Jletropolitan  Company's  metals, 
which  were  never  laid  out  for  main-lino  trallic. 
The  principal  lines  under  construction  are   the 

1  Acton  and  High  Wycombe  Railway,  Neasden 
and  Northolt  Junction  Riilway,  and  Princes- 
Risborough  and  Cirendon  Underwood  Railway,. 
the  whole  giving  nearly  nearly  50  miles  of  double 

'  track  road.  Then,  as  part  of  the  same  schemes, 
some  27  miles  of  existing  single  track  road  are 
being  doubled.  The  construction  of  the  Acton 
and  High  Wycombe  Railway  is  divided  into  two 
sections.  The  first  extends  from  .\cton  to  a 
point  in  the  parish  of  ISfortholt,  a  distance  of  5 
miles  1 1  chains,  and  also  comprises  a  spur  lino 
from  Greenford  to  West  Eiling  and  llanwell,  2i 
miles  in  length.  This  section,  which  is  practically 
finished,  belongs  solely  to  the  Great  ^\'estern 
Railway.  The  second  extends  from  Xortholt  for 
17  miles  65  chains,  till  a  junction  is  effected  with 
the  existing  Maidenhead -Wycombe  line,  at  32 
chains  east  from  Wycombe  Station,  and  for  the 
major  portion  of  the  distance  is  the  joint  properly 
of  the  Great  Western  and  Great  Central  Railway 
Companies.  The  contractors  for  the  first  section 
are  Messrs.  J.  T.  Firbank,  Limited,  and  those  for 
the  second  Messrs.  Pauling  and  Co.,  of  West- 
minster. The  new  Great  Western  and  Great 
Central  Joint  Railway  from  Princes  Risborough 
to  Grendon  Underwood,  on  the  Great  Central 
extension  to  London,  was  commenced  later  than 
the  other  sections.  The  line  is  15  miles  25  chains 
long,  and  with  the  exception  of  a  three-arch 
brick  viaduct  across  the  river  Thame,  possesses 
no  engineering.    There  will  be  three  intermediate 

'  stations — viz,   Haddenham,  Woottou  Park,  and 

i  Akerman-street  Stations.  The  contractors  for 
this  section  are  Messrs.  Nott. 

New  Ross  axu  Wateiuoud  Railway. — The 
opening  for  passenger  traffic  took  place  on 
Wednesday  of  the  picturesque  new  route  to 
Waterfordand  the  South  of  Ireland,  which  has 
been  constructed  by  the  joint  enterprise  of  the 
London  and  North- Western  and  Dublin,  Wick- 
low,  and  Wexford  Railway  Companies.  The 
route  was  opened  for  goods  tralfic  in  February 
last.  The  construction  has  been  completed  of  the 
14^  miles  of  line  necessary  to  fill  the  gap  between 
New  Ross — hitherto  the  south-western  extremity 
of  the  Wicklow  line — and  Waterford,  where 
temporary  accommodation  has  been  obtained  in 
the  station  -of  the  Great  Southern  and  Western 
Company  pending  the  construction  of  a  new  joint 
passenger  station  for  the  two  railways.  The 
tlreat  Southern  and  Western  Company  have  also 
in  hand  the  building  of  a  bridge  over  the  river 
Suir  at  Waterford,  which  will  give  the  trains  of 
both  companies  a  "through"  run  over  the 
Waterford,  Dungarvan,  and  Lismore  line  to 
Alallow  (the  junction  for  Killarney)  and  Ccrk. 

Whithv. — A  scheme  has  been  prop.ared  by 
Capt.  William  Jefferson,  assisted  by  Mr.  George 
S.  French,  also  of  Whitby,  for  tho  improvement 
of  Whitby  upper  harbour.     Tho  proposal  has  as 

'  its  object  the  maintenance  of  the  water  above  the 
bridge  at  half-tide  level  as  a  minimum.     It  is 

I  proposed  to  effect  this  by  means  of  a  caisson.  7ft. 
in  depth  and  about  10ft.  wide,  placed  in  a  dock 
between  the  buttresses  of  tho  central  archway  of 
the  bridge,  and  adaptable  to  the  present  or  any 
future  bridge.  The  central  pillars  of  tho  bridge 
would  need  to  be  slightly  cut  away  so  as  to  admit 
of  the  caisson  being  kept  securely  in  position  by 
the  force  of  water  coining  down  tho  river.  It 
would  remain  a  fixture  so  long  as  tlioro  was  less 

i  than   7ft.    of   water   at   tho   bridge:  but  with  a 

I  greater  depth,  on  tho  tide  rising  it  would  begin 
to  float,  and  when  tho  depth  got  to  '.'ft.  it  would 

'  be  drawn  aside  along  iU  dock.  It  is  ilaimcd  for 
tho  scheme  that  it  would  prevent  silting  above 
tho  bridge  ;  and  tho  Hushing  below  tho  caisson 

'  would  keep  the  ch'innel  clear. 

Mr.  John  L.  Kedferu,  of  Carlisle,  has  l>een  ap- 
pointed borough  surveyor  at  GiUmgham  at  a  salary 
of  £250,  rising  to  £300. 


79G 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


June  3,  1904, 


TO    OOHEESPONDENTS. 

[We  do  not  hold  ourselves  responsible  for  the  opiniona  of 
our  correspondents.     All    communications  should  be 
drawn  up  as  briefly  as  possible,  as   there  are  many 
claimants  upon  the  space  allotted  to  correspondents.] 
It  is  particiilarly  requested  that  all  drawings  and  all  1 
eommxini cations  respecting  illustrations  or  literary  matter 
should  be  addressed  to  the  EDITOR  of  the  Bcilding 
Newb,  Clement's  House,  Clement's  Inn  Passage,  Strand,  i 
W-C.,  and  not  to  members  of  the  sta.ff  by  name.    Delay  I 
is  not  unfrequently  oUierwise  caused.    All  drawings  and  ; 
other  communications  are  sent  at  contributors'  risks,  and  j 
the  Editor  will  not  undertake  to  pay  for,  or  be  liable  for,  ; 
unsought  contributions. 

Cheques  and  Post-offlce  Orders  to  be  made  payable  to 
The  Btband  Newspapbb  CoMPAsr,  Limited.  j 

Telegraphic  Address  :— "  Timeserver,  London,"  I 

Telephone  No.  1633  Holbom. 


NOTICE. 

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few  bound  volumes  of  Vols.  XXXIX.,  XLI.,  XL VI., 
XLIX.,  UII.,  LXI.,  LXn.,  LXIV.,  LXV.,  LXVI., 

Lxvn.,  Lxvm.,  t.xtx  ,  lxxi.,  lxxii.,  Lxxm., 

LXXrV.,  LXXV.,  LXXVI.,  LXXVn..  LXXIX., 
LXXX..  T.XXXT.,  LXXXII.,and  LXXXDI.  may  still 
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volumes  are  out  of  print.  Most  of  the  back  numbers  of 
former  volumes  are,  however,  to  be  had  singly.  Sub- 
scribers requiring  any  back  numbers  to  complete 
volume  just  ended  should  order  at  once,  as  many  of 
them  soon  run  out  of  print 

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price  28.,  post  free  2s.  4d.,  can  be  obtained  from  any 
Newsagent,  or  from  the  Publisher,  Clement's  House, 
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TERMS   OF  SUBSCRIPnON. 

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ADVERTISEMENT   CHARGES. 

The  charge  for  Competition  and  Contract 
Advertisements,  Public  Companies,  and  all  official 
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Miscellaneous  and  Trade  Advertisements  (except 
Situation  advertisements)  is  6d.  per  line  of  eight  words 
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to  the  Publisher. 


overdone  in  cheap  ornamentation,  and  loud  in  decoration. 
The  church  architects  of  olden  times  depended  on  pure, 
simple  ouLlioes,  rather    than    excessive  ornamentation, 
and  when  they  did  ornament,  it  was  done  of  a  material  i 
which    indicated    it^    worth.      To     secure   artistic    and  ! 
practical   results,   you   must   eliminate    the   competitive  I 
idea.     Select   your    architect    a^    you    would    an   artist.  ■ 
Architecture  is  an  art,  and  the  noblest  of  arts.     If  you 
are  contemplating  erectiog  or  remodelling  an  Episcopal 
church,  it  will  pay  you  to  secure  my  services  in  the  pre- 
liminary plans  at  least.    Such  plans  I  can  prepare  for 
1  per  cent,  on  the  cost  of  construction,  and   if  my  ideas  : 
suit  you,  the  additional  charges  will  be  2^  per  cent,  for 
completing  plans  or    5   per  cent,    for   full   services  and  i 
superintendence.     I   travel   to  all   pirts  of  the   United 
States  and  Canada,  and  you  will  find  it  economical  to 
secure  my  full  services  at  5  per  cent,  rather  than  take  the 
chances  of  going  20  to  3  J  per  cent,  wrong  in  plan  arrange- 
ment, design,  and  construction. — Herhkrt  C.   Chivers, 
architect,    2C8.    7th,    fct.    Louis.    Episcopal   churches  a 
specialty. 

[Sorry  we  cannot  spare  space  to  give  the 
sketch  and  pi -in  of  pa' tern  church  which  heads 
the  advertisement.  It  is  a  sweet  thing  for  the 
money;  quite  a  Chivers'  jam  of  a  church,  in 
fact:— Ed.  "B.N."] 


Situations  and  Partnerships. 
The  charge  for  advertisements  for  "Situations 
Vacant"  or  "Situations  Wanted "  and  ** Part- 
nerships" is  OxE  Shilling  fur  TwENTv-rouB  Words, 
and  Sixpence  for  every  eight  words  after.  AU  Situation 
Advertisements  must  be  prepaid. 

•,*  Replies  to  advertisements  can  be  received  at  the 
office,  Clement's  House,  Clement's  Inn-passage,  Strand 
W-C,  free  of  charge.  If  to  be  forwarded  under  cover  to 
advertiser  an  extra  chaise  of  Sixpence  is  made.  (See 
Notice  at  head  of  "  Situations.") 

Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must  reach  the 
office  not  later  than  3  p.m.  on  Thursday.  Front-page 
Advertisements  and  alterations  in  serial  advertisements 
must  reach  the  office  by  Tuesday  morning  to  secure 
ueertion. 


-Gold  Medallist.- 
-W.  J.  G. 


Keckived.— A.  H.— F.  G.  and  Son.- 
T.  W.  (Manchesier).— Master  Man. 

LiaHTiNO.— BiRKEN-HEAD.— The  most  recent  book  on  this 
subject  is  by  Mr.  Stuart  H.  Eowe,  Ph.D.,  and  is  en- 
titled "  Lighting  of  Schoolrooms."  The  publishers  are 
Messrs.  Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  Paternoster-row,  E.C 

BuBBCRiBER.— None  that  we  know  of  ;  but  possibly  Mr. 
G.  A.  T.  Middleton.   19,  Craven-street.   W.C  .  might 
He  is  an  excellent  R.I.B.A.  exam,  coach. 


know. 


COMPETITION"    FOR    ALTERATIONS    TO 
BVKY  ST.  EDilX^NDS   SHIRE  HALL. 

Sir, — With  reference  to  the  above,  and  in 
answer  to  aa  inquiry  from  one  of  oui  members 
as  to  whether  it  was  the  intention  of  the  com- 
mittee to  intrust  the  work  to  the  author  of  the 
first  prem'ated  design,  provided  the  committee 
vpere  satisfied  as  to  his  ability,  kc,  lo  carry  it  out, 
the  county  surveyor  {who  appears  to  be  con- 
ducting this  competition)  has  replied: — ■ 

"The  committee  certainly  restrve  their  right 
of  ultimate  decision  :  but  I  feel  certain  they  will 
take  my  advice  as  regards  the  same.  I  also 
think  the  selected  design  will  bo  carried  out  in 
my  oflice.  " 

In  view  of  this  remarkable  statement,  our 
members  have  been  advised  not  to  compete. 

■¥our  readers  may  be  interested  in  this — the 
latest  phase  of  architectural  coaipetition. — I 
am,  &c.,  Hexui-  A.  Saul. 

The  Competition  Reform  Society, 

10,  Gray's  Inn-square,  London,  ^.C. 


LLANDUDNO    NEW    LIFEBOAT    HOUSE. 

Siu, — My  attention  having  been  called  to  a 
paragraph  in  your  last  issue,  will  you  kindly 
allow  the  foUowiog  correction  to  appear  in  your 
next  issuer  The  new  Lifeboat  Huuse  has  been 
erected  from  the  designs  of  my  friend,  Mr.  W.T. 
D:)ugla9s,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Westminster,  the  official 
engineer  to  the  Royal  National  Lifeboat  Insti- 
tution, my  association  with  him  makinar  me 
responsible  for  the  superintendence  only. — I  am, 
&c.,  Cf.  A.  Humphreys. 

Mostyn  Estate  Offices,  Llandudno,  May  30. 


IntercommutticatioTt. 


QUESTIO^''S. 

[12062.]  —  Telephone     Company    and    their 

Wires.— The  Ndtmnal  Telephone  Co.  have  erected 
wires  over  my  garden,  and  fixed  some  on  my  house.  I 
have  applied  for  rental,  and  they  refuse,  on  the  ground 
that,  as  I  am  a  subscriber  and  have  a  telephone,  I  am 
bound  to  afford  them  every  facility  for  their  wirea.  I 
may  say  that  personally  I  am  not  a  telephooe  subscriber, 
but  my  firm  have  one,  and  the  agreement  is  signed  on 
their  behalf.  My  firin  have  no  interest  in  my  private 
property.  Id  another  c;ise,  T  am  the  owner  of  an  office 
block,  and  my  firm  have  offices  thereio  ;  the  Telephone 
Co.  have  erected  wires  which  lead  into  some  adjoining 
buildings  not  mine.  I  am,  of  course,  willing  to  allow 
my  tenants'  telephone  wires  to  run  anywhere  on  my 
property.  Am  I  bound  to  allow  these  other  wires  to  be 
placed  on  my  property  ?  If  not,  will  someone  please 
advise  me  what  proceedings  to  take  ti)  have  them 
removed/— Telei'iio-ve. 


•'BUILDING  NEWS"  BE^IGNINa  CLIJB. 
Drawings   Received.—"  The    Hog."    "Tom,"   "Bert," 
"Theliondman."  ■"  Yeler,"  and '■  Primrose  "  (Drawings 
will  be  returned  within  a  reasonable  period  after  review). 

■      ^m      I 

— •-•-• — 
QTIAINT  riCrURESUUE   CHURCHES. 

Ta  the  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 
Sir, — The  inclosed  advertisement,  taken  from 
the  front  page  of  an  American  publication,  The 
Livitij  C/iiirch,  of  the  7th  inst.,  will,  X  think, 
interest,  even  if  it  causes  you  some  pain  to  know 
the  methods  by  which  our  dear  and  progressive 
American  cousins  attain  their  notoriety  for 
smartness.— I  am,  &c.,  R.  J.  Miles. 

The  Rectory,  Esquimalt,  Vancouver  Island! 
British  Columbia,  May  U. 

...S^'?'  X'"''"'"iue  charcheB,  such  aa  you  find  in  aU 

parte  of    togland,   enhance   by   age.     Many  American- 

lanaed  chorches  are  Bashy  and  InchurclJy  in  onS 


CHIPS. 

The  dedication  and  inauguration  of  Archbishop 
Temple's  Lambeth  Boys'  School,  in  Lambeth-road, 
by  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  will  take  place  on 
the  afternoon  of  Wednesday,  the  I jth  inst.,  at  4.30. 

Colonel  \V.  E.  Slacke,  R.E.,  conducted  a  Local 
Government  Board  inquiry  at  Halifax  on  Friday 
with  regard  to  an  application  by  the  Town  Council 
for  sanction  to  borrow  £S(),7(;5  "  for  the  completion 
of  the  Walshaw  Dean  Rjservoirs  and  other  water- 
works purposes."  These  "other  waterworks  pur- 
poses," which  accounted  for  £9,668  of  the  total, 
referred  mainly  to  land  purchassd  at  Ogden,  and 
to  works  of  "  beaching  "  carried  out  there  and  at 
Widdop,  for  insuring  the  purity  of  the  water  at 
those  reservoirs. 

The  Public  Health  Department  of  the  City  Cor- 
poration, acting  upon  the  opinions  expressed  by  the 
jury  in  the  recent  fatal  fire  in  Duke's  Head-passage, 
Paternoster-row,  have,  fays  the  Citi/  Pz-css,  removed 
over  one  hundred  posts  which  guarded  the  entrances 
to  numerous  courts  and  alleys  within  the  City.  The 
posts  were  originally  placed  in  position  to  prevent 
narrow  thoroughfares  from  being  used  by  heavy 
barrows  and  porters'  carts  ;  but  the  disastrous  fire 
in  Duke's  Head-passage  showed,  however,  that  the 
posis  formed  a  serious  impediment  to  the  labours  of 
the  men  of  the  Fire  Brigade. 

The  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph  unveiled,  on  Friday,  an 
exact  replica  of  the  famous  St.  Martin's  Cross  in 
lona,  which  has  been  erected  by  public  subscription 
in  Oswestry  Churchyard  as  a  memorial  to  the  late 
vicar,  the  Rev.  C.  W.  Norman  Ogilvy.  It  is 
executed  in  Rubislaw  grey  granite,  and  is  17ft.  9in. 
in  height. 

The  memorial  tablet  erected '  in  the  crypt  of 
St.  Pauls  Cathedral  to  the  late  Field  Marshal  Sir 
Donald  Stewart,  Bart.,  G.C.B.,  will  be  unveiled  by 
Field  Marshal  Earl  Roberts,  K.G.,  on  Monday  next 
at  a  quarter  past  three  p.m. 


SEFLIMS. 

[12056.] — Bath  Stone.— It  has  been  ascertained  that 
the  ratio  of  tensile  t(}  compressive  stiength  in  Portland 
cement,  when  set.  may  be  roughly  expressed  by  1  to  10. 
Consequently,  one  may  be  deduced  from  the  other  where 
either  is  known  ;  but  no  such  proportion  has  ever  been 
worked  out  fur  building  stones  ;  hence,  even  if  the  com- 
pressive St  rength  of  Portland  or  any  other  stone  is 
known,  it  affords  no  clue  to  the  tensile  strength  of  the 
same  stone.  Timber  is  subject  to  faults  of  various  kinds, 
which  ren  der  aU  calculations  for  strength  more  or  less 
uncertain,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  atone  in  even  a 
greater  degree.  Anyone  versed  in  practical  building 
knows  that  a  ston  e  lintel  must  have  its  discharging  arch 
for  safety,  as  such  a  lintel  may  have  quite  enough  to  do 
to  carry  itself  without  any  superincumbent  weight.  One 
stone  may  carry  a  ton  weight  when  projecting  from  a 
wall,  and  another  stone  from  the  same  quarry,  or  even 
from  the  same  bed,  may  not  carry  more  than  its  own 
weight  if  there  is  a  crack  or  a  false  joint  in  it  so  that 
the  weight  a  projecting  stone  will  carry  depends  on  its 
transverse  strength  and  its  physical  condition.  One  may 
be  found  by  actual  e.,£periment,  and  the  other  must  be 
determined  by  practical  experience.  Both  would,  of 
course,  be  fixed  at  once  by  actual  trial  if  the  exact  stone 
to  be  used  could  be  subjected  to  experiment.  The  danger 
of  trusting  to  calculation  only  in  case  of  building  stones 
i^  exemplified  in  the  Ross  of  Mull  granite  piers  tj  the 
Viaduct  Bridge  over  Farringdon-street.  London,  where 
they  have  failed  with  less  than  one-tenth  the  calculated 
strain  they  should  have  borne  without  fracture.— Stone- 
bridge  Pabk.  ■ 

L12058.)— Section  of  Beam— In  my  reply  last  week, 
I  assumed  the  beam  to  be  of  the  best  quality  oak,  or 
some  similar  high-class  wood,  and  that  the  loads  were 
applied  gradually,  and  for  purposes  of  calculation  I  took 
a  safe  working  stress  of  1  ton  per  square  inch.  In 
practice  it  would  be  advisable  to  take  a  greater  factor  of 
safely,  and  allow  a  safe  working  stress  of,  say,  .^  ton  per 
square  inch  only.  The  section  of  beam  required  will  then 
work  out  to  I8in.  by  ll;iin.,  or,  say.  18in.  by  12in.  You 
will,  I  feel  sure,  find  it  more  profitable  to  use  a  rolled 
steel  joist,  or.  better  still,  to  design  a  ^rder  specially  to 
suit  the  case,  as  in  ail  large  beams  of  uniform  sectioa 
throughout  there  is  a  considerable  waste  of  material. — 
C.  C.  Haedy. 

[12060.]—  Calcareous  Building  Sand —In  con- 
tinuation of  reply  last  week,  all  mortars  containing  free 
lime  will,  when  in  contact  with  a  natural  carbonate,  take 
up  carbon  dioxide  from  it.  If  the  writer  is  not  mis- 
taken, the  joints  in  the  Purbeck  clustered  piers  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  which  were  filled  with  mortar  made 
from  a  pure  lime,  have  weakened  the  beds  of  the  stones 
in  contact  with  the  mortar,  and  the  stones  at  each  side  of 
the  joints  have  a  weakened  or  rotten  look  from  dis- 
integration of  the  Purbeck  marble,  which  is  a  carbonate 
of  lime. — Sto.sebbidge  Pabk. 

[I2061.]-Stone  Balcony.— Try  it  this  way:  10ft 
long  =  120in.,  3Jft.  deep  =  4«n.  (to  let  into  wall  6in.) 
4in.  thick.  It  seems  to  be  20,160c. in.  as  a  slab,  or 
4.3208uper.in.  Kivington,  Part  ill.,  gives  an  average  of 
about  16  crushing  force  in  tons  per  square  inch,  and  far 
in  excess  of  any  load  of  people  likely  to  be  assembled  at 
any  time,  except  their  aggregate  weights  average  one  or 
more  tons. — Reoen't's  Park. 


A  meeting  of  the  new  town -hall  committee  of  the 
Newcastle  Corporation  was  held  on  Friday.  There 
were  four  schemes  submitted  for  the  improvement 
of  the  present  town-hall,  one  of  which  was  rejected. 
It  was  decided  to  have  the  three  others  lithographed 
and  prepared  for  the  further  consideration  of  the 
members.  The  schemes  embrace  a  thorough  altera- 
tion in  the  interior  of  the  structure  of  the  present 
town-hall,  with  a  view  to  make  it  more  suitable  for 
modern  requirements. 

An  inquiry  has  been  held  at  Camberley,  on  behalf 
of  the  Local  Government  Board,  into  an  application 
;  of  the  Frimley  Urban  District  Council  for  sanction 
1  to  a  loan  of  £52,000,  for  works  of  sewerage  and 
sewage  disposal  for  the  districts  of  Frimley, 
Camberley,  and  York  Town.  The  scheme  has  been 
prepared  by  Messrs.  Willcox  and  Baikes,  of  West- 
minster and  Birmingham. 

The  Board  of  Education  have  approved  the 
plans  submitted  by  the  Corporation  of  Chelmsford 
for  the  science  and  art  school,  and  the  Local 
Government  Board  have  given  the  town  council 
sanction  to  borrow  £5,000,  the  balance  required  for 
this  scheme  and  a  public  library  and  museum,  after 
allowing  for  a  similar  sum  conhibuted  by  donors. 
These  figures  include  cost  of  the  site.  The  lowest 
j  tender  received  for  the  works  was  £5,315. 


Jtoe  3.  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


797 


CONTENTS. 


Adaptation  of  Building      

The  Rehousing  Problem     

Some  Points  in  the  New  'Westminster  Cathedral 

Rock  Names  for  tiuairy  Ownei"8 

Sketches  from  a  Collection  of  Old  Garden  (_>rnament3 
The  Model  Carpenter,  Joiner,  and  Cabinet- Maker  ... 

Irish  Painters  at  Guildhall 

Obituary   

Professional  and  Trade  Societies     ;.. 

Building  Intelligence ... 

Engiaeering  Notes 

Correspondence      

Inteicommmiication     

The  BciLDiKo  News  Directory. 

Our  Illustrations    

Competitions 

Legal  Intelligence 

Statues,  Memorials,  &c 

Parliamentary  Notes    

Water  Supply  and  Sanitary  Matters      

Our  Office  Table    

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  "Week      

List  of  Competitions  Open 

List  of  Tenders  Open   

Latest  Prices   

Tenders     


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

POXTYPRIDU  MUSICH-AI,  DUILDINi.iS.— DESIGN'  FOB  PROPOSED 
NEW  COUNCIL  HOUSE  AND  FREE  LIBRABT,  EBDINGTON. 
— N'EW  STAINED  GLASS  WINDOW,  ST.  THOMAs's  CHURCH, 
LEEDS. — THE  OARPEN'TEBS*  ABMS,  CHABLTOS  COMBOS, 
SEAR  BRISTOL.  — EASTBROOK  illSSIOS  HALL,  BBADFORD. 
—  SKETCHES  IKOM  A  fOLLECTIUN"  OF  OLD  HABDEX 
ORNAMENTS. 


^ur  JUlttsti'ations* 


PONTYPRIDD    MIXUIPAL    IIVILDIN-GS. 

This  drawing  is  in  the  present  Royal  Academ}' 
Exhibition,  and  it  shows  the  new  buildings  which 
Mr.  H.  T.  Hare  is  now  erecting  at  Pontypridd. 
The  plans  accompanying  the  perspective  illus- 
trate the  extent  and  character  of  the  offices,  with 
the  council  chamber  over  the  front  block  on  the 
iirst  floor.  We  gave  the  geometrical  elevations 
and  detail  of  this  design  when  it  was  chosen  in 
competition  labt  year,  the  illustrations  appear- 
ing in  our  issue  for  May  22,  1903.  Forest  of 
Dean  stone  dressings  are  being  employed,  with 
coiirsed  local  nipple  stone  for  the  walling,  and 
stone  slates  for  the  roofs. 

rUDIN'GTOX  MlXILir.il.  OFFICES  .iXI)  FREE  LIBRARY. 

The  conditions  of  this  competition  stipulated  that 
the  Free  Library  should  face  Erdington  Green, 
thus  relegating  the  municipal  ofBces  to  the  side 
street.  This  scheme  was  arranged  with  a  view  to 
minimising  the  objection  by  bringing  the  muni- 
cipal offices  as  near  to  the  main  road  as  the  site 
would  permit.  The  authors  of  this  design  (which 
was  placed  second  by  the  assessor,  Mr.  AVilliam 
Henman,  F.R.I.B.A.)  are  Messrs.  Crouc'i, 
Cutler,  and  R.  iSavage.  The  proposed  expendi- 
ture was  £15,000. 

centr.il   grovp,    xew    staixed  glass  window, 
ST.  Thomas's  cuvrch,  leeds. 

This  fine  five-light  window,  just  lately  erected 
at  St.  Thomas's  Church,  Leeds,  is  from  the 
designs  and  drawings  of  Mr.  Byam  Shaw.  Owing 
to  its  big  scale,  we  were  unable  to  reproduce  the 
entire  composition,  but  we  give  the  principal 
portion  of  the  central  group,  which  includes 
"  The  Majesty,"  supported  by  kneeling  angels. 
At  the  base  of  the  window  are  portrait  repre- 
sentatives of  the  contemporary  church.  The 
scroll  inscription  piece  figuring  on  our  second 
plate  comes  from  the  lower  part  of  the  cential 
light,  and  the  roundels  of  the  Four  Evangelists 
occur  in  the  tracery  above.  The  reproductions 
here  given  arc  from  Mr.  Byam  Shaw's  full  tizes, 
drawn  in  charcoal.  The  glass  was  executed  by 
Messrs.  O'Neil.  The  main  part  of  the  design  is 
done  in  white  glass. 

'.ARPEXTEKs'     arms,    CHARLTOX    COMMOX,    IiniSTOL. 

This  wayside  inn  has  been  lately  erected  on 
■L'harlton  Common  near  Bristol.  The  materials 
used  are  green  slatts  on  roofs,  laid  in  diminishing 
courses,  roughcatt  on  walls  finished  yellow, 
with  woodwork  all  finished  "apple  green." 
jMessrs.  Walter  S.  I'aul  and  Richard  C.  .Tames, 
.\A.U.I.B.A.,  ut  Bristol,  are  the  architects,  and 
Messrs.  L.  Thomas  and  Son,  of  Clifton,  the 
builders.  A  drawing  of  this  design  is  hung  in 
this  year's  Academy. 

EASTKROOK     MISSlOX    HALL,    KRAIUORD. 

This  new  mission  hall  was  opened  a  short  time 
since.     The  front  portion  is  taken  up  with  rent- 


producing  property  in  the  form  of  shops  and 
warehouses.  The  hall  itself  is  designed  on  the 
amphitheatre  principle,  octagon  in  shape,  with 
all  the  seats,  which  number  about  2,000,  in  full 
view  of  the  platform,  and  is  a  valuable  addition 
to  the  city.  The  architects  are  Messrs.  W.  J. 
ilorley,  F.R.r.B..\.,  and  Son,  under  whom  Mr. 
J.  Billington  has  acted  as  clerk  of  works.  The 
main  entrance,  in  Leeds-road,  is  20ft.  wide,  and 
the  walls  are  decorated  with  faience  work. 
Between  the  entrance  and  the  hall  is  a  spacious 
vestibule  or  crush-hall,  30ft.  by  18ft.  with 
f.aience-work  dado,  and  richly  ornamented  fibrous 
plaster  ceiling.  In  addition  to  the  main  doorway 
there  are  four  other  entrances,  each  with  a  wide 
staircase  leading  to  the  gallery,  which  extends  all 
rcuod  the  hall,  and  communicates  directly  with 
the  platform  on  both  sides.  The  ceiling  is  of 
fibrous  plaster  of  elaborate  design,  and  roof  lights 
have  been  introduced  filled  with  tinted  leaden 
lights.  The  gallery  front  is  also  of  fibrous 
plaster  with  enrichments  decorated  in  gold.  The 
platform  is  of  mahogany,  and  harmonises  with 
the  organ-case.  A  drop-screen  has  been  arranged 
so  as  to  be  available  for  lantern-work.  The  hall 
is  provided  throughout  with  separate  tip-up 
seats  fitted  with  wire  hat-racks.  The  organ- 
case,  which  was  formerly  in  the  chapel,  has  been 
remodelled,  and  the  old  organ  itself  is  in  course 
of  reconstruction,  and  when  brought  up  to 
modern  standards  will  be  placed  in  the  new  hall. 
In  addition  to  the  large  hall,  the  ..'cheme  includes 
a  lower  hall,  -iCft.  square,  for  smaller  services ; 
minister's  vestry,  sister's  room,  male  adults'  room, 
young  women's  room,  and  church  parlour,  besides 
several  smaller  classrooms  and  anterooms  and  a 
room  for  the  choir  and  orchestra.  Amgle 
lavatory  accommodation  is  provided,  and,  needless 
to  say,  the  premises  are  lighted  throughout  with 
electric  light.  Special  attention  has  been  givca 
to  ths  heating  and  ventilating  arrangements.  The 
general  contractors  have  been  : — Messrs.  J.  Brown 
and  Son,  Bingley,  mason's  work ;  Messrs. 
Greenhow  and  Murgatroyd,  Keighley,  joiner's 
work ;  Mr.  G.  Thompson,  Leeds,  plumber's 
work;  Mr.  T.  Bolton,  Bradford,  plasterer's 
work ;  Messrs.  Hill  and  Nelson  and  Son, 
Bradford,  slater's  work;  Mr.  F.  Holdsworth, 
Shipley,  painter's  work ;  Mr.  R.  Boys,  Bradford, 
stone-carving;  Mr.  A.  Whitehead,  Leeds,  faience 
work. 


At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Xewcastle  and 
Northumberland  branch  of  the  National  .Society  for 
the  Prevention  of  Consumption,  which  was  held  on 
Saturday,  plans  for  a  Northumberland  consumptive 
sanatorium  were  passed.  Tlie  building,  towards  the 
cost  of  which  handsome  donations  were  promised, 
is  to  accommodate  fifty  patients  at  first,  and  one 
hundred  later,  and  will  be  situated  in  the  West 
Tyne  district. 

A  stained-glass  window  is  to  be  placed  in  the 
north  aisle  of  All  Saints'  Church,  Lingport.  The 
window  represents  our  Lord  in  the  centre  liaht,  on 
whom,  in  the  side  lights,  Abraham,  as  *'  Faith," 
and  Stephen,  as  "Hope,"  fix  their  gaze.  The 
tracery  lights  are  occupied  by  angels. 

The  county  authorities  of  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire  are  proposing  to  purchase  a  motor-car 
for  tlieir  surveyor  at  a  cost  of  £1,000,  witha  viewto 
enabling  him  to  exercise  more  constant  and  efficient 
supervision  over  the  roads  and  bridges. 

An  inquiry  into  the  application  of  the  Watford 
Urban  District  Council  to  borrow  £S,000  for  the 
purposes  of  extending  the  electric-light  station  was 
belli  in  the  council  chamber  on  Tuesday  week,  by 
Mr.  H.  Rooms  Hooper,M.A.,  C.E.,  on  behalf  of  the 
Local  Government  Board.  The  witnesses  included 
Major  Carnew,  Mr.  W.  H.  Colebrook,  electrical 
engineer,  and  Mr.  C.  P.  Ayres,  of  Watford,  architect 
of  the  proposed  new  building, 

A  meeting  has  been  held  of  the  slate  quarry  pro- 
prietors in  the  Festiniog  district,  and  a  resolution 
was  passeil  thereat  to  the  elfect  that  the  present 
|)riire8  oi  slates  should  be  maintained  until  the  end 
of  the  year. 

At  Peterborough  Cathedral,  on  Saturday  after- 
noon, the  Bishop  dedicated  a  memorial  to  the  late 
Dean  of  Peterborough,  Dr.  Wdliam  Clavell  Ingram. 
The  memorial  is  the  gift  of  miiiy  of  tlie  ilean's 
intimate  friends.  The  base  of  the  cenotaph  was 
designed  by  Mr.  O.  F.  Bodley,  R.A.,  and  the 
recumbent  tigare,  in  white  Carrara  marble,  was  the 
last  work  of  the  late  dean's  brother,  Mr.  Walter 
Rowlands  In;^ram,  who  died  just  before  the  work 
was  comiiloted.  It  has  been  linished  by  Moiis. 
Pennachini  and  Mr.  Bool.  The  base  has  been 
executed  by  Messrs.  Thompson  and  Sijns  of  Peter- 
borough. The  altar  tomb  is  erected  in  the  eastern  j 
chapel,  the  so-called  Lady  chapel  of  the  cathedral,    j 


COMPETITIONS. 

New  Somj:i;iiv,  liUAXTHAM. — For  the  proposed 
church  of  St.  Anne,  to  contain  .500  sittings,  to 
cost  not  more  than  £3,000,  the  committee  have 
altered  the  date  of  delivery  from  May  Slat  to 
.July  3Ut.     The  premium  offered  is  CIO. 

Perth. — -A  meeting  of  the  cleansing  and 
sanitary  committee  of  the  Perth  Town  Council 
was  held  on  Friday  for  the  purpose  of  receiving 
the  awards  given  by  Mr.  T.  W.  Aldwinekle, 
London,  who  was  appointed  adjudicator  of  the 
plans  of  the  various  competitors  for  the  new 
fever  hospital  to  be  erected  at  the  Friarton, 
Perth.  There  were  fifty-one  sets  of  competing 
plans  sent  io.  Mr.  Aldwinekle  submitted  the 
numbers  of  the  six  best  plans  selected  according 
to  merit,  and  on  the  envelopes  being  opened  it 
was  found  that  Jlr.  G.  P.  K.  Young,  architect, 
Perth,  was  first :  Mr.  A.  G.  Helton,  A  R.I.B.A., 
architect,  Tay-street,  Perth,  second  ;  and  Mr.  D. 
Thomson,  jun.,  Brighton,  third;  while  the  fol- 
lowing were  highly  commended  : — Mr.  James 
JIarshall,  architect.  Perth  ;  Slessra.  Menart  and 
Jarvie,  architects,  Perth  ;  and  Mr.  T.  M.  Cappon, 
Dundee.  The  new  hospital  is  to  cost  about 
£10,000. 

».^^^»  ■ 

CHIPS. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Birmingham  Natoral 
History  and  Philosophical  Society,  Mr.  George 
Johnson  delivered  a  lecture  on  the  "  Old  .Stone 
Crosses  of  the  British  Isles,"  which  he  illustrated  by 
over  100  lantern  photographs.  He  classified  crosses 
according  to  their  uses,  as  market,  memorial, 
boundary,  weeping,  preaching,  high,  churchyard, 
and  sanctuary  crosses.  Tliey  varied  in  form  from 
the  earliest  rude  stone  monoliths,  bearing  a  simple 
incised  cross,  to  the  elaborate  and  beautiful  Queen 
Eleanor  crosses.  They  were  always  placed  so  as  to 
face  east  and  west,  and  usually  erected  on  a  bate  of 
three  steps  supposed  to  represent  the  Trinity. 

The  Manchester  City  Council,  at  their  last  meet- 
ing, adopted  plans  and  an  estimate  of  £21,S00,  for 
the  erection  of  artisans'  dwellings  on  the  Blacklty 
estate.  One  hundred  and  fifty  cottages  will  hie 
built,  to  let  at  73.  -Id.  a  week  in  the  main  thorough- 
fares, and  6s.  fd.  weekly  in  the  back  streets. 

The  goods  stations  and  sidings  in  connection  with 
the  Caledonian  Railway  Company's  new  line  from 
Newhavei  and  Bonnington  to  the  east  end  of  Lcith 
are  now  alm,;t  completed.  The  line  itself,  which 
was  constructed  in  order  to  provide  a  better  goods 
service  from  the  central  districts  of  Leith  and  Edin- 
burgh, and  from  Edinburgh  and  Newhaven  to  the 
east  end  of  Leith  Docks  and  .Seafield,  has  been  open 
for  about  twelve  months. 

The  foundation-stone  of  a  new  group  of  build- 
ings at  Cuddesdon  College,  which  will  entail  an 
expenditure  of  about  £.),000,  was  laid  on  Tuesday 
by  the  Bishop  of  i  ixford.  The  architect  is  Mr.  S. 
Slingsby  Stallwood,  of  Reading,  and  the  cost  has 
been  £5,000. 

Messrs.  J.icob  Parkinson  and  Sons,  of  Blackpoo', 
have  secured  the  contract  for  the  rebuihling  of  Sir 
Henry  Irving's  old  house,  the  Lyceum,  which  is  to 
be  converted  into  a  theatre  of  varieties  ut  a  cost 
of  £10,000. 

It  has  teen  reported  to  the  paving  committee  of 
the  Rochdale  Corporation  that  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board  have  sanctioned  the  proposal  to  borrow 
£8,000  to  cover  the  cost  of  substituting  setts  in 
various  streets  now  made  of  macadam.  The  Board 
have  given  their  sanction  without  a  public  inquiry. 

An  importiint  arbitration  to  decide  the  price  to  be 
paid  by  the  local  authorities  to  the  Bury,  Rochdale, 
and  Oldham  Tramway  Company  for  their  under- 
taking was  opened  at  the  Surveyors'  Institution, 
London,  on  Tuesday,  and  is  being  continued.  Mr. 
Graham  Harris  is  the  arbitrator. 

On  Saturday  in  next  week,  the  lUh  iust.,  the 
new  Teddiogton  lock,  which  has  been  constructed 
at  a  cost  of  l'2S,0i)0  by  the  Thauias  Conservancy, 
will  be  formally  opened  for  river  tratlic.  The 
cutting  is  l>5lltt.  long  and  2jft.  wide,  and  will 
accommodate  a  tug  and  six  barges.  The  old  lock, 
which  is  177ft.  long,  will  be  used  extensively  for 
pleasure  launches  and  sculling  craft. 

The  erection  was  completed  on  Monday  at  Car- 
rrarvon  of  a  memorial  raised  by  public  sul>scriptrOQ 
to  Carnarvonshire  men,  belonging  to  both  the 
regular  and  the  auxiliary  forces,  who  died  in  Smith 
Africa  during  the  recent  war.  The  memorial  takes 
the  form  of  a  Celtic  cross  of  Anglesey  inirble.  It 
is  situated  on  orre  of  the  sides  of  the  Twtliill  emi- 
nence, and  stands  21ft.  r>in.  high,  being  .'itt.  '.bn.  at 
the  base.  Four  panels  are  introduced  a  short 
distance  above  the  plinth,  and  these  bear  inscriptions 
in  gold  letters,  including  the  unims  of  the  21  men 
who  perished  during  the  war.  The  cross  has  been 
erected  by  Messrs.  Hugh  Jones  and  Co.,  of  the 
Marble  Slate  ^VoIk8,  Carnarvon. 


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E^t-TRANCC      TO 
COUNCIi-  House 


ELLEVATION        TO      MASON       F?QAD 

2N t>  Premiated     Design 

CROUCH,   BUTLER.  &   SAVAGE, 

ARCHITECTS 


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EUEVAT/OrSI     TO     THE      GREEN 


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THE    BXTILCINO    NEWS,    Jane    3,    1904. 


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EASTBROOK    MISSION    IIAJJj,     BEADFORD.— Messrs.  W.  and  J.  Moklet,  ArcJiitcds. 


816 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  3,  1904. 


LEQAI.  INTELLIQENOE. 

The  Liability  fok  Deiecti\e  Brains. — At  West 
London  Police  Court  on  Saturday,  a  summons 
against  Mrs.  Nunn,  of  Binfielti-road,  Clapham, 
was  heard  in  respect  of  an  alleged  defective  drain 
at  45,  Melrose-gardens,  West  Kensington.  Mr. 
A.  B.  Watson  supported  the  summons  on  behalf  of 
the  Hammersmith  Borough  Council,  and  Mr.  Stuart 
Bevan,  barrister,  represented  the  defendant.  Com- 
plaint was  received  from  the  occupier  of  the  house 
about  bad  smells,  and  the  sanitary  inspector  made  a 
test  and  found  a  leakage.  Notice  was  then  served 
on  the  owner  containing  a  detailed  account  of  the 
work  necessary  to  be  done  to  remedy  the  defect. 
Mr.  Watson  pointed  out  that  the  owner  had  not 
availed  herself  of  the  right  of  appeal  to  the  London 
County  Council  as  provided  in  section  211  of  the 
Metropolis  Management  Act,  and,  therefore,  accord- 
ing to  the  decision  laid  down  in  "  Clerkenwell 
Vestry  v.  Feary,"  the  only  ijuestion  for  the 
magistrate  to  decide  was  whether  the  notice  was 
properly  made  out  and  served.  Mr.  Stuart  Bcvan 
contended  that,  inasmuch  as  the  requirements  set 
out  in  the  notice  really  amounted  to  a  reconstruction 
of  the  whole  drainage  system  in  the  house,  the 
question  of  the  validity  of  the  notice  was  quite 
within  the  province  of  the  magistrate.  The  re- 
quirements, continued  learned  counsel,  were  pre- 
cisely similar  to  those  established  under  the  London 
County  Council's  regulations  of  1901 ;  and,  as  the 
latter  only  applied  to  new  buildings,  the  borough 
council  were  clearly  endeavouring  to  put  on  the 
owner  an  obligation  that  was  not  even  imposed  by 
the  London  County  Council.  The  borough  council 
could,  if  the  drains  were  irreparable,  have  instituted 
proceedings  under  the  Public  Health  (London)  Act 
in  respect  of  a  nuisance.  Mr.  Rose  decided,  on  the 
point  of  law,  that  the  notice  was  a  construction 
notice,  and,  therefore,  liable  to  revision  at  his 
hands ;  and  after  hearing  evidence,  he  held  that  the 
notice  was  invalid,  and  dismissed  the  summons. 

The  "  NewStueet"  Definitiox.— At  Lambeth 
Police-court  on  Wednesday  Mr.  Hopkins  resumed 
the  hearing  of  two  summonses  taken  out  by  the 
Southwark  Borough  Council  against  the  owners  of 
two  blocks  of  tenement  dwellings  in  Hayles-street, 
Southwark,  for  the  purpose  of  recovering  from  them 
two  sums  of  £27  93.  each,  being  the  estimated  ex- 
pense of  paving  a  strip  of  footway  abutting  on  the 
dwelling.  Mr.  Muuroe  appeared  in  support  of  the 
summonses,  and  the  defendants,  the  trustees  of 
the  Hayles  Estate  (a  Lambeth  parochial  charity), 
were  represented  by  Mr.  Daldy.  The  case 
arose  under  unusual  circumstances.  Hayles-street 
was  admittedly  an  old  street,  but  the  con- 
tention of  the  council  was  that  in  paving  a  strip 
of  land  which  had  been  surrendered  by  the  trustees 
in  the  erection  of  the  buildings  and  thrown  into  the 
public  footway  they  were  entitled  to  apply  the  lOoth 
section  of  the  Metropolis  Local  Management  Act, 
and,  dealing  with  it  as  a  "  new  street  "  under  that 
section,  charge  the  expenses  of  paving  upon  the 
defendants  as  the  owners  of  the  abutting  buildings. 
That  contention  gave  rise  to  a  long  legal  argument, 
it  being  pointed  out  for  the  defence  that  if  the 
Council's  views  were  correct,  in  cases  where  a 
street  was  widened  a  bit  at  a  time,  as  the  houses 
were  rebuilt,  every  little  piece  of  land  thrown 
into  the  public  way  would  become  a  "new 
street."  Mr.  Hopkins,  in  giving  his  decision, 
remarked  that  this  particular  piece  of  footpath 
was  not  a  new  street,  or  anything  like  a  new 
street,  and  these  proceedings  were  wholly  miscon- 
ceived. The  case  would  afford  the  Divisional  Court 
an  excellent  opportunity  of  saying  whether  we  had 
arrived  at  this  state  of  things— that  where  by 
reason  of  the  operation  of  the  Building  Act,  or 
what  not,  buildings  were  set  back,  and  some  of 
the  land  on  which  they  formerly  stood  was  given 
up  to  the  public  ;  and  when  that  happened  in  an 
old  street,  always  paved  by  the  inhabitants  at  large, 
the  borough  council  were  entitle!  to  charge  the 
frontagers  with  the  expense  of  paving  those  strips 
as  a  '  new  street."  He  dismissed  both  summonses, 
with  £5  53.  costs  against  the  council  in  respect  of 
each  of  them,  ijud  expressed  his  willingness  to  state 
a  case. 

The  Noeth-Westeen  Wilmslow-to-Levens- 
HTJLME  Extension.— At  the  Queen's  Hotel,  Man- 
chester, last  week,  Mr.  Thomas  Fenwick,  M.I.C  E 
°.  t!^?^^  K'  ^^  umpire  to  hear  an  arbitcation  case 
?T  '^•,  W.  Menzies  and  another  and  the  London  and 
JNorth-Western  Railway  Co.,  arising  out  of  a  claim 
m  respect  of  GA  acres  of  land  to  be  acquired  at 
iallowtield,  and  consequential  damages  caused  by 
severance  and  a  high  embankment  to  be  constructed 
diagonally  across  the  claimants'  estate.  For  the 
claimants  Mr.  Balfour  Browne,  K.C.,  and  Mr 
Oeorge  lihodes  appeared;  and  for  the  company 
Mr.  Shearman.  Evidence  of  value  was  given;  and 
the  umpire  reserves  his  award. 


hv  M  ?i^'^'-|r'"'''^  ""^  Birmingham  on  Tuesday 
^J^^  H.  Koss  Hooper,  one  of  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board  mspectors,  into  an  application  by  the 
city  council  to  borrow  £147,129  for  the  purpose  of 
the  electric  supply  undertaking.  '^    ' 


STATUES,    MEMORIALS,    &c. 

BiDEFOED. — The  proposed  Kingsley  Memorial  at 
Bideford  promises  very  shortly  to  be  an  accomplished 
fact.  The  original  proposition  to  erect  such  a 
memorial  came  from  Mr.  E.  J.  TattersiU  on  the 
occasion  of  the  visit  to  Bideford,  in  1902, 
of  the  Devonshire  Association.  Therefore  it  is 
doubly  fitting  that  the  memorial  should  be  un- 
veiled in  the  year  of  the  Jubilee  of  * '  Westward 
Ho  !  "  and  the  Mayoralty  of  Mr.  TattersiU.  L^p  to 
the  present  time  nearly  £500  has  been  sub- 
scribed, and  this  has  emboldened  the  executive  com- 
mittee to  approach  a  number  of  eminent  sculptors 
with  the  idea  of  putting  the  commission  in  hand 
without  delay.  Some  seven  or  eight  models  in 
plaster  have,  in  fact,  been  received  at  Bideford  for 
inspection  by  the  committee,  and  of  these  two  are 
busts,  one  a  seated  figure,  and  the  rest  erect  figures, 
one  in  morning  dress  and  the  others  in  clerical  robes. 
The  sculptors  represented  are  Mr.  Walter  Merrett, 
London ;  Mr.  Harry  Hems,  Exeter ;  Mr.  Herbert 
Hampton,  Mr.  G.  A.  Lawson,  H.R.S.A.,  Mr. 
Bayes,  London,  and  Mr.  F.  J.  Williamson,  Esher. 
The  executive  committee  have  not  finally  decided  to 
whom  to  intrust  the  commission,  but  are  retaining 
the  models  for  further  inspection.  They  have, 
however,  agreed  to  the  figure  being  full  length,  and 
will  probably  stipulate  M.A.  robes  being  repre- 
sented. The  site  selected  is  in  the  Quay-road, 
directly  opposite  High -street. 

Cantekbuey. — Earl  Roberts  unveiled  at  Canter- 
bury on  Tuesday,  a  memorial  to  the  233  officers, 
non-commissioned  officers,  and  men  of  the  2nd  and 
3rd  Battalions  of  the  Buffs  (East  Kent  Regiment), 
the  1st  and  2nd  Volunteer  Battalions  of  the  same 
regiment,  and  the  Royal  East  Kent  Yeomanry,  who 
fell  or  died  from  disease  during  the  campaign  in 
South  Africa.  The  memorial,  which  is  erected  in 
the  city's  public  park  known  as  the  Dane  John, 
takes  the  form  of  a  pyramid  of  grey  Polyphant 
stone,  the  whole  structure  being  34  tt.  high.  On  the 
south  side,  some  feet  from  the  base,  there  is  the 
figure  (life-size)  in  bronze  of  a  Buffi  attired  in  khaki, 
standing  with  rifle  in  hand.  Above  his  head  is  a 
laurel  wreath,  and  underneath  is  an  inscription. 
The  monument  has  been  erected  from  desio-ns  by 
Mr.  W.  D.  Cari.e,  F.S.A,  F.R.I.B.A.,  and  the 
sculptor  was  Mr.  Nathaniel  Hitch,  of  Keunington. 

West  HARTLErooL.— The  War  Memorial  Com- 
mittee have  unanimously  approved  the  model  sub- 
mitted by  the  artist,  Mr.  F.  W.  Doyle  Jones,  of 
London  and  West  Hartlepool,  for  the  memorial 
which  is  to  be  erected  in  a  prominent  position  in  the 
Ward  Jackson  Park.  The  monument  represents  a 
typical  British  soldier,  standing  in  a  defensive  atti- 
tude, with  left  foot  slightly  raised  upon  a  rocky 
projection,  ready  to  use  the  rifle  which  he  grasps  in 
his  hands.  The  casting  in  bronze  for  the  monument 
will  be  full  life  size,  and  the  figure  will  stand  upon 
a  rough-hewn  granite  basement  and  stone  steps. 
The  names  of  the  local  soldiers  who  fell  in  the  war 
will  be  inscribed  upon  the  front  of  the  basement. 
Mr.  Doyle  Jones  has  also  been  commissioned  to 
execute  the  Gateshead  and  Middlesbrough  war 
memorials. 


The  death  is  announced,  at  the  age  of  82,  of  Bailie 
MJne,  architect,  of  St.  Andrew's,  N.B.  Many  of 
his  designs  were  Scottish  Baronial  in  character.  He 
carried  out  many  works  in  Fifeshire  and  adjoining 
counties,  and  was  one  of  the  competitors  lor  the 
Manchester  Town  Hall,  won,  as  all  will  remember, 
by  Mr.  Alfred  Waterhouse,  R.A. 

It  was  decided  on  Tuesday,  at  a  meeting  held  in 
the  Rooms  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  Burlington 
House,  to  establish  a  society  tor  the  purpose  of 
transcribing,  printing,  and  publishing  the  f^piscopal 
and  other  records  of  Canterbury  and  York. 

During  the  partial  rebuilding  of  the  parish  church 
of  Over,  Cheshire,  now  in  progress,  worked  masonry 
of  the  Norman  and  Eirly  English  periods  has 
been  found  buried  in  the  lower  portions  of  the  north 
wall. 

The  Wandsworth  Borough  Council  have  resolved 
that  any  conditions  of  competition  which  the  Baths 
Committee  may  prepare  for  the  guidance  of  archi- 
tects wishing  to  submit  plans  for  the  bathhouse  at 
Clapham  be  submitted  to  the  council  for  ratification 
before  being  issued  to  competing  architects. 

In  the  Westminster  Coroners  Court  on  Tuesday, 
Mr.  John  Troutbeck  has  inquired  into  the  death  of 
William  Thomas  Creed,  04,  an  architect  and  clerk 
of  works,  lately  residing  in  Brewster-gardens, 
North  Kensington,  who  died  in  Drury  Lane  Theatre 
on  Saturday  last,  just  before  the  mituiee  of  "Lo- 
hengrin." Dr.  Ludwig  Freyberger,  who  made  a 
post-mortem  examination,  said  that  death  was  due 
to  sudden  failure  of  the  heart,  accelerated,  no 
doubt,  by  exertion  too  soon  after  a  meal.  The 
jury  returned  a  verdict  of  "Death  from  natural 
causes." 

Mr.  W.  Harold  Taylor,  chief  assistant  surveyor, 
States  Office,  Guernsey,  has  been  appointed  sur- 
veyor to  the  Aylesbury  Urban  District  Council  at  a 
salary  of  £130  per  annum. 


PARLIAMENT  AKY   NOTES. 

The  Salisbury  Memoeiaj.  Statue,  Westminster 
Aebet. — Dr.  Farquharson  asked  the  First  Lord  of 
the  Treasury  on  Tuesday  what  arrangements  were 
to  be  made  concerning  the  National  Memorial  to 
Lord  Salisbury  ;  whether  it  was  to  be  thrown  open 
to  competition,  and  who  was  to  select  the  sculptor 
and  decide  on  the  site  or  the  material  of  the  statue. 
Mr.  Balfour  :  I  think  it  will  probably  be  convenient 
to  follow  the  last  precedent  set  in  matters  of  this 
kind,  and  not  to  throw  the  design  open  to  general 
competition.  The  Government  have  accepted  a  site 
at  the  western  end  of  the  Abbey  which  has  been 
offered  to  them  by  the  Dean  and  Chapter.  As  to 
the  selection  of  the  sculptor,  I  am  in  communication 
with  Lord  Windsor  (the  First  Commissioner  of 
Works)  on  this  subject.  Dr.  Farquharson :  Will 
the  right  hon.  member  place  the  matter  before  the 
accredited  authorities — the  President  of  the  Royal 
Academy  and  other  authorities  in  art — so  that  they 
may  be  able  to  give  an  opinion  \  Mr.  Balfour ;  I 
will  consider  it. 

The  Edwardian  Walls  of  Berwick. — Lord 
Balcarres  has  informed  Mr.  Bryce  that  H.M.  Office 
of  Works  has  been  communicating  with  the  muni- 
cipal authorities  of  Berwick,  and  hopes  to  reach  an 
arrangement  with  them  for  preserving  the  Edwardian 
walls. 


CHIPS. 

The  Board  of  Trade  inspection  of  the  extension 
of  the  London  United  Electric  Tramway  system 
from  Southall  to  Uxbridge,  and  the  new  branch 
from  Hammersmith  to  Acton  Vale,  by  Colonel  York, 
took  place  on  Tuesday.  The  new  line  was  opened 
to  the  public  on  Wednesday. 

Princess  Christian  drove,  on  Friday,  from  Lock- 
inge  Park  to  Wantage  to  inaugurate  six  homes  for 
disabled  soldiers  and  sailors  of  Berkshire,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Help  Society. 
The  homes  are  situated  on  the  Downs,  near  the 
town,  and  about  £3,000  was  raised  in  Berkshire  to 
defray  the  cost  and  provide  an  endowment  fund. 
They  have  been  erected  as  a  memorial  to  the  late 
Prince  Christian  Victor. 

The  election  of  Professor  Johannes  Otzen  as 
president  of  the  Berlin  Acidemy  of  Arts  has  just 
been  confirmed  by  the  Emperor.  Professor  Otzen, 
who  was  born  in  1S39,  at  Siesebje,  on  the  Schlei,  is 
a  well-known  ecclesiastical  architect,  having  built  no 
fewer  than  twenty-five  churches  during  the  last 
thirty  years.  Since  1S90  he  has  been  an  honorary 
corresponding  member  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects. 

Princess  Christian  visited  Abingdon  on  Friday, 
and  laid  the  corner-stone  of  a  High  School  for  Girls 
— an  institution  under  the  control  of  the  community 
of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  whose  headquarters  are  at 
Wantage,  The  new  buildings,  whicli  are  planned 
on  the  central  hall  system,  will  cost  a'oout  £23,500, 
and  accommodation  will  be  provided  for  more  than 
200  scholars,  including  40  boarders. 

The  Croydon  Corporation  have  decided  to 
demolish  the  historical  Elizabethan  building  known 
as  the  Hospital  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  otherwise  the 
Whitgif t  Hospital,  facing  the  London  road  approach 
to  the  town.  It  was  built  in  I.')9G,  and  endowed  by 
the  famous  Archbishop  Whitgift,  who  ordered  that 
it  should  exist  for  ever  as  a  corporation  of  forty 
poor  persona.  It  was  disincorporated  twenty  years 
ago,  and  during  the  last  six  years  has  been  seriously 
threatened  on  more  than  one  occasion.  The  council 
have  now  decided  to  widen  North  End,  Croydon,  at 
a  cost  of  over  a  quarter  of  a  million,  and  in  the 
scheme  has  been  included  the  demolition  of  the 
Whitgift  Hospital. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  has  been  con- 
ducted at  South  Shields  by  Mr.  M.  K.  North, 
M.I.C.E.,  with  regard  to  the  appliration  by  the 
corporation  of  South  Shields  to  borrow  £12,046  for 
the  purposes  of  electric  lighting  in  the  borough. 

The  additions  to  the  infirmary,  Farnham,  are 
being  warmed  and  ventilated  by  means  of  Shorland's 
patent  Manchester  grates,  the  same  being  supplied 
by  Messrs.  E.  H.  Shorland  and  Brother,  of 
Manchester. 

The  electric  trams  connecting  the  boroughs  of 
Staly bridge,  Dukinfield,  Mossley,  and  Hyde,  in 
Lancashire,  commenced  running  on  Monday.  The 
line  is  about  twenty  miles  long,  and  has  cost 
£400,000. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  rural  district  council  of 
Sudbury,  Derbyshire,  the  question  of  the  sewerage  of 
Doveridge  was  again  considered,  and  it  was  finally 
decided  to  instruct  Messrs.  Willcox  and  Raikes  to 
prepare  a  complete  scheme  for  submission  to  the 
Local  Government  Board. 

At  their  meeting  on  Wednesday  the  members  of 
Halifax  Town  Council  authorised  an  expenditure  of 
£S,fl00  for  the  removal  of  peat  from  the  three 
reservoirs  in  course  of  construction  at  Walshaw 
Dean.  The  removal  of  the  peat  will  give  an  extra 
holding  capacity  of  21,000,000  gallons. 


JuAE  3,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIXG    NEWS. 


817 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITABY 

MATTERS. 

Newport,  Mon.— The  Mayor  of  Newport  (Mr. 
Councillor  \V.  Clifford  Phillips)  opened  the  Went- 
wood  Waterworks  on  Tuesday,  which  have  been  in 
course  of  construction  for  the  past  ten  years.  The 
works  occupy  a  site  nine  miles  from  Newport,  in 
the  direction  of  Chepstow.  The  reservoir,  which  is 
practically  a  natural  lake  in  the  hollow  of  the  hills, 
has  a  storage  capacity  of  100  million  gallons.  In 
winter  and  spring  the  streams  of  Newchurch  carry 
off  the  surface-water  for  mUes  round  ;  and  it  is  from 
these  that  the  reservoir  will  mainly  be  fed.  A 
storage  reservoir  has  been  constructed  on  the  Llan- 
vaches  stream  having  a  capacity  of  over  370  million 
gallons.  It  is  90ft.  deep,  and  the  water-surface 
will  cover  an  area  of  about  40  acres. 

The  Purification  of  the  Cltde.— Another  im- 
portant section  of  Glasgow's  great  drainage  scheme 
for  the  puriflcatiou  of  the  Clyde  has  been  com- 
pleted, and  was  formerly  put  in  operation  on  Tues- 
day. The  section  deals  with  the  sewage  of  the 
western  district  of  the  city,  and  also  with  thvt  of 
Partick  and  Clydebank,  the  purification  works 
being  at  Dalmuir.  The  first  stage  in  this  under- 
taking was  reached  seven  years  ago,  when  the  Dal- 
mirnock  Works,  which  treat  the  sewage  of  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  city,  were  put  into  operation. 
The  Dalmuir  Works,  just  formally  opened,  com- 
plete the  works  on  the  northern  bank  of  the  river. 
The  next  step  will  be  the  carrying  out  of  the  south 
side  scheme  and  the  building  of  the  Shieldhall 
Works.  The  construction  of  the  sewage  works  for 
the  western  district,  just  finished,  were  begun  about 
■five  ytars  ago.  Its  principal  features  were  the 
construction  of  an  outfall  sewer  to  convey  the 
drainage  of  the  higher  levels  of  Partick  and  Glas- 
gow to  the  works  at  Dalmuir;  the  construction  of 
an  intercepting  sewer  to  collect  the  drainage  of 
the  lower  levels  of  the  city;  the  construction 
of  an  intercepting  sewer  to  collect  the  drainage 
of  the  lower  levels  of  Partick ;  and  a  third 
intercepting  sewer  to  convey  to  Dalmuir  Works 
the  drainage  of  Clydebank.  The  Glasgow  and 
Partick  intercepting  sewers  are  pumped  into  the 
outfall  sewage  at  Partick  Bridge,  the  lift  being 
3ift.  Either  more  than  one  half  of  the  total 
sewage  of  the  western  scheme  wdl  be  carried  with- 
out pumping  to  the  Dalmuir  Works,  where  the 
whole  contents  of  the  outfall  sewer  will  be  delivered 
mto  the  precipitation  tanks  above  tidal  level.  It 
has  been  resolved  to  adopt  at  Dalmuir  and  Shieid- 
hall  the  same  method  of  treatment  as  that  in  use 
at  Dalmarnock,  with  this  exception,  that  the  sludge 
presses  are  to  be  dispensed  with,  and  the  liquid 
sludge  carried  out  to  sea.  At  .Shieldhall  and 
Dalmuir  the  97  mdlion  gallons  of  purified  sewage 
wUl  come  m  contact  with  the  three  thousand  million 
gallons  of  tidal  water,  and  natural  agencies  are 
expected  to  effect  the  final  purification  and  oxidation 
of  the  effluent,  more  especially  as  the  sewage  to  be 
dealt  with  on  these  lower  reaches  of  the  river  is  of  a 
simpler  character  than  that  at  present  treated  at 
Dalmarnock.  The  whole  scheme  of  purification  is 
being  carried  out  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr. 
A.  B.  M'Donald,  city  engineer.  Next  to  the  under- 
taking of  the  London  County  Council,  it  is  the 
largest  in  the  world.  The  engines  at  the  pumping 
station  at  Partick  Bridge,  have  been  formally  set  in 
motion  by  Councillor  R.  Anderson,  convener  of  the 
sewage  committee.  There  are  three  main  pumping 
engines  at  this  station,  and  when  running  at  the 
normal  speed  of  twenty  revolutions  per  minute, 
each  IS  capable  of  raising  over  sixteen  million 
gallons  of  sewage  in  twenty-four  hours.  The  soles 
of  the  mam  pumps  are  42ft.  below  the  level  of  the 
street.  In  addition  to  the  main  pumps,  there  are 
a  large  number  of  auxiliary  engines.  The  entire 
mechanical  equipment  of  the  station  has  been 
carried  out  to  the  designs  of  Mr.  David  Home 
Morton,  C.E.,  Glasgow,  by  Messrs.  D.  Stewart  and 
Co.  (Limited),  Glasgow.  The  building,  which  is  of 
red  sandstone,  has  been  erected  to  designs  by  the 
city  engineer. 

The  Housing  Question  in  Hull.  —  A  report 
was  presented  to  the  Hull  Corporation  Sanitary 
Committee  on  Friday  dealing  with  the  serious  con- 
dition of  unwholesomeness  under  which  most  of  the 
dwellers  of  the  houses  in  New  George-street  live. 
Ihe  dwelling-rooms  are  almost  without  exception 
damp,  dark,  and  insufficient  in  air  space,  their 
only  ventilation  being  into  confined  yards,  the 
stench  from  which  pervades  the  rooms.  The  in- 
habitants were  found  to  be  generally  pallid  and 
weak  women  and  childen,  and  the  rooms  to  be  foul 
with  sewer  and  privy  vapours.  Many  of  the  in- 
habitants are  deserving  people,  and  in  some  cases 
they  are  mere  y  the  victims  of  circumstances,  en- 
deavouring to  live  honestly  by  such  work  as  comes 
m  their  way ;  2s  lid.  a  week  in  rent  is  as  much  as, 
without  actual  starvation,  these  people  can  afford 
to  pay.  .Soon  the  corporation  may  have  to  find 
means  as  other  towns  are  doing,  to  house  this 
«las3  decently  at  like  rentals  to  those  now  paid 
Ihere  is,  the  committee  concludes,  as  much 
necessity  for  municipalised  effort  here  as  there  is 
for  any  remunerative  undertaking.    In  their  present 


surroundings  these  people  are  gradually  losing 
energy,  physique,  character,  and  hope,  and  are 
qualifying  by  weakness  and  infirmity  for  parish  aid, 
as  it  is  impossible  to  rear  healthy -minded  or  healthy- 
bodied  children  in  such  slums. 


CHIPS. 

The  Duchess  of  Portland  opened  on  Thursday  the 
new  Gordon  Boys'  Home  at  Nottingham,  the 
erection  of  which,  together  with  the  purchase  of  the 
site  in  Craumer-street,  has  involved  an  expenditure 
of  about  £7,000.  The  institution  was  established 
nearly  20  years  ago  in  a  modest  way.  The  new 
building  has  accommodation  for  SO  boys,  with  the 
necessary  offices,  and  in  the  dining-hall  400  can  be 
seated.  Mr.  Ernest  R.  Sutton,  of  Nottingham,  is 
the  architect. 

The  Grand  Pier  Pavilion  at  Weston-super-Mare 
is  fast  Hearing  completion,  and  it  is  to  be  opened  on 
Saturday  in  next  week,  the  11th  inst.  Messrs. 
Mayoh  and  Haley  are  the  engineers. 

Twenty-eight  trade-unions  of  Preston  having 
supported  a  scheme  for  the  acquisition  of  a  trades 
hall  in  the  town,  and  offered  to  provide  a  portion 
of  the  purchase  money,  the  North  Eud  Hotel,  in 
Corporation-street,  has  been  bought.  The  building 
requires  very  little  alteration  to  adapt  it  to  its  new 
purpose.  It  is  intended  to  inaugurate  a  series  of 
lectures  on  all  matters  affecting  trade  in  a  room 
accommodating  390  persons,  and  there  is  also  to  be 
a  library  relating  principally  to  labour  (jueations. 

Mr.  R.  H.  Bucknell,  M.I.C.E.,  on  behalf  of  the 
Local  Govnment  Board,  held  an  inquiry  at  Grange- 
town,  Middlesbrough,  on  Tuesday,  into  an  applica- 
tion for  sanction  to  borrow  £11,000  for  the  purpose 
of  altering  a  subway  from  3oft.  in  width  by  14in.  Sin. 
in  height  to  4.5ft.  by  16ft.  6in.  Mr.  Belk,  clerk  to 
the  council,  pointed  out  that  the  subway  was  the 
only  approach  to  the  town,  and  inspector  remarked 
that  the  present  subway  is  obviously  a  very 
dangerous  one. 

Mr.  E.  S.  Nicholas,  who  has  been  the  borough 
surveyor  at  Chesterfield  for  a  number  of  years, 
has  tendered  his  resignation  to  the  Highway 
Committee. 

I  A  new  font,  designed  by  Mr.  Walter  Cave,  of 
Lancaster  Gate,  London  (son  of  Sir  Charles  Cave, 

;  of  Bristol),  has  been  erected  in  the  new  church  of 
St.  Stephen,  Soundwell,  shortly  to  be  opened.  The 
new  font  is  of  Bristol  blue  Pennant  stone. 

Before  reverting  to  the  old  water-cart  system, 
further  experiments  are  to  be  tried  by  the  munici- 
pality of  Paris,  with  the  liquid-tar  system,  but 
npra  a  new  plan.  The  Avenue  of  the  Grande 
Arjiee,  parts  of  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  and  the 
main  road  between  .Suresnes  and  the  mansion  of 
Bagatelle,  are  to  be  treated  with  a  new  prepara- 
tion, said  to  possess  sufficient  humidity  to  keep 
the  dust  down  for  a  considerable  time. 

The  Sunderland  Building  Committee  have  under 
consideration  plans  for  the  extension  of  the  "  Swan  " 
Home  lodging-house,  in  High- street,  East.  It  is 
intended  to  make  the  new  premises  a  social  centre, 
there  being  a  public  hall  or  lecture  room,  a  grocery 
shop,  cafe,  calc  sitting  room,  smoke  room,  prrlour, 
t)edroom,  lavatories,  and  other  conveniences. 

The  reconstruction  of  the  tramways  at  Aston  for 
electric  traction  is  making  good  progress.  The 
reconstruction  of  the  permanent  way  between  the 
Birmingham  city  boundary  and  Aston  Cross  will  be 
finished  this  week.  Cross-overs  have  been  laid  at 
each  end,  and  the  contractors  are  now  erecting  the 
poles  and  overhead  wires  and  other  work  in  con- 
nection with  the  electrical  equipment,  which  will  be 
completed  by  the  end  of  next  week.  The  con- 
tractor has  finished  the  reconstruction  of  the  per- 
manent way  in  Witton-road,  Bevington-road,  and 
Trinity-road,  and  has  made  the  junctions  with  the 
existing  tramways  so  that  the  company  may  run 
over  these  lines  with  the  steam -cars,  leaving  the 
Witton-lane  and  Park-road  free  for  reconstruction. 
The  contractor  has  also  made  good  progress  with 
laying  the  tramway  in  Victoria-road. 

Considerable  progress  is  being  made  in  providing 
church  accommodation  for  the  rapidly-growiug 
population  of  Reading.  The  Bishop  of  Oxford  has 
laid  the  memorial-stone  of  St.  Mark's  Chun-h, 
which  is  being  built  in  West  Reading,  and  the 
Bishop  of  Reading  has  dedicated  the  chancel  of 
St.  Agnes  in  South  Reading.  In  East  Reading  the 
chancel  of  St.  Bartholomew's  is  rapidly  being 
com])leted. 

A  clooktower  of  stone  30ft.  in  height,  and  sur- 
mounted by  a  wooden  structure  inclosing  clock  and 
bell,  has  tieen  erected  at  Marloes,  near  St.  Bride's, 
to  the  memory  of  William  four.h  Lord  Kensington, 
by  members  of  the  Pembrokeshire  L'beral  Associa- 
tion.    The  opening  ceremony  took  place  on  Friday. 

Mr.  M.  K.  North,  M.I.C.E.,  an  inspector  under 
the  Local  Government  Board,  held  a  public  inquiry 
at  the  council  chamber,  Blyth,  on  Friday,  respect- 
ing au  application  of  the  urban  district  council  to 
borrow  £  1 ,400  for  private  street  improvement  works. 


(Dur  Office   ZMt 
— ^^-t — 

Mr.  Gi:oiu;n  \.  .Malmii.i.  vx,  hon.  treasurer  of 
the  Cretan  Exploration  Fund,  has  received  a 
telegram  from  Mr.  Evans,  who  states  that  on  the 
north  side  of  the  new  paved  way  west  of  a  theatre 
near  Candia,  the  excavators  under  his  direction 
have  struck  an  important  palace- dependency, 
apparantly  comprising  magazines  of  the  arsenal. 
There  has  been  found  a  rich  deposit  of  inscribed 
tablets  relating  to  royal  chariots,  others  enumera- 
ting arrows,  and  near  them  was  discovered  great 
hoards  of  bronze  arrow-heads  with  remains  of 
three  wooden  chests  and  odicial  sealings.  Thus 
for  the  first  time  documents  and  objects  are  found 
in  juxtaposition.  Considering  the  peculiar  in- 
terest of  the  discovery,  Mr.  Evans  hopes  to  continue 
work  so  far  as  to  excavate  a  section  of  building,  but 
there  is,  he  says,  a  great  depth  of  earth  to  remove. 
From  Palaiokastro,  in  Eistern  Crete,  where  im- 
portant excavations  are  being  cjnducted,  on  the 
site  of  an  ancient  town,  by  members  of  the 
British  School  at  Athens,  Mr.  Bosinquet,  the 
director  of  the  school,  has  sent  Mr.  MacmiUan  a 
telegram  announcing  some  important  discoveries, 
and  these  include  Doric  inscription  with  ritual 
hymn  to  infant  Zeus,  locating  the  sanctuary  of 
the  Dietaean  Zeus.  Mr.  Bosanquet  has  also 
found  two  exquisite  ivory  statuettes  of  children 
in  Minoan  house.  This  announcement  is 
particularly  satisfactory,  because  the  hope  of 
finding  this  well-known  sanctuiry  of  Zeus  was 
one  of  the  main  considerations  which  led  to  the 
excavation  of  this  site. 

Ix  the  rooms  of  the  Scottish  Arts  Club, 
Edinburgh,  on  Slonday  afternoon.  Canon 
Rawnsley,  hon.  secretary  of  the  National  Trust 
for  Places  of  Historic  Interest  or  National 
Beauty,  explained  the  objects  of  the  trust,  and, 
in  particular,  asked  sympathy  and  support  to  a 
project  now  on  foot  to  acquire  for  the  nation  a 
■  portion  of  the  shore  of  I'llswater,  in  the  English 
Lake  District.  Mr.  Henry  Howard,  of  (irey- 
stoke  Castle,  has  given  to  the  trust  the  option  of 
purchasing  an  estate  on  Ullswater,  which  in- 
cludes Gowbarrow  Fell,  with  its  natural  wood- 
land and  wild  deer,  and  that  most  beautiful  of 
all  the  Cumberland  waterfalls,  Aira  Force,  which 
Wordsworth  has  immortalised  in  the  poem  of 
"  The  Daffodils,"  and  "  List,  ye  who  pass  by 
Lyulph's  Tower."  The  estate  extended  to  740 
acres,  with  a  mile  of  frontage  to  the  lake,  with 
rights  of  fishing  and  boating,  and  the  sum 
arranged  as  price  for  the  property  was  £13,580, 
i  or  £18  an  acre.  The  Brandelhow  property  on 
'  Derwentwater  has  already  been  acquired  as  a 
national  possession,  the  money  being  subscribed 
by  people  of  all  classes.  Sir  James  Bilfour 
Paul,  Lyon  King  of  Arms,  moved  a  resolution 
sympathising  with  the  objects  of  the  National 
Trust,  and  naming  a  committee.  This  was 
seconded  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Blaikie,  and  was  tup- 
ported  by  Anna,  Countess  of  Moray;  Mr.  Thomas 
M'Kie,  Sir  Henry  Littlejohn,  and  others.  Mr. 
Divid  Robertson,  architect,  president  of  the  .Vrts, 
Club,  occupied  the  chair ;  and  among  others 
present  were  Professor  G.  Baldwin  Brown,  Mr. 
\V.  D.  Mackay,  R.8..V. ;  Mr.  Washington 
Browne,  R.S..'\.  •  and  Mr.  Henry  Kerr,  A.R  S.A. 

The  wire  rope  may  now  be  added  to  the  list  of 
I  the  things  of  which  it  may  be  said  there  is  nothing 
[  new  under  the  sun,  for  it,  or  something  very  like 
it,  existed  at  the  time  of  the  destruction  of  Pom- 
peii, 1,S2S  years  ago.  What  has  actually  been 
discovered  in  the  course  of  the  recent  excavations 
and  placed  in  the  Museo  Borbonico  at  Naples  is  a 
bronze  wire  rope  an  inch  in  cirtumferenco  and 
some  loft,  long  ;  but  the  idea  is  the  same.  It 
consists  of  three  strands  laid  spirally  together, 
each  strand  being  made  up  of  fifteen  wires  twisted 
together,  and  its  construction  does  not,  therefore, 
differ  greatly  from  that  of  wire  ropes  made  to- 
day. Pompeii  w:i8  destroyed  in  a.i>.  7'.> ;  but 
how  long  wire  ropes  had  then  been  known  it  is 
impossible  to  tell,  though,  judging  by  the  know- 
ledge shown  in  the  construction,  it  may  be  safely 
concluded  that  they  had  been  known  for  a  con- 
siderable time.  The  uses  tj  which  those  ropes 
were  imt  are  not  definitely  known  ;  but  further 
excavations  may  possibly  shod  some  li^ht  on  the 
subject. 

Mil.  WvAxii  writes  from  138,  Brooke-road, 
Stoke  Nowington,  N.,  under  date  May  30, 
stating  that  his  attention  was  called  a  day  or  two 
ago,  while  visiting  a  contraitor'a  yard,  to  the 
stone  commemorating  the  op^^ning  of  the  groat 
hall    of    Christ's    Hospital,   Nowgatp-street,   in 


818 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  3,  1904. 


1S2'.1.  "It  was  lying  there,"  he  continues, 
"amidst  a  stack  o"f  granite,  in  danger  at  any 
moment  of  heing  utilised  for  ordinary  huilding 
purposes,  when  \t  would  in  all  probability  be 
split  into  sizes  more  convenient  for  handling. 
It  is  a  splendid  block  of  Aberdeen  granite, 
measuring  9tt.  long,  2ft.  6in.  deep,  and  16in. 
thick,  and  it  bears  the  inscription  :  '  This  hall, 
erected  by  public  munificence,  was  opened  for 
the  use  of  the  children  of  Christ's  Hospital  on 
the  XXIXth  day  of  May  MDCCCXXIX.  The 
Right  Honble.  Willm.  Thompson,  M.P.,  Lord 
Mayor,  President.  Thomas  Toynder,  Junior, 
Esquire,  Treasurer.  John  Shaw,"F.A.S.,  Archi- 
tect.' Surely  it  would  be  a  pity  to  aDow  the 
destruction  of  this  stone,  with  the  associations 
clinging  to  it ;  and  there  must  be  plenty  of  old 
Bluecoat  boys  with  a  sentimental  interest  in  this 
last  relic  of  the  old  hall  who  would  be  only  too 
glad  of  the  opportunity  of  rescuing  it  from  its 
fallen  state." 

Three  hundred  odd  pieces,  constituting  the 
Due  de  T)ino  collection  of  suits  of  armour, 
helmets,  halberds,  swords  and  knives,  including 
one  battered  helmet  which  was  supposed  to  have 
belonged  to  Joan  of  Arc,  arrived  at  New  \  ork 
recently  on  the  steamship  Miiiiielnihit  from 
London.  The  entire  collection  was  recently  ac- 
quired by  the  Metropolitan  Jluseum  of  Art  of 
New  York  at  a  cost  of  about  £80,000  sterling. 
In  the  manifest  of  the  ship  the  collection  appeared 
as  43  cases  of  hardware.  When  the  vessel  arrived 
a  customs  broker,  who  was  at  the  pier  to  receive 
them,  asked  to  have  them  sent  direct  to  the 
Museum.  The  customs  officials  objected,  and  the 
collection  will  be  taken  to  the  Public  Stores, 
where,  although  it  will  be  admitted  free  of  duty, 
it  will  undergo  the  usual  inspection.  Next  to  the 
Joan  of  Arc  helmet,  which  hung  formerly  in  the 
Church  of  St.  Pierre  du  jNIaitroy  at  (Jrleans, 
probably  the  most  inters  sting  piece  is  that  of  a 
chamfron  for  the  horse  of  the  Dauphin,  made  in 
1539.  Other  pieces  are  the  casque  and  shield  of 
Louis  XIV.,  the  silver  headpiece  of  which  is 
surmounted  by  a  dragon,  while  very  beautiful 
ornaments  in  silver  and  gold  cover  the  shield. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Holywell  Rural  District 
Council,  on  Friday,  a  letter  was  read  from  the 
office  of  Woods  and  Forests,  stating  that  they  had 
received  a  letter  complaining  that  the  base  of  the 
Moel  Fammau  Jubilee  Tower  (which  stands  on 
the  summit  of  Moel  Fammau,  the  highest  point 
in  the  Clwydian  range  of  mountains) — which  was 
all  that  now  remained  of  a  column  erected  to 
commemorate  the  .50th  year  of  the  reign  of  King 
George  III. — was  in  a  dangerous  condition,  and 
stating  that  it  was  a  great  resort  of  holiday 
people,  and  that  it  was  feared  some  accident 
might  happen  there.  From  the  (Ordnance  map,  it 
appeared  the  tower  was  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  three  parishes  of  Cilcen,  Llangunhafal,  and 
Llanbedr  Dyifryn  Clwyd,  the  former  of  which  was 
in  Holywell  Union,  and  if  the  council  considered 
the  statement  as  to  the  condition  of  the  tower 
correct,  the  latter  suggested  they  should  erect 
notices  giving  warning  of  the  fact.  After  some 
discussion  it  was  agreed  that  the  surveyor  to  the 
council  should  inspect  the  tower,  and  if  he  con- 
sidered it  dangerous  to  put  up  notices  accordingly. 
The  county  councils  of  Denbigshire  and  Flintshire 
will  be  asked  to  assist  in  the  restoration  of  this 
noted  landmark,  which  has  long  been  so  dilapi- 
dated as  to  be  reduced  to  an  unsightly  stump. 

After  many  fruitless  endeavours,  a  "Sales 
Union  "  of  fourteen  cement  works  in  Rhenish- 
Westphalia  was  formed  in  December  last,  and 
this  was  followed  by  the  establishment  in  January 
of  the  South  German  Cement  Syndicate,  with 
branch  offices  at  Heidelberg.  Wiirzburg,  Stutt- 
gart, Metz,  and  Munich.  The  Rhenish-West- 
phalian  Syndicate  was  formed  on  condition  that 
a  similar  contract  should  be  entered  into  with  the 
South  German  Cement  Works.  The  aggregate 
capacity  of  the  fourteen  works  amounts  t)  about 
4,370,000  casks  of  170  kilos,  per  cask,  of  which 
2,337,000  casks  were  told  in  1902,  and  1,181,222 
casks  in  the  first  six  months  of  1903. 

The  Department  of  Public  Works  of  the 
Borough  of  Slanhattan,  New  York  City,  has 
published  a  report  by  ex- Commissioner  George 
Livingstone,  on  a  repair  plant  for  asphalte  pave- 
ments in  that  borough.  He  goes  further  than 
most  advocates  of  a  municipal  repair  plant,  and 
recommends  "abolishing  the  guarantee  fiction, 
and  buying  pavements  as  we  do  other  municipal 
supplies,  for  cash,  or  its  equivalent,  and  taking 
Cdre  of  what  we  get  as  best  we  can."  The 
pamphlet  also  contains  a  report  on  the  subject  by 


Dr.  James  C.  Bayles,  whose  investigation  has  led 
him  to  the  following  conclusion  : — "  If  the  work 
was  done  by  the  city  and  under  capable  manage- 
ment, it  should  be  possible  to  maintain  an  honest 
asphalte  pavement  in  perfect  repair  for  a  period  of 
fifteen  to  twenty  years,  at  an  average  cost  not 
exceedingtwo  cents  per  square  yards  per  annum." 
Sixteen"  of  the  American  States  nr-w  have 
officers  for  forest  work,  twelve  of  them  being 
forestry  commissioners.  The  Federal  Govern- 
ment has  established  fifty-three  reservations, 
containing  62,000,000  acres  of  public  forests,  pro- 
tected by  500  public  employees.  This  is  a 
magnificent  beginning,  but  Professor  Fernow 
says  that  the  United  States  need  600,000,000  acres 
to  maintain  the  annual  consumption  of  350  cubic 
feet  per  capita,  against  England's  15  cubic  feet 
per  capita.  There  are  three  schools  of  forestry — 
at  Yale,  Cornell,  and  Baltimore  (although  that  at 
Cornell  is  unfortunately  suspended  by  Governor 
Odell's  veto  of  its  appropriation) — all  virtually 
the  product  of  the  20th  century.  They  are  a 
tardy  recognition  of  the  fact  that  in  spite  of  the 
previous  destruction  of  forests,  the  annual  con- 
sumption of  timber  amounts  to  about  a  thousand 
million  dollars,  a  crop  exceeded  among  agricul- 
tural products  only  by  corn. 


CHIPS. 

At  a  special  meeting  of  the  Annan  Town  Council, 
on  Monday  night,  the  town  clerk  read  a  reply  from 
Mr.  Carnegie  declining  to  increase  the  original  offer 
of  £3,000  tor  a  free  library.  The  town  council  have 
now  asked  the  architect  to  modify  his  plans  so  as  to 
bring  the  total  cost  within  the  £3,000. 

Sir  W.  Martin  Conway,  Slade  Professor  of  Fine 
Arts  at  Cambridge,  opened,  on  Wednesday,  an 
exhibition  at  Port  Sunlight,  Birkenhead.  The 
exhibition  includes  loan  collections  from  South 
Kensington,  Liverpool  University,  and  the  Municipal 
School  of  Art,  and  a  large  number  of  specimens  of 
sculpture,  pottery,  jewelry,  and  enamels,  and  wood 
and  metal  work  from  various  branches  in  England, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland  of  the  Home  Arts  and  Indus- 
tries Association. 

The  Bi&hop  of  St.  Alban's  consecrated  and  opened 
on  Wednesday  the  new  church  of  St.  Mary  at  Great 
Warley,  Essex.  The  church  is  a  gift  to  the  parish, 
and  has  been  erected  by  Mr.  Evelyn  Heseltine  in 
memory  of  his  brother,  Mr.  Arnold  Heseltine.  Mr. 
C.  Harrison  Townsend,  F.R.I.B.A.,  was  the  archi- 
tect, designing  the  building  generally  and  the  pews, 
choir  stalls.  Litany  stool,  &c. ;  whilst  Mr.  W. 
Reynolds- Stephens  was  responsible  for  the  designing 
and  executing  the  decorations  and  main  ornamental 
features  of  the  interior. 

A  three-light  east  window,  representing  the  text, 
"  Come  unto  Me  all  ye  that  labour,"  has  just  been 
unveiled  in  Tonna  Church,  Neath.  Christ  is  seated 
in  the  centre  light,  with  Mary  Magdalene  kneeling 
at  His  feet.  The  upper  and  lower  portions  of  the 
three  main  lights  contain  elaborate  canopy  work, 
and  in  the  tracery  emblems  of  the  Holy  Ghost  the 
Pelican  and  the  Lamb  are  introduced. 

The  Cape-to-Cairo  Railway  has  been  brought  up 
to  Victoria  Falls — the  line  now  stretching  a  distance 
of  over  sixteen  hundred  miles  from  Capetown. 
The  sections  of  the  huge  single-span  bridge  which 
is  to  carry  the  railway  across  the  Falls  are  new  on 
their  way  out  from  England,  and  it  is  expected 
that  the  structure  will  be  completed  before  the 
end  of  this  year.  Meanwhile  the  line  will  be 
taken  a  hundred  miles  further  north  to  Kalomo— 
the  headquarters  of  the  Administration  of  North- 
West  Rhodesia. 

The  Benchers  of  Lincoln's  Inn  have  commisioned 
Mr.  W.  W.  Ouless,  R.A.,  to  paint  a  portrait  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  to  commemorate  his  Royal  High- 
ness having  served  the  oflice  of  treasurer  of  that 
Honourable  Society  for  the  current  year. 

His  Imperial  Majesty,  the  Czar  of  Russia,  has 
conferred  upon  Mr.  Edwin  O.  Sachs  the  gold  medal 
for  services,  with  the  ribbon  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Vladimir,  and  upon  Mr.  Ellis  Marsland  the  gold 
medal  for  services,  with  the  ribbon  of  the  Order  of 
St.  Stanislas.  The  Home  Secretary  has  intimated 
that  his  Majesty  the  King  has  been  graciously 
pleased  to  accord  Mr.  Sachs  and  Mr.  Marsland 
permission  to  wear  these  medals. 

Steps  are  now  being  taken  to  wind  up  the  affairs 
of  the  Lincoln  Tramways  Company,  The  under- 
taking is  to  be  transferred  to  the  corporation  at  the 
end  of  June,  and  the  corporation  will  at  once  proceed 
with  an  electric  installation.  The  electric  trams  will 
probably  be  running  by  the  end  of  October. 

The  famous  Inner  Court  at  the  India  Office,  upon 
which  the  late  Sir  Matthew  Digby  Wyatt  expended 
much  of  his  decorative  skill,  and  which  measures 
UOft.  by  G2ft.  6in.,  is  now  being  paved  with  vari- 
coloured marble ;  but  some  weeks  will  elapse  before 
the  work  is  completed. 


HBETINQS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Satl'rdav  (to-moebo\\  ; . — Northern  Architectural  As- 
sociation.   Visit  to  West  Hartlepool. 

Monday.— Eoyal  Institute  of  British  Architects.  Dis- 
cussion, "  The  Plenum  System  of 
Ventilation."    S  p.m. 

Friday.— Society  for  the  Protection  of  Ancient  Buildings. 
"The  Work  Undertaken  by  the  Society." 
By  Holuian  Hunt.  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries Room,  Burlington  House.   3  p.m. 

Saturday  (June  11).— St.  Paul's  Ecdeaiological  Society. 
Visit  to  [the  Church  of  St.  Mary-le-Bow 
at  2.30  p.m.,  and  afterwards  to  St.  Mary 
Aldermary  at  3.15  p.m.,  and  St.  Mildred. 
Bread-street,  at  3.45  p.m..  under  the 
guidance  of  Mr.  Philip  Norman,  F.S.A. 
Edinburgh  Architectural  AssociatiDU. 
Visit  to  Castle  Campbell. 


THBAECHITECTURALASSOCLITION. 
JUNE  lUh:  SECOND  SLMMER  VISIT— to  Colchester.  The 
new  To»n  Hall  will  be  visited,  aod  Mr.  John  Belcher,  A  R.A  ,  "ill, 
if  Dossible,  conduct  the  party  over  the  building,  St.  Botolph'a 
Priory.  St.  John's  .\bbey  Gateway,  and  Colch'ster  C%stle  will  also  be 
visited.  The  oarty  will  arterwards  be  entertained  to  tea  by  the  Right' 
Hon.  James  Round,  M. P.  It  is  suggested  that  members  should  lunch 
before  leaving  town. 

Meet  at  Liverpool. street  main  line  Booking  Office  at  l.tOpm.  for 
the  1  30  p  m.  train  for  Colchester.  P.O.  for  6s.  6d.  to  be  sent  to  the 
Secretary,  is,  Tufton. street,  Westminster.  S.W.,on  or  before  JL'NH 
9th.  The  party  will  return  by  the  S  II  p.m.  train,  arriving  at 
Liverpool-Street  at  9.1ij  p.m. 

LOUIS  AMBLER     )    „        „ 
H.  TANNER,  Jun.  )    "on.  bees. 


The  restoration  of  the  ancient  stained- glass 
windows  in  the  galleries  of  St.  Saviour's  Church, 
Dartmouth,  has  just  been  completed.  The  glass 
is  of  heraltlic  character,  containing  amongst  other 
identified  coats-of-arms  those  of  Charles  Fitz- 
Charles,  son  of  Charles  II.,  created  Baron  of  Dart- 
mouth, A'iscount  Totnes,  and  Earl  of  Plymouth  on 
July  29,  1575,  and  the  shields  of  the  Hopkins, 
Shakleigh,  and  Syminges  families. 

The  foundation-stones  of  a  Salvation  Army 
citadel  were  laid  on  Saturday  at  FelUng,  Co. 
Durham.  The  hall  will  seat  300  people,  and 
annexed  is  an  infants'  department  for  1.^)0  children. 
The  cost  will  be  £1,480,  and  the  contractor  is  Mr. 
J.  W.  Hall,  of  Bensham. 

The  foundation-stone  of  the  first  Carnegie  Public 
Library  in  London  was  laid,  adjoining  the  town 
hall.  East  Ham,  yesterday  (Thursday)  afternoon  by 
Mr.  Passmore  Edwards. 

The  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade  (Mr.  Gerald 
Balfour,  M.P.)  has  engaged  to  open  the  new 
markets  at  Leeds  on  July  1.  The  buildings,  which 
have  been  about  two  years  and  a  halt  in  erection, 
have  cost  about  U  120,000.  They  are  close  to  the 
Corn  Exchange.  They  are  of  stone,  and  were 
designed  by  Messrs.  Leeming  and  Leeming,  of 
Westminster,  whose  plans  were  selected  in  com- 
petition, and  were  illustrated  in  the  Building 
Ne-svs  for  April  20,  June  21,  and  Sept.  1,3,  1901. 

The  Birmingham  and  Midland  Institute  Archajo- 
logical  Society  held  its  first  half-day  excursion  of 
the  present  season  on  Saturday  last,  when  sixty 
members  and  friends  left  New  Street  Station  en 
route  for  Bromsgrove.  The  party,  including  Mr. 
Howard  S.  Pearson  (vice-president),  were  met  at 
Bromsgrove  station  by  Mr.  John  Humphreys, 
F.L.S.,  the  excursion  secretary.  Proceeding  by 
carriages  along  Worcestershire-lane  to  Grafton 
Manor,  the  original  home  of  the  Staffords  and 
Talbots,  the  party  was  received  by  Mr.  and  Mrs 
Howard  Lloyd,  the  present  occupants  of  the  manor. 
Mr.  Humphreys  gave  an  account  of  the  history  of  the 
Manor  House,  the  important  portions  of  which  were 
then  inspected  by  the  members.  The  old  chapel  and 
tithe  barn  afforded  much  that  was  interesting,  and 
the  priest's  house  adjoining  the  manor,  with  its 
garden,  was  open  to  members.  The  party  then 
drove  to  Bromsgrove  church,  where  the  vicar,  the 
Rev.  Vine-Hall,  reviewed  the  history  of  the  church, 
and  pointed  out  the  chief  objects  of  interest. 

The  Adirondack  fires  of  a  year  ago  are  discussed 
in  a  paper  by  Mr.  H.  M.  Suter,  of  the  U.S 
Bureau  of  Forestry.  Those  fires,  lasting  from  April 
20  to  June  8,  burned  over  000,000  acres  of  timber 
land,  and  caused  a  direct  loss  of  £700,000  sterling. 
About  .£35,000  was  spent  in  fighting  them,  and  they 
were  finally  extinguished  only  by  heavy  rains. 
Their  effect  on  several  industries  was  severe. 

St.  Crantock's  Church,  North  Cornwall,  was  re- 
opened on  Sunday  after  internal  renovation,  from 
plans  by  Mr.  Edmund  Sedding,  of  Plymouth.  The 
improvements  include  a  new  pulpit,  designed  by  Mr. 
Sedding  and  carved  in  oak  by  Mr.  Rashleigh 
Pinwell,  of  Plymouth,  and  the  filling  of  reredos  with 
carved  figures  of  saints.  The  bells  have  been 
rehung,  and  a  clock,  the  work  of  Messrs.  John 
Smith  and  Sons,  of  Derby,  has  been  placed  in  the 
tower. 

The  partnership  heretofore  subsisting  between 
C.  R.  Chorley,  J.  W.  Connon,  and  R.  S.  Chorley, 
architects  and  surveyors,  Leeds,  under  the  style  of 
Chorley,  Connon,  and  Chorley,  has  been  dissolved, 
80  far  as  concerns  C.  R.  Chorley. 


June  3,  1904. THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 819 

LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


Peteiborough-Publio  Library  ;iimit  £5,000)    £50  (merged),  £35,  £15 W.  Mellows.  Town  Clerk,  Peterborough  June  30 

Bury  St.  EdiQimds-Alterations  to  Shire  Hall £30,  £30.  £20  A.  Ainsworth  Hunt,  County  Architect,  Sudbury.  Suffolk July    2 

Eio  de  Janeiro— Theatre  (£70,000  limit)  £500  and  three  other  Prenaiuma  The  Com  Intel.  Branch,  Board  of  Trade,  50,  Parliament-«t.,  S.W 23 

Aberystwyth— Public  Library  (limit  £3,000)  (Assessor)    £30  (merged),  £15 Arthur  J.  Hughes,  Town  Clerk,  Aberystwyth    30 

New  Somerby,  Orantham— St.  Anne's  Church  (50O  sittings ; 
£3,000  limit)  £10 The  Rev.  H.  H.  Surgey,  Dudley-road,  Grantham „     31 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 


BTJILDINaS. 

■Wombwell— Ten  Houses  Municipal  Foundry  Co ,Tno.  Robinson,  Architect,  Park  Cottage,  'Wombwell   June 

Cockermouth— Villa J.  Fleming,  2,  Com  Market,  Cockermouth  

Mehncrythan— Rebuilding  Hotel  and  Five  Cottages E.  Evans  Bevan J.  Cook  Rccs,  Arehitect.  Xeath    

Brynniawr— Alterations  at  the  Royal  Arms  T.  Roderick.  Architect.  Glebeland.  MerthyrTydBl  

Welwyn-  Mortuary  and  Isolation  Ward  at  "Workhouse    Guardians T.  J.  Sworder,  Clerk,  Union  Workhouse,  Welwyn  

Brynmawr- Rebuilding  King  William  IV T.  Roderick,  Architect.  Glebeland.  Merthvr  Tydfll  

Annagh— Cottage    Limerick  No.  1  E.D.C H.  J.  Guinane,  Clerk  of  Council,  Limerick  

Northwioh— Repairs  at  Council  SchoolB A.  E.  Thomas.  Verdin  Technical  Schools,  Xorthwich 

Lichfleld-Houses   Milley's  Hospital  Trustees William  Periv,  39-41,  Bare-street,  Lichfield    

Brynmawr— Repairing,  &c,,  Clarence  Hotel T.  Roderick.  Architect.  Glebelend.  Mertbyr  Trdfll  

Londonderry— Five  Houses JohnM'Crea    John  M.  Robinson.  Architect.  7,  East-wall.  Londonderry 

Mardy- Veslrj- to  Seion  Baptist  Chapel ,,: Richard  Owen,  63,  Griffiths-street.  Maerdy.  Glam 

Teddington— Free  Library  Urban  District  Council    Henry  A.  Cheers.  Architect,  35,  Waldegrsve-park,  Twickenham  ... 

Brynmawr— Plastering  and  Cementing  Work,  Griffin  Hotel  T.  Roderick,  Architect,  Glebeland.  Mertbyr  Tydfil  

Esmouth— Workshop  and  Store.  Strand-court W.  U.  Thomas    F.  E.  Carter,  1,  Johnson' s-place,  Exmouth 

Penrhyndeudraeth— Wesleyan  Methodist  Chapel  and  School The  Rev.  G.  R.  Ellis,  Rockcliffe,  P.irtmadoc  

Blackwood,  Mon.— Repairing  and  Renovating  the  Rock  Inn  ...  Bucban  and  Co..  Rhymney    T.  Roderick,  Architect.  Glebeland,  Merthvr Tydfil  

Gravesend— Additions  to  Out-Patient  Block  at  Hospital The  Secretary.  Hospital,  Gravesend  '. .'. 

Calne— Public  Library,  New-road.. Borough  Council    Smith  and  Marshall.  Architects.  St.  Mary's-street,  Cliipp'»nham 

Laisterdyke— Extension  of  Mill  at  New-lane   Thomas  Barker  and  Son.  Architects,  5,  Bank-street.  Bradford 

Hadcli£fe-on-Trent— Extension  of  Cemetery Parish  Council    Calvert  and  Oleave,  Architects.  IS,  Low-pavement,  Nottingham 

Monkton-Additions  to  Court  Hall  E.  H.  Harbnttle  and  Son,  Architect!!,  County  Chambers.  Exeter    ... 

Chapeltown— Two  Houses,  Houseley  Hall-lane    J.  and  W.  Kay   Edward  Hutchinson  &  Son,  Surveyors,  IS,  Howard -st  ,  Rotherham 

Great  Yarmouth— Fire-Escapes  and  Staircases  at  Workhouse W.  Walter  Lake,  Architect,  Regent-street,  Great  Yarmouth  

Napsb\iry— Farm  Buildings Napsburv  Asy.  Visiting  Committee..  Walter  Geo.  Austin,  Clerk,  Guildhall,  Westminster,  S.W 

St.  Abbs— House Eoahan  K.  Carmichael,  C.E.,  Architect,  H,  Qaeen-st.,  Edinburgh... 

Barrow- Butcher's  Shop,  I.^land-roid Co-operative  Society J.  Y.  Mcintosh.  Architect,  6,  Cornwallis-street,  Barrow    

Sedgley— Repairs  to  Queen  Victoria  Council  Schools Staffordshire  Education  Committee...  Thomas  J.  Howitt.  Queen  Victoria  Schools,  Sedgley  , 

Beccles-Outbuildirgs,  Oillingham  Hall  Schools Arthur  Pells.  F  S.I.,  Architect,  Beccles    

Wakall— Schools  (5Si5  places).  Chuckery-road  Education  Committee  Bailey  and  McOonnal,  Architects,  Bridje-street,  Walsall  

Kirkheaton— Five  Houses  at  Field  Head   J.  Berry,  Architect,  3.  Market-place.  Huddersfield 

Boldon— Extensions  to  Central  Premises    Industrial  Co-onerative  Society    Vaux  and  Mark.  Architects,  66,  John-street,  Sunderland 

Armley-Houseand  Surgery,  Wesley-road   Dr.  J.  Lamont " , C.  Fredk.  Wilkinson,  Architect,  35,  Park-square,  Leeds    

Brynmawr- Alterations  to  Rehoboth  Congregational  Church Habershon  and  Fawckner,  Architects,  41,  High-street,  Newport    ... 

Wombwell- Sir  George's  Arms  Hotel Bamsley  Brewery  Co.,  Ltd Jno.  Robinson,  Architect,  Park  Cottage,  Wombwell    

Featherstone— Isolation  Hospital W.  Hamilton  Fearnley,  Arcliitect,  Station-lane,  Fcatherstone 

Mountain  Ash- Additions  to  School  Buildings Elucation  Committee  A.  O.  Evans.  Architect,  Post  Office  Chambers,  Pontypridd   

Wimbledon-Mosaic  P.aving  at  Electricity  Works Urban  District  Council    The  Chief  Electrical  Engineer,  Durnsford-road,  Wimbledon    

Cwmffrwdoer— Pair  of  Houses    A.  Jeremiah,  Cimffrwdoer    

Bridgwater— Workshop    Rural  District  Council W.  A.  Collins.  Surveyor.  1'20.  West-street,  Bridgwater  

St.  Lnoder-Farmhouse,  Burthy-row  Executors  of  Thomas  Liddicoat  George  Gow,  Tregothnan  Office,  Truro 

Consett— Three  Self-Contained  Houses  and  One  Tenement Wm.  Aynsley Thos.  H.  Murrav.  .Architect.  Consett 

Egremont— Alterations  to  Castle  Church    Jas.  Cowan.  Architect.  Egremont    

Croydon— County  Court    H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey'sGate,  S.W 

New  Romney— Additions  at  Workhouse Guardians Thurlow  Finn.  Architect,  Guildford,  Surrey  

Handswoith- Generating  Station Urban  District  Council    Henman  and  Cooper,  .Architects.  111.  Temple-street,  Birmingham  ... 

Bradford— District  Fire-Station  at  Odsal  Top Corporation The  City  Architect,  Whitaker  Buildings,  Brewery-street,  Bradford 

M.anchester— Superstructure  for  Temporary  Hospital  Guardians    A.  J.  Murgatroyd,  Architect.  23,  Strutt-street,  Manchester 

Drogheda-Repairing  Labourers'  Cottages    Meath  Rural  District  Council    Thomas  Dowdall,  Clerk,  Workhouse  Board  Room,  Drogheda 

Tirdeunaw— Additions  to  Caeisalem  Newydd  Baptist  Chapel John  T.  Morgan,  Architect,  Mynvddbach    

Sheffield— Primitive  Methodist  Schools  Trustees  of  Carterknowle  Prim.  Ch.  Hall  and  Fenton,  Architects.  14,  St.  James's-row.  Shelfield  

Fulham,  S.W.— Extension  of  Town  Hall,  Harwood-road Borough  Council    Francis  Wood,  A.M  I  C.E.,  Boro'  Eog..  Town  Hall,  Fulham,  S.W.. 

Sheiburn  Hdl-Additions  to  Stores Co-operative  Society,  Ltd J.  Walton  Taylor,  F.R.I.B.A.,  St.  John-street,  Newcastle  

Upper  Edmonton,  N.— Additional  Story  at  Workhouse   Guardians T.  C.  Knightley.  Architect,  106.  Cannon-street,  E.C.  

Newry— Vicarage Vicar  and  Select  Vestry  W.  J.  Watson.  M.R  I.A.I.,  Architect.  Benvenue,  Rostrevor    

West  Hartlepool— Removiug  Galleries  at  Schools    Education  Committee  J.  Eobson  Smith.  Secretary,  Park-road,  West  Hartlepool 

Penzance— West  Cornwall  Hospital,  St.  Clare-street Oliver  Caldwell,  F,R.I.B.A„  Architect,  Vi ;toria-sr|uare,  Penzince... 

Leicester- Pumping  Station,  Beaumont  Leys  Sewage  Farm  ...  Sewage  Works  &  Fajms  Committee  E.  George  Mawb.y.  M.I.C.E.,  Boro'  Engineer,  Town  Eall,  Leicester 

Manningbam— Extension  of  Club  Premises,  Lilycroft-road G.  A.  Firth.  Architect,  9.  Sprimr  Gardens-road,  Heaton.  Bradford... 

Glyncorrwg-Fifty  Houses  Glyncorrwg  Colliery  Co.,  Ltd Thomas  Gibb,  Architect,  Post  Office  Chambers,  Port  Talliot 

Carnkie.  Redruth-Wesleyan  Chnrch  Trustees    Sampson  Hill.  Architect,  Green-lane,  Redruth  

Heaton— Pair  of  Semi-detached  Villas Walker  and  Collin.son,  Architects.  Swan-arcade.  Bradford   

Finchley,  N.— Alter.itions  at  Fire  Brigade  Central  Station Urban  District  Council   The  Surveyor's  Office,  Council  OInces,  Church  End  Fiochley 

Leven.  County  Fife- Coastguard  Buildings  Admiralty The  Superintending  Engineer.  H.M.  Naval  Establisluuent.  Ro.syth. 

Belfast— Superintendent's  House,  Royal  Victoria  Hospital ' Samuel  P.  Close.  Architect.  Donegall-square  Buildings,  Belfast 

Teignmouth— Additions  to  Wesleyan  Chapel    Trustees    T.  Hambley,  Bank-street,  Teignmouth 

Enni.killen- Alterations,  i-c,  to  Protestant  Hall Thomas  Elliott,  Architect,  D.irling-street.  Eoniskillcn  

Cardiff— Nurses'  Rooms  at  Workhouse  Guardians Edwin  Seward.  F.R.I.B..\.,  Queen's  Chambers,  Cardiff 

Walthamstow- School  (1,040  places),  Warwick-road Education  Committee  H.  Prosser,  M.S. A.,  Architect,  High-street,  Walthamstow  

Mitchell— Enlarging  and  Reseating  Wesleyan  Church Sampson  Hill,  Architect,  Green-lane,  Redruth    

Bargoed— Pohce-Station  Glamorgan  County  Council    W.  E.  R.  Allen,  Deputy  Clerk,  Weatgate-street,  Cardiff   

Chisledon -Farmhouse  and  Pair  of  Cottages W.  Drew  and  Sons,  Architects,  2.S,  Regent-circus,  Swindon  

E.xeter-New  Infirmary  at  City  Workhouse Guardians E.  M.  Challice.  Architect,  14,  Bedford-circus,  Exeter         

Drung.  Donegal— Teacher's  Residence  The  Rev.  James  O'Kane,  P.P.,  Quigley's  Point,  Londonderry 

Aldershot- Schools  (780  places)  Urban  District  Council    Fred  C.  Uren,  C.E.,  Surveyor,  Municipal  Buildings,  Alderahot  

Southampton— Hartley  University  College    Council  D.  Kiddle,  Registrar.  Southampton  

Exeley,  near  Bedale-Wesleyan  Chapel T.  Hogg,  Exeley,  Bedale 

Hendon— Workmen's  Cottages  at  Brent  Farm Urban  District  Council    8.  Slater  Griniley,  Engineer,  Council  Offices,  Hendon,  N.W 

Erith -Additions  to  Electric  Light  Station    Urban  District  Council    W.  Egerton,  Quantity  .Surveyor,  12,  Queen' s-road,  Erith  

Tredegar- E.xtensions  and  Alterations  to  Workhouse  Bedwellty  Union  Guardians  James  and  Moi-gan,  MM.S  A.,  Charle.s-street  Chambers.  Cardiff 

Clerkenwell,  E.C— Mallary  Buildings.  St.  John-street London  County  Council  The  Architect's  Department,  r.i.  Charing  Cross-road,  W.C 

Southend-Additions  to  Technical  Sihools,  London-road Comoration Wm,  H.  Snow,  Town  Clerk.  Soutliend-on-Sea  

Pwllheli— Transept  at  Llannor  Church    ..'. Harold  Hughe.s,  -i.R.I.B  .\.,  Diocesan  Surveyor,  Bangor 

Winchester- Additions  at  Sewage  Pumping  Station  Town  Council The  City  Surveyor,  Guildhall.  Winchester  

Dudley— Extensions  to  OUices  and  ICrection  of  Workshop  Electric  Lighting  Committee R.  P.  Wilson.  Con.  Engineer,  il'l.  Victoria-st..  Westminster,  S.W.... 

Aberdare- English  Wesleyan  Schoolroom,  Ticcynon    Trustees    J.  Llewellin  Smith  and  Davies,  Architects,  Aberdate 

Amereham,  Bucks- School  and  House    Grammar  School  Governors  H.  Belch.  Architect,  Chesham 

Khymney— Library  and  Institute Workmen's  Library  Committee   J.  Llewellin  Smith  and  Davies,  Architects,  Aberdare 

SpeeloD.  Yorka-Coastguard  Buildings  Admiralty The  Coastguard  Stati(m,  Filcv 

rrawie  1  oint.  S.  Devon -Coastguard  Buildings  Admiralty The  Superintending  Civil  Kugineer.  H.M.  Dockyard.  Devonport   ... 

Carli.sle-Byreat  Lunatic  A-ylum    Asylum  Committee  Geo.  Dale  Oliver,  F.It.I.B.A  .  Carlisle 

Stainland-Eight  Houses C.  F.  L.  Horsfall  and  Son.  Archts..  Lord-street  Chambers.  Halifax 

Biulgend-Heconatructing  Market  Buildings  Earl  of  Dunraven Henry  Martin  and  Son.  Archts  ,  '20.  Patadise-street.  Birmingham  .. 

West  Ham-Repair  and  Painting  of  Schools Education  Committee  W.  Jacques.  A  IM.B.A.,  2.  Fen-court,  Fenchurch-stieet,  EC 

Brentford--_l',xtension  of  Wholesale  Produce  Market    Urban  District  Council    Nowell  Parr,  Engineer.  Clifden  House,  Boston-road,  Brentford 

Tauntim-Iree  Library,  Corporation-street  Free  Librarv  Trustees Colbourne,  Ijttle,  and  Ooodison.  Architects,  London 

WimblcJon— Enlargement  of  .Schoids Education  Committee R.  H.  Smcthurst  ButtorvMiitb.  Council  Offices,  Wimbledon,  S.W.... 

Hebburn-on-lyne- Chancel  at  St.  Cuthbert's  Church Wm.  Mitchell.  Post  i  Hfice,  Willington  Quay 

I^mbeth,  SE- River  Wall  and  Embanked  Wharf  Borough  Council    Henry  Edwards  C  E  ,  Boro'  Ennineer,  SIS,  Kennington-rond,  S.E.. 

Slough-.\dditiona  to  School,  Stoke-road Lee  and  Farr,  Architects.  Slouxh  

Felixstowe -liesidence,  Pnory-road H.  W.  Buxton,  Architect,  Bank  Corner,  Hamilton-road,  Felixstowe      — 

Lxeter-Labnratones  at  School .-  James  Jerman,  F  li.I  B.A.,  1,  Bedford-circus,  Exeter    — 

Bury-St.  .Str-rlicn  s  Vicarage D.  Hardman,  Architect.  Agar-atrett.  Bury.  Lanes  — 

Felixstowe- I'air  i.f  shops  and  Houses,  Hamilton-road   H.  W.  Buxton,  .Vrchitcct.  Bank  Corner,  Hamilton-road,  Felixstowe      — 

Meltham-Additiuus  to  Stores Co-operative  Trading  Society,  Ltd...,  Wm.  Carter,  .Architect,  Meltham    — 

CarUsIe-Alterations  to  His  Majesty's  Theatre John  F.  H.  Harriman,  Architect,  26,  Castle-street,  Carlisle  — 


820  THE     BUILDING    NEWS.       Joxe  3,  1904. 


BTJIIiDINQS— con'ini'ai. 

Bartnn-on-H.imber-Werieyan  Chapel  at  BoLby  Lidge  : .^ J-  Beacock,  Caretaker  Wesley  Chapel,  Barton-on-Hamber - 

Wnmbwell -House.  Honeh-lane    Oscar  Ardron Jno  Robinson  Architect.  Park  Cottage  WombweU   - 

Catdiffe.  Rotheiham-i-hnp  and  House ^ ■,■•■■ •^•j?^-*'''-'''/5'n''''.''*'?;*  ^   S"    i  ^  Vp  '^m- W 'JV-^ ~ 

Otlev-AdditionstoKiDeholme  J.  Hastings  Duncan,  MP Adkin  and  Hill,  Architects  Prudential  BuUdings,  Bradford    - 

Sheffield-House,  Pitsmoor-road   Sv**^'*''^  Vi  H"ymarket,  Sheffield — 

Parrow-in-Furnesg-AltcratiniiB  to  Technical  Schools  Corporation The  BorruRh  Enpneer,  Town  Hall,  Barrow-in-Furnesj  .  — 

Nottingham -Additions  to  Midland  Institution  for  Blind  -^^..  ^  ^,...;.    ■  ■■ ■■ S'^""'  ^yP^'^"}''  ^pMen  Chambers,  Pelh^m-Btreet,  Nottingham  ..      - 

Hexham— Sunday  School  West  End      United  Methodist  Free  Church T.  E.  Davidson,  Archi  tect,  32,  Clayton-st.  West,  Newcastle-on-Tyne.      — 

Meitham-Additione  to  Stores Industrial  Co-op.  Trading  Society  ...  W,  Carter,  Architect,  Station-street,  Meltham,  near  Huddersfield...      — 

ELEOTRIOAL    PLANT. 

Pontypridd— Motors  Urban  District  Council    Reginald  P.  Wilson,  66    Victoria-street,  Westminster June   4 

t'phall— E  ectric  LislitTnstaliation  "!!!'"".'- Linlithgow  County  Council    ...  A.  Lindsay,  Engineer.  11,  Jaimaica-street,  Glasgow „  li) 

West  Ham— Electric  Wiring  bt  Park  Schools   Education  Committee  W.  Jacques,  A  R  LB.A.,  2,  Fen-o-rort,  Fenchurch-street.  E.C „  20 

Maccle-fleld— Wiring  and  Plant  at  Parkside  Asylum Visiting  Committee  Laeey,  Sillar,  and  Leigh.  Engs.,  2.  Queen  Anne's  Gate.  S.W „  20 

Whitechapel.  E.— Electric  Light  Installation  at  Baths Stepney  Borough  Council     M.  W.  Jameson.  Boro"  Eng..  15.  Great  Alie-steet.  Whitcohapel,  E  ..     ..  20 

Johannesburg— Cables.  &c .Tohannesburg  Municipal  Tramways  Mordey  and  Dawbarn.  Engineers.  82,  Victoria-street.  S.W July  4 

Shanghai,  China-Electric  Tramways Municipal  Council John  Pook  and  Co.,  63,  I.«adenhall-street,  London,  E.C „  30 

ENGINEERINO. 

Manchester-Cyclone  Dust  Collecting  Plants    '''orporation  Tramways  Committee  ...  J.  M.  M'Elroy,  Man.,  Tramwayi  Dept..  55,  Piccadilly, Manchester  ..  June    4 

Pontypool— Improving  Well  Ruial  Distiict  Council  D.  J.  Lougher,  Bank  Chambers,  Pontypool ,,  4 

Kendal— Cutting  Trench  South  Westmoreland  R.D  C Robert  Dobson,  5.  Lowther-street,  Kendal ,,  4 

Cockermouth— Remodelling  Mart Mit^^heU's  Auction  Co.  Directors Joseph  Graham,  Architect,  Bank  Chambers.  Bank-street,  Carlisle  ..    „  4 

Epsom— Mainlaying  Uiban  District  Council    W.  V.  Graham,  M.I. G.E..  6,  Queen  Anne's  Gate,  Westminster,  S.W.    „  6 

Larne- Extending  Water  Supply Urban  District  Council    J.  H.  H.  Swiney.  M.I. C.E  ,  Avenue  Chambers.  Belfast ,  6 

Sheffield -Ga-^holder  United  Gaslight  Co Hanbury  Thomas,  General  Manager,  Commercial-street,  Sheffield  ..    „  6 

Dinnington.  Yorks— Branch  Sidings    South  Yorkshire  Jt.  Line  Committee  R.  Elliott  Cooper,  Engineer,  8.  The  Sanctuary,  Westminster,  S.W.    „  6 

Ventnor,  I. W.— Timber  Groyne Urban  District  Council    E.J.  Haivey,  Survey,  r.  ^'entnor,  I.  W ,,  6 

Goldcliff.  Mon.— Sea-Walls Commission  of  Sewers Togarmah  Rees.  M.I.O.E.,  Com  Exchange  Chmbrs..  Newport.  Mon.    ,,  6 

Lambeth.  S.E.— Partial  Repaying  Vauxhall  Bridge  London  County  Council  The  Engineer's  Department,  County  Hall.  Spring  Gardens,  S.W.  ...    „  7 

Carlisle — Waterworks     - Corporation James  Mansergh  and  Sons,  Engineers.  5.  Victoria-st ,  Westminster    „  7 

Workington— Healing  St.  Michael's  Schools Education  Committee  A.  H.  Coyle,  Architect,  10,  John-street.  Adelphi.  W.C ,  7 

Tottenham.  N.— Inverting  Mo.selle  Brook Urban  District  Council    W.  H.  Prefcntt  AM  I. C.E.,  712,  Hish-road,  Tottenham „  7 

North  ShieMs— Storm-water  Culvert  Tynemouth  Corporation John  F.  Smillie.  Borough  Surveyor,  Tynemouth    ..  „  7 

Chelsea.  S.W. —  Repairing  Bridge London  County  Council  The  Engineer's  Department.  County  Hall.  Spring  Gardens.  S.W 7 

Bury— Heating  Car  Dt  pot.  Rochdale-road Tramways  Committee  Arthur  W.  Bradley,  A.M.I.C.E  ,  Borough  Engineer,  Bury  „  7 

Stirchley-Sinking  Well  and  Borehole King's  Norton  and  Northfield  U.D.C.  A.  W.  Cross.  A.M.I  C  E..  23.  Valentine-roid.  King's  Heath    ,  T 

Carlisle —Waterworks    Corporation .Tames  Mansergh  and  Sons.  Engineers.  5.  Vict  tria-st.,  Westminster    „  7 

"Wandsworth.  S.W. —Rppaving  Bridge    London  County  Council  The  Engineer's  Department.  County  Hall.  Spring  Gardens,  S.W.  ...    „  7 

Dewsbury- Lancashire  Boiler Corporation R.  H.  Campion.  Boro' Elec.  Eng..  Bradford-road,  Dewsbury   „  8 

Kinsale-Pnmp Rural  District  Council  Richard  Evans.  C.E..  53.  Soutli  Mall,  Cork ,  8 

Ashton-in-Makeifield— Filter  Beds  Urban  District  Council    T.  Burgess.  Waterworks  Engineer.  Ashton-in-Makerfield    8 

Truro— Sea  Wall City  Council Measham  Lea.  City  Surveyor,  Truro „  8 

Exeter -Tramways Corporation T.  Moulding,  City  Eng.,  Mun.  Offices,  Southernhay  West,  Exeter...    ,,  !► 

Ryde-Rfconstiuction  of  Promenade  Pier Pier  Company Theodore  R.  Saunders.  C.E..  Belgrave  Chambers.  Ventnor  ,,  10 

Portsmouth -Condensing  Plant Town  Council Kincaid,  Waller.  Manville.  &  Dawson,  2i),  Gt.  George-street,  S.W.    ,,  11 

Erith — Bridge,  Lower-road  Level  Crossing    Urban  District  Council    Charles  H.  Fry.  Clerk,  Erith .    „  13 

Brockweir— County  Road  Bridge  over  River  Wye  Bridge  Committee 8.  W.  &  A,  L.  Yockney,  Eogs.,  53,  Victoria-st.,  Westminster,  S.W.    ,  13 

Edinburgh    Boilers    Gas  Commisioners   W.  R.  Herring.  M  I.e. E..  Engineer.  New-st.  Works,  Edinburgh ,,  13 

Newton  Abbot— Waterworks Rural  District  Council 8.  C.  Chapman.  A.M  I.C.E  .  Torquay H 

Southall-Heating  Public  Offices ITrban  District  Council    R.  Brown,  A.M.I.C.E,  Public  Offices.  Southall,  Middlesex „  14 

East  Peckham— Reconstruction  of  Three  Bridges  Kent  County  Council    Fredk.  W.  Ruck,  County  Architect,  Maidstone 14 

Greenwich,  S.W. —Coal  and  .-Vsh  Conveyors  London  County  Coancil  The  Clerk,  London  County  Council.  Spring  Gardens,  S.W „  14 

Kunnington— Steel  Lattice  Girder  Bridge KiibymoorsideRural  District  Council  J.  E.  Parker.  Civil  Eng..  Post  Office  Chambers,  Newcastle-on-Tyne.    „  15 

Winchester-Additions  to  Sewage  Pumping  Station  Town  Council The  City  Surveyor  Guildhall.  Winchester ,,  15 

Kingswinford— Sewage  Pumps  Rural  District  Council W.  Fiddian.  F.8.I..  Stourbridge  ,  20 

A^hfo^d-  .Steam  Road  Roller East  Ashford  Rural  District  Council.  Horace  Hamilton,  Clerk.  11,  Bank-street,  Ashford.  Kent „  20 

Rhydyllwyt'ar— Bridge  Rural  District  Council  J.  Gill,  .Surveyor.  4,  Brecon-road,  Abergavenny   „  2l) 

Southampton— Heating  Isolation  Hospital    Corporation A.  Crowther,  Borough  Engineer,  Municipal  Oifices,  Southampton  ...    „  21 

Nottingham— Service  Reservoirs  at  Watnall  and  Ramsdale  Hill  Water  Committee S.  Moore,  Water  Offices,  St.  Peter's-.square.  Nottingham  21 

Roundstone,  Co.  Oaiway— Pier  Extensions H.  Williams,  Secretary,  Office  of  Public  Works,  Dahlia „  24 

Cleggan,  Co.  Galway— Pier  Extensions    ; H.  Williams,  Secretary.  Office  of  Public  Works,  Dublin 24 

Kilronan,  Co.  Galway— Pier  Exten-sions .^ H.  Williams,  Secretary.  Office  of  Public  Works,  Dublin „  24 

I^ambeth,  S.E.— River  Wall  and  Embanked  Wharf   Borough  Council   .*, Henry  Edwards,  C.E.,  Boro' Engineer,  316,  Kennington-road,  S.E..    „  30 

Calcutta -Water-meter  Testing  Apparatus  Corporation Fred  Gainsford,  Secretary,  2,  Municipal  Office-street,  Calcutta  ...    .Aug.    1 

Haiphong— Hauling  Slip The  Com.  Intel.  Branch,  Board  of  Trade,  73,  Basinghall-street,  EC.    ,,  7 

Helperby— Suspension  Footbridge  over  River  Swale The  Rev.  N.  F.  McNeile,  Brafferton  Vicarage,  Helperby,  York  — 

Newcastle-on-'Tyne-Heating  Apparatus,  Arthur's  Hill  School  Education  Committee  A.  Ooddard,  Sec,  EducationOffices,  Northumberland-rd., Newcastle      — 

Batley-Cleaning  Dam  at  Cheapside  Mills J.  T.  and  J.  Taylor,  Ltd.,  Chea  pside  Mills,  Batley  — 

FENOINa    AND    "W^ALLS. 

Mold— River  Wall  Alyn  Steel  Tinplate  Co.,  Ltd Saml.  Evans.  Architect,  County  Buildings,  Mold June    B 

Utley— Boundary  Wall,  Ferncliffe-drive  Wm.  Broster,  Surveyor,  Scott-street.  Keighley „  7 

Featherstone— Boundary  Walls  and  Fences  W.  Hamilton  Feamley,  Architect.  Station-lane,  Featherstone ,,  7 

Kingston-on-Thames— Rebuilding  Royal  Cambridge  Asy.  Wall  Corporation Harold  A.  Winser,  Town  Clerk's  Office.  Kingston-upon-Thames  ...    „  8 

Soothill  Nether— Retaining  Walls,  High-road District  Council The  Surveyor  Council  Offices.  Earlsheaton „  9 

Oswestry— Wcod  Fencing Cambrian  Railways  Co The  Stores  Office.  Cambrian  Works.  Oswestry  „  11 

Ilford- Oak  Pale  Fencing,  Taimers-lane Urban  District  Council    H.  Shaw,  A.M  I.C.E. ,  Surveyor.  Public  Offices,  Hford  13 

Darwen— Retaining  Wall Corporation The  Borough  Engineer,  Municipal  Buildings,  Darwea   „  13 

FURNITURE    AND    FITTINGS. 

Lichfield- New  Shopfront,  Bird-street    Milley's  Hospital  Trustees Wm.  Perry,  39-41,  Bare-street.  Lichfield June   4 

Liverpool- Iron  Bedsteads  (150)  at  Workhouse  Select  Vestry   H.  J.  Hagger,  Vestry  Clerk,  Parish  Offices,  Liverpool „  6 

Tipton— Council  Schools,  Park-lane Urban  District  Council    Alfred  Long,  Architect,  21,  New-street.  West  Bromwich  „  7 

Plymouth— Three  Sliding  Partitions Education  Authority    E.  Chandler  Cook,  Education  Sec.  18,  Princess-square.  Plymouth  ..    ,.  10 

Plymouth— Th'rty-four  Dining  Benches    Guardians W.  Adams.  Clerk.  13,  Princes.s-square.  Plymouth „  11 

Downpatrick— Bedsteads  (100)  Committee  of  Management    The  Resident  Medical  Superintendent,  Lunatic  Asy.,  Downpatrick    „  17 

Carlisle— Committee  Rooms  and  Offices  in  Crown  Court  Cuuoty  Property  Committee C.  W.  Allan  Hodgson,  Clerk,  Cumberland  County  Council,  Carlisle      — 

PAINTING. 

Northwich    Council  Schools A.  E.  Thomas,  Verdin  Technical  Schools.  Noithwich June    4 

Blackwood,  Mon.— Rxk  Inn  Buchan  and  Co T.  Roderick,  Architect,  Glebeland.  MertbyrTydBl  „  4 

Aberdare -Training  Schools   Mejthyr  Tydfll  Guardians Frank  T.  James.  Clerk.  134,  High-street,  Merthyr  Tydfil  4 

Belfast-Cammoney  Presbjterian  Church Young  and  Mackenzie,  Scottish  Provident  Buildings,  Belfast 4 

Thrapston— Workhouse    Guardians Gerald  Hunnybun,  Clerk,  Thrapston ,.  ti 

Halifax-Council  Schools Education  Committee  James  Lord,  C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Hilifax 6 

York— Hospitals  and  Other  Properties   Charity  Trustees    E.  T.  Felgate,  Architect,  3,  Stonegate,  York  ,.  S 

Consett— Three  Houses  and  Tenement    Wm.  Aynsley Thomas  H.  Murray,  Architect,  Consett 7 

Brynmawr—Rehoboth  Congregational  Church Habershon  and  Fa wckner.  Architects.  11.  High-street,  Newport ,  7 

bwindon-Schools                     Corporation W.  Seaton,  Secretary.  Town  Hall  Ssindon 8 

CnimpsaU-Outside  of  Workhouse  Manchester  Guardians A.  J.  Murgatroyd,  Architect,  23,  Strutt-street,  Manchester „  8 

Hunslet-Children  s  Homes  and  Offices Guardians Fred  W.  Mee,  Clerk.  Union  Offices.  Hunslet.  Leeds * 

West  Hartlepool-Council  Schools    , Education  Committee  J.  Kobson  Smith.  Secretary.  Education  Offices.  West  Hartlepool 8 

5'^?«°.-P'"r  of  }  '""^/v;-,-; Walker  and  CoUinson,  Architects.  Swan-arcade,  Bradford  tf 

Enniskillen-Protestant  Hall Xhos.  Elliott,  Architect,  Darling-street,  EaniskUlen  10 

bUinland-tight  Houses... .■•■•■;••••• C.  F.  L.  Horsfall  &  Son,  Archts.,  Lord-street  Chambers,  HaUfax  ..    „  U 

Southampton -Hartley  University  College    Councd D.  Kiddle,  Registrar,  Southampton U 

ExeleyBedale-Wesleyan  Chapel    T.  Hogg,  Exeley.  Bedale    H 

auU- Twelve  Schools  v  •■  vv,-,; ;; Education  Committee  The  Education  Offices,  Albion-street,  Hull 11 

«     .l~,i     ^  ?r°'rS"^''''2''''°''*' '^''""''' W.  E.  Jones,  Secretary,  54.  Hall-street,  Rhos U 

i?  jo^    w    ,     ^^^t"  ■•■, i-i-;'-; Urban  District  CouncU    R.  Brown.  A.M.I.C.E..  Public  Offices.  Southall,  Middlesex „  14 

PadBcld-Wesleyan  Chapel  and  School  Walter  Smith,  37,  Post-street,  Padfleld 1* 

^orn^  DonMster-Isolation  Hospital  Rural  District  Council J.  BUnley,  Surveyor.  Thorne  2J 

w.^t  „  "^.Kr    T  K   W.i-i-j-V"; Education  Committee  W.  Jacques.  A.R.I.B. A.,  2.  Fen-court.  Fenchurch-street,  E.C „  iO 

S?  IS.^?i      °  Library  Pitfleld-street Shoreditch  Borough  CouncU J.  Rush  Dixon,  A.M.I.C.E..  Town  HaU.  Old-street,  E.C „  21 

ST^Ii,'  ?f,°T~    Tk  K^T.^S?  I?®.?;  -v.  ">;e ^^^ Guardians Ithel  Thomas,  Clerk,  Queen's-hiU.  Newport,  Mon 2» 

wJi^b.™    P  '^°*7s'\!'"?'  "'  "•  C"thbert'8  Church  Wm.  Mitchell,  Post  Office,  Willington  Quay 3» 

NewSst^n'^vn.    Sr'i ;,-p    •,  i- ■•.■■r, ^-i Thomas  Bury.  Clerk,  Guildhall.  Wrexham  .  SJ 

Kewca«ue-on-lyne-Bchools  and  Caretakers' Houses   Education  Committee  A.  Goddard,  Sec,  Education  Offices,  Northumberland-rd.,  Newcastle      — 

St  Abb  -TT  PLUMBING    AND    GLAZING. 

Mknchestei-BwiiitonBdiMl. H a- Eoghan  K.  Carmichatl,  C.E.,  Architect,  14,  Queen-st.,  Edinburgh..  June   6 

ijieror    owmton  BchoolSj Guardians A.  J.  Murgatroyd,  Architect,  23,  Strutt-street,  Manchester  


June  10,  1904. 


THE   BUILDING    NEWS. 


821 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERINa  JOURNAL. 
VOL.  LXXXVL— No.  2579. 


FRIDAY,  Jirs'E  10,  1904. 

CO-OPEEATION  OP  THE  ARCHITECT 
AND  ENGINEER. 

INDUSTRIAL  and  municipal  developments 
that  have  lately  come  into  notice,  and 
forced  their  demands  on  the  architect's 
attention,  have  rather  altered  the  relations 
between  architecture  and  engineering.  Before 
these  developments  occupied  attention  the  two 
professions  worked  side  bj*  side,  each  in  his 
own  groove,  without  any  interference.  I'^ach 
had  his  own  separate  work,  and  probably  the 
only  kind  of  building  or  construction  for 
which  both  put  in  a  claim  was  the  construc- 
tion of  bridges  and  railway  stations.  With 
regard  to  bridge-building,  indeed,  the  engi- 
neer has  had  his  own  way  since  at  least  the 
construction  of  railways,  which  gave  an 
impetus  to  bridge-construction,  though  the 
engineer's  e.xclusive  right  to  this  class  of 
structure  has  always  been  disputed.  In  the 
erection  of  large  terminus  stations  for  our 
great  lines  of  railway,  the  engineer  has 
generally  been  associated  with  an  architect 
in  the  external  design.  At  least  we  know 
several  of  our  large  terminal  stations  have 
been  designed  by  architects,  from  that  of 
Southampton,  one  of  the  first  we  believe, 
designed,  by  the  late  Sir  William  Tite,  to 
those  of  the  North- Western  at  Euston,  and 
the  Midland  at  St.  Pancras,  the  latter  being, 
as  all  our  readers  know,  by  the  late  Sir 
Gilbert  Scott,  who  was  also  the  architect 
of  the  hotel  in  front.  Since  the  railway 
era,  various  kinds  of  building  for  utili- 
tarian purposes  have  sprung  into  existence 
The  development  of  water  supply  for 
our  large  towns  has  necessitated  the 
erection  of  engine  houses  for  pumping, 
and  the  various  rec^uirements  in  connection 
with  sewage  and  utilisation  schemes  have  in 
like  manner  called  for  the  design  of  build- 
ings for  pumping  stations  and  boiler-houses. 
Workshops,  factories,  power  stations  for 
electrical  plant  have  quite  recently  added 
greatly  to  the  possible  development  of  the 
architect's  functions.  We  owe  this  trans- 
ference of  buildings  constructed  for  engineer- 
ing purposes  to  the  progress  of  specialism. 
The  engineer  is  now  so  entirely  occupied  with 
the  design  of  the  mechanical  arrangements 
and  plant,  that  he  has  less  time  to  devote 
himself  to  architectural  design,  and  to  this 
extent  the  architect  has  been  more  brought 
iuto  requisition.  Thus  the  relation  between 
the  two  professions  has  been  altered.  A 
readjustment  of  the  relation  has  become 
necessary.  On  one  side  the  line  of  demarca- 
tion limiting  the  engineer's  from  the  archi- 
tect's work  has  become  stronger,  while  the 
latter's  knowledge  of  engineering  arrange- 
ments is  practically  an  extension.  He  must 
at  least  have  an  intelligent  and  general 
knowledge  of  the  requirements  of  pumping 
and  machinery  equipments  and  electricity 
before  he  can  grasp  the  conditions  of  the 
problem.  The  engineer  may,  and  often  does, 
assist  him  in  the  general  plan  ;  but  ho  ought 
to  be  so  far  a  master  of  the  requirements  to 
have  a  free  hand  in  the  design,  to  bo  able  to 
advise  on  possible  modificatious  of  plan 
and  structure,  which  he  could  not  do  if  he 
wholly  depended  on  the  engineer's  instruc- 
tions, and  this  independence  has  brought 
about  a  more  perfect  co-operation  between 
the  professions  than  had  previously  been 
possible.  Eor  instance,  it  was  usual  when 
a  railway  station  or  bridge  was  contem- 
plated for  the  engineer  to  consult  the  architect 
about  the  elevation.  The  plan  and  struc- 
tural arrangements  were  completed  before 
the  architect  was  called  in— a  proceeding 
which   resulted    naturally  in  a  case  of  two 


cooks  spoiling  the  broth.  Between  them  both 
the  work  became  a  failure.  The  engineering 
requirements  trespassed  on  the  plan,  in  the 
j  section,  in  the  elevation,  and  the  architect 
j  submitted  to  the  demands,  and  in  a  half- 
hearted way  designed  something  that  he 
could  not  admire.  We  have  only  to  look  at 
the  buildings  of  an  engineering  kind — our 
railway  stations,  factories,  pumping  stations, 
and  engine-houses  to  discover  the  unworthy 
compromise  between  so-  called  utility  and  art. 
Unfortunately  those  who  were  called  in  to 
make  designs  for  such  works,  instead  of 
attempting  to  suggest  a  better  way,  gave  up 
in  despair,  or  introduced  ornamental  features 
of  doubtful  meaning  to  conceal  what  was 
thought  to  be  unsightly.  We  see,  for  in- 
stance, gable  ends  of  engine-houses  enriched 
by  questionable  details,  and  power  stations 
embeUished  by  Gothic  screens,  in  which 
large  traceried  windows  appear,  expedients 
introduced  to  mask  the  naked  baldness  of  the 
structure  within.  Factory  and  engine-house 
and  power  stations  are  frequently  adorned  by 
chimney  shafts  representingltalian  campanili. 
The  Tower  Bridge  is  another  example  of  archi- 
tectural engineering  in  which  l4th-ceutury 
gateways  and  machicola ted  towers  of  fortress- 
,  like  character  of  thin  stone  form  the  ex'ernal 
!  casings  of  the  steel  framework  for  the 
I  chains  which  raise  and  let  down  the  bascules 
i  of  the  centre  span.  These  are  a  few  illustra- 
tions of  the  questionable  mode  of  using 
architectural  design  to  conceal  the  real  struc- 
j  ture  in  the  absence  of  a  better  understanding 
'  between  the  engineer  and  designer.  They 
I  are  standing  witnesses  of  the  transition  from 
!  structural  engineering  to  the  architectural 
'  solution,  (_)ur  railway  bridges  and  viaducts 
across  our  public  streets  still  oflend  the  eye 
by  their  extreme  harshness  and  unsightly 
appearance.  Where  anything  has  been  done 
to  render  them  ornamental,  as  in  the  railway 
viaduct  at  Ludgate  Hill,  it  is  by  concealing 
the  only  structural  part,  the  main  girders, 
which  carry  the  railway  track,  rather  than  by 
boldly  designing  them  on  more  artistic  lines. 
The  same  remark  applies  to  many  of  oui' 
modern  bridges  across  the  Thames.  Black- 
friars  and  Westminster  Bridges,  and  the 
proposed  Lambeth  Bridge  aiJord  instances  of 
iron  and  steel  structures  in  which  the  engi- 
neer's design  has  been  accepted,  and  an 
ornamental  screen  work  or  spandrel  facing 
designed  to  give  a  sort  of  architectural 
character  to  the  structure.  The  first  named 
is  at  least  a  more  honest  attempt  than  the 
second,  as  the  segmental  arched  ribs  are  ex- 
ternally shown.  The  claim  of  steel  over 
masonry  or  granite  for  bridges  which  have  a 
steep  rise  or  gradient  is,  no  doubt,  a  strong 
one,  which  the  engineer  cannot  disregard  ; 
but  whj'  should  not  the  architect  be  con- 
sulted to  assist  the  engineer  in  tho  design  ': 
Probably  because  the  architect  is  supposed  to 
be  less  acquainted  with  steel  construction,  or 
that  his  proposals  will  be  of  too  radical 
a  kind  to  be  considered  practical  or 
moderate  in  cost.  The  design  of  the  external 
spandrels  may  be  left  to  him,  and  this  is 
all  that  the  engineer  or  his  employers 
are  prepared  to  do.  Tho  remedy  for  this 
state  of  things  is  not  likelj'  to  be  found  till 
the  committees  intrusted  with  works  of  this 
kind  invite  architects  to  submit  designs. 
There  are  siirelj'  men  to  be  found  in  the 
profession  who  are  quite  capable  of  applying 
their  art  to  stetdwork.  Tho  possibilities  of 
steel-concrete  construction  are  groat,  and 
what  has  been  done  in  smaller  works  can  be 
taken  as  a  guide.  A  good  deal  may  be 
argued  on  each  side.  Professional  men,  and 
especially  artists,  do  not  care  about  sharing 
the   credit  of     unimportant    work.      It    is, 

Sorhaps,  not  unnatural  that  tho  engineer  or 
osignor  of  a  bridge  does  not  like  tho  architect 
to  conio  in  and  take  tho  most  attractive  part 
of  the  dosign—tho  elevation.  Ft  is  tho  out- 
ward appearance  of  a  thing  which  appeals  to 
tho  public  tiiste  and  favour.  Tho  architect 
gets  at  least  this  share  of   tho  work,  small 


and  unimportant  though  it  may  be.  On  this 
point  we  have  something  to  say.  He  ought 
not  to  feel  satisfied  with  following  the  engi- 
neer's lines  and  curves  of  his  steel-construc- 
tion—designing piers,  .spandrels,  and  balus- 
trading.  When  the  architect  has  or  ex- 
periences this  compunction,  that  the  credit 
due  to  him  is  for  a  very  subordinate  part, 
and  that  he  can  claim  no  share  in  the  real 
structural  design  of  the  work,  whatever  it 
may  be,  there  may  be  some  hope  of  an 
amendment,  and  it  will  be  a  healthful  sign 
of  an  awakening  from  a  false  position.  No 
conscientious  architect  can  honestly  believe 
in  "  decorated  construction,"  or  of  becoming 
a  decorator  of  engineering  work  ;  he  cannot 
honestly  say  that  he  is  a  part-author  of 
the  design,  unless  he  has  taken  a  share  in  the 
initial  conception  of  the  bridge  or  other  work, 
and  the  main  constructive  parts  of  which  it 
is  composed.  The  design  of  a  river  bridge 
involves  various  considerations.  Pier  con- 
struction, waterway,  gradient,  span,  the  best 
form  of  girder  or  arched  rib,  the  loads  under 
varying  conditions.  Piers  must  be  propor- 
tioned to  tho  foundations,  to  kind  of  girder, 
and  the  thrust,  height  above  river  level,  and 
other  things.  All  these  factors  have  to 
determine  the  general  design ;  other  decorative 
effects  are  subsidiary  to  it.  To  take  this 
view  of  engineering  design  the  architectural 
profession  have  something  to  learn.  They 
must  be  able  to  place  themselves  in  the 
position  of  the  engineer,  to  anticipate  the 
difficulties  of  steel  or  masonry  construction, 
and  the  various  conditions  of  the  building  ; 
and  this  point  of  view  has  not  been  taken. 
The  relation  between  engineers  and  architects 
has  been  rather  one  of  antagonism.  The 
former  has  regarded  the  architect's  ideas  as 
chimerical  or  impracticable,  as  based  on  im- 
perfect knowledge  and  experience  of  iron 
and  steel ;  while  the  architect  has  looked 
upon  the  engineer's  work  as  crude  and 
inartistic,  based  on  mathematical  theories 
and  formuhe  which  leave  much  unsatisfied, 
and  which  seldom  give  any  sense  of  pleasure. 
These  antagonistic  opinions  have,  of  course, 
prevented  any  cnlenti'  conlinlc  between  the 
professions,  and  have  rather  widened  the 
gulf  which  separates  them.  While  regard- 
ing each  other  from  such  opposite  stand- 
points, we  cannot  wonder  that  differences 
have  been  magnified,  and  that  any  agreement 
between  them  has  been  rendered  more  diffi- 
cult of  accomplishment. 

When  on  one  side  it  is  argued  that  an 
engineer  is  the  only  qualified  person  to 
design  a  bridge  or  a  structure  used  for 
engineering  purposes ;  and  on  the  other  side 
it  is  argued  that  without  an  architectural 
training  no  engineer  can  build  such  a  struc- 
ture that  will  be  satisfactory,  it  is  impossible 
to  come  to  any  mutual  terms  which  underlie 
or  are  common  to  both  professions.  On  tho 
engineer's  part,  a  great  deal  of  his  prejudice 
against  art  or  a^sthetical  principles  is  derived 
from  the  early  instruction  of  the  civil 
engineer,  lie  learned  only  partial  truths 
from  his  master  and  at  school.  l"or  example, 
aU  held  half  a  century  ago  to  tho  atomic 
theory,  and  anyone  who  doubted  its  truth 
was  considered  ignorant,  as  Sir  Guilford 
Molosworth,  in  his  inaugural  address  at  the 
City  Guilds  Central  Technical  College,  said 
last  year  ;  but  ho  reminded  his  hearers  that 
Professor  Huxley  j-ears  afterwards  had 
declared  that  these  molecules  or  atoms  were 
"creations  of  the  imagination  and  pure 
assumptions."  Neither  have  chemical  facts 
proved  tho  truth  of  that  theory.  In  J  ike 
manner,  a  great  deal  of  the  enginoor's  early 
education  and  training  in  construction  has 
been  proved  to  be  defective.  Tho  principles 
of  bridge  construction  have  undergone  con- 
siderable modifications.  Cast  iron,  so  often 
iisod  in  tho  earlier  railway  bridges,  was  first 
believed  to  bo  a  s;ifo  material ;  but  much  has 
since  been  learned  about  the  tensile  and 
compressive  strengths  of  cast  iron,  its  chemical 
composition,  Ac.  Professor  Unwin  has  shown 


822 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  10,  1904. 


that  the  tensile  tests  give  better  indications 
of  the  quality  of  the  material  for  structural  { 
pxirjioses  than  the  compressive  tests,  which  i 
were  at  first  considered  sufficient.     Since  the 
establishment  of  the  engineering  laboratory 
in  our  technical  schools,  and  the  experiments 
made   with  testing   machines,   the  qualities 
of  iron  and  steel  and  their  use  in  construction 
have  been  developed  to  a  degree  which  has  ren- 
dered new  ideas  of  design  possible.    In  short, 
engineering  speculation  and  science  cannot  j 
lay  down  or  enunciate    a  code  of  rules  on  | 
design,   for   new  materials  and  methods  are 
always  being  introduced.     With   steel  con-  | 
struction  we  seem  to  have  reached  a  point  | 
where  asthetic  considerations  have  no  common 
ground  ;  nothing  appears  at  first  sight  to  be 
more    utterly  at   variance    than    steel    and 
artistic  treatment.     What  can  the  architect 
do  with  a  steel  truss  or  roof— its  members  : 
are   so   light  and    thin  ':     The   most   econo-  ; 
mical  distribution  of  the  metal  in  ties  and 
struts   has   not   been  favourable   to   artistic 
designers.     But  who  could  have  foretold  that 
steel  could  be   employed  to  strengthen  and  ; 
reinforce  concrete,   and  could  be  shaped  to 
almost  every  requirement?  So  from  the  strictly 
engineering  side  of  the  question  not  very  much 
can  be  expected  to  bring  about  a  reconcilia- 
tion between  the  professions.     The  engineer 
moves  in  a   hand-to-mouth  way ; — where  a 
new  material  is  found  or  method  introduced 
it  is  immediately  turned  to  account  in  the 
most    direct    way    without    consulting    the 
architect ;    he  resists   all   improvements   till 
another  new  material    is   forced   upon   his 
attention.     On  the  architect's  side  there  is  a 
reluctance   to   use   the  engineer's  type,  but 
there  is  prejudice  also  on  his  part.     He  will  I 
not  take  the  trouble  to  consider  the  question  ' 
from  the  engineer's  point  of  view.     He  will  i 
not  make  himself  acquainted  with  the  new 
material,  but   allows   it  to   be  employed  by  i 
the  engineer  till  it  is   too    late   to   suggest  j 
any  modification.     From  scientific  analysis,  { 
tests  of  material,  he  keeps   aloof ;  yet  from 
such   an   independent   standpoint  he  is  apt 
to     condemn     all     that     the    engineer    has 
done.     No  doubt  he  has  good  ground  for  his  j 
protests,  when  he  sees  engineering  structures 
costing  fabulous  sums,  so  utterly  crude  and  , 
unsightly,  S3  opposed  to  all  art  sense.     Yet 
he  has  made  no  attempt.     On  each  side  there 
has  been  prejudice.     The  only  hope  of  better 
relations  being  established  is  for   each  pro- 
fession to  try  to   begin   to  understand   each 
other's  position.     The  time  has   arrived  for 
a   rapprochoncnt.     The  installation  of  elec- 
tric lighting  and    tramways,  the  design    of  \ 
power-stations,  and  other  structures  requir-  ' 
ing  engineering  skill,  has   made  it  more  in- 
cumbent on   the    architect  to  master  these 
questions.     In  his  instructive  paper  he  read  ! 
some  time  ago,  on  the  "Design  and  Con-; 
struction  of  Electric-Generating  Stations,"  at 
the  Institute,  Mr.  Stanley  Peach  pointed  out 
that  co-operation  of  the   two  professions  of 
building    and     mechanical     engineering    is 
necessary.     The  latter  profession  is  of  the 
most   complex    natur.?,   and  from    the  very 
beginning    electric -supply     engineers    have 
been  too  busy  on  the  working-out  and  per- 
fectmg  of  the  many  devices  and  details   of 
the  va,rious  systems  of  the  subject  to  spend 
any  time  or  thought  in  the  consideration  of 
the  buildings.     Mr.  Teach  says  :   "From  the 
moment  that  the  plant  arrangement  whith  the 
engineer  requires  has  been  given  to  the  archi- 
tect, the  former  never  expects,  nor  wishes  to 
have  anything  more  to  do  with  the  buildings 
until  the   architect  is  in  a  position  to  hand 
them  over  ready  for  the  engineer's  work  to 
commence  and  plant  to  be  erected."  True,  but 
during  this  time  the  engineer  and  architect 
must  be   in  touch.     The  latter  has  to  deal 
with  legal  questions  affecting  the  building ; 
their  costs,    as  well   as   their  construction. 
He  must  have  a  knowledge  of   the  industry 
and  w'aat  its  developments  are   likely  to  be, 
he  must  have   a   general  knowledge   about 
machinery  and  electrical   plant.     The  same 


advice  will  apply  to  all  other  structures  in 
which  the  two  professions  are  concerned. 
They  must  co-operate,  while  preserving 
their  organised  functions  independently. 


DUDLEY   GALLERY  AET  SOCIETY. 

THE   summer  collection   of  water-colour  [ 
pictures   and   sketches,    opened  at  the 
Egyptian  Hall,    Piccadilly,   last  Tuesday,  is  ] 
representative  of  the  society's  average  work,  j 
which    now   enters    its   fortieth   year.     The ; 
members  include  many  names  well  known  in  ' 
the  Art  world.     As  we  enter  the  gallery,  on  \ 
the  left  we   can  still   admire  the  aims  and  , 
work  of  many  well-known  members  of  the  ! 
society — Mrs.   Sydney    Bristowe,   !Mrs.  Rose  ' 
Hake,  Walter  Severn  (the  President),  E.  T. 
Wells.     The     first-named     lady    has    three 
pictures  or  studies  of  figui'es,  which  display 
her  usual  strength,   freedom,   and  power  of 
handling,  in  delineation  of  form,  light,  and  i 
shadow.     "The    Canary"   (1)  and  "In  the' 
Studio  "  (17)  are  both  good  examples  of  Mrs.  \ 
Bristowe's  boldness  and  firmness  of  drawing  ] 
the  figure.     "The    Canary"    is  a  lady,  in  | 
canary-coloured    dress,    with    roses   in   her  i 
hair,  standing  petting  a  canary,  whose  cage  j 
hangs   in   a    window.      The    figure   is   well 
posed,  and  the  stiff  folds  of  the  satin  dress 
catching  the  light   are    excellently  put  in. 
No.   17,   "In  the  Studio,"  is  a  lady  at  her 
toilet,  in  dark-blue   dress,    seated  before  a 
mirror,   arranging  some  flowers ;   also  very  i 
masterly  in  drawing.     There  is  no  attempt ; 
at  finish  ;   breadth  and  boldness  of  handling 
are  the  chief  qualities  in  these  works.     E.  P.  j 
Wells's   "  Bubb   Down,    from    Twin    Hills,  . 
Melbury,     Dorset "     (2),     is     a    landscape  j 
vigorously  drawn;  and  his  "Old  Cottages, 
Knowleigh,  Devon"  (16),  "A  Dorset  Church- 
yard "(2iSo),  and  "The  Manor  P'arm"   arei 
charming  studies  of  hillside,  road,  and  trees, 
full   of   vigour.     Mrs.    Rose    Hake,    in  her  I 
"Old  Belfry,  Kettins,  Perthshire"  (3),   her: 
"Low  Tide,   Exmouth "   (139),  and  "Low! 
Water  Reefs,"  at  the  same  place  (30),  exhibits  j 
her    usual    skill    in    handling    and   colour.  ' 
The    President,   Walter    Severn,   sends    six ' 
works,    chiefly    lake    scenery,    a    favourite 
class    of  subject,   in  which   varying    effects 
of     light     and     atmosphere     are     depicted 
with  his  usual  felicity  and  skill.     The  "  P'alls 
of  the  Clyde  "  is  a  waterfall  in  three  steps, 
and  Mr.  Severn  has  given  a  good  impression 
of  these  noted  falls.     "  Sea  Birds'  Home — 
Coast  of  Moidart  "   (15),  "Fishing  Boats  at ' 
Newlyn"    (100),    his    fine  view   of    "  Loch  I 
Lomond "    (233),    and    his    two    other  loch ' 
scenes,  "Loch  Hourn  (Loch  of  Hell) "and 
"  Loch  Nevis  (Loch  of  Heaven)  "  (243,  244),  i 
are  particularly  interesting  examples  of  the 
lake.s  and    atmospheric  effects   of  Scotland. 
The    dark    sky   and    hills  of    Loch   Hourn 
well  entitle  it  to  the  name  it  bears.     Heneage  ! 
Griffin's    "Old    Kentish   Manor  House,"  a; 
red  tile-hung  and  timbered  house,  with  its 
brick   chimneystacks   and    gables,   is    freely 
drawn.     Above  hangs  a  fine  seascape,    "A 
Summer  Evening   at  Cape   Figuier,   mouth  j 
of  the  Bidassoa"  (9),  by  Jean  Paguenaud,  ; 
one  of  the  ablest   works    in   the  room  :  it  , 
shows  a  sea  with  crests  of  waves  breaking  on 
a  rocky   coast ;    the   tints  and   reflection   of 
the  red    sunset   sky  in  the  water  are  most 
skilfully  rendered.     Nigel  B.   Severn  has  a  i 
clever    drawing    of    "Japanese   Warships"! 
(11),  and  several  other  interesting  drawings,  ' 
one  of  them  the  courtyard  of  ' '  Chillingham 
Castle,    Northumberland  "  (2.jl),   a  Renais-  i 
sance    example    showing    a   flight   of   stone  j 
steps  leading  to  a  gallery  on  arches  on  one 
side  of  courtyard  ;  also  studies  of  "  Newlyn 
Fishermen"    (282),    "  Battersea   Reach,''  an' 
evening  effect  (286).     E.  Wake  Cook  sends 
several  Italian  subjects.     We  notice  a  small  '; 
deUcately-drawn  figure  subject,   "  The  Peri 
at  the  Gate"    (30),   "St.  Mark's,  Venice — a 
Festa  Night"  (63),  and  a  long  landscape,  "  The 
Alban  Mountains  and    the  Campagna  from 
the  Appian  Way"  (82),  the  hills  and  ruins 


bathed  in  wai-m  sunlight;  "  Tivoli  from  the 
Villa  d'Este"  (94),  and  a  very  fine  upright 
landscape,  "  The  Glory  of  Spring — Bellagio, 
Lake  Como."'  The  blossom  of  varied  hues 
which  form  the  foreground  is  charmingly 
massed,  and  a  view  of  Lake  Como  and 
distant  mountains  beyond  makes  an  attrac- 
tive view  of  this  favoured  spot.  "  A  Marsh- 
land Avenue "  (37),  by  V.  Paul  Brinson, 
who  has  other  pleasing  drawings,  like  "  Grey 
Weather"  (59),  "Evening  Calm"  (124),  and 
other  sketches,  may  be  noticed  in  passing. 
Cav.  S.  Giampietri  is  strong  as  usual  in  his 
very  delightfully  crisp,  bright,  and  accurate 
drawings  of  the  Roman  Forum  (50).  His 
"Temple  of  Saturn"  (42),  No.  283.  is 
interesting,  the  broken  pedestals  and 
frusta  of  columns  and  detail  being  drawn 
with  much  precision.  Miss  Maude  Parker 
has  a  sketch  of  the  interior  of  ' '  Westminster 
Abbey,"  showing  the  effect  of  winter  sun- 
shine, well  handled,  and  we  notice  the 
drawing  of  "  Old  House  at  Brixham  "  (45), 
by  A.  K.  Legge;  "Vesuvius  from  Capri,"  by 
Lexden  L.  Pocock:  a  blue  sea,  with  the 
mountain  and  crater  in  the  distance ;  a  view 
on  the  Thames,  by  Fred.  Jas.  Aldridge  (70) 
is  clover,  but  the  yellowish  tinge  rather  spoils 
the  effect ;  Mima  Nixon  has  a  pleasing  draw- 
ing, "Market  Day,  Honfleur''  (72),  and  we 
may  notice  the  trim  garden  scene  and  flower- 
beds in  William  Affleck's  over-prim  pro- 
duction, "An  Old  Garden":  a  pretty 
cottage  garden,  and  a  girl  in  white 
frock  with  basket  of  flowers,  picking  white 
blossoms  (73).  "  A  Cottage  Garden  "  (105), 
with  its  cottage,  red  poppies,  and  girl  with 
basket  of  flowers,  is  very  stiff  and  finical  in 
style,  despite  the  labour  and  finish.  Vivian 
Rolt  has  several  subjects,  vigorous,  breezy, 
and  broad  in  colour.  His  "  Moorlands,  Corte 
Castle"  (141),  "Windy  Weather"  (51),  "Sto- 
borough  Heath"  (172),  "  Crossing  the  Com- 
mon" (311),  and  his  "Sketches"  (158)  are 
vigorous  and  direct  in  manner.  J.  Paul 
Brinson's  "  Grey  AVeather  "  (59),  a  windmill 
on  a  common  or  heath,  is  a  delightfully 
fresh  sketch.  The  hillocks  of  sand  and  tufts 
of  grass  are  cleverly  handled  in  U.  G.  Stor- 
mont's  "  Sand  Dunes"  (74).  This  painter's 
"Blue  Bells"  (207)  and  "Larkspur"  (249) 
are  also  very  admirable  in  drawing  and 
colour.  Mrs.  Ethel  Moon  has  a  pleasing 
drawing  of  a  finely-carved  Norman  door- 
way or  "  Porch  of  St.  Denis,  Amboise"  (70). 
in  which  the  carved  enrichments  and 
capitals  of  shafts  of  porch  are  well  drawn. 
"  Glen  Sannox,"  by  J.  Carlisle,  High- 
land cattle  on  a  mountain,  with  stream, 
is  strong  in  its  misty  effect.  "Ross  from 
the  River"  is  a  large  upright  landscape 
with  river  and  rising  banks,  upon  which 
the  church  spire  forms  a  feature,  painted 
with  some  power  by  L.  Burleigh  Bruhl. 
No.  87  is  another  sketch  from  Wilton 
Bridge.  Mr.  Bruhl's  work  includes  also 
views,  "Off  Gorleston"  (188),  "Blakeney, 
from  Cley"  (309),  andasketch  "  At Beocles  " 
(334).  One  of  the  cleverest  studies  of  ficnre, 
"Engaged"  (88),  is  by  Walter  S.  Stacey  : 
two  young  girls  sitting  on  a  couch  ;  one  of 
them  has  her  arm  round  the  waist  of  the 
other,  and  is  examining  a  ring  on  the  finger 
of  her  companion,  who  looks  rather  pensive. 
It  is  refined  and  delicate  in  drawing  and 
colour.  Lexden  L.  Pocock's  finished  drawing, 
"A  Field  Path,'"  is  tenderly  treated.  The 
bank  or  hedgerow,  with  primroses  near  the 
rough  stile  between  the  two  fields,  and  the 
sunlight,  are  truthful;  and Berenger  Benger's 
"Faggot  Cutting  in  Sussex"  (90)  is  tho- 
roughly realistic  in  the  winter  look  on  the 
leafless  trees  and  the  brown  tones  of  the 
landscape,  with  the  wreath  of  white  smoke 
from  the  burning  faggots.  Mrs.  James  Jar- 
dine's  "  Varenna  "  (93)  is  rather  too  green 
and  prim  in  the  flowers  and  path.  As  a 
figure  subject,  Lexden  L.  Pocock's  "A 
Handful,"  a  study  of  a  fair  country  girl 
at  a  cottage  i.xr  with  two  fowls  in  her 
arms,   is  pleasingly   drawn,    and   the   light 


June   10,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


823 


and  shadows  are  clever.  ]v  W.  Hereford  has 
"Morning — Grand  Canal,  Venice"  (100), 
with  the  dome  of  St.  Salute  in  distance. 
The  view  of  tower  of  '•  Richmond,  Yorks,'' 
from  meadow,  by  Mima  Nixon,  is  worth 
notice,  and  the  large  sunset  of  "  Eome  at 
Dusk,"  by  11.  Forbes  AVitherby,  is  a  clever 
suggestion  of  dusk  over  the  Eternal  City, 
with  the  dome  of  St.  Peter's  against  a  rod 
sunset  sky,  and  the  citj'  merged  in  shadow. 
His  other  subject  is  a  view  "  On  the  Hamp- 
shire Moors"  (l'tl.5).  Henry  Staunard  m 
"Evening"  gives  us  a  sense  of  repose 
in  a  view  of  a  common  with  stream 
and  sheep  (112),  and  his  "Folding  Time" 
(289)  is  another  quiet  evening  effect. 
Laura  A.  Happerfield's  "In  the  Italian 
<iuartor,  Greneva,"  a  street  view  with  its 
bright  row  of  houses,  has  a  distinctive  local 
character.  Albert  Stevens,  whose  work  is 
always  fresh  and  strong,  "  On  the  Bocks  at 
<'ap  Martin"  (11(3)  paints  a  masterly  study 
of  rocks  with  sea  and  mountain  background, 
firm  and  ])leasing  in  colour.  We  must  also 
briefly  notice  in  passing  Miss  Helen  Green's 
"  Frensham  Church,  Surrey"  (114),  a  nice 
sketch  of  tower  and  foliage  from  river  bank. 
C.  Duassut's  clever  studies  of  blossom  and 
trees  in  garden,  "  Summer  Glory  "  and  "  Au 
Old-World  Garden  "  (110),  a  yew  hedge  and 
cedar,  with  flowers  in  foreground — finished 
works;  G.  P.  Lamb's  "Mentone,"  too  garish 
in  colour;  Fred  l)ixey's  "On  the  Surrey 
Hills,"  an  evening  effect  (119);  and  "A 
May  Morning"  (120),  by  H.  Sylvester 
Stannard  at  end  of  gallery.  Mrs.  Mary 
Stevens'  "  Old  Cottage,  Braintree  "  (134)  is  a 
truthful  and  firm  study  of  a  garden  with 
flowers.  Mrs.  Evelyn  Heathcote  has  a  broad 
.sketch  of  "  Stream  in  the  Xew  Forest  "  (1.32) 
and  her  figure-study  ' '  A  Cornish  Woman  at 
Needlework"  (137)  displays  character  and 
feeling.  Her  sketch  of  "  Salisbury  Cathedral, 
Autumn  "  (144)  is  freely  drawn.  P.  A. 
Wilkinson  has  two  clever  figure-pieces 
"  Drummer  Boy,  Eoyal  Fusiliers  "  (129  and 
186). 

A  clever  sketch  of  a  rough  sea  beating 
against  an  old  timber  groyne,  by  Miss  J. 
A.  Gilchrist  (142),  has  a  true  .sense  of  atmo- 
sphere. In  the  centre  hangs  a  large  pine- 
wood  by  the  same  lady.  "  Through  the 
Wild  Woods  to  the  Downs,  and  the  Lovely 
AVitoheries"  (156),  a  dense  mass  of  firs 
with  rivulet,  drawn  with  much  power,  and 
we  may  notice  W.  1'.  Niohol's  well-drawn 
and  designed  wall  fountain  on  the  "  Eue 
des  Augustins,  Eouen"  (155)  and  his  "Old 
House,  Evreux"  (163)  as  masterly  draw- 
ings. A  cortile  (157),  in  which  a  youth 
and  girl  stand  at  a  fountain  in  the  centre,  is 
admirable  in  the  sunlight,  and  is  by  Herbert 
Alexander.  A  clever  firm  ske'ch  of  "  Bordi- 
ghera."  (149),  by  Lady  Hope;  Sir  William 
Eden's  "  Scawley  Church,  Lincolnshire" 
(161);  Harold  Smith's  "Meadows  near 
Bolton  Abbey"  (162),  a  hilly  sunlit 
stream  ;  Miss  Mary  A.  Sloane's  "  Portrait,  ' 
a  seated  figure  of  girl  at  fancy  work,  cleverly 
drawn;  W.  St.  John  Mildmay's  "Firehght" 
(176),  two  old  women  at  a  cottage  fire  ;  Mrs. 
:Mabol  St.  John  Mildmay's  "  A  AVayside 
Inn " ;  the  atmosphere  in  Mrs.  Evelyn 
Heathcote's  "  Chelsea,"  a  misty  view  on 
river;  Emily  M.  B.  AVarron's  "Pilgrims' 
Steps, Canterbury,"  are  commendable.  "Long 
Waves  on  a  Sea  Beach,"  by  S.  G.  AV.  Eosooe 
(194),  is  a  clever  study  o'f  soa  motion  and 
colour,  and  li.  Lyttleton  Goldie's  "A  Kough 
Sea.  "  (200)  is  also  masterly.  l':ieanor  lirace's 
"The  Stone  Pickers  "  ;  lienry  Terry's  study 
of  a  little  girl,  "  A  Serious  Mood  "  (196),  may 
may  bo  named.  Miss  K.  P.  Ollivant  has 
an  able  figure  subject,  "Ploughing"  (215), 
poetically  conceived  and  broadly  handled,  a 
man  ploughing  with  two  hor.ses  in  a  field ; 
the  foreshortening  of  the  horses,  wliose  back.s 
are  to  the  spectator,  is  admirable,  and  the 
colour  IS  good.  H.  S.  Stani..irds  ••  Way  to 
the    Farm"    is    a    largo,    sympathetically- 


painted  landscape,  with  leafless  trees,  and 
the  rough  track  of  ruts  across  the  fields. 
Heneage  Griffin's  "  Ightham  Moat"  (218)  is 
a  broad,  ett'ective  sketch  in  single  washes  of 
this  historic  house.  Charles  Smith  Bradley 
is  successful  in  light  and  mist  on  downs,  and 
foreground  of  wild  flowers — quite  Susse.K- 
like.  The  colour  in  C.  Topham  D.ividson's 
"On  the  North  Coast  of  Tresco,  Scilly 
Isles ''  (223)  is  intensely  blue,  and  lacks 
gradation  of  tone  in  the  rough  sea.  '•  The 
( 'arrier's  Cart,  Dartmouth  '  (226),  by  Alice 
B.  Ellis,  is  a  nice  drawing  of  street,  and  the 
overhanging  gabled  house  fronts,  with  church 
tower  at  end,  picturesquely  treated,  and  Mi-s 
Helen  Green's '"  Old-Fashioned  Yard.  St. 
Albans  "  (227),  is  pleasing.  Frieda  Eicken- 
baoh's  "The  Village  Priest,"  before  away- 
side  cross  (238),  is  a  Swiss  scene.  Miss 
Maude  Turner's  "Her  Favourite  Flower" 
(255),  is  a  little  girl  with  poppies.  "The 
( )range  Seller,"  by  Lexden  L.  Pocock,  a  clever 
snow  scene  and  country  house,  with  a  way- 
faring girl  resting  near  the  wall  (256)  ;  the 
dainty  little  kitten  studies  of  Miss  S.  Eidg- 
way  (261),  and  a  companion  nioture  (271)  are 
worth  notice.  "  Ere  the  Sorrow  Comes  with 
Years  "  (273),  by  Miss  Maude  M.  Turner,  a 
fair  young  lady  in  garden  before  a  bush  of 
pink  peonies,  placing  one  in  her  dress,  is 
well  drawn  and  delicate  in  colour,  and  we 
may  notice  a  few  other  works  of  merit  by 
E.  F.  AVells.  ^Irs.  Sydney  Bristowe's  figure, 
"Lamplight  Effect,"  isa  well-drawn  study  of 
lady  in  yellow  at  dusk  near  a  cabinet  to 
which  she  is  consigning  a  choice  piece  of 
china.  On  the  screen  are  a  few  small  pictures 
and  sketches  by  David  Green,  A'ivian  Eolt, 
II.  Alexander — a  clever  bit  of  technique — 
"Autumn  Leaves"  (324),  Eose  Barton, 
"Cowslips"  (315),  a  little  girl  picking  in 
meadow  ;  Dorothy  H.  Grover,  sketch  of 
••  Old  Bridge  "  (328),  a  little  view  of  Canter- 
bury with  its  profile  of  towers,  by  James 
Cafe  ;  John  M.  Macintosh  (342);  and  George 
Marks  (337).  JIany  other  works  are  of  a 
feeble,  commonplace  kind,  and  would  have 
been  better  in  their  artists'  portfolio  than 
permitted  to  provoke  comparisons. 


NOTES   OX   THE    PLENTTM    SYSTEM   OF 
VENTILATION.' 

By      AViLLIAM     HrXMAN. 

IN  the  pap-r  which  I  read  last  December  at 
Ihe  Koyal  Institute  of  British  Architects  on 
the  Koyal  A'ictoria  Hospital,  Belfast,  I  parti- 
cuUrly  stated  it  was  not  my  desire  to  raise 
controversy  on  the  subject  of  mechanical  veriu.' 
natural  means  for  securing  ventilation  ;  yet,  as 
members  then  present  expressed  the  opinion  that 
it  might  with  advantage  be  further  discussed,  the 
Council  of  the  Institute  have  appointed  the  6  th 
of  June  for  that  purpose.  If  the  time  then  at 
our  disposal  is  to  be  well  employed,  the  subject 
of  ventilation  generally  must  be  dealt  with  on 
practical  and  scientific  lines  ;  and  as  that  was  not 
attempted  in  the  paper  to  which  I  have  referred 
I  venture  to  .suggest  some  reasons  which  tend  to 
show  that  plenum  ventilation  can  he  beneficially 
employed  in  certain  buildings,  and  ought  to  be 
more  closely  studied  by  members  of  the  archi- 
tectural profession.  A  primary  necessity  is  to 
arrive  at  a  concisely  correct  definition  of  what 
shculd  be  understood  by  the  term  "  efficient 
ventilation"  when  applied  to  occupied  build- 
ings. Apart  from  outside  contaminating  in- 
fluences which  would  affect  ventilation  by 
whatever  moans  obtained,  I  suggest  it  is 
"continuous  change  of  air  within  a  building 
without  causing  discomfort  or  adversely  nITocting 
the  health  of  the  occupants."  The  province  of 
an  architect  in  connection  therewith  is  to  dispose 
buildings  on  the  ground,  construct  and  eipiip 
them,  so  that  the  available  air  may  be  supplied  in 
ample  quantities,  freed  from  suspended  impurities, 
teuiperud  and  regulated  tu  requirements  without 
deterioration.  Buildings  are  erected  principally 
to  secure  greater  comfort  than  can  at  all  times  be 
obtained  in  the  open.  l'.y  tho  erection  of  build- 
ings, movement  of  air  within  them  is  neccoa- 
sarily  less  than  it  would  bo  over  tho  unocc\ipiod 
site,  ('hange  of  ,air  within  a  building  is  princi- 
pally brought   about   by   an   ascertainable  force 


— either  of  propulsion  or  extraction — although  the 
law  of  diffusion — i.e.,  the  process  which  brings 
about  intimate  mixture  of  gases  without  chemical 
combination — is  a  serviceable  but  less  powerful 
agent  in  connection  with  ventilation.  If  these 
premises  be  accepted,  the  question  which  has  to 
be  discussed  is  not  whether  by  plenum  ventila- 
tion a  condition  within  doors  can  be  secured 
equal  to  the  open  air  at  its  best,  but  whether 
it  can  be  employed  in  certain  buildings, 
suitably  constructed,  so  as  to  obtain  at 
rtasonable  cost  more  constant  and  eflicient 
ventilation  than  can  be  secured  by  other  means. 
A  great  hindrance  to  the  proper  comprehension 
of  this  subject  is  the  employment  of  unscientific 
terms,  such  as  "artificial  ventilation,"  "auto- 
matic ventilation,"  "  natural  ventilation,"  "  me- 
chanical ventilation,"  because  they  prejudice  the 
mind.  A'entilation  is  a  result  brought  about 
either  by  natural  or  mechanical  force,  lloved  by 
either,  air  is  the  same,  just  as  water  is  the  same, 
whether  allowed  to  fiow  naturally  or  forced  on  by 
mechanism.  AVatcr  may  become  fouled  on  itj 
way,  so  may  air,  whether  it  pass  in  naturally  or 
is  propelled  in  its  course  from  tho  outside  to  tho 
inside  of  a  building  ;  but  it  does  not  in  the  least 
follow  that  fouling  results  from  the  power  which 
caused  its  movement.  It  is  scientifically  wrong 
to  refer  to  a  fire  causing  a  "suctional"  infiue-ce 
in  a  flue,  for  it  does  nothing  of  tho  kind.  Air 
when  heated  expands  and  is  specifically  lighter 
than  an  equal  volume  of  colder  air  ;  it  is  the 
latter  descending  by  the  force  of  gravitation  which 
propels  the  warmer  air  upwards  ;  consequently  an 
open  fire  in  a  room  causes  change  of  air  by  pro- 
pulsion ;  moreover,  the  propelling  force  of  wind  is 
far  greater  than  the  suctional  influence  it  exerts 
upon  air  within  buildings.  By  realising  these 
facts  it  is  easy  to  understand  that  "plenum" 
ventilation  is  more  in  accord  with  Nature's 
methods  than  "  exhaust  "  ventilation.  Notwith- 
standing the  acknowledged  extravagance  of,  the 
dust  and  dirt  resulting  from,  and  the  unpleasant 
draughts  set  up  by,  the  opan  fire,  I,  for  one, 
appreciate  its  cheerfulness,  and  heUeve  it  will 
long  hold  an  honoured  place  in  the  British  home. 
Ttie  mere  fact  that  it  necessitates  an  upcast  flue  is 
of  the  greatest  service  in  connection  with  venti- 
lation ;  but  as  the  area  of  an  ordinary  smoke  flue 
at  the  chimney-pot  end  does  not  greatly  exceed 
half  a  superficial  foot,  the  volume  of  air  which 
can  pass  through  it  in  a  given  time  is  limited,  as 
is  a!so  the  heating  power  of  a  single  firegrate. 
Consequently,  for  larger  apartments  two  or  more 
fires  are  required,  and  it  is  well  known  that  un- 
less an  adequate  supply  of  air  be  otherwise  pro- 
vided, smoke  will  at  times  be  drawn  down  one  or 
other  of  the  flues.  For  this  and  other  reasons  hot 
water,  steam,  air  heated  by  stoves  or  electricity, 
are  used,  none  of  which  demand  an  upcast  flue  or 
flues  from  the  .apartment  to  be  warmed  thereby. 
Vet  for  the  health  and  comfort  of  <•  upants, 
change  of  air  is  a  necessity,  and  can  only  be 
brought  about  by  providing  suitable  inlets 
and  outlets.  This  is  a  simple  statement  of 
fact  of  the  utmost  importance  in  connection 
with  ventilation,  yet  too  often  neglected,  rasult- 
ing,  doubtless,  from  difficulty  in  determining  the 
positions,  dimensions,  and  construction  of  such 
openings,  and  I  incline  to  the  belief  that  strong 
advocates  of  what  they  term  "natural  ventila- 
tion" are  of  the  Itiistf:  ftiin-  order  who  expect 
nature  to  do  everything  for  them ;  and  as  they  do 
not  consider  whence  the  wind  cimotli  nor  whither 
it  goeth,  they  provide  neither  .suitable  entry  nor 
exit  for  it  in  the  construction  of  buildings.  With 
regard  to  the  possibilities  and  diltiiulties  of  venti- 
lating an  apartment  warmed  by  other  means  thati 
open  fires,  say  a  church  or  assembly  room  :  sup- 
pose it  is  a  calm  frosty  day,  with  the  temperature 
inside  several  dogrcts  higher  than  it  is  outside.  I£ 
inlet-openings  are  provided  at  or  near  the  floor 
level  and  outlets  at  or  near  the  ceiling  level,  a 
steady  flow  of  air  will  take  place  from  tho  inlets 
to  tho  outlets  proportionate  to  the  difference  be- 
tween tho  internal  and  externil  temperature,  and 
to  the  relative  sizes  and  positions  of  the  openings, 
brought  about  simply  by  the  propelling  force  of 
the  colder  air  outside  falling  by  gnvitation  ;  bat 
it  does  not  follow  that  ventilation  will  be  "effi- 
cient "  even  if  the  openings  are  adeq\iate  .and  well 
placed,  because  the  differences  in  temperature 
may  not  suflice  to  cause  adequate  change  of  air — 
the  opening  of  a  door  or  window  will  upset  tho 
relative  proportions  between  inlets  and  outlets, 
probably  cavising  draughts.  Jloreover,  with  a 
number  of  people  seated  on  the  floor  area,  and 
with  air  entering  around  the  lower  portion  of 
the  walls,  it  can  only  arrive  at  those  in  the  centre 


824 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  10,  1104. 


after  becoming  fouled  by  passing  over  the  bodies 
of  those  nearer  the  inlets ;  but  is  more  than 
likely  that  the  bulk  of  the  air  passing  through  the 
room  will  travel  from  the  inltts  to  the  outlets 
without  changing  the  air  in  I  he  central  portion. 
Every  variation  in  temperature  or  in  the  force  of 
wind  outside  will  alter  the  conditions  within,  and 
during  summer  weather  the  tempfrature  maybe 
considerably  higher  outside  than  in  ;  every  factor 
is  then  reversed.  Some  improvement  may  be 
effected  in  cold  weather  by  giving  the  incoming 
air  an  upward  tendency,  and  providing  up-east 
flues  as  outlets,  with  well-distributed  openings 
near  the  floor  level.  The  incoming  air  will  then 
fill  the  upper  portion  of  the  room,  gradually 
descend,  change  the  atmosphere  throughout,  and 
pass  away  up  the  flues  ;  but  this  arrangement  of 
flues  is  not  altogether  satisfactory  in  summer 
weather,  and  even  under  tuch  conditions  change 
of  air  will  fluctuate  with  every  variation  in  the 
force  of  the  wind  outside.  Consequently,  with 
the  best  possible  arrangements,  so  long  as  natural 
means  alone  are  relied  on,  there  must  be  constant, 
intelligent,  and  personal  attention  if  comfortable 
ventilation  is  to  be  secured;  Nevertheless,  I  am 
bound  to  confess  that  with  care  in  the  design  and 
arrangement  of  suitable  inlets  and  outlets,  with 
adequate  heating  power,  and  with  proper  means 
for  regulation  it  is  quite  possible  with  personal 
attention  to  secure  reasonable  ventilation  by 
natural  means  in  buildings  only  occasionally 
occupied.  Kone  but  very  sensitive  people  are 
quickly  affected  by  breathing  a  partially  vitiated 
atmosphere,  and  few  remain  for  long  at  a  time  in 
crowded  places,  so  that  when  rooms  are  unoccupied 
windows  and  doors  should  be  freely  opened,  and 
ample  change  of  air  secured.  If  this  were  regularly 
done,  and  thorough  cleanliness  were  observed  in 
and  about  buildings,  there  would  be  less  cause  for 
complaint  of  defective  ventilation.  Every  indi- 
vidual, by  respiration  and  exhalation,  throws  off 
moisture  and  animal  matter,  and  when  a  number 
of  people  congregate  within  an  apartment  the 
defilement  of  the  atmosphere  is  considerable. 
Rapid  change  of  air  will  carry  much  away,  but 
with  defective  ventilation  much  is  deposited  upon 
exposed  surfaces  in  the  building  in  consequence  of 
variation  of  temperature,  and  only  prolonged  and 
greater  change  of  air  than  would  be  tolerated  while 
a  room  is  occupied  will  dissipate  the  contamination. 
In  the  hope  of  disposing  of  the  charge  which  has 
been  made  against  me,  that  I  am  a  prejudiced 
advocate  of  "plenum"  ventilation,  I  now  state 
most  distictly  that  unless  it  is  continuously 
applied,  it  is  questionable  whether  it  can  be 
permanently  successful,  and  I  am  not  inclined  to 
advocate  its  employment  unless  its  advantages 
are  considered  worth  the  cost  of  continuous  work- 
ing. I  cannot  think  it  is  sufficient  to  ventilate  a 
building  simply  for  the  periods  during  which  it  is 
occupied  and  then  to  stop  the  mechanism  and 
bottle  up  the  air  until  the  next  period  of  occupa- 
tion, ijet  me  illustrate  this  by  directing  your 
attention  to  a  railway  carriage.  Standing  still 
how  stuffy  it  often  is,  particularly  in  hot 
weather ;  but  when  rapidly  moving  along  it  is 
freshened  up.  Yet,  on  again  standing  still,  it 
loses  its  freshness.  That  is  an  example  of  venti- 
lation produced  by  mechanical  means  intermit- 
tently employed.  Now  I  wish  to  explode  another 
fallacy.  Downward  ventilation,  has  been  termed 
"  down-draught,"  apparently  in  the  hope  of  con- 
demning it  by  giving  it  a  bad  name.  Advocates 
of  the  open  fire  have  stated  that  to  propel  air  into 
the  upper  portion  of  a  room  and  let  it  go  out  from 
the  lower  portion  is  unnatural.  Fortunately  this 
can  be  easily  disproved.  Take  an  ordinary  room 
with  an  ordinary  open  fire  and  smoke  flue.  Test 
it  as  you  will,  and  apart  from  occasional  strong 
winds  setting  up  adverse  currents,  resulting  at 
times  in  what  are  termed  "  smoky  chimneys,"  it 
will  be  found  that  the  only  detectable  outgoing 
of  air  takes  place  by  the  open  firepla(;p  flue, 
the  lower  opening  of  which  is  about  2ft.  6in. 
above  the  floor  level.  Many  people  open 
the  upper  portion  of  a  window  when  ihe 
temperature  of  a  room,  heated  by  an  open  fire, 
is  excessive,  holding  the  idea  that  they  are 
letting  out  the  hot  air;  but  with  rare  exceptions 
the  temperature  of  the  room  is  then  actually 
lowered  by  letting  in  a  larger  volume  of  colder 
air,  which  compels  a  more  rapid  outgoing  of 
heated  air  up  the  flue.  It  is  true  that  in 
most  cases  no  special  inlet  for  air  is  provided, 
and  that  in  consequence  air  enters  by  any 
casual,  and  probably  dirt  -  concealing  holes, 
cracks,  and  crevices— mostly  around  the  lower 
portion  of  the  room— whence  it  makes  its  way 
m   narrow   streams,    moving   with    considerable 


Building. 


Cubic  feet  of 
air  per  hour. 


Glasgow,  Art  Galleries   

Manchester  Technical  School   . . . 

Midland  Hotel 

Birmingham  General  Hospital... 
Belfast,  Royal  Victoiia  Hospital 


9,050,000 

12.000.000 
6,000,000 

13,000,000 
5,000,000 


Change  of  air 
per  hour. 


Not  stated,  pro-   Electricity 
bably  3  times. 
3J     „ 
S      „ 
7       >,        i 
7      „  Steam 


Power. 


Estimated   Annual  cost  Annual  cost 
horsepower    for  power.    ;P^£|?^,'^° 


83 

40 

19 

5J 


•£2,695 

3,224 

1,612 

766 

lOO 


£298 

269 

269 

59 

20 


*  The  costs  of  running  are  worked  out  proportionately  to  the  amount  of  power,  presuming  it  is  employed 
continuously. 


velocity  towards  the  fireplace,  causing  unpleasant 
draughts,  while  little  change  of  air  takes  place 
in  the  upper  portion  of  the  room.  Yet,  if  the 
same  room  were  provided  with  a  suitable  ^nlet  at 
a  foot  or  two  below  the  ceiling,  on  the  same  side 
as  the  fireplace  and  as  central  thereto  as  may  be, 
the  incoming  air  would  become  tempered  by 
contact  with  the  ceiling,  walls,  furniture,  &c. — 
previously  warmed  by  radiant  heat  from  the  fire 
— it  would,  by  its  inflow,  force  the  atmosphere 
of  the  room  downwards  towards  the  fireplace 
opening  and  up  the  flue  to  the  open,  without 
causing  discomfort  to  occupants.*  Under  these 
conditions  air  is  propelled  into  the  room  from  a 
reasonable  elevation,  where  it  is  generally  fresher 
than  near  the  ground  level  and  more  free  from 
chance  contamination.  Force  of  wind  out»ide, 
v.arying  as  it  dots  in  intensity,  will  materiallj' 
affect  velocity  of  change  within.  I  have,  there- 
fore, devised  a  simple  automatic  regulating  inlet, 
consisting  of  a  curved  inclosure  to  a  resistless  flap 
hung  eccentricdl!y  so  that  the  area  of  the  inlet 
opening  is  diminished  proportionately  to  the 
force  of  wind  playing  against  it ;  but  satisfactory 
results  can  be  obtained  even  without  this  refine- 
ment if  the  inlet  be  provided  with  louvres  for 
distributing  the  air  at  low  velocity.  I  am  per- 
fectly aware  it  is  not  the  method  usually  adopted, 
nor  is  it  the  one  recommended  in  most  works  on 
ventilation.  Do  not,  however,  condemn  it  with- 
out proper  trial ;  think  it  out,  and  you  will, 
I  believe,  come  to  the  conclusion,  as  by  practical 
experience  I  have,  that  it  is  most  effective  in 
securing  the  efficient  ventilation  of  an  apartment ; 
and  if  so,  then  the  relative  positions  advocated 
for  inlets  and  outlets  with  the  "  plenum  "  system 
are  correct.  Complaints  being  so  frequent  of 
defective  ventilation — even  in  buildings  where 
outlay  has  been  incurred  in  the  expectation  of 
securing,  let  us  say,  comfortable  ventilation  by 
natural  means — is  it  surprising,  when  ws  con- 
sider the  marvellous  results  of  mechanical  power, 
now  used  for  the  benefit  of  mankind  in  almost 
numberless  ways,  that  attempts  should  be  made  to 
employ  it  for  improving  the  ventilation  of  build- 
ings h  Mining  operations  and  many  occupations 
have  for  years  been  carried  on  which  would  have 
beenimpossible  without  theaesistanceof  ventilation 
brought  about  by  mechanical  means.  Thousinds 
of  power-driven  rotary  fans  and  air-propellers 
are  in  daily  use,  proving  the  possibility  of 
changing  the  air  of  inclosed  spaces.  Centuries 
ago  the  necessity  for  securing  greater  change  of 
air  within  buildings  than  could  at  all  times  be 
naturally  procured  was  recognised,  and  a  few 
advanced  minds  suggested  the  employment  of 
bellows  and  other  primitive  appliances  worked  by 
hand  or  water-power.  I  have  seen  quaintly- 
illustrated  treatises  on  the  subject ;  and  although 
failure  doubtless  resulted  from  inadequate  know- 
ledge and  appliances,  there  is  no  reason  why, 
with  air-propellers  and  power-appliances  brought 
to  the  high  state  of  perfection  they  are  to-day, 
we  should  not  take  advantage  of  them  for  se- 
curing ventilation  within  buildings.  It  is  no 
argument  to  say,  "  I  don't  like  plenum  ventila- 
tion," or  even  to  point  to  fiiilures  which  have 
occurred  ;  nor  is  it  sufficient  to  bring  forward 
some  fanciful  idea  that  in  an  undefined  manner 
air  moved  by  mechanical  power  is  deprived  of  an 
unknown  vital  essence.  It  has  been  suggested 
that  by  warming  air  otherwise  thsn  by  the  sun's 
rays  this  intangible  essence  is  destroyed,  and  that 
is  given  as  a  reason  why  some  people  condemn 
plenum  ventilation  ;  but  it  is  altogether  begging 
the  question,  because  in  summer  time,  when 
"plenum"  ventilation  is  so  effective  in  main- 
taining a  cooler  atmosphere  within  doors  than  in 
the  open  air,  no  heating  is  employed.  Will  it 
then,  be  contended  that,  by  lowering  the  tem- 
perature, such  will-o'-the-wisp  essence  again  dis- 
appears? Unfortunately,  my  scientific  knowledge 
is  not  sufficiently  profound  to  enable  me  to  de- 


*  See  Article  on  Ventilation  in  Modem  House  Con- 
struction.   Vol.  V.    Blackie  and  Son,  Ltd.    l':U9. 


tfrmine  if  there  is  even  an  element  of  truth  in 
these  imaginings ;  but  even  if  there  be,  which  I 
strongly  doubt,  it  is  easy  to  demonstrate  that 
with  a  carefully -devised  installation  of  "plenum" 
ventilation,  the  necessary  warming  and  cooling 
of  air  are  effected  with  less  chance  of  deterioration 
than  by  any  other  method.  In  addition  to  which, 
the  air  is  drawn  from  sources  known  to  be  at  a 
distance  from  contamination  ;  it  can  be  cleansed 
from  suspended  impurities,  brought  to  suitable 
hygrometiic  condition,  and  passed  on  to  apart- 
ments without  contact  with  impurity.  I  am. 
perhaps,  as  painfully  conscious  as  anyone  that 
there  have  been  many  failures  with  "  plenum," 
and  so  there  have  been  with  every  other  method 
employed  for  securing  ventilation ;  but  my  ex- 
perience convinces  me  that  failure  is  not  the 
fault  of  the  system,  but  that  it  results  either  from 
want  of  knowledge  and  experience  on  the  part  of 
those  who  installed  it,  or  from  neglect.  It  is  only 
by  careful  comparison  of  results  and  a  minute 
examination  of  the  means  and  methods  em- 
ployed that  a  true  estimate  of  its  value  can  be 
ascertained.  Personally  I  have  not  the  faintest 
doubt  that  by  the  "plenum"  system  the 
efficient  ventilation  of  a  building  can  be  effected. 
The  principle  is  perfectly  sound  ;  yet  I  realise 
there  are  two  sets  of  objections  to  be  met :  the 
first  I  class  as  purely  fanciful,  most  of  which  I 
have  already  dealt  with  ;  the  second  are  more 
tangible,  and  lelate  to  the  means  and  appliances 
which  should  be  employed  and  the  cost.  To 
review  aU  the  means  and  appliances  at  disposal  is 
quite  out  of  the  question  on  the  present  occasion, 
but  they  have  a  very  decided  influence,  not  only 
as  regards  partial  or  complete  success,  but  also  a 
direct  bearing  on  the  question  of  first  cost  and 
maintenance.  Much  as  I  dislike  making  com- 
parison between  the  work  of  others  and  that  with 
which  I  have  been  connected,  this  discussion  has 
been  forced  on,  and  we  are  to  meet  in  the  hope  of 
gaining  instruction  which  may  be  placed  at  the 
service  of  the  public.  Consequently  I  shall 
briefly  compare,  principally  as  regards  costs  of 
power  employed,  a  few  installations  of  plenum 
ventilation,  and  as  I  shall  make  use  of  iiiforma- 
tion  derived  from  printed  particulars  given  by  the 
engineers  themselves,  we  shall,  at  least,  have 
fairly  reliable  data.  Consider  the  importance  of 
such  a  comparison  as  regards  the  number  of 
changes  of  air  effected  per  hour.  May  not 
successes  in  great  part  depend  upon  giving  an 
adequate  change  of  air  r  And  surely  the  question 
of  cost  would  be  a  determining  factor  in  many 
cases.  Keference  to  the  Paper  by  Mr.  Henry 
Lea  given  in  the  Institute  Journal  for  December 
10,  1903,  will  show  how  this  economy  in  cost  of 
power  is  effected.  In  the  discussion  which 
followed  Sir  John  C.  Holder  personally  testified 
to  the  success  of  plenum  ventilation  in  the 
General  Hospital,  Birmingham,  which  he  has 
systematically  visited,  one  may  say  almost  daily, 
during  and  since  its  erection,  and  I  could  produce 
a  large  number  of  letters  addressed  to  me 
containing  congratulations  on  the  satisfactory 
ventilation  of  that  and  the  Royal  Victoria 
Hospital,  Belfast:  but  I  prefer  to  place  before 
you  one  because  it  was  not  written  to  me,  and 
because  it  is  from  an  architect  experienced 
in  hospital  design— viz.,  Mr.  Batchelor,  of  Messrs. 
Carroll  and  Batchelor,  of  Dublin,  neither  of 
whom  is  personally  known  to  me.  It  runs 
thus  : — "  I  had  been  greatly  interested  in  the 
accounts  I  read  from  time  to  time  of  the  progress 
of  the  Royal  Victoria  Hospital,  Belfast,  arid  more 
particularly  in  the  arrangements  for  heating  and 
ventilating  it.  I  have  had  some  experience  of 
the  plenum  system,  and  have  never  been  much 
in  love  with  it.  I  looked,  therefore,  rather  with 
distrust  on  a  building  whi(;h  had  been  so  designed 
as  to  make  such  a  system  obligatory.  Mr.  Henman 
is  to  be  complimented  and  congratulated  on  his 
courage  in  designing  such  a  hospital,  and  I  am 
free  to  confess  that  the  result,  so  far  as  I  was 
able  to  judge  during  ray  short  visit,  affords  him 
ample  j  ustification  for  his  inversion  of  many  of 


JuxE  10,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


825 


the  accepted  canons  in  hospital  design.  I  was 
particularly  struck  by  the  wonderful  uniformity 
of  the  temperature  maintained  in  the  hospital 
throughout  the  24  hours — such  as  could  not,  I 
believe,  be  obtained  by  natural  moans.  The 
freshness  of  the  air  in  the  wards  was  remark- 
able, and  there  was  a  complete  absence  of  that 
peculiar  odour  which  is  familiar  to  everyone 
having  to  do  with  hospitals.  These  results  are 
obtained,  1  was  glad  to  see,  without  draught, 
nor  was  thtre  any  perceptible  movement  of  air  in 
the  wards.  Everywhere  I  went  through  the 
hospital  I  saw  evidence  of  great  forethought  and 
skill  in  design,  particularly  in  those  small  details 
which  count  for  so  much  in  the  economical 
administration  of  the  institution.  The  building 
is  a  credit  to  the  architects,  and  also  to  the  con- 
tractors, who  have  put  such  honest  and— if  I 
may  use  the  expression — sympathetic  work  into 
it.  Everj'thing  appears  to  have  been  done  as 
well  as  it  was  possible  to  do  it."  It  has  been 
well  said  that  the  only  way  to  arrive  at  a  right 
judgment  as  to  the  practical  utility  of  plenum 
ventilation  is  to  carefully  examine  it  in  a  build- 
ing in  which  it  has  been  applied  with  know- 
ledge and  experience.  All  I  ask,  in  conclusion, 
is  that  the  subject  may  be  approached  without 
prejudice  or  regard  to  merely  personal  interests 
and  fanciful  misgivings,  for  a  right  understanding 
by  the  architectural  profession  on  the  subject  of 
ventilation  must  have  a  vital  influence  on  the 
health  and  well-being  of  the  people. 


ROYAL  INSTITUTE  OF  BRITISH 
ARCHITECTS. 

A  MEETING  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects  was  held  at  9,  Conduit -street, 
\V.,  on  Monday  evening,Mr.  Aston  Webb,  R.A., 
the  President,  in  the  chair.  The  following  words 
were,  on  the  motion  of  the  President,  added  at  the 
end  of  the  first  clause  of  By-law  3  :  — 

"  After  December  31,  1906,  every  person 
desiring  to  ba  admitted  a  Fellow  shall  be  required 
to  have  passed  the  examination  or  examinations 
qualifying  him  as  an  Associate,  or  shall  be  elected 
from  the  ranks  of  the  Associates.  But  in  special 
cases  the  Council  by  the  votes  of  three-fourths  of 
such  members  of  the  Council  as  are  present  and 
voting  at  a  meeting  of  the  Council  shall  have 
power  to  dispense  with  such  examination  or 
examinations." 

THE    ELECTION    OF    COUNCIL   AND    STANDING 
COMMITTEES. 

The  scrutineers  reported  that  the  result  of  the 
election  for  new  Council  and  standing  committees 
to  serve  during  the  ensuing  year  of  office  was  as 
follows  : — 

Council  :  President,  tJohn  Belcher,  A.R.A.  ; 
Vice-Presidents,  *T.  E.  Collcutt,  *A.  Darbyshire, 
F.S.A.  (Manchester),  tH.  T.  Hare  and  S. 
Perkins  Pick  (Leicester)  ;  Hon.  secretary,  Alex. 
Graham,  F.S.A.  Members  of  Council :  W.  H. 
Atkin  Berry,  A.  C.  Blomfield,  M.A.  Cantab., 
•A.W.S.  Cross,  M.A.  Cantab.,  F.  R.  FaiTow, 
William  Flockhart,  *Ernest  George,  *J.  S. 
Gibson,  George  Hubbard,  F.S.A.,  C.  E. 
Mallows,  J.  Douglass  Mathews,  *S.  B.  Russell", 
W.  Gillbee  Scott,  *W.  Howard  Seth-Smith,  *J. 
W.  Simpson,  John  Slater,  B.A.  Lond.,  Lewis 
Solomon,  *Butler  WOson  (Leeds),  Ed.  Wood- 
thorpe,  M.A.  Oxon.  Associate  -  Members  of 
Council:  *R.  S.  Balfour,  W.  H.  Bidlake, 
M.A.Cantab  (Birmingham),  *H.  V.  Lanchester, 
•^Edmund  Wimperis.  Representatives  of  AUied 
Societies:  *G.  C.  Ashlin,  R.H.A.,  Royal  In- 
stitute of  the  Architects  of  Ireland ;  *J.  W. 
Beaumont,  Manchester  Society  of  Architects ; 
*A.  W.  Brewill,  Nottingham  Architectural 
Society  ;  ti.  Bertram  Bulmer,  Leeds  and  Yorks 
Architectural  Society  ;  T.  Cooper,  Birmingham 
Architectural  Association ;  1 1.  D^ivis,  York 
Architectural  Society ;  H.  L.  (Joddard, 
M.A.  (Jxon,  Leicester  and  Leicestershire  Society 
of  Architects;  John  Keppie,  (ilasgow  Institute 
of  Arihitects;  G.  II.  Oatley,  liristol  Society  of 
Architects.  Representative  of  the  Architectural 
Association  (London)  :  E.  (iuy  Dawber.  (An 
astorisk  *  denotes  re-election,  a  dagger  t  change 
of  ollice.) 

AitT  Standing  Committee.— Fc/foics  ;  Mohn 
Mac  Vicar  Anderson,  F.R.S.E.,  •\Villinm  Douglas 
Cariie,  M.A.  Cantab.,  F.S.A  ,  *TliomH8  E.iwanl 
Collcutt,  Edward  Guy  Dawber,  *S-r  William 
Emerson.  'Ernest  Geurge,  'James  Sivowright 
Gibson,  'Henry  Thomas  Hare,  'Eiward  William 
Mountford,   and  Arthur  Edmund  Street,  M.A. 


Oxon.    Associates  :    *Robert  Shekleton   Balfour,        Mr.  S   1'ehkins  Pk  k  read  a  paper  in  which  ho 
Sidney     Kyffin     Greonslade,     'William     Henry    urged    that    eveiy    credit    should    be    given   to 

liomaine-Walker,   Henry  Tanner,   jun.,   Robert    Metsrs.  Henman  and  Cooper  for   the  courage 

Watson,  and  *Edmund  Wimperis.  one  might  alinost  tay  the  audacity — with  which 

Liteeatuke  St.inding  Committee.— /l//o«s.- ;^''^y.,^»'i'"':°"l'j'«^,»''d  carried  out  in  all  its 
»John  Bilson,  F.S.A.,  »Alfred  William  Stephens  '  details  a  hospital  building  in  a  manner  so  utterly 
Cross,  MA.  Cantab.,  Charles  Edward  Mallows,  «  ;fan"Ji''e  with  nfarly  all  preconceived  notions 
William  Alfred  Pite,  Professor  Frederick  Moore  °*  buildings  of  its  class  It  must  be  a  source  of 
Simpson,  *Richard  Phene  Spiers,  F.S.A.,  'Hugh  SJ/'^'  gratification _  to  thfm  that  the  institution 
Stannus,  •Henry  Heathcote  Statham, 'Charles  !*""  ^'8';', "o'"!'^  '~""P''t'0",shonld  have  proved 
Harrison  Townsend,  and 'Paul  Waterhouse,  M.A.  i^°^'>?°l'^'^'y^a'"''''<^t"'■y  *»  '.•>°«e  who  have  the 


Oxon.  Associiitri  :  'Arthur  Smyth  Flower,  M.A. 
Oxon.,  F.S.A.,  'Chailes  Herbert  Reilly,  M.A. 
Cantab.,  *Professor  Kavenscroft  Elsey  Smith, 
'Percy  Leslie  Waterhouse,  M.A. Cantab., 'Arthur 
Marj on  Watson,  B.A.  Lond.,  and 'Percy  Scott 
Worthington,  M.A.  Oxon. 

Practice  Standing  Committee.  —  Fellows  : 
'Thomas  Batterbury,  'William  Henry  Atkin 
Berry,  'George  Hubbard,  F.S.A.,  'Alexander 
Henry  Kersey,  'Joseph  Douglass  Mathews, 
'Walter  Hilton  Nash,  Alfred  Sa.xon  Snell,  'Thomas 
Henry  Watson,  'William  Henry  White,  and 
'Edmund  Woodthorpe,  JI  A.  Oxon.  Assoi-iates  : 
'Charles  Henry  Brodie,  'Max  Clarke,  'Edward 
Greenop,  'Herbert  Hard wicke  Langston,  Thomas 
Edward  Pryce,  and  'Augustus  William  Tanner. 

Science  Standing  Committee.  —  Fellows  : 
'Thomas  Blashill,  'Ernest  Flint,  Arthur  John 
Gale,  'Frederic  Hammond,  'Francis  Hooper, 
'George  Hornblower,  'William  Edward  Riley, 
'Herbert  Duncan  Searles-Wood,  'Alfred  Saxon 
Snell,  and  'Lewis  Solomon.     Associates  :  'Henry 


working  and  management  of  it.  The  hpeaker 
had  made  a  careful  inspection  of  the  Belfast 
hospital  under  the  guidance  of  the  superintendent, 
and  confessed  that  in  hardly  any  other  instance 
had  he  ever  received  such  a  laudatory  description 
from  the  authoritative  head  of  such  an  institu- 
tion ;  indeed,  this  enthusiasm  was  not  confined 
to  the  superintendent  alone,  but  the  sisters,  the 
nurses,  the  engineer,  and  even  the  patients  them- 
selves, appeared  to  Oe  equally  pleased  with  the 
general  arrangements  provided,  and  with  the 
heating  and  ventilation  system  instal'ed.  Now, 
after  stating  this,  it  might  appear  to  be  blowing 
hot  and  cold  when  he  added  that,  in  spite  of  all 
the  satisfaction  expressed,  in  his  judgment  the 
Plenum  system  of  hfating  and  ventilating  for  a 
hospital  was  not  essential ;  nor  did  he  think  that 
the  advantages  of  administration  gained  by  having 
the  wards  all  on  one  floor  were  commensurate  with 
the  risks  incurred  and  the  loss  involved  by  the 
omission  of  those  side  windows  for  prospect  and 
ventilation,  which  most  architects  so  dearly  loved 
appreciated.      In    hospitals   the   superficial  area 


William  Burrows, 'Max  Clarke,  'Bernard   John    and  cubic  space  required  to  properly  attend  to  each 


Dicksee,  'Edwin  Richard  Hewitt,  'George 
Pearson,  and  'Archibald  Duncan  Watson.  (An 
asterish  (*)  denotes  re-election.) 


NEW  members. 

The  following  candidates  were  elected  by 
baUot:— vis  Fellows  (18):  Thomas  Arnold  (A. 
1867),  22,  Brougham-street,  Edinburgh  ;  Walter 
Albert  Catlow,  8,  Market-street,  Leicester  ;  Max 
Clarke  (A.  1880),  i.  Queen-square,  Bloomsbury, 
W.C.  :  Allan  Ovenden  CoUard  (A.  1889),  8, 
Buckingham-street,  Strand,  W.C,  and  Church- 
street,  Staines  ;  William  Henderson  Duncan,  4, 
South  Parade,  and  Ingle  Nook,  Rochdale ;  Edward 
Goldie,  31,  Upper  Phillimore-place,  Kensington, 
W.  ;  Alfred  Henry  Hart  (A.  1890),  1,  Verulam 
Buildings,  Gray's  Inn,  W.C,  and  Hillcrest, 
Enfield,  Middlesex ;  Charles  Grove  Johnson, 
Apartado  610,  Mexico ;  William  Campbell  Jones 

(A.  1SS8),  32,  Bedford-row,  W.C,  and  7,  Dur-  !  effectual  ventilation  by  opening  the  windows  that 
ham-place,  Chelsea,  S.W.  ;  William  Alfred  the  complications  of  a  Plenum  system  of  heating 
Large,  83a,  Chester-fquare,  S.W.,  and  1,  West-  and  ventilation  were  unnecessarj'.  Moreover, 
bury-gardens,  Ealing;  Thomas  Edward  Marshall,  !  the  fact  should  not  be  overlooked  that  in  hospitals 
City  Bank  Chambers,  and  Woodville,  Harro-  the  majority  of  patients  were  in  bed,  and  thus 
gate ;  John  Campbell  Turner  Murray,  the  were  able  to  protect  themselves  from  any  direct 
Admiralty,  47,  Victoria-street,  S.W.,  21,  Old  cold  draughts  which  might  occur.  It  might  be 
Queen-street,   Westminster,   S.W.,  and  20,  Old  '  said    that    the     ordinary    atmosphere     of    some 


patient  were  necessarily  very  large,  and  therefore 
the  requisite  changes  of  air  were  less  difficult  to 
obtain  than  in  such  buildings  as  assembly-halls, 
workshops,  schools,  out-patients'  departments, 
and  similar  places  where  a  large  number  of 
people  were  closely  packed  together.  For  these 
latter  buildings  he  was  convinced  that,  up  to  the 
present  time,  no  system  gave  such  satisfactory 
results  as  a  properly-designed  Plenum  systeiB, 
especially  so  when  some  mechanical  means  wag 
arranged  for  creating  a  positive  extraction  of  the 
vitiated  air.  In  his  opinion  a  hospital  planned 
in  separate  pavilion  blocks,  arranged  with 
windows  on  either  sides  of  the  wards,  with  a  bed 
between  each,  an  easily-cleaned  ventilating  heat- 
ing coil  between  each  pair  of  beds,  and  with 
central  open  fires,  was  preferable.  This  well- 
recognised  style  of  building  was  more  pleasant 
for  the  patients,  and  adapted  itself  so  readily  to 


Park-avenue,  Nightingale-lane,  S.W.  ;  John 
Henry  Phillips,  Clive  Chambers,  Windsor- 
place,  Cardiff,  and  Gwylfa,  Caerphilly  ; 
Alfred  Roberts,  18,  Nelson-street,  Greenwich, 
S.E.,  and  Beaconsf3eld-road,  Blackheath,  S.E. ; 
William  Rushworth,  The  Crescent,  Croydon ; 
Percy  Burnell  Tubbs,  6S,  Aldersgate-street,  E.C., 
and  41,  Campden  Hill  Court,  Kensington,  W.  , 
John  OoUingwood  TuUy  (A.  1882),  11,  Arderne'a- 
chambers,  Longmarket- street,  and  Wolmunster 
Park,  Rosebank,  Cape  Town,  S.  Africa ;  and 
Benjamin  WooUard  (A.  1889),  16,  Finsbury- 
circus,  E.C,and  47,  Anerley-road,  Westcliff-on- 
Sea,  Essex.  As  Associntes  (2) :  Charles  Rosen- 
thal ((Qualified  as  Assoc,  Colonial  Exam., 
Sydney,  N.S.W.,  1903),  Union  Bank  Chambers, 
08J-,  Pitt-street,  and  "Terranora,"  Victoria- 
street,  Lewisham,  Sydney,  N.S.W.  :  and 
Herbert  Alfred  Hall,  3,  Verulam-buildings, 
Gray's  Inn,  W.C,  and  Old  Park,  Southgatc,  N. 
As  Honorarij  Associates  (2)  :  James  Jebusa 
Shannon,  A.R  A.,  3,  Holland  Park-road,  Ken- 
sington, W.  :  and  Lord  Stanley  of  Alderley,  IS, 
JIanslield-street,    W.      As     lloii.     Fellow;     The 


of  our  large  towns  was  so  laden  with  blacks 
and  impurities  that  it  was  desirable  to  wash 
and  filter  the  air  before  allowing  it  to 
enter  a  hospital,  and  in  some  densely  popu- 
lated districts  where  hospitals  were  on  restricted 
areas  this  contention  might  be  used  as  an  argu- 
ment in  favour  of  the  Plenum  ;  but  at  Belfast  the 
new  hospital  was  erected  on  an  open  site  of  six 
acres,  with  the  prospect  in  the  near  future  of  this 
area  being  doubled,  so  that  the  contention  did 
hold  good  in  that  case.  For  operating  theatres 
and  out-patients'  departments,  Mr.  Pick  thought 
that  the  Plenum  system  was  not  only  desirable, 
but  also  essential :  in  the  former  because  the  heat- 
ing and  ventilation  were  easily  controlled,  and  in 
the  latter  because  a  waiting-hall  crowded  with 
people  of  the  lower  classes,  and  generally  entirely 
surrounded  by  surgeons',  physicians',  and  other 
rooms,  it  was  almost  impossible  to  properly  venti- 
late without  some  mechanical  appliances,  of  which 
none  were,  he  thought,  better  than  the  Plenum. 
The  arnmgeir.ents  provided  at  Belfast  for  the  out- 
patients' deinrtnii  nt  were,  in  his  judgment, 
excellent,  an',  although  .^rowded  on  the  occasion 


Right  Hon.  Lord  Curzon  of  Kedleston,  G.M.S.I.,  :  of  his  inspection,  the  various  rooms  were  entirely 


G.M.I  !•;.,  Viceroy  of  India,  (tovernmont  House, 
Calcutta,  and  1,  Carlton  llouse-torraco,  S.W. 

THE    TLENCM    SV.STEM    OF    VENTILATION. 

A  discussion  on  this  subjoct,  adjourned  from 
the  meeting  of  neceiiil)er  14  lust,  on  the  occasion 
of  the  paper  then  road  by  Messrs.  William 
llenman  and  Henry  Lea,  on  tlie  "  Uoyal  N'ictoria 
Hospital,  lieltast"  (see  our  issue  of  Dec.  18,  1903, 
Vol.  LXXXV.  pp.  8,  19,  20).  An  explanatory 
papc  r  by  Mr.  llcnrnnn,  which  we  give  in  full  in 
acother  column,  p.  823  «"/<',  was  taken  as  read. 


fresh  and  healthy.  Ho  agreed  with  Mr.  Hunrasn 
that  great  caution  «as  nece.«8iiry  in  the  applica- 
tion of  Plenum  ventilation,  and  that  full  know- 
ledge was  ri'ciuired  to  apply  the  system  success- 
fully ;  indeed,  he  would  go  fiirllier,  and  .«ay  that, 
in  his  judgiiunt,  ihe  e.iuscs  of  failures  with 
mechanical  systems  of  lieiting  and  ventilation 
generally,  and  iwrticularly  with  the  Plenum, 
more  often  rested  with  architects  than  with  heat- 
ing engineers.  He  h.ad  heard  of  architects  who 
not  only  matured  their  plans,  but  actually  com- 
men(  ed  building  operations  before  deciding  upon 


826 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


JuxE  10,  1904. 


the  system  of  heating  and  ventilation.    Could  one 
wonder  at  the  failure  of  a  system  when  arranged 
under  such  adverse  conditions  ?  Another  ciuse  of 
failure    in    the    Plenum   was   that   of   defective 
drainage,  especially  when  a  building  was  upon  a  , 
clay  subsoil.     In  some  large  institutions  he  had  ■ 
himself   noticed   that   exposed   drains   had   been 
arranged  to  cross  ducts  in  an  open  pipe  connected  ; 
with  an  ordinary  earthenware  drainpipe  just  out-  j 
side  the  duct  walls.     Any  settlement  of  the  duct 
walls  was  sufficient  to  break  the  joint  between  j 
the  junction  of  the  iron  and  earthenware  drains.  ; 
These   ducts   usually    carried    steam    and  other 
pipes,  and  consequently  the  temperature  in  them 
varied    very    considerably ;    indeed,    quite   suf-  i 
ficiently  to  cause  the  same  joint  to  be  broken  by 
contraction    and    expansion    of    the    length    of 
exposed  iron   pipe.     To   pump   air  along   ducts 
where  there  is  a  possibility  of  sewage  saturation 
was  the  fatal  danger  to  be  guarded  against,  and 
wherever  the    Plenum   system   was   adopted  all 
drains   should    be    dropped    below   the   level  of 
of    the   air    ducts,     and     should    generally    be 
carried  out  with  strong  cast-iron  pipes.    Spacious 
ducts    were    requisite    for   carrying    steam,    hot 
water,  and   other   pipes  to  the  various  blocks  of 
all  large  institutions,  and  the  same  danger  existed 
in  all  these  buildings  ;  but  it  was  intensified  in 
the  case  of  Plenum  ventilated  buildings.    Messrs.  ' 
Henman  and  Cooper  had  at  Belfast  wisely  pro- 
vided a  separate  duct  for  the  necessary  hot  water 
and  other  pipes,  the  main  air  supply  duct  being 
thus  kept  nearly  clear  of   them.      The  lines  of 
drains  appeared  to  have  been  so  arranged  as  not  i 
to  cross  the  main  air  supply  duct ;  the  speaker 
was  unable  to  ascertain  whether  or  not  they  were 
kept  below  the  level  of  the  main  duct,  but  he  was 
seriously  frightened  by  the  enormous  length  of 
drains  below  the  hospital  buildings.     There  were 
the  drains  from  the  several  operating   theatres, 
and  from  a  number  of  ward  kitchens  and  bath-  j 
rooms,  with  the  complications  of  traps  and  anti- 
eiphonage  pipes  thereto   belonging.     The  whole 
system  at  Belfast  was  of  iron  pipes,  apparently 
planned  and  executed  with   great  care ;  but  the  '■ 
very  unpleasant  fact   remained  that   there   was 
a  length  of  about  4r)0ft.  of  straight  main  drain, 
not  reckoning  the  very  large  number  of  branch 
drains   connecting  with  it,    all    below    a  dark, 
though,   it  was  true,  well-ventilated,  space  under 
the  buildings.  The  only  traps  to  any  of  the  fittings 
Mr.  Pick  could  find  were  those  immediately  below 
the    various   sinks,    ttc,    and   some   floor  traps.  , 
There  also  appeared  to  be   a  lack  of  inspection 
chambers   to  the  drains  under  buildings.     Ifr. 
Pick  inspected  the  cast-iron  vertical  drainpipes 
connecting  the  fittings  to  the  drains,  and,  in  the 
case    of    those    which   apparently    received   the 
wastes  from  baths  and  slop-hoppers,  the  caulked 
lead  joints  already  began  to  show  unmistakable 
signs  of  drawing.   This  contraction  and  expansion 
caused  by  hot  water  running  down  the  pipes  was 
Tery  difficult  to  safely  obviate  in   a  system  like 
that  adopted  at  Belfast.     It  did  not  appear  likely 
that  the  drains  could  remain  botlle-tight  for  any 
lengthened  period.     Possibly  it  might  be  argued 
that,  supposing  there  were  a  few  leaky  joints  in 
the  drainage  system,   what  did  it  matter,  when 
there  was  a   constant  sufficient   pressure   of  air 
fram  within  the  building  to  prevent  any  sewer- 
gas  finding  its  way  insile'r    But  most  architects 
would  agree  that  it  was  better  to  keep  dangers  of 
this  kind  at  arm's  length,  by  putting  all  drains 
outside  where  they  open  to  the  atmosphere  ;  and 
this  one  objection  to  the  arrangement  of  a  hospital 
on  one  floor,  extending  over  such  a  large  area  as 
that  at  Belfast,  and  thus  necessitating  all  these 
internal    drains,    would     wisely     prevent    most 
architects  from  adopting  the  plan  of  a  Plenum 
ventilated   one-story   hospital.      Another   detail 
of_  the    sanitary    system     to     which    exception 
might    be     taken    was    the  low  termination  of 
the    ventilation     pipes     to    the    w.c.'s     at    the 
end  of  the  wards:  these  were  carried  only'just 
through  the  roof  at  the  balcony  ends,  affording 
some    chance    of    a    down    draught    when    the 
atmosphere    was    still.      He    did    not    like    the 
arrangement  of  the  nurses'  slop-room  and  w.c. 
for  patients.     The    patients'   w.c.   ought   to  be 
better  separated  from  the  nurses'  slop-room  than 
was  the  case  at  Belfast,  where   the  main  point 
appeari'd  to  be  so  to  plan  the  sanitary  annexe  as 
to  facilitate  the  one  outlet  in  the  w.c.  for   the 
Pli-num    system    of    ventilation.     A    somewhat 
similar  arrangement  was  provided  for  the  oph- 
thalmic   wards,   where    the    patients'    w.c.    was 
placed  in  a  corner  of  the  bathroom  ;  this  surely 
was  not  so   good  a    plan   as  providing   a  w.c. 
separately    approached    from    the    ward.      Mr 


Henman  had  stated  that  open  windows  with 
Plenum  ventilation  were  objectionable,  and  that 
by  making  all  the  windows  of  the  sanitary 
annexes  fixed  he  was  able  to  delete  the  inter- 
cepting lobbies ;  but,  speaking  generally,  Mr. 
Pick  was  strongly  of  opinion  that  it  was  a  great 
mistake  to  construct  fixed  windows.  There  were 
many  days  in  the  summer  time  when  it  was 
difficult  by  the  Plenum  ventilation  to  obtain  that 


^by 
freshness  in  a  building  which  was  so  desirable ; 
in  such  cases  why  should  the  windows  not  be 
opened  r  What  did  it  matter  in  such  a  case,  if 
the  flues  are  well  arranged  away  from  sources  of 
contamination,  whether  they  universally  acted  the 
right  way  or  not  'r  And,  besides,  in  many  classes 
of  buildings  were  there  not  times  when  by  opening 
the  windows  a  good  air  flushing  could  be  given  to 
them  without  incurring  the  expense  of  running 
the  fans  at  all ':  The  engineering  work  of  this 
hospital  had  undoubtedly  been  designed  and 
carried  out  in  a  most  careful  and  able  manner. 
There  were,  however,  som?  points  about  this 
portion  of  the  work  which  might  possibly  have 
been  improved.  He  considered  that  the  bottom 
of  main  air  inlets  should  have  been  at  least  Sft. 
above  the  ground  level  instead  of  about  3ft.,  as 
they  were.  The  boiler-house  should  have  had 
doors  or  shutters  to  prevent  cold  air  getting  to 
the  boilers,  and  good  top  ventilation  provided  in 
lieu  of  the  openings.  The  feed-water  to  the 
boilers  was  on  the  day  of  his  inspection  nearly 
cold :  this  was  a  serious  mistake,  as  it  not  only 
increased  fuel  consumption,  but  was  detrimental 
to  the  boilers  themselves.  There  were  a  good 
many  steam  traps  in  the  buildings  which  might 
have  been  left  out  had  the  system  of  piping  been 
laid  out  on  more  modern  lines.  "The  engines 
and  fans  for  the  Plenum  arrangements  were 
excellent  in  design  and  finish,  but  he  could 
but  feel  that  it  would  have  been  better  for  the 
engineering  scheme  had  it  been  laid  down 
more  comprehensively,  and  made  to  embrace 
the  general  lighting  of  the  institution 
by  electricity,  using  the  exhaust  steam  from  the 
generating  engines  for  supplying  the  whole  of 
the  hot  water  required,  and  the  remainder  uied 
in  the  general  heating  system.  Had  this  been 
done,  the  Plenum  fans  and  laundry  machinery 
could  have  been  driven  by  electric  motors,  and  a 
considerable  annual  saving  to  the  institution 
effected.  Speaking  generally  of  the  Plenum 
system  of  heating  and  ventilation,  he  felt,  in 
concluding,  it  was  only  just  and  due  to  the 
architects  and  engineer  to  state  that,  in  spite  of 
any  criticisms  which  he  had  offered  in  these 
remarks,  the  scheme  as  carried  out  in  the  Belfast 
Hospital  was,  in  his  judgment,  one  of  the  very 
best  that  had  up  to  the  present  time  been  executed, 
and,  whether  other  architects  followed  the  daring 
lead  of  Messrs.  Henman  and  Cooper  or  not,  the 
enormous  educational  advantage  that  they  had 
given  us  in  having  the  boldness  to  carry  out  their 
convictions  would  be  appreciated  by  every 
architect. 

Mr.   ALruEi)    Saxox-Sxell    apologised    for  a 
somewhat  unguarded  expression  he  used  in  the 
heat  of  discussion  on  the  previous  occasion  when 
he   denounced   the    Plenum    system    as  a  huge 
mistake.     The  Victoria  Hospital  at  Belfast  was 
the  incarnation  of   the  Plenum   system  ;   it  was 
absolutely  planned  and  built  to  demonstrate  the 
practicability  and  utility  of  that  method  of  venti- 
lation, which  must  stand  or  fall  by  that  hospital. 
Enthusiastic    study    had    been    given    to   every 
detail  at  that  hospital.     Its  architect  has  reverted 
to     a     system     which      the     speaker's    father 
(the     late     ilr.    Henry    Saxon  -  Suell)    adopted 
five-and  forty     years     ago     at     a     hospital    for 
600    persons ;    but    in   that    case    no    top   light 
was    provided,    and   it   was   not    successful.     It 
{  was  an  unfortunate  thing  that  the  merits  of  rival 
\  modes  of  ventilation  had  been  canvassed  not  from 
I  a  scientific  standpoint,  but  by  firms  commercially 
interested  in  the  question.     One  had  issued  what 
appeared   at   first  sight  to  be  a  Blue-book,  but 
!  which  proved  to  be  a  ttring  of  quotations  so  put 
'  together  as  to   convey  the   impression   that  the 
Plenum  system  was  a  mistake.     He  had  himself 
no  intrinsic   objection   to   the  Plenum  system ; 
indeed,  he  had  tried,  but  unsuccessfully,  to  get  a 
board    to    adopt   it    for   an    exceptional    build- 
ing— a  series  of  operating  rooms.     Mr.   Henman 
seemed    to    think    that    the    Plenum    was    not 
only    desirable    for     hospitals,     but    that    only 
the   question  of   expense   stood   in    the   way   of 
its  adoption  for  houses  and  other  buildings.     He 
disagreed   with  Mr.   Henman's  attempt  to  give 
a  concise   definition  to   "efficient  ventilation." 
He  regarded  downward  veutilation  as  scientific- 


ally and  mechanically  wrong.  If  one  wanted  to 
move  a  bod}^,  the  best  way  was  to  impel  it  in  the 
direction  of  least  resistance,  and  to  take  advan- 
tage of  any  other  forces  moving  in  the  same 
direction.  The  chief  contamination  of  the  air 
was  emanations  from  human  bodies,  and  these 
were  heated  and  therefore  expanded,  and  tended 
to  move  upwards.  Any  system  of  downward 
ventilation  had,  therefore,  to  meet  and  overcome 
this  existing  upward  tendency  in  the  air.  A 
second  point  was  that  heated  air  was  not  so  suit- 
able for  breathing  as  cold  air  ;  heated  air  neces- 
sarily contained  less  oxygen,  the  vitalising 
element,  than  cold  air.  Another  disadvantage 
was  that  the  air  was  heatei  by  this  system 
to  a  uniform  temperature,  and  thus  becam; 
monotonous  and  depressing  in  its  influence  as 
contrasted  with  the  variations  in  the  open  air. 
He  would  just  refer,  in  passing,  to  the  risk 
involved  by  bringing  in  the  air  under  the 
Plenumjsystemjthrough  long,  unlighted  channels. 
The  late  Mr.  P.  Gordon  Smith,  D/.  Mouatt, 
and  the  speaker,  when  on  a  tour  ol  inspec- 
tion of  hospitals  on  the  Continent,  went  into 
one  at  Berlin  ventilated  on  a  Plenum  system,  and 
he  noticed  that  the  ducts  through  which  the  air 
is  introduced  were  on  the  ground  level,  and  were 
protected  by  an  iron  grating.  He  remarked  that 
this  plan  offered  facilities  for  sweepi'~g  the  dust 
from  the  wards  and  corridors  into  the  ducts,  and 
taking  up  the  grating,  he  put  his  hand  diwn, 
discovering  a  deposit  of  two  inches  of  mud  in  the 
channel.  All  such  channels  were  liable  to  be 
contaminated  by  deposits  of  dust,  and  the  air, 
while  passing  through  them,  was  not  purified  by 
the  sun's  rays,  and  the  baneful  bacteria  the 
atmosphere  contained  were  likely  to  increase  and 
multiply  under  cover  of  the  darkness.  The 
tendency  of  modern  medical  teaching  was  to 
exhort  people  to  avoid  medicine  and  to  trust  to 
Nature  for  restoration  to  health.  .\s  architects, 
a  moral  responsibility  rested  on  them  to  advise 
their  clients  to  adopt  natural  means  of  ventilation 
where  possible,  to  allow  fresh  air  to  enter  their 
dwellings  freely,  and  to  plan  their  houses  s  i  as  to 
allow  of  healthful  rather  than  comfortable  living. 
The  best  thing  was  to  teach  our  fellow-man  to 
rule  and  control  his  own  life. 

Dr.  S.  KiDEAL  remarked  that  Mr.  Saxon  Snell 
had  adopted  an  interesting  and  poetic,  but  not  a 
scientific,  mode  of  treating  his  subject.  Unfor- 
tunately, the  problem  of  providing  fresh  air  to 
hospitals  in  large  cities  was  not  an  easy  one,  and 
depending  on  natural  methods  of  providing  sufh- 
cient  change  of  air  in  such  buildings  did  not  com- 
mend itself  to  the  twentieth-century  man.  Since 
they  must  have  some  artificial  systemof  ventilation, 
then  the  forcing-in  of  the  air  required  must  be  more 
efficient  than  the  one  which  trusted  to  the 
exhaustion  of  the  vitiated  air.  If  bacterial 
organisms  increased  and  multiplied  in  the  under- 
grounds ducts,  so  much  the  better  was  it  for  the 
air  conveyed  through  them.  It  w;  s  possible  to 
introduce  fresh  air  without  bringing  with  it  dust 
or  germs,  and  one  could  breathe  warm  air  with- 
out danger.  Certainly  the  warmed  air  was  ex- 
panded, and  therefore  a  given  volume  contained 
less  oxygen  ;  but  we  breathed  more  quickly  to 
compensate  for  this.  If  the  air  was  dust  free, 
germ  free,  and  regularly  renewed,  it  must  be 
better  than  air  which  was  not  so  changed.  Indeed, 
all  agreed  that  the  removal  of  the  products  of 
<.y»-it  dc  corps  was  desirable ;  but  it  was  not 
generally  realised  that  the  air  breathed  should 
have  a  certain  degree  of  humidity.  He  had 
recently  been  engaged  in  investigations  of  the 
effects  upon  air  of  the  combustion  of  coal-gas,  and 
found  it  was  much  less  deleterious  than  was 
usually  imagined. 

Theliev.  J.  B.  Lock,  B.A.,  Bursar  of  Caiusand 
Gonville  College,  Cambridge,  urged  the  value  of 
mechanical  ventilation  of  a  room  by  the  open  fire, 
which  might  be  a  wasteful  consumption  of  fuel, 
but  had  the  advantage  of  warming  the  walls  and 
furniture  of  the  room  by  radiation,  and  did  not 
warm  the  air.  The  Plenum  system  had  recently 
been  adopted  in  the  medical  school  at  Cambridge, 
where  it  was  required  to  provide  a  regular  supply 
of  air.  The  vacuum  or  natural  systems  he 
regarded  as  mere  rule-of-thumb  methods  of  ven- 
tilation— they  merely  consisted  in  making  holes 
in  the  upper  portion  of  a  shaft  and  hoping  for 
the  best.  At  the  Leeds  medical  school  there  was 
a  central  ventilating  shaft  going  through  several 
floors,  and  having  within  it  a  chimney,  which 
was  supposed  by  its  warmth  to  draw  the  vitiated 
air  up.  (^)n  some  days  it  worked  efficiently,  but 
on  others  the  air  from  the  lower  rooms  simply 
percolated  through  the  upper  ones.    Experience 


June  10,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


827 


at  this  Leeds  school  showed  that  it  was  necessary 
to  provide  sufficient  mechanical  force  to  remove 
the  vitiated  air.  Where  rooms  were  continuously 
occupied  by  successive  groups  of  students,  as,  for 
eximple.  Pitman's  College  of  Phonography,  it 
wa9  impossible  to  change  the  air  without 
mechanical  means,  such  as  the  Plenum  system. 
To  say  that  a  natural  system  could  ventilate 
a  room  effectually  without  either  a  tire  or  fan 
was  absurd;  it  would  answer  on  board  ship 
where  the  air  was  kept  in  movement  by  the 
motion  of  the  vessel,  but  not  on  land. 

Mu.  W.  Kavf,  Paurv,  of  Dublin,  remarked 
th^t  the  actual  weight  of  air  was  very  great,  and 
it  was  impossible,  without  mechanical  means,  to 
remove  it  from,  and  renew  it  in,  an  apartment. 
It  instead  of  the  Plenum  system  they  adopted  a 
radiator,  the  architect  was  faced  with  the  enor- 
mous dilBculty  of  keeping  the  folds  or  gills  of  the 
radiator  clean.  They  were  ten  times  more  in- 
sanitary than  air  passages.  In  one  large  institu- 
tion that  he  knew  of,  the  radiators  were  used  as 
spittoons — he  should  say  that  the  building  wai  a 
lunatic  asylum  ;  the  consequence  was  that  the 
sputum  was  dried  on  the  gills  of  the  radiator,  and 
the  germs  were  diffused  through  the  wards. 
With  the  Plenum  system,  the  occupants  of  a 
building  had  no  opportunity  to  befoul  the  ducts. 

Mr.  Harold  Guiffiths  believed  that  the 
plenum  method  was  the  right  system  of  ventila- 
tion for  denselj'-occupied  buildings  in  cities  ;  but 
there  were  four  points  to  be  seriously  considered 
in  this  system.  First,  as  to  the  air-screens.  He 
did  not  favour  the  use  of  jute  and  coeoanut  fibre 
for  screens,  such  as  Mr.  Henman  had  employed 
at  the  Belfast  Hospital.  Screens  of  such  mate- 
rials, in  the  course  of  a  few  months,  inevitably 
became  choked  with  impurities,  and  it  became 
impossible  to  cleanse  them  with  a  hose  or  broom, 
or  by  any  other  means.  Revolving  screens  were 
preferable,  though  not  altogether  perfect,  and  he 
hoped  on  some  future  occasion  to  show  a  more 
excellent  way.  The  second  question  was  with 
regard  to  dust  accumulating  in  the  ducts.  It 
also  accumulated  in  the  gills  of  radiators  which 
could  not  be  washed.  He  suggested  that  the 
radiators  should  be  constructed  of  galvanised 
iron,  and  so  arranged  that  they  could  be  swilled 
with  water  al  least  once  a  week.  The  third  point 
concerned  the  velocity  of  the  air  admitted.  In 
many  forms  of  apparatus  the  air  was  delivered  in 
so  sluggish  a  stream  that  it  could  not  be  forced 
through  the  apartment,  while  other  inventions 
went  to  the  opposite  extreme,  and  occasioned  an 
injurious  draught  through  a  ward.  The  speed  of 
propulsion  should  never  be  below  4ft.  per  second, 
but  about  5ft.  in  winter  and  5ft.  to  6ft.  in  summer. 
Fourthly,  there  was  the  question  of  inlets  and 
outlets  :  the  inlet  should  force  the  air  well  up  to 
the  ceiling,  and  should  not  be  quadrant  formed, 
and  the  outlet  should  not  be  throttled,  as  it  was 
in  nearly  all  Plenum  systems. 

Mr.  E.  W.  HiDsox  said  that  in  the  Capitol  at 
Washington  the  Plenum  system  had  not  proved 
a  success.  He  thought  the  position  of  the  inlets 
and  outlets  in  this  system  was  radically  wrong, 
and  concluded  by  moving  the  adjournment  of  the 
discussion  ;  but  the  President  remarked  that  it 
would  be  impossible  to  afford  another  evening  at 
so  late  a  period  of  the  session. 

Mr.  H.  Laxgtox  Cole  said  surely  it  would  be 
possible  to  obtain  statistics  as  to  the  average 
medical  health  of  institutions  ventilated  by 
mechanical  and  natural  methods. 
_  Mr.  A.  E.  Mf.NiiY  said  the  points  to  be  con- 
sidered in  a  ventilating  system  were — firstly,  the 
overcoming  of  the  inertia  of  the  atmosphere ; 
secondly,  the  forcing  of  the  air  through  the  coils, 
and  thirdly,  the  overcoming  of  friction  in  the 
shaft.  The  modem  practice  of  rounding  off  the 
angles  of  hospital  wards  undoubtedly  had  the 
effect  of  reducing  the  friction  of  the  air,  and  so 
facilitated  thorough  ventilation. 

Jlr.  Max  Clarke  expressed  the  opinion  that  no 
automatic  system  could  ventilate  a  room  properly, 
and  asked  whether  it  was  an  established  fact  tliat 
the  air  deteriorated  and  lost  a  certain  invigorating 
property  while  being  cleansed,  warmed,  and 
pumped  through  ducts.  These  channels  should 
have  enamelled  internal  surfaces,  and  should  bo 
made  in  long  lengths,  and  provision  should  be 
made  for  periodical  cleansing,  so  as  to  obviate  the 
risk  of  dint  and  bacterial  contamination  of  the 
air  in  its  passage  througli  them. 

The  Prksidknt,  in  closing  the  discussion,  ex- 
pressed the  personal  opinion  that  the  only  way  of 
ventilating  crowded  rooms  and  providing  them 
with  a  continuous  change  of  air  was  by  adopting 
some  Plenum  svstem. 


"  BUILDIXG  XEWS  "  DESIGNING  CLUB. 

A  SMALL  COVSTRV  HOUSE  rOB  A  PAINTER. 

WE  place  "Ghost"  first,  "  Ionic "  second, 
and  "  The  New  Boy  "  third.  The  result 
of  this  competition  is  not  equal  to  what  had  been 
anticipated,  and  we  do  not  pretend  to  feel  very 
enthusiastic  about  the  chosen  designs,  though  it 
is  clear  that  "  Ghost  "  is  the  best  on  the  whole, 
even  if  "  Ionic  "  does  give  a  studio  entrance  and 
model's  dressing-room.  In  any  case  this  is  an 
advantage,  even  should  the  room  be  only  used  for 
studio  lumber.  Such  an  addition  was  not  speci- 
fied, however,  and  so  must  be  taken  aa  an  optional 
detail.  "  Ghost's  "  hall  is  rather  dark,  and  the 
ugly  right-angular  passage  to  the  kitchen  is  very 
much  so,  notwithstanding  a  borrowed  light  in  the 
larder  wall,  and  which  the  things  on  the  shelves 
would  obscure.  The  "  meal  -  room  "  in  both 
the  first  two  plans  is  treated  more  after  the 
fashion  of  an  ordinary  dining-room.  "  Ghost  " 
would  have  done  no  harm  in  adding 
another  door  out  of  the  before-mentioned 
angular  passage.  "  The  New  Boy  "'  makes  a 
wide,  arched  opening  between  the  "  family 
room  ''  and  the  meal-room,  and  he  also  shows 
one  to  the  studio.  We  said  that  apartment  must 
be  quiet ; — folding-doors  would  not  be  sufficient 
to  insure  that  condition.  "  CJhost's "  plan  is 
compact,  and  his  elevations  are  pleasingly  con- 
trived. We  doubt  the  wisdom  of  placing  the 
larder  window  in  the  stable-yard,  and  the  loca- 
tion of  the  servants'  w.c.  next  the  harness-room 
is  a  doubtful  arrangement.  The  hall  would  not 
be  quite  so  light  as  might  be  wished,  seeing  that 
the  staircase  main  window  could  only  oblicjuely 
illuminate  the  ground  floor,  and  the  sidelight, 
as  shown,  could  only  be  a  small  dwarf  one  on 
account  of  the  stairs,  or  else  be  higher  up,  which 
the  first  floor  does  not  show  to  be  iotended. 
"Ionic"  is  wasteful  of  space  for  such  a  small 
house  by  providing  so  large  a  corridor  leading 
to  the  studio  ;  while,  calling  it  a  "  gallery  " 
does  not  obviate  this  objection,  particularly  when 
the  total  area  occupied  by  the  hall  itself,  the 
' '  gallery, ' '  lobby  to  lavatory  staircase  passage, 
as  well  as  lobby  to  garden,  is  taken  into  account. 
Economy  of  cubic  contents  in  such  a  scheme  is  a 
desideratum  which  must  be  insisted  on.  The 
upper  hall  is  also  wasteful,  and  there  is  no  w.c. 
on  the  bedroom  plan,  which  certainly  is  an  over- 
sight ;  though  not  specified,  it  was  taken  for 
granted  there  would  be  one.  The  gallery  to  the 
studio  might  have  been  made  more  interesting 
had  it  been  arranged  so  as  to  be  reached  from  the 
first  floor.  That  is,  however,  a  minor  considera- 
tion, and  the  heights  of  floors  might  cause  a  diffi- 
culty. The  scheme  of  levels  in  vertical  contri- 
vances, nevertheless,  is  of  the  utmost  consequence 
in  successful  planning.  Note  the  breadth  ob- 
tained externally,  for  example,  by  "Ghost" 
between  the  head  of  the  studio  low  window  and 
the  cill  of  the  window  to  the  bedroom  over  it. 
He,  however,  leaves  himself  open  to  criticism  by 
cramping  the  bedroom  under  the  other  gable  of  the 
same  garden  front,  and  yet  at  the  same  time  hemakes 
a  loss  of  space  above  the  ceiling  in  the  roof  of  that 
wing.  It  is  only  by  picking  a  design  to  pieces  in 
this  fashion  that  hints  can  be  got  for  future  use. 
The  old  builders  had  the  advantage  of  being  able 
to  ignore  this  question  of  cost  in  big  root  spaces. 
The  modern  architect  cannot  afford,  however,  to 
do  so.  "Ionic"  is  not  happy  in  the  external 
handling  of  his  house,  and  although  there  is  a 
degree  of  odd  quaintness  about  its  chance-liUe 
methods,  we  miss  all  attempt  at  a  balance  of  parts 
or  predominance  of  feature  ;  thus  relative  values 
which  go  to  make  a  composition  are  lacking. 
They  constitute  the  difference  between  work- 
manlike design  and  an  amateurish  essay. 

There  ia  a  big  drop  between  theso  designs  and 
the  drawings  of  "  The  New  Boy,"  who  takes  the 
third  position.  His  perspective  hiis  a  meihanical 
look,  and  the  silly  wire  lines  furbishing  the  sky 
only  aggravate  the  objection  wliich  the  badly- 
delinoated  trees  complete.  Theso  objections  are 
not  80  manifest  in  the  reduced  reproduction 
here  published.  The  plan  is  equally  crude, 
with  awkward  cantlings  intro'iuced  withiut 
any  adequate  reason.  The  staircase  is  not  only 
badly  designed  in  itself,  but  .voiild  not  got  up  in 
time  to  roach  the  first  floor.  The  inset  porch  is 
the  chief  source  of  the  dilliiiilty,  with  its 
sort  of  linen  cupboard  on  the  first  floor  dignified 
by  the  terra  "  sewing  room,"  where  a  maid 
would  sit  and  shiver  fjr  the  greater  part 
of  the  year.  The  shapes  of  the  Sivcral 
rooms  aro  not  convonient,  not  one  being 
really  good.    The  elevations  are  rather  hotter. 


though  the  windows  to  the  ground-floor  room^ 
are  so  high  up  that  only  giants  could  look 
out  with  ease,  unless  folks  stood  upon  chairs. 
In  the  Suction,  the  sill  scales  5ft.  from  the  floor. 
The  same  drawing  displays  much  waste  of  .'■pare 
in  the  roof,  which  few  clients  would  be  willing 
to  provide  money  for. 

In  the  face  of  such  faults  as  these,  those  who 
follow  may  think  we  have  overlooked  their  good 
points,  and  that  they  ought  to  have  been  pre- 
ferred. Not  so,  seeing  t*iat  no  choice  remained 
but  to  do  as  we  have  done.  Herein  lies  the  luck 
of  all  lompetitions,  which  consists  not  often  so 
much  in  the  in'rinsic  merit  of  the  winning  plans 
as  in  the  crass  faults  or  general  incompetence  of 
the  other  schemes  which  happen  to  be  ranged 
against  them.  This  is  eminently  the  case  on  the 
present  occasion,  notwithstanding  the  charm  of 
this  subject,  which  ought  to  have  attracted  a 
more  worthy  exhibition  of  ability.  Aa  a  matter 
of  fact,  it  is  difficult  to  fix  on  a  fourth 
design,  and  "Whaap,"  who  takes  the  place, 
ought  to  have  done  better ;  at  least,  he  has  taken 
pains,  but  he  is  a  bad  planner.  Thus  we  have 
externally  a  stone  arched  entrance  under  a  minor 
gable,  which  makes  a  pretty  feature  enough,  bat 
on  going  in  the  visitor  at  once  is  hampered  by  a 
paltry  little  porch  with  i)  dead  wall  immediately 
facing  the  entry.  The  staircase  rises  beyond  in 
an  inconsequential  way,  and  a  wasteful  landing 
occupying  a  lot  of  space  leads  up  to  nothing 
properly,  while  the  h  m.  closet  over  the  poich  has 
a  window  high  up  beyond  reach.  Sufficient  head 
room  for  the  staircase  is  only  just  managed,  and 
the  author  would  have  learned  more  by  taking 
his  section  through  the  staircase  and  studio.  The 
latter  is  below  the  ground  floor,  and  about  Oin. 
above  the  level  of  the  land  outside.  The  house  is 
thus  thrown  up  four  steps  to  get  additional 
height  for  one  room,  which  bears  little  rela- 
tion to  the  entire  floor  area  of  the  whole. 
"  Hermit  "  draws  neatly,  and  shows  care  in  his 
work,  which,  however,  looks  perversely  strange 
and  wrong-headed.  We  can  but  wonder  why  a 
country  house  near  the  Broads  midst  miles  of 
the  open  air  space  of  East  Anglia  should  have  a 
tiny  internal  courtyard  measuring  lift,  by  Sft., 
and  a  coal-shoot,  a  w.c,  a  scullery,  and  a 
stable  window  within  its  area.  It  seems 
beyond  a'l  credence,  yet  such  is  "Hermit's" 
keynote  to  half  of  his  plan,  and  furnish- 
ing as  it  does  the  only  way  of  lighting  and 
ventilating  his  kitchen.  To  reach  the  basement; 
stairs  to  get  at  the  coal-cellar,  the  servants  must 
go  through  the  cloakroom.  This  design  is  equally 
odd  in  its  external  appearance,  which  we  cannot 
admire.  "  Cxayville  "  sends  a  rambling  house  of 
a  commonplace  kind,  drawn  in  an  ordinary 
fashion.  The  scullery  is  triangular,  and  gives 
perhaps  a  touch  of  originality.  '1  lie  plan  is  by 
no  means  a  bad  one,  and  little  exception  is  made 
to  the  plain  treatment  adopted  for  the  elevations. 
It  is  the  poverty  of  the  scheme  which  precludes 
priority  in  this  case.  The  scope  of  "  Chinga- 
chgook's  "  ideal  seems  restricted  to  the  villa  type 
of  house,  and  he  fails  to  get  beyond  the  suburban 
limit  of  residential  property.  He  gives  the 
painter  a  spacious  hall  and  then  brings  him  round 
to  the  house-yard,  and  kitchen  doors  (it  has  two 
doors)  before  the  staircase  can  be  reached.  How  the 
smell  of  bacon  or  fish  frying  fur  breakfast  would 
rouse  the  early  risers  in  the  bedrooms  above  in 
such  a  house  I  "Bert"  isolates  his  kitchen  by 
making  the  scullery  a  go-between  to  the  servery, 
which  communicates  with  the  meal-room  by  a 
hatch ;  the  servery  is,  however,  devoid  of  all 
light,  and  the  w.c.  next  to  it  has  no  window  at  all. 
"  Bert "  draws  perspective  but  poorly,  and  should 
have  some  lessons.  His  work  is  very  bad,  but  it 
evinces  some  show  that  ho  might  improve. 
"  Cowboy  "  draws  a  desperacely  ugly  house,  and 
then  over  the  studio  chimney  piece  carves  "  Kast 
or  West,  Hame  is  host."  In  this  case  the  pleasure 
of  associations  would  have  to  justify  the  truth  of 
the  adage,  though  "Cowboy's"  bad  planning 
would  sadly  try  the  temper  of  the  occupiers.  This 
is  not  chaff,  ilow  could  any  cook  servo  a  dinner 
in  such  a  kitchen,  oven  if  she  survived  the  risk  of 
using  the  breakneck,  pitch-dark  stiirs  lead- 
ing to  the  coal  -  collar,  from  whence  she 
must  obtain  tho  fuel  to  cook  the  nv  al  with. 
"Cowboy's"  ideas,  too,  for  the  position  of 
w.c.'s  aro  peculiar.  Ho  likes  them  well 
in  view,  and  as  public  as  possible.  "Tom" 
has  an  individuality  of  his  own  quite  apart 
from  tho  friviloua  details  with  which  his 
design  is  encumbered,  such  as  the  m  mstrous 
elongations  to  the  barge  boards,  fingtr-lika 
pointing  to  the  oarth,  and  bisecting  the  archway 


828 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Juke  10,  1904. 


of  the  entrance  portal,  over  which  rises  a  stucco- 
f  iced  tower,  a  feature,  by  the  way,  developed  out 
of  the  lavatory  and  h.m.  closet.  The  bathroom 
window  must  be  well  down  on  the  floor  level  to 
get  it  in  below  the  eaves,  while  the  head  room  of 
that  useful  apartment  seems  a  doubtful  quantity. 
Under  the  main  stairs  the  door  to  the  kitchen 
could  not  well  be  more  than  4ft.  6in.  or  oft.  high. 
The  general  "  hang  "  of  this  plan  is  by  no  means 
bad,  but  "Tom"  has  much  to  learn.  One  item 
to  which  he  must  devo  e  attention  is  the  need  of 
light  on  landings.  "Frena"  fabricates  a  tower 
and  spire  with  fanciful  freedom  ;  but  it  is  so  squat 
in  its  proportions  as  to  be  unobserved  at  firot 
sight  in  the  view.  Like  "  Tom,"  he  emphasises 
by  its  means  a  w.c.  and  h.m.  sink.  The  studio 
in  "Frena's"  plan  is  somewhat  more  isolated 
from  (he  house,  though  all  visitors  to  it  must 
paFS  the  staircase.  "Caravan"  makes  it  neces- 
sary to  go  through  the  living  room  to  reich  his 
studio,  and  in  passing  the  family  circle  round  the 
fireplace,  with  its  fixed  seat,  must  be  interrupted 
every  time.  This  scheme  is  ingenious,  but  the 
au'hor  must  apply  some  of  our  previous  remarks 
to  himself,  as  we  cannot  repeat  them.  Bedroom 
No  2,  which  halves  the  big  bay  with  No.  1,  is  a 
shockingly  inconvenient  room,  and  the  dining 
place  with  the  window  in  one  corner  is  worthy  of 
a  speculating  builder.  "  The  Hog "  is  pre- 
tentious, and  sacrifices  much  for  balance  of  parts 
and  efEect  outside.  The  quasi-tower  over  the 
entrance  is  hardly  warranted,  and  the  w.c.  to 
which  it  is  devoted  on  the  first  floor  would  be 
more  adapted  tj  refined  feelings  if  less  con- 
spicuously displayed.  The  h.m.c.  shares  the ' 
honour  of  this  publicity  at  the  other  end  of  the  ; 
same  corridor.  Large  letters  on  the  doors  would 
be  needed  to  avoid  confusion.  The  boudoir  over 
the  hall  is  little  better  than  a  box  room,  which 
would  be  a  better  name  for  it  if  Itss  grandiose. 

"  The   Magpie's "    house   is    partly  in    half- 
timber,   and  the  hall  makes  a  contorted   sort  of 
interior   feature,  in    and    out    and    roundabout, 
encircling  three  sides  of  a  dog-legged  stairs,  and 
ending  in  a  V-shaped  way  into  the  studio  and 
family  room.      Externally    this  building  would 
have  a  scattered  look.      Two  bedrooms  are  on  a 
second  floor,  and  would  be  reached  by  a  "  black 
hole  "  staircase  ending  in   the   centre  of  a  box 
room.      "Magpie"  is  ingenious,  and  should  do 
far  better  things  than  this.     His  stable  is  the  best 
thing  about  this  present  effort.     "  Bulldog,"  has 
not  hit  oU  at  all  well  one's  idea  of  a  painter's 
country  house,  either  so  far  as  plans  or  elevations 
are  concerned.      Yet  he  has  tried  well  and  spared 
no  pains,  of  which    we    desire  to  speak  appre- 
ciatively.    "  Pigeon  "  relies  on  outline,  and  has 
a  queer  idea  of  the  amenities  of  a  studio.  He  puts 
a  solid  waU  in  front  of  the  ingle-nook  fireplace, 
and  a  curtain   to    modestly  screen  the   model's 
room  door,  which,  however  has  a  capacious  glazed 
French     window     leading      into     the    garden. 
The    studio    window   is    much    too    small,   and 
"  Bessie's  "  sewing-room  over  is  absurd.     Dark 
rooms  do  generally  have  "  glass  in  the  windows," 
but   workrooms     need     fireplaces.       "Obelisk" 
enshrines  the  view  of  his  design  within  a  Trans- 
Atlantic     magazine-like     border.     The     section 
illustrates  how  the  American  segmental  dormer, 
one  foot  high  in  the  middle,   serves  to   light  a 
main  landing  20ft.  long  and  Sft.  wide.     It  is  not 
clear  what  becomes  of  the  flues  from  the  studio 
and  dining-room  fireplaces,  and  the  soflit  of  the  ■ 
stairs  breaking  into   the   studio   would  look  very 
amiss  from  be'ow.     "  Zig  Zag  "  presumes  that 
his  painter,  being  a  landscapist,  would  not  need  a 
model.     This  might  be  so,  but  it  would  have  been 
as  -well  to  have  had  the  studio  door  not  quite  so 
close  to  the  kitchen  entrance,  even  if  the  lobby  1 
is  "ventilated,'' and  it  is  not  any  gain  to  have  ' 
an  open  arch  between  the  entrance-hall  and  the 
living-room.     As   it    is,  every    morsel    of    food 
would  have  to  be  carried  directly  in  frotit  of  the 
studio-door  to  reach  the  meal-room  beyond.  The  : 
loggia  looks  like  a  cartway  in  the  view,  which,  ' 
however,   has  been    carefully   executed  in  line. 
The  chief  merit  in  this  design  is  that  the  author 
tried  to  work   in   a  cube  form   or  square  plan.  ! 
"Old   Mercer"    comes   next,    then    "Marcus"! 
■with  a  sumptuous    plan,   having   a    "  staircase 
hall"    besides    a    "hall    proper,"    by    way   of 
which,  with  dignified   grace,  the   studio  is  ap- 
proached.      "We     should     not    specialise    these 
things    so    much    had    the   design,   as    a  piece 
of   architectural    conception,   risen    at  all   near 
the  standard  suggested.  Instead  it  looks  thin  and 
ineffective.     "  Leo  "  need  not  detain  us,  though 
we  take  a  note  of  his  care  and  his  serpent  fountain 
in  the  foreground  of  the  view.     "  Anutherschotta- 


tique  "  breaks  the  rules  by  washing  a  tint  overthe 
plan,  and  shading  up  the  elevations  with  a  brush. 
The  design,  as  tbe  stupidity  of  the  m)tto 
indicates,  is  an  indifferent  performance,  and  the 
perspective  is  but  poorly  drawn.  "Corporal" 
and   "Hereward"  conclude  the  series. 

The  following  were  the  particulars  issued  for 
the  guidance  of  competitors: — "A  Studio  and 
Small  House  for  a  painter  on  a  country  site  in 
Norfolk,  near  the  Broads,  with  a  stable  sufficient 
for  a  pony  and  trap.  The  site  is  by  the  side  of 
an  open  common,  and  is  flit,  with  the  entrance 
frontage  towards  the  east.  The  studio  must  be 
on  the  ground  floor,  and  its  size  to  ba  2-lft.  by 
ISft.,  and  to  have  a  large  verlical  north  light. 
The  family  room  to  be  2-2ft.  by  I6ft.,  or  of  that 
area,  and  leading  out  of  it  a  smaller  room  for 
meals,  about  16ft.  by  14ft.,  arranged  so  that  the 
service  may  be  carried  on  from  the  kitchen  by 
way  cf  a  ventilated  lobby  between  the  meal  room 
and  the  kitchen.  Out  of  this  lobby  a  door  to  the 
garden  may  be  managed ;  but  the  kitchen 
window  must  not  overlook  the  garden.  There 
must  be  a  good  entrance  lobby,  and  a  nice  4ft. 
staircase  out  of  sight  of  the  front  door.  The  first 
floor  is  to  be  devoted  to  five  bedrooms,  a  bath- 
room, and  h.m.c. ;  but  no  back  staircase  is  re- 
quired. The  arrangement  of  the  plan  must  be 
artistically  and  economically  contrived.  The 
rooms  may  be  9ft.  high  on  the  ground  floor,  ex- 
cepting the  studio,  which  must  be  15ft.  high. 
Rooms  may  be  located  over  the  studio.  The  first- 
floor  rooms  to  be  Sft.  Cin.  high.  The  offices  to  be 
suitable  for  such  a  house,  and  the  stable  may  be 
attached  facing  the  frontage,  with  a  small  stable- 
yard  between  it  and  the  house.  The  yard  waU 
and  stable  maybe  on  the  frontage  boundary.  The 
studio  must  be  quiet.  .\  shed  for  cycles  or  a 
small  motor  to  be  provided.  The  plot  of  land  is 
so  large  that  it  does  not  restrict  the  house  in  any 
way.  The  dimensions  given  do  that.  The  walls 
are  to  be  of  brick,  with  wooden  mullioned 
windows  and  eisemento.  The  upper  part  to  be 
tUe  hung,  and  roofs  to  be  covered  with  tiles.  A 
view  is  disirable,  and  the  style  must  be  of  the 
Cottage  type  without  elaborate  detail.  There 
will  be  a  small  garden  in  fronf,  with  white 
painted  open  fence.  Scale  Sft.  to  the  inch. 
Enough  drawings  on  the  sheet  to  illustrate  the 
design.     De--ign3  to  reach  the  office  on  April  30. 


THE  LIGHTING  OF  SCHOOLROOMS.* 

A  MANUAL  on  the  princip'es  of  lighting,  as 
applied  to  schools  for  architects,  school 
boards,  superintendents,  and  teachers,  must 
almost  necessarily  be  found  useful.  Though  the 
principles  of  lighting  are  generally  known,  the 
practical  means  of  applying  them  to  buildings 
have  only  lately  received  the  attention  they 
deserve.  The  manual  which  we  notice  by 
Stuart  H.  Rowe,  Ph.D.,  Supervising  Principal 
of  the  Lovell  School  District,  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  gives,  in  a  condensed  and  practical  shape, 
the  conclusions  of  hygienists  and  scientists  on  the 
subject  of  school-lighting.  The  first  sections  of 
this  little  book  deals  with  the  site,  sunlight,  the 
obstruction  of  neighbouring  buildings,  and  the 
type  of  plan  most  suited  for  particular  sites. 
One  of  the  principles  that  ought  to  be  observed  is 
that  "neighbouring  buildings  should  be  distant 
not  less  than  twice  their  height  from  a  school 
building,"  the  observance  of  which  rule  will 
render  it  possible  for  each  child  to  see  the  sky 
from  his  desk.  It  is  not  necessary  that  this  rule 
should  apply  to  every  side  of  a  building,  but  only 
to  those  sides  with  windows ;  for  instance,  a 
square  building  lighted  on  all  sides  would  require 
a  large  space  all  round,  an  undesirable  condition  in 
towns  where  another  type  of  plan  would  be  more 
economical.  Thus  a  building  of  H  -shape  would 
require  only  about  two-thirds  the  area.  The 
author  shows  plans  of  buildings  suitable  for  par- 
ticular sites.  The  types  found  most  economical 
are  those  shaped  like  the  letter  L  o''  H,  and 
the  half -quadrangle  which  allows  certain  sides  to 
be  "blind"  walls  or  party- walls.  The  sides  of  the 
building  should  face  the  middle  point  of  the  com- 
pass, by  which  arrangement  each  side  receives 
the  sun  at  some  time  during  the  day.  "  A 
frontage  of  this  sort  makes  south-east  rooms  most 
desirable,  south-west  next,  then  the  north-east, 
while  the  north-west  is  least  to  be  desired,  as  it 
receivesthesunlateintheday."  (.>nthe  blank  side 
halls,  staircases,  and  cloakrooms  may  be  placed. 


The  architect's  aim  should  be  to  furnish  suffi- 
cient and  uninterrupted  light  to  every  desk  on 
dark  days.  For  a  small  site  a  higher  building  is 
necessary.  Light  may  be  received  only  from  two 
opposite  sides  ;  but  in  long  and  narrow  buildings 
one  side  only  may  be  sutficient  for  light.  For 
assembly-rooms  or  hall,  used  less  than  a  tenth  of 
the  school  time,  the  light  may  be  more  than  suffi- 
cient. Plans  are  shown  to  meet  peculiar  condi- 
tions of  Eite  and  environment.  Dr.  Cohen  and 
other  .American  specialists  have  adopted  a  standard 
of  window  space  to  floor  arei — viz. ,  one  in  six,  and 
where  this  amount  of  window  space  is  provide! 
the  minimum  of  defective  eyesight  is  found. 
The  author  says:  "From  one-fourth  to  one- 
sixth  is  therefore  the  desired  amount  of  window 
space  as  compared  with  floor  space,  and  sashes, 
curtains,  and  other  obstructions  to  light  are  not 
to  be  included  in  that  amount."  Referring  to 
dimensions,  the  floor  space  for  forty  pupils  should 
be  about  "oOsq.ft.  For  forty  pupils  a  room  would 
therefore  be  about  30ft.  by  2.3ft.  by  UUt.,  giving 
a  minimum  air  space  per  pupil  of  250c.ft. :  and 
the  air,  if  changed  seven  and  one-fifth  times 
an  hour,  will  givo  each  pupil  30c. ft.  of  air  per 
minute. 

Reasons  for  unilateral  lighting  from  the  left 
are  obvious.  Light  from  behind  the  pupil  casts 
shadows  from  his  bodj'  and  head  upon  his  work  ; 
light  from  the  right  is  obstructed  by  the  pupil's 
hand  when  he  uses  pen  or  pencil.  Light  in  front 
of  pupil  is  weakening  to  the  eyes  ;  therefore  light 
from  the  left  is  the  only  unobjectionable  form  of 
lighting,  it  thould  also  be  from  the  long  side 
rather  than  the  short.  Bilateral  lighting  is  dis- 
cussed, and  the  conclusion  is  that  any  combina- 
tion by  which  the  pupils  face  the  light  must  be 
avoided,  and  the  only  combination  is  that  with 
windows  at  the  left  and  right.  A  diagram  is 
given  showing  that  left  and  roar  lighting  is  really 
equivalent  to  left  lighting  for  seats  farthest  from 
the  windows.  The  best  light  comes  from  the 
upper  part  of  windows,  so  that  they  should  be 
made  as  high  towards  the  ceiling  as  possible. 
Light  from  above  or  sky  lighting  is  good  ;  but  is 
only  available  for  one-story  rooms.  There  are 
circumstances  where  lighting  from  right  and  left, 
or  left  and  rear,  may  be  advisible.  The  remarks 
on  location  of  windows,  liow  to  apply  the  pro- 
portion of  window  space  to  a  standard  room, 
width  of  window,  the  value  of  bevelled  piers 
and  muUions,  blinds,  the  use  of  the  prism 
tor  distributing  light  in  certain  conditions, 
and  the  employment  of  reflection,  used  largely 
in  German  schools  for  cutting  ofl'  the  sun  or  sky- 
light and  throwing  it  on  to  the  ceiling,  and  other 
expedients  are  noticed.  The  remarks  on  sashes, 
double  curtain  shades  that  can  be  rolled  up  and 
down  fiom  the  centre,  are  of  value.  Another 
section  deals  with  the  remodelling  of  old  buildings, 
and  the  duty  of  teachers,  which  is  worth  perusal. 
The  appendices  at  the  end  are  of  interest,  and 
Dr.  Rowe's  little  work  will  be  found  useful  to 
school  designers  in  this  country  as  well  as  in 
America.  Although  there  is  not  much  that  the 
architect  is  unacquainted  with,  he  will  here  find 
the  principles  of  lighting  applied  to  schools  in  a 
rational  manner. 


•  The  Lighting  of  Schoolrooms,  &c.  By  W.  Stc.vbt 
H.  Rowe,  Ph.D.  London :  Messrs.  Longman.  Green, 
and  Co.,  Fifth-avenue,  New  fork ;  London,  and  Bombay. 


THE    BRICK    TRADE. 

THE  Brick  Trade  has  been  in  a  quiescent  state 
lately  ;  the  brickmasters  have  had  to  meet 
bad  times.  The  Kent  and  Essex  brick  manu- 
facturers have,  thanks  to  their  Association, 
maintained  prices  ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  they 
have  had  to  contend  with  great  losses  occasioned 
by  the  very  wet  summer  of  1903. 

"Little  more  has  been  heard  of  Messrs.  Eastwood 
and  Co.'s  p'ant  at  Conyer.  Whether  silence  means 
success  or  failure  is  a  problem  debated  in  the 
trade,  Eastwood  and  Co.'s  competitors  inclining 
to  the  latter  opinion. 

The  Fletton  brickmasters,  instead  of  competing 
against  one  another,  and  keeping  the  price  of 
bricks  at  12s.  on  rail,  formed  an  association,  and 
in  consequence  the  prices  of  Fletton  bricks  have 
increased.  Although  their  loss  h;is  not  been  as 
great  as  that  of  the  Kent  and  Essex  misters,  they 
must  have  suffered  considerably  from  the  wet 
summer  of  last  year. 

That  the  Fletton  Brick  Trade  is  not  in  a  very 
prosperous  condition  is  shown  by  the  report, 
dated  April  18,  of  the  New  Peterborough  Brick 
Co.,  Ltd.,  in  which  the  directors  regret  hiving 
to  ask  the  I'rc/erciwc  Sliarr  Holders  to  again  post- 
pone part  of  their  cumulative  dividends.  It  n 
al^o  stated  that  the  directors  have  not  drawn  any 
fees  for  the  year  ending  January,  1901. 


June  10,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


829 


The  IJuilJing  Trade,  as  shown  by  tlie  Board 
of  Trade  IJetiirn,  is  not  as  good  as  it  was  last  year. 
The  large  contractors'  jobs  are  bting  finished, 
and  new  onus  are  not  being  started. 

The  Speculative  Trade,  owing  to  the  state  of  the 
Money  Market,  is  in  an  unaatisfactorj'  condition. 
The  supply  of  bricks  is  still  in  excess  of  the  demand. 
We  were,  therefore,  very  much  turprised  to 
receive  the  prospectus  of  a  new  ISrick  Company. 
It  came  accidentally.  There  had  been  rumours 
of  a  new  venture  in  brickmaking  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  I'eterborough.  It  was  stated  that 
the  prospectus  was  issued.  We  made  inquiries, 
but  no  one  in  the  trade,  either  in  Peterborough, 
Kent,  or  in  Essex,  could  give  us  any  information. 
Hut,  for  all  that,  we  received  a  prospectus — it 
came  from  Cheshire  ! — a  county,  we  should  think, 
very  little  interested  in  the  brick  trade  in  London 
or  I'eterborough.  It  is  fuch  an  extraordinary 
document,  and  the  circumstancfs  connected  with 
it  are  so  peculiar,  that  we  do  not  think  it  neces- 
sary to  apologise  lor  bringing  it  before  the  notice 
of  our  readers. 

The  title  is  the  "East  Peterborough  Brick 
Co.,  Ltd."  ;  the  capital  flO.OOO  in  £1  shares.  It 
is  formed  for  the  purpose  of  acquiring,  working, 
and  extensively  developing  a  valuable  brick 
property  situated  at  Whittlesea,  near  Peter- 
borouifh.  I'nler  the  heading  of  "  Profits,"  it  is 
stated  that  in  February,  1904,  the  selling  price  of 
bricks  was  fixed  at  ISs.  per  thousand  at  the  works, 
and  allowing  what  is  believed  to  be  an  outside 
figure  of  cost  (Ss.  6d.  per  thousand,  to  include 
wjges,  fuel,  &C.),  the  profit  is  shown  of  9s.  6d. 
per  thousand,  which,  on  a  yearly  output  of 
twenty  millions,  amounts  to  £9,500  per  annum  I 

The  present  issue  is  for  7 lit  first  mortgage 
debentures  of  £10  each  =  £7,640,  being  part  of 
first  issue  of  £10,000  of  the  total  authorised 
debenture  i- sue  of  £15,000,  of  which  £2,360  has 
been  subscribed  by  and  allotted  to  the  directors, 
their  friends,  and  others.  These  debentures  are 
to  bear  interest  at  the  rate  of  10  per  cent,  per 
annum,  which  is  to  be  paid  quarterly  !  As  a 
further  attraction,  to  the  holder  of  each  debenture 
is  to  be  presented  one  fully  piid  up  share  of  £' . 

The  prospectus  states  that  the  special  advantages 
of  the  investment  are: — (1)  The  security  of  the 
brickworks,  plant  and  machinery,  and'intere-t 
at  the  rate  of  10  per  cent,  per  annum,  payable 
every  quarter.  (2)  Participation  in  the  half- 
yearly  drawings,  by  which  the  debentures  will  be 
paid  off  in  ten  years  at  a  premium  of  £1  10s.  per 
debenture  over  the  price  of  issue.  (3)  The  imme- 
diate bonus  of  a  fully  paid  up  share  of  £1,  for 
each  debenture  subscribed,  thereby  giving  the 
investors  in  the  company,  in  addition  to  a  regular 
interest  of  10  per  cent,  per  annum,  at  once  a 
fair  share  of  the  surplus  profits,  and  after  the 
debenture  holders  have  been  repaid  the  whole  of 
their  advance  with  a  cash  bonus  of  15  percent., 
thoy  will  hold  one  half  of  the  issued  capital  of  the 
company. 

With  the  prospectus  is  inclosed  a  circular  letter 
signed  by  a  Mr.  C.  J.  Easton  as  secretary,  in- 
closing extracts  from  the  Ditili/  Clii-iiiiick  a.nd  the 
Uritish  Ckija-urler  (which  is  stated  to  be  the 
journal  of  the  trade),  and  the  Sjj'i/dhii/  Free  Prrss. 

These  extracts  give  a  most  interesting  history 
of  three  of  the  Flttton  brickmasters — namely, 
Mr.  A.  W.  Itter,  "who,  a  few  years  ago,  was 
but  a  poor  mechanical  engineerj  and  who  is 
now  worth  £150,000."  Mr.  John  C.  Hill,  "  who 
started  in  a  London  builders'  yard  at  a  wage 
of  9d.  per  hour,  and  during  the  first  9  months 
saved  £50,  and  to-day  is  the  sole  partner  in 
that  gigantic  concern,  the  London  Brick  Co.," 
and  Messrs.  Kutble  —  "  names  well  -  known 
throughout  southern  Lincolnshire." 

We  were  astonished  by  the  prospectus,  but  at 
the  same  time  it  seemed  to  have  a  very  familiar 
look.  Wo  seemed  to  have  heard  of  the  rate  of 
interest  at  10  per  cent,  per  annum,  and  the  names 
of  the  directors  before.  On  referring  to  our 
papers  we  found  that  in  1903  the  prospectus  of 
the  Festiniog  Slate  (Jiiarries,  Ltd.,  was  issued, 
also  with  a  capitid  of  £10,000,  with  an  issue  of 
10  per  cent,  debontures,  with  the  same  directors, 
same  b  inkers,  same  secretary,  same  solicitor,  and 
the  same  ollicea.  Further,  at  the  end  of  thepro- 
spcctusof  this  wonderful  company,  printed  in  small 
type,  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  the 
Companies  Act,  we  noticed  the  following  agree- 
ment has  been  entered  into.  The  Kingsdyke 
Land  Co.,  Ltd.,  and  the  British  Industries' 
Development  Syndicate,  Ltd. 

The  British  Industries'  Development  Syndicate, 
Ltd.,  was  registered  on  December  31,  1903,  with 
a  cipital   of     £1,000,    in   £1    shares.     The  last 


return  shows  that  there  were  seven  shares  taken 
up,  five  by  gentlemen  described  as  clerks,  one 
is  a  stationer,  and  the  seventh  by  Mr.  Dorc 
Petremant,  here  deecrib  d  as  a  draughtsman,  but 
in  the  East  Peterborough  Brick  Co.'s,  Ltd., 
prospectus  described  as  a  director  of  the  British 
Industries'  Development  Syndicate,  Ltd. 

The  objects  are  to  purchase  property,  carry  on 
the  business  of  manufacturers  of  bricks,  lime, 
cement,  kc,  used  in  the  brick  trades  and  other 
trades,  contractors,  builders,  to  promote  com- 
panies, sell  the  companies'  assets,  lend  money, 
i:c.,  and  the  solicitor  is  Mr.  (A.  B.  W.  Digby,  of 
2,  C'oleman-street,  E.C.,  who  is  also  the  solicitor 
of  the  East  Peterborough  Brick  Co.,  Ltd. 

The  other  party  to  the  agreement,  the  Kings- 
dyke  Land  Co.,  Ltd.,  was  registered  on  Oct.  7, 
1899,  with  a  capital  of  £5,000  in  £1  shares.  The 
object  of  this  company  was  to  purchase,  take  on 
lease,  or  in  exchange,  or  otherwise  acquire,  any 
land,  hereditaments,  or  building  in  the  United 
Kingdom  or  elsewhere,  containing  or  supposed  to 
contain  brick-earth  or  other  substances  necessary 
for  the  manufacture  of  bricks,  tiles,  pipeii,  ire, 
and  in  particular  to  acquire  certain  lands  in 
Churchfield,  Whittlesea,  Cambs,  and  rights  in  a'l 
other  lands  adjoining. 

One  of  the  largest  subscribers,  acd  also  a 
Director,  is  Mr.  Osborn  Dan,  barge  owner, 
Newton-road,  Faver^ham,  Kent. 

This  name  is  again  familiar,  and  on  reft  rring 
to  our  papers,  we  find  that  in  1S94  there  was 
another  brick  company  formed — viz  ,  the  "  Xoith 
Faver.-ham  Brickworks,  Ltd." — again  with  £10 
10  per  cent,  debenture  bonds,  but  in  this  case  a 
capital  of  £20,000  instead  of  £10,000.  Th=s 
company  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  acquiring 
and  further  developing  the  well-known  business, 
successfully  carried  en  for  many  years,  of  Messrs. 
Dan  and  Ockendon,  and  in  the  s'atement  of 
agreements  this  Mr.  D-tn  is  Mr.  Osborn  Dan,  and 
we  presume  Mr.  Dan  of  the  Kingsdyke  Land  Co., 
Ltd. 

That  the  Nrrth  Faversham  Brickworks,  Ltd., 
was  a  failure  is  well  known,  for  while  issued  in 
1891,  on  August  26,  1896,  a  receiver  and  manager 
was  appointed  on  behalf  of  the  debenture  holders. 
The  registered  office  of  the  North  Faversham 
Brickworks,  Ltd.,  was  23,  Martin's-lane,  Cannon- 
street,  which  is  also  the  registered  otfice  of  the 
King's  Dyke  Land  Co.,  interested  in  the  East 
Peterborough  Brick  Co.,  Ltd.  —  a  curious  co- 
incidence. 

We  were  interested  in  the  names  of  the 
directors  of  the  East  Peterborough  Brick  Co., 
Ltd.  As  stated,  they  are  the  same  as  the 
directors  of  the  Festiniog  Slate  Quarries,  Ltd. 
The  secretary  is  the  same,  and  the  registered 
office  the  same.  The  first  director,  a  Mr.  J. 
Plowman,  is  described  as  a  "  contractor,"  of 
63,  Queen  Victoria-street,  E.C.,  the  office  of  the 
East  Peterborough  Brick  Co.,  Ltd.  We  quite 
admit  that  "  Plowman  "  is  well  known  in  the 
brick  trade  ;  but  we  have  never  heard  of  a 
"Plowman"  whose  offices  were  at  63,  (Jueen 
Victoria-street.  No.  63,  Queen  Victoria-street 
has  on  the  ground  floor  th.T  fo'lowing  com- 
p.anie8  : — The  Caterers'  Supply  Association,  Ltd., 
The  British  Industries  Development  Syndicate, 
Ltd.,  The  Share  Exchange  and  Mart  ;  and 
on  the  sub-ground  floor  Mr.  C.  J.  Easton,  The 
Chalet  Ilefreshment  Co.,  Ltd.,  The  Festiniog 
Slate  Quarries,  Ltd.,  and  The  East  Peterborough 
Brick  Co.,  Ltd.  In  The  Caterers'  Supply  Asso- 
c'ation,  Ltd.,  Mr.  C.  J.  Easton  appears  as  acting 
secretary,  and  in  The  Chalet  Refreshment  C)., 
Ltd.,  Mr.  J.  Plowman  appe.ars  as  accountant. 

We  wonder  if  this  is  the  tame  Mr.  .1.  Plowman 
who  is  described  as  a  "  contractor  "  ':  As  far  as 
our  inquiries  went,  Mr.  Plowman  docs  not  appear 
to  be  known  at  63,  (iueen  Victoria-street,  unless 
he  is  the  Mr.  Plowman  connected  with  Mr. 
Easton,  and  trading  as  the  Share  Exchange  and 
JI.art. 

The  next  director,  very  properly  in  a  company 
connected  with  the  building  trade,  is  a  timber 
merchant,  a  Mr.  Beresford.  IIo  is  described 
as  residing  at  43,  Albemarle-street.  Thesa 
premises  are  occupied  by  a  club,  and 
we  understand  that  Mr.  Beresford  is  the 
manager  if  the  Ifmsc  AV  rii /<■,  also  at  High 
llolborr..  We  cannot  lind  where  his  timber 
yard  is.  Mr.  Doir  Petremant,  in  the  British 
Industries  Development  Syndicate,  is  described 
as  a  draughtsman.  Ho  is  a  director  of  the 
British  Industries  Development  Syndicate.  The 
last  name  is  that  of  Mr.  Wood,  who  lives  at 
Walthamslow,  and  about  whom  we  can  find  no 
particulars. 


The  brick  trade  in  London  is  an  old 
trade.  5Iost  of  the  men  engaged  in  it  havt- 
had  a  long  experience,  and  we  should  have 
thought  that  in  a  concern  which,  with  a  capital 
of  £10,000  is  to  show  an  annnal  profit  of 
£9,500,  they  would  have  been  represented. 
•  In  the  con'rary,  they  are  conspicuous  by  their 
absence.  There  is  no  Fletton  master,  no  Kent 
master,  no  Essex  master  connected  with  the  con- 
cern. The  directors  are  men  whose  experience 
in  the  trade  hardly  seems  to  have  been  extensive. 
The  prospectus  is  misleading.  No  each  profits 
have  been  made  in  the  brick  trade,  or  are  likely 
to  be  made,  and  we  should  say  that  no  sane  person 
would  put  a  penny  in  a  concern  which  cannot 
succeed  unless  success  means  the  profit  of  the 
promoters. 

^-^ 

THE    BLACKMORE    TABLET. 

A  FRIEND  of  Sir.  Butler,  who  has  corrected 
the  punctuation  on  the  tablet  at  E.teter, 
about  which  so  much  to-do  has  been  made,  sends 
us  the  following  lines  by  him,  which  are  amusing  : 

Some  ft  ilk  maintain  no  Dean  and  Chapter 
Ever  penned  prose  more  sound  or  apter  ;  — 
Its  faultles.s  literary  gems 
Were  tiawed,  they  Iiiot.  hy  Harry  Hems. 
But  Mr.  Hems,  in  self-defence, 
Admits  this  view  on  no  pretence. 
And  quotes  the  Chapter's  very  word 
To  prove  it  was  not  he  that  erred  : 
"Whatever  outraged  critics  mutter. 
They  can't  indict  the  lowly  cutter, 
Who,  car\ing  just  the  lines  he  saw. 
Swerved  never  once  from  canon  law. 

Fea>-cis  H.  Bdtleb. 


SCOTTISH   ARCHITECTURAL   DETAILS.' 

THE  first  edition  of  this  woik,  by  John  W. 
Small,  F. S.A.Scot.,  architect,  under  the 
title  of  "  Leaves  from  my  Sketchbooks,"  was 
published  in  1880,  and  the  present  edition  isarepro- 
duction,  except  that  "  five  plates  of  town  crosses, 
and  two  plates  of  French  designs  have  been  re- 
placed by  seven  plates  treating  of  Scottish  sub- 
jects." We  are  not  always  sure  that  details  oi 
old  buildings  detached  from  their  connections 
have  the  value  some  would  assign  to  them,  as 
they  have  been  used  without  any  compunction 
for  very  different  purposes.  The  author  of  such  a 
collection,  who  knows  where  each  measured  draw- 
ing and  detail  comes  from,  is  better  able  to  judge 
than  the  casual  student.  Mr.  Small's  work  wi'l 
be  found,  however,  of  no  little  value  to  the 
archaeological  student  and  architect  who  has  made 
himself  familiar  with  Scottish  examples.  And 
there  is  tome  freshness  in  the  examples  selected, 
which  in  some  cases  are  drawn  with  feeling.  These 
are  from  both  ecclesiastical  and  domestic  work, 
in  stone,  wood,  and  metalwork,  sketched  and 
measured,  and  redrawn  for  the  stone  by  the 
author  himself.  tt  will  be  impossible  to 
notice  many  of  the  plates.  The  details  from 
Borthwick  Castle,  taken  from  the  noted  hall, 
shows  the  sideboard  and  water- drain  in  hall, 
ornamental  recesses  in  the  wall,  with  plan  and 
details  of  mouldings.  The  plan  of  octagonal 
canopy,  as  seen  from  below,  of  this  water-drain 
recess  is  carved  as  a  groined  vault  with  bosses, 
and  the  shields,  it  is  thought,  were  emblazoned 
in  colours.  The  date  of  erection  of  this  edifice  is 
1430.  Next  we  have  elevation,  plan,  and  details 
of  chancel  arch  of  Duddingstone  Church,  of 
Norman  date.  The  chevron  ornament  round  the 
arch  and  the  billet  mouldings  are  shown. 
The  examples  of  Jacobean  chairs  on  plato 
III.  are  good  examples,  one  from  the  Trad* 9 
Hall,  .\berdeen.  There  are  interesting  details, 
al.so,  from  Balaird  C^istle,  Fifeshire,  showing  the 
chimney  cope,  gable  Snial,  cei'ing  in  bedroom, 
section  of  beam,  ic.  From  Dunfermline  Abbey 
Church  is  a  good  south  doorway  with  its  plan, 
series  of  splayed  jambs  and  arch  mouldings : 
examples  of  doors  from  Edinburgh,  one  from  tho 
Uuko  of  Gordon's  House,  Castle  Hill,  with 
carved  heads  under  flat  ogee  arches,  quite  French 
in  style.  They  occur  in  circular  walls.  The 
details  of  windows,  corbelling,  crow-step,  &c., 
from  Towerdean  Castle,  pi.  xii.,  are  of  inlerist. 
The  Hat  gravo-slabs  from  various  churchyards 
and  of  diti'crent  dates  are  suggestive,  and  there 
are  sketches  of  cro/.ier  hcids  in  wood  and  ir.etal, 
A.C.,  from  the  Antiquarian  Mi;se\un.  Three 
fireplaces  of  stone,  one  from  Stirling,  16th 
century,  txhibit  some  characteristic  points  and 
details'.     The  sketches   from   Linlithgow  I'alaco, 

*  .«cotli>h  Architectural  Details.  By  Jonx  W.  Sm\li.. 
F.S.A.irwt..  Arohittct.  SiirlinK.  Loodou :  Oibljinga 
and  Co.,  T.,td.    btirlio;  :  Eneas  AlacKsy. 


8-.0 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  10,  1904. 


Stenhause  House,  Edinburgh,  from  Borthwick 
Castle,  and  Culross  Abbey  Church,  are  all  of 
interest  to  the  architectural  student.  There  is 
certainly  a  similarity  of  type  in  some  of  these 
details  and  doorways  to  those  we  find  on  the 
Continent.  Cawdor  Castle  has  an  instance  of  a 
latrine  on  the  parapets.  A  sketch  shows  the 
recess  which  is  made  on  a  projection  from  the 
wall.  Details  are  also  given  from  Dunblane 
Cithedral,  stamped  lead  work  from  Aberdeen, 
examples  of  engravings  of  head  and  tail-piece-, 
sketches  from  Edinburgh  (domestic  work), 
window  heads  or  dormer  windows,  examples  of 
metal  and  wood  work,  tower  of  Stirling  Church, 
Holyrood  Abbey  Church  nave  piers,  and  other 
details  which  will  be  found  suggestive.  There 
Are  sixty- five  plates  of  details. 


CHIPS. 

At  the  meetmg  on  Monday  of  the  town  council  of 
Aberdeen,  tenders  for  new  plant  for  the  electricity 
woiks,  amountmg  to  .i;5,000,  were  accepted.  It 
was  agreed  to  complete  the  doubling  of  the  trsm- 
way  lines  to  Bridge  of  Don  and  Bridge  of  Dee,  the 
estimated  cost  being  £20,000. 

The  Archdeacon  of  Sarum  in  his  charge  to  the 
clergy  at  Warminster  made  a  strong  protest  against 
allowing  the  growth  of  ivy  on  churches.  Though 
there  were  ancient  associations  connected  with  its 
growth  in  some  cases,  he  gave  instances  of  churches 
which  had  been  wrecked  by  this  green  parasite, 
which  was  too  long  encouraged  by  a  false  idea  of 
its  picturesqueness. 

The  service  of  electric  trains  on  the  >.orth- 
Eastern  Railway,  which  was  inaugurated  some  time 
ago  between  New  Bridge-street,  Newcastle,  and 
Benton,  was  the  beginning  of  a  system  which  was 
eventually  to  embrace  all  the  local  lines  between 
Newcastle  and  the  coast,  and  the  new  light  railway 
between  Gosforth  and  Ponteland.  The  work  of 
electrification  has  progressed  so  far  that  the  exten- 
•  sion  from  Benton  to  Monkseaton  was  inaugurated 
on  Monday,  and  there  is  every  probability  that, 
before  the  June  holidays,  the  electric  trains  will  be 
junning  from  the  Central  Station  in  Newcastle  to 
Monkseaton  by  way  of  Tynemouth,  over  both  the 
cl-Jer  branch  and  the  riverside  line. 

The  tender  of  Davies,  Ball,  and  Co.,  Bromley  and 
Yeovil,  has  been  accepted  by  the  proprietors  of  the 
First  Garden  City,  to  tie  laid  out  near  Hitchin,  for 
a  water-supply  scheme  prepared  by  Mr.  G.  R. 
Strachan,  Westminster. 

The  Birmingham  City  Council  have  raised  the 
salary  of  Mr.  Thomas  R.  Murray,  works  engineer 
at  Saltley,  by  £50  per  annum. 

The  corporation  of  Birkenhead  have  resolved  that 
application  be  made  to  the  Local  Government  Board 
for  sanction  to  borrow  £20,000  for  feeder,  dis- 
tributing, and  service  cables,  electric  meters,  and 
house  service  materials,  estimated  to  be  required 
during  the  ensuing  three  years. 

The  members  of  the  East  Suffolk  County  Council 
made  an  inspection  of  the  Mid-Suffolk  Light  Riil- 
way  from  its  junction  with  the  Great  Eastern  Rail- 
way system  at  Haughley  (where  the  lines  from 
Ipswich  to  Cambridge,  and  to  Norwich  separate)  to 
uaxfield.  An  engine  and  carriage  was  provided  by 
the  contractors,  Messrs.  Jackson  and  Co.,  and  con- 
veyed the  members  through  the  parishes  of  Cratfield, 
Lixfield,  Stradbroke,  Horham,  Worlingworth, 
Southolt,  Kenton,  Aspall,  Debenham,  Wethering- 
sett,  Brockford,  Mendlesham,  Gipping,  Old  Newton, 
and  Haughley.  Messrs.  Jeyes  and  Godden  are  the 
engineers. 

In  the  case  of  the  application  on  behalf  of  Harry 
Bentham  (trading  as  H.  Beutham  and  Co.),  Salford- 
road,  Telford  -  avenue,  Streatham  -  hill,  London, 
S.W.,  contractor,  an  order  of  discharge  has  been 
granted  subject  to  the  bankrupt  consenting  to 
judgment  being  entered  against  him  in  the  Wands- 
worth County-court  for  the  sum  of  £260,  and 
£1  lOs.  costs. 

The  K\ng  has  arranged  to  lay  the  foundation- 
stone  of  the  cathedral  on  St.  James's  Mount,  Liver- 
pool, on  July  19. 

The  foundation-stones  of  the  new  Wesleyau 
church  and  schools  at  Forest  Hall-road,  Benton, 
were  laid  on  Wednesday  week.  Messrs.  Marshall 
and  Tweedy,  Newcastle,  are  the  architects,  and  Mr. 
G.  H.  Rowell,  Newcastle,  is  the  contractor. 

The  opening  ceremony  in  connection  with  the  new 
corporation  electric  tramway  system  at  Darlington 
took  place  last  week.  The  system  is  that  of  over- 
head trolley,  and  extends  to  about  4^  miles,  branch- 
ing from  the  centre  of  the  town  to  Goekerton  in  one 
direction  and  Eastbourne  in  another,  a  third  route 
being  through  Northgate  to  Harrogate  Hill,  and 
another  towards  Haughton-le-Skeme.  The  power 
M  supplied  from  the  electric  works,  also  belonging 
to  the  corporation.  The  cost  of  the  welent 
•ystem  IS  put  down  at  about  £75,000  ^ 


Builbins  Jnttlliflence, 


Adelaide. — The  cathedral  of  this  diocese  is 
now  the  most  complete  in  Australia.  By  the 
munificence  of  Mr.  R.  Barr-Smith,  the  twin 
western  towers  were  finished  about  two  years  ago, 
at  a  cost  of  £10,000.  The  cathedral"  has  just 
been  further  enriched  by  the  adding  of  a  Lady- 
chapel  in  the  form  of  an  apse  behind  the  high 
altar.  For  this  addition  the  church  is  indebted 
to  Mrs.  Alfred  Simms,  who  has  also  given  an 
oak  reredos — now  being  carved  in  England — for 
the  high  altar.  The  old  eastern  wall  of  the 
chancel  has  been  taken  away,  and  on  either  side 
of  the  altar  stone  piers  and  arches  have  been  pro- 
vided, which  enable  the  worshippers  in  the  nave 
to  see  through  into  the  Lady-chapel.  In  the  new 
apse  three  windows  (from  Powell  and  >Sons,  of 
Whitefriars)  have  been  placed — also  by  themuni- 
ficerce  of  Mr.  Barr-Smith.  One  depicts  the 
Charge  to  St.  Peter  (to  whom  the  cathedral  is 
dedicated),  and  commemorates  the  episcopate  of 
the  first  Bishop  of  Adelaide  (Dr.  Augustus  Short). 
Another  of  the  windows,  the  subject  being  the 
Resurrection,  is  a  memorial  to  the  first  Dean  of 
Adelaide  (James  Farrell)  and  his  wife:  while  the 
central  window  is  a  representation  of  our  Lord  in 
Glory.  Two  more  vestries  and  a  porch  have  also 
been  added  to  the  cathedral.  But  there  yet  re- 
main to  be  supplied  to  the  pile  ■  of  buildings  a 
chapter-house  and  other  offices  in  which  diocesan 
business  may  be  transacted.  On  the  Thursday  in 
Easter  week  a  serv  ice  of  dedication  took  place,  the 
Governor  of  the  State  being  present. 

BiHMixGiTAM. — The  Methodist  New  Conne.xion 
Church  in  Dudley-road — Trinity  Church  by  name 
— was  opened  on  Friday.  The  style  of  the 
building,  which  adjoins  Sunday-school  already 
in  use,  is  Early  English,  with  long  lancet 
windows.  There  is  a  tower  and  spire  at  the  side 
of  the  church  nearest  the  city  rising  to  a  height  of 
75ft.  The  outside  is  faced  with  selected  red 
bricks  and  terracotta  dressings,  and  the  inside  is 
of  rough  stucco  plaster  which  can  be  afterwards 
decorated  with  terracotta  arches  and  dressings. 
The  body  of  the  church  has  been  so  designed  that 
there  are  no  pillars,  and  ever}'  worshipper  will 
have  an  uninterrupted  view  of  the  whole  of  the 
rostrum  and  pulpit.  At  the  Dudley-road  end  is 
a  small  gallery,  which  only  projects  a  few  feet 
over  the  body  of  the  church.  The  pulpit  and 
rostrum  are  of  blue  York  stone,  and  the  pulpit 
has  a  carved  stone  front  and  balustrade,  supported 
on  marble  columns  with  carved  stone  caps.  At 
the  back  of  the  rostrum,  divided  by  a  low  pitrh- 
pine  screen,  is  the  choir,  which  is  arranged  with 
sloping  seats  facing  the  congregation,  and  at  the 
back  of  this  is  a  large  muUioned  window  with 
leaded  lights.  The  organ  chamber  is  arranged 
on  the  left  of  the  church  at  the  side  of  the  choir. 
There  is  accommodation  for  about  500  persons, 
and  the  total  cost  has  been  over  £4,000.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  J.  G.  Dunn,  of  Birmingham. 

Eaole,  LixcoLNSHiiiE. — The  services  com- 
memorative of  the  reopening  of  the  nave, 
chancel,  and  aisle  of  the  parish  church  of  Eagle 
took  place  on  Tuesday  week.  A  churoh  of  the 
Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  it  was  one  of 
the  earliest  possessions  in  Eogland  of  either  of 
the  great  military  religious  orders,  and  after  the 
suppression  of  the  order  of  the  Knights  Templars 
in  1309,  the  church  and  manor  were  transferred 
to  the  Ivnights  of  the  Hospital  of  St.  John  of 
Jerusalem,  in  whose  hands  they  remained  for 
upwards  of  300  years.  As  the  result  of  a  report 
obtained  from  Mr.  J,  T.  Lee,  F.R  LB. A,,  of 
London,  an  effort  was  made  some  time  since  to 
raise  funds  to  carry  out  the  work.  The  architect 
estimated  that  to  restore  the  church,  and  to 
enlarge  it  so  as  to  accommodate  180  persons, 
would  cost  at  least  ±1,800,  but  as  that  amount 
was  considered  to  be  beyond  the  means  of  the 
parishioners,  it  was  resolved  to  attempt  work  to 
cost  about  £1,685,  and  the  work  of  restoration 
was  entrusted  to  Messrs.  Bowman  and  Son,  of 
Stamford.  The  new  roofs  are  of  English  oak, 
while  the  floor  is  of  Hopton  wood.  The  east 
window  is  by  Messrs.  Beaton,  Butler,  and  Baines. 
In  the  course  of  the  restoration  some  fine  Saxon 
work  was  brought  to  light,  including  the  remains 
of  a  Saxon  cross  and  have  also  been  opened  out 
Norman  bases  to  the  columns. 

GoLDiSGTON  BfiLDiNGS,  St.  Paxcras.— The 
Mayor  of  St.  Pancras  (Mr.  T.  H.  W.  Idris) 
formally  opened,  on  Saturday,  Goldington 
Buildings,  the  wor'ting-class  dwellings  which 
have  recently  been  erected  at  the  corner  of  Great 


College-street  and  Pancras-road.  Dr.  R.  M. 
Beaton,  chairman  of  the  Public  Health  Com- 
mittee of  the  St.  Pancras  Borough  Council, 
explained  that  the  ground  on  which  they  stood 
had  been  intended  as  the  site  for  a  new  town- 
hall,  but  the  council  had  given  it  up  for  the  build- 
ings. Goldington  Buildings  were  erected  in  order 
to  provide  housing  accommodation  for  the  people 
who  would  be  displaced  by  the  demolition  of 
Brantome-place  and  other  streets  in  north  St. 
Pancras.  Altogether  1,165  persons  will  be  dis- 
placed, and  the  improvement  scheme  provides  for 
the  rehousing,  on  three  sites,  of  812  persons. 
Goldington  Buildings,  which  have  been  erected 
on  one  of  the  three  sites,  contain  56  separate 
dwellings,  with  106  rooms,  and  will  accommodate 
332  persons.  The  dwellings  are  fitted  for  electric 
lighting,  and  will  be  let  at  rents  rising  from 
3s.  2d.  per  room.  The  contract  for  the  buildings 
has  been  £17,778  lOs.,  or  about  £107  2s.  per 
room,  and  lOjd.  per  cubic  foot.  The  buildings 
are  horseshoe  in  shape,  and  inclose  an  open  court- 
yard, in  which  there  is  a  shed  for  a  gymnasium. 
The  architect  is  Mr.  Keith  D.  Young,  and  the 
contractors  were  Mesars.  Whitehead  and  Co. 

HoLBEACH.— The  board  of  guardians  opened 
their  new  workhouse  infirmary  on  Jlonday  week. 
The  original  infirmary  building  still  exists  in  the 
centre  with  extensions  from  either  end.  The 
work  has  been  carried  out  by  Messrs.  J.  K. 
Bateman  and  Sons,  of  .Sutton  Bridge,  from  plans 
prepared  by  Mr.  B.  Ward,  architect,  of  Wisbech 
and  Spalding,  the  contract  price  being  £3,100. 
The  total  accommodation  of  the  new  infirmary  is 
for  80  patients — 29  women  and  51  men — whilst 
the  old  infirmary  was  only  large  enough  for  30 
beds.  In  the  new  infirmary  the  accommodation 
includes  on  the  men's  side,  on  the  ground  floor, 
a  ward  to  accommodate  20  patients,  a  special 
cases  ward  for  two  beds,  nurse's  duty-room, 
bathroom,  and  lavatory ;  whilst  in  the  old  part 
of  the  building  are  situated  the  men's  fever  ward, 
for  three  patients,  day-room,  and  doctor's  surgery. 
On  the  first  floor  there  is  a  similar  large  ward 
for  20,  and  an  old  ward  for  six  beds,  with  lavatory 
and  bathroom,  nurse's  duty-room,  and  nurse's 
bedroom.  On  the  women's  side,  on  the  ground 
floor,  there  are  the  main  ward  for  nine  beds, 
lying-in  ward  for  two  (in  old  part),  day-room, 
nurse's  duty-room,  nurse's  sitting-room,  b.ath- 
room,  &c.  On  the  first  floor  there  is  a  ward  for 
nine  beds,  special  cases  ward  for  two,  old  ward 
for  four,  and  women's  fever  ward  for  three  beds. 
There  are  also  lavatory  and  bathroom,  nurse's 
duty-room,  nurse's  bedroom,  store-room,  tec. 
The  infirmary  is  heated  throughout  by  hot  water, 
the  system  used  being  that  of  Messrs.  Kenton, 
Gibbs,  and  Co.,  Liverpool,  medium  pressure 
heating  apparatus.  There  are  exit  .staircases  at 
either  end  of  the  building,  the  main  floor  is  fire- 
proof, and  the  lighting  is  by  incandescent  gas. 

Knowle,  Buistol. — The  Weslej-an  Jlethodist 
School-Chapel  at  Upper  Knowle,  the  memorial 
stones  of  which  were  laid  last  week,  is  being 
erected  on  a  triangulated  shaped  piece  of  land  at 
the  junction  of  Redcatch-road  with  Wells-road. 
It  is  the  first  instalment  of  a  scheme  which  in- 
cludes a  church  with  tower  and  spire,  and  ac- 
commodation for  700  persons,  also  lecture-hall, 
vcstrie?,  &c.  The  pre-ent  erection  comprises  a 
school- chapel  dOft.  by  an  average  of  -lOft.,  with 
transepts  available  for  use  as  classrooms  ;  also  an 
infant  school,  a  church  parlour  (capable  of 
division  into  two  classrooms),  and  four  other 
classrooms.  There  is  also  provision  for  tea- 
meetings,  library,  lavatories,  etc.  The  school- 
chapel  will  be  seated  for  350  adults,  and  will  have 
an  open  roof  and  traceried  windows  with  leaded 
lights.  All  the  ground-floor  rooms  will  be  laid 
with  wocd  blocks  on  cement  concrete,  supported 
by  steel  joists.  The  buildings  are  being  erected 
in  Pennant  stone  with  Bath- stone  dressings,  and 
the  roofs  will  be  covered  with  red  Broseley  tiles. 
The  premises  will  be  warmed  by  hot  water,  and 
the  total  cost  will  be  about  £1,000.  The  archi- 
tects are  Slessrs.  La  Trobe  and  Wes'.on, 
FF.R,I.B.A.,  and  the  contractor  Mr.  C.  A. 
Hayes,  all  of  Bristol. 

Newcastle-ox-Ttxe. — It  is  very  nearly  four 
years  since  the  King — then  Prince  of  Wales — 
laid  the  foundation-stone  of  the  new  Royal 
Infirmary  upon  the  Leazcs  in  Newcastle.  Four- 
teen months  later — on  August  1,  1901 — the 
Building  Committee  entered  into  a  contract  with 
Mr.  Alexander  Pringle,  of  Gateshead,  to  erect 
the  new  infirmary,  at  a  cost  of  £203,527,  in 
addition  to  the  cost  of  the  inclosing  walls  and 
porter's    lodge      and    exclusive,    also,     of   the 


Jtjne  10,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


831 


engineering  and  equipment  of  the  infirmary. 
The  architerta  are  Mr.  JT.  Percy  Adams,  of 
London,  and  Mr.  W.  L.  Newcombe,  of  New- 
castle :  and  the  undertaking  has  since  heen  in 
active  progress  under  Mr.  Ilarrj-  Cockrell  as 
clerk  of  works.  The  hospital  is  divided  into 
eight  pavilions,  all  separate  and  parallel  with 
each  other,  for  the  purposes  of  light  and  ventila- 
tion, and  air  space.  Behind  the  curses'  home 
there  is  one  short  pavilion,  and  behind  that  are 
two  pavilions  in  one  long  block.  After  this 
comes  the  administration  block,  at  the  rear  of 
which  are  two  short  pavilions.  Towards  a 
new  road  there  is  another  long  block,  contain- 
ing two  pavilions ;  and  skirting  the  road- 
way is  the  last  long  block,  comprising  out- 
patients' department,  children's  wards,  and 
house.  These  will  give  accommodation  to  420 
patients  as  compared  with  270  in  the  existing 
building.  A  main  corridor  runs  the  whole 
length  of  the  buildings,  giving  access  to  each 
of  the  wards,  the  surgical  wards  being  on  the 
ground  floor  and  medical  wards  on  the  upper 
floor.  At  present  there  are  o.50  men  working  on 
t'l^  l^iilding,  and  good  progress  is  being  made. 
All  the  parUions  are  roofed  in,  and  most  of  them 
are  slated.  The  nurses'  home  has  10.3  bedrooms 
and  half-a-dozen  sitting-rooms,  besides  stores 
and  lavatories  ;  and  there  are  three  staircases  in 
teak,  so  that  in  case  of  fire  there  will  be  ample 
means  of  escape.  The  laundry  has  not  been 
commenced,  nor  the  chapel,  nor  the  mortuary 
and  some  of  the  outbuildings.  The  first  pavi- 
lions that  were  begun  are  almost  finished.  The 
walls  have  been  plastered,  the  Manchester  stoves 
are  in  position  ;  the  windows  are  glazed,  the 
lavatories  are  complete;  and  in  some  of  the 
rooms  the  glazed  bricks  which  are  to  line  the 
lower  walls  have  been  attached— in  each  of  the 
rooms  a  different  colour,  so  that  the  most  suit- 
able tint  may  be  selected  for  general  application 
m  the  wards.  The  administrative  block  is  well 
advanced.  It  includes  the  library,  house- 
goveriior's  quarters,  the  rooms  of  the  medical 
and  surgical  staff,  and  the  board-room.  The 
principal  entrance  is  here,  atd  gives  access  to  a 
hall  lined  with  marble.  The  infirmary,  it  is  an- 
ticipated, win  be  ready  for  opening  in  August 
next  year.  ° 

RoTHwELL,  Leeds.— The  new  isolation  hospital 
erected  at  Rothwell,  under  the  joint  auspices  of 
the  liunslet  Rural  Uistrict  Counbil,  the  Rothwell 
I  rban  District  Council,  and  the  Methley  Urban 
District  Council,  was  formally  opened  on  Mon- 
day. The  new  buildings  have  been  erected  from 
designs  prepared  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Richardson,  of 
Rothwell,  and  stand  upon  an  elevated  position 
facing  north-east  and  south-west  at  Church 
Field,  Rothwell.  The  buildings  and  grounds 
acquired  cover  an  area  of  five  acres,  and  the  total 
cost  will  amount  to  £10,000.  The  hospital  is 
designed  to  accommodate  twenty-eight  patients, 
the  cases  admitted  being  sufferers  from  typhoid 
fever,  scarlet  fever,  and  diphtheria.  There  are 
three  wards— one  with  sixteen  beds,  a  second 
with  eight  beds,  and  a  third  with  four  beds.  In 
addition  to  the  hospital  proper,  there  is  a  porter's 
lodge  and  administrative  and  discharging  block 
with  mortuary,  laundry,  disinfettor,  and  stabling! 
i  he  whole  IS  lighted  by  gas. 


&T.  Cleer.— During  the  progress  of  the  work 
ot  restoration  at  the  parish  church  of  St.  Cleer 
Cornwall,  several  relics  have  been  brought  to 
light.  Underneath  the  old  plaster  the  north  wall 
was  found  to  be  covered  with  texts  and  frescoes 
which  were  past  restoration.  In  the  south  wall 
near  the  mam  entrance,  a  holy-water  stoup  was 
found,  and  under  the  plaster  at  the  east  end  of  the 
same  waU  an  old  piscina,  filled  with  stone,  in- 
cluding a  gilt  alabaster  figure,  supposed  to 
represent  St  i'eter  in  chains,  supporting  anothf  r 
figure,  was  discovered.  In  the  south-west  wall 
the  head  was  found  of  an  old  Cornish  cross, 
pierced,  and  beautifully  carved.  The  shaft  is 
missing,  but  It  IS  intended  to  find  a  place  for  this 
interesting  relic  in  the  church.  Remains  of  an 
old  screen  near  the  chancel  have  also  been  dis- 
covered, together  with  several  muUions.  The 
woodwork  of  the  approach  to  a  gallery  at  the  west 
end  has  also  been  discovered  beneath  the  plaster 
Iho  restoration  is  estimated  to  cost  about  £2,000. 

Soi.  riiAMi'Tox.  —  Xew  classrooms  have  been 
built  in  connection  with  the  Hartley  University 
College  .at  the  Back-of-the- Walls,  and  these  are 
connected  by  means  of  an  archway  over  that 
thorough!. ire  with  the  main  college  buildings. 
Ihe  new  work,  which  was  carried  out  according 
to  the  design  of  Mr.  A.  F.  Gutteridge  (Messrs. 


Mitchell,  Son,  and  Gutteridge),  consisted  of  the 
raising  of  the  roof  and  the  addition  of  a  story  to 
the  group  of  classrooms  on  the  western  side  of  the 
detac^hed  Hartley  property  at  the  l!ack-of-the- 
Walls,  and  various  alterations  in  the  rear  of  the 
main  building  and  the  connection  of  the  two 
structures  by  means  of  an  overhead  covered  way. 
The  men's  corridor  on  the  south  side  of  the  main 
building  has  been  extended  some  40ft.  eastwards. 
From  the  two  corridors  new  staircases  have  been 
constructed,  which  lead  up  to  the  covered  way, 
and  so  give  access  to  the  new  floor  of  the  build- 
ings across  the  roadway.  The  covered  bridge  is 
of  fireproof  construction,  and  measures  I  Oft.  in 
the  clear.  It  has  been  taken  up  some  17ft.  above 
the  level  of  the  road.  The  approaches  and  stair- 
cases also  are  fireproof.  The  extension  of  the 
building  on  the  other  side  of  the  way  provides  for 
the  engineering  department  of  the  coUege.  The 
roof  has  been  raised  bodUy  by  means  of  jacks  to 
the  extent  of  14ft.,  and  upon  the  new  floor  three 
new  lecture-rooms  have  been  constructed,  their 
dimensions  being  32ft.  by  24ft.,  39ft.  by  24ft., 
and  25ft.  by  19ft.  The  rooms  have  been  supplied 
with  lecture  platforms,  demonstration  stages, 
desks,  &c.,  and  the  equipment  is  complete  and 
thoroughly  up  to  date.  The  total  cost  of  the 
scheme,  exclusive  of  fittings,  has  been  about 
£2,600. 


CHIPS. 

The  annual  excursion  of  the  Architectural 
Association  will  take  place  on  August  15-20,  to 
Yeovil  and  district,  with  Sherborne  as  headquarters, 
and  an  attractive  programme  is  in  course  of  develop- 
ment by  the  hon.  secretaries,  Messrs.  Talbot  Brown 
and  A.  W.  Hennings, 

Lady  Mary  Glyn,  the  wife  of  the  Bishop  of  Peter- 
borough, laid,  on  Wednesday,  the  foundation  stone 
of  a  new  parish  church  at  Northampton.  The 
church,  which  is  for  the  recently -formed  parish  of 
Christchurch,  is  in  the  centre  of  the  most  rapidly- 
increasing  portion  of  Northampton.  The  cost  of 
the  new  building  is  estimated  at  £14,000,  and  the 
site  has  been  given  by  two  adjacent  landowners. 

The  King  and  Queen  are  to  inaugurate  the  works 
of  a  new  dock  at  Swansea  on  July  20,  and  to  open 
the  Elam  Valley  works  of  the  Birmingham  Welsh 
water  scheme,  probably  at  Rhayader,  on  the  fol- 
lowing day. 

Preliminary  arrangements  have  been  made  for 
establishing  in  Dundee  a  scheme  for  driving  mills, 
factories,  and  other  large  works  by  electricity.  It 
will  involve  a  capital  cost  of  about  £250,000. 

It  was  decided  at  a  meeting  held  at  Archbishop's 
House,  Westminster,  on  Wednesday  night,  under 
the  presidency  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  to  perpetuate 
the  memory  of  the  late  Cardinal  Vaughan  by  erect- 
ing, in  close  proximity  to  the  cathedral,  a  secondary 
day-school  for  boys  of  a  character  to  meet  all  the 
requirements  of  the  day.  The  proposed  school  will 
cost  £25,000,  of  which  £3,675  has  already  been 
promised. 

The  new  schools,  Thornton  Junction,  Fifeshire, 
are  being  warmed  and  ventilated  by  means  of 
Shorland's  patent  Manchester  grates,  the  same  being 
supplied  by  Messrs.  E.  H.  Shorland  and  Brother,  of 
Manchester. 


The  new  buildings  for  the  Dames  de  Nazareth, 
in  the  High-street,  Colchester,  have  just  been 
roofed  in,  and  the  nuns,  to  mark  their  joy  at  the 
event  and  their  satisfaction  with  the  expedition  and 
thoroughness  with  which  the  work  has  been  carried 
out  by  Mr.  Beaumont,  the  contractor,  eutertained 
the  men  employed  to  dinner  on  Wednesday  week. 

A  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  has  been  held 
at  Harrow-on-the-HiU  into  the  application  of  the 
urban  district  council  for  sanction  to  borrow 
£4,500  for  the  extension  of  the  infectious  diseases 
hospital. 

Mr.  John  Walter  Gregory,  Professor  of  Geology 
in  Melbourne  ITniversity,  was  appointed  on  Wed- 
nesday to  the  Chair  of  Geology  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow.  Mr.  Gregory  graduated  at  the  University 
of  London.  From  18S7  to  1900  he  was  an  .issistant 
in  the  tieological  Department  of  the  British  Museum, 
and  ill  the  latter  year  he  succeeded  the  late  Sir 
Frederick  McCoy  as  Professor  of  Geology  in  Mel- 
bourne University.  Since  1901  he  has  also  held 
the  office  of  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Victoria. 

A  committee  ot  Gloucester  citizens  have  issued 
an  appeal  for  £300  to  iestore  Bishop  Hooper's 
monument,  which  stands  on  the  spot  where  the 
Bishop  was  burned  to  death. 

Dr.  E.  J.  L.  Scott  h  is  retired  by  superannuation 
from  the  Keepership  of  the  Department  of  MSS.  of 
the  British  Museum,  and  the  appointment  has  just 
been  given  to  Dr.  G.  F.  Warner,  senior  assistant 
keeper,  who  will  take  up  his  residence  within  the 
precincts  shortly  after  midsummer. 


BiuMisr.MAM.— The  Tramways  Committee  of 
the  Birmingham  County  Council,  in  a  report 
issued  on  Saturday,  state  that  they  have  given 
careful  consideration  to  the  instruction  of  the 
council  that  they  should  submit  their  recom- 
mendations with  respect  to  any  rearrangement  or 
extension  of  existing  tramways  or  the  construction 
of  new  lines  within  the  city  which  it  may  be 
advisable  to  make.  The  mileage  of  tramways  in 
Birmingham  and  the  general  facilities  for  tram- 
way traffic  are  much  less  than  in  other  larg 
towns.  In  preparing  the  plans  the  committee 
have  had  regard  to  the  practicability  of  linking 
up,  by  means  of  new  tramways,  the  existing 
tramways  of  the  city.  The  committee  recommend 
that  they  be  authorieed  to  promote  a  Bill  in 
Parliament  in  the  Session  of  1905  to  enable  the 
council  to  construct  tramways  along  the  16  differ- 
ent routes  mentioned  in  the  report.  It  is  proposed 
to  take  powers  to  construct  the  tramways  for  any 
form  of  electrical  or  mechanical  traction.  The- 
total  length  of  tramways  now  proposc-d,  reckoned 
as  single  track,  is  about  39  J  miles,  and  the  cost, 
if  constructed  on  the  electric  overhead  system,  i». 
estimated  at  £295,000.  This  sum  is  exclusive  of' 
the  cost  of  street  widening,  power  sheds,  depots, 
or  rolling  stock.  The  committee  are  unable  to- 
report  at  present  as  to  the  cost  of  the  necessary 
street  widenings.  The  estimated  cost  of  the 
alteration  of  tl*e  Small  Heath  route,  as  approved 
by  the  council  at  the  last  meeting,  based  for  the 
most  part  upon  actual  tenders,  is  £32,000. 

COKWEN-  AND  BeTTWS- Y-COED   LiGHT  RAILWAY. 

— It  is  proposed  to  construct  a  light  railway 
between  Corwen  and  Bettws-y-Coed.  It  is  in- 
tended to  apply  to  the  Light  Railway  Com- 
missioners, by  the  Penmachno,  Corwen,  and 
Bettws-y-C'oed  Light  Railway  Company,  Ltd., 
for  an  order.  The  new  railwjy  wiU  commence 
at  Corwen,  within  fifty  yarda  of  ihe  Corwen  down 
platform  of  the  Great  Western  Railway  system, - 
and  thence  passing  in  a  westerly  direction  across 
the  Dee  on  the  north  side  of  Holyhead-road  by 
means  of  a  bridge.  From  this  point  the  railway" 
will  skirt  the  coiner  of  Rug  Park,  crossing  Afon- 
Alwyn  and  the  Bala-road  as  well  as  the  River 
Ceirw  by  means  of  a  viaduct.  The  railway  will 
continue  and  cross  the  Holyhead-road  near 
Pontyglyn  to  Tynant  and  Ceriigydruidon  and  ca 
to  Pentre  Voelaa,  near  the  Conway  Fall,  and 
passing  under  the  London  and  North- Western 
Railway  420  yards  north  of  the  Bettws-y-Coed 
Railway  Station,  will  terminate  by  a  junction 
with  the  Snowdon  and  Bettws-y-C'oed  Light 
Railway.  The  second  railway  will  commence 
with  a  junction  of  the  first  section  passing  east  of 
Parkhill  in  Penmachno,  and  continuing  to 
Pontygwch.  The  railway  will  be  constructed  to 
a  two-foot  gauge.  The  motive  power  proposed 
to  be  used  will  be  electricity.  The  distance 
between  Corwen  and  Bettws-y-Coed  is  nearly 
thirty  mUes. 


At  Tues Jay's  meeting    of  the  town  council 
Leith   Mr.    Findlay  (who  acted  as  joint    borough 
surveyor  with  the  late  Mr.  Beatson)  was  appointed 
borough  surveyor  and  master  of  works  at  a  salary 
of  £400  per  annum. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Tamworth  Rural 
District  Council,  the  highways  committee  recom- 
mended the  appointment  of  an  assistant  highway 
surveyor  at  a  salary  of  £,S5  p;r  year,  and  tliat.Mr. 
Clarson's  salary  as  highway  surveyor  be  reduced 
accordingly,  from  £150  to  fUO  per  annum.  After 
a  long  discussion  the  report  of  the  committee  was 
adopted  by  sixteen  votes  to  eight. 

On  Thursday  in  last  week  Major  C.  E.  Norton, 
RE.,  attended  at  the  towo-hall,  Newport,  Isle  of 
Wight,  for  the  purpose  of  holding  au  inquiry  into 
the  application  of  the  town  council  for  a  loan  of 
tSOO  wherewith  to  jHive  or  asphalte  the  Market 
Square. 

Mr.  Henry  Coleman  Head,  A.M.I.CE  ,  the 
present  assistjint-engineer  to  the  Bournemouth 
Water  and  Gas  Oouipaiiy,  has  been  appointed 
engineer  and  general  manager  of  the  Wmohester 
Water  and  Gas  Company,  in  succession  to  Mr.  P. 
G.  Dexter,  deceased. 

Professor  Hubert  yon  Herkomer,  C.V.O.,  R.A., 
has  now,  after  twenty-one  years'  gratuitous  teach- 
ing, retired  from  all  connection  with  the  Herkomer 
School  of  Art  at  Bushey,  as  he  feels  that,  trnviu^ 
reached  his  tifty-fifth  year,  he  must  give  up  hia 
whole  time  to  bis  W(nk.  The  committee  met  on 
Tuesday  to  consider  the  position,  and  decided  to 
wind  up  the  alVairs  of  the  school  voluntarily. 


832 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


June  10,  1904. 


OOUPBTITIONS. 

Kkwvastle-ox-Tvne. — The  plans  of  Messrs. 
Nicholson  and  Djtchin,  architects,  Clayton 
Chamhers,  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  hive  been  selecttti 
in  competition  for  an  open-air  sacatoiium  pro- 
posed to  be  erected  at  Barrasford.  Norlhumber- 
land,  by  the  Northumberland  branch  of  the 
National  Association  for  the  Preiention  of  Con- 
sump'ion.  Building  operations  will  be  begun 
without  delay,  and  when  completed  the  building 
will  accommodate  100  pitien's  in  separate  rooms, 
together  with  isolation  hospital,  &c. 

Sevi.x  Kin-gs. — Tae  competiiive  designs  sub- 
mitted by  Messrs  George  Baiues,  F.R.I.B.  A.,  and 
E.  Palmer  B lines, -5.  Clement'sinn,  Strand, W.C  , 
have  been  adopted  fur  the  X'nited  Methodist  Free 
Church  and  Schools,  Seven  Kings,  K.,  and  the 
first  portion  of  the  building,  which  embraces  th ) 
nave  of  the  church,  including  tower  and  tem- 
porary apse,  &'c.,  is  to  beproceeied  with  at  once ; 
also  the  schoolroom  and  two  classrooms  form  a 
portion  of  the  scheme.  The  estimntcd  cost  of 
this  first  portion  is  £3. 611.  The  materials  are  to 
be :  facings  in  red  brick,  dressings  in  Bath  stone. 
The  tower,  which  is  a  square  one,  surmounted  by 
open  traceried  parapet  and  spire,  forms  a  promi- 
nent feature  of  the  di  sign.  The  tender  submitted 
by  Mr.  C.  North,  which  amounts  to  £S,483,  has 
been  accepted. 

Sheffielu  Wesleyax  Cextual  Missiox. — The 
award  has  just  been  announced  by  the  assessor, 
Mr.  Edward  M.  Gibbs  (Messrs*  Flockton  and 
Gibbs),  F.R.I.B. A.,  of  Shetfield,  iu  this  limited 
competition,  in  which  ten  architects  accepted  the 
invitation  to  prepare  designs  for  a  Weeleyan 
Central  Mission  to  be  built  in  Norfolk-street  and 
George-street,  SheiBeld;  Nine  designs  were 
submitted,  and  none  of  these  in  the  assessor's 
judgment  strictly  c:mplied  with  the  conditions; 
but  considering  that  these  conditions  were  un- 
usually numerous,  and  as  there  appeared  to  be  an 
endeavour  to  comply  wi  h  ihem,  Mr.  Gibbs  re- 
commended the  building  committee  to  allow  him 
to  include  all  the  designs  in  his  reiiew.  After 
explaining  his  method  of  makiog  a  compirative 
analysis  of  the  designs,  the  assessor  continued  :  — 
Eight  of  the  designs  place  the  large  hill  above 
the  level  of  the  street,  with  the  small  hall  and 
some  of  the  classrooms  under  it ;  and  one  design 
— No.  6 — places  the  main  floor  of  the  large  hall 
below  the  level  of  the  street,  wilh  the  small  hall 
in  the  building  behind  it  and  the  classrooms 
above  it.  For  a  hall  in  which  so  large  a  number 
as  2, .500  persons  are  to  be  seated,  and  at  timts  a 
larger  number  are  to  have  standing  space,  it  is 
clear  that  the  best  and  only  proper  arrangement 
of  levels  is  one  in  which  the  floo  s  are  partly 
above  the  s'rett  and  partly  below,  so  as  to  render 
the  entrances  easy,  and  the  exits  as  safe  as 
possible  in  case  of  panic.  For  this  reason  alone 
design  No.  6  takes  a  high  place,  but  incidentally 
the  adoption  of  the  lower  level  of  large  h  tU,  by 
necessi'ating  the  placing  of  small  hall  at  the 
back  and  the  classrooms  above  it,  has  made  it 
pos-ible  for  these  rooms  to  be  lofty  and  perfectly 
lighted,  and  this  without  placing  the  level  of  the 
classroom  floors  at  a  great  height,  being  17ft.  9in. 
above  the  side  entrance  in  Chapel  Walk,  only 
9in.  higher  than  the  floor  of  the  existing  church- 
parlour  in  which  the  designs  are  exhibited.  In 
the  eight  other  designs,  with  few  exceptions,  the 
halls  and  rooms  on  the  lower  floor  are  deficient  in 
light.  Of  course,  the  deficiency  is  m  st  where  the 
lower  story  is  placed  lowest  in  relation  t)  the 
street,  as  in  design  No.  2  ;  but  that  it  is  inevit- 
able in  any  design  with  rooms  under  the  hall  is 
proved  by  design  No.  5,  where  the  lower  floor  is 
a  few  steps  below  George-street ;  the  rooms  are 
20ft.  high,  and  where,  with  abundant  windows 
and  some  skylights,  the  rays  of  light  passing  over 
the  buildings  on  the  other  side  of  Chapel-walk 
reach  only  19ft.  on  to  the  floor,  which  ia  in- 
adequant  for  efliciently  lightiog  a  room  of  29ft. 
depth  from  window  to  back  walls,  much  Itssso 
for  larger  rooms,  as  are  shown  in  some  of  the 
designs  in  this  position  on  the  lower  floor.  Un- 
fortunately, design  No.  6  shows  some  minor 
de'ects  of  planning  and  construction,  and  the 
architecture  is  not  worthy  ot  so  important  a 
building;  but  the  assessor  is  -of  opinion  that  all 
these  defect)  can  be  remedied,  and  would  very 
naturally  be  so  done  in  the  preparation  of  the 
working  drawings,  whereas  any  one  of  the  other 
designs  would  require  seme  amendments  in  the 
preparation  of  working  drawings,  and  none  of  them 
could  be  so  amended  as  to  compare  favourably 
with  the  general  arrangements  and  levels  of  No  C 
In  making  an  award  it  is  biirne  in  miud  that  th 


nature  and  extent  of  the  accommodation  to  be 
provided  were  not  made  conditions  of  the  com- 
petition, but  were  merely  suggestive.  And, 
further,  that  the  objrct  of  the  comp  tition  is  to 
obtain  the  best  building  for  the  special  purpose, 
and  that  the  designs  submitted  should  be  judged 
as  suggestive  sketches  rather  than  as  carefully 
elaborated  working  drawiogs.  After  careful  and 
long  consideration,  the  assessor  therefore  awards 
the  first  premium  of  one  hundred  guineas  (to 
merge  in  the  5  per  cent,  commission)  to  Nc.  6. 
He  awards  the  second  premium  of  fifty  guineas 
to  No.  1  as  having  the  most  excellfnt  large  haU 
at  a  moderate  height  above  the  street,  and  excel- 
lent general  arrangements,  except  as  to  height 
and  light  of  smiU  hall  and  the  large  room  in 
basement,  and  the  incomplete  arrangement  for 
thr)  use  of  the  large  hall  for  public  purposes  with- 
out interference  with  the  mission  work  in  other 
parts  of  the  building.  The  third  premium  of 
twenty  guineas  is  awarded  to  design  ^o.  4,  as 
the  large  hall  is  at  a  moderate  height  above  the 
street ;  there  is  an  exceptionally  good  small  hall, 
with  the  most  excellent  arrangement  of  corridor 
and  classrooms  around  it,  though  some  of  the 
latter  are  not  sulBc'ently  high,  and  are  dull ;  and 
the  arrangement  for  separation  of  large  hall  for 
publ  c  purposes  is  incomplete.  Fuither,  to  the 
assessor's  taste,  the  exterior  design  of  this  build- 
ing is  the  most  excellent  of  those  submitted. 


CHIPS. 

Professor  C.  A.  Cams- Wilson  commenced  yester- 
day ( Thursday)  a  special  course  of  lectures  to  the 
senior  students  of  the  Electrical  Standardising, 
Testing,  and  Training  Institution  upon  *' Direct 
Currenc  Motor  Construction." 

The  proposed  light  railway  throught  North  Essex, 
which  has  beeu  under  consitleration  for  the  last  ten 
years,  is  likely  soon  to  be  commenced.  The  ground 
has  recently  been  staked  out,  and  on  Friday  Mr. 
J.  F.  S.  Gooday,  the  General  Manager  of  the  Great 
Eastern  R  til  way,  went  over  the  route.  The  pro- 
posed light  railway,  will  start  from  Elsenham 
Station  on  the  main  (Cambridge)  line,  and  will  run 
through  Thax'eJ  on  to  Finchingheld. 

The  Countess  of  Wemyss  presided  on  Friday 
evening  at  the  91th  festival  dtnuer  of  the  Artists' 
Benevolent  Fund,  at  which  subscriptions  amounting 
to  eight  hundred  pounds  were  announced. 

Tne  Thames  Conservancy  have  decided  to 
demolish  the  old  lock-house  at  Teddington,  which 
was  built  at  the  time  of  the  erection  of  the  first  lock 
at  TeJdingtou  in  1811,  and  the  lock-keeper  has 
alrea'ly  entered  into  occupation  of  a  more  com- 
modious lock-house,  which  has  t'een  erected  at  the 
side  of  the  new  lock.  The  latter,  which  is  the 
largest  on  the  Thames,  is  to  be  formally  opened  to- 
morrow (Saturday)  afternoon,  and  trom  that  date 
will  be  available  for  river  traffic.  Tne  new  lock  is 
G.'iOft.  long,  as  compared  with  7~ft,  of  the  present 
lock,  which  it  is  intended  to  supplement. 

At  Walsall,  on  Friday,  Major  Stewart,  R.E., 
Local  Government  Board  inspector,  held  an  inquiry 
with  respect  to  an  application  by  the  town  council 
for  sanction  to  the  borrowing  ot  £1,000  for  the 
purpose  of  widening  three  bridges  over  the  Birming- 
ham canal  iu  the  Birchdls  district.  The  town  cleik 
explained  that  the  bridges  were  old,  and  only  17ft. 
in  width,  and  now  altogether  insufficient  lor  the 
increased  traffic  of  the  district.  The  council  had 
come  to  an  arrangement  by  which  the  canal  com- 
pany would  undertake  the  widening  and  to  give  up 
the  necessary  land,  on  the  corporation  contributing 
£1,000  towards  the  cost,  and  undertaking  to  make 
and  maintain  the  roads  over  the  bridges.  The  plans 
were  explained  by  Mr.  Mtddletou,  the  borough 
engineer,  and  Mr.  I^ias,  assistant  engineer  to  the 
canal  company. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  City  Corporation  it  was 
agreed  that  the  reference  to  the  officers  and  clerks' 
committee  on  the  letter  from  the  surveyor,  Mr. 
Andrew  Murray,  P.R  I.B.A.,  with  reference  to  his 
retirement,  be  extended  to  include  an  inquiry  as  to 
whether  there  should  be  any  rearrangement  of  the 
duties  at  present  discharged  by  the  engineer,  Mr. 
David  J.  Ross. 

The  new  Wesleyan  church  erected  at  Beamish 
was  opened  on  Friday.  The  building  has  seating 
accommodation  for  450,  and  the  contract  has  been 
carried  out  by  Mr.  W.  HaU,  ot  Bensham,  from 
the  designs  of  Messrs.  Marshall  and  Tweedy, 
architects,  Newcastle.  The  style  is  Eirly  English, 
and  the  fittings  are  of  pitchpine.  The  building 
is  connected  with  the  old  church,  which  has  been 
converted  into  a  lecture-hall  and  Sunday-school. 

The  Barking  Baptist  Tabernacle  Committee  have 
instructed  Messrs.  George  Biines  and  Son,  5, 
Clement's  Inn,  Strand,  W.C.,  to  prepare  plans  and 
obtain  tenders  for  various  alterations  to  this 
i  building,  the  total  cost  being  £1,800. 


STATUES,    MEMORIALS,    &c. 

St.  Paul's  Cathedral. — Earl  Roberts  unveiled 
on  Monday,  in  the  cr3pt  of  S^  Paul  s  Cathedral,  a 
tablet  which  has  been  erected  in  memory  of  Field- 
Maiahal  Sir  Djnald  Stewart  (1824-1900).  Placed 
on  the  South  wall  of  the  Napier  Chapel — the  rest- 
ing-place of  Lord  Napier  of  Magdala — the  monu- 
ment has  been  executed  in  Italian  marble  at  the 
cost  of  relatives,  old  friends,  and  admirers.  A  field - 
marshal's  baton  and  sword  are  carved  at  the  foot, 
and  at  the  top  appear  the  arms  and  motto  of  the 
late  field-marshal — Pro  rfgc  vt  lege. 


The  Mayor  and  members  of  the  corporation  of 
Darlington  visited  the  gasworks  on  Friday  to  in- 
spect the  new  tank  and  gas-holder  which  have  been 
erected,  and  which  will  cost  about  £22,000,  out  of  a 
total,  when  the  old  works  are  rearranged  and  the 
whole  completed,  of  about  £70,000. 

At  Eltham  College,  Kent,  the  institution  better 
known  as  the  Royal  Naval  School,  on  Friday  the 
new  ch-ipel  was  dedicated.  The  chapel,  which  is 
in  the  Byzantine  style,  is  seated  for  300  boys,  and 
has  been  built  and  furnished  at  a  cost  of  nearly 
£4,000. 

A  new  Wesleyan  school -chapel,  which  has  cost 
about  £1  000,  was  opened  at  Grimethorpe,  near 
Birnsley,  on  Friday. 

The  consecration  of  the  new  burial-ground  of  the 
Liverpool  Old  Hebrew  congregation  took  place  on 
Sunday.  The  ground,  which  is  situated  in  ,Stap- 
lands-road,  Thomas-lane,  Broad  Green,  has  been 
secured  at  a  cost  of  £5,000.  The  cemetery  and 
buildings  have  beeu  planned  by  Mr.W.  W.  Thomas, 
architect,  and  the  buddings  erected  by  Mr.  J.  Dd- 
worth. 

The  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland  laid  the  founda- 
tion-stone on  Monday  of  a  new  national  school  for 
St.  James's  Parish,  Djlphin's  Barn,  Dublin. 

The  urban  district  council  of  Kingswool,  near 
Bristol,  have  nearly  completed  the  drainage  of  the 
Couham  district,  from  plans  by  their  engiueer,  Mr. 
A.  J.  Saise.     Tne  outlay  wUl  be  about  £10,000. 

A  chancel  is  about  to  be  added  to  the  parish 
church  of  Rugeley,  from  plans  by  Mr.  Pearson. 

On  Thursday  in  last  week  the  memorial  erected 
iu  the  Swan-square,  Bedford,  to  the  memory  of  men 
of  the  Bedfordshire  Regiment  who  lost  their  lives  in 
the  South  African  War,  was  unveiled.  It  represents 
the  figure  of  an  infantry  soldier  in  khaki  service 
dress  and  in  heavy  marching  order,  but  standing 
easy  and  holding  a  magazine  rifle  at  rest  in  front. 
The  figure,  which  is  in  bronze,  is  larger  than  life 
size,  and  rests  upon  a  stone  pedestal,  the  panels  of 
which  record  the  object  with  which  the  memorial  is 
erected. 

The  want  of  surveyors  is,  says  the  last  issue  to 
hand  of  Iiiihan  Emjuieeruig,  severely  felt  in  the 
Selangor  Trigonometrical  Survey  Department,  where 
a  large  number  of  vacancies  exist. 

In  the  King's  Bench  Division  on  Friday  Mr. 
Jaques,  a  London  shipbroker,  recovered  £250  from 
the  Essex  Waterwoiks  Company  for  personal 
injuries  to  his  kuees,  received  through  tripping  over 
a  water  pipe  which  defendants'  servants  had 
allowed  to  project  over  the  kerb  iu  a  badly-lighted 
road. 

Memorial-stones  were  laid  last  week  of  a  new 
Primitive  Methodist  church  which  is  being  erected 
in  Croft-street,  Lincoln.  Messrs.  S.  and  R.  Horton 
are  the  contractors,  and  Mr.  J.  H.  Cooper  ia  the 
architect. 

New  Sunday-schools  are  being  built  at  the  rear 
of  the  Baptist  chapel  in  Commercial-street,  Teign- 
mouth.     Mr.  W.  Turpin  is  the  builder. 

Two  new  wings  of  Northampton  General  Hos- 
pital, erected  at  a  cost  of  £32,000,  were  opened  on 
Thursday  in  last  week  by  Lord  Spencer,  Lord- 
Lieuteuant  of  Northamptonshire.  The  hospital  was 
founded  in  1743,  mamly  through  the  efforts  ot 
Lord  Halifax  and  Dr.  Doddridge.  The  present 
budding  18  111  years  old,  and  the  new  wings  sup- 
plant portions  of  the  fabric  dating  from  the  LSth 
century. 

A  fountain  which  has  been  been  erected  in  Vic- 
toria-square, Felling-on-Tyne,  in  commemoration 
ot  the  local  men  who  took  part  iu  the  South  African 
war,  was  unveiled  on  Saturday  afternoon  by  Colonel 
A.  L.  Woodland,  C.B.,  commanding  the  5th  and 
6Sth  Regimental  Districts.  The  fountain  is  carried 
out  in  Heworth  Burn  stone,  and  rises  to  a  height 
of  18tt.  Bin.,  the  style  being  a  plain  type  of  Renais- 
sance. Mr.  H.  MUler,  of  Felling  was  the  architect, 
and  Mr.  J.  Wilkinson,  of  the  same  town,  the  con- 
tractor. 

On  the  summit  of  Colley-hiU,  Reigate — 700ft. 
above  sea  level — the  Lord  Lieutenant  of  the  county, 
Viscount  Midleton,  accompanied  by  the  Mayor  and 
Corporation,  took  part  in  an  opening  ceremonial  on 
Saturday.  Colley-hiU  has  been  presented  to  the 
borough  by  Mr.  George  Taylor  as  a  park  to  com- 
memorate the  reign  of  her  late  Majesty. 


.  June  10,  1904. 


THE    BTTILDraG    NEWS. 


833 


CONTENTS. 


Co-operation  of  the  Architect  and  Engineer 

Dudley  Gallery  Art  Society       

Notes  on  the  Plenum  System  of  Ventilation 

Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects     

EiMLiiiN.:  Nk'vs  Designing  Club      

The  Lighting  of  Schoolrooms 

The  Bruk  Trade     

The  KUckmore  Tablet 

Scottish  Architectural  Details 

Building  Intelligence    

Engineering  Notes 

Competitions    

Statues,  Memorials,  &c 

The  Bi-'iLDiNO  News  Directory 

Our  Illustrations    

Professional  and  Trade  Societies      

Correspondence      

Intercommunication     

Legal  Intelligence 

Water  Supply  and  Sanitary  Matters      

Our  Office  Table    

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  "Week      

Trade  News     

Tenders     

List  of  Competitions  Open 

List  of  Tenders  Open    

Latest  rrices 


821 

8i2 

SiS 

,  825 

,  827 

,  S28 

.  828 

.  829 

.  829 

830 

831 

832 

832 


.  852 
,  853 
,  853 
,  853 
,  854 
.  855 
.  855 
,  855 
.  856 
.  85S 
.  859 


ILLTT8TRATION8. 

LONDON  AND  MANCHESTER  INDUSTIilAL  ASSUHANCE  CO.'S 
PREMISES,  FINSBURT  SQUARE,  E.C.  —  DINISG  ROOM  AND 
STUDY,  ELVEDEN  HALL.  — ESTATE  COTTA^iES,  UEBEFORD- 
SHIRE.  —  NEW  COURT  HOUSE  AND  POLICE  STATION, 
CIEDALK. — DESir.NS  FOB  A  STUDIO  FOR  A  SMALL  HOUSE. 
— NEW  PAVILION  AND  PIERHEAD  EXTENSION,  ST.  ANNe's- 
ON--SEA. 


^ux  Illustrations. 


THE  LOXDON  AND  MAXCHESTEIl  IXDUSTUIAL 
ASSURAN'CE  COMPANY'S  PREMISES,  l-IXSUVRY 
SQUARE,     E.C. 

Oi'R  illustration  shows  the  new  head  ofBces  of 
the  London  and  Manchester  Industrial  jVssurance 
Cj.,  Ltd.,  recently  erected  for  the  Company  in 
Moorgate-street  from  the  designs  of  Messrs. 
Oilbert  and  Constanduros  at  the  corntr  of  Fins- 
fcury-square,  K.C.  The  building  is  part  only  of 
<a  design  by  the  same  architects,  which  has  been 
approved  by  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners, 
for  the  rebuilding  of  the  whole  of  the  south  side 
of  the  Eijuare,  and  therefore,  until  the  reVuilding 
of  the  remainder  is  possible,  the  present  structure 
naturally  to  some  extent  appears  to  dwarf  its 
surroundings,  and  its  proportions  can  hardly  be 
correctly  judged  until  it  becomes  an  integral  part 
of  the  whole  of  the  new  fac^'ade.  Owing  to  the 
excessive  vibration  arising  from  the  tube  rail- 
ways and  heavy  road  traffic,  it  was  deemed 
advisable  to  erect  the  structure  upon  a  concrete 
raft  oft.  thick,  reinforced  with  steel  joists,  and 
.ilso  to  construct  a  steel  frame  of  stanchions  and 
girders  taking  the  weight  of  the  floors  independ- 
ently of  the  outside  walls,  the  walls  being  them- 
selves tied  to  the  stanchions  with  strong  ties. 
The  fronts  are  faced  with  fine  axed  Cornish 
granite  up  to  the  second-floor  level,  and  in  Port- 
land stone  above,  the  porch  being  polished 
Norwegian  granite.  The  roofs  are  covered 
with  Westmoreland  green  slating,  and  tlie  dome 
with  copper.  The  electric  lift  is  by  the  Otis 
Elevator  Co.  The  contractors  were  Messrs.  J. 
■trreenwood,  Ltd. 

DIXISG    ROOM    AXD    STl'DY    AT    ELVEDEX    HALL. 

The  illustrations  show  the  dining-room  and  study. 
The  dining-room  is  carried  out  entirely  in 
Italian  walnut,  the  walls  simply  panelled,"  and 
the  ceiling  coffered  and  carved.  The  whole  was 
designed  to  suit  a  set  of  tapestries.  The  study 
has  the  walls  carried  out  in  natural  oak  without 
polish  or  stain,  .and  has  an  enriched  plaster 
ceiling.  There  is  a  spiral  stair  in  the  angle 
leading  to  a  private  suite  above.  The  whole  of 
the  ornament  in  this  room  is  modelled  in  the 
■"  .\dam  "  period.  The  woodwork  was  executed 
by  Messrs.  ^i.  TroUope  and  Sons,  .and  the  plaster- 
work  by  Messrs.  O.  .lackson  and  Sons.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  Clyde  Young,  of  Lancaster- 
place,  W.U. 

lEST.VTE      fOTTAOES,      llROMVAUl),      HEREl'OUDSUIUH. 

TiiivSE  cottages  were  built  at  Brodonbury,  near 
iiromyard,  Herefordshire,  on  the  estate  of  .Mr.  F. 
W.  Greswolde-Williams.  They  replaced  two  old 
cottages  that  were  beyond  repair,  and  .irc  built  of 
local  bricks  on  a  plinth  and  foundations  of  local 
stone.  The  timber  framing  of  front  elevation  is 
covered  with  cement  rough-cast,  and  the  roofs 
are  tiled.     Messra.  Broad  Ltd.,  Malvern,  were 


the   contractors,   and   Mr.    A.    Hill   Parker,    of 
Worcester,  is  the  architect. 

.NEW       COtRT       HOUSE       AND       POLICE      STATION      AT 


llEDALE,     YORKSniKE. 

This  building  is  in  course  of  erection  for  the 
North  Riding  of  Yorkshire  County  Council.  The 
plan  is  arranged  to  fit  the  site,  wh'ch  slopes  con- 
siderably. The  design  is  in  the  char.icter  of  the 
old  wcrk  of  the  neighbourhood,  and  local 
materials  only  are  used.  The  walls  are  of  snecked 
rubble  with  chiselled  quoins,  and  the  roofs  are 
covered  with  thick  stone  slates.  The  external 
woodwork  is  of  oak,  adze  finished.  The  builder 
is  Mr.  G.  F.  Wade,  of  Kichraond,  and  the 
architect,  Jlr.  Walter  H.  Brierley,  of  York. 

"  IHILUIXG    news"    designing    CLVH  :    A    SMALL 
HOUSE   FOR   A    PAINTER. 

(For  description  and  awards  see  p.  827.) 

XEW    PAVILION    .VXD    PIER     EXTENSION,    .ST.    AXNES- 
OX-SEA. 

Ix  addition  to  the  pier  extensions,  the  whole 
length  of  the  present  promenade  has  been  doubled 
in  width.  The  new  pierhead  has  a  width  of 
2'21ft. ;  on  the  south  side  are  shops,  refreshment- 
rooms,  .and  an  open  air  baud-stand,  and  on  the 
north  side  is  a  handsome  pavilion  capable  of  seat- 
ing 1,000  people,  with  stjge,  artists'  retiring- 
rooms,  and  cloak-room,  &c.  The  total  outlay  has 
been  about  £30,000.  The  contractors  for  the 
work  were  Messrs.  Butler  and  Co.,  Leeds,  who 
executed  the  whole  of  the  ironwork,  the  sub-con- 
tractors being,  for  the  joiners'  work,  Messrs. 
Peters  and  Sons,  Rochdale ;  plumbing,  Messrs. 
Higginbotham  and  Sons,  Idle ;  zinc  work  to  roofs, 
Messrs.  Braby  and  Co.,  Liverpool.  The  whole  of 
the  work  is  carried  out  from  the  designs  of 
Messrs.  Garlick,  Sykes,  and  Catterall,  architects, 
Preston  and  Blackpool. 


CHIPS. 

The  Lambeth  Borough  Council  have  appointed 
Mr.  Henry  T.  Hare,  F.R.I.B.A.,  as  assessor  in  the 
new  town-hall  competition  at  a  fee  of  100  guineas. 

Mr.  George  W.  Jackson  has  been  appointed  con- 
sulting engineer  to  the  transportation  committee  of 
the  Chicago  City  Council.  He  is  to  prepare  plans 
for  recoustructing  the  tunnels  under  the  Chicago 
River. 

The  cope  provided  for  the  Bishop  of  London, 
which  is  kept  at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  is  too  heavy 
for  general  use,  and  it  is  therefore  proposed  to 
present  to  the  Bishop  a  lighter  one  which  he  can 
take  about  the  diocese  when  required,  in  com- 
memoration of  the  Thirteenth  Centenary  of  the 
revival  of  the  See.  A  fund  has  heeu  privately 
opened  for  that  purpose,  and  Mr.  G.  F.  Bodley, 
R.A.,  has  been  asked  to  make  a  design. 

Works  of  sewerage  have  j  ust  been  completed  for 
the  town  council  of  Colne,  Lanes,  from  plans  by 
the  borough  engineer,  Mr.  T.  H.  Hartley.  The 
contracters  were  Messrs.  Ward  and  Tetley,  of 
Bradford,  and  the  cost  has  been  £3,500. 

Stained-glass  windows  have  been  placed  in  the 
Oviugham  Parish  Church  and  in  St.  Oswin's  Church, 
Wylam,  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Mr.  Richard 
Clayton,  of  Wylam  Hall.  That  inserted  in  the 
south  wall  of  Wylam  Church  consists  of  three  lights, 
each  containing  a  life-size  tigure  of  a  saint.  In  the 
central  position  is  a  presentment  of  .St.  John,  and 
the  other  figures  shown  are  those  of  St.  Thomas 
and  St.  Andrew.  There  are  also  three  scenes  com- 
memor.ating  the  incarnation  of  our  Lord.  The 
memorial  window  placed  in  St.  Mary's  Cliurch, 
Oviugham,  represents  St.  Oswin,  who  was  King  of 
South  Northumbria,  and  a  martyr. 

Part  IV.  of  the  general  report  and  statistics  of 
mines  and  quarries  has  been  issued  as  a  Blue-book. 
The  volume  deals  mainly  with  the  mining  and 
quarrying  industries  in  the  Colonies  and  foreign 
countries.  The  general  results,  which  are  summed 
up  in  Tables  2S3,  2Sl,  and  28.5,  show  that  the  number 
of  persons  eugjiged  in  these  industries  at  home  and 
abroad  exceeds  4,500,000,  of  whom  about  one-fifth 
are  employed  in  the  tainted  Kingdom  and  one-third 
ill  the  British  Empire.  More  than  one-half  cf  the 
total  were  employed  in  the  coal  industry. 

Germany  is  turning  a  favourable  oar  towards  the 
suggestion  of  '*  garden  cities."  A  meeting  of  the 
German  Garden  City  Society  liold  recently  was 
very  largely  attended,  and  the  movement  is 
gaining  increased  attention  throughout  the  country, 
and  has  been  favourably  received  by  the  I'ress. 
Pamphlets  dealing  with  the  subject  are  lioiiig  pub- 
lished, aiid  preparations  are  being  made  for  an  in- 
quiry into  the  industrial  prospects  of  the  movement 
in  order  to  discover  what  branches  of  industry  can 
bo  moat  advantageously  removed  from  the  great 
cities  into  the  country. 


PKOFESSIONAL   AND    TKADB 
SOOIETIES. 

Bristol  Society  of  Axtkiu.vries.  —  The 
members  of  this  society  visited  Bath  on  Saturday 
last.  The  party, numbering  120,werewolcomedon 
arrival  at  Bath  by  Alderman  Moore  (chairman  of 
thebathscommittee),  Mr.  Taylor,  andthesecretary 
to  the  baths.  Alderman  Moore  said  the  date  of 
the  foundation  of  the  baths  could  be  regarded  as 
about  the  year  a.d.  GO.  They  were  discovered  in 
17.M,  but  what  was  found  was  in  parts  destroyed 
and  covered  up.  From  time  to  time  there  were 
fragmentary  discoveries;  but  in  1871  there  was 
an  important  find,  which  led  to  the  corporation 
purchasing  the  property,  which  enabled  further 
excavations  and  discoveries  to  he  made.  The  work 
was  continued  until  1870,  and  recommenced  in 
1890,  and  was  carried  on  from  that  time  until 
1895.  Alderman  Moore  gave  a  description  of  the 
various  periods  and  sizes  of  the  bathe.  They  fell 
into  disuse  in  the  (ith  century,  some  baths  being 
walled  up  previous  to  being  abandoned  in  577. 
The  party  then  made  a  tour  through  the  various 
batbs  and  lOoms  containing  ancient  remains.  At 
the  Abbey  the  members  were  received  by  the  Rev. 
Prebendary  Boyd,  rector  of  Bath,  Ths  abbey 
was  founded  by  King  Osric  in  the  year  a  d.  07  G 
as  a  house  for  nuns,  and  in  775  Offa,  King  of 
Mercia,  replaced  the  convent  of  nuns  by  founding 
a  house  of  monks.  Nearly  two  centuries  later 
Edgar,  King  of  England,  was  crowned  here  in 
great  pomp,  and  in  1110  John  De  Villula  rebuilt 
the  church  as  a  cathedral,  and  chose  to  be  called 
Bishop  of  Bath.  In  1500  Oliver  King  (bishop) 
began  the  rebuilding  of  the  present  abbey  church. 
A  graphic  account  was  given  of  the  monastic 
buildings,  the  site  of  the  prior's  house,  and  other 
otiices.  The  party  then  walked  around  the  build- 
ing, and  the  rector  pointed  out  the  many  points 
of  interest.  Tea  was  provided  in  the  old  -Vbbey 
Church  House  and  served  in  the  long  room,  which 
was  greatly  admired  for  its  beautiful  stone  tire- 
place.  Alderman  Moore  conducted  the  party 
through  the  municipal  buildings  and  to  several 
historic  houses. 

Society  of  Engineers. — .\.t  a  meeting  of  the 
Society  of  Engineers  held  at  the  Royal  I'nittd 
Service  Institution,  Whitehall,  on  Monday 
evening,  June  6,  1904,  Mr.  D.  B.  Butler,  presi- 
dent, in  the  chair,  a  paper  was  read  on  "  Riilway 
Surveys  and  Design  in  New  Countries,"  by  Mr. 
Percy  G.  Scott.  In  this  paper — which  was 
mainly  addressed  to  the  junior  members  of  the 
society — the  author  treated  of  the  location  and 
design  of  railways  in  new  countries,  his  remarks 
being  based  on  personal  experience  in  India  and 
on  the  Gold  Coast.  He  first  discussed  the  pre- 
liminary survey  of  the  line,  indicating  the 
instruments,  tools,  and  plant  required  for  the 
work.  He  next  dealt  with  the  question  of  labour 
and  the  tact  required  in  dealing  with  it ;  the 
means  of  transport  in  order  to  facilitate  and 
expfdite  work;  camps,  their  selection  in  regard 
to  the  work  and  the  method  of  laying  them  out. 
In  dealing  with  plans  and  sections  and  designs 
for  works,  the  method  of  preparation  and  the 
information  necessary  for  the  former  were  fully 
given,  whilst  a  brief  outline  giving  the  general 
requirements  for  the  latter  were  stated.  Under 
the  heads  of  specification  and  estimates,  the 
author  gave  instructions  as  to  what  is  necessary 
with  regard  to  the  general  and  detailed  descrip- 
tion of  each  class  and  item  of  work  when 
specifying,  and  he  finally  indicated  the  informa- 
tion required  for  preparing  the  estimates  for 
sanction. 

»-^ 

Mr.  R.  Gordon  Nicol,  C.E.,  the  Atierdeen  hartour 
engineer,  who  was  thrown  overboard  from  the 
Harbour  Commissioners'  launch  last  wetk,  is  pro- 
gressing favourably, 

Mr.  C.  H.  Bradshaw  has  been  appointed  district 
surveyor  for  the  north-eastern  district  of  Middle- 
sex, at  a  salary  of  £250  a  year,  consequent  upon 
the  resignation  of  Mr.  Perkins. 

The  A'lmiralty  contract  for  the  erection  of  coast- 
guard dwellings,  station,  Jtc,  which  the  Coast- 
guard authorities  contemplate  erecting  ou  the  East 
Clilf  at  Whitby,  has  been  secured  by  Mr.  .lohn 
Braim,  buddcr,  of  Whitby. 

The  Countess  Stanhope  opened  on  Tuesday  a 
bazaar  in  the  new  wing  of  the  Tunbridge  Wells 
General  Hospital,  which  has  been  erected  at  a  cost 
of  l'24,00ii,  to  meet  the  iucreasing  needs  of  the 
institution.  In  the  new  building  there  is  a  male 
ward  holding  24  beds,  and  above  a  female  ward  of 
the  same  dimensions,  an  isolation  ward,  a  children's 
ward,  41ft,  by  2i;tt.,  and  a  new  out-p.atients'  de- 
partment. 


834 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


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THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  10,  1904. 


TO    OOBBESPONDENTS. 

[We  do  not  hold  ourselves  responsible  for  the  opinioM  ol 

our  correspondents.     All    communications  should  be 

drawn  up  as  briefly  as  possible,  as   there  are  many 

claimants  upon  the  space  allotted  to  correspondents.] 

It  is  particularly  requested  that  all  drawings  and  all 

communications  respecting  illustrations  or  literary  matter 

should  be  addressed  to  the  EDITOR  of  the  Boildinq 

Nkws,  Clement's  House,  Clement's  Inn  Passage,  Strand, 

W.C,  and  not  to  members  of  the  staff  by  name.    Delay 

is  not  unfrequently  otherwise  caused.    All  drawings  and 

other  commimications  are  sent  at  contributors'  risks,  and 

the  Editor  will  not  undertake  to  pay  for,  or  be  liable  for, 

unsought  contributions. 

Cheques  and  Post-offlcc  Orders  to  be  made  payable  to 
The  Steasd  Nkwbpapee  Compani,  Limited. 

Telegraphic  Address  :— "  Timeserver,  London." 
Telephone  No.  1633  Holbom. 


NOTICE. 
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Received.-K.  W.— H.  G.  T.  and  Son.-J.  M.  (Bristol) 
—Norman.— W.  A.— A.  F.  and  Co.— N.  T. 


"BUILDINQ  NEWS"   DE^IGSIXa   CLUB. 
Drawings  Received.— "Bull    Dog,"     "Plumb    Bob" 
"Ionic."  "The  New  Boy,"  "Ching-gagook,"  "King's 
Pawn,"    "Obilisk,"    "GayvillB.'-    •■Mirciis,"    "Old 
Mercer,"  "Lansdowne."  and  "  Tressilian." 


— ♦-».• — 

OXE  PER   CEXT.   F(JR   QUAXflTIES. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildixo  News. 

Sill, — I  notice  that  the  wiseacres  of  Acton, 
according  to  your  paragraph  in  this  week's 
Brii.inxo  News,  are  "economising"  the  rate- 
payers' money  with  all  the  municipal  zeal 
characteristic  of  such  enlightened  individuils  in 
the  hope  of  retaining  oifica  on  local  authorities. 
\\  hateverthe  floodgatesof  waste  in  other  directions 
may  enhance  Acton's  yearly  expenditure,  at  any 
rate  the  remuneration  of  the  fortunate  quantity 
surveyors  to  he  intrusted  with  the  quantities 
for  this  bsautiful  town  hall  shall  not  exceed"  1  per 
cent.  The  building  in  question  is,  from  all 
accounts,  an  intricate  one,  with  a  lot  of  cut  and 


moulded  masonry,  an  irregular  plan,  domes, 
turrets,  and  great  variety  of  detail.  I  hold  no 
brief  for  surveyors  ;  but  to  anyone  who  has  had 
any  experience  it  is  quite  clear  this  rate  of  pay- 
ment of  1  per  cent,  is  quite  inadequate  if  careful 
and  reliable  work  is  to  be  obtained. 

The  quantity  surveyors,  of  course,  know  very 
well  how  to  look  after  themselves ;  but  architects 
ought  not  to  permit  things  thus  to  slide  on  the 
down  grade,  as  they  are  now  in  progress  of 
doing.  The  various  local  bodies  who  rule  every- 
where, treasure  one  little  bit  of  patronage  left 
in  their  hands — and  it  consists  in  the  appoint- 
ment of  quantity  surveyors.  The  architect  seldom 
is  permitted  a  word  or  in  any  way  allowed  to 
advise  on  their  choice.  The  result  is  distinctlj' 
detrimental  to  the  public,  and  greatly  increases 
the  difficulties  of  architects.  Appointments 
are  made  at  a  rate  of  payment  which  is 
not  fairly  adequate  in  many  cases  to  re- 
munerate the  quantity  takers  for  really  capable 
work,  and  what  happens  'r  Well,  in  "  taking 
off  "  the  surveyor  runs  "  no  risks."  AVhy  should 
he'r  Things  are  taken  "full,"  and  he  relies  on 
the  saving  clause  in  the  whole  process,  which  the 
aforesaid  wiseacres  overlook.  And  it  is  this  :  The 
\\  and  the  2i  for  deductions  and  additions  in 
measuring  up  the  variations  at  the  end  of  the  job, 
when  the  harvest  time  comes  for  surveyors  and 
the  main  chance  for  the  contractors,  the  day  of 
squalls  for  the  architect,  and  of  the  inevitable 
bill  of  extras  for  the  ratepayers  to  pay.  The 
"  economy,"  so  dear  to  the  skinflint  councillor 
who  "plays  to  the  gallery"  with  all  his 
promises  and  reiterated  disinterested  intentions, 
is  gone,  and  why ':  Because  in  practice  the 
endeavour  to  economise  was  made  at  the  wrong 
end. 

Make  the  quantity  surveyor  guarahtee  his 
quantities,  and  make  them  the  basis  of  the  con- 
tract. Pay  properly  for  the  quantities,  and  take 
care  that  the  men  employed  are  capable  and  of 
reliable  repute.  Not  men  who  play  up  to  and 
nurse  a  job,  and  who  will  take  it  at  any  rate 
offered,  on  the  oif-chance  of  ultimate  gains  on 
manipulating  figures.  The  advertisement  in  this 
case  is  now  current,  and  it  will  be  seen  what 
comes  of  it,  and  the  choice  in  store. — I  am,  &c., 
Ax  Old  Tee-Sqiare. 


That  interesting  relic  in  question  is  made  of 
cedar,  and  is  fully  clothed.  Tradition  says 
it  was  made  by  Nicodemus  himself,  who,  not 
being  exactly  an  expert  at  figure  carving  in 
wood,  was  helped  at  night,  "  whilst  the  old  man 
slumbered  and  slept,"  by  an  angel,  who  put  there- 
upon the  finishing  touches.  It  is  undoubtedly  of 
very  great  antiquity,  and  records  of  the  Cathedral 
of  St.  Martin  at  Lucca,  where  it  is  preserved, 
prove  it  to  have  been  greatly  reverenced  as  a  rare 
and  ancient  relic  of  sacred  ecclesiastical  art  so 
long  ago  as  .i.D.  782.  Of  this  particular  example 
of  Michael  Angelo's  work  here  in  the  church  of 
San  Spirito,  there  is,  however,  no  shadow  of  a 
doubt,  and  I  would  recommend  all  visitors  to  the 
city  during  the  coming  holiday  season  to  see  it. — 
I  am,  &c.,  GuEviLLE  C.  Hems. 

Hotel  Baglioni,  Florence,  Miy  31. 


MICHAEL  ANGELO'S  CRTtCIFIX. 

Slit, — All  the  world  has  probably  read  F.  Mirion 
Crawford's  "  Marzio's  Ciucifix,"  and  revelled  in 
the  life-like  sketches  he  therein  portrays  of 
modern  artistic  life  amongst  the  cunning  art 
toilers  of  this  country.  Bat  few  people  know  of 
Michael  Angelo's  wooden  crucifix,  that  great 
master  of  his  craft,  cleverly  fashioned  for  a 
patron,  Piero  de  Medeci  by  name,  iu  or  just 
about  A.D.  1492,  most  interesting  to  admirers  of 
that  great  sculptor,  as  one  of  the  earliest  existing 
e.xamples  of  his  work  in  any  material.  It  may 
be  seen  above  the  high  altar,  in  the  church  of 
San  Spirito,  which  many  readers  will  recollect  is 
situated  to  the  west  of  the  Palazzo  Pitti  iu  this 
cit>.  It  stands  between  well-carved  representa- 
tions in  statuary  marble  of  the  Blessed  Virgin 
Mary  and  St.  John  the  Beloved  Disciple,  figures 
whose  identification  as  regards  thtir  actual  carvers 
I  unfortunately  failed  to  discover.  They  are  cer- 
tainly not  the  work  of  the  same  gr>at  artist  as  is 
the  Crucifix.  "When  this  church  underwent  con- 
siderable alteration  between  the  years  1600  and 
1607,  this  valuable  woi'k  of  art  was  cirefully  re- 
moved and  placed  in  a  btrong  safe  in  its  vestry 
for  preservation.  There  it  uppears  to  have  re- 
mained a  considerable  time,  for  Richas,  writing  an 
inventory  of  the  churchej  of  Florence  in  1759, 
writes : — 

"  In  the  chapter-room  of  S.an  Spirito  is  pre- 
served the  crucifix  of  Jlichael  Augelo,  formerly 
in  its  choir,  but  having  been  removed  during 
some  alterations  to  the  general  fabric,  "still 
remains  in  safe  custody  in  its  vestry." 

Michael  Angelo  Baonarotti,  it  will  be  re- 
membered, was  born  atChiusi  (some  90  miles  due 
south  of  this  city)  in  1J71,  so  would  be  a  mere 
youth  of  18  or  19  yeirs  of  age  when  he  executed 
this  commission  for  Piero  di  Medici.  In  the 
beginning  of  1902  my  fatht;r  (Hir.-y  Hems)  gave 
an  illustration  and  some  pirticulars  in  these  pages 
of  the  earliest  known  crucifix  in  th)  Christian 
world  (of  course,  we  are  all  aware  of  existing 
carved  representations  of  the  god  Indra,  nailed  to 
the  cross,  almost  a  faeumile  of  our  cracilixos, 
that  are  in  existence,  an  I  were  used  as  aids  to 
worship  by  the  heathens  in  the  Far  Eist, 
hundreds  of   years   before    the    Chriitian    Era). 


YENTIL.ATION   AT  THE  R.I.B.A. 

Sir, — The  subject  for  discussion  at  the  meeting 
of  the  Institute  on  Monday  night  was  "  Ventila- 
tion," and  as  on  that  evening  the  results  of  the 
recent  elections  were  declared,  the  attendance  of 
members  was  considerable,  the  hall  being  well 
filled. 

It  very  soon  became  apparent  th  it  these  near 
to  the  chair  and  in  front  were  sufftring  from  the 
results  of  bad  ventilation,  and  hands  were  waved 
towards  the  row  of  windows  at  the  back,  and 
these  were  at  once  opened. 

The  result  of  tlrs  was  immediately  perceived 
by  those  at  the  back,  and  very  unpleasant  currents 
of  air  fell  upon  their  heads,  while  papers,  pinned 
to  the  wall,  fluttered  in  the  wind  ! 

Any  method  of  ventilation  which  permits  cf  a 
down  draught  of  cold  air  is  injurious  to  health; 
yet  this  meeting-hall  has  been  under  the  control 
of  many  of  the  most  emioent  architects  who  have 
flourishea  during  two  or  three  generations,  who 
have  failed,  un'il  this  day,  to  grasp  the  fdct  that 
there  are  natural  laws  to  be  observed  before  a  con- 
tinuous supply  of  pure  freth  air  can  be  obtained 
in  any  building. 

The  windows  above  referred  to  should  be  made 
unopenable,  being  in  the  wrong  position  for  use 
either  as  inltts  or  outlets,  and  th's  whole  trouble 
arises  from  the  fact  that  the  air  inlets  have  no', 
been  provided  for  sufficiently  at  a  low  level,  while 
the  means  for  the  e.xtraction  of  the  vitiated  air  do 
not  include  sufficient  cowls  of  the  right 
description. 

The  architects  sitting  in  the  back  rows  of  the 
hall  suffered  from  the  cold  draughts  of  air  at  the 
rear,  while  the  stream  of  cold  air  descended  in  a 
shower,  carrying  with  it  the  vitiated  air  exhaled 
by  those  at  the  back  to  be  rebreathed  by  those  at 
the  front ;  a  circumstance  that  would  ba  im- 
possible in  the  case  of  a  well-considered  system  of 
ventilation  on  automatic  or  natural  principles. — 
I  am,  ka.,  Gkoroe  H.  Biiiiiv. 

69,  Queen's-roid,  Twickenham,  June  7. 


CHIPS. 

The  Halifax  Town  Council  at  the  meeting  on 
Wednesday  week  decided  to  sanction  the  extension 
of  their  tramway  system  from  Brighouse  to  Bailiflo 
BridjJe. 

The  sales  at  the  Mart  last  week,  as  registered  at 
the  Estate  Exchange,  amounted  to  £f6o,3S7,  and 
for  the  corresponding  week  of  last  year  to  ,£71,813. 

Foundation-stones  were  laid  on  Thursday  in  last 
week  of  Wesleyan  Sunday-schools  at  I'adstow. 
The  contract  for  building  was  taken  by  Mr.  W. 
Darrick.  The  building  will  be  about  j6ft.  by  32ft., 
with  church  parlour,  new  orchestra  for  the  chapel, 
and  choir  vestry,  costing  about  £1,200. 

A  new  upper  standard  councU  school  was  opened 
at  Blowers  Green,  Dudley,  on  Thursday  in  last 
week.     Mr.  Alleock  was  the  architect. 

Mr.  K  E.  W.  Barrington,  M.Inst.C.E.,  F.G.S., 
of  Wolverhampton  and  Wettmmster,  has  submitted 
plans  and  report  on  the  Gobowen  water  scheme, 
and  the  Oswestry  Rural  District  Council  have 
resolved  to  apply  to  the  Local  Government  Board 
for  sanction  to  a  loan  of  £2,500  for  carrying  out 
the  work. 

The  founJation-stone  of  the  permanent  church  of 
Christ,  Callowland,  Watford,  was  laid  by  the 
Princess  Christian  on  Thursday  in  last  week.  The 
church  will  cost  £7,000,  and  is  to  be  seated  for  800 
persons. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Glamorgan  County 
E  lucation  Committee,  Mr.  D.  Pugh-Jones,  F.S.I., 
M.S.A.,  architect,  Llandalf,  and  Mr.  J.  H.  Nash, 
A.R.I. B.A.,  architect,  Swansea,  were  appointed 
school  architects  for  the  eastern  and  western 
division  respectively. 


June  10,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


853 


Jnttrcommunicatton. 


[12063. ]— Deduction.  —  A  boundary  wall  was 
included  iu  a  contnict  fur  new  warehouse,  iSrc.  Owing  to 
a  good  foundation  being  obtained  without  going  so  deep 
as  intended,  a  saving  Wiis  effected  on  the  cost  of  the  wall. 
Can  this  saving -about  £5)— be  deducted  from  the  con- 
tract amount?  The  contr^ietnr  is  charging  extras  where  ' 
the  contract,  has  been  exceeded  in  other  parts  of  the 
building.— X.  Y.  Z.  j 

[12064.]  —  Dry  Rot.— I^  there  any  real  risk  in  laying  ■ 
kamptulicon  over  the  deal  (I  joring  of  a  first-story  bed-  i 
room  .'   The  H-mr  is  siogle-joi^ted,  ceiled  underneath,  and  ! 
the  space  between  flooring  and  ceiling    not  veatilited 
except  to  a  small  extent  by  the  joints  between  the  tl  )or- 
ing  boards;  nor  is  further  ventilation  practicable,  as  the  ; 
ppace  between  each  pair  of  joists  foriin  a  sepirate  cell.  ' 
The  house  is  about  thirty  years  old,  and  qviite  dry.     Of  ' 
course,  I  should  take  the  precaution,  before  laying  the 
kamptulicon,  of  seeing  that  the  wood  llooring  is  not  damp 
from  washing.     Xo  fires  are  used  in  the  grate  except  a 
tmull  gas-fire,  used  only  occasionally  fur  short  times  on  ' 
very  cold  winter  mornings.    I  ask  because  the  books  j 
recount  the  danger,  and  yet  I  know  three  or  four  cases  j 
where  no  trouble  has  occurred  after  several  years.    The 
kamptulicon  is  a  great  temptation,  as  it  hft.rbours  no  dirt, 
and  is  so  sanitary  and  non-absorbent.    I  know  of  one  i 
case  where  tveiy  room  in  the  house  had  its  U  »or  so 
covered  without  evil  rt-^alt ;   but  its  owner,  a  timber  ! 
merchant,  was  lareful  to  have  had  the  floors  constructed  ' 
of  good  and  well-beasoned  wood  only.— R.  W. 


CHIPS. 

The  formal  opening  of  the  sewage  purification 
woiks  carried  out  by  the  urban  district  council  of 
tSittingbourne  will  take  place  on  Wednesday  next. 
The  works  have  been  eret:ted  from  the  designs  of 
Mr.  J.  C.  Meiliss,  M  I.C.E  ,  the  system  and  fittings 
of  the  Septic  Tank  Co.,  Ltd.,  having  been  adopted. 

A  new  parish-hall  which  has  been  erected  in 
connection  with  the  church  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene, 
Prudhoe-on-Tyne,  was  opened  on  Monday.  The 
architect  was  Mr.  S.  D.  Robins,  Newcastle  and 
Sunderland,  whilst  the  contractors  were  Messrs.  G. 
Watson  and  Sons,  Stocksfield.  The  plumbing  and 
heating  has  been  executed  by  Messrs.  W.  Scott 
and  Sons,  Newcastle  and  Jarrow,  and  the  painting 
and  glazing  by  Watson  and  Charlton,  Stooksfield. 
The  total  cost  has  been  ,£  1,000. 

The  Countess  Cowper  unveiled  on  Monday  a 
memorial  erected  at  Bedford  to  the  memory  of  250 
Bedfordshire  men  who  fell  in  the  South  African 
War. 

Major  J.  Stewart,  R.E  ,  one  of  the  inspectors  of 
the  Local  Government  Board,  held  an  inquiry  at 
Kenilworth  on  Monday  into  the  application  of  the 
urban  district  council  for  leave  to  borrow  £6,o00 
for  purposes  of  sewerage  and  sewage  disposal.  Mr. 
J".  Willcox,  the  engineer  engaged,  explained  that 
the  scheme  was  designed  to  deal  with  sewage  from 
a  population  of  n,U0O.  It  was  proposed  to  construct 
two  covered  sewage  tanks  and  four  high-level  and 
four  low-level  bacteiia  beds  on  the  site  now  used 
for  the  disposal  of  sewage  by  irrigation. 

The  Salford  Corporation  will  commence  laying 
the  tramway  track  between  Whitefield  station  and 
XJnsworth  boundary  within  a  few  days,  and  when 
that  work  is  finished  the  lines  along  Bury  Old-road 
to  Heaton  Park  will  be  put  down. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Catheiral  Church  of  St. 
Patrick,  Armagh,  is  to  be  consecrated  on  July  21. 

The  church  of  St.  Andrew,  Whitchurch  >  little 
village  about  two  miles  from  Tavistock),  has  recently 
been   enlarged  by  the  addition  of  a  new  aisle,  the 

fift  of  the  late  Mr.  Pryce  Miohell.  The  architect, 
Ir,  E.  Sedding,  of  Plymouth,  designed  the  aisle  in 
accordance  with  the  style  and  character  of  the 
church.  It  is  27ft.  by  17Et.,  and  will  accommodate 
fifty  persons.  Local  stone  has  been  used  for  the 
walling,  and  Roborough  stone  for  the  arches.  The 
roof  is  of  oak  and  the  llooring  of  black  Oregon  pine. 
The  aisle  opens  out  of  the  chancel  by  means  of  two 
arches,  and  communicates  with  the  south  transept 
through  a  moulded  archway.  The  south  doorway  is 
flanked  by  two  buttresses.  The  cost  has  been  .£800. 
Mr.  J.  Passmore  Elwards  laid,  on  Thursday  in 
last  week,  the  foundation-stone  of  the  Carnegie 
Free  Library  in  the  Romford-road,  Manor  Pjrk,  at 
the  corner  of  Rabbits-road.  This  will  be  the  third 
free  library  in  the  district,  and  the  first  of  two  to  be 
provided  by  the  munificence  of  Mr.  Andrew 
Carnegie,  who  has  promised  £10,00')  to  the  Ivist 
Ham  Urban  District  Council,  The  new  library 
will  be  built  by  the  works  committee  of  the  district 
council,  advised  by  tho  smveyor,  Mr.  A.  H. 
Campbell,  at  the  cost  of  £4,.')7,S.  The  frontage  to 
Romford-road  will  tetwo  stories  high,  and  is  faced 
with  Lancashire  bricks,  wilh  terracotta  dressings 
by  Messrs,  Doulton  and  Co.,  of  Lambeth.  Tne 
upper  floor  will  provide  a  room  50ft.  liy  20ft.,  avail- 
able either  as  a  reference  libriiry,  or  tor  I'niversity 
Extension  lectures.  Oa  the  ground  fiojr  will  be 
a  room  which  will  hold  fifty  newspaper  stands;  a 
lending  library  of  12,000  volumes,  and  room^  for 
storage. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

A  Surveyor  CoxvicriCD. — At  the  County  of 
London  Sessions,  l>efore  Mr.  McConnell,  K.C., 
Chairuiiu,  sitting  at  Clerkenwell,  William  Minnitt 
Lucas,  34,  surveyor,  was  indicted  for  having  ob- 
tained credit  to  the  amount  of  I'o  Os.  OJ.  from  the 
Hotel  Cecil  (Limited).  On  July  3,  1903,  the  prisoner 
went  to  stay  at  the  Hotel  Cecil.  Ou  July  10  hip  bill 
for  .£17  78,  6d.  was  presented^to  him,  and  on  July  13 
he  paid  it  with  a  cheque  for  thit  amount  on  the 
National  Provincial  Bank.  He  stayed  until  July  15, 
by  which  time  he  had  incurred  a  further  liability  of 
£5  03,  yj,,  and  then  left  without  giving  notice.  The 
cheque  he  had  given  was  dishonoured  ;  and  it  was 
found  that,  although  he  had  had  au  account  at  the 
London  and  Provincial  Bank,  it  was  closed  in  1S97  ; 
cheques  signed  by  him  had  been  frequently  presented 
since  then  and  di.shonoured.  Dafeudaut  could  not 
be  found  until  April  25,  when  he  was  arrested  at 
Burton-on-Trent.  The  prisoner  was  found  guilty 
and  sentenced  to  be  imprisoned  in  the  secon  i  division 
for  nine  months. 

WoRCESTEK. — At  the  meeting  of  the  city  council 
on  Tuesday,  the  sanitary  committee  reported  that 
a  claim  by  Messrs.  Beesley  and  Nichols,  civil 
engineers,  of  Westminster,  for  £1,596  19 j.  (for 
engineers'  commission,  preparing  amended  plans, 
repjrts,  k'Z-y  in  connection  with  the  sewage  dis- 
posal scheme,  and  giving  creiit  for  £1,072  12s.  3d. 
as  paid  on  account)  was  referred  for  investigation 
to  a  sub-committee.  The  sub-committee  held  meet- 
ings, at  the  last  of  which  Mr.  Beesley  and  Mr. 
Nichols  attended  by  invitation,  and  without  pre- 
judice discussed  their  claim,  and  suggested  that  any 
compromise  should  take  the  shapa  of  a  payment  in 
full  of  the  claim,  without  dealing  with  its  sepirate 
items.  After  considerable  discussion,  Messrs.  Bdesley 
and  Nichols  agreed  to  accept,  and  the  sub -committee 
agreed  to  recommend,  the  payment  of  £2,250  in 
settlement  of  the  £3,524  Os.  l^d.  claimed.  The  sub- 
committee's report  was  discussed  at  the  committee's 
meeting  on  May  11,  and  it  was  resolved  nam.  con.  : 
"That  the  council  be  recommended  to  pay  to 
Messrs.  Beesley,  Son,  and  Nichols  £2,250  in  settle- 
ment of  their  claim  of  January  19  last,  amounting 
to  £3,524  Os.  9d.,  and  of  all  other  claims  on  the 
council  in  connection  with  the  sewerage  scheme, 
including  commission,  &;c.,  in  respect  of  all  work 
ordered  up  to  this  date;  Messrs.  Beesley  agreeing 
that  £500  of  the  amount  to  be  piid  may  be  retained 
by  the  council  uotiltheir  work  in  connection  with  the 
scheme  is  finished."     The  report  was  adopted. 

Builders'  Premises  and  the  Workmex's  Com- 
pensation Act. — In  the  City  of  Lond<m  Court  on 
Wednesf^ay  his  Honour  Judge  L-imley  Smith,  K.C, 
delivered  a  considered  judgment  in  the  cases  of 
"Brown  v,  Welch"  and  "Cheshire  v.  Welch." 
The  Judge  said  that  they  were  applications  under 
the  Workaien's  Compensation  Act  for  compensation 
for  injuries  sustained  by  carpenters  in  the  employ- 
ment of  the  respondent,  a  budder  and  contractor, 
Maidenhead  -court,  Aldersgate-  street.  The  question 
was  whether  the  employment  came  within  the  Act, 
which  only  extended  to  certain  specified  employ- 
ments. Brown  was  working  in  a  carpenter's  shop. 
A  saw  hanging  on  a  nail  fell  off  on  to  his  foot 
and  broke  his  toe.  There  was  no  machinery  in  the 
place.  A  carpenter's  shop  where  no  mechanical 
power  was  used  was  not  a  "  factory "  within  the 
meaning  of  the  Act.  Cheshire  was  standing  on  a 
wall,  stacking  scaJfold-poles  on  the  flat  roof  of 
the  builder's  shop.  It  was  contended  that  Cheshire 
was  employed  in  or  about  a"  warehouse."  If  so, 
he  would  come  within  the  Act,  and  so  possibly  would 
Brown,  who  was  working  in  the  adjoining  part  of 
the  premises.  But,  in  his  opinion,  the  employment 
was  not  in  or  about  a  warehouse.  No  definition 
was  given  in  the  Act  of  a  warehouse.  The  mere 
fact  that  property  was  kept  in  a  place  did  not  of 
itself  make  it  a  warehouse.  He  found  as  a  fact  that 
the  place  was  not  a  warehouse,  and  that,  therefore, 
neither  of  the  applicants  came  within  the  Act,  and 
could  not  be  awarded  compensation.  Judgment  was 
given  for  the  respondent,  with  costs. 

A   MlSUNTERSTOOD    CONTRACT.  —  SaNITAEY  BlOCK 

AND  Tile  Pavement  Co.,  Ltd.,  v.  Lees  and  Sons. 
— Mr.  Justice  Channell  heard  on  Tuesday  this 
action  brought  by  the  Sanitary  Block  and  Tile 
Pavement  Co.  against  Messrs.  J.  B.  Lee  and  Sons, 
of  ( J racechurch- street,  EC,  to  recover  dannges 
for  breach  of  contract  to  deliver  wood  Mocks.  The 
plaintifl's  are  paving  contractors  at  Westminster, 
and  the  defendants  are  timber  merchants  and  manu- 
facturers of  wooden  blocks.  In  May,  10l)3,  the 
plaintitfti  entered  into  a  contract  with  tho  corpora- 
tion of  Westminster  to  carry  out  certain  wood- 
P'iviiig  work.  The  defendants  were  aware  of  the 
contract  and  of  the  terms  of  the  sp-^cification,  and 
for  the  purpose  of  enabling  tho  plaintiffs  tu  carry 
out  the  work  they  agreed  to  supply  them  about 
300,000  creosoted  yellow  deal  paving  blocks.  The 
contract  was  made  by  letters  between  the  parties 
between  May  20  and  June  20,  19113,  including 
an  extract  from  tho  specification  forwarded  by 
plaintiffs  to  defendants.  The  defendants  agreed  to 
supply  jellow  deal  blocks  suitable  for  use  by  the 
plain'iffs  in  carrying  out  their  paving  work  and  in 


accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  specification,  and  in 
particular  agreed  that  the  timber  from  which  such 
blocks  were  sawn  should  be  "  the  best  of  its  re- 
spective kind,  of  even  grain,  well  seasoned,  and  free 
from  sap."  Further,  in  the  alternative,  the  defend- 
ants impliedly  warranted,  under  section  14,  sub- 
section 1,  of  the  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1S93,  that  the 
goods  should  be  reasonably  fit  for  the  purpose  for 
which  the  plaintilVs  needed  them.  The  detendants 
did  not  supply  goods  in  accordance  with  the  con- 
tract or  reasonably  fit  for  the  above  purpose,  but 
wholly  failed  and  refused  to  do  so.  By  reason  of 
the  failure  and  refusal  of  the  defendants  to  supply 
the  goods  the  plaintiffs  were  obliged  to  purchase  the 
same  elsewhere  at  an  increased  price.  By  their 
defence  the  defendants  alleged  that  no  contract  was 
completed  between  the  plaintiffs  and  the  defendants. 
The  defendants  did  not  accept  the  plaintiffs'  terms, 
nor  did  the  plaintiffs  accept  the  defendants'  offer. 
The  parties  were  never  ad  id^m.  If  any  contract 
was  completed  by  the  letters  it  was  not  correctl}"  set 
forth  in  the  plaintiffs'  points  of  claim.  The 
defendants  were  always  ready  and  willing  to 
supply  paving  blocks  on  the  terms  of  their 
letter  of  June  11,  1903.  They  offered  to  deliver 
the  same  blocks  as  they  arranged  to  supply  to 
Messrs.  J.  Mowlem  and  Co.  They  refused  to 
contract  to  supply  blocks  to  the  approval  of 
the  city  engineer  or  on  the  terms  of  the  specification 
referred  to,  or  that  the  timber  from  which  the  blocks 
were  sawn  should  be  the  best  of  its  respective  kind, 
of  even  grain,  well  seasoned,  or  free  from  sap.  Mr. 
Justice  Channell,  in  giving  judgment,  said  that  he 
thought  there  had  been  a  misunderstanding  on  both 
sides  as  to  what  the  contract  was.  He  construed  the 
contract  as  meaning  not  that  the  timber  was  to  be 
absolutely  free  from  sap,  but  free  from  such  a 
quantity  of  sap  as  would  be  a  defect.  The  defendants 
undertook  to  supply  timber  fit  for  the  purpose  of  the 
paving  contract  with  the  city  of  Westminster,  but 
they  said  that  they  would  have  nothing  to  do  with 
the  surveyor  for  the  city  of  Westminster.  The 
timber  was  to  be  such  as  ought  to  satisfy  the  sur- 
veyor for  the  city  of  Westminster,  The  defendants 
had  misunderstood  the  contract  they  had  entered 
into,  and  would  have  nothing  to  do  with  supplying 
timber  complying  with  the  first  clause  of  the  specifi- 
cation. In  this  they  committed  a  breach  oE  contract. 
He  assessed  the  damages  at  £102  lOs.,  for  which  he 
gave  judgment  for  the  plaintiffs. 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITABY 
MATTERS. 

Lynton.— Sir  George  Newnes  performed  Ust 
week  the  inaugural  ceremony  in  connection  with 
the  augmentation  of  the  water  supply  of  Lyn- 
mouth  and  Lynton.  After  many  schemes  had  been 
laid  before  the  urban  district  council  by  prominent 
water  engineers  and  others  for  improving  the  filter- 
ing arrangements,  &c.,  of  the  Lynton  water  supply, 
on  the  recommendation  of  the  surveyor  (Mr.  \V. 
ChowinsJ,  the  polarite  system  of  Mr.  Candy,  of 
Westminster,  was  adopted.  The  water  had  hitherto 
been  brought  from  the  river  in  earthenware  pipes 
without  any  preliminary  screening,  and  discharged 
into  filter  beds  and  a  service  reservoir  in  Lynton, 
the  reservoir  being  only  a  few  feet  above  the 
houses  in  the  higher  parts  of  the  district  supplied. 
The  water  is  now  taken  from  the  river  above 
Cherrybridge,  over  a  mi'e  out  of  Lynton,  is  pissed 
through  a  screening  chamber,  where  all  coarse, 
suspended  matter  is  kept  back,  thence  conveyed 
through  Sin,  cast-iron  pipes  to  Lynton,  where  tho 
new  main  is  connected  direct  to  the  old  service 
mains.  A  larger  district  can  now  be  supplied  up 
to  a  level  of  50ft.  above  the  district  formerly  sup- 
plied, and  at  a  pressure  sufficient  to  insure  an 
eflioient  service  in  case  of  fire.  In  the  scheme  pro- 
vision is  made  is  for  a  future  high-level  supply  by 
the  acquisition  of  land  for  a  service  reservoir 
together  with  the  water  rights  iu  the  river  oppjsito 
the  filter  station.  The  old  service  reservoir  in 
Lynton  will  be  used  as  an  emergency  supply.  The 
new  intake  is  70ft.  higher  thou  the  old  reservoir, 
and  the  filters  are  100  yards  below  the  intake.  The 
contract  was  started  on  November  4  last,  and  its 
cost  has  been  .12,500.  The  contractor  for  the  work 
was  Mr.  G.  L.  Gunn,  of  Lynton. 

Water  Suitly  ok  TYNEMOimi.— The  Tyne- 
mouth  Town  Council  and  its  officials  visited  last 
week  the  Pont  Water  Works.  The  area  of  the 
land  taken  for  tho  purposes  of  the  works  is  150 
acres,  and  the  actual  area  of  the  reservoir  will  be 
8.S  acres,  with  a  maximum  depth  of  SOft.  This  will 
give  a  storage  of  730,000,000  gallons,  equivalent  to 
ISO  days*  supply.  The  founiaticns  of  the  dam  are 
taken  out  for  a  length  of  i, 300ft.,  and  they  go 
down  to  au  average  depth  of  30ft.  below  the 
ground  level.  The  height  of  the  embankment  will 
be  90ft.  from  the  bed  of  the  stream,  or  32ft.  higher 
than  the  railway  which  crosses  the  viaduct.  The 
width  of  the  base  of  the  einlninkment  is  GOOtt.,  and 
the  cubic  contents  about  500,000  cubic  yards. 


The  builders'  strike  in  Vionna  has  terminated,  the 
wage  question  haviug  been  arrangeJ. 


854 


THE    BTJILDINa    NEWS. 


June  10,  1904. 


ODur  (Dfftct  Cable. 


BIr.  Aston  Wekb,  R.A.,  has  arranged  an 
excellent  exhibition  of  pictorial  sketches  and 
drawings  of  historic  architecture  for  the  occasion 
of  the  President's  "  At  Home  "  at  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects  on  Saturday,  the 
18th  inst.,  on  the  eve  of  the  presentation  of  the 
Koyal  Gold  Medal  to  M.  Choisy,  the  distinguished 
French  architect.  It  is  anticipated  that  this 
collection  of  contemporary  architectural  draughts- 
manship will  be  thoroughly  representative  ;  and 
it  will  include  water-colour  sketches,  pen-and- 
ink  studies,  and  pencil  pictures  illustrative  of 
Foreign  as  well  as  English  work  by  members  of 
the  Institute. 

The  Council  Election  of  the  Institute  has  been 
something  like  a  "  wipe  out,"  onlj-  five  of  the  old 
Council  remaining  among  the  Fellows,  though 
Mr.  John  Slater,  who  was  a  vice-president,  takes 
a  seat  on  the  new  Board.  Three  Associate 
members  are  re-elected,  but  Mr.  AV.  H.  Bidlake 
occupies  the  seat  vacated  by  Mr.  Walter  Millard. 
Mr.  Leonard  Stokes,  who  came  forward  as  a 
vice-president,  failed  to  get  returned,  and  Mr. 
Beresford  Pite  shared  the  same  fate.  The  other 
gentlemen  who  have  also  ceased  to  belong  to  the 
Council  are  Messrs.  Baggallay,  Bateman,  Bodley, 
J.  J.  Burnet,  J.  A.  Gotch,  E.  T.  Hall,  Heathcote, 
Arnold  Mitchell,  Mountford,  and  G.  H.  Fellowes 
Prynne.  Mr.  S.  Perkins  Pick  becomes  a  new 
vice-president,  and  so  does  Mr.  H.  T.  Hare. 

The  new  Fellows  on  the  Council  who  stood  on 
the  Registration  ticket  more  or  less  pledged  to  the 
adoption  of  that  measure,  are  Slessrs.  Atkin 
Berry,  A.  C.  Blomfield,  A.  W.  S.  Cross,  F.  R. 
Farrow,  C.  E.  Mallows,  J.  D.  Matthews,  W. 
Gillbee  Scott,  W.  H.  Stth-Smith,  Lewis  .Solomon, 
Butler  Wilson,  and  E.  Woodthorpe,  while  others, 
including  the  representatives  of  the  Allied 
Societies,  are  by  no  means  unfavourable  to,  if 
not  all  of  them  may  be  described  as  exactly 
warm  advocates  for.  Registration.  Thus  the  old 
rri/ime  at  Conduit-street  is  probably  at  an  end, 
and  we  may  really  hope  for  better  days  in  some 
respects. 

Mk.  John  Belcher,  A.R.A.,  will  have  quite  a 
new  team  of  reformers  to  manage ;  but  Mr. 
Alexander  Graham,  the  genial  hon.  sec,  will 
continue  his  long  experience  on  former  councils  in 
the  conduct  of  affairs.  Mr.  E.  Guy  Dawber,  the 
new  President  of  the  Architectural  Association, 
represents  that  body  at  Conduit-street.  It  seems 
to  us  a  pity  that  Mr.  Riley,  the  superintending 
architect  of  the  London  County  Council,  was  not 
accorded  a  seat  on  the  new  Council,  where  his 
knowledge  and  advice  in  all  municipal  matters 
would  have  been  of  the  greatest  value. 

Mr.  H.  T.  H.4RE  gives  in  A. A.  Notes  a  few 
biographical  details  respecting  the  career  of  his 
successor  in  the  presidential  chair  of  the  Archi- 
tectural Association,  Mr.  E.  Guy  Dawber.  "  Born 
at  King's  Lynn,  he  entered  the  office  of  Mr. 
William  Adams,  of  that  town,  an  articled  pupil, 
with  whom  he  stayed  four  years.  .Vs  early  as 
1880  and  1881  he  took  part  in  A. A.  excursions, 
and  thus  gained  his  first  insight  into  the 
delights  of  sketching  and  measuring,  and  later 
he  gained  the  A. A.  prize  for  measured  drawings. 
After  a  short  stay  in  Dublin  in  the  offices  of 
Messrs.  Deane  and  Son,  he  came  to  London,  and 
for  four  subsequent  years  was  with  Messrs.  George 
and  Peto,  an  experience  which  probably  had  no 
small  influence  in  directing  his  tastes  to  domestic 
work.  During  this  time  he  gained  prizes  for 
design  in  both  the  Lower  and  Upper  Schools  of 
the  Royal  Academy.  Liter  we  find  him  acting 
as  clerk  of  works  in  two  of  Messrs.  George  and 
Peto's  large  houses;  and  in  1890  he  commenced 
independent  practice,  since  which  time  he  has 
carried  out  a  constantly-increasing  Humber  of 
country  houses.  With  much  of  this  work  we  are 
fortunately  familiar,  but  it  is  to  be  regretted  that 
a  large  proportion  of  his  best  work  has  been  in 
alterations  and  additions,  which  have  not  lent 
themselves  to  illustration.  He  has  already  been 
concerned  in  the  publication  of  a  work  on  country 
cottages,  and  has  another  at  present  in  the  press 
dealing  with  architecture  in  the  Cotswolds.  Mr. 
Dawber's  delightful  domestic  work  is  so  well 
known  that  it  would  be  quite  superfluous  for  me 
to  enlarge  upon  it ;  but  it  carries  on  the  best 
traditions  of  the  best  type  of  English  domestic 
architecture,  and  is  quite  free  from  the  affectation 
which  is,  unfortunately,  so  prevalent  at  the 
present  time." 


The  amount  contributed  to  the  "New 
Premises  Fund"  of  the  Architectural  Association 
has  now  reached  the  total  of  £0,144  18s.  lOd., 
having  recently  been  augmented  by  £105  given 
by  Messrs.  Martin  Van  Straaten  and  Co.,  and  £21 
from  Mr.  Thomas  Elsley.  An  offer  has  just  been 
received  from  one  who  desires  to  be  known  only  as 
"  A  Well-wisher  of  the  A. A.,"  to  contribute 
£1,000  towards  the  "New  Premises  Fund," 
provided  the  balance  is  promptly  collected.  The 
committee  will  be  grateful  for  every  assistance  to 
secure  this  generous  gift,  so  freeing  the  Associa- 
tion from  all  financial  liability,  and  permitting 
them  to  go  forward  unencumbered  in  their  educa- 
tional work,  which,  they  point  out,  will  benefit  not 
architects  alone,  but  the  country  at  large. 

There  has  been  placed  before  the  House  of 
Commons  a  "  Housing  of  the  Working  Classes 
(Rural  Districts)  Bill,"  the  object  of  which  is  to 
amend  the  Housing  of  the  Working  Classes  Act, 
1890,  and  the  amending  Act  of  1900,  as  regards 
rural  dislricts  only,  in  the  following  manner: — 
[n)  To  place  a  rural  authority  on  the  same  footing 
as  an  urban  one  with  regard  to  the  adoption  of 
the  Act,  and  also  (as  in  the  case  of  an  urban 
authority)  to  make  the  Local  Government  Board, 
instead  of  the  county  council,  the  sanctioning 
authority  in  many  matters ;  and  to  simplify  the 
power  of  purchase  of  land,  by  giving  to  the  rural 
district  council  the  same  power  of  purchase  for 
cottages  that  a  parish  council  already  possesses 
under  the  Local  Government  Act,  1894,  for 
those  purposes  for  which  a  parish  council  is 
empowered  to  buy  land  ;  subject,  however,  to 
this  difference,  that  the  preliminary  inquiry  shall 
be  conducted  by  the  Local  Government  Board 
instead  of  by  the  county  council.  AUo,  the 
Bill  gives  power  to  hire  land  compulsorily. 
The  Bill  provides  that  the  size  of  a  cottage  plot 
may  be  one  acre  (as  in  Ireland,  under  the 
Labourers'  Acts)  instead  of  being  limited  to  half 
an  acre  ;  also,  that  the  local  authority  may  usually 
borrow  for  the  full  period  of  eighty  years,  tor 
providing  cottages.  Power  to  complain  to  the 
Local  Government  Board  of  lack  of  cottages  is 
given  to  parish  councils  as  an  alternative  for 
application  to  the  county  council  under  the  .\ct 
of  1900.  Also,  some  power  to  complain  is  given 
to  the  mfdical  officer  for  health,  or  four  neigh- 
bouring householders.  When  land  is  provided, 
cottages  may  be  erected  by,  and  placed  under  the 
management  of,  a  parochial  committee  if  the 
rural  authority  so  determine. 

The  following  pictures  have  been  recently 
added  to  the  National  collections: — "  A  Portrait 
of  a  Lady,"  by  Bartholomeus  van  der  Heist, 
hung  in  Room  X.,  in  the  Gallery  in  Trafalgar- 
square  ;  "Portrait  of  his  Father,"  by  Albrecht 
Durer,  hung  in  Room  XV.,  in  the  Gallery  in 
Trafalgar-square.  Both  these  pictures  were 
exhibited  at  the  Exhibition  of  Works  by  the  Old 
Masters  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1904,  and  were 
purchased  for  the  nation  from  the  Marquis  of 
Northampton.  A  small  picture  of  the  Early 
French  School,  15th  century,  representing  the 
"  Virgin  and  Child,  in  the  Garden  of  a  Convent, 
with  Saints,"  has  been  purchased  out  of  the 
Lewis  Fund.  It  is  hung  in  Room  XVII.,  in  the 
Gallery  in  Trafalgar-square.  A  "  Portrait  of 
Quin,  the  Actor,"  by  William  Hogarth,  has 
been  purchased  out  of  the  Clarke  Fund.  It  is 
hung  in  Room  XIX.,  in  the  Callery  atTraf.ilgar- 
square.  The  Earl  of  Carlisle  has  presented  a 
landscape  by  the  late  Samuel  Bough.  It  is  hung 
in  Room  111.,  in  the  Gallery  of  British  Art  at 
Millbank.  Sir  William  Agnew  has  presented  a 
picture,  "Kept  in  School,"  by  George  Leslie, 
R  A.  It  will  shortly  be  hung  in  Room  III.,  in 
the  Gallery  of  British  Art  at  Millbank.  Mr. 
George  Gilbert  has  bequeathed  four  drawings  by 
the  late  Sir  John  Gilbert,  R.A.  They  have  been 
placed  in  Room  VI.,  in  the  GaUery  of  British 
Art  at  Millbank. 

The  members  of  the  Essex  Field  Club  visited 
on  Saturday  afternoon  that  part  of  Hainault  and 
Lambourn  Forest  recently  recovered  through  the 
liberality  of  the  London  County  Council.  The 
tour  of  inspection  was  under  the  leadership  of 
Mr.  E.  North  BuxtoiL,  Verderer  of  Epping 
Forest,  who  has  been  requested  by  the  London 
County  Council  to  supervise  the  reafforesting  of 
the  arable  land  recently  acquired.  At  the  en- 
trance to  Ethelstone's  Forest,  from  the  Romford- 
road,  Mr.  Buxton  briefly  told  the  story  of  the 
disafforestation  of  the  tract,  which  lies  in  Chigwell 
Manor,  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century, 
since  which  period  it  had  not  been  opened  to  the 
public.  In  June  last  experiments  had  been  begun 


with  a  view  of  reconverting  the  cultivated  land 
into  natural  woodland.  After  passing  through 
this  part  of  the  forest,  now  open  to  the  public, 
Mr.  Buxton  led  the  partj  to  Fox  Burrows  Farm 
and  the  other  land  recently  acijuired,  whicn  wiU 
not  be  thrown  open  for  a  year  or  so.  One  special 
piece  of  work  with  which  Mr.  Buxton  has  been 
intrusted  by  the  London  County  Council  is  lay- 
ing this  down  in  grass,  and  planting  a  certain 
portion  to  produce  thickets.  About  400  acres 
have  been  sown  with  grass-seed,  and  this  is  doing 
very  well.  Twenty-four  patches,  in  all  about 
70  acres,  have  been  sown  with  forest  seeds,  or 
planted  with  oak,  hornbeam,  birch,  holly,  maple, 
thorn,  bramble,  wild  rose,  bracken,  furze,  broom, 
and  crab.  Mr.  Buxton  will  only  admit  into  these 
plantations  such  trees  and  biishes  as  are  in- 
digenous to  the  forest.  These  patches  are  dis- 
posed in  favourable  situations  on  the  higher 
!  ground,  and  are  making  good  progress. 

Nearly  six  months  ago  the  Norfolk  County- 
Council  appointed  a  small  committee  to  obtain 
from  the  College  of  Heralds  a  coat  of  arms  for  the 
county  of  Norfolk.  It  appears  that  the  county 
had  erroneously  been  making  use  of  the  arms  of 
!  the  city  of  Norwich,  without  any  right  whatever. 
Some  of  them  thought  that  was  hardly  a  dignified 
position  for  the  county  to  adopt.  The  committee 
approached  the  fountain  of  all  honour,  the  King 
himself,  and  asked  for  a  special  giant,  which  wa» 
only  given  under  exceptional  circumstances,  by 
way  of  Royal  augmentation.  Mr.  Hamon  le 
Strange  asked  his  Majesty  that,  in  conseijuence 
of  his  long  connection  with  and  residence  in  this 
county,  both  as  Prince  of  Wales  and  King,  he 
should  grant  the  county  the  favour  of  giving  it 
as  a  Royal  augmentation  some  portion  of  the 
Royal  arms,  to  be  added  to  the  arms  of  the  county 
of  Norfolk.  By  return  of  post  he  received  aletter 
from  Sir  Dighton  Probyn  acceding  to  the  request. 
The  committee  decided  to  adopt  the  arms  of  a 
certain  Norman  noble,  Ralph  de  Guader  or  Waer, 
who  was  the  viry  first  to  bear  the  titular  desig- 
nation of  Earl  of  Norfolk.  Ralph  was  Norfolk 
born,  with  a  Breton  mother.  He  was  made  Earl 
of  Norfolk  by  the  Conqueror,  and  shortly  after 
that  distinguished  himself  by  rebelling  against 
him,  and  by  then  running  away.  However,  he 
left  his  wife"  in  charge  of  the  Castle  of  Norwich, 
and  she  maintained  a  siege  of  three  months,  and 
only  capitulated  after  she  had  received  very  good 
terms  from  the  Conqueror.  Ralph_  left  no 
descendants  in  England  capable  of  bearing  arms, 
and  the  council  wiU  do  no  injustice  to  anyone 
by  adopting  his.  The  arms  are  heraldically 
described  as  follows  :— Per  pale  Or  and  Sable  a 
bend  Ermine.  On  a  chief  gules,  a  Lion  of 
England  between  two  Prince  of  Wales'  plumes, 
princely  crowned  Or.  That  is  to  say,  the  shield 
is  divided  by  a  perpendicular  line  down  the 
middle,  gold  on  the  one  side,  and  black  on  the 
other,  crossed  by  a  bend  or  bar,  as  the  Royal 
augmentation.  There  is  a  chief  gules,  having  in 
its  centre  from  the  Royal  Arms  a  gold  lion 
passant,  connecting  his  Majesty  with  the  county  as 
King,  and  flanked  on  either  side  by  a  single  Prince 
of  Wales'  plume,  princely  crowned.  The  entire 
cost  has  been  borne  by  the  committee,  and  the 
Norfolk  County  Council  have  lost  no  time  in 
formally  adopting  the  new  coat  of  arms. 

At    a    meeting    of    Berwick-on-Tweed  Town 
Council  on  Tuesday,  the  question  of  the  proposed 
demolition  of  part  of  the  old  Edwardian  wall  was 
i  again  under    discussion,    resolutions    protesting 
against    this   vandalistic   course    being    adopted 
being   submitted  from  a  large   number  of  anti- 
quarian and  archaeological  societies.  Correspond- 
ence was  also  read  from  His  xMajesty's  Board  of 
Works,  proposing  to  take   over  the  Bell  Tower 
and  the  surrounding  ground,  and  preserve  the  old 
wall  as  a  national  relic,  a  sum  equal  to  £12  per 
!acre  to  be  paid  to  the   corporation.     After  dis- 
!  cussion,  the  question  was  referred  to  a  committee 
for    consideration.     An   interesting    event   took 
place  in  the  handing  over  of  an   ancient  docu- 
i  ment  relating  to  the  old  bridge.     The  document 
1  has  been  presented  to  the  town  by  Mr.  Sparke, 
librarian  of  Bury,  and  is  a  power  of  attorney  to 
receive  money,  dated  1715. 

'i     In  a  paper  on  ' '  Timber  as  Used  in  Engineer- 

i  ing  Structures,"   read  before  the  Newcastle-on- 

Tyne  Association  of  Students  of  the  Institution  of 

'  Civil  Engineers,  Sir.  J.  R.  Baterden,  A.M.I.C.E., 

states       that       creosoted       timber     withstands 

the   teredo   and     other    sea-worms   indefinitely, 

where     even     green-heart    has    failed.      He  i» 

only  able  to  quote   one   instance   of  a  creosoted 

\  pile  being  attacked,  and  in  this  case  workmen 


June  10,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


855 


had  cut  through  the  creosoted  shell,  and  thus 
given  the  worm  access  to  the  interior.  Even 
here,  however,  the  damage  done  was  confined  to 
the  unprotected  heart.  In  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
he  states,  creosoted  timber  is  untouched  after 
sixteen  years,  whilst  the  same  class  of  timber  used 
untreated  is,  in  similar  conditions,  useless  at  the 
«nd  of  two  years.  He  quotes  Mr.  Preece  as 
stating  that  in  telegraph  work  he  had  never  in 
the  course  of  thirty  years'  experience  seen  a 
properly -creosoted  pole  show  the  slightest  sign  of 
decay.  The  Burnettised  poles  fixed  in  1844  on 
the  London  and  Southampton  and  Gosport  line 
had  all  failed  within  twenty-seven  years  ;  whilst 
a  line  of  creosoted  poles  erected  between  Fareham 
and  Portsmouth  in  1848  were  as  found  when 
taken  up  in  1883  as  when  first  put  down.  The 
objections  to  creosoting,  he  says,  are  two  in 
number — viz.,  the  liability  to  fire,  and  the  dirt 
inseparable  from  the  process. 

The  report  of  R.  Waygood  and  Co.  for  the 
twelve  months  ended  March  31,  issued  on  Thursday, 
is  the  second  brought  oat  since  the  amalgamation 
with  the  <His  Elevator  Co.,  and  this  enables  a 
comparison  to  be  instituted  for  the  first  time  with 
a  previous  year's  trading.  The  profits  earned 
amount  to  £26,900,  as  compared  with  £2S,G00, 
showing  a  prettj-  steady  business,  and  the  ordinary 
shares  again  receive  9  per  cent.  Patent  rights 
are  further  written  down,  and  £2,600  is  placed  to 
reserves,  as  against  £4,900  twelve  months  ago, 
giving  an  aggregate  reserve  of  £20,200. 


MEETINGS  FOB  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Satueday  (TO-MORRiiwi— London  Architectural  Associa- 
tion. Visit  to  Colchester.  Liverpool- 
streat  Station  1.10  p.m. 

St.  Paul's  Ecclesiological  Society. 
Visit  to  the  Church  of  St.  Mary-le-Bow 
at  2.30  p.m.,  and  afterwards  to  St.  Mury 
Aldermary  at  3.15  p.m.,  and  St.  Mildred, 
Bread-street,  at  3.15  p.m.,  under  the 
guidance  of  Mr.  Philip  Norman,  F.S.A. 

Edinburgh  Architectural  Association. 
Visit  to  Castle  Campbell.  Train  from 
"Waverley  Station  1.5  p  m. 

Saturday  (Juse  18).— Society  of  Architects.  Field  Day 
at  Coventry.  Train  from  Euston  9. '20  a  .m . 
^London  Architectural  Association. 
Visit  to  Penshurst.  By  permission  of 
Lord  De  L'Isle.  Train  from  Charing 
Cro3s  at  2.6  p  m. 

Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects. 
President's  at  Home. 


CHIPS. 

The  Local  Government  Board  have  issued  a 
Provisional  Order  to  the  corporation  of  Bradford 
authorising  them  to  acquire  certain  lands  "  for  the 
conatruction  of  a  main  outfall  sewer,  and  for  the 
disposal  of  the  sewage  of  the  city." 

The  town  council  of  Torquay  decided  on  Tuesday, 
after  a  long  discussion,  to  erect  a  pavilion  at  the 
back  of  the  coal  stores,  at  a  total  cost  of  £7,000 
complete,  including  foundations  and  furniture. 

Mr.  W.  A.  Ducat,  an  inspector  of  the  Local 
Goverpment  Board,  attended  at  the  town-hall,  8t. 
Helen's,  Lanes,  on  the  2nd  inst.,  to  hold  an  inquiry 
into  an  application  by  the  corporation  for  sanction 
to  borrow  £4,100  in  connection  with  the  raising  of 
the  London  and  North -Western  Ralway  bridge  over 
Warrington  New-road. 

New  Y.M.C.A.  buildings  were  opened  in  Wells- 
road,  Totterdown,  Bristol,  on  Monday.  The 
premises  comprise  a  puWic-hall  with  seating  accom- 
modation for  500  to  GOO  persona.  The  hall  is  lit 
both  by  gas  and  electricity,  and  heated  by  hot 
water.  In  the  rear  of  the  hall  is  a  gymnasium 
measuring  .')7ft.  by  19ft.,  with  cycle  store,  dressing 
and  shower-bath  rooms  attached.  The  front  portion 
of  the  extension  includes  a  restaurant  with  kitchen 
and  offices,  and  on  the  upper  floors,  parlour,  diuing- 
toom,  and  bedrooms.  The  buildings  have  been 
erected  by  Mr.  William  Foster,  of  City-road,  Bristol 
'''« 'J!''^'"tect8  being  Messrs.  La  Trobe  and  Weston, 

A  ifasonic  hall  is  in  course  of  erection  in  Port- 
view-road,  Avonmouth,  and  will  be  opened  by  Sir 
M.  Hicks-Beach  on  Tuesday,  Oct.  IS.  The  build- 
ing 18  in  the  Renaissance  style,  and  is  faced  with 
bhortwood  bricks,  with  freestone  dressings,  and  a 
tileci  roof.  Messrs.  W.  and  J.  Bennett,  of  Ponny- 
well-road,  Bristol,  are  the  contractors,  and  the 
architect  is  Mr.  J.  A.  Wright,  of  Unity-street, 
College  Green,    Bristol.      The  cost    wiU   be   about 

The  vicar  and  churchwardens  of  Marton-in- 
Clevoland  were  granted,  at  the  York  Consistory 
Court  on  Friday,  a  faculty  to  insert  four  stained- 
glass  windows  in  tlie  parish  church,  representing 
the  four  Northumbrian  saints,  to  the  memory  of  the 
late  Sir  Ilaylton  Dixon,  of  Gunnergate  Hall.  1 


— <-•-• — 

"WAGES    MOVEMENTS. 

LowESTOi-T. — The  carpenters  and  joiners  struck 
work  on  the  1st  inst.,  in  consequence  of  the  master 
builders  having  given  notice  to  reduce  wages  from 
7Jd.  to  7d.  per  hour. 


An  inquiry  was  held  on  Monday  at  the  Council 
House,  Sparkhill,  by  Major  Stewart,  R.E.,  one  of 
the  inspectors  of  the  Local  Government  Board, 
relative  to  the  application  of  the  Yardley  Rural 
District  Council  to  borrow  £103,000  for  the 
purpose  of  sewerage  and  sewage  disposal  works. 
Mr.  A.  W.  Smith,  engineer  to  the  rural  council, 
explained  the  scheme  in  detail. 

A  clock  with  Westminster  chimes  has  just  been 
erected  at  St.  Crantock  Church,  Cornwall,  by  John 
Smith  and  Sons,  Midland  Clock  Works,  Derby.  It 
has  been  made  generally  to  the  designs  of  Lord 
Grimthorpe.  Messrs.  Smith  are  also  making  a  clock 
with  chimes,  and  five  bells  for  Redruth  Town- hall 
in  the  same  county. 

The  Banks  Fireproof  Construction  Co.  has 
recently  been  registered  as  a  limited  company  under 
the  title  of  Banks'  Helical  Fireproofing  System, 
Ltd.,  the  offices  being  as  before  at  71a,  Queen 
Victoria-street.  The  patent  helical  lathing,  which 
is  a  feature  of  this  system,  has  been  greatly  im- 
proved, and  is  woven  to  any  length  and  selvedged. 

The  Kent  County  Council  have  fixed  the  salary  of 
the  county  architect  at  £600  per  annum. 

In  notifying  the  completion  of  the  Douglas 
sewerage  scheme  to  the  Douglas  Corporation  at  a 
cost  of  over  £80,000,  the  engineers  say  that  there  is 
no  doubt  Douglas  possesses  as  perfect  a  system  of 
sewerage  as  any  health  resort  can  boast  of,  and 
there  can  be  no  dispute  of  the  fact  that  this  must 
place  Douglas  in  the  front  rank  as  a  popular 
watering-place. 

A  new  theatre  is  about  to  be  built  in  the 
Commercial-road,  E.,  estimated  to  cost  £45,000. 
Plans  are  being  prepared  by  Mr.  Bertie  Crewe. 

The  twenty-second  autumn  exhibition  at  the 
Manchester  Art  Gallery  will  be  opened  in  September 
and  closed  on  Jahuary  2,  1905.  Owing  to  the  great 
increase  in  recent  years  of  the  permanent  collection 
of  works  of  art  in  the  gallery,  the  annual  exhibition 
will  have  to  be  confined  to  a  comparatively  small 
number  of  selected  oil-paintings  until  a  new  gallery, 
now  in  contemplation,  is  erected. 

The  sanction  of  the  Local  Government  Board  for 
Ireland  has  been  obtained  to  a  loan  for  a  sewage- 
purification  scheme  for  Greystones,  prepared  by  Mr. 
J.  H.  Ryan,  M.LC.E,,  and  Mr.  R.  M.  Butler, 
M.I.C.E.,  both  of  Dublin.  The  system  of  the 
Septic  Tank  Co.  has  been  adopted. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  Belfast  City  Council,  the 
question  of  placing  an  additional  story  upon  the 
Technical  Institute  was  discussed,  and  it  was 
resolved  to  proceed  with  the  work,  the  expenditure 
to  be  some  £  14,000  odd. 

Lord  Stanley  brought  in  a  Bill,  which  has  been 
read  a  second  time,  to  enable  the  Postmaster- 
General  to  acquire  lands  in  London,  Southgate, 
Blackpool,  Leeds,  and  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  for 
post  office  sites  and  for  other  purposes. 

The  city  council  of  Durham  have  resolved  to 
make  application  to  the  Local  Government  Board 
for  sanction  to  borrow  £16,589,  the  amount  esti- 
mated by  Mr.  Taylor,  C.E.,  of  Newcastle,  as 
requisite  for  sewerage  purposes.  It  was  stated  that 
the  sum  of  t'21,2i3S  had  already  been  sanctioned  for 
the  sewerage  scheme,  and  £19,100  had  been  actually 
spent. 

The  Salford  Corporation  have  accepted  a  tender 
by  a  Pendleton  firm  for  the  erection  of  the  new 
Devonshire-street  council  school  for  the  sum  of 
£11,913,  and  a  caretaker's  house  for  £467. 


FOR 


Olivers' 

Seasoned 


Hardwoods, 


.  I  LiSCELLES  aiid  Oo., 

121,  Banhill  Bow,  London,  E.G. 

TBIiEFHONH   No.  1365. 

HIGH-CLASS  JOINERY. 

LASCELLES'  CONCRETE. 
Conservatories  &  Greenhouses. 

WOODEN    BUILDINGS. 

BANK,  OFFIOB,  ft  SHOP  FITTINGS. 

GHURGH  BENCHES  &  PULPITS. 

MMTiMATMB   OIFMS  ON   AFFUOATIOIT. 


WM.   OLIVER  &  SONS,   LTD., 

120,  BunhiU  Row,  LONDON,  E.G. 


TENDERS. 

•,'  Correspondents  would  in  all  cases  oblige  by  giving 

the  addresses  of  the  parties  tendering— at  any  rate,  of  the 
accepted  tender :  it  adds  to  the  value  of  the  information. 


AuoHTOK. — For  proposed  billiard-room,  &c.,  to  house, 
for  Mr.  T.  W.  Frost.  Mr.  J.  H.  Havelock-Sutton,  101, 
Dale-street,  Liverpool,  architect.  Uuantities  supplied  by 
the  architect : — 

Haigh  and  Co £I,6i3    0    0 

Henshaw,  J.,  and  Sons        1,550    0    0 

Corkhill.  W 1,478    0    0 

Hall,  W.,  and  Son,  Ltd 1,400    0    0 

Chappell,  J.  and  G 1,392  15    0 

Wliittle,  J.,  Ormskirk   accepted)...      1,310    0    0 

Chattkris.— For  renovating  the  interior  of  the  Con- 
gational  chapel  :  — 

Angell  and  Sons  (accepted). 

IIaslfmebe.— For  the  erection  of  a  fire-brigade  station, 
for  the  Haslemere  Parish  Cooncil.  Mr.  John  H.  Howard, 
architect  ;  — 

Harding.  W £615    0    0 

Mitchell  Bros 50-1    0    0 

Fry,  D 4S0    0    0 

Eollason,  "W 473  10    0 

Harding,  W 467  10    0 

Haslemere  Builders  (accepted)     ...         466  16    0 

Luff,  T 43S    0    0 

Harding,  J.  F 425    0    0 

Ken'sin'gtox.— For  the  supply  of  203  tons  of  granite 
spalls,  to  be  delivered  at  Mary-place  Workhouse,  for  the 
buard  of  guardians  :  — 

Manuelle,  A.  and  F.,  Gracachiircb- 
street,  E.G.  (accepted)      9^.  lid.  per  ton. 

Kixii's  NoRTOM.— For  the  erection  of  two  temporary 
council  schools  at  Bouruebrook  and  Selly  Park 
respectively,  for  the  King's  Norton  Urban  District 
Council  :  — 

McManus.  J.,  London  (accepted)  ..    £1,176  each. 

(With  an  addition  in  each  Cdse  of  £S24  for  foundations, 

heating,  and  furnishing  ) 

LiNT.\vooD,  Norfolk. — For  erecting  a  villa  residence. 
Mr.  A.  J.  Chambers,  Norwich,  architect  and  surveyor  : — 

Gedge.  J..  Blofleld     £978    0    0 

Bayes,  R.,  Norwich 976    0    0 

Howes,  J.  J.,  Norwich         S30    0    0 

Ainslie,  J.  J.,  Lingwood     811    0    0 

Plumb,  W.  G.,  Norwich       776  10    0 

Riches,  R.  W.,  Postwiek  (accepted)         751    0    0 
(Architect's  estimate,  f  S39.) 

LoNDOU,   E.G.— For   the   erection   of    new   premises, 
Arthur-street  and  Martin's-lane.  London  Bridge  :  — 
Holt,  W.,  and  Sons,  Croydon        ...  £10,40S    2    9 

Skven"  Kings. — For  Seven  Kings  U  M.F.  church  and. 
school.  Messrs.  George  Baines,  F.R  I.B.A.,  and  R. 
Palmer  Bainea,  5,  Clement's  Inn,  Strand,  London,  W.C., 
architects :  —  A.  B. 

Carter,  H.J £3  541    0    0     ...£564    0    0*- 

Jerram,  J.  W 3.536    0    0    ...     677    0    0 

Gough,  F.,  and  Co.        ...     3.400    0    0    ...     664     0    0 

Bull.  F 3,297    0    0     ...     574    0    0 

liosking,  G.  J 3.223    0    0    ...     557    0    0 

Scott,  S.  J 3,212    0    0    ...     556    0    0 

8and9.  Palmer,  andCo.,..    3.117    0    0    ...    602    2    0 

Coxhead,  F.J 3.U2    0    0     ...     597    0    0 

Turtle  and  Appleton  ...  3.13J  0  0  ...  525  0  0 
Battley,  Sons,  i:  Holness  3.097  0  0  ...  523  0  0 
Willmott,  F.  and  A.  ...  2,994  0  0  ...  511  0  0 
North,  C,  Stratford*  ...  2.922  0  0  ...  521  0  0 
•  Accepted.    +  Plus  £15}  for  seating. 

SouTinvARK,  S.E.— For  external  and  internal  painting 
and  repairs  at  St.  George's  Infirmary,  Rimia-street,  Ola 
Oravcl-lane,  S.E.  ;  — 

Kiohards,  J.  J.,  9,  Shannon-grove,  Brixton,  S.W. 
(Accepted.) 

Sutton  Cold  field. —For  the  erection  of  a  new  town- 
hall  and  tire-.station,  for  the  town  council  :  — 

Elvins,  T.  (accepted); £10,100    0    0 

SiTTox  CoLDbiELP.— For  Ciirryin;?  out  street  improve- 
ments in  Pen-lane,  Coleshill-r.vid.  M-iney  Hill-road, 
Coles-lane,  Belwell-lane,  and  ^Nlere  Greea-road.  for  the 
town  council  :  — 

Tomliuson,  G.  F.  (accepted)  ...    £1,017    0    0 

TiMuuDtJK  Wki.ls.  — For  cirryini?  out  the  scheme 
of  vcntil;ition  at  the  indoor  baths,  lor  the  town  council  :  — 

Orat.-i,  J.,  and  Sim     £(59  M    0 

Jarvis,  J.,  and  Son 63    0    0 

Smith.  J 57    2    6 

Winchester,  F.  W.  (accepted)       ...  65    0    0 

Wki.i,is<;ton,  Salop.— For  works  of  painting  at  the 
workhouse,  for  the  board  of  guai>iiuns  — 

BinuiiU £U8  17  0 

X.winan           13S    0  0 

I'oinl.m 131    0  0 

York  ^accepted)          125  12  6 

Kllis,  H 93  15  0 

WiiiTiiv.— For  erecting  coastguard  station  and  dwell- 
ings on  the  East  Clilf.  for  tlie  Admiralty  :  — 
Brain,  Jno.,  Whitby  ^ucceptedV 

WiHiu.Koos.- For  the  erection  of  small  residence,  for 
Major  Murray  ;  — 

Holt,  W.,  and  Sons,  Croydon       ...    £1.3i0    0    0 


856  THE    BUILDING    NEWS.  June  10,  1904. 


LIST    OP    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


Pete.bom..gh-FubIie  Library  (limit  £5  000)    £50  roergedl,  £25,  £15 W.  Mellows  Town  Clerk,  Peterborough         .._...........„ .T  me3a 

Bu,y  St.  Edmunfls -Alterations  to  Shire  Hall £50.  £30  £20  A   A.nsworth  Hnnt,  County  Architect  8udb„ry8aft.lfc„^^^^  ..  July    2 

Bio  de  JaDeiro-Theatre  (£70,000  limit)  £500  and  three  other  Premiums  The  Com  Int«l.  Branch.  Board  of  Trade.  50,  Parhament-rt.,  8.W 23 

Abervftwyth-rublic  Library  (limit  £3.000)  (Assessor)    £30  (merged),  £15 Arthur  J.  Hughes,  Town  Clerk,  Aberystwyth   „     30 

New  Romerby,  Grantham— St.  Anne's  Church   (500  sittings;  „„„„t,o  r,ji  jn       .%•_.  ot 

£3  000  limit' ....  £10 The  Rev.  H.  H.  Surgey,  Dudley-road,  Grantham „     31 

Whitehaven -Piiblic  Liiirary   (iimit  fi.OOO)    (G.Washington  .„  ^  „         ™    ,    „,         -o-  n  ^m,;  v  a  .»  t= 

Browne,  R.S.A.,  EdiLburgh,  Assessor)    5  per  cent.,  £3\  £20 Thomas  Brown,  Town  Clerk,  Town  HaU,  Whitehaven  Aug.  15 


LIST    OF    TENDEKS    OPEN. 


BtJILDINGS. 

Walthamstow- School  (1,040  places),  Warwick-road Education  Committee  H.  Prosser,  M.8.A.,  Architect,  High-street,  Waltharastow  ^.-.. June  It 

Blacli hill- Two  Hr.uses,  St.  Mary-street H.  Jopling    G.  T.  Wilson,  Architect,  21,  Durham-road.  Blackhill,  Co.  Durham    „  U 

Mitchell-Enlarging  and  Reseating  Wesleyan  Church Sampson  Hill.  Architect.  Green-lane.  Redruth  ^..^......^.. ,  11 

Bargoed- Police-station   Glamorgan  County  Council   W.  E.  H.  Allen,  Deputy  Clerk,  Westgate-street,  Cardiff   11 

Letterkenny— Alterations ; A.  J.  Gailey John  M'lntyre.  Architect,  Letterkenny    a    ■), ** 

Chisledon -Farmhouse  and  Fair  of  Cottages 'W.  Drew  and  Sons.  Architects,  as.  Regent-circus,  Swindon     „  11 

Manchester- Rebuilding  Retort  House,  Droylsden  Station Gas  Committee  C.  Nickson.  Superintendent,  Gas  Dept.,  Town  Hall,  Manchester  ..    „  11 

Exeter-NewInfirmarT  at  City  Workhouse Guardians R.  M.  Challice,  Architect.  14.  Bedford-circus,  Exeter       .  „  U 

Drung.  Donfgal-Teacher's  Residence The  Rev.  .lames  O'Kane,  P.P.,  Quigley's  Point.  Londonderry 11 

Alderfhot-Sihofls  (780  places) Urban  District  Council    Fred  C.  Uren,  C.E..  Surveyor,  Municipal  Buildings.  Aldershot  11 

Usk— House  and  Shop       D.  J.  Lousher,  Bank  Chambers.  Pontypiiol    ^.... 11 

Driffield- Alteration  of  Premises,  64,  Market-place  Tate  and  Durrans Joseph  Shephordson.  Architect,  15.  Manor-street,  Bridlington 11 

Bramley- Ten  Through-Houses    Arthur  Lambert.  Architect.  Townend,  Bramley   ,  II 

MeithyrTydfll- Police  Court Glamorgan  County  Council    W.  E.  R.  Allen,  Deputy  Clerk.  Westgate-street,  Cirdiff  ,  11 

Abercjnon- Four  Villas   Arthur  L.  Thomas,  Architect.  Pontypridd ,.  11 

Southampton— Hartley  University  College    Council D.  Kiddle,  Registrar.  Southampton   <•  It 

Tro'edyihiw- Mission  HaU  The  Vicar.  Troedvrhiw   ■■• it  H 

Brsdfnid-Infants' School.  Thornton-lane    Education  Committee  The  Architect's  Dept.,  Education  Office,  Manor-row,  Bradford  „  U 

Exeify,  tif.ir  Bedale-Wtshyan  rhapel T.  Hogg,  Exeley.  Bedale ■■ H 

Hendon-Wnrkmen's  Cottages  at  Brent  Farm Urban  District  Council    8.  Slater  Giimley.  Engineer.  Council  Offices.  Hendon,  N.  W 13 

Drighlingtnn- Police-station West  Riding  County  Council J.  Vickers  Edwards.  County  Architect,  Wakefield   „  IS 

Aberfsn-Pairof  S.  mi-detached  Villas William  Dnwdeswell.  .'Architect.  Treharris „  1.1 

Bridestowe- Rebuilding  the  Fox  and  Hounds  Inn Hamlyn  Estate  Trustees E.  H.  Harbottle  and  Son.  .Architects.  County  Chamhera  Exeter ,  IS 

Frith-Additions  to  Electric  Light  Station    Urban  District  Council    W.  Egerton.  Quantity  Surveyor.  12.  Queen's-road.  Erith     „  13 

Forth— Thirlv-tbree  Houses,  Tynewvdd  Estate  W.  T.  Davies  lewis  and  Morgan.  Architects.  Market-square,  Pontypridd 13 

Moldgvfen-  Cloakrnom.  rhiistchurch  Schools E.  W.  Lnckwood,  Architect,  37.  Byram-arcade.  Hudderafl»ld ,  1.1 

Barnsliy-Two  Houses.  Derby-street M.  Fowler    Arthur  Whitaker,  Architect,  Worsborough  Bridge,  Barnsley 14 

Aberbargoed  — Four  Semi-detached  Villas Powell-Duffryn  Steam  Ccal  Co E.  M.  Hann,  Aberaman,  Aberdare ■■ ;^"'"V-« ** 

Tredfgar-Exlensirns  and  Alterations  to  Workhouse  Bedwellty  Union  Guardians  James  and  Morgan  M.\I. S.  A.,  Charles-street  Chambers,  Cardiff 14 

Barnstaple— Alterations  to  Holy  Trinity  Girls'  tihool J.  C.  Snuthcombe.  Architect,  Barnstaple ,  U 

Gateshead- Rebuilding  Queen's  Theatre   Bolam  and  Bacon  .L  W.  Eraser  and  Coikiog,  Architects.  10,  Grey-street,  Newcastle...     „  14 

Banbuiy— Ambulance  Shed  at  Warwick-road  Hospital Town  Council N.  H.  Dawsr.n.  C  E..  Borough  Surveyor.  Town  Hall,  Banbury 14 

Abeibargoed— Rebuilding  Quarry  Arms    D.  F.  Pritchard Mr.  Kenshole,  Architect,  Station-road,  Bargoed  „  14 

Pcngam- Twfnty  Houses  on  Plas  Farm Building  Club, Geo.  Kenshole   Station-road,  Bargoed   ,  1* 

Bridlington- Six  Cott.iges,  Mayfield-road Samuel  Dyer.  Architect,  '29,  Qiiiy-road,  Bridlington  _^... II 

Clerkenwell.  E C— Mallary  Buildings.  St.  John-street London  County  CouncU  The  Architect's  Department,  10,  Charing  Cross-road,  W.C ,  14 

Seuthend- Additions  to  Technical  Si  hools,  London-road Corporation Wm.  H.  Snow.  Town  Clerk.  Southend-on-Sea  .^ II 

Hackney,  N.E.- Shop  and  House  No.  88,  Mare-ttreet H.  Giitten  and  Son,  Surveyors.  8,  Princes-st..  Westminster,  S.W ,  15 

Thurnscne-Twelve  Houses William  Morton I.  R.  Dodds.  C.E.,  2'2,  St.  Mary's-road,  Wheatley,  Doncaster „  15 

.Wallsend— Cloakrooms  at  Buddie  Schools Corporation  Geo.  Boilings,  Borough  Surveyor,  Hugh-street.  Wallsend   „  15 

Pwllheli- Transept  at  Llannor  Church    Harold  Hughes.  A  R  I.B.A..  Diocesan  Surveyor,  Bingor ,  15 

Ftdhergh- Additions  to  Rosemont  I.  D.  Betham  Stephen  Shaw.  F.B.I.B.A..  Kendal ..  15 

Dublin- Caretaker's  Cottage,  Bluebell  Graveyard District  Council  T.  J.  Byrne.  A.R.I  B.A..  1,  James's-street,  Dublin „  15 

Sebergh  Ham— Roofs  and  Seats,  \-c..  at  Church J.  H.  Martindile,  Architect,  Viaduct  Chambers,  Carlisle ,  15 

Wirichester-AdditioDs  at  Sewage  Pumping  Station Town  Council The  City  Surveyor.  Guildhall,  Winchester   .,  15 

Southwell-Two  Cottafes  . W.  Vickers.  Southwell    •. ••■•— 15 

Dudley- Extensions  to  Offices  and  Erection  of  Workshop  Electric  Lighting  Committee R.  P.  Wilson.  Con.  Engineer,  6ii.  Victoria-st. .  Westminster,  S.W ,  15 

Tiecjnon.  Aberdare— English  Weslevan  Schoolroom    Trustees    J,  Llewellin  Smith  and  Davies.  Architects.  Aberdare  „  16 

Pentre-Estyll  -  Repairing  Siloam  Chapel    D.  H.  Devonald.  131   Robert-street.  Manselton,  Swansea 16 

Scarborough- FnuneJatitin  for  Lsolation Ward,  Smallpox  Hrsp.  Town  CouncU H.  W.  Smith.  A.M.I.C.E.,  Boro'  Eng..  Town  Hall.  Scarborough IS 

Frfston.  IpsHich— Additions  to  School   Bisshopp  and  Cautley,  Architects,  32,  Museum-street,  Ipswich  „  18 

Aroertham.  Bucks- School  and  House    Grammar  School  Governors  H.  Belch.  Architect  Chesham -■•■■■    «  J6 

South  Moor- Billiard-ioom  and  Auction  Hall M.Martin    G,  T,  Wilson,  Architect.  21.  Durham-road,  Blackhill,  Co.  Durham    .,  18 

Bhyraney— Library  and  Institute Workmen's  Library  Committee   J.  Llewellin  Smith  and  Davies.  Architects,  Aberdare 16 

Horninglow— Wesleyan  Chapel C,  W,  D,  Joyson,  Architect.  Wednesbury    >.  16 

Speetem,  Yorks  -  Coastguard  Buildings  Admiralty The  Coastguard  Station,  Filey    ■ '  J^ 

Wmgate-Two  Houses,  North-road Durham  Miners'  Association F,  Grant,  Secretaiy,  Neerth-road,  Wingate 17 

Prawle  Point,  S,  Devon -Coastguard  Buildings  Admiralty The  Superintending  Civil  Engineer.  H.M.  Dockyard,  DevonpDrt   '7 

Carlisle-Byre  at  Lunatic  Aylum    Asylum  Committee  Geo.  Dale  Oliver,  F.R  I.B.A  ,  Carlisle ;v',  V  "     "  '^ 

Stainland- Eight  Houses C,  F,  L,  Horsfall  and  Son,  Archta.,  Lord-street  Chambers,  Halifax    „  18 

Bridgend -Reconstructing  Market  Buildings  Earl  of  Dunraven Henry  Martin  and  Son,  Archts  , '26.  Paradise-street.  Birmingham,.    „  IS 

Halifax— Playshed  at  Portland-road  School Education  Committee  J.  Lord,  C,E.,  Borough  Engineer.  Town  H'lU.  Halifax ,  20 

Abercanaid-Calvinistic  Methodist  Chapel    C.  M.  Davies.  Architect.  ll'I,  High-street,  Merthyr ,  20 

Gilberdike-Additions  to  Council  School    East  Riding  County  Council  The  Clerk  of  Works,  Beverley ;• 20 

West  Ham-Repair  and  Painting  of  Schools Education  Committee  W,  Jacques,  A  R.LB.A.,  2,  Fen-court,  Fenchurch-stieet,  E,C „  30 

Kimboltein— Vicarage  and  Stable  Nicholson  and  Hartree.  Architects.  Hereford  ..  20 

AbertiUery- School  at  Ebenezer  Baptist  Chapel Trustees    W.  BeddoeRees,  A,R,I,B.A,,  37.  St,  Mary-street.  Cardiff „  20 

DuLdalk-House  and  Shop P.  and  T.  M'Cann John  F,  MGahon,  Archite<;t.  3,  Eari-street.  Diindalk ,  20 

Selma— Established  Church G,  Woulfe  Brennan,  M  I,C,E,,  Architect,  Ledaig    20 

Chelsea,  S,W,- Alterations  to  Arthur-street  Workhouse Guardians Lansdell  and  Harrison,  Architect-,  66,  Basingh  iU-streot,  B.C.    ,  21 

Brentford— E.xtension  of  Wholesale  Produce  Market    Urban  District  Council    Nowell  Pair,  Engineer,  Clif den  House,  Boston-road,  Brentford „  21 

Edenfleld-Conservative  Club ^ F.  J.  Hobson.  Architect,  Rawtenstall ..  2t 

Aspatria— Bacon  Curing  Store   Industrial  Co-operative  Society  J.  Lawson,  Secretary,  32,  King-street.  Aspatria ,  zjj 

^unton-Free  Library,  Corporation-street  Free  Library  Trustees Colboume,  Little,  and  Goodison.  Architects,  London............,,^ ,  22 

Wimbledon— Enlarging  Dundonald-road  School Education  Committee  R,  H,  Smethurat  Butterworth,  Council  Offices,  Wimbledon,  S,W.  ,.    „  2S 

Bratton  Fleming-Bible  Christian  School'oom    ...          The  Rev.  W.  H,  Gregory,  39.  Fort^street.  Barnstaple 2J 

W"imblfdon— Enlarging  Queen's-road  School  Education  Committee  R.  H.  Smethurst  Butterworth,  Council  Offices,  Wimbledon,  S.W 23 

Oldhury-Pohee  Station   Standing  Joint  Committee Henry  Rowe,  County  Surveyor,  Worcester   ,..  -ii^A''     "  i. 

Faull-Coastguard  SUtion  Admiralty The  Director  of  Works  Dept..  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C  ..    „  24 

Ruabon-Calvinistic  Methodist  Chapel  John  Evans  53,  Chapel-street,  Penycie,  Ruahon 2< 

Ip«wich- Enlargement  of  Parcel  Office  H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M,  Office  of  Works.  Storey's  Gate.  S.W „  2S 

-Hebburn-on-Tyne  -  Chancel  at  St.  Cuthbert's  Church Wm.  Mitchell,  Post  Oliioe.  Willington  Quay ■  SO 

Heme  Hill.  S.E.— Public  Library    » Lambeth  Borough  Council H.  Wakeford  and  Sons.  .Vr'hitects, '2117.  Clapham-road,  N.'W".      .^..    „  Si 

Lambeth.  S.E.-River  Wall  and  Embanked  Wharf  Borough  CouncU    Henry  Edwards  C-E  ,  Boro' En!;ineer,  316,  Kennington-road,  8.E..    „  .1) 

Slough -Additions  to  School.  Stoke-road Lee  and  Farr,  Architects.  Slough  ™'^-—  ,",  '' 

Boscastle.  North  Cornwall -Coastguard  Buildings Admiralty The  Director  of  Works  Dept..  2',  Northombeiland-nvenue.  W.C...  July    1 

J^'^DSbam-Council  Schools  at  Rotton  Park    E.ucation  Committee  H.  T.  Buckland,  Architect.  25i.  Paradise-street,  Birmingham, „  IJ 

Catchlle,  Rotherham-t-bop  and  House  ,.  J.  Platts,  Architect,  High-street.  Rotherham  • — 

oi)  *,S~Vj  °°'  '°  Kioeholme J.  Hastings  Duncan,  MP Adkin  and  Eill,  .Architects.  Prudential  BuUdiogs,  Bradford    — 

bhetheld-House,  Pitsmoor-road R.  .Mitchell,  17,  Haymarket.  ShetEeld — 

JBarrow-in-Furneas- Alterations  to  Technical  Schools  Corporation The  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Barrow-in-Furness — 

Nottingham -Aelditions  to  Midland  Institution  for  Blind  H.  Gill,  Art-hitect,  Cobden  Chambers,  Pelham-street,  Nottingham  .,      — 

aexhani-Sunday  .School.  West  End  United  Methodist  Free  Church T,  E  Davidson.  Architect.  3.>,  Clayton-st.  West,  Newe.astle-ou-Tyne.      — 

uamtord-Hou.se .....; jj,  G,  Besant,  R,I.B,A,.  Ravenswood.  Cherryhinton-rd..  Cambridge      — 

Meltbam— Additions  to  Stores    Industrial  Co-op.  Trading  Society  ...  W.  Carter,  Archit»ct,  Station-street,  Meltham,  neir  Ftuddersfleld  ..      — 

femUale-English  CM.  Chapel  Trustees    Lewis  and  Morgan.  Architects,  Mirket-square,  Pontvnridd  — 

unepatow-South  Aisle  and  Transept,  St,  Mary's  Church   J.  Coates  Carter,  F.R.I, B  A-,  Bank  Buildings,  Cirditf    — 

vvitnington -Alterations  to  Nurses'  Home  Guardians James  B.  Broadbent.  A,R,I,B.A,,  15,  Cooper-street,  Manchester  ,..      — 

Thn7r,V;„I    v""  toj^y'e  Poorhouse  William  Kerr,  Architect.  Ayr  - 

str»I,S^  ~^°"'J^°'*''*' Joseph  Holding I.  R.  Dodds,  C.E,.  22,  St.  Mary's-road,  Wheatley,  Doncaster 

ocraninillia  —  s, V  TT„,,D£,a  *  a  .  .■•,..  —  —  ,  , —    ,  j    ,  ^^^ — _„;i 


West  F  it^,:    n  ?  ^■■: A «»!'*■  A.  Boyd.  C.E.,  Architect,  2'2,  Lombard-street,  Stranmilhs  .. 

Hill.  Holh^r^  \^n"  ^  Onmpi  Oeiugregational  Church Tom  Jones.  Queen  s  Head  Mills,  near  Oswestry    

Fole  liTu-^-?;.y„f  iT'^"'  ''^'  H'6''  no)bDrn Alfred  Burr,  Architect.  8.,  Gower-street,  W.C ■^■■ 

ioleshiu-^icarage  House E.  H.  Lingen  Barker,  Architect,  116,  St.  0  wen's-street,  Hereford.. 


June  17,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


857 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS 


AND 


ENGINEERING  JOURNAL. 
VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  2580. 


FRIDAY,  jrXE  17,   190i. 


SCIENCE     AND    BUILDING 

MODERN  building  construction  so  largely 
depends  on  the  results  and  applications 
of  science,  that  the  professional  man  cannot 
be  too  sure  that  he  has  fully  mastered  any 
particular  problem  that  is  presented  to  him. 
For  instance,  he  may  design  a  hospital  or  an 
infirmary  that  is  faults'  in  several  hygienic 
conditions  that  have  been  proved  essential  to 
the  treatment  and    cure  of   disease,  simply 
because  he  has   neglected   to   keep  himself 
abreast  of  the  subjects  of  ward  arrangement, 
cubic  air-space  per  patient,  or   disiufeoting 
devices ;  or  he  may  build  an  assembly-hall 
or  theatre  without  taking   into  account  the 
latest  results  of    acoustical    science,   or  the 
proper  system  of  ventilation  ;  and  his  plans 
for  elementary  or  secondary  schools  may  be 
rendered   abortive   by    the   introduction   of 
windows  on  the  wrong  side  of  the  pupils,  or 
by  placing  them  on  the  side  where  the  sun 
tiddom  enters — all  serious  defects  or  mistakes, 
which  impair  the  highest  architectural  ability 
sj.enton_the  designs.     Yet  all  these  faults 
are  seen  in  otherwise  able  works,  as  if  their 
authors  thought  they    were  miaor  matters 
which  could  be  corrected  afterwards.     Prob- 
ably  a    great  deal   of  inattention   in  these 
matters  is  owing  to  the  lack  of  practical  in- 
struction during  the  earlier  years  of  pupilage 
and  class  teaching.     Scieutific  principles  and 
theories  are  taught.  There  are  textbooks  and 
treatises  by  the  score  in  every  subject,  but  few 
of  them  are  written  from  the  architect's  point 
of  view.     If  they  do  refer  to  buildings,  as  in 
such  a  subject  as  acoustics,  the  author  is  not 
very  precise   or   practical    in    applying    his 
theory  to  the  actual  building.     There  is  little 
given  by  which  the  architect  can  determine 
dimensions,  form  of  ceiling,  floor-gradients, 
the  grouping  or  curves  of  the  seats  and  tiers, 
materials,  and   shape   of  orchestra  or  stage. 
Books  abound  on  warming  and  ventilation  ; 
but  few   specific  rules   are   given   by   which 
the   system   or    heating    apparatus    can    be 
applied  to  suit  particular  requirements.    The 
nostrums   of   ventilating  experts   and   com- 
mercial _  firms  —  the     more     complex    and 
mechanical  they  are   the  more  they  are  ap- 
preciated by  a  certain   class  of  people — are 
worthless  in  a  majority  of  cases  which  occur, 
having  been  based  on  an  imperfect  acquaint- 
ance with  the  requirements  of  the  premises. 
Many  ventilating  stoves  and   cowls   on  the 
market  are  useless  in  a  large  proportion  of 
buildings,  owing  to  the  conditions  of  build- 
ing or  occupation,   the  supply  of   fresh  air, 
number  of  windows,  &c.     We  have  rules  and 
formula^    given     in     certain     books    which 
indicate  the  amount   of  piping  required  to 
heat  certain   rooms ;   but  these   may   prove 
very  misleading,  if  no  account   is   taken   of 
the   temperature   of   the  outside   air  or  the 
area  of  glass  windows.     So  the  extraction  of 
air  or  its  velocity,  as  up  a  chimney,  cannot 
be  given  for  all  rooms  alike  :   it  will  depend 
on  the  degree  of  rarefaction  of  the  column 
of  air:  height  of  shaft,  and  outer  tempera- 
ture.    Again,    it    is    hardly    safe     to    con- 
clude that  external  ventilation   will  always 
-•■'  ■  there   must    be    a    supply    of    fresh 


other  causes  recjuiring  very  nice  and  accurate 
observation.  A  plan  of  ventilation  that  will 
do  well  in  an  ordinary  room  will  often  bo  a 
complete  failure  when  applied  to  a  large  hall, 
church,  or  theatre.  No  hard-and-fast  rules 
can  be  laid  down  ;  these  are  generally  based 
on  unestablished  theories  or  mere  assump- 
tions from  a  few  special  tests.  Indeed,  ex- 
jjerimental  data  have  not  been  establisheil 
with  any  scientific  precision,  so  that  it  is 
necessary  for  the  architect  to  accept  rather 
cautiously  the  conclusions  drawn  by  theorists 
before  applying  them  to  buildings,  where, 
perhaps,  the  conditions  ai'e  completely  at 
variance  with  those  assumed  as  normal. 
Varying  conditions  and  circumstances  so 
often  render  laws  inoperative  that  no  reliance 
can  be  placed  on  them.  These  are  difficulties 
which  the  architect  has  to  contend  against  in 
such  matters,  and  which  often  make  him 
averse  to  adopt  scientific  principles.  To 
formulate  principles  that  miy  be  applied  to 
buildings  without  any  risk  of  failure  is  one 
of  the  many  requirements.  Trofessional 
bodies  and  societies  may  do  a  great  deal  in 
collecting  data  and  conducting  experiments 
on  materials  and  new  methods  of  construction 
and  in  publishing  their  researches  and  con- 
clusions ;  but  at  present  English  architects, 
at  least,  have  few  opportunities  of  this  kind, 
and  are  obliged  to  rely  almost  entirely  on 
their  personal  study  and  research.  The 
"endowment  of  research"  is  not  a  British 
institution  yet,  and  we  are  in  this  respect  far 
behind  other  countries — France,  Germany, 
Italy.  The  advancement  of  scientific  in- 
vention is  largely  left  to  private  enterprise, 
so  that  it  is  a  long  time  before  the  profession 
can  obtain  satisfactory  evidence  of  any  in- 
vention or  improvement. 

In  addition  to  those  subjects  we  have 
already  noticed  it  would  not  be  difficult  to 
name  a  dozen  or  more  applications  of  science 
of  everyday  moment.  The  principles  of 
lighting  as  applied  to  certain  kinds  of  build- 
ings, like  art  galleries,  schools,  laboratories, 
museums,  basements  of  buildings  in  our 
crowded  cities,  are  veiy  inadequately  ob- 
served. A  good  many  of  these  buildings  are 
not  lighted  at  all  on  scientific  principles  ;  it 
is  the  distribution  andposition  of  the  window 
openings  that  is  the  ruling  motive  with  the 
architect,  who  consults  his  plan  and  elevation 
in  their  design  without  any  relation  to  aspect, 
the  objects  to   be  attained,  such  as  reading  only  when  it  is  more  than  twice  its  height  in 


ranged  that  light  may  not.  be  shut  out  un- 
necessarily. The  window  piers,  mullions, 
and  heads  can  be  splayed  so  as  to  admit  a8 
much  light  as  possible  to  the  interior.  The 
application  of  the  principles  of  refraction  or 
breaking  up  the  light  so  that  it  may  enter  in 
any  desired  direction,  or  the  ditVusiou  of 
light  or  its  reflection  should  bo  mastered.  At 
present,  architects  do  not  depend  much  on 
these  expedients,  yet  they  are  very  important 
ones.  Thus  if  left  light  is  unobtainable  in  a 
classroom,  light  may  be  directed  by  reflectors 
or  prisms  to  the  coiling,  and  from  it  reflected 
downwards  on  the  desks  of  the  pupils,  or 
it  may  be  reflected  from  the  left  wall 
of  room.  One  instance  of  such  an  applica- 
tion would  be  a  large  shop  or  storeroom 
on  the  ground  floor  of  a  building  in 
a  narrow  court  or  passage  with  loftj-  build- 
ings in  front,  shutting  out  the  direct  light. 
In  such  a  ease  the  right  plan  will  be  to  give 
a  wide  area  of  light  to  the  window  or 
windows  ;  or,  if  a  warehouse,  make  the 
window  openings  extend  the  whole  length  of 
room  with  glazed  sashes,  and  continue  them 
to  the  ceiling  level  or  nearly  so.  All  cornices 
outside  should  be  kept  flat  so  as  to  cut  off  as 
little  as  possible  of  the  light  from  sky.  If 
still  too  dark,  prisms  may  be  introduced  to 
direct  the  light  from  sky  into  the  room,  or 
reflectors  placed  projecting  outwards  from 
the  fanlights  to  throw  the  light  into  the 
interior.  These  are  ordinary  expedients  ;  but 
if  scientifically  managed  by  selecting  the 
proper  angle  of  ribbed  glass,  the  room  may 
be  made  habitable  for  work.  The  lighting  of 
picture  galleries  and  museums  has  to  be  speci- 
ally considered.  Illumination  in  a  picture- 
gallery  must  be  a  top  light,  and  this  may  be 
directed  on  the  wall  surface  intended  to  be 
hung  with  pictures  ;  a  library  or  news-room 
for  reading  should  also  be  lighted  on  scientific 
principles,  though  these  are  seldom  attended 
to.  The  Greek  method  of  top-lighting  the'r 
temples  by  clerestory  openings  was  a  scientific 
mode  of  admitting  sunbeams.  These  are  ex- 
pedients, but  there  are  a  few  scientific  prin- 
ciples to  be  observed  in  the  design  of  windows. 
One  authorify  says  the  superficial  area  of 
light  may  be  equal  to  one-half  the  area  of  one 
wall  of  the  room  if  lighted  only  on  one  side, 
and  does  not  exceed  more  than  one  and  one- 
half  times  its  height  in  depth.  A  deep  room 
cannot  be  lighted  effectively  from  one  side 


act 

cold    air    to    induce    an    upward  draught ; 

otherwise  an   outlet  may  act  in  a  contrary 

direction,     especially     when     no     induced 

current,  caused  by  a  vacuum  on  the  outlet, 

exists.     Wind  currents  across  the  outlet  aro      . 

among  the  motive  forces,  though  these  may  I  wTndow  apertures  can  be  enlarged  by  inaking 

be  impeded  by  obstructing  buildings,   indeed,    the  openings  higher  or  wider,  and  here  it  is 

tlio  wli()le  question  of  ventilation  depending   well  to  remember  that  the  upper  pirt  of  the 

ujjon  !tir  currents  is  one  which  rests  on  a  |  window  admits  more  desirable  light  than  the 

variety    of    conditions— temperature    within    lower  position.     The  blinds  and  other  means 

and  without,   the  prevalence  of  winds,  and  '  of  shading   the   windows    should  bo   so  ar- 


and  writing  in  schools,  the  viewing  of  pictures 
and  specimen  cases  in  museums,  and  other 
purposes.  Aspect  is  of  the  first  importance, 
not  only  in  house-building  and  offices,  but  in 
those  special  buildings  we  have  named.  The 
edifices  should  be  placed  on  the  site  or 
planned  so  as  to  obtain  the  maximum  ad- 
vantage of  the  sunshine  during  at  least  a 
certain  portion  of  the  day.  Principal  rooms 
in  a  house  should  receive  their  light  from  the 
south-east,  south-west,  and  north-east,  the 
jirxt  aspect  being  the  best.  To  this  end, 
of  course,  the  house  ought  to  face  not  direct 
north  or  south,  but  be  placed  between 
the  points  of  the  compass.  Schoolrooms  and 
classrooms,  for  like  reasons,  ought  to  be 
lighted  from  the  south-east,  south,  or  south- 
west ;  but  as  it  is  often  impossible  to  do  this 
in  to\vn  sites,  the  architect  must  exercise  his 
judgment  in  securing  the  best  light  obtain- 
able for  his  classrooms,  placing  his  large 
hall,  entrances,  cloakrooms,  lavatories  in 
the  less  desirable  directions.  As  in  other 
matters  like  ventilating,  favourable  conditions 
are  not  always  found,  so  the  theorists' 
standard  has  to  be  abandoned  for  other  ex- 
pedients. Often  the  building  is  obscured  on 
two  or  more  sides.  What  can  the  architect 
do  to  secure  the  best  and  largest  amount  of 
light '(    The    pencil    of    rays    entering    the 


depth.  The  higher  the  top  of  the  window, 
the  more  light  will  penetrate  to  ths  back  of 
the  i-oom — a  rule  that  ought  to  be  observed 
in  lighting  rooms  of  any  great  depth. 
Speaking  of  school  lighting,  Dr.  Coin,  a 
specialist  on  the  subject,  says  the  relation  of 
window  space  to  floor  space  should  be  at 
least  one  to  six,  which  proportion  of  light  to 
area  is  found  to  give  the  best  results.  Top- 
lighting,  of  course,  is  far  more  effective  than 
window  lighting ;  in  fact  the  light  admitted  by 
a  skylight  is  thought  to  be  equal  to  thirty 
times  that  by  a  window. 

The  various  applications  of  electricity  to 
building  are  of  groat  and  ever-increasing 
significance.  Of  lighting,  telephonic  com- 
munication, or  motive  power  the  archi- 
tect is  expected  to  know  something,  liefore 
planning  an  installation  or  specifying  for 
one  it  is  necessary  for  the  architect  to 
ascertain  the  voltage  of  tho  supply,  whether 
the  current  is  direct  or  alternating.  The 
incandescent  lamps  must  be  regulated  by  the 
voltage,  and  tho  current  required  will  also 
enable  tho  sizes  of  cables  and  fittings  to  be 
specified,  (ireat  care  becomes  necessary  in 
regard  to  insulation  for  high  electromotive 
force.  Jfany  details  have  to  bo  learned 
before  an  installation  can  be  specified.  For 
incandescent  lights  the  supply  may  bo  direct 
or  alternating.  Arc  lamps  or  motors  re(]uire 
special  arrangements  to  suit  the  supply.  Arc 
lamps  of  dilToront  kinds,  Xernst  lamps  and 
ordinary  incandescent  lamps,  have  all  to  be 
considered;  electrical  circuits,  "series,"  and 
••parallel,"  tho  latter  being  used  for  domestic 


85S 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  17,  1904. 


and  small  installation!?.  In  the  parallel  or 
constant  pressure  all  the  lamps  are  connected 
as  separate  paths  between  two  main  leads,  so 
that  the  current  divides  between  them,  and 
each  path  is  independent  of  the  others.  Then 
there  are  fittings  like  switches,  switch  and 
fuse  boards,  fuses,  electroliers,  brackets,  &c., 
that  have  to  bo  selected,  all  of  which  pre- 
suppose a  general  knowledge  of  electric 
lighting ;  the  methods  of  insulation  in  use ; 
the  sj'Stem  of  wiring — whether  on  the  "  tree 
system,'' as  the  old  plan  is  called,  or  the  "  dis- 
tributionboard  "  system,  whiohsupersedes  sol- 
dered joints  in  conductors,  and  enables  any 
defective  circuit  to  be  found  out— necessitate  a 
study  of  the  science.  Manuals  on  the  subject 
areobtainable,  thougli  few  of  (hem  have  treated 
it  in  a  manner  which  the  architect  can  under- 
stand. The  '  protection  of  buildings  from 
lightning  discharges  is  a  subject  which  has  of 
late  been  investigated,  and  certain  rules 
have  been  formulated  for  the  guidance 
of  architects  :  but  there  is  still  much  ignor- 
ance and  misunderstanding.  Of  course  the 
architect  depends  mainly  on  the  firm  who 
contract  for  the  work,  and  he  is  held  re- 
sponsible for  anj'  fault  in  the  system  Or  fixing 
of  the  rods,  or  their  size.  The  architect 
should  at  least  understand  the  elementary 
principles  of  lightning  discharges  ;  he  should 
have  read  books  like  those  of  Professor  Lodge 
or  Anderson,  and  should  know  that  the 
relief  of  the  greatest  tension  is  obtained  by 
connecting  the  charged  cloud  harmlessly  with 
the  earth,  so  that  the  cui'rents  may  pass 
either  downwards  or  upwards  without  mis- 
chief, and  that  all  metallic  substances  in 
the  building  to  be  protected  should  be 
brought  into  connection.  Solid  copper  tape 
is  considered  the  best  form  of  conductor, 
fixed  by  copper  staples  to  the  wall,  not  in- 
sulated, the  danger  being  greatest  when  the 
line  of  "least  resistance"  is  found  to  be 
through  some  wall  or  portion  of  building  by 
a  break  in  the  rods.  Such  would  be  the  case 
if  the  electric  current  found  a  mass  of  metal 
not  in  the  path  of  the  conductor.  Fire  re- 
sistance, and  the  risks  to  which  buildings  are 
exposed  from  various  causes,  open  up  a  large 
field  for  scientific  application.  "We  need  not 
touch  on  the  subjects  of  fire -resistance  of 
building  matei-ials,  and  the  methods  emploj-ed 
to  combat  the  spread  of  fire,  well  known  to 
our  readers,  but  to  other  less-known  risks  of 
fire  and  explosion  which  are  caused  by 
storage  of  various  materials  like  paper, 
wood-fibre,  wood,  celluloid,  sawdust,  fibrous 
materials,  silk,  cotton,  wool,  and  various 
substances  used  in  industrial  buildings. 
These  dangers  to  our  structures  are  closely 
connected  with  chemistry,  and  we  must  rely 
on  chemical  knowledge  for  the  only  effective 
means  of  resisting  them.  Books  on  fire-pre- 
vention or  spontaneous  combustion  are  now 
quite  out  of  the  roach  of  the  architect.  "We 
lately  noticed  Dr.  von  Schwartz's  work  on 
the  .subject,  translated  by  Mr.  Charles  L. 
Salter,  which  deals  with  the  investigation 
and  prevention  of  dangers  and  explosions  of 
chemico-technical  substances,  which  is  the 
only  work  in  this  country  on  the  subjects , 
but  there  are  few  suggestions  in  it  which  the 
profession  can  make  use  of.  It  is  well  known 
that  there  are  several  substances  which,  under 
certain  conditions  of  moisture  or  great  dry- 
ness, become  heated  and  bm-st  into  flames ; 
others  explode.  Spontineous  heating  is  a 
danger  to  which  all  our  large  commercial  and 
industrial  buildings  are  exposed.  Some  sub- 
stances are  liable  to  chronic  spontaneous 
ignition,  and  the  risk  is  very  great  ;  these 
may  be  stored  for  many  years,  until  one  day 
the  mass  has  begun  to  carbonise.  Con- 
densations of  gases,  vapours,  or  mist  on 
porous  fibrous  substances  are  always  accom- 
panied by  heat,  and  often  lead  to  spontaneous 
Ignition,  such  as  coal,  lignite,  wood  sawdust, 
leather,  varnishes,  rosins  and  oils,  hay, 
grass,  malt,  cotton-wool,  oiled  ra<»s,  and 
polishing  rags.  AVe  have  heard  of  such  fires 
occurring  even  in  dresser  drawers  where  old 


rags  and  polishing  c'oths  have  been  kept,  so 
that  a  certain  risk  exists  in  the  ordinary 
dwelling.  I!ut  the  danger  is  greater  in 
those  buildings  like  factories,  drug  stores, 
sugar  and  soap  works,  and  laboratories  where 
chemico-technical  substances  are  made  or 
stored.  The  profession  are  responsible  to 
their  employers  and  clients  if  they  are  un- 
prepared for  such  risks.  The  architect  has 
at  least  to  construct  buildings  of  this  class 
which  are  fire-resisting  or  preventive  in  the 
best  sense  of  the  term  ;  and  so,  whether  it  is 
for  health,  light  and  air,  ventilation,  or  safety 
against  insidious  risks  like  that  of  spon- 
taneous combustion,  he  must  be  prepared  to 
apply  the  best  science  he  can. 


COMPETITION    DESIGNS    FOR 
SCHOOLS  AT   SOUTHALL. 

THE  designs  that  were  on  view  last  Thurs- 
day at  the  Guildhall,  "Westminster,  for 
the  proposed  Southall  Schools,  to  be  erected 
by  the  Middlesex  County  Council,  include 
a  few  able  plans  more  or  less  complying 
with  the  regulations  issued  by  the  Board  of 
Education.  The  site  was  a  good  one,  allow- 
ing for  S])ace  for  playground  and  proper 
lighting.  The  latter  question  is,  indeed,  a 
most  important  one,  which  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  considered  sufficiently  by  many 
of  the  competitors.  Specialists  on  this 
subject  have  always  thought  that  the  north 
and  north-west  are  the  least  desirable  aspects ; 
but  we  find  the  plans  of  the  three  selected 
designs  all  show  the  princij)al  classrooms  on 
the  north  side,  with  the  central  hall  to  the 
south.  If  light  is  an  element  of  so  much 
value  as  it  is  recognised  to  be  for  children 
of  younger  years,  and  has  so  much  to  do 
with  the  preservation  of  eyesight,  we  think 
at  least  a  little  more  stress  should  have  been 
laid  on  the  poiot  by  the  school  committee 
and  their  assessors.  AVe  make  this  remark 
without  in  the  least  intending  to  assert  that 
the  plans  selected  are  disqualified  by  this 
condition,  as  no  definite  instruction  was 
given,  though  we  must  say  that  those 
authors  who  have  observed  the  principle  of 
placing  their  classrooms  so  as  to  receive  the 
best  light  deserved  some  consideration,  as  in 
the  cases  of  No.  7  and  No.  3.  In  the  design 
of  the  first  of  these,  the  author  has  purposely 
avoided  the  north  side  for  his  classroom 
windows,  all  of  which  have  a  south,  an  east, 
or  west  as]iect. 

The  award  of  Mr.  Paul  Waterhouse, 
F.R.I.B.A.,  has  jilaced  first  the  design  of 
Uv.  G.  E.  T.  Laurence,  A.R.I.B.A.,  Buck- 
ingham-street, Adelphi,  the  second  awarded 
design  being  by  Mr.  T.  Mann,  and  the  third 
by  Mr.  AV.  Eves.  A\''ith  the  plan  placed 
first  little  objection  can  be  taken  ;  it  is  com- 
pactly arranged  without  any  waste  of  room 
in  corridors  or  passages  ;  indeed  the  girls' 
and  boys'  lobbies  to  staircases  of  the  upper- 
floor  plan  look  rather  contracted.  The 
author  places  his  block  direct  north  and 
south  ;  the  central  hall  is  on  the  south  side, 
62ft.  2in.  by  2oft.  Gin.  Three  of  the  class- 
rooms on  the  nort'h  side  are  lighted  from  that 
aspect,  and  the  extreme  classrooms  receive 
light  from  the  east  and  west.  By  canting  off 
the  angles  of  the  end  classrooms,  corridors 
are  avoided,  space  is  saved,  and  the 
central  hall  is  entered  anglewise.  Pro- 
jecting, and  forming  wings  on  the  south 
side,  are  the  girls'  and  boys'  entrances 
at  the  inner  angles,  the  girls  on  the 
left  and  boys  on  the  rig'nt  hand,  with 
cloakrooms  and  lavatories  in  convenient 
proximity.  On  the  ground  floor  on  west  side 
is  the  babies'  room  close  to  lobby  entrance  at 
the  end  of  central  hall,  while  at  the  eastern 
side  corresponding  is  the  infants'  classroom 
24ft.  Sin.  by  22ft.  The  hall  with  its  windows 
is  thus  set  back  between  the  projecting 
wings  of  entrance-lobbies  and  cloakrooms. 
AVe  notice  that  the  three  classrooms  on  north 
side  of  hall  have  pass-doors  of  communica- 


tion between  them,  thus  superseding  a 
corridor.  Provision  is  made  for  400  infants 
on  the  ground  floor.  The  first-floor  plan 
follows  the  same  order,  and  is  for  400  mixed 
girls  and  boys ;  the  lobby  entrances  are 
obtained  over  the  angle  porches  below,  the 
stairs  lead  directly  to  the  ground-floor  level, 
and  cloakrooms  are  provided  over  those 
below  on  both  sides.  ^lezzanine-floor  plans, 
over  the'  ground-floor  entrances  and  cloak- 
room, contain  infants",  head-teacher's  sitting- 
room,  and  book-store.  These  look  rather 
small,  and  we  notice  these  mezzanine  rooms 
are  only  7ft.  in  height.  The  14ft.  height 
allowed  for  the  ground-floor  hall  is  thus 
divided  into  two  ;  but  7ft.  is  much  too  low 
for  a  cloakroom  and  lavatory  of  the  area 
shown.  The  difficulty  of  regulating  thi: 
height  of  small  rooms  where  there  is  a  large 
hall  that  must  be  at  least  14tt.  in  height  is 
acknowledged ;  economy  has  to  be  considered, 
and  the  authors  thought  that  by  getting  two 
stories  of  the  smaller  teachers'  rooms,  &c., 
within  the  height  of  the  ground  story,  he 
was  right.  But  we  think  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion will  have  sometliing  to  say.  The  central 
hall  of  the  first  design  is  lighted  on  the 
south  side  on  the  infants'  floor,  while  the  one 
above  for  mixed  scholars  has  south  windows 
as  well  as  dormers  in  the  roof  over  the  inner 
side ;  these  have,  however,  been  obtained  at 
the  sacrifice  of  simplicity  of  roofing  and 
security  against  the  weather.  The  roof  plan 
shows  two  undesirable  valleys  right  over  the 
inner  side  of  the  hall,  and  "the  arrangement 
of  hips  and  valleys  is  too  complex  to  be 
economical.  The  elevations  are  plain, 
but  suitably  treated  in  brick  with  red 
tile  roofs,  "a  small  bell  -  turret  break- 
ing the  ridge  over  hall.  AVe  do  not 
like  the  blank  windows  in  their  lower 
jiart  to  infants'  classroom  on  the  ground 
floor,  and  the  effect  of  the  partition  between 
classrooms  abutting  against  the  glazing  of 
central  hall  on  north  side  is  objectionable. 
The  design  placed  second  by  the  assessor,  by 
Mr.  Mann  (No.  1),  is  less  economical  in  plan  ; 
the  block  covers  a  larger  area.  The  class- 
rooms, four  in  the  centre,  and  with  a  babies' 
shelter  and  playroom  on  the  west  extremity, 
and  a  double  classroom  at  the  east  extremity, 
are  placed  along  the  north  side  with  central 
hall  UOft.  by  23ft.,  allowing  :ift.  Cin.  area  per 
pupil  facing  south.  Folding  partitions  di- 
vide the  four  classrooms  from  the  hall.  A 
short  wide  corridor  at  each  end  of  hall  gives 
access  on  the  west  side  to  a  babies'  room  30ft. 
by  22ft.,  and  to  the  double  classrooms  lighted 
from  the  east  on  that  side.  These  corridors 
form  useful  crush-rooms  between  the  four 
entrances  provided.  Those  for  infant  boys 
face  the  north  side,  and  the  girls'  and  boys' 
entrances  on  the  south  side  face  the  upper 
school.  The  cloakrooms  and  staircases  on 
the  south  side  are  also  in  connection  with 
them.  The  stair  projections  on  each  end  of 
the  central  haU  form  useful  breaks,  but  the 
plans  cover  too  large  an  area  to  be  built  for 
the  amount  stated.  The  accommodation  pro- 
vided is  for  girls  200  and  for  boys  200. 
making  a  total  of  400  pupils  on  the  first 
floor.  The  mezzanine  floors  over  girls'  and 
'  boys'  cloakrooms  and  stairs  provide  for 
headmaster's  and  headmistress's  rooms. 
These  rooms  are  only  7ft.  in  height.  The 
i  east  classrooms,  east  end  on  this  floor,  is 
I  intended  for  object  lessons  for  boys  and  girls. 
The  classrooms  are  provided  for  oO  pupils, 
I  and  are  about  -.iOft.  by  22tt.  Folding  glazed 
partitions  are  placed  between  classrooms  at 
'  end,  and  also  between  hall  and  the  two  north 
classrooms.  AVe  are  not  quite  satisfied  as 
to  how  the  light  of  end  corridors  at  each 
end  of  hall  is  obtained  except  through  the 
collapsible  gates  of  cloakrooms. 

The  third  design  (No.  9)  has  a  plan  of 
similar  type  ;  five  classrooms  are  ranged  on 
the  north  side,  with  two  classrooms  in  front 
south  aspect.  The  hall,  as  in  the  last-named 
plan,  is  oOft.  by  30ft.,  lighted  mainly  from 
the  south,  but  not   so  well  cut  off  from  the 


June  17,  1904. 


THE   BUILDING    NEWS. 


859 


end  corridors.  The  entrances  are  at  the  ends 
of  these  corridors,  the  west  end  being  the 
infant  girls'  entrance,  and  the  boj's'  entrance 
at  the  east  end.  The  hall  is  thu3  made  a 
corridor  between  these  entrances.  The  cloak- 
rooms in  this  design  are  on  the  north  side  of 
these  corridors  instead  of  on  the  south  side,  as 
in  the  last  plan.  There  is  a  good  babies' 
room,  24ft.  si^iiare,  with  semicircular  seats, 
lighted  from  the  south  side  next  the  hall, 
with  requisite  cloakrooms  and  rear  entrance 
and  conveniences.  The  elder  girls'  stairs 
adjoin  the  infant  girls'  on  the  north  side 
with  stairs.  The  boys'  end  corresponds.  The 
entrances  adjoin  ;  but  the  block  is  un- 
necessai'ily  long,  and  the  elevations  in 
pencil  have  an  unmistakably  Board  School 
style.  There  is  a  want  of  economy  and 
skilful  planning  in  both  these  designs  ; 
the  corridor  approach  to  hall  at  each  end,  for 
the  sake  of  obtaining  five  classrooms  side  by 
side,  is  costly  and  undesirable,  and  in  the 
third  plan  some  of  the  classrooms  measure 
only  L'4ft.  Sin.  by  16ft.  3in.,  the  central  ones 
being  square. 

No.  7  is  a  design  showing  thought  and  skill 
in  the  plan,  and  close  adherence  to  the  condi- 
tions. The  authorplaces  his  hall  on  the  north 
side,  and  in  this  respect  it  differs  from  all  the 
others,  by  which  arrangement  the  author  ob- 
tains well-lighted  classrooms,  chiefly  on  south 
side,  and  also  on  the  east  and  west.  By  the 
arrangement  adopted  the  centre  classrooms 
are  made  to  form  a  transept  in  connection 
with  the  main  hall,  in  which  way  enhanced 
accommodation  may  be  obtained  on  both 
floors  for  special  occasions.  The  author 
allows  Oft.  super,  per  pupil  in  the  classrooms 
of  infants'  school,  and  10ft.  in  the  upper 
school,  and  provision  is  made  for  about  S30 
scholars.  We  see  the  infants'  school  entrances 
are  provided  for  on  the  south  side,  and  the 
mixed  school  entrances  on  the  east  and  west 
ends  of  block.  Both  schools  and  the  staff  of 
each  are  well  separated.  The  sanitary  con- 
veniences are  well  placed,  and  follow  the 
regulations  of  the  Board  of  Education,  &c., 
and  are  put  on  the  north  side  of  the 
building,  which  least  interferes  with  the 
sunlight.  We  notice  also  a  suggested 
short  covered  way  for  the  younger  school 
pupils  to  their  lavatories — a  desirable  pro- 
vision in  the  interest  of  health.  By  the 
disposition  of  the  plan  on  the  ground,  the 
author  has  managed  to  secure  the  vital  point 
of  good  aspects  for  lighting  and  for  the  play- 
ground. The  re(£uirementsof  the  Committee 
have  been  met  in  this  design.  The  t,lans 
show  a  central  hall  J6ft.  by  27ft.  (Jin.  in  the 
centre,  lighted  from  the  north  between  two 
classrooms  on  each  side,  these  being  27ft.  by 
22tt.  3in.  each,  lighted  from  the  east  and 
west ;  while  the  three  main  classrooms  receive 
light  from  the  south  side.  The  entrances, 
crush-rooms,  head  -  master's  and  mistress's 
rooms  project  on  the  south  side,  with  cloak- 
rooms of  ample  size.  Left-hand  lighting  is 
secured  to  all  classrooms.  The  entrances,  as 
we  have  said,  are  well  separated,  and  the 
infants  _  are  placed  at  the  inner  angles  on 
south  side,  the  boys'  and  girls'  entrances  to 
upper  school  at  the  ends  of  block,  the  girls 
being  on  the  east  side,  boys'  entrance  being 
on  the  west.  The  teachers'  rooms  on  mez- 
zanine floors  are  handy. 

The  author  has  adopted  a  siraplv-treated 
and  suitable  brick  style,  in  which  there  is  a 
central  gabled  portion,  and  a  grouping  of 
chimney  shafts,  lied  brick  facings  are  used 
with  yellow  stocks  on  the  other  sides.  Tho 
estimate  works  outat  about  i'll,(i2(),  and  the 
author  has  studied  strict  economy. 

I  tosign  numbered  :!  shows  tho  central  hall 
placed_  north  and  south,  ,jOft.  7in.  by 
3()it.  Gin.,  with  classrooms  on  each  side,  oast 
and  west  lighted,  and  one  classroom  at  the 
north  end  lighted  on  east  side.  There  are 
extending  wings  at  tho  south  side  containing 
babies  room  and  classroom  entrances  and 
cloakrooms.  This  arrangement  would  bo 
rather  costly,  and  the  hall  would  have  to  be 


top-lighted.  The  elevations  are,  howevci-, 
artistic  and  well  drawn,  and  shaded  in  sopia. 
The  central  gable  of  hall  is  flanked  by  pro- 
jecting stair  turrets,  which  are  ideasing 
features,  and  the  wings  are  gabled ;  the 
whole  elevation  is  well  grouped.  Ilesign 
No.  4  shows  the  plan  placed  with  the  hall 
nearly  north  and  south,  the  windows  having 
a  south-east  aspect,  with  classrooms  on  the 
west  side.  If  these  relative  positions  had 
been  reversed,  the  classrooms  would  receive 
the  best  light,  instead  of  the  hall,  which  is 
not  used  so  much  or  so  often  as  the  class- 
room. The  elevations  are  of  the  stereotyped 
order,  but  the  drawings  are  very  neatly 
executed. 

No.  (!  ia  a  well-grouped  and  balanced  plan, 
with  hall,  60ft.  by  27ft.  6in.,  on  south  side  of 
block,  with  three  classrooms,  lighted  on  the 
north  side ;  the  other  four  classrooms  are 
placed  two  together  on  each  end  of  central 
hall,  and  have  south  and  east  and  west  light, 
the  former  breaking  forward  from  hall,  and 
forming  wings ;  the  entrance  and  classrooms 
are  on  the  east  and  west  sides.  The  chief 
classrooms  measure  24ft.  Sin.  by  22ft.,  and 
the  others  24  ft.  square.  A  double  classroom 
behind  hall  is  for  sixty  pupils.  The  eleva- 
tions are  treated  in  brick,  a  combination  of 
stock  and  Luton  bricks  being  used,  the  latter 
for  dressings,  and  the  author  has  tried  to 
bring  the  cost  within  the  amount.  No.  ■'>  is 
an  elongated  block  with  five  classrooms 
lighted  from  the  north,  and  two  others  at 
ends  of  hall  facing  south.  The  entrances  at 
both  ends  lead  by  a  short  con-idor  into  the 
central  hall,  which  is  Gift,  by  22ft.  7in.  All 
are  well  arranged,  with  cloakroom  and  lava- 
tory accommodation,  a  caretaker's  sink,  and 
teachers'  room  up  a  flight  of  stairs  from 
infants'  entrance.  The  girls'  entrance  and 
stairs  to  upper  floor  adjoin  the  infants',  and 
the  boys'  entrances  on  the  other  end  are  the 
same.  The  caretaker's  cupboard  and  sink 
are  under  stairs  of  cloakrooms,  and  the  pass- 
doors  between  classrooms  are  points  in  the 
plan;  while  No.  2  shows  the  long  axis  of 
school  north  and  south,  with  the  five  class- 
rooms lighted  on  the  east  side ;  but  in  other 
respects  it  resembles  the  design  placed  third. 
The  hall  is  on  the  west  side,  one  classroom  at 
each  end,  with  cloakrooms  and  entrances  at 
the  end,  tho  boys'  at  the  north,  and  the  girls' 
and  infants'  at  the  south  end.  There  is  also 
a  mezzanine  for  male  and  female  teachers. 
The  elevations  are  of  stock  bricks,  with  red 
tile  roofs ;  the  windows  are  large  and  charac- 
teristic, and  the  design  is  suitable  thoujih 
expensive,  on  the  corridor  arrangement.  In 
fact,  Nos.  2  and  o  both  resemble  the  third 
selected  in  this  feature  of  the  arrangement. 


A.A.  PRIZE   DESIGNS   AND   DRAWINGS. 

THE  School  of  Design  and  Prize  Competition 
drawings  are  now  on  view  at  the  Archi- 
tectural Association's  premises,  IS,  Tufton-street. 
Westminster.  The  elementary  class  designs  in- 
clude a  Stone  and  Wooden  Chimneypiece,  for 
which  several  drawings  are  submitted  with  details. 
Of  these  we  may  mention  the  designs  sent  in  by 
T.  S.  Attbee,  U.  W.  S.  Carey,  and  Hubert  I). 
Aubrey,  which  show  good  motives  and  details. 
Th"!  designs  for  a  Stone  Porch  and  a  Wooden 
Porch  for  a  Church  are  not  altogether  satisfac- 
tory. H.  Aubrey  has  a  massively-treated  stono 
purchwith  carved  crucifix  on  tho  gable  overarch, 
which  is  Hat-pointed  between  plain  jambs,  suit- 
ably treated.  P.  Owon  Dunk  a  design  in 
carved  rubble  and  dressings  of  Late  Gothic 
character.  Another  porch  is  in  Hint  and  stone, 
by  II.  Clilford  lloUis ;  a  brick  and  stono  porch 
of  Renaissance  treatment  is  by  D.  G.  Round. 
T.  S.  Atbee  has  a  design  in  Portland  stono  and 
red  brick,  with  two  arched  openings  divided  by 
a  circular  pillar,  aj^ainst  -vhich  Iho  arch  mould- 
ings die  ;  red  hvkk  is  introduced  in  tho  blind 
arcading  of  galilo  over,  and  tho  angle  liuttresscs 
are  heavy,  and  there  is  a  (light  of  stops.  Tho 
design  is  simple  and  offGotivo.  A.  1"^.  SFumby 
has  a  stono  porch  with  nicho  over  entrance  and 
a  gable  cross.  There  are  several  designs  of 
timber  porches,  but  only  one  or  two  of  merit. 


We  notice  the  designs  by  W.  H.  Ludlow,  D.  O. 
Round,  J.  P.  Serwin,  J.  G.  W.  Dudley,  A. 
Bryant  Newbold,  John  II.  Markham,  and  others 
as  being  among  the  best.  A  row  of  three 
attached  Cottages  with  details  is  a  subject  that 
has  been  taken  up  with  some  spirit,  as  might  be 
expected.  We  can  only  glance  at  a  few  of  the 
more  promising  designs.  These  exhibit  in  the 
main  fairly  good  plans,  and  a  simple  and  suitable 
treatment  of  elevations  and  details.  Among  those 
of  merit  we  notice:  A.  Bunning's  Stone  Cottages 
with  curbed  red-tile  roof  and  dormers  :  H.  Clif- 
ford IloUis's  design  with  good  plan  and  treat- 
ment ;  S.  W.  Edmonds's  stone,  tile-hung,  and 
timber  treatment ;  W.  H.  Ludlow's  design,  with 
nice  elevation  and  details  ;  J.  H.  Goodchild's 
tiuietly  handled  elevation,  with  plan  showing 
turf  forecourts;  and  the  designs  by  G.  C.  N. 
Roe,  P.  Owen  Dunk,  1!.  S.  Atkinson,  jun.,  H. 
Aubrey,  U.  .1.  Perrin,  F.  G.  Dudley,  and  J 
llarkham.  In  the  Advanced  Class  of  Design  we 
notice  two  designs  for  "  An  Inexpensive  Church," 
one  of  the  subjects  drawn  to  iin.  scale.  One  is 
by  Alick  Ilorsnell.  The  site  is  a  corner  one,  and 
the  west  end  is  slightly  canted.  The  author  has 
cleverly  contrived  tho  west  entrance  and  stair 
turret  to  west  gallery.  The  nave  and  chancel 
are  of  one  width,  ioft.  wide,  with  passage-aisles, 
and  six  bays  in  length.  The  piers  are  rect- 
angular on  plan,  the  nave  roof  is  a  barrel- vaiUt  of 
wood.  A  chapel  on  the  north  side  forms  a  pro- 
jection. The  whole  is  broadly  treated,  and  a  bell 
turret  relieves  the  west-end  over  stairs.  There 
are  no  buttresses ;  the  clerestory  windows — three 
lancet  lights  under  circular  relieving  arches,  with 
cusped  stone  heads — give  abroad  effect,  the  whole 
being  in  stock  bricks.  The  same  author's  design 
for  a  Library  for  a  country  house  in  a  Late  ttothic 
style  is  suitable,  and  cleverly  treated  in  brick, 
with  turret  over  lending  library  in  front.  This 
author  obtains  the  second  prize  of  the  A.A.  Travel- 
ling Studentship.  His  drawings  of  Thaxted 
Church,  Essex,  are  very  nice.  The  other  designs 
for  an  Inexpensive  Church  include  one  by  G. 
Drysdale  in  red  brick  and  stone,  with  morning 
chapel  at  west  end  on  south  side,  and  with  a 
nave  four  bays  in  length  :  the  other  designs  are 
of  less  merit.  (Jther  designs  for  the  L-brary 
comprise  a  rectangular  plan  with  octagonal 
reference  library  domed  with  glass  roof 
within  the  rectangular  —  a  suggestive  plan.  . 
A  clever  Renaissance  design  by  Geo.  Walker  in 
three  bays,  divided  by  Ionic  columns  and  good 
details.  Other  studies  are  by  J.  E.  llonnings, 
Leonard  Lee,  Maurice  E.  Webb,  Ernest  Theakston, 
Percy  W.  Lovell,  and  G.  J.  Duncan  Tate. 
The  designs  for  a  Country  Bank  and  Manager's 
House  include  one  by  Percy  W.  Lovell,  a  three- 
storied  red  brick,  with  muUioned  windows ;  a 
clever  treatment  by  R.  Wheatley  and  by  Ernest 
G.  Theakston  in  stone  and  red  brick,  with  fairly 
good  plan.  Maurice  E.  Webb's  design  has  a 
good  plan  and  details.  For  a  Police-station  and 
Court  House,  the  latter  student  sends  a  clever 
and  artistic  design  of  Renaissance  character.  The 
plan  is  UJ  shaped  with  an  octagonal  entrance, 
with  dome  over  as  a  feature  :  the  elevations  are 
nicely  treated  and  drawn.  H.  G.  Worrow  and 
J.  Duncan  Tate  send  designs.  The  first  prize 
for  A.A.  Travelling  Studentship  is  awarded  for 
measured  and  tinted  drawings  of  Booth's  Porch. 
Hereford  Cathedral,  and  elevation,  plans,  section, 
and  view  of  St.  Michael's  Church,  Gloucester, 
Late  Perpendicular,  to  Geo.  Drysdale,  also  for  a 
design  for  a  Solicitor's  House.  For  the  Associa- 
tion Medal,  the  first  prize  is  given  to  "  Wee 
Macgregor, ' '  for  a  design  for  a  Row  of  Shops  with 
l'"lats  Above— a  lofty  block,  Classic  in  treatment, 
with  richly-carved  pedimental  centre  over  main 
entrance.  "Ad  Hoc"  and  "Ibex"  are  other 
designs.  For  the  "  Banister  Fletcher  "  Bursary, 
the  first  prize  is  given  to  I".  .).  Watson  Hart  for 
drawings  of  Custom  House,  King's  I.ynn,  and 
t'orGatewiiy  and  Screen  Wall  of  liueeo's College, 
I  >xtord  ;  also  drawings  of  Eltham  Palace.  And 
the  Architectural  I'nion  Company's  Prize  is 
awarded  to  Cecil  R.  Pinsont  for  drawings  of  the 
same  famous  palace.  Many  oilier  deeigns  of 
merit  we  have  no  space  to  review. 


ELEMENTARY    SCHOOL    COMPETITION, 
KINGSTON. UPON-THAMES. 

Tl  I E  designs  for  these  schools  arc  on  view  at 
the  town-hall,  Kingston-on-Thames.  Tho 
instructions  issued  to  architects  required  a  school 
in  three  departments,  for  boys,  girls,  and  infants, 
to  provide  accommodation  for  about  1,144 
children:  :i72  girls,  the  same  number  of  toys. 


860 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


June  17,  1904. 


and  about  400  infants,  with  a  central  hall  to  each  stairs  are  placed  at  each  end  of  hall  50£t.  by 
Apartment,  allowing  4sq.ft.  per  child,  large  30£t.,  on  the  north-west  side  and  the  g  rls 
enou-h  for  all  the  scholars,  and  this  number  had  entrances  on  the  other  side,  not  quite  opposite, 
to  be"  provided  wholly  in  the  classrooms.  The  but  leading  into  corridors,  rather  longer  than 
classrooms  had  to  provide  not  more  than  fifty  those  of  No.  ,s,  which  enter  central  hall.  The 
children  in  each  ;  gsq.ft.  allowed  for  each  infant  girls'  cloakroom,  lavatories,  &c  are  opposite 
and  lOen.ft.  for  the  older  scholars  per  child  at  their  entrances.  We  do  not  like  the  broken 
least  The  buildings  hid  to  conform  to  the  south-east  front  of  classrooms,  which  adds  cost 
rules'  of  the  Board  of  Education,  and  to  the  Build-  without  advantage.  Head  and  assistant  mistresses 
ine  bv-laws  of  the  borough.  From  each  school  rooms,  with  bay  windows,  are  placed  next  the 
sil  exits  into  the  playgrounds,  two  for  each  girls'  entrances.  The  classrooms  are  well  lighted 
department,  had  to  be  provided.  The  assessor  from  the  south-east.  A  mezzanine  plan  gives 
anpointed  Mr.  Thos.  Bailey.  F.R.I. B.A.,  in  his  assistant  masters'  and  headmaster  s  rooms,  care- 
report  has  disqualified  two  of  the  designs,  Nos.  2  taker's  closet,  Sec,  over  the  girls  cloakrooms, 
and  .5— the  first  on  the  ground  that  it  accommo-  ,  The  infants'  department  has  a  hall  bdit.  4in. 
dates  100  short  of  bovs  and  girls,  the  second  ;  by  30ft.  on  the  east  si.) e,  with  classrooms  on  the 
because  it  exceeds  by  a  large  amount  the  sum  north,  south,  and  west  sides, 
stipulated.  Both  these  designs  possess  high  No.  6  has  a  well-arranged  set  of  plans  on  the 
merit.  No.  2  shows  a  disposal  of  the  area  of  game  lines  ;  the  main  range  of  classrooms  chiefly 
ground    and  a  disposition  of   the    school  blocks  face  east,  with  the  hall  on  the  west  side.     The 


which  place  it  above  others  on  hygienic  grounds. 
By  placing  the  building  on  the  north  side  of  the 
site,  and  giving  every  room  a  double  east  or 
western  aspect,  the  author  solves  the  question  of 
light  which   other  designs  have  neglected,  and 


boys'  and  girls'  <c  trances  are  opposite,  the 
former  above  the  girls,  with  thort  corridor 
approaches,  with  cloakrooms  on  one  side,  to  the 
central  hall,  which  is  COft.  by  27ft.  At  the  ends 
of  hall  which  face  west  are  two  projecting  stair 


the   playgrounds  are    rendered  larger  and  more    cases  to  mistresses'  and  assistant  mistresses'  rooms, 
cheerful.      In  the  design  selected  the   principal    on  a  mezzanine  above  cloakrooms.     An  observa- 


classrooms    face    west— an     undesirable     aspect 
which  the  assessor  has  pointed  out. 

In  the  selected  design.  No.  8,  by  Mr.  F.  W. 
Roper,  Adam-street,  Adelphi,  the  author  dis- 
poses his  block  at  right  angles  on  the  ground, 
the  boys'  and  girls'  block  runnipg  north  and 
south,  with  the  chief  classrooms  facing  west,  and 


tion-window  in  each  has  a  view  over  hall.  The 
infanis'  school  block  has  a  central  hall  58ft. 
by  20ft.,  with  four  classrooms  on  each  side,  with 
entrances  at  the  ends  with  cloakrooms,  and  two 
at  south  end.  The  elevations  of  boys'  and  girls' 
block  show  a  dignified  but  quiet  treatment,  the 
slight    cloakroom   projections   have   semicircular 


therefore   receiving    only  a   late    afternoon' sun,    gables,  and  these   contain   the  mezzanine  floors 


and  with  the  central  hall  facing  east.  The  plan 
is  of  the  usual  school-board  type.  The  infants' 
block  is  disposed  east  and  west,  and  the  class- 
rooms on  the  north  side  of  hall  will  receive  little 
sunshine,  while  the  other  side  is  favoured.     The 


with  porches  next  them.  These  features  break 
the  long  line  of  roof,  and  are  proposed  to  be 
carried  out  in  stone  or  terracotta.  We  do  not 
like  the  infants'  three-gabled  elevation  so  well. 
No.  4  is  a  masterly  design  ;  the  schools  for  infants 


hall  is  in  the  centre,  with  infants'  entrances  and  and  boys  and  girls  form  one  rectangular  block, 
cloak-rooms  at  the  east  and  west-ends  of  block,  j  separated  between  them  by  a  space,  and  these  run 
The  playground  bv  this  arrangement  is  divided  north  and  south  across  the  site,  thus  obtaining 
into  two  parts.  The  girls'  and  infants'  has  a  south  good  aspects  for  the  classrooms,  which  face  east 
and  east  aspect,  while  the  boys'  playground  is  :  and  west,  the  hall  being  on  the  west  side.  I  he 
inclosed  between  the  two  blocks  and  Oil  Mill-  ;  plan  of  blocks  rs  perfectly  unbroken,  having 
lane  on    the    south-west   side.     Looking  at  the    straight  walls.   The  boys   block  of  schools  contain 


on 
plans,  we  find  the  boys'  school  placed  on  the 
first  floor  and  the  girls  on  the  ground  floor.  The 
boys'  entrances  are  located  on  the  west  side,  with 
their  staiis,  while  the  girls  form  opposite  porches 
on  the  east  side,  leading  into  a  wide  corridor  at 
both  ends  of  central  hall.  The  cloakrooms  are 
next  the  entrance,  with  lavatories  and  stairs  to 
teachers'  room  and  to  workroom.  The  class- 
rooms on  the  west  or  long  side  are  lighted  from 


six  classrooms,  facing  east,  with  two  others  at 
ends  of  hall  on  the  west  side.  A  straight  corridor 
runs  from  end  to  end,  including  the  hall,  with 
entrances  at  the  ends.  The  boys'  entrances  are 
on  the  west  side,  near  the  ends  of  block, 
with  cloakrooms  for  girls,  who  have  the 
ground  floor.  The  infants'  block  is  of  one  story, 
end  entrances.  The  arrangement  is  very  com- 
pact and  economical,  there  being  no  breaks,  and 


that  quarter,  and  are  for '40  and  48  pupils.  At  the  roof  is  simple,  being  hipped  over  the  hall, 
the  ends  of  block  the  classrooms,  two  at  each  end,  tut  in  the  same  plane  as  the  sides.  The  roof  is 
are  for  50  and  48,  and  are  lighted  from  the  north,  "well  broken  by  the  dormers,  which  are  gabled, 
eouth,  east,  and  west  sides,  to  give  the  required  '  and  have  a  very  effective  appearance.  The 
left-hand  lighting.  The  central  hall  is  50ft.  by  I  windows  are  lofty,  and_  along  the  upper  story  the 
'  "  lie  lieht  from  the  east  side     bricks  are  alternated  with  stone  bands.     No.  2  is 


soft. ,  and  receives  the  light  from  the  east  side. 
Pass-doors  are  shown  between  the  classrooms.  A 
mezzanine  plan  shows  the  mistresses'  and  teachers' 
room,  and  stock-room  over  the  girls'  porches  and 
cloakrooms,  and  the  same  mezzanine  arrangement 
for  masters'  and  teachers'  rooms  is  shown  over 
the  first  floor.  The  elevations  are  of  a 
very  stereotyped  order :  the  hall  on  the 
large  block  facing  the  east  side  is  made 
to  project  a  little,  and  is  carried  up  with 
high  roof  and  central  hall  turret.  On  each 
side  the  mezzanine  is  shown  of  four  stories, 
giving  a  rather  cramped  look,  outside  which  are 
the  gabled  classrooms  at  end.  The  series  of  small 
gables  along  hall  breaks  the  straight  line  of  roof. 
The  infants'  block  has  four  classrooms  on  each 
side  of  hall,  and  at  the  ends  are  the  entrances  and 
cloakrooms.  It  is  a  one-storied  building  gabled 
over  the  windows  on  north  and  south  sides,  and 
the  hall  is  top-lighted.  There  i.s  much  that  might 
be  improved  in  this  design.  The  assessor,  Mr. 
Thomas  J.  Bailey,  has,  indeed,  pointed  out 
that  other  designs  have  better  and-  more 
attractive  elevations,  notably  Nos.  10  and  C.  He 
also  suggests  that  the  "  graded  school  blocks 
would  be  better  turned  over,  too,  so  as  to  get 
east  lighting  to  the  main  line  of  classrooms," — 
without  doubt,  a  very  important  point,  which  has 
been  adopted  by  the  author  of  No.  4,  one  of  the 
ablest  designs,  and  by  No.  7 — the  classrooms  of 
which  are  mainly  lighted  from  the  south-east— 
indeed.  No.  7  has  a  good  disposition  of  blocks  on 
site,  a  remark  which  also  applies  to  Nos.  2  and  6. 
No.  7  is  an  ably-planned  set  in  which  there  is 
more  care  and  skill  shown  in  the  design  as 
a  whole.  The  girls'  and  boys'  departments  of 
the  main  block  show  the  girls  on  the  ground 
floor  and  boys  above.     The  boys'  entrances  and 


rooms  on  each  side,  facing  every  quarter  of  the 
compass.  The  plan  is  compact.  No.  3  follows 
the  same  type  ;  the  blocks  are  placed  on  the 
ground  in  a  north  and  south  direction,  though 
rather  on  divergent  axes.  The  classrooms  of 
main  block  face  west,  and  half  those  of  the  infant 
school.  The  external  design  has  a  high  roof 
with  turrets  over  boys'  and  girls'  entrances. 
No.  5  is  disqualified  by  the  assessor  on  account  of 
cost,  about  £8,000  more  being  estimated  than 
stipulated.  The  plan  is  similar  to  the  others 
we  have  described  ;  the  infants'  school  has  a 
central  haU  with  seven  classrooms  on  three  sides. 
A  babies'  room,  entrance,  and  cloakroom  are  on 
the  north  side,  with  a  top-lighted  hall  6.5ft.  by 
30ft.  The  two-story  block  for  boys  and  girls 
provides  for  the  boys  on  first  floor  with  entrances 
on  west  side,  and  girls'  entrance  in  the  eastern 
front.  There  are  six  classrooms  facing  east,  and 
the  hall  is  lighted  from  the  west  side.  Tho 
arrangement  of  entrance-corridor  and  cloak- 
rooms is  similar  to  those  of  other  plans.  'The 
plans  are  well  drawn.  We  have  no  opportunity 
at  this  short  notice  of  comparing  the  merits  of  the 
designs.  The  one  selected  has  many  good  points  ; 
there  are  also  two  others  at  least  which  run  it 
very  close,  and  in  which  more  attention  has  been 
paid  to  light  and  economy. 


THE 


BOROUGH     ASYLfM,     NEWPORT, 
MONMOUTHSHIRE.* 


also  an  able  design,  in  which  the  author  has 
disposed  his  blocks  so  as  to  afford  the  best  aspects 
for  sunshine  to  the  classrooms,  and  also  to  place 
the  entrances  for  infants  and  girls  towards  Bonner 
Hill-road,  while  the  boys  are  located  in  Oil  Mill- 
lane,  thus  separating  the  two.  To  secure  as 
much  sunshine  as  possible  the  blocks  are 
placed  along  the  north  end  of  site.  The  light- 
ing of  classrooms  is  from  south,  east,  or  west, 
the  best  position  to  obtain  sunlight.  The  infants' 
hall  has  a  south  window,  and  dormers  east 
and  west,  as  well  as  a  north  light,  so  as  to 
secure  as  much  cheerfulness  and  sunshine  as 
possible.  The  boys'  and  girls'  halls  are  also  well 
lighted.  Cross-ventilation  and  the  sanitary 
arrangements  laid  down  by  the  regulations  and 
by-laws  have  been  studied.  In  the  infant-school 
the  hall  is  placed  between  the  classrooms ;  three 
on  the  west  side,  and  four  on  the  east  side,  the 
hall  being  54ft.  6in.  by  30ff.  The  entrances, 
cloakrooms,  'and  lavatories  are  well  planned  to 
avoid  confusion.  By  the  arrangement  of  blocks 
on  the  ground,  two  excellent  playgrounds  are 
obtained  on  the  south  and  sunny  part  for  girls 
and  infants,  and  boys  with  sheds  for  play  forming 
part  of  the  boundary.  The  teachers'  rooms 
are  economical,  near  the  entrance,  so  necessary 
for  supervision.  Externally  the  treatment  is 
broad,  depending  on  the  grouping  of  masses  and 
materials  without  any  costly  features.  Stock 
bricks  are  used,  with  red  brick  in  the  portions 
facing  the  streets,  and  in  piers. 

No.  1  is  similar  in  arrangement  to  many  others, 

and    has    corridors    and   entrances    leading  into 

central  hall  on  the  east  side,  with  classrooms  on 

west  side  of  boys'   department.     The  girls'  and 

j  infants'  block  has  a  centre  hall  with  two  class- 


THIS  asylum,  which  is  now  in  course  of  erec- 
tion, is  situated  at  Caerleon.  The  buildings 
will  provide  accommodation  in  the  first  instance 
for  368  patients,  184  of  either  sex,  while  the 
administrative  offices  are  designed  for  500,  the 
number  to  be  ultimately  accommodated.  "The 
asylum  is  arranged  with  administrative  offices 
placed  centrally.  There  are  three  blocks  for 
patients  on  either  side,  and  the  workshops, 
laundry,  and  boiler-house  are  at  the  rear.  The 
patients'  blocks  are  alltwo-story  buildings.  The 
one  nearest  the  centre  on  either  side  is  allotted  to 
sick  and  infirm  cases,  ani  consists  of  a  ward  fur 
30  patients  on  each  floor.  The  next  block  is 
designed  for  35  epileptics  and  35  quiet  chronics, 
the  epileptics  being  accommodated  in  a  ward  on 
the  ground  floor  and  the  quiet  chronics  in  a 
similar  ward  on  the  first  floor.  Beyond  this  is 
the  recent  and  acute  block,  which  comprises  a 
ward  for  27  patients  on  either  floor.  The  future 
extensions  will  consist  of  a  block  beyond  the 
recent  and  acute  on  each  side  for  working 
patients,  that  on  the  female  side  being  contiguous 
to  tlie  laundrj-  and  that  on  the  male  side  adjacent 
to  the  workshops. 

The  whole  of  the  wards  are  entirely  self-con- 
tained, and  are  planned  with  the  special  require- 
ments for  the  respective  classes  of  patients.  The 
day-rooms  have  cheerfuland  uninterrupted  out- 
looks, and  they,  together  with  the  dormitories, 
are  weU-lighted  and  ventilated.  The  sanitary 
arrangements  are  placed  in  spurs  at  the  back  if 
the  wards,  from  which  they  are  separated  by 
croa3-ventilated  lobbies.  Staircases  of  artificial 
stone  are  placed  at  the  extreme  end  of  each  block, 
thus  affording  two  means  of  exit  from  every 
portion  of  the  wards.  The  wards  are  designed  on 
the  continuous  principle,  which  not  only  admits 
of  economy  in  working,  but  is  also  the  most 
convenient  for  supervision. 

The  official  block  is  placed  centrally,  to  the 
south  of  the  administrative  offices.  The  great 
fall  in  the  ground  from  back  to  front  would  not 
admit  of  this  block  being  placed  to  the  north,  the 
position  recommended  by  the  Commissioners  in 
Lunacy.  It  is  a  two-story  building,  containing 
on  the  ground  floor  committee-rooms,  offices  for 
the  medical  superintendent,  assistant  medical 
oUicer  and  clerk,  pathological  room,  receiving 
room,  and  photo  studio.  The  upper  floor  is 
allotted  to  the  assistant  medical  officers  and  the 
matron,  their  quarters  being  quite  separate  and 
reached  by  different  staircases.  Immediately^  at 
the  rear  of  the  official  block  are  the  visiting 
rooms,  chaplain's  rooms,  and  dispensary.  The 
dining  and  recreation  hall  is  placed  to  thesouth.of 
the  kitchen  offices.  It  is  conveniently  arranged 
for  service  from  the  kitchen  and  for  entertaining 
purposes,  and  has  separate  entrances  for  males 
and  females.  The  kitchen  offices  comprise 
kitchen,  scullery,  vegetable-scullery,  larders, 
pantry,  dairy,  &c.,  with  separate  arrangements 
for  serving  to  each  side  of  the  building.     To  the 

•  A  paper  read  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Wood,  Architect,  at  the 
district  meeting  of  the  Incorporated  Association  ot 
Municipal  and  County  Engineers,  held  at  Newport, 
June  11. 


June  17,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


8G1 


north  of  the  kitchen  offices  are  the  steward's 
stores.  These  contain  the  main  store,  hread 
room,  clerk's  office,  and  meat  store.  As  in  the 
kitchen,  separate  provision  is  made  for  serving 
stores  to  each  side  of  the  building.  The  bakery 
is  placed  to  the  west  of  the  steward's  stores  and 
in  communication  with  same  for  delivery  of  flour, 
&c.  The  laundry,  which  is  at  the  rear  on  the 
female  side,  consists  of  a  general  Inundry,  wash- 
house,  drying-room,  receiving  and  distribution 
rooms,  and  a  foul-linen  washhouse,  with  separate 
drying  arrangements.  Adjacent  to  the  laundry, 
a  workroom  block  is  provided  containing,  on  the 
ground  floor  a  workroom  and  matron's  store,  and 
on  the  upper  floor  bedrooms  for  the  laundry- 
maids. 

I  )n  the  male  side,  in  close  proximity  to  the  new 
block  for  working  patients,  are  the  w.rkshops. 
They  comprise  shops  for  shoemakers,  tailors,  up- 
holsterers, orpenters,  plumbers,  painters,  and 
glaz'ers,  bricklayers'  shed,  foreman's  office,  cfcc. 
The  boiler-house  block  is  placed  to  the  east  of  the 
workshops  and  contains  boiler-house,  coal-etores, 
olectric-plant  room,  battery-room,  pump-room, 
engineer's  shop,  oflice,  ifcc. 

The  blocks  for  attendants  and  nurses  are  placed 
in  the  usual  position  east  and  west  of  the 
administrative  offic(3a.  Thny  include  the  neces- 
sary mess  and  recreation  rooms  on  the  ground 
floor,  the  upper  floor  being  allotted  to  night 
nurses  and  domestics  on  the  female  aide,  and  to 
night  attendants  on  the  male  side.  In  addition 
to  a  bath  in  each  ward,  a  general  bath-house  is 
provided  on  either  side,  with  the  necessary 
dresf-ing-room,  &c.  attache).  liesidos  being 
provided  with  open  fireplaces,  the  buildings  are 
warmed  throughout  on  the  low-pressure  hot- 
water  system.  Fresh  air  is  admitted  at  the 
floor-level  at  the  backs  of  radiators,  coils,  and 


systems  of  pipes.  The  vitiated  air  is  extracied  at 
the  ceiling  and  conveyed  by  flues  formed  in  walls 
and  chimney-breasts  to  trunks  in  the  roofs,  which 
lead  to  main  upcast  shafts  in  which  eleetric  fans 
are  provided  to  insure  an  upward  current.  The 
buildings  are  to  be  lighted  throughout  by  elec- 
tricit}'.  The  generating  plant  consists  of  three 
Bellis  Thomas  direct-driven  sets,  each  of  53kw. 
capacity.  A  secondary  battery  of  1 30  cells  having 
a  capacity  of  430  ampere-hours  is  also  installed. 
The  water  is  from  the  corporation  fupply, 
storage  cisterns  being  provided  in  each  section  of 
the  buildings,  sufficient  for  a  day's  i-equirements. 
The  water  and  steam  mains,  and  electric  cables 
within  the  buildings  are  laid  in  subways,  and  the 
whole  of  the  engineering  work  has  been  so 
designed  as  to  obviate  the  necessity  of  the 
engineering  staff  passing  through  any  part 
occupied  by  patients  to  obtain  access  to  same. 

In  addition  to  the  main  buildings,  there  are 
provided  achapel,  mortuary,  farm  buildings,  stuff 
cottages,  and  two  entrance  lodges.  The  com- 
mittee have  iiurchased  houses  already  existing  on 
the  estate  for  the  medical  superintendent  and 
steward.  The  accepted  tenders  for  the  work 
amount  in  the  aggregate  to  £102,098,  made  up  as 
follows: — Buildings  £96,105.  electric  plant 
.C3, 133,  and  electric  wiring  and  fitting  £2,.')00,  in 
all  a  total  of  £102,098. 


HOUSE    AT    NOKTinVOOD. 

THIS  house  was  erec'ed  at  Norlhwood  for  Mrs. 
Kord  (ilover.  The  greurd-floor  walls  were 
1  lin.  thick  and  upper  floor  Din  ,  with  face  rough- 
cast in  cement.  The  roofx  were  covered  with 
liroseloy  tiles,  boarded  and  felted.  The  work  was 
carried  out  by  local  builders,  and  the  total  cost 


was   i.'JOO.     The   architect   is   Jlr.    S.   P.   Rees, 
A  H  I.B.A.,  of  Pinner's- court,  Old  Broad-street, 

EC. 


THE    FENCING    OF    HOISTS    AND 
TE.^GLES. 

A  N  illustrated  report  to  the  Home  Office  on  the 
rV.  construction,  arrangements,  and  fencing  of 
hoists  and  teagles  has  just  been  made  by  Mr. 
William  Sydney  Smith,  one  of  his  JIajesty's 
inspectors  of  factories,  and  has  been  published  as 
a  Blue-book,  price  .'>».  Od.,  by  Messrs.  Eyre  and 
Spottiswoode,  East  llarding-sfreet,  E.C.  The 
subject  is  treated  in  groat  detail  and  much 
lucidity  under  the  two  main  sub-divisions  of 
hoists  and  teagles,  and  these  have  been  further 
subdivided  into  («)  construction  and  arrangement, 
and  (/')  fencing  and  safeguarding.  It  ni.ay  be 
necessary  for  readers  in  the  .South  of  England  to 
point  out  that  a  "  teagle  "  is  a  North-country 
dialect  word  signifying  a  I'ft  or  hoist,  and  it  is 
applied  to  fixed  lifting  appliances  in  the  form  of 
cathead  or  fixed  derrick  with  a  winch.  The 
various  forms  of  teagle  are  enumerated,  .and 
stress  is  laid  on  the  necessity  for  seeuiing  all 
gearing-wheels,  and  fly  and  brake  wheels,  and  of 
providing  open  doorways  with  doors,  hand-bars, 
or  life  belts. 

In  the  noxt  section  of  his  report  Mr.  Sydney 
Smith  deals  wih  cage  hois's,  their  construc'ion 
anil  arrangement,  .\ccoi-ding  to  the  method  f  f 
driving,  or  nature  o'  mechanical  power  employed, 
hoists  may  bo  classified  as  follows: — (1),  Hand- 
power  h  ists  ;  (21,  steam-power  hoists  :  (3). 
hydrauli<'  hoists  (directly  supported  ram  type) : 
(i\  hydraulic  hoists  (suspended  type) :  and  (5). 
electric  hoists. 

Hand-power  hoists  arc  usuallyof  small  capacity 


862 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  17,  1904. 


and  slow  moving.  In  steam-power  cage  hoicts  it 
is  dangerous  to  lower  by  means  of  the  brake  only. 
The  mechanism  must  be  elaborated  to  enable  the 
driving-gear  to  be  rotated  in  alternate  directions. 
In  order  to  stop  or  start  the  cage  in  any  position 
an  endless  hand  rope  or  chain  passing  through 
the  cage  is  carried  round  two  pulleys,  one  at  the 
top  of  the  well  and  the  other  at  the  bottom.  An 
iron  rod  passing  through  the  cage  from  the  top 
to  the  bottom  of  the  hoist  well  is  sometimes  used 
for  the  same  purpose.  In  either  case  stops  should 
be  fitted  on  the  hand  rope,  chain,  or  rod,  both 
near  the  top  and  bottom,  so  that  the  csge  may 
come  automatically  to  rest  when  level  with  the 
highest  or  lowest  floors  or  landings.  The  most 
common  method  of  driving  the  cage  consists  in 
suspending  the  cage  from  a  rope  or  chain  pa'siog 
over  a  grooved  puUey  keyed  on  the  driving-shaft, 
supported  by  bearings  at  the  top  of  the  hoist 
well.  The  danger  to  be  guarded  against  in  cage 
hoists  of  this  description  is  that  of  overloading 
the  cage.  A  safer  arrangement  consists  in  driving 
the  cage  direct  from  a  drum  or  barrel  round  which 
the  hoisting  ropes  are  coiled.  The  drum  should 
be  provided  with  a  spiral  groove  to  facilitate  the 
coiling  of  the  rope  in  its  proper  position.  All 
drum  hoists  should  be  fitted  with  automatic  stop 
motion  to  prevent  over-running  at  the  top  and 
bottom  of  the  travel,  independently  of  the  stops 
on  the  hand  rope.  All  hoists  constructed  to  carry 
one  or  more  persons  in  addition  to  goods  should  be 
provided  with  at  least  two  independent  suspending 
ropes,  each  being  of  ample  strength  to  carry  the  full 
load.  Care  should  be  taken  to  see  that  each  rope 
is  independently  fastened  to  the  cage  and  balance 
weight.  The  sides  of  the  well  or  shaft  should  be 
smooth  and  free  from  any  projecting  obstructions 
such  as  beams,  the  ledges  of  overhanging  door- 
way lintels,  the  tops  of  window  recesses,  kc.  All 
hoist  doors  should  preferably  be  fitted  close  to  the 
edge  of  the  hoist  well.  Where  the  hoist  landings 
are  constructed  of  wood,  the  floor  board  adjacent 
the  hoist  well  may  be  hinged  forming  a  flap  lift- 
ing upwards  ;  the  front  part  of  the  cage  bottom 
may  also  be  similarly  hinged  as  a  further 
precaution. 

Hydraulic  hoists  may  be  divided  into  two  classes : 
1 .  Those  in  which  the  cage  or  platform  is  directly 
supported  by  the  ram  or  piston  of  a  vertical 
hydraulic  cylinder,  the  length  of  this  being  equal 
to  the  travel  of  the  hoist.  2.  Those  in  which  the 
cage  is  attached  by  ropes  or  cables  passing  round 
overhead  sheaves  to  rams  or  pistons  moving  in 
horizontal  or  vertical  cylinders,  the  length  of  the 
cylinder  being  reduced  by  a  system  of  multiple 
pulleys  or  sheaves.  In  all  hydraulic-power  in- 
stallations, the  accumulator  ram  and  weights 
should  be  securely  fenced  off  to  prevent  the 
possibility  of  any  person  being  crushed  by  the 
descending  ram  or  weights.  In  direct-acting 
passenger  hoists  it  is  necessary  to  aee  that  the 
cage  is  securely  fastened  to  the  top  of  the  ram. 
Guide  bars  should  be  fixed  to  the  side  of  the  hoist 
well,  and  suitable  bearers  attached  to  the  top  and 
bottom  of  the  cage.  Should  counterbalance 
weights  be  employed  instead  of  hydraulic 
balances,  the  rope  supporting  the  balance 
weights  should  be  attached  to  the  joist  irons 
supporting  the  floor  of  the  cage,  and  never 
directly  tu  the  top  of  the  cage. 

In  push  button  electric  hoists  the  movements  of 
the  cage  are  controlled  by  means  of  small  push 
buttons  fixed  inside  the  cage  and  on  the  hoist 
landings.  In  the  latest  type  of  the  Otis-Way- 
good  Co.  a  single  push  button  is  placed  at  each 
landing  door,  and  a  set  of  similar  buttons  is  placed 
inside  the  cage  and  labelled  to  correspond  with 
the  various  landings.  In  addition  there  is  also  a 
button  to  stop  the  cage  in  any  position.  If  the 
cage  is  not  in  use,  by  simply  pressing  the  button 
on  any  landing  the  cage  automatically  travels  to 
this  landing  whether  it  was  previously  above  or 
below.  To  take  the  hoist  to  any  landing,  the 
passenger,  after  entering  the  cage  and  closmg  the 
door  behind  him,  has  only  to  press  the  numbered 
button  inside  the  cage,  when  the  hoist  immediately 
starts  and  stops  automatically  at  the  required 
landing.  The  dead-stop  button  enables  the 
passenger  to  stop  the  cage  at  any  part  of  its  travel 
if  he  should  find  he  has  accidentally  touched  the 
wrong  button  and  is  travelling  in  the  wrong 
direction.  As  soon  as  the  cage  stops  he  has 
merely  to  press  the  right  button,  when  the  cage 
will  travel  to  the  corresponding  landing.  By 
this  arrangement  a  hoist  attendant  is  unnecessary. 
A  device  is  included  which  prevents  the  operation 
or  calling  of  the  cage  by  more  than  one  person  at 
a  time,  and  the  passenger  in  the  cage  has  sole 
control  over  the  hoist  untU  he  has  done  with  it 


The  hoist  doors,  in  addition,  are  provided  with 
electric  switches  and  automitic  locks  which  pre- 
vent the  opening  of  any  door  until  the  cage  is 
level  with  the  same  landing.  The  electric  switches 
on  the  doors  are  arranged  on  an  independent 
electric  circuit,  so  that  the  hoist  operating  circuit 
is  broken  as  long  as  the  doors  remain  open,  and 
the  hoist  in  consequence  cannot  be  worked  until 
the  doors  are  securely  closed.  It  is  thus  im- 
possible for  a  careless  passenger  to  enter  the  cage 
and  travel  tosomeother  floor,  leaving  the  doorop  :-n 
for  anyone  tofaU  down  the  hoist  well.  Under  the 
heading  of  automatic  hoist  doors,  Mr.  Sydney 
Smith  describes  various  safety  types,  incluiling 
Waygood's  Automatic  Gates.  This  arrangement, 
he  explains,  consists  of  a  sliding  gate  or  shutter 
suspended  by  chains,  pulleys,  and  balance  weights. 
A  pivoted  lever  provided  with  a  small  truck- 
wheel  is  fixed  at  the  side  of  the  hoist  well.  When 
the  cage  is  away  from'  any  landing,  a  projecting 
lug  near  the  top  of  the  gate  engages  the  bottom 
of  the  lever,  and  prevents  the  gate  from  being 
opened.  The  cage  is  provided  with  a  cam-plate 
at  the  side,  which  comes  into  contact  with  the 
truck  wheel  when  the  rising  or  descending  cage 
is  near  the  hoist  landing,  and  releases  the  lever, 
allowing  the  gate  to  be  lifted  by  hand.  The  gate 
is  then  held  in  position  by  a  second  projecting 
lug  near  the  bottom  of  the  gate,  which  engages 
the  top  of  the  pivoted  lever.  When  the  cage 
moves  away  from  the  landing  this  lever  is  again 
released  by  the  action  of  the  cam-plate  and  truck 
wheel,  and  the  gate  cm  slide  automatically  into 
the  closed  position. 

As  to  safety-gear,  the  author  observes  that  all 
hoists  in  which  persons  are  allowed  to  travel 
should  be  provided  with  efficient  safety-gear  to 
prevent  the  cage  from  falling  in  case  the  load  in 
the  cage  is  so  groat  as  to  overcome  the  frictional 
resistance  between  the  suspending  ropes  and  the 
overhead  grooved  driving  pulleys,  or  in  case  of 
breakage  of  the  suspending  ropes,  chains,  or 
cables.  It  is  also  very  desirable  that  the  safety- 
gear  should  be  designed  to  come  into  action 
should  the  cage  travel  beyond  the  normal  speed. 
The  best  type  of  safety-gear  is  that  which  is 
entirely  free  from  springs,  and  is  actuated  only 
by  the  entire  supported  weight.  A.  Smith  and 
Stevens's  safely-gear  consists,  he  says,  of  an  ar- 
rangement for  centre  guides,  in  which  the 
supporting  cables  pass  round  small  pulleys, 
fastened  to  a  steel  plate  provided  with  long  pro- 
jecting lugs,  and  are  then  anchored  to  the  cross- 
beam of  the  cage.  Two  curved  slots  in  the  steel 
plate  allow  a  slight  movement  round  two  pins 
fixed  immediately  above  the  pulleys.  With  a  slight 
stretching  of  either  rope  the  opposite  lug  is  tilted 
upwards,  and  engages  with  a  short  lever  fastened 
on  the  same  shaft  as  the  gripping  cams,  causing 
these  to  rotate  slightly  and  grip  the  centre  guides. 
In  the  well-known  Otis  tj-pe  of  governor,  the 
arrangement  consists  of  a  centrifugal  governor 
actuated  by  a  light  endless  wire  rope  attached  to 
the  cage  and  running  over  guide  pulleys  at  the 
top  and  bottom  of  the  hoist  well.  When  the  cage 
travels  above  a  certain  prearranged  speed  the 
governor  balls  fly  out  and  actuate  a  serrated  cam 
which  grips  the  rope  by  which  the  governor  is 
driven.  The  rope  being  held  fast  is  left  behind 
by  the  cage,  and  a  nut  fastened  on,  the  rope 
strikes  a  lever  which  in  turn  acts  on  the  safety 
wedge,  causing  the  latter  to  grip  the  guide  and 
stop  the  cage. 

In  conclusion,  the  author  gives  the  following 
summary  of  recommendations  as  to  teagles  : — (1) 
Efficient  brakes  should  be  provided  for  all 
winches  used  for  the  purpose  of  working  teagles. 
(2)  All  teagle  doorways  should  be  provided  with 
doors,  or  with  secure  bars  or  chains,  and  at  each 
side  of  the  doorway,  with  eflicient  hand-bars.  (3) 
The  floor  openings  of  all  teagles  should  be 
securely  fenced.  (4)  Life-belts  and  r.adius  ropes 
shoiild  be  provided  for  the  use  of  aU  persons 
employed  at  open  teagle  doorways,  and  no  person 
should  work  at  any  open  teagle  doorway  unless 
he  is  secured  with  a  life-belt  and  radius  rope. 
Hoists:  (1)  Stops  should  be  provided  on  all  hand 
ropes,  starting  ropes,  rods,  or  chains,  to  stop  the 
cage  automatically  at  the  highest  and  lowest 
points  of  travel,  and  all  drum  hoists  should,  in 
addition,  be  fitted  with  automatic  stop  motion,  to 
prevent  over-winding.  (2)  The  maximum  load 
that  may  be  carried  by  any  hoist  should  be 
clearly  marked  on  the  cage  and  on  each  landing. 
(3j  All  hoist  cages  in  which  any  person  travels 
should  be  suspended  by  not  less  than  two  inde- 
pendent ropes  or  chains.  This,  however,  would 
not  apply  in  the  case  of  directly  supported 
hydraulic  ram  hoists.     (4)  All  ropes,  cables,  and 


chains  used  for  the  suspension  of  hoist  cages 
should  be  periodically  examined,  and  chains  and 
cables  should  be  periodically  examined  and  tested 
and  also  annealed  at  least  once  in  every  twelve 
months.  The  sate  loads  indicated  by  the  test  and 
the  times  of  annealing  should  be  entered  in  a 
register  kept  on  the  premises.  (5)  All  projections 
in  hoist  wells,  includingdoor  lintels, if  the  doors  are 
not  flush  with  the  side  of  the  hoist  well,  should  be 
bevelled  by  sloping  boards,  and  the  sides  of  all  hoist 
wells  should  be  made  smooth.  (6)  All  hoist  wells 
and  landings  should  be  efficiently  lighted.  • 
(7)  A  clearance  of  at  least  3ft.  should  be  left  at 
the  top  and  bottom  of  the  hoist  well  between  the 
top  and  bottom  of  the  cage  respectively  when  the 
cage  is  at  the  points  of  its  highest  and  lowest 
travel.  (8)  The  tops  of  all  hoist-cages  should  be 
covered  with  an  efficient  roof  or  with  stout  wire 
netting.  (9)  Where  cages  are  worked  in  an  open 
hoist-way,  the  cages  should  be  securely  fenced  by 
doors  or  other  efficient  means,  to  prevent  persona 
or  goods  inside  the  cage  from  falling  out.  (10) 
Except  in  cases  where  a  competent  person  is  ap- 
pointed, whose  sole  duty  is  to  attend  to  the  hoist, 
the  hoist  openings  should  be  securely  fenced  by 
efficient  gates  or  doors,  which  should  be  auto- 
matic in  action.  In  other  cases  efficient  locks  or 
other  secure  fastenings  on  the  well-side  of  the 
door  should  be  provided,  and  the  keys  placed  in 
charge  of  a  responsible  person.  The  doors  or 
gates  should  not  be  less  than  6ft.  in  height,  and 
should  be  so  marked  as  not  to  be  mistaken  for 
ordinary  doors.  (11)  All  hoist  cages  should  be 
provided  with  efficient  safety  gear.  (12)  Suitable 
locking  grips  should  be  provided  for  the  hand 
starting-ropes,  rods,  or  chains  of  all  hoists  where 
these  pass  through  the  cage.  (13)  No  person 
under  the  age  of  eighteen  years  should  work  or 
be  in  charge  of  any  hoist. 


CJR.\TES  AND   FIREPLACES. 

MESSRS.  E.  n .  SHORLAXD  and  BROTHER 
send  us  a  copy  of  their  new  catalogue, 
just  published,  of  their  patent  warm-air  venti- 
lating Manchester  grates,  patent  Manchester 
stoves  with  open  fires,  patent  exhaust  roof  and 
special  inlet  ventilators.  The  catalogue  is  a 
handsome  one,  of  increased  size,  and  there  are 
various  new  illustrations  contained  in  same.  The 
patent  Manchester  grates  are  made  in  many  new 
designs,  and  in  addition  to  some  of  the  Man- 
chester grates  having  glazed  faience  chimney- 
pieces  there  are  a  good  number  of  excellent 
designs  of  these  grates  with  glazed  bricks  round 
same.  The  list  of  places  given  on  pp.  40,  41,  42, 
43,  and  44  where  the  patent  Manchester  grates, 
stoves,  and  ventilators  are  in  use  is  very  exten- 
sive, and  shows  the  universal  favour  these 
specialities  have  met  with.  In  the  centre  of  the 
catalogue  are  shown  some  new  designs  of  patent 
exhaust  roof  and  inlet  ventilators,  which  are  all 
made  by  special  machinery,  and  are  exceedingly 
strong,  well  fiikished,  ahd  powerful  in  their 
action.  In  the  hist  section,  the  patent  open- 
fireplace  Manchester  stoves  are  illustrated.  These 
are  now  nSacfe  encased  in  richly-glazed  faience  as 
well  as  xrith  marble  tops,  and  in  all  iron.  They 
are  suppliSU  double-fronted  \s  well  as  single- 
fronted,  and  either  with  ascending  or  descending 
smoke  flues.  There  are  many  thousands  of  these 
Jlanchester  stoves  in  use  in  hospital  wards 
throughout  the  country,  and  they  are  recognised 
to  be  among  the  best  stoves  for  hospital  use,  as 
pure  air  warmed  to  an  agreeable  temperature  is 
introduced  into  the  wards  in  large  volumes.  The 
catalogue  is  printed  on  three  different  colours  of 
paper  to  keep  the  three  different  sections  separate 
—thus,  the  Manchester  grates  first,  then  the 
exhaust  roof  and  inlet  ventilators,  and  lastly  the 
Manchester  stoves.  For  ready  reference,^  the 
sections  are  also  shown  by  means  of  three  printed 
tabs,  each  tab  marking  the  commencement  of 
each  section. 


Miss  Woodhouse.  of  St.  Albans,  has  offered  to 
present  a  brass  eagle  lectern  to  the  cathedral  in 
that  city,  to  be  designed  by  Mr.  J.  Oldrid 
Scott,  F.S.A. 

A  monument  has  just  been  set  up  in  Horley 
churchyard  to  the  memory  of  the  Rev.  Edward 
Rice,  D.D.,  a  former  vicar  of  Horley,  Surrey,  and 
headmaster  of  Chi-ist's  Hospital.  The  monument 
is  of  red  granite  in  the  design  of  a  Celtic  cross, 
stands  over  6ft.  in  height.  His  body,  which  was 
originally  interred  in  the"  Garden"  vault  at  Christ's 
Hospital,  was  recently  removed  to  Horley,  owing 
to  the  demolition  of  the  hospital  buildirgs. 


Ju»E  17,  1904. 


THE    BUILDIXG    NEWS. 


863 


THE    PROTECTION    OF    ANCIEN'T 
BUILDINGS. 

THE  annual  general  meeting  of  the  Society  for 
the  Protection  of  Ancient  iiiiildiogs  was 
held  on  Friday  at  the  rooms  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  Burlington  House,  when  Mr.  llolman 
Hunt  gave  an  address  on  the  work  undertaken  by 
the  society.  The  Hon.  Percy  Wyndham  occupied 
the  chair,  and  moved  the  adoption  of  the  report. 
Ho  observed  that  in  former  times  their  eiforts 
were  largely  directed  to  finding  fault  with  people 
and  attempting  to  put  them  in  the  right  way  with 
regard  to  dealing  with  ancient  buildings.  That 
st^te  of  things,  in  a  great  measure,  had  changed. 
People  now  came  to  the  society  in  increasing 
numbers  for  advi^■e  as  to  the  best  way  of  repair- 
ing, not  restoring,  the  edifices  under  their 
charge.  The  more  e.xcellent  way  of  preserving 
an  edifice  of  historic  interest  was  also  the  way 
which  gave  less  trouble,  and  costless.  Referring 
to  a  proposal  toy  restore  Folheringhay  Church — 
associated  with  the  memory  of  Mary  liueen  of 
Scots— at  a  cost  of  nearly  £7,000,  he  said  that  a 
gentleman  of  authority,  not  a  member  of  this 
society,  but  imbued  with  their  ideas,  was  pre- 
pared to  stake  hia  professional  reputation  as  an 
architect  that  the  church  might  be  repaired  and 
saved  for  an  outlay  of  £2,000. 

Mr.  H.  Ellij  seconded  the  motion,  which  was 
adopted. 

ifr.  Holman  Hunt  remarked  that  the  formation 
of  the  society  might  be  justly  attributed  to  the 
late  William  Jlorris,  who  recognised  the  need  of 
d'ling  something  to  check  the  destructijn  of 
ancient  buildings  and  monuments  which  was 
going  on  in  a  high-handed  manner  in  every  part 
of  the  country.  It  was  not  the  declared  enemies 
of  order  and  beauty  who  wrought  the  greatest 
evil;  many  of  those  who  did  so  were,  on  the 
contrary,  enthusiasts  for  the  beauty  of  the  archi- 
tecture and  monuments  of  our  land.  He  thought 
th.at  the  people  who  wrought  the  greatest  evil 
were  the  resurrectionist  Gothic  architects,  who 
were  idolaters  of  the  correct  period.  Evei-ything 
that  was  not  of  the  correct  period  they  were  ready 
to  demolish,  no  matter  what  historic  interest  it 
possessed.  It  Wis  often  very  disheartening  to  see 
the  attitude  assumed  by  persons  in  whose  hands 
the  casting  vote  as  (o  the  demolition  of  an  ancient 
structure  remained.  What  such  individuals  said 
was,  "Oh,  my  consideration  is  not  for  fanciful 
interests  :  what  I  look  to  is  utility."  They  failed 
to  see  that  there  was  any  connection  between 
beauty  and  utihty.  Socrates  laid  it  down  that 
beauty  was  founded  upon  fitness,  and  fitness  was 
utility.  It  -was  the  sacredness  of  those  feelings, 
ob.served  by  their  archi'ects,  sculptors,  and  deco- 
rators of  all  kinds  which  had  made  Greek  art 
everlasting,  and  that  had  now  resuscitated  Greece 
from  the  tomb  info  which  she  had  fallen.  The 
same  might  be  truly  said  of  Itily.  The  art  it 
created  only  a  few  hundred  years  ago  was  the 
thing  which  had  restored  Italy  to  existence.  Who 
would  have  cared  about  exerting  themfelves  t) 
save  either  country  but  for  the  precious  inherit- 
ance they  left  to  us  r  Although  this  society  had 
not  succeeded  in  all  cases  in  staying  the  ravages 
of  the  despoilers,  yet  it  had  done  a  great  deal. 
The  spirit  of  beauty  had  never  beta  left  un- 
recorded by  nature.  Infinite  pains  had  been  em- 
ployed by  nature  to  preserve  for  the  eyes  of  this 
generation  specimens  of  animal  and  vegetable 
life,  both  rou^h  and  beautiful,  in  the  distant 
past,  and  it  would  be  a  sh.ame  not  to  follow  the 
example  thus  set  us,  but  allow  the  ancient  build- 
ings in  our  midst  to  disappear  from  the  sii<ht  of 
those  who  came  after  us.  At  this  particular 
moment,  when  beauty  had  again  departed  from  the 
land,  when  many  of  our  carriages  no  longer  had 
beautiful  animals  to  draw  them  along  the  road,  but 
were  made  into  square  boxes,  and  when  our  w.ar- 
ships  were  modelled  like  coal-scuttles,  it  became  a 
duly  to  develop  beauty  and  follow  the  example  of 
all  that  was  making  for  it  in  nature.  The  whole 
spirit  of  generosity  and  recognition  uf  this  beauty 
should  be  appealed  to,  and  everything  possible 
done  to  induce  rich  people  to  a.-^sist  tho.so  who, 
moved  by  the  same  spirit  as  that  which  led 
William  Morris  to  found  this  society,  were  now 
working  for  them  in  Creio,  in  Egypt,  and  in 
Syria.  He  did  not  think  anything  would  be  lost 
by  making  It  a  larger  (piestion  than  that  of  the 
particular  work  which  they  themselves  were 
doing. 

Mr.  Somers  Clarke,  F.S.A  ,  tho  architect  to 
Ihe  Dean  and  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's,  who  pro- 
posed a  vote  of  thanks  to  Jlr.  Holman  Hunt, 
spoke  of  a  few  matters  which  had  come  under  his 
notice  in  connection   with    the  repair  of  monu- 


ments of  Christian  and  Saracenic  art  in  Egypt. 
He  referred  particularly  to  the  red  and  the  white 
monasteries  near  Sohag,  within  sight  of  the 
ancient  city  of  .\klim'in,  from  which  so  many  of 
the  finest  Coptic  embroideries  at  the  South  Ken- 
sington Museum  had  come. 

Mr.  Emery  Walker  seconded  the  motion,  which 
was  agreed  to  unanimously. 


THE   BLACKMiiRE    MEMORIAL. 
IT/'E  give  herewith  an  illustration  of  the  tablet 
}  T        which  has  been  erected  in  Exeter  Cathe- 
dial  to  the  memory  of  Richard  Doddridge  Black- 
more,  the  author  of  "  Lorna  Doone,"  about  which 


so  much  correspondence  has  appeared  criticising, 
defending,  and  excusing  the  grammar  of  the 
inscription. 

We  also  give  an  illustration  of  Mr.  Harry 
Hems's  original  study  for  the  medallion.  We 
believe  he  only  had  a  small  lithograph  to  work 
from,  but  the  likeness  is  certainly  good. 


THE  SILCHESTER   EXCAVATIONS. 

THE  executive  committee  of  the  Silchester 
Excavation  Fund  have  reopened  this  year 
the  customary  exhibition  of  the  results  of  their 
labours,  which  was  not  held  in  lUO.J.  The  more 
interesting  olijccts  found  and  plans  of  tho  portions 
of  the  site  dug  over  last  season,  the  fourtccntli 
during  which  the  work  has  been  prosecuted,  are 
now  on  view  in  the  Society  of  Antiquarians' 
rooms  at  Burlington  House,  and  will  be  open  till 
the  end  of  next  week.  Owing  to  the  rainy 
weather  last  year  was  unfavourable  :  but  a  con- 
siderable space  of  ground  was  explored,  and  the 
discoveries  of  old  biiiliiings  were  inoro  numerous 
than  in  most  recent  years.  Tho  an.a  worked  over 
lies  to  the  south-i.'ast  portion  ot  tho  city.  The 
southern  part  of  this  ground  disclosed  the  foundn-  I 


tions  of  six  buildings  and  part  of  another.  Three 
of  these  were  houses  of  the  corridor  type,  but  did 
not  present  any  novel  features.  The  north  of 
these,  however,  the  foundations  were  laid  bare  of 
what  seems  to  have  been  the  principal  baths  of  the 
town.  At  no  great  distance  from  this  other  and 
smaller  baths  had  previously  betn  found  :  but 
the  newly-discovered  ones  seem  to  have  been  the 
property  of  the  town,  and  intended  forthe  public. 
The  building  consists  of  a  block  of  many  chambers, 
measuring  about  H5ft.  from  north  to  south,  and 
nearly  100ft.  from  east  to  west.  There  are  trace- 
able the  apodyterium,  the  frigidarium,  the  tepid- 
arium,  and  the  caldarium.  The  interest  of  the  dis- 
covery is  enhanced  by  the  evidences  of  successive 
alterations  and  enlargements.  The  rectangular 
end  of  one  of  the  largest  rooms  was  replaced  at  a 
later  period  by  a  circular  apse.  It  would  appear, 
too,  that  on  the  south  there  had  been  a  subsidence 
leading  to  the  destruction  or  abandonment  of 
rooms  and  the  substitution  of  other  accommoda- 
tion. A  tinted  plan  on  the  walls  indicates  the 
several  stages  and  changes.  In  these  baths 
Several  architectural  fragments  were  found, 
including  a  small  altar,  apparently  cracked  by 
tire,  portions  of  capitals  and  bases,  and  parts  of  a 
large  basin  of  Purbeck  marble  .5ft.  in  diameter. 
This  was  sunk  in  the  floor  of  the  frKjldariuin, 
with  a  considerable  hole  in  the  middle.  It  may 
have  been  intended  for  a  shower  bath.  This 
bafcin  is  a  rare  accessory  of  Roman  baths,  the 
only  other  one  of  the  kind  appearing  to  be  at 
Cilurnum,  in  Northumberland,  en  the  Roman 
WaU.  A  number  of  bricks  were  also  found, 
which  lay  on  their  edges  as  flooring  for  kitchens 
or  olJices,  and  are  in  a  good  state  of  preservation. 
The  miscellaneous  objects  include  some  large 
blocks  of  stone  and  metal,  man)'  coins,  and 
specimens  of  painted  wall-plaster.  The  com- 
mittee propose  during  the  current  year  to  continue 
last  year's  excavations  northwards  and  westwards 
with  the  object  of  completing  the  courtyard  of 
the  public  baths  and  other  unfinished  works. 
The  accounts  show  an  income  of  £40:S  18s.  '2d., 
including  subscriptions  of  £359  ISs.  andabalance 
of  £58  138.  6d.  An  appeal  is  made  for  further 
funds  for  the  eflicitnt  prosecution  of  the  work. 
Donations  may  be  sent  to  Mr.  !•'.  G.  Hilton 
Price,  17,  Collingham  -  gardens,  honorary 
treasurer;  or  to  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope, 
Burlington  House,  honorary  secretary. 


SUB -CONTRACTS. 

THE  Institute  of  Builders  baa  issued  the 
following  form  of  Sub-Contract  for  building 
work.  Copies  can  be  obtained  of  the  Secretary 
at  31,  Bedford-street,  Strand: — 

The  Contractors  have  entered  into  the  Contract  men- 
tiimtil  in  the  first  Schedule  hereto,  which,  with  the 
t-ptcification.  Drawings,  and  Conditions,  is  hereinafter 
iiu'tuded  in  the  exprefision  the  piiDeipal  Contract. 

It  has  been  agreed  between  the  parties  hereto  that  the 
Sub-Contractor  shall  execute  and  supply  for  the  buildings 
;i  nd  work  to  be  executed  under  the  principal  Contr  act  tr  e 
work  and  materials  specified  irr  Ihe  second  Schedule 
liereto,  upon  and  subject  to  the  terms  and  conditions 
hereinafter  contained. 
Now  it  is  hereby  agreed  as  follows  : — 
1.  The  Sub-Contractor  will  do  and  perform  all  the 
obliga*ions  impo.ed  upon  or  undertaken  by  the  Con- 
tractors under  the  principal  Contract  in  respect  of  the 
work  and  materials  referred  to  in  the  said  second  Schedule 
heietoto  the  satisfaction  of  the  Contractors  and  of  the 
Architect  under  the  prmcipal  Contract— hereinafter  re- 
ferred to  as  the  Architect— and  in  such  manner  as  the 
Contractors  shall  direct  or  require. 

2.  The  Sub-Contractor  b-aviof;  full  knowledge  of  the 
terms,  stipulations,  aird  couditioi  s  of  the  principal  Con- 
tract agrees  to  abide  by,  perform,  and  keep  the  same  so 
fur  as  they  ar-e  applicable  to  the  subject-matter  of  this 
(  ontr-act  as  fully  as  rf  the  same  had  been  heroin  set  forth 
at  length,  and  as  if  he  were  the  Contiactors  under  su'jh 
I  'ontract,  and  in  particular  will  remove  or  make  good  any 
defects  or  defeotive  work  or  materials  which  the  Architect 
or  the  Contractors  may  require  to  have  removed,  reme- 
died, or  made  good  at  any  time  during  the  progress  of  the 
works  or  within  the  period  named  in  the  principal  Con- 
tract as  the  period  of  maintenance,  and  lu  the  event  of 
tile  Sob-Contractor  becoming  bankrupt  or  comnutting  any 
;ii.t  of  bankruptcy,  the  <_'ontractors  are  to  have  tire  same 
:iiid  the  like  powers  over  the  plant, chattels,  materials  and 
property  of  the  Sub-Contractor,  on  the  site,  as  are  given 
to  tlie  Employers  over  the  Contractors  and  their  plant  and 
materials,  in  and  by  the  principal  Contract  in  such  an 
-vent. 

;J.  The  Sub-Contractor  will  complete  and  deliver  up  the 
woiks  and  the  respective  sections  thereof  to  be  executed 
uiid.-r  this  Contract  at  the  time  or  within  the  i-espeotive 
times  specitied  in  the  first  column  of  the  thud  bclitdule 
hereto,  and  in  case  of  default -unless  such  default  shall 
he  attributable  to  strike  or  lock-out  of  the  Sub-Con- 
tractor's workmen  or  otlier  cause  which  tin  Coiitnictors 
«  r,  in  cirse  of  their  icfu.sal,  the  -Vrchitect  shall  consider 
such  as  to  entitle  tho  Contractors  to  an  extension  of  time 
under  the  princip'il  Contract- will  pay  t  j  the  Contractors 
Itie  atuoiint  mtntionod  in  the  secoml  column  of  the  third 
Schedule  as  liquidated  and  airiotd  damages  which  the 
(\)iUractoi-s  are  hereby  authorisc<l  to  deduct  from  any 
moneys  due  or  to  become  payable  under  this  Conti-.ict 


864 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


Juke  17,  1904. 


It  i"' expressly  agreed  that  the  respeitive  amounts  men- 
tioned in  such  Schedule  are  severally  applicib'e  to  the 
respective  portions  of  work  against  which  tbey  are  ser  so 
that  two  or  more  or  all  of  them  miy  rua  and  be  p.yible 
concurrently.  ..  ,  ,  i    a  i  iv 

4.  The  Contractors  are  to  be  enbtlea  to  determine  this 
Contract  in  the  event  of  the  works  not  prigressing  to  their 
reasonable  satisfaction,  or  the  goods  or  any  part  thereof 
not  being  delivered  within  the  time  or  respective  tiooes 
stated  in  the  third  Schedule,  and  default  being  made  by 
the  Sub-Contractor  in  complying  with  a  written  not'ce 
from  the  Contractors  to  proceed  with  the  works  or  deliver 
the  goods  as  the  cas?  may  be  f?r  a  period  named  in  such 
notice  not  being  less  than  three  working  days.  In  the 
event  of  the  Contract  being  determined  under  this  Clause 
an  account  shall  be  tatien  of  the  amount  due  for  work 
executed  or  materials  de'ivered  and  of  the  damages  or 
incre.i.scd  cost  caused  to  either  party  by  delay  or  breach  of 
Contract,  and  the  balance  due  either  to  or  frorn  the  Con- 
tractors shall  be  ascertiined  and  paid  accordingly.  In 
oise  of  difference  the  amount  shall  be  a  matter  for  arbi- 
tration under  Clause  1 1,  and  the  decision  of  the  Arbitrator 
shall  be  iinal. 

5.  The  Contractors  shall  provide  at  their  own  expense 
all  water  required  by  tt  e  Sub-Contractor  for  the  purposes 
of  this  Conti-act,  and  the  Sub-Contractor  shall  have  the 
use.  in  common  with  the  workmen  of  the  Contractors 
and  of  other  Sub-Contractors,  of  existing  seailolding  only. 
The  Sub-Contractor  shall,  however,  satisfy  himself  that 
any  scalfoldiog  used  for  the  purpose  of  th's  Contract  is 
fitand  proper  for  his  purpose,  and  shall  be  solely  re- 
sponsible for  any  acr^idtnts  which  may  result  from  tSe 
user  of  such  scaffolding  or  plant  by  himself  or  men  in  his 
employ,  and  shall  make  good  any  damage  to  scaffolding 
or  plant  belonging  to  the  Contractors,  or  any  portion  of 
the  work  in  course  of  execution,  done  or  caused  bv  ;iny 
act,  neglect,  or  default  of  himself  or  of  any  men  in  his 
employ. 

6.  The  Sub-Contractor  will  provide,  at  his  own  expense, 
any  temporary  workshops,  sheds,  or  messrooms  required 
for  his  workmen,  at  such  places  on  the  site  as  the  Con- 
tractors may  appoint,  and  also  provide  any  fuel,  light, 
and  -watching  required  for  his  work. 

7.  All  works  executed  and  goods  delivered  under  this 
Contract  shall  be  executed  and  made  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  Contractors  and  of  the  Architect.  No  variations 
shall  be  made  unless  authorised  by  the  Contractors  in 
writing.  The  amount  payable  or  to  be  allowed  in  respect 
of  all  authorised  variations  which  may  be  made  in  the 
works  or  goods  the  subject  of  this  Contract,  is,  unless 
otherwise  agreed  between  the  parties,  to  be  adjusted 
undt  r  the  provisions  of  the  pi  incipal  Contract. 

S.  The  price  to  be  paid  to  the  Sub-Contractor  shall  be 
the  price  named  or  to  be  ascertained  in  the  manner  pro- 
vided in  the  fifth  Schedule,  and  payments  shall  be  made 
by  the  Contractors  to  the  Sub-Contractor  as  the  work 
proceeds  at  the  rate  and  by  the  instalments  meni  ioned  in 
such  Schedule  [but  so  that  no  payment  shall  become  due 
to  the  Sub-Contractor  under  ttiis  Contract  unless  and 
until  the  Architect  shall  have  included  in  a  certificate  an 
amount  ia  respect  of  the  works  executed  under  this  Con- 
tract for  which  payment  ia  being  claimed),  and  unless 
otherwise  provided  in  the  Schedule,  the  final  shall  only  be 
payable  as  and  when  the  Contractors  receive  their  final 
payment. 

9.  If  the  Sub-Contractor  shall  for  three  days  after 
written  notice  from  the  Contractors  refuse  or  neglect  to 
make  good  any  defective  work  or  to  remove  any  goods  or 
materials  which  the  Contractors  or  the  Architects  may 
consider  unfit  or  improper  or  defective,  and  to  forthwith 
re-execute  the  work  in  a  proper  manner  or  supply  proper 
goods  or  materials  in  the  place  thereof,  the  cost  of  making 
good,  removing,  and  supplying  any  such  work,  goods,  or 
materials  as  aforesaid  shall  be  paid  by  the  Sub-Con- 
tractor, or  deducted  by  the  Contractors  from  any  monies 
in  their  hands, 

10.  The  Sub-Contractor  will  at  hs  own  expense  main- 
ti'n  the  work  and  materials  e-xecut'-'d  or  supplied  by  him 
under  this  Conti-act  in  good  working  order  and  condition 
after  the  same  shall  have  been  completed  for  the  period  or 
respective  periods  mentioned  in  the  fourth  Schedule 
hereto,  and  he  guarantees  that  the  work  executed  and 
materials  supplied  by  him  under  this  Contract  will  come 
up  to  the  standard  and  perform  the  functions  provided 
and  required  in  the  principal  Contract  or  any  variation  or 
addition  thereto  made  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  such 
Contract. 

U.  The  Sub-Contractor  shall  make  his  own  arrange- 
ments for  insurance  against  fire,  and  the  Contractors 
shall  not  be  under  any  responsibility  for  any  loss  or 
damage  caused  to  the  Sub-Contractor  or  his  work,  tools, 
or  tackle  resulting  from  fire,  storm,  tempest,  or  explosion, 

12,  If  at  any  lime  during  any  period  in  which  the 
Sub-Contractor  shall  be  employed  on  any  work  for  the 
Contractors,  a  claim  for  compensation  or  damages  shall 
be  preferred  against  the  Contractors  by  a  workman  of  the 
Sub-Contractor,  or  any  dependant  of  such  workman,  or 
any  person  entitled  to  payment  under  Subsection  3  of 
Section  1  (n)  of  the  First  Schedule  to  the  Workmen's 
Compensation  Act,  1897.  on  account  of  an  injury,  fatal  or 
otherwise,  sustained  by  such  workman  while  employed  on 
such  work,  then  the  Sub-Contractor  shall  keep  the  Con- 
tractors indemnified  against  such  claim  and  all  costs  and 
expenses  in  relation  to  such  claim, 

13,  In  case  of  any  conflict  or  inconsistency  between  the 
provisions  of  the  principal  Contract,  so  far  as  applicable 
to  the  subject  matter  of  this  Contract  and  the  provisions 
of  this  Contract,  the  provisions  of  this  Contiact  shall 
prevail  and  be  enforced  accordingly, 

14,  In  case  any  dispute  or  difference  should  arise  under 
this  Contract  or  any  matter  or  thing  therein  referred  to,  or 
anything  to  be  done  under  and  in  pursuance  thereof,  such 
dispute  shall  from  time  to  time  be  referred  to  some  person 
to  be  agreed  upon  between  the  parties,  or  failing  agree- 
ment, to  the  President  for  the  time  being  of  the  Institute 
of  Builders,  or  some  person  nominated  by  him. 

As  witness  the  hands  of  the  parties 

[Th'!  fti-f:  Scli'yJrtled  Forms  are  npprnled.] 


A  new  Baptist  church,  Byzantine  in  style,  is 
about  to  be  built  in  Grove-road,  Norwich,  from 
plans  by  Mr.  A.  F,  Scott,  of  that  city.  The  build- 
ing culminates  in  a  central  dome,  flanked  on  the 
mam  Iront  by  two  smaller  domes  carried  on  towers. 


OBITUARY. 

We  regret  to  announce  the  death,  at  the  com- 
paratively early  age  of  forty-five,  of  Mr. 
Councillor  Wii.lum  Cooi-ek,  architect,  of  Have- 
lo:k-road,  Hastings,  and  Seaford,  aftir  only  a 
few  days'  illne=s.  He  was  an  active  and  valued 
member  cf  the  Society  of  Architects,  to  which 
he  had  belonged  for  the  past  thirteen  years.  He 
was  also  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Examiners  of 
the  Socie'y,  as  well  as  a  member  of  the  Council, 
and  had  held  the  post  of  hon.  corresp.  secretary, 
and  was  one  of  the  most  regular  attendants  at 
its  meetings.  He  took  a  warm  interest  in  the  jio- 
motion  of  the  Architects'  Regi-tration  Bill.  He 
had  served  his  articles  to  Mr.  Arthur  A.  G. 
Cclpoys,  A.R.I  B. A.,  of  Hastings.  Among  his 
works  are  the  Hastings  and  St.  Leonards  Lidies' 
College,  numerous  church  restoration!",  new 
rectories  and  vicarages,  private  residences,  and 
the  development  of  building  estates  ia  Hastings 
and  neighbouring  towns.  Mr.  Cooper  was  tie 
champion  shot  of  the  Hastings  Uille  Club,  and 
held  the  reord  of  local  shooting,  having  dis- 
tinguished him' elf  at  meets  of  the  .Sussex  Twenty 
Club.  He  held  the  rank  of  Lieutenant  in  the 
Royal  Sussex  Engineer  Volunteers.  He  was  a 
vegetarian  and  an  abstainer. 

We  regret  to  record  the  dealh  of  Mr.  EoMfXD 
L.\w  for  many  years  the  county  surveyor  of 
Northamptonshire,  an  event  which  occurred  at 
his  residence,  in  St.  Michael's  Avenue,  North- 
ampton, early  on  the  morning  of  the  8th  inst. 
The  decEased  gentleman  was  born  in  the  town  in 
which  he  resided  all  his  life,  upon  February  11, 
1840,  hence  was  in  his  6.5th  year.  Ha  was  the 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  Edmund  Francis  Law,  J. P.,  a 
former  mayor  of  Northampton,  who  died  in  1882, 
and  was,  in  his  day  and  generation,  one  of  the 
best  known  architects  in  the  ilidlaiid  counties. 
Mr.  Edmund  Law  was  trained  for  his  profession 
in  the  olEce  of  his  father,  and  on  the  latter's 
death  succeeded  him  to  the  office  of  county 
surveyor,  which  he  held  until  jmt  three  years 
ago,  when  continued  ill  heilth  was  the  cause  of 
his  retirement.  Leading  a  very  active  life,  he 
did  much  good  architectural  work  locally, 
amongst  which  may  be  mentioned  the  new  county 
chambers  at  Northampton,  the  restoration  of  .Ml 
Saints  (the  parish  church)  in  that  town,  IHl- 
lington,  and  many  other  churchej.  He  held  the 
office  of  surveyor  to  the  Northampton  County 
Trustees,  and  was  a  freeman  of  the  town.  He 
was  also  closely  identified  with  many  locil  in- 
stitutions, more  especially  those  having  for  their 
aim  the  benefit  of  the  young,  and  was  for  many 
years  lay  reader  at  All  Saints'  church.  Some 
time  ago  he  took  into  partnership  Mr.  Sidney  F. 
Harris,  his  son-in-law,  and  later  on  his  second 
son,  Mr.  H.  H.  Law.  His  busy  and  successful 
professional  career  practically  terminated  a  few 
years  ago,  when  he  was  seized  with  paralysis, 
from  which  he  never  really  recDvered.  He 
married  in  1S06,  and  leaves-a  widow,  together 
with  five  sons  and  a  daughter,  all  of  whom  survive 
him. 


The  window  to  be  erected  in  the  school  chapel  at 
Rugby  to  the  memory  of  those  Old  Kugbeians  who 
fell  in  the  South  African  War  will  be  unveiled  on 
Speech-day,  Saturday  in  next  week,  June  25,  by 
the  Dean  of  Wells. 

It  is  offioially  announced  that  the  Harrow  and 
Uxbridge  Railway  will  be  opened  for  public  traffic 
on  Monday,  July  4. 

Dr.  C.  A.  Hingston,  J  P.,  has  laid  the  foundation- 
stone  in  Gibbon-street,  Plymouth,  of  the  Pitts 
Memorial  Hall,  which  is  being  erected  in  connection 
with  Charles'  Church.  The  dimension  of  the  build- 
ing will  be  "Oft.  by  60ft.,  with  accommodation  iu 
the  main  hall  for  500  people,  and  one  underneath  to 
hold  200,  with  ante-rooms,  offices,  and  arcades.  The 
total  expenditure  will  be  about  £2,(100.  Mr.  M. 
Alton  Bazeley  is  the  architect,  and  Messrs.  Peam 
Bros.,  also  of  Plymouth,  are  the  contractors. 

A  stained-glass  window  has  been  placed  in  Cob- 
ham  Church,  Kent,  in  memory  of  Lieut. -Gen.  Sir 
John  Stokes  and  Lady  Stokes. 

The  design  of  Mr.  James  Ransome,  F.R.I.B.A., 
of  Calcutta,  consulting  architect  to  the  Govern- 
ment of  India,  has  been  adopted  for  the  Victoria 
Memorial  Clock  Tower,  Ludhiana.  It  is  an  adapta- 
tion from  the  Campanile  Palazzo  Scaligeri  at  Verona. 
The  tower  is  to  be  built  entirely  of  red  brick,  with 
the  exception  of  the  largo  landing  at  the  summit 
and  those  of  the  balconies,  which  are  to  be  of  red 
Agra  sandstone.  The  site  is  an  open  piece  of  ground 
adjoining  the  dak  bungalow.  'The  total  height  of 
the  tower  from  the  ground  to  the  top  of  the  terminal 
is  124ft.  6in.,  and  the  clock,  which  is  by  Benson, 
has  a  chime  of  five  bells. 


Builbins  IntelUgentt 


AccuixGTON,  L.\xi  AsiiiUE. — A  nsw  ambulance 
drill-hill  has  been  erected  in  King-street  at  a 
cost  of  £2,500,  and  was  opened  on  Siturday, 
June  11,  by  Mijor-General  Biden-Powell,  C.15. 
The  whole  of  the  premises  are  on  the  ground  floor, 
and  comprise  the  hall,  69ft.  long  by  56Et.  wide, 
with  rooms  at  one  end  for  officers,  men,  and 
storekeeper,  and  a  lecture-room  :  lavatories  for 
both  sexes  are  provided,  and  the  whole  of  the 
premises  are  heated  by  hot  water  and  ligh  ed  by 
electricity  and  gas.  The  ambulance-van  house 
is  placed  next  the  front  entrance,  and  arranged 
so  that  the  van  cm  be  run  into  the  dri'l-hall  for 
practice  in  loading  and  unloaling.  Th-i  build- 
ings are  of  brick  and  terracotta,  and  the  flo  ts  are 
of  maple  blocking  and  tiles.  All  the  w  ills  are 
plastered  and  painted,  and  the  woodwork  of 
pitch-pine  varnished.  The  architects  are  Messrj. 
Haywood  and  Harrison,  of  Accrington  and 
Lytham. 

AcTox. — On  Saturday  last  the  chairman  of  the 
Acton  Urban  District  Council,  Mr.  J.  W.  (Jarratt, 
J. P.,  opened  the  new  Public  Baths,  whith  have 
been  built  to  the  rear  of  the  site  for  the  new 
Town  Hall  and  Municipal  Buildings.  There  are 
two  swimming-baths,  one  m-asuring  105ft.  by 
30ft.,  and  the  other  75ft.  by  30ft.  Each  pond 
has  a  gallery  round  on  three  sides,  and  the  usual 
water-chute,  diving-stage,  &c.  The  sides  are 
lined  with  glazed  bricks  and  tiles.  There  is  also 
the  provision  of  a  spray  pipe,  generally  adopted 
to  keep  the  surface  clear  of  dust.  Slipper  and 
douche  baths  for  different  classes  ate  provided. 
The  buildings  are  fac  d  with  red  brick,  and  are 
extensive  in  character, with  tall  gables  and  ample 
tkylights.  The  baths  were  designed  by  Jlr. 
D.  J.  Ebbetts,  the  surveyor  to  the  urban  district 
council. 

B.iTTERSE.v. — New  public  baths  in  the  Roman 
style  have  just  been  built  alongside  the  existing 
Latcbmere  Baths  by  the  borough  council.  They 
comprise  swimming-bath,  waiting-hall,  dressing- 
room,  and  six  slipper  baths.  The  swimming  pond 
is  75ft  by  25ft.,  and  the  depth  of  water  at  the 
shallow  end  is  only  2ft.  lOin.,  and  at  the  deep 
end  6ft.,  the  bath  being  calculated  to  hold  52,000 
gallons,  supplied  by  artesian  wells  at  a  d»pth  of 
500ft.  from  the  surface.  -A  novel  feature  of  the 
undertaking  is  that  the  dressing-boxes  and  lava- 
tories are  not  on  the  same  floor  as  the  swimming 
pond,  but  ara  underground.  There  are  thirteen 
tiers  of  seats  to  the  gallery  on  each  side  of  the 
bath,  with  the  exception  of  one  side,  and  under 
the  gallery  are  the  dressing-boxes,  5G  in  number, 
aciess  to  them  being  given  by-  means  of  five 
flights  of  York  stone  stairs  leading  from  the  sides 
of  the  swimming-bath.  The  whole  of  the  work, 
including  the  ornamental  wrought-iron  gates 
and  railings  and  the  steel  roof  trusses,  has  been 
carried  out  by  the  Works  Department,  under  the 
direction  of  the  superintendent  of  works,  Mr. 
Mark  Green.  The  hot  and  cold  water  supply  to 
the  swimming  ard  s-lipper  baths,  and  also  the 
heating  arrangement,  have  been  carried  out  under 
the  direction  of  the  engineer  and  superintendent, 
Mr.  W.  J.  Ellis,  who  has  designed  the  bath 
fittings  which  have  been  used.  Besides  these 
new  baths,  there  are  on  the  Latchmere  estate 
three  swimming  baths  and  70  slipper-baths,  the 
swimming-baths  varying  from  75ft.  in  length  to 
100ft.  These  buildings  contain  London's  largest 
swimming-b.ath,  which  is  150ft.  by  50ft.,  with 
dressing-boxes  arranged  at  the  sides  in  the  usual 
way. 

Davvhilme. — Foundation-stones  were  laid  on 
Saturday  of  a  new  chapel  which  is  being  built  in 
Brook-road.  The  chapel  is  to  replace  the  one  in 
Moorside-road,  which  was  opened  by  John 
Wesley  in  1779.  It  will  cost  £4,500,  and  will 
provide  seating  accommodation  for  700  wor- 
shippers. Land  has  been  secured  in  the  rear  for 
a  lecture-hall  and  classrooms.  The  principal 
entrances  are  surmounted  by  a  large  arched 
traceried  window  and  canopied  gable  terminal. 
The  centre  bay  is  flanked  by  octagonal  buttresses, 
carried  up  and  pinnacled.  The  organ  chamber 
and  choir  gallery  are  placed  behind  the  rostrum. 
There  is  a  gallery  round,  and  a  deacons'  vestry, 
minister's  vestry,  .and  meeting-room  are  pro- 
vided. Externally  the  building  is  fa-'ed  with 
Accrington  bricks,  the  mouldings  and  dressings 
being  in  Accrington  terracotta.  The  whole  of 
the  interior  is  plastered,  the  ceilings  being 
carved,  panelled,  and  moulded,  trussed  and 
arcaded  with  strings,   imposts,  and  architraves. 


June  17,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


865 


Messrs.  Smith  and  SXatley,  of  Manchester,  are  the 
architects. 

Hernf.  Hill,  S.E. — A  new  Congregational 
church,  erected  at  -the  corner  of  Denmark-hill 
and  Ked  Post-hill,  was  formally  opened  on 
Saturday  afternoon.  The  style  adopted  is  Late 
Decorative.  A  prominent  feature  of  the  design 
is  a  pinnacled  tower  with  crocketed  stone  spire  at 
the  south-west  angle  of  the  building  rising  to  a 
height  of  1 15ft.  The  facing  materials  are  red  bricks 
with  a  free  use  of  light  grey  terracotta  for  dress- 
ings, and  the  internal  walls  are  faced  with  light 
tinted  bricks.  The  building  consists  of  a  nave 
7l3ft.  by  soft.,  with  narrow  side  aisles,  used  as 
passages  to  the  sea's,  well  lighted  from  aisles  and 
the  clerestory,  slightly  projecting  transepts, 
shallow  chancel,  and  a  lofty  organ-chamber.  The 
roof  is  ceiled  in  pitchpine,  just  above  the  spring- 
ing of  the  principals,  and  the  acoustics  are  ex- 
cellent. The  lighting  is  by  electricity,  and 
warming  by  low-pressure  hot- water  apparatus. 
The  church,  which  his  at  present  no  galleries,  is 
seated  for  460  persons,  and  the  cost  has  been 
£8,300.  At  the  rear  of  the  church  is  a  lecture- 
hall,  39ft.  by  20ft.,  vestry,  and  parlour,  and 
schools  wOl  be  built  at  a  subsequent  date.  Mr. 
Alfred  Conder,_F.R.I.B  A.,  of  Palmer  Chambers, 
Westminster,  is  the  architect ;  the  builder  was 
Mr.  Henry  Young,  of  Herne-bill,  and  the  fore- 
man of  works  Mr.  lloasiter.  The  heating  was 
executed  by  Slessrs.  Ilosser  and  Russell. 

Jarrow. — Sir  Charles  M.  Palmer,  Bart.,  M.P., 
opened  on  Wednesday  the  new  municipal 
chambers  and  County  Court  at  Jarrow.  The 
premises  occupy  a  central  site  in  Grange-road 
and  Wylam-street,  on  which  the  small  corpora- 
tion offices  formerly  s'ood.  They  have  been 
erected  in  a  Free  treatment  of  Classic  Renais- 
sance, the  external  work  being  in  terracotta  and 
red  brick.  The  council-chamber  and  committee- 
rooms  are  on  the  first  iloor  front,  and  adjacent 
are  the  mayor's  parlour  and  the  councillors' 
cloakroom.  At  the  west  end  of  the  chamber  is  the 
mayor's  dais  ;  the  councillors'  seats  are  arranged 
in  horseshoe  form,  and  in  the  centre  is  accommo- 
dation for  the  town  clerk  and  officials.  The 
fittings  of  the  chamber  are  in  fumed  oak  and  red 
morocco.  At  the  opposite  end  of  the  mjyoral 
dais  is  a  gallery  for  the  public,  and  over  this  will 
shortly  be  placed  a  picture  in  opus  sectilus,  the 
subject  being  an  old  view  of  Jarrow  by  Car- 
michael.  The  windows  of  the  chamber  are  at 
present  filled  with  leaded  glass  ;  but  later  it  is 
intended  to  have  the  south  windows  replaced 
with  glaz'ng  ot  costly  design,  as  special  gifts. 
The  corporation  officials  are  all  housed  on  the 
ground  floor.  The  County  Court  is  on  the  first 
floor,  and  is  reached  by  a  separate  entrance  and 
staircase  in  Wylam-street.  The  Registrar's 
offices  are  on  the  ground  floor.  In  round  figures 
the  cost  of  erecting  the  structure  was  £10,000, 
and  the  furnishing  aniounted  to  £2,000.  Mr. 
J.  C.  Nichol,  of  South  .Shields,  was  the  contractor, 
and  the  work  has  b=en  carried  out  from  designs 
prepared  by  Mr.  Fred  Rennoldson,  architect, 
of  South  Shields.  Mr.  Jas.  Grieve  was  clerk  of 
■works. 

St.  Cross,  Winchesteu  — Considerable  pro- 
gress has  been  made  during  the  past  few  weeks 
with  the  erection  of  the  Riflemen's  Homes  at  St. 
Cross,  and  everything  bids  fair  to  be  in  readiness 
for  the  opening  ceremony,  which  takes  place  on 
July  1.5.  The  homes  are  situate  in  Stanmore- 
lane,  St.  Cross,  about  300  yards  to  the  west  of  the 
railway  line,  and  have  a  sjutheru  aspect.  Four 
pairs  of  cottages  are  being  built  by  Messrs.  C. 
Grace  and  Sons,  of  Clatford,  Andover,  to  plans 
prepared  by  Messrs.  Canceller  and  Hill,  aichi 
tects,  Jewry -street,  Winchester.  They  are  buUt 
of  brickwork,  with  weather  tiling  in  the  upper 
part.  Each  of  the  cottages  is  simiUr  in  structure. 
Ua  the  ground  floor  there  are  a  living  room, 
kitchen,  scullery,  larder,  small  entrance  hall,  and 
the  usual  offices,  whilst  on  the  firot  floor  there  are 
three  bedroonrs. 

Uri'KR  KxowLE,  Bristol.— Memorial  stones  of 
a  Bible  Christian  (Methodist)  New  Church  and 
Sunday  School  were  laid  on  Friday  at  Upper 
Knowlo.  The  buildings  will  bo  at  the  top  of 
Greenmore-road,  facing  Arrowdeane-road,  and 
the  church  is  the  outcome  of  the  Connexion's 
Twentieth  Century  Fund.  The  buildings  and 
site  are  estimated  to  cost  about  £1,000,  and  the 
church  will  be  in  the  Gothic  style  with  a  spire 
75ft.  high.  The  buildings  will  be  brick  built, 
relieved  with  Bath  stone  dressings,  and  the  in- 
side measurement  of  the  chaptl  will  be  7 1ft.  long 
and  36ft.  wide.     Galleries  will  be  constructed  all 


round,  and  they  will  be  relieved  with  an  orna- 
mental cast  iron  railing,  picked  out  in  gold.  The 
organ  chamber  will  be  at  the  back.  The  timber 
used  will  be  pitch-pine,  and  the  roof  will  be  an 
open  one  of  the  same  wood.  The  windows  will 
be  principally  in  Bath  stone  tracery,  filled  with 
tinted  cathedral  glass.  The  main  building  is 
estimated  to  accommodate  about  500  people,  and 
the  schoolroom  and  chapel  parlour  will  be  of  good 
proportions.  The  nine  classrooms  will  be  placed 
chiefly  at  the  rear  of  the  schoolroom,  and  will 
occupy  the  corner  site.  Heating  apparatus  will 
be  fitted,  and  it  is  expected  the  building  will  be 
lighted  by  electricity.  The  plans  are  stated  to 
have  been  drawn  up  by  the  Rev.  V.  H.  Culliford, 
and  the  builder  is  Mr.  F.  Scott,  of  Bridgwater. 


CBtlPS. 

Mr.  Batsford  will  publish  in  a  few  days 
"  Modem  Cottage  Architecture,"  edited  by  Mr. 
Maurice  B.  Adams,  F.R.I.B.A.  This  volume  will 
coutam  over  fifty  examples,  each  with  a  plan, 
selected  from  the  works  of  well-known  architects. 
Mr.  Adams  has  written  an  introductory  essay  on 
"  Cottage  Building,"  and  some  notes  descriptive 
of  the  illustrations. 

At  Strathfieldsaye  Church  a  stained-glass  window 
has  been  unveiled  by  the  Duke  of  Wellington  in 
memory  of  Henry,  third  Duke  of  Wellington. 

Princess  Louise,  Duchess  of  Argyll,  will  open  the 
new  builiiing  of  the  North-Eastern  Hospital  for 
Children,  Hackney-road,  on  July  13. 

The  first  sod  in  connection  with  the  new  All- 
Saints'  Church  in  the  Grove-road,  Fishponds, 
Bristol,  has  been  cut  by  Miss  Castle,  of  Stapleton, 
the  donor  of  the  site,  and  the  work  has  now  been 
commenced  by  the  builder,  Mr.  E.  Clarke,  of  Bristol, 
whose  tender  has  lieen  accepted  at  £3,113.  Messrs. 
Lingen  Barker  and  Son,  of  Clare-street,  Bristol,  are 
the  architects. 

The  Manchester  Corporation  at  the  last  meeting 
decided  to  apply  to  the  Local  Government  Board 
for  sanction  to  borrow  £17,450  for  the  purpose  of 
erecting  houses  and  shops,  under  the  Housing  of  the 
Working  Classes  Act,  on  the  Bradford-road  site.  It 
was  also  agreed  to  apply  for  borrowing  powers  to 
the  extent  of  £4,000  for  the  Blackley  bousing  scheme 
and  of  £1,600  for  the  Rochdale-road  scheme. 

The  Bishop  of  St.  Divid's  dedicated  on  the  2nd 
inst.  the  new  electric  organ  which  had  been  placed 
in  Swansea  pirish  church.  The  instrument  is  to 
he  in  two  sections,  the  main  body  being  placed  at 
the  east  end  of  the  church  and  a  congregational 
organ  at  the  west  end,  the  console,  controlling  both 
east  and  west  organs,  being  detached  and  placed  on 
the  north  side  of  the  chancel.  At  present  only  the 
east  end  organ  is  completed.  The  action  is  electro- 
pneumatic  throughout,  solid  ivory  stop  keys  are 
provided  in  the  place  of  the  usual  drawknobs,  and 
the  wind  for  the  east  end  organ  is  supplied  by  an 
electric  motor  and  kinetic  blower  placed  in  the 
tower  behind  the  organ  chamber.  The  contractors 
are  Messrs.  Norman  and  Beard,  Ltd.,  of  Norwich 
and  London.     The  cost  has  been  £2,500. 

The  directors  of  the  Alhambra  are  having  the 
ceilings  and  partitions  of  the  lioxes  reconstructed, 
and  in  order  to  render  them  secure  against  fire,  they 
are  using  fire-resisting  compo  board  made  of  non- 
flammable wood,  which  has  so  often  been  proved  to 
have  extraordinary  fire-resisting  quaUties. 

On  May  29  the  Bishop  ot  Reading  dedicated  a 
new,  richly-carved  memorial  reredos.  which  has 
recently  been  placed  there  by  Mr.  Phillip  J.  D. 
Wj  keham ,  ot  Fy thron  House,  Thame.  The  work  was 
designed  by  Mr.  C.  Ford-Whitcombe,  A.R.X.B.A., 
of  t'pper  Broadheath,  and  executed  by  Mr.  Richard 
Haughton,  sculptor,  of  Worcester. 

The  general  purposes  committee  of  Walsall  Town 
Council  have  approved  of  the  plans  of  the  proposed 
"  Carnegie"  free  library,  subject  to  the  work  being 
carried  out  for  £8,000,  the  amount  of  Mr.  Carnegie's 
gift,  and  to  the  design  being  approved  by  Mr. 
Carnegie. 

Mr.  William  Pelham  Winter,  of  Messrs.  William 
Pelham  Winter  and  Son,  Southsea,  builders'  mer- 
chants and  factors,  who  died  on  February  28,  left 
estate  of  the  gross  value  of  £153,461,  including 
personalty  of  the  net  value  of  £64,130.  He 
bequeathed  £500  to  the  Portsmouth  Master  Builders' 
Fund,  and  a  similar  sum  to  each  of  three  other 
charitable  institutions. 

The  larj-e  west  window  of  .St.  James's  Church, 
Kuatchbull-road,  Camberwell,  has  been  filled  in 
with  stained  glass  by  Mrs.  Thomas  Waltham  ill 
memory  of  her  late  husband.  The  7)  Ih  mn  forms 
the  suliject  of  the  window. 

Professor  von  C>ettiijgen  unveiled,  on  Sunday,  a 
triple  monument  to  Ilaydu,  Mozart,  ami  Beethoven, 
erected  at  the  Qoldtish  Pond,  in  the  Thiergarten, 
Berlin.  The  group  had  been  desigued  and  sculp- 
tured by  Professor  Rudolph  Siemeriug  and  his  sou. 


(IHnsitteeting  §tnits. 


Baker-street  and  Waterloo  Railway.— A 
Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Lords  considered 
and  passed  on  Wednesday  the  preamble  of  the 
Baker-street  and  Waterloo  Railway  Bill,  under 
which  authority  is  sought  to  raise  £384,000 
additional  capital  with  which  to  carry  out  several 
works  for  the  improvement  of  the  underground 
tube  railway  already  authorised  from  the  Elephant 
and  Castle,  in  South  London,  by  way  of  South- 
wark,  Waterloo,  Charing  Cross,  Waterloo-place, 
Baker-street,  Edgware-road,  to  Paddington.  The 
greater  part  of  the  line  between  Baker-street  and 
Waterloo  has  been  constructed,  and  will  be  opened 
in  about  18  months.  The  proposals  of  the  Bill 
include  the  acquisition  of  land  in  Westminster 
Bridge-road,  by  means  of  which  to  widen  the 
tunnels  and  to  construct  an  additional  station 
there  ;  the  purchase  of  land  in  the  Edgware-road 
with  which  to  enlarge  the  tunnels  and  the  station 
in  the  district  there  ;  and  the  establishment  of  an 
additional  station  at  Regent's  Park.  The  Bill 
has  already  passed  through  all  stages  in  the 
House  of  Commons. 

Leeds. — A  smart  piece  of  engineering  work 
was  carried  out  at  the  Leeds  Central  station  at 
the  week  end,  says  the  Lnih  Meniinj,  as  part  of 
a  considerable  extension  of  the  platform  roof. 
One  new  platform  has  been  added,  but  as  it  fre- 
quently happens  that  trains  cannot  run  right  in 
to  the  ends  of  the  platforms  it  was  determined  to 
extend  the  roof  over  those  parts  of  the  platforms 
at  present  unprotected.  The  contract  was  given 
to  Messrs.  Graham,  jNIorton,  and  Company, 
Limited,  on  May  20 — just  before  Whitsuntide 
— for  completion  by  July  25  ;  but  the  firm 
decided  to  "  put  on  the  small  pulley,"  and  see  if 
they  could  not  establish  a  record  in  work  of  this 
kind.  All  the  heavy  work  of  erection  requires 
to  be  done  between  Saturday  night  and  Monday 
morning,  when  the  traffic  is  more  manageable, 
and  last  Sunday  the  ironwork  of  the  roof  over 
the  new  platform — a  span  of  4Sft.  and  150ft.  long 
— was  successfully  put  in  place.  On  Saturday 
night  the  much  bigger  ta^k  of  putting  up  the 
roof  extension  across  all  the  platforms,  a  total 
area  of  140ft.  by  160ft,  was  commenced  at  eleven 
o'clock  by  between  60  and  70  men.  The  material 
had  aU  been  prepared  beforehand,  and  was 
packed  in  trucks,  each  of  which  contained  nothing 
but  what  was  wanted  on  a  particular  platform. 
As  soon  as  the  way  was  clear  for  it  to  be  brought 
up,  the  brackets  were  bolted  on  to  the  columns 
which  will  support  the  roof  ;  these  were  lifted 
into  position  by  a  steam  crane,  and  bolted  on  to 
the  foundation-stones  already  prepared,  and  the 
top  girders  placed  above  them.  There  were  in 
aU  36  columns  to  be  dealt  with,  and  when  they 
were  all  in  place  the  girders  had  to  be  connected 
by  fifteen  lattice  girders  running  across  the  per- 
manent way  from  platform  to  platform.  Working 
by  the  aid  of  Wells  lights  until  dawn,  the  men 
went  on  until  four  o'c'ock,  when  there  was  a  stop 
of  a  quarter  of  an  hour  only.  Then  they  resumed 
until  breakfast-time  at  half-p.aat  eight  and  went 
on  again,  just  finishing  the  framework  of  the  roof 
by  half-past  twelve  mon  on  Sunday,  Each  of 
the  railway  lines  had  been  occupied  in  turn,  but 
during  the  whole  time  thrre  had  been  no  inter- 
ference with  traffic,  the  trains  being  run  from 
other  platforms.  Once  the  columns  and  girders 
were  up  no  further  occupation  of  the  permanent 
way  was  necessary.  Nevertheless,  the  joiners 
were  on  the  scene  in  the  afternoon,  and  at  work 
in  shifts  until  they  were  ready  for  the  zinc- 
workers,  who  are  nnw  completing  the  root.  The 
firm  will  have  all  finished  during  to-morrow 
(Saturday). 


Mr.  P.  Cowan,  M.Iust.C.E.,  chief  engineering 
inspector  of  the  Local  Hoverumcnt  BoarJ,  has  held 
an  inquiry  in  the  Guildhall,  Lon*tonilerry,  into 
applications  for  sums  amounting  to  £23,000,  for  the 
erection  of  a  new  techi.ical  institute  in  Derry,  for 
the  laying  out  of  grounds  for  recreation  spaces  and 
park,  and  in  connection  wilh  borough  water  main 
extension. 

A  Local  Ciovfirnment  Board  inquiry  was  held  at 
Blackpool  on  Weiliiesday  week  with  respect  to  an 
application  by  the  l''ylile  Water  Board  for  sanction 
to  borrow  £2S,100  for  the  purposes  of  laying  a  new 
main  from  Bispham,  throusih  Cleveleys,  to  Fleet- 
wood, and  builifinj;  now  otlices  aud  workshops  in 
Dixon-street,  Blackpool.  The  board  supplies  water 
to  a  population  of  aliout  120.000  in  an  area  of  210 
square  miles.  Since  the  lust  main  was  laid,  in  1S75, 
the  population  has  increased  175  per  cent. 


866 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  17,  1904. 


OOHPETITIONS. 

BiLLEKicAY,  Essex. — The  Brentwood  Board  of  j 
Guardians  have  selected  the  design  for  the  Cottage  j 
Homes  at  Billericay  which  Mr.  T.  Hillier  Pyke, 
of  East  Ham,  submitted  in  the  recent  competition, 
which  has  thus  been  decided. 

Elgin. — In  a  recent  open  competition  the 
plans  submitted  by  Messrs.  A.  and  R.  M'Culloch, 
architect,  Edinburgh  and  Leith,  have  been 
adopted  by  the  Elgin  Landward  School  Board  for 
a  new  school  at  New  Elgin,  out  of  forty  sets  of 
plans  by  other  architects.  The  cost  is  not  ex- 
pected to  be  much  over  £3,000.  i 

KiNfiSTON-ON-THAMEs.  —  The    limited   com-  i 
petition  for  new  schools  to  cost  £15,000  has  been  I 
determined.      Mr.  T.  J.  Bailey,  F.R.I.B.A.,  the  | 
architect  to  the  late  School   Board  for  London,  j 
acted  as  professional  assessor.      The  plans  of  Mr. 
F.  W.  Roper,  of  the  Adelphi,  have  been  chosen,  i 
The  plans  are  on  view  till  Wednesday  the  22nd 
in  the  town  hall,  Kingston.  There  were  ten  com- 
petitors chosen  out  of  89  names  submitted.  These 
architects    were    ilessrs.     Jlaurice    B.    Adams, 
London  ;  Carter  and  Ashworth,  Kingston  ;  H.  0. 
Cresswell,  Strand  ;    A.  J.  Hardwick,  Kingston  ; 
W.    C.     Hulbert,     Westminster;      G.     E.    T. 
Laurence,  Adelphi ;  Arnold  Mitchell,   London  ; 
H.  C.   Pegg,   Thornton   Heath  ;    P.  A.  Robson, 
Westminster ;   and  F.  W.   Roper.      Two  school 
buildings  comprised  the  scheme  on  a  site  in  Oil 
Mill-lane.     Each  of  the  competitors  receives  an 
honorarium, 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne. — The  Royal  Grammar 
School  buildings  competition  has  been  settled, 
the  awards  by  Sir.  John  Bilson,  the  referee,  being 
as  follows:  —  First  premium,  £100,  Messrs. 
Russell  and  Cooper,  11,  Gray's  Inn-square, 
London,  W.C. ;  second  premium,  £50,  Mr. 
Francis  W.  Bedford,  22,  Old  Burlington-street, 
Bond-street,  London,  AV.  ;  third  premium,  £'25, 
Messrs.  Ashford  and  Gladding,  Educational- 
chambers,  19,  New-street,  Birmingham.  The 
plans  have  been  open  for  public  exhibition  at  the 
town-hall,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  this  week. 
The  number  of  plans  submitted  in  the  com- 
petition was  117,  and  the  price  was  restricted  to 
£20,000. 


CHIPS. 

The  Earl  of  Warwick,  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Essex, 
on  Saturday  unveilei  a  statue  of  Queen  A'lctoria  in 
the  Dovercourt  pleasure  gardens,  in  the  borough  of 
Harwich.  The  statue,  which  was  erected  at  a  cost  I 
of  over  £i00,  is  composed  of  Carrara  marble  upon  a 
granite  base. 

The  consecration  of  the  church  of  St.  Barnabas, 
Ladypool-road,  Balsall  Heath,  which  has  now  been 
completed  by  the  building  of  the  nave,  took  place 
on  Saturday  by  the  Bishop  of  Worcester.  Fourteen 
jrears  ago  a  corrugated  iron  structure,  dedicated  to 
St.  Barnabas,  was  erected  in  this  corner  of  Spatk- 
brook  and  Balsall  Heath.  In  a  few  years  the  con- 
gregation were  in  a  position  to  build  the  first  part 
of  the  new  church— viz.,  the  chancel  and  side 
chapel,  the  remainder  of  the  building  consisting  of  ! 
an  ugly  iron  nave.  The  church  is  now  a  per-  ' 
manent  building,  constructed  of  red  brick  and  ' 
terracotta,  and  it  only  remains  for  a  tower  to  be 
added  to  finally  complete  the  entire  scheme.  The 
plans  of  the  church  were  prepared  by  the  late  Mr. 
J.  F.  Proud,  and  elaborated  after  his  death  by 
Messrs.  W.  Hale  and  Sons,  of  Birmingham. 

The  first  section  of  the  Grand  Pier  for  Weston- 
super-Mare  was  formally  opened  on  Saturday.  It 
extends  for  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  end  ot 
Regent-street,  but  when  completed  the  pier  will  be 
five  times  its  present  length.  Messrs.  Mayoh  and 
Haley  were  the  contractors. 

The  sale  of  the  Massey-Mainwaring  art  treasures 
was  concluded  on  Saturday  at  Willis's  Rooms  by 
Messrs.  Robinson  and  Fisher.  The  chief  lot  in  the 
sale  was  a  lady's  dressing-table,  inlaid  witH  Howers 
and  musical  trophies  in  coloured  woods,  mounted- 
with  ormolu,  attributed  to  Riesener,  and  said  to 
have  belonged  to  Marie  Antoinette.  The  table, 
after  some  keen  compesition,  fell  to  Mr.  A.  Amor's 
bid  of  l,850g8. 

There  is,  says  the  Uerts  Ailrrrtiser,  quite  a  slump 
in  the  budding  trade  in  the  Tring  district  just  now, 
and  unloss  things  improve  very  soon,  it  will  be  a 
serious  matter  for  local  builders.  In  the  whole  ot 
the  urban  district  there  are  not  half  a  dozen  build- 
ings in  the  course  of  erection,  the  result  beinc  that 
artisans  have  to  find  employment  elsewhere.  ° 
_  A  Local  Clovernment  Board  inquiry  was  held  on 
ilt-i".?!.  '",=''"'""'  '°  ""'  "i"er  of  the  appli- 
?oan  of  C  wn  f.'  T,,  "'"""'  '°"°f "  *"  sanction  to  a 
™t^.  «%,?  i  '°J  ""■  .purpose  of  constructing  foot- 
paths and  street  crossings.  " 


PKOPESSIONAL   AND   TKADB 
SOOIETIES. 

Commons  and  FooxrATiis  Presehvation  So- 
ciety.— The  annual  meeting  of  this  society  was 
held  on  Friday,  at  the  Royal  Lnited  Service 
Institution,  under  the  presidency  of  the  Right 
Hon.  G.  Shaw-Lefevre.  The  chairman  remarked 
that  two  years  had  elapsed  since  the  society  issued 
the  last  report.  There  were  no  fewer  than  310 
cases  in  which  inclosureshad  been  attempted  with 
regard  to  commons  and  village  greens.  In  90 
cases  the  society  had  been  appealed  to  with  respect 
to  roadside  ways,  and  no  fewer  than  659  foot- 
paths and  bridle-paths  had  been  obstructed, 
making  in  all  956  cases  dealt  with  by  the  society 
in  two  years.  Besides  this  work  the  society  had 
been  compelled  to  watch  closely  119  Bills  pre- 
sented before  Parliament,  which  would  have 
interfered  with  the  rights  of  the  public  to  foot- 
paths, and,  in  many  cases,  they  had  negotiated 
with  the  promoters,  generally  with  success,  and 
injury  to  public  rights  were  thereby  prevented. 
The  difficulty  with  regard  to  the  approaches  to 
Stonehenge,  the  erection  of  a  wire  fence,  and 
charging  for  admission,  was  referred  to  ;  and  the 
progress  of  negotiations  with  Sir  E.  Antrobus 
were  narrated.  The  owner  had  asked  £50,000 
for  his  rights  of  ownership,  which  was  altogether 
out  of  the  question,  and  the  society  proceeded  to 
law,  the  question  being  set  down  to  come  before 
the  Courts'  shortly.  At  the  same  time  they  offered 
the  owner  £10,000  for  his  interest,  which  was 
refused.  Five  hundred  pounds  a  year  was  all  they 
had  enjoyed  for  the  work  accomplished  ;  but  this 
income  was  insulEcient  for  the  future.  He  moved 
the  adoption  of  the  report.  The  Right  Hon.  J. 
Bryce,  M.P.,  seconded  the  adoption  of  the  report. 
With  regard  to  Stonehenge,  it  was  perfectly 
incomprehensible  how  such  a  monument  should 
be  allowed  to  remain  at  the  mercy  of  a  private 
proprietor.  He  thought  that  the  rights  were 
about  on  the  sime  level  as  those  claimed  over  the 
Giant's  Causeway  in  Ireland,  and  he  hoped  that 
the  decision  of  the  Law  Courts  would  be  the  same. 
Lord  Farrer  was  glad  that  the  society  had  proved 
that  the  public  could  have  properly  as  well  as 
individuals.     The  report  was  adopted. 

Edinduiwiii  Master  Biilders. — The  fourth 
annual  outing  of  the  Edinburgh.  Leith,  and 
District  Building  Employers'  and  Allied  Trades' 
Association,  and  Edinburgh  Building  Trades' 
Exchange,  took  place  on  'I'uesday.  A  company 
of  about  eighty  gentlemen  travelled  from  Princes- 
street  Station  to  Inverary,  rid  Gourock,  Dunoon, 
and  Loch  P3ck,  returning  by  the  Kyles  of  Bute. 
( )n  the  return  journey  a  concert  was  held  on 
board  the  Lmdhfthr  Tiles.  Several  toasts  were 
pledged  at  the  dinner.  Amongst  others  present 
were  Bailie  Bryson  and  Treasurer  Bolton,  Leith  : 
Mr.  Rossell,  president  Glasgow  Master  PlumbErs' 
Association ;  Mr.  Chalmers,  president  Glasgow 
Master  Masons'  Association ;  Mr.  Stevenson, 
vice-president  Glasgow  ^Master  Wrights'  Associa- 
tion ;  Mr.  Patrick  Knox,  Mr.  James  Mi'lar,  Mr. 
John  D.  Burn,  Jlr.  Robert  Lamb,  -Mr.  D. 
Graham  Pole,  and  the  secretary,  Mr.  James 
Cameron,  solicitor. 


TO    OOKEESPONDENTS. 

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The  fever  hospital  which  has  been  in  course  of 
erection  at  Kildean,  near  Stirling,  during  the  past 
two  years  for  the  burghs  of  Stirling,  Bridge  of  Allan, 
Dunblane,  Doune,  and  Callender,  was  formally 
opened  on  Thursday  in  last  week.  The  ho.«pital 
was  erected  from  the  plans  of  Mr.  E.  Simpson, 
architect,  Stirling,  and  has  cost  between  £14,000 
and  £15,000. 

Local  Government  Board  inquiries,  conducted  by 
Dr.  Petronell  Mauby  and  Mr.  F.  H.  TuUoch, 
M.Iust.C.E.,  were  held  at  Audit  House,  South- 
ampton, on  "Thursday  in  last  week,  respecting  appli- 
cations by  the  corporation  for  sanction  to  borrow 
£1,500  for  the  erection  of  an  out- bathing  station 
and  an  ambulance  shed  at  West  t^iay,  U  1,200  for 
purposes  of  street  improvement  in  Evans-street, 
Cobden-avenue,  Portswood-road,  and  St.  Denys- 
road,  and  £300  for  works  of  storm-water  drainage 
at  the  Western  Shore-road. 

There  are  SS  applications  for  the  position  of  fire 
assistant  electrical  engineer  at  Wakefield,  at  a  salary 
of  £150  a  year. 

The  new  clergy  house,  which  has  been  erected 
adjoining  St.  Aidau's  Church,  Herbert-road,  Small 
Heath,  for  the  accommodation  of  the  clergy  engaged 
in  the  work  of  the  parish,  was  formally  blessed  on 
Sunday  by  the  Bishop  of  Worcester,  "rhe  building 
is  three-stories  high,  and  is  built  of  red  brick,  with 
freestone  dressings,  and  is  in  harmony  with  the 
appearance  of  the  church.  Mr.  Arthur  Dixon  is 
the  architect,  and  the  total  cost  has  been  about 
,  £1,G00. 


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Received. -F.  A.  C— L.  N.  T.  and  Co.— B.  H.  G.  Co.— 
N.  O.  W.— A.  H.  and  Son.— G.  H.  (Cardiff). 

T.  C.  S.— The  following  illustrations  of  Christchurch 
Priory  Church,  Hants,  have  appeared  in  our  pages 
during  recent  years  :  —Measured  drawings  ( by  Percy  G. 
Stone  and  Chas.  J.  Irwin).  BuiLuisr.  News  for  Ojt.  2i>, 
IK^c, ;  perspective  view  of  building  from  the  north  (by 
J.  Donkinl,  Dec.  s,  1803  ;  view  from  triforium  (from  a 
water-colour  sketch  by  Harry  Whitcombe),  Aug.  21, 
19i'3;  details  of  north  porch  (P.  G.  Stone),  Dec.  16. 1SM7. 


C0msp0ntrence. 


ARCHITECTURAL    REGISTR.VTH  iN. 
To  the  Mditor  of  the  Building  News. 

Sia, — .\t  a  special  general  meeting  of  the 
Leicester  and  Leicestershire  Society  of  Architects 
held  on  June  'A,  1904,  to  discuss  the  question  of 
statutory  qualification  of  architects,  the  following 
rt solution  was  carried  : — 

"That  we,  the  members  of  the  Leicester  and 
Ijeicestershire  Society  of  Architects,  at  a  special 
gener.al  meeting  held  on  June  3,  1904,  are  of  the 
opinion  that  the  general  principle  of  statutory 
qualification  of  architects,  if  carried  through  on 
the  initiative  of  the  Royal  Institute,  is  desirable 


JxjNE  17,  1904. 


THE    BmLDING    NEWS. 


867 


in  the  best  interests  of  architecture,  and  those 
who  practise  it." 

I  was  directed  by  the  meeting  to  send  a  copy 
of  this  resolution  to  your  publication.— I  am,  kc, 

\\'.\LLEU  K.  BF.DIXiaiF.LIl. 

20,  Market-street,  Leicester,  June  6. 


THE   ROL'T   AT  THE   INSTITUTE. 

SiK, — The  change  which  has  been  brought 
about  by  the  general  vote  of  the  members  of  the 
Institute  of  Architects  will  be  put  down,  no 
doubt,  by  the  vanquished  members  of  Council  to  a 
determination  on  the  part  of  the  majority  to  give 
the  question  of  Kegistration  a  chance  of  being 
brought  forward  for  adequate  discussion,  and 
these  "passive  resisters"  to  that  movement 
will  flatter  themselves  accordingly,  while  some 
who  threatened  to  resign  if  Kegistration  ob- 
tained favour  in  high  places  in  the  profession 
will  now  have  an  opportunity  of  retiring; 
though  the  effect  of  any  such  retirement  will 
have  but  little  effect,  coming,  as  it  only  now 
can,  as  a  sequel  to  what  you  tersely  termed  a 
"wipe  out."  Personally,  though,  I  doubt  the 
expediency  of  Registration.  Jly  vote  was  given  in 
favour  of  the  question  having  a  fair  hearing,  and  I 
voted  as  a  convinced  objector  to  organised  obstruc- 
tion ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  I  feel  sure  that  the 
adverse  vote  which  has  been  recorded  was  very 
largely  due  to  a  determination  on  the  part  of  a 
large  number  to  put  a  stop  to  the  practice,  so  long 
in  vogue  at  Conduit-street,  which  enabled  the 
holders  of  office  to  so  persistently  elect  each  other 
for  available  appointments,  first  in  one  direction 
and  then  in  the  other,  often  with  the  most  un- 
satisfactory results  so  far  as  the  general  body 
was  concerned,  till  the  matter  assumed  propor- 
tions little  short  of  a  scandal.  Outsiders  stood  no 
chance  whatever  of  being  nominated,  no  matter 
how  capable  and  peculiarly  qualified  in  experience 
they  might  be  for  the  posts  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Council.  "  The  Dinner  Club  "  seemed  to  prevail. 
Hydra-like,  in  all  such  proceedings,  conducted  on 
the  principle  known  as  ' '  You  scratch  me  and 
I  will  scratch  you."  The  "new  blood"  im- 
ported into  the  Council  will,  it  is  hoped,  rectify 
this  sort  of  hugger-mugger  mode  of  managing 
affairs,  else  its  term  of  office  will  be  transient, 
and,  at  most,  but  temporary.  They  start  busi- 
ness with  a  weU-organised  combine  in  opposi- 
tion.— I  am,  lie,  -VxTi-CLiuiE. 


THE  BRICK  TRADE. 

SiH, — Referring  to  your  article  in  last  week's 
BiiLDiSG  News  on  the  above,  we  write  to  say 
that  we  do  not  know,  and  are  in  no  way  con- 
nected with,  the  Mr.  J.  Plowman,  of  C3,  Queen 
Victoria-street,  mentioned  in  that  article.  Our 
London  offices  are  Upper  Edmonton,  N. 

We  shall  be  glad  if  you  will  kindlj'  insert  this 
in  your  next  i^sue.     We  are,  kc, 

T.  and  M.  Plowmax. 

Upper  Edmonton,  London,  June  13. 


THE   DISCUSSION   ON   \T;NTILATI0N 
AT  THE  R.I.B.A. 

Sill, — In  consequence  of  the  late  hour  at  which 
this  was  taken  last  Monday  at  the  K.I.B.A., 
there  was  no  time  in  which  to  reply  to  the 
ciitieisms  thereon  ;  but,  with  the  sanction  and 
approval  of  the  I'resident,  our  reply  will  be  given 
in  the  next  number  of  the  R.I.B.A.  Jonriud,  and 
until  such  has  been  perused,  we  trust  judgment 
may  be  withheld. — We  are.  Sec, 

WiLi.i.\M  IIiiNMAx  and  Thom.isCooi'er, 

Architects. 
Hf.xky  Lra  and  Sox,  C'onsulting  Engineers. 
19,  Temple- street,  Birmingham,  June  13. 


Sui, — I  venture  to  inclose  a  leaf  from  the  last 
issue  of  the  .liiunitil  of  the  R.I.B.A.,  which 
contains  a  stateraent  iv  the  Royal  Victoria  Hos- 
pital at  Belfast,  by  me,  and  which  I  was  pre- 
vcntrd  from  giving  at  the  meeting  by  reason  of 
the  I'resident  closing  the  discussion,  owing  to  the 
lateness  of  the  hour.  It  was  therefore  not 
included  in  your  report  of  the  above  meeting ; 
but  as  it  was  printed  in  the  R.I.B.A.  .luiirnn!, 
perhaps  you  may  consider  it  of  sufficient  interest 
to  your  readers  (us  a  result  of  an  actual  inspection 
of  the  buildings)  to  bo  published  in  your  next 
issue. — I  am,  i:c.,  (Jkouge  H.  Bhijiy. 

Mr.  George  H.  lUbby  handed  in  the  follow- 
ing communication,  dated  .lune  6  : — 

During  the  past  month  [  inspected  the  Royal 
Victoria  Hospital  at  Belfast  for  the  purpose  of 


ascertaining  the  actual  results  of  the  very  unusual 
methods  of  planning  adopted,  and  the  effects  of 
the  Plenum  system  of  ventilation  there  installed. 
I  found  that  fifteen  wards  (of  the  seventeen  main 
wards,  for  fo\irteen  patients  each),  being  lighted 
only  from  the  roof  and  from  windows  at  the  far 
ends  of  each  ward,  were  less  cheerful  and  bright 
in  appearance  than  the  end  wards,  although  the 
latter  had  windows  only  on  one  side,  and  not  on 
both  sides,  as  in  the  case  of  the  best  modem 
hospitals  ;  and  the  end  wards,  iiltli  these 
windows,  have  a  far  less ' '  boxed-  in  ' '  appearance  ; 
in  effect,  the  lengthy  and  unbroken  extent  of 
wall  surfaces,  where  there  are  no  windows,  gives 
a  monotonous  appearance  to  the  wards,  which 
cannot  fail  to  affect  the  comfort  and  well-being 
of  the  patients.  I  observed  that  in  each  of  these 
wards  there  is  a  great  space  above  the  wall  inlets 
and  under  the  roofs  quite  unprovided  with  any 
means  of  ventilation  ;  the  air-inlets  being  near  to 
the  top  of  the  walls,  the  air  introduced  passes  very 
rapidly  downwards  to  the  outlets  near  to  the  floor, 
thus  not  ventilating  the  spaces  above  the  inlets. 
It  at  once  occurred  to  me  also  that  the  air  in  the 
wards  helwceii  each  series  of  inlets  was  not  being 
removed  from  the  ward  so  quickly  as  the  air  more 
directly  in  a  straight  line  between  an  inlet  and 
an  outlet,  and  that  although  the  temperature  of 
the  ward  is  kept  at  a  fairly  even  level,  yet  the 
quality  of  the  air  must  vary  very  much.  That 
much  of  the  foul  air  of  some  of  the  wards  failed 
to  become  ejected  by  way  of  the  outlets  near  to 
the  floors  (although  I  ascertained  that  there  was 
a  very  strong  draught  towards  the  outlets)  was 
very  clearly  indicated  by  the  strong  odour  of 
chemicals  observed  in  the  small  passages  between 
the  main  corridor  and  the  wards.  These  odours 
came  from  the  operating-rooms,  which  were  in 
use  at  the  time  of  my  visit,  and  were  detected  so 
far  as  the  entrances  to  the  main  wards  and  to  the 
interiors  of  those  wards  near  to  the  doors.  This 
mischance  may  have  been  the  result  of  some  error 
of  judgment  or  neglect  on  the  part  of  some 
members  of  the  staff  ;  but  a  ventilating  system 
which  is  dependent  entirely  for  its  success  upon 
the  eonslant  attention  of  officials  is  obviously  at  a 
disadvantage  with  the  competition  of  natural 
systems  where  arranged  in  a  scientific  manner. 
It  should  be  observed  that  the  mechanical  arrange- 
ments in  this  hospital  are  very  complicated,  and 
the  temporary  failure  of  one  or  more  of  these,  or 
the  occasional  results  of  ignorance  or  neglect, 
might  at  once  throw  the  ventilating  and  heating 
arrangements  into  confusion,  while  the  vast 
extent  of  more  or  less  inaccessible  fresh  and  foul- 
air  ducts,  difficult  to  examine  and  costly  to 
cleanse,  are  disadvantages  likely  to  become  more 
troublesome  as  time  advances.  That  air  intro- 
duced through  such  long  and  dark  passages  (as 
are  adopted  in  this  hospital)  is  less  desirable  than 
fresh  air  introduced  by  natural  systems  of  venti- 
lation should  be  admitted  :  but  a  disadvantage  at 
least  as  great,  in  the  case  of  this  hospital,  is  the 
arrangement  by  which  the  foul  air  is  expelled  (or 
partly  expelled)  from  the  wards.  I  have  pointed 
out  that  the  foul  air  and  odours  from  the  smaller 
wards  are  not  wholly  expelled  by  means  of  the 
exits  provided  in  the  lower  levels  of  those  apart- 
ments, but  find  their  way  to  the  passages  and 
other  wards.  But  even  where  carried  through 
to  the  channels  and  ducts  intended  for  the 
purpose,  the  foul  and  contam'nating  air  and 
gases  must  in  time  greatly  pollute  the  ducts, 
infecting  the  materials  of  which  they  are  con- 
structed. So  long  as  these  ducts  really  act  as 
outlets,  the  danger  is  not  so  considerable, 
although  the  torm.ation  of  insanitary  con- 
ditions involves  some  risk  in  the  event  of 
the  a'r-ducts  not  being  actually  airtight.  But 
in  the  very  possible  event  of  the  provision  of 
fresh  air  failing  through  a  temporary  breakdown 
of  the  engines,  fans,  and  other  appliances,  or  of 
the  neglect  or  ignorance  of  the  officials,  tho  high- 
level  inlets  might  very  easily  lie  temptrarily 
converted  into  jjutlots,  while  tho  "fresh"  air 
would  come  in  (temporarily  also)  through  the 
openings  iii/eiKlcil  to  be  used  as  outlets,  after 
passing  through  tho  ducts  infected  by  the  passage 
of  foul  air  for  contiderable  periods.  Tluit  this 
reversal  of  direction  is  a  real  danger  is  certain, 
as  boilers,  engines,  and  mact-inery,  even  when  in 
duplicate,  us  in  this  hospital,  may  fail  if  even  tor 
only  half  an  hour  ;  while  in  the  mean  time  tho 
foul-air  ducts,  at  low  levels  in  all  cases  (being 
chaiged  with  heated  foul  air,  having  no  propul- 
sion against  wliich  to  resist!,  uuist  return  air  to 
the  vvurds  by  the  channels  thro\igh  which  it 
came.  The  Plenum  system,  as  applied  to  this 
hospital,    reciuircB    that    no    windows    shall    be 


opened,  and  one  of  the  objections  raised  by  a 
local  authority,  who  evidently  knows  the  people 
of  the  Belfast  district,  is  that  the  patients  will 
leave  the  institution  with  the  idea  that  windows 
should  not  be  opened  where  people  are  sick. 
This  is  just  the  idea  most  necessary  to  combat, 
seeing  that  many  classes  of  patients  recover 
best  when  exposed  to  every  wind  that  blows : 
and  I  do  not  perceive  any  reason  why  patients 
should  be  compelled  to  live  for  weeks  and  months 
in  an  unnatural  atmosphere  in  the  wards  of  this 
hospital.  That  it  «s  unnatural  is  admitted  by 
one  of  the  doctors  belonging  to  the  institution, 
who  has  said  that  "  it  always  gave  him  a  head- 
ache." I  am  able  to  confirm  this  to  the  extent 
that,  after  being  in  the  wards  for  some  consider- 
able time,  I  experienced  a  distinct  feeling  of 
relief  upon  again  reaching  the  outer  air.  It  has 
been  necessary  for  me  during  the  past  few  months 
to  seek  for  detailed  information  y  the  ventila- 
and  heating  of  hospital  wards.  As  I  am  about  to 
issue  a  work  on  the  subject,  very  much  evidence 
has  been  brought  be'ore  me  showing  the  costly 
nature  of  certain  Plenum  systems  which  have 
utterly  failed,  and  nothing  has  yet  been  advanced 
to  show  that  a  scientific  natural  system,  properly 
applied,  ever  failed  to  obtain  better  results  than 
were  at  any  time  secured  by  the  most  costly  and 
complicated  mechanical  or  artificial  methods. 
From  information  derived  from  a  leadingauthority 
of  this  hospital,  I  learn  that  the  coal  bill  in  con- 
nection with  the  old  buildings  for  the  same 
number  of  patients  was  for  only  500  tons,  while 
the  present  consumption  is  no  less  than  2,000 
tons  !  I  must  conclude  by  expressing  the  pleasure 
I  derived  from  the  inspection  of  a  very  fine 
institution,  and  which  I  have  only  ventured  to 
criticise  as  regards  its  general  plan  being  cramped 
upon  insufficient  ground  area,  and  the  principles 
upon  which  the  heating  and  ventilation  have 
been  contrived. 


CHIPS. 

The  Beni  Hasan  Excavations  Committee  an- 
nounces the  annual  exhibition  of  antiquities,  to  be 
open  from  July  S  to  the  23rd,  inclusive,  at  the  rooms 
of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  Burlington  House. 
The  exhibits  will  include  selected  antiquities  dis- 
covered  during  the  past  winter  season  in  Egypt, 
including  some  of  the  earUest  historical  monuments 
of  the  country. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects, Mr.  J.  Locke,  B.A.,  who  was  one  of  the 
official  delegates  of  the  R.I.B.A.  at  the  recent 
International  Congress  of  Architects  held  at  Madrid, 
has  received  the  honour  of  election  as  Hon.  Corre- 
sponding Member  of  the  Sociedad  Central  de 
Arquitectes,  Madrid. 

The  Woodlands  Plantation,  given  to  the  city 
council  of  Norwich  by  Mrs.  Radford  Pym,  was 
formally  accepted  by  the  mayor,  and  opened  on 
Thursday  in  last  week. 

The  city  council  of  Bradford  resolved  on  Tuesday 
to  increase  the  salary  of  Mr.  Butler  Wood,  librarian 
and  director  of  the  Art  Gallery  and  Museums,  from 
£375  to  £450  per  annum. 

A  meeting  of  the  executive  committee  of  tho 
Queen  Victoria  School  for  the  Sons  of  Scottish 
Sailors  and  Soldiers  was  held  iu  the  City  Chambers, 
Edinburgh,  on  Friday.  The  designs  by  Mr.  John 
A.  Campbell,  architect,  Glasgow,  were  submitted 
and  finally  approved,  and  it  was  decided  to  get 
estimates  for  the  carrying  out  of  the  work.  'The 
school  will  be  built  near  Dunblane,  and  will  house 
150  boys  in  the  first  section,  the  entire  scheme  pro- 
viding accommodation  for  300  boys.  Mr.  R.  .V'Uiison 
Smith,  S.S.C.,  hou.  treasurer,  reported  that  the 
subscriptions  to  the  present  date  amounted  to 
£37,500.    'The  estimated  expenditure  was  Xlii.OOO. 

The  new  town-hall  at  Hereford  was  opened  on 
Friday.  The  old  town-hall,  which  used  to  stand 
in  the  centre  of  High Towu,  was  pulled  down  in  1861, 
since  which  time  the  corporation  have  utilised  the 
Guildhall  and  Mansion  House,  hut  tho  need  of  some 
central  building  has  been  felt  for  many  years,  and 
four  years  ago  the  present  town-hall  was  resolved 
upon.  A  site  in  St.  t)wens-8trcet  was  given  by  the 
the  Misses  Johnson,  ami  Mrs.  tilinn,  ami  the  building 
erected  at  a  cost  of  £'25,000.  T'?»  foundation-stone 
was  laid  l>y  Princess  Henry  of  BaitenVerg  ii>  May 
1902.  The  architect  is  Mr.  H.  E.  Cheers,  o' 
Twickenham,  whose  design  was  selected  iu  com- 
petition, and  Mr.  W.  J.  Boweus,  of  Hereford,  was 
the  builder.  Messrs.  Doulton  and  Co.,  Limited,  of 
Lambeth,  hare  supplied  and  fixed  all  the  terracotta 
work. 

Tho  Wesleyan  chapel  at  Bishopstoii,  Bristol,  was 
reopened  on  Friday,  after  enlargement,  provision  of 
galleries,  aud  renovation.  Messrs.  Herbert  J. 
.lones  and  Son,  of  Hristol,  were  the  architects,  and 
Mr.  T.  It.  Lewis  was  tlie  builder. 


868 


THE     BUiLDKs'G    NEWS. 


JoxE  17,  1904. 


Mmommunication. 


QUESTIONS. 

[12065  ]  — Stresses  of  Roof  —Will  any  reader 
explain  how  to  obtain  the  stresses  in  members  of  roof  as 
shown  .'—the  weights  are  indicated  by  arrows.    Wind- 


30  - 

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ftin' Akm 

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pressure  on  one  side  only.     There  are  no  internal  ties 
whatever.— Pfz /.LED. 

[12066  ]— Small  Country  House-— I  am  desirous 
of  Duilding  a  small  house  with  llin.  walls  (hollow),  and 
to  roughcast  them  on  the  outside.  Would  hard  clamp 
bricks  be  suitable,  and  what  mixture  roughcast  most 
suitable  ?  The  house  will  face  south,  60ft.  from  front 
boundary  fence.  I  should  like  drawing-room  and  dining- 
room  each  15ft.  by  13ft.  Hall  (at  side}  to  be  roomy,  aod 
to  contain  fireplace ;  staircase  to  lead  out  of  it  (no  inner 
hall),  with  sufficient  room  to  place  small-sized  billiard- 
board;  four  bedrooms  first  floor;  bathroom  and  w.c, 
with  servants'  room  in  roof.  The  frontage  is  135t't.,  the 
eastern  boundary  narrowing  to  the  north,  where  the  width 
is  75ft.  It  is  intended  to  have  entrance  10ft.  from  western 
boxmdary.  Will  any  kind  reader  advise  me  where  I  can 
see  some  attractive-looking,  dark-tiled,  gabled,  rough- 
cast houses  at  moderate  coat,  or  name  any  book  or  back 
number  of  the  BriLoiNo  News  for  any  information  as  to 
plan,  elevation,  detail  fittings,  parquet  flooring  for  halls, 
suitable  fireplaces  for  same,  and  modern  sanitary  appli- 
ances ?  Could  I  erect  a  nice  attractive  house  for  these 
requirements  for  £600,  and  engage  one  man  to  carry  out 
brickwork,  another  the  woodwork,  superintending  the 
whole  myself,  as  I  have  some  knowled^^e  of  carrying  out 
work  to  prepared  plans  ?  Should  I  be  doing  better  to 
offer  a  prize  to  architects  for  a  design  and  specification, 
limiting  the  coit?—SE.\siDE. 

[12067.]— Uninflammable  Wood.— Is  there  any 
inexpensive  process  by  which  unpainted  deal  or  pine, 
under  2in.  thick,  can  be  prevented  from  blazing  when 
exposed  to  fire  ?  Is  there  any  manufactured  material, 
other  than  concrete,  which  could  be  used  for  panelled 
framing  in  place  of  wood  (into  which,  for  instance,  nails 
could  be  driven),  which  would  not  flame  when  exposed  to 
fire »— Feu. 

[12068.]— Light  —  Upon  a  fieehold  site  recently  pur- 
chased Sunday-school  premises  were  erected  about  a  year 
ago,  with  window  6ft.  oif  the  dividing  wall,  which  was 
partof  a  stable  owned  by  the  adjacent  tenant  or  lease- 
holder, who  proposes  to  raise  the  wall  4ft.,  or  a  total  of 
16ft.  above  ground  level.  This  will  diminish  the  light 
enjoyed  by  the  schoolroom.  Have  the  owners  any  legal 
cause  for  objection,  or  power  to  prevent  the  wall  being 
raised .'— Devo.v. 


be  worth  twelve  months'  purchase.  Lmoleum  and  all 
coverings  of  a  similar  sort,  should  therefore  be  laid  un  a 
plane  surface  with  no  open  joinU.  When  boards  are  laid 
on  joists  over  soil  which  gives  off  moisture,  even  though 
the  soil  be  4ft.  or  oft.  away  from  the  boards,  if  there  is  no 
ventilation,  the  wood  will  be  attacked  by  wet  rot  ana 
such  a  floor  wiU  last  only  for  four  or  five  years  I'  "n": 
leum  is  laid  on  the  same  floor,  the  timber  will  not  last 
more  than  eighteen  months.  In  these  cases  it  does  not 
matter  whether  the  boards  used  are  •  white  or  yel- 
low," or  whether  they  are  -  wet  "  or  "  dry  —the  ettect 
will  be  just  the  same.  When  linoleum  is  laid  on  an  upper 
floor  even  if  there  is  not  ventilation  between  every  joist, 
the  chance  of  rot  setting  in  is  remote,  for  the  ceiling 
plastering  is  porous,  and  dry  air  ascending  through  it 
from  the  room  below  would  soon  displace  any  moisture 
that  might  be  caught  in  the  unventilated  bays.  Moisture 
in  presence  of  stagnant  air  at  ordinary  temperatures  will 
rapidly  attack  sapwood  and  destroy  it ;  heartwood  will  as 
surely  be  attacked,  but  decay  will  proceed  at  a  much 
slower  rate.  A  covering  of  linoleum  may  be  compared  to 
an  impervious  coat  of  paint.  It  in  no  way  injures  dry 
wood ;  but  if  the  latter  is  unseasoned,  and  it  is  tarred  all 
over  or  painted,  decay  will  soon  set  in.  It  is  extiemely 
improbable  that  in  an  upper  floor  laid  for  three  months 
there  is  sufficient  moisture  in  the  timbers  to  cause  decay, 
even  if  it  is  covered  with  linoleum,  for  practically  there 
is  no  stagnant  damp  air  caught  in  such  a  floor.  The 
writer  has  had  several  yards  of  linoleum  cut  to  p;eces,  as 
described  above,  after  twelve  months'  wear  on  a  bilbard- 
room  floor,  and  over  100  squares  of  boarding  destroyed  by 
wet  rot  within  two  years  after  it  was  laid,  because  the 
floor  was  covered  with  linoleum,  and  no  provision  was 
made  for  ventilatiog  the  under  floor  space,  through  a 
mistaken  notion  that  the  soil  (it  was  a  ground  floor)  was 
dry,  and  too  far  away  to  cause  damage.  The  decay  of 
wood  under  nearly  similar  circumstances  in  other  build- 
ing work  is  a  matter  for  consideration,  as,  for  instance, 
when  felt  is  laid  on  roof  boarding  after  rain,  the  felt  and 
boards  both  being  wet.  Here  the  moisture  is  caught 
between  the  boarding  and  the  felt.  Knowing  the  nature 
and  properties  of  wood,  the  writer  has  always  considered 
such  a  proceeding  improper  ;  but  no  ill  effects  appear  to 
arise  from  it,  as  the  moisture  finds  its  way  through  the 
substance  of  the  boarding,  and  is  dissipated  in  the  build- 
ing. Again,  when  wood  blocks,  oak  or  pine,  are  bedded 
in  Portland  cement  on  a  concrete  bottom,  no  ill  effects 
are  noticed  as  long  as  the  upper  surface  of  the  blocks  is 
uncovered  ;  but  if  linoleum  is  laid  on  it,  th-j  blocks  soon 
decay.  That  blocks  laid  in  this  way  take  up  an!  transmit 
moisture  is  evident,  for  white  threads  of  fungoid  growth 
soon  show  themselves  in  the  wood  when  the  moisture  is 
arrested  by  a  linoleum  covering.  Wood,  then,  if  kept 
thoroughly  dry  or  altogether  wet,  as  in  foundation  piling, 
will  be  durable  ;  but  if  subjected  to  moisture  in  stagnant 
air  it  decays,  and  the  progress  oi  decay  will  be  in  pro- 
portion to  the  amount  of  sapwood  present  and  the  tem- 
perature of  the  surrounding  air  within  certain  limits.— 
Stonebridue  Pabk. 


PARLIAMENTARY   NOTES. 

Woekjien's  Dwellings.— Mr.  Long,  replying  to 
Dr.  Micnamara  on  Tuesday,  said  :  I  have  received 
apiilications  for  housing  loans  under  Section  1  of 
the  Housing  of  the  Woikmg  Classes  Act,  1903, 
from  22  local  authorities,  an  ex'eniion  to  80 
years  has  been  granted  to  eleiea  of  these 
authorities,  so  far  as  the  loans  rtUted  to  the 
purchase  of  land,  and,  in  the  case  of  one  of  the 
eleven,  the  periol  for  a  loan  for  land  and  buildings 
together  has  been  extended  beyond  00  years,  but  not 
to  the  maxiTium  of  80  years.  As  regards  the  re- 
maining authorities,  in  five  cases  there  were  cir- 
cumstances connected  with  the  original  borrowing 
which  rendered  an  extension  to  80  years  of  the 
period  of  repayment  impracticable.  In  one  case 
the  application  related  to  a  loan  for  building  only, 
in  another  the  application  was  not  proceeded  with, 
an  1  in  three  cases  a  decision  has  not  at  present  been 
given.  Mr.  Long,  also  replying  to  Mr.  Macnamara, 
added  :  With  reference  to  applications  made  to 
local  authorities  for  loans  for  the  purpose  of  ac- 
iiuiring  the  ownership  of  small  houses  under  the 
SmiU  Dwelliogs  Acquisition  Act,  1S99,  my  infor- 
mation is  limited  to  cases  of  applications  for  sanc- 
tion to  loans  for  the  purposes  of  the  Act  in  England 
and  Wales.  The  Locil  Government  Board  have 
received  notification  of  79  such  applications,  and 
have  sanctioned  the  borrowing  of  £ti3,SU  in  respect 
of  75  of  these  applications.  As  regards  London, 
the  sanction  of  the  London  County  Council  is 
required  to  any  such  loans.  I  am  informed  that 
they  have  recived  ten  applications,  and  have  sanc- 
tioned five,  amounting  in  the  total  to  £960, 
an  1  that  they  hive  one  application  still  under 
consideration. 

St.  Baetholomew's  Hospital  Bill.— The  com- 
mittee of  the  House  of  Commons  on  unopposed 
Bills  considered  this  Bill  on  Friday.  The  Bill 
empowers  the  governors  of  St.  Birtholomew's 
Hospital  to  demolish  the  church  of  St.  Bartholomew- 
the-L538,  situated  within  the  precincts  of  the 
hospital,  and  to  use  the  site  and  adjacent  burying- 
ground  for  the  benefit  of  the  hospital.  Provision  is 
also  made  for  uniting  for  ecclesiastical  purposes  the 
parishes  of  St.  Birtholomew-the-Great  and  St. 
Bartholomew-the-  Less.  There  being  no  opposition, 
the  Bill  was  ordered  to  be  reported  to  the  House 
without  amendment. 


REPLIES. 

[I2063.]-Deduotion  — In  reply  to  "X.Y.Z  ,"  we 
should,  of  course  liked  to  have  seen  the  agreement,  con- 
ditions of  contract,  i-pecifications.  and  the  bills  of 
quantities  >■>'  the  warehouse,  &c. ;  but,  in  the  absence  of 
these,  if  the  contractor  has  charged  extras  for  extra  work 
done,  the  architect  or  his  surveyors  are  certainly  within 
their  rights  in  making  deductions  for  work  not  carried 
out.— R.  E.  C.KF.rF.NTF.R,  Qaautity  and  Measuring  Sur- 
veyors, 112,  St.  Peter's-road,  Leicester. 

[12084.]— Dry  Rot.- If  linoleum,  or  any  other  sira'lar 
non-porous  covering,  is  laid  on  a  new  wood  floor,  two 
things  can  happen  to  the  materials  used.  The  covering 
may  be  cut  to  pieces  by  traffic  over  it,  and  the  floor-boards 
may  be  destroyed  by  wet  rot.  When  floor-boards  shrink 
and  leave  open  joints,  a  small  amount  of  traffic  will  cut 
any  covering  laid  on  tb<.m  into  slripi  the  width  of  the 
boards,  and  this  is  especially  the  case  when  the  boards, 
in  drying,  shrink  with  concave  faces  upwards,  for  the 
sharp  angles  of  the  boards  are  then  prominent  and  Ihe 
life  of  a  piece  of  linoleum  laid  on  such  a  floor  would  not 


CHIPS. 

The  memorial  to  the  late  Mr.  F.  C.  Penrose, 
F.R.S.,  the  accomplished  surveyor  of  St.  Paul's,  and 
President  and  Riyal  Gold  Medallist  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  irchitects,  will  be  unveiled  in 
the  crypt  of  St.  Paul's  to-morrow  (Saturday)  at 
3  30  p.m.  The  ceremony  will  be  performed  by  Sir 
Laurence  Alma  Tadema,  K.A. 

The  sales  at  the  Mart  last  week,  as  registered  at 
the  Estate  Exchange,  amounted  to  £241,080,  and 
for  the  corresponding  week  of  last  year  to  £108,287. 

The  town  council  of  Southampton  decided  at 
their  last  meeting  to  preserve  and  restore  the 
Undercroft  in  Simnell-street  at  an  estimated  cost 
of  £700.  The  plans  have  been  prepared  by  Mr. 
C.  J.  Hair,  A.K.I.B.A.,  of  Southampton. 

At  Bocking,  Essex,  on  Monday,  a  peal  of  eight 
bells,  placed  in  ihe  parish  church  to  commemorate 
the  00th  year  of  the  Very  Rev.  Henry  Carrington 
as  dean  and  rectcr,  were  dedicated,  and  a  marble 
tablet  recording  the  event  was  unveiled  on  the 
belfry  by  the  Countess  Martinengro  Cesaresco, 
daughter  of  the  dean,  who  came  from  Italy  ex- 
pressly to  be  present.  The  dean,  who  is  in  his  90th 
year,  was  unable  to  attend  the  ceremony. 

On  Sunday  the  wesb  end  of  St.  Alkoaund's 
Church,  Shrewsbury,  was  reopened  by  the  Bishop 
of  Lichfield,  after  restoration,  in  memory  of  the 
late  Mrs.  Wightman. 

The  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  on 
Saturday,  visited  Colchester  on  the  occasion  of  the 
formal  reception  and  unveiling  of  an  historical 
picture  presented  by  the  Institute  to  the  town  of 
Colchester  in  commemoration  of  the  terceutary  of  Dr. 
William  Gilberd,  the  "  father  of  electrical  science," 
who  was  bom  in  Colchester,  became  physician  to 
Etizibeth  and  James  I.,  and  was  president  of  the 
College  of  Physicians.  After  visiting  the  tomb  of 
Gilberd  in  Holy  Trinity  Church,  Colchester,  and  his 
birthplace,  Tymperleys,  opposite  the  church,  the 
party,  headed  by  their  president,  Mr.  B.  Kaye 
Gray,  inspected  the  electric  light  and  power 
works  of  the  Colchester  Town  Council,  and 
were  afterwards  eutertained  by  the  mayor  and 
corporation  at  luncheon  at  the  town-hall.  After  a 
drive  to  Constable's  Country,  a  return  was  made  to 
the  town-hall,  where  the  picture  —  a  painting 
by  A.  Ackland  Hunt  of  Gilberd  demonstrating  ex- 
periments in  magnetism  before  Queen  Elizibeth — 
was  unveiled  by  the  mayoress.  An  interesting 
document,  signed  and  sealed  by  Dr.  Gilberd,  in  l.'iOO, 
was  afterwards  presented  to  the  town  by  Dr.  Fenn, 
of  Nayland,  who  had  recently  discovered  this  relic 
amongst  some  family  papers. 


The  Archdeacon  of  London  (the  Ven.  W.  Sinclair) 
unveiled  a  memorial  window  m  St.  Benet's  Church, 
Mde  End-road,  on  Saturday,  to  the  memory  of  the 
late  Dean  Farrar,  the  living  of  St.  Benet's  being 
vested  in  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Canterbury 
Cathedral. 

The  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board,  at  their  meet- 
ing on  Saturday,  were  informed  by  the  Asylums 
Committee  that  the  Commissioners  in  Lunacy  who 
recently  visited  Darenth  Asylum  urged  the  im- 
portance of  replacing  certain  windows  in  the  ground  - 
floor  dormitories  by  doorways  for  use  as  fire  exits, 
and  suggested  that  cross  walls  should  be  built  in  the 
corridor  subways  to  prevent  them  from  acting  as 
flues  in  an  outbreak  of  fire.  The  committee  sup- 
ported the  report  of  the  Darenth  sub-committee, 
which  recommended  that  one  window  in  each  of  the 
ground-floor  dormitories  of  blocks  6  and  8  should 
be  converted  into  a  doorway,  that  a  41  in.  wall 
should  be  erected  across  the  subway  leading  from 
the  male  to  the  female  side  of  the  asylum,  and  that 
fireproof  doors  should  be  placed  at  the  foot  of  each 
of  the  stairways  leading  up  from  the  subway.  The 
Board  adopted  the  committee's  recommendations, 
and  referred  the  matter  to  the  works  committee  to 
deal  with. 

Mr.  Harry  Hems,  of  Exeter,  will  celebrate  to- 
morrow (Saturday)  his  sixty-second  birthday— an 
anniversary  which  actually  occurred  on  Sunday 
last,  the  I2th  inst.— by  providing  an  excursion  for 
the  choirboys  of  St.  Sidwell's  Church,  Exeter.  The 
lads  will  fall  in  at  Queen-street  Station  at  2  p.m., 
and  proceed  by  special  train  to  Exmouth,  hence  by 
aa.  Duchess  of  Drvoiis/ihe  to  Torquay,  where  tea 
will  be  provided  at  Wood's  Temperance  Hotel. 
They  will  be  due  back  at  Exeter  at  10.2  p.m. 

Mrs.  W.  H.  Lever  formerly  opened,  on  Wednes- 
day week,  Christ  Church,  Port  Sunlight,  which  has 
been  built  at  a  cost  of  £28,000,  and  presented  to  the 
village  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Lever.  The  church  is  a  cruci- 
form Late  Perpendicular  building  of  Helsby  red 
sandstone.  There  is  a  broad  and  low  square  tower 
at  the  angle  of  the  choir  and  south  transept,  carry- 
ing a  peal  of  bells.  The  chancel  has  accommoda- 
tion for  a  choir  of  50,  and  is  lighted  by  three 
stained -glass  windows  erected  by  Mr.  Lever,  in 
memory  of  his  late  father  and  mother.  The  organ 
is  of  four  manuals.  The  architects  are  Messrs.  W. 
and  Segar  Owen,  of  Warrington. 

Mr.  Alexander  Watterston,  builder,  Dundee,  has 
been  appointed  burgh  surveyor  of  Forfar  at  a  salary 
of  .£130  per  annum,  with  free  house. 

Mr.  Stewart  M'Glashen,  of  6,  Brandon -street, 
Edinburgh,  sculptor,  who  died  on  the  April  22  last, 
left  personal  estate  valued  at  £14,900  78.  lOd. 


The  Building  [>ew5.J3Jne  17.1904^. 


7.'™i.-Ai.mu.,r    Jjtcciou.ts  WC 


June  17,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


869 


CONTENTS. 


Science  and  Building 

Competition  Designs  for  Schools  at  Southall      

A  A.  Triae  Designs  and  Drawings 

Elementary    School    Competition,    Kingston  -  upon- 

Thames 

The  Borough  Asylum,  Newport,  Monmouthshire    ... 

House  at  Northwood    

The  Fencing  uf  Hoists  and  Teagles 

<.rrate.s  and  Fireplaces 

The  Protection  of  Ancient  Buildings    

The  Blackmore  Memorial 

The  Silchester  Escavationa       

8  lib -Contracts 

Obituary   

Building  Intelligence    

Engiaeering  Notes 

Competitiona    

Professional  and  Trade  Societies      

Correspondence       

Enter  communication     

Parliamentary  Notes    

The  BuiLDiNo  News  Directory 

Our  Ulustrationa    

Legal  Intelligence 

Water  Supply  and  Sanitary  Matters      

Our  Office  Table     

Meetings  for  the  Ensuing  "Week      

Trade  News ... 

Latest  Prices   

Ijist  of  Competitions  Open ... 

List  of  Tenders  Open   

Tenders     


ILLUSTRATION?. 

PUBLIC  OFFICES  AND  TOWN  HALL,  ACTON. — "  DITTONS," 
EA8THOURNE. —  LONDOK  AND  LANCASHIRr;  FlltE  IKSUBANCE 
OFFICES,  BRISTOL.— HOLY  TRINITY  CnURCH,  SIIIBEDROOK. 
— NORTHERN  ARCHITECTURAL  ASSOCIATION  PRIZE  DRAW- 
INGS.—HOUSE    AT   SORTUWOOD. 


Our  Illttstrations» 


ACTOX    TOWN'    HALL    AXI)    MU.NICIPAL    IIUILDINGS. 

This   competition,    which   attracted    more    than 
usual  attention ,   was  settled  towards  the  end  of 
last  year,  when  a  protest  was  made  by  the  pro- 
fessional jouinals  owing  to  the  fact  that  several  of 
the  most  important  conditions  issued  for  the  con- 
duct of  the  competition  had  been  ignored  by  the 
author  of  the  selected  design,  which  will  be  found 
illustrated  in  the  Biilding  News  for  Jan.  1  and 
S  this  year.     Mr.   llacVicar   Anderson  was  the 
professional  adviser  to  the  Acton  Council,  and  his 
choice  was  adopted.     The  justice  of  the  aiverse 
remarks   then  made  in   objection   lo  the  chosen 
scheme  has  been  entirely   confirmed  by  the  fact 
that    its    arrangements     have     been    absolutely 
reversed,  the  town-hall  being  now  relegated  to  a 
subordinate  position   in   Winchester-street,    and 
the    public    offices    brought     forward     into    the 
High-street,    so    as    to    hide    the    rear    of    the 
public    baths    built    at    the    back    of    the    site. 
.All     the     other      competing      designs     adopted 
precisely  this  arrangement,   whi^^h  has  now  been 
copied,  while  the  chosen  plan  in  other  ways  has 
been    materially    changed    to    adapt    it    t)  the 
requirements  of  the  council.     In  the  accompany- 
ing  design,  conformably   with    the   competition 
instructions,  an  architectural  leature   was   made 
<if   the   reception-hall,  through  which  the  town- 
liall  and  council-chamber  were  to  be  approached 
for    great    occasions.     The    cloakrooms   for    the 
two  sexes,  approached  out  of  the  main  corridor, 
are    placed    right    and    left     of    the    principal 
entrance,    so   that   the   company  might  be  con- 
veniently provided   for  and    received  in   a   way 
becoming  to  civic   receptions.     The  town-hall  is 
isolated   by  a  connecting  vestibule,   and  on  the 
upper  floor    it    becomes   entirely  detached.     Its 
own  special  entrance  is  from  Winchester-street, 
with   separate  cloak-rooms,   four  staircases — one 
at  each  corner  of  its  area — and   emergency  exits. 
The   stage   is   planned   as  required   for  dramatic 
performances,    and    a   scenery   dour    opf^ns  direct 
into   the   liack   street,    as    sliown    at  I)   on   the 
ground    plan,     lielow    the  town  -  hall   are  two 
suites  of    assembly  -  rooms,    distinct    from    the 
municipal  buildings  and  town-hall,  as  stipulated, 
with  two  kitchens,   ■Vx.     These   are  so  arranged 
that  each  sot  can  be  used  separately,  or  the  whole 
series  of  buildings  can  be  used  together  for  rare 
functions.      The   groat   point    in^i■'ted    on     was 
that  each  part  or  set  of  rooms  should  lie  adiptod 
lor  letting  for  a  variety  of  purposes  at  one  and 
the    same    time,    without    interfering    with  the 
business  of  tho  municipal  oHiecs.     Thi!  fall  of  the 
land    away  from  top  corner  of  the   High-street 
and  Winchester-street  rendered  this  possible,  but 
to  illustrate  how  the  scheme  was  worked  out  tl\e 
basement  plan  and  sections  are  really  nocesaary. 


We  shall  give  the  main  section  of  this  design  at 
an  early  date.  The  lligh-.street  is  a  noisy 
thoroughfare,  owing  to  the  trams,  and  the  com- 
mittee-rooms and  council-chamber  had  to  be  put 
to  the  rear  for  this  reason.  The  town  clerk's 
offices  are  all  together  on  the  right  on  entering, 
and  the  surveyor's  to  the  left.  The  accountant 
and  rates  office  are  close  together,  ^ind  have  a 
special  entrance  in  Winchester-street,  where  the 
coroner's  court  abo  has  its  entry.  The  court  is  on 
the  first  floor,  as  the  conditions  ordered  it  should 
be.  The  sanitary  inspector's  office  has  a  separate 
entrance  at  the  other  end  of  the  building.  The 
public  gallery  staircase  to  the  council  chamber  is  so 
arranged  that  ratepayers  attending  are  excluded 
from  traversing  any  other  part  of  the  building. 
The  architectural  treatment  is  sufficiently  shown 
by  the  accompanying  drawings,  the  idea  of  the 
scheme  being  to  make  the  axis  of  the  town-hall 
and  the  High-street  entrance  as  nearly  in  a  line 
as  possible,  and  a  feature  is  made  of  the  two 
official  private  staircases,  which  formed  so  distinct 
a  requiiement  in  the  instructions.  These  exter- 
nally are  trea'ed  as  turreted  bays,  adding 
importance  to  the  central  tower  by  their  con- 
trast of  scale.  The  sculpture  would  have  been 
carried  out  by  Mr.  Bertram  Pegram.  The 
return  at  the  east  end  of  the  facade  being  so  very 
shallow  (though  this  is  the  end  of  the  buildings 
most  conspicuously  placed,  and  prominently  seen 
in  the  Iligh-stroet  coming  from  London),  it  was 
thought  desirable  to  adopt  a  less  monumental 
style  for  this  portion,  so  as  to  make  a  picturesque 
treatment  possible,  as  being  more  in  conformity 
with  so  limited  a  return  elevation.  The  main 
fa<,'ade,  therefore,  is  this  way  made  to  btlance 
with  the  central  entrance  and  the  eastern  pavilion 
just  referred  to,  though  repeating  the  general  lines 
of  the  fenestration,  assumes  the  character  rather 
as  an  adjunct  t:  the  remainder  of  the  front.  Jlr. 
Maurice  B.  Adams,  F.R.I.B.A.,  is  the  architect 
of  this  design. 

RESIDENCE    AT    E.4ST1101RXE. 

"  DiTTONs  "  is  pleasantly  situated  adjoining  the 
grounds  of  Compton-place  with  a  southern  aspect, 
and  sheltered  by  the  well-known  stretch  of  South 
Downs  terminating  with  Beachey  Head.  The 
arrangemeots,  as  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the 
plan,  are  simple,  with  a  lounge-hall  as  a 
feature  admitting  the  sun  into  the  centre 
of  the  house ;  the  kitchen  is  well  away, 
and  the  administrative  department  is  con- 
venient for  the  general  service.  The  materials 
employed  are  selected  reds  from  the  Rowlands 
Castle"  yard,  C4uiting  stone  for  dressings,  and 
Keymer  tiles  for  roof  coverings,  while  internally 
the  general  work  will  be  in  selected  Oregon,  with 
fumigated  oak  for  hall  and  stairciee  finishings. 
Specially  designed  panelling  chimney-pieces  ani 
fitments  will  be  prepared  for  the  reception-rooms. 
As  a  guarantee  f'lr  excellence  in  execution,  the 
work  will  be  carried  out  by  Jtr.  Joseph  Martin, 
of  Eastbourne,  under  the  supervision  of  the 
architect,  Jlr.  Philip  Tree,  F.R.I.B.A.,  of 
St.  Leonard's-on-Sea  and  London,  from  whose 
drawing  our  illustration  is  taken. 

THE    LONDON-     AND     LANCASHIRE     FIllE       INSCU.VNCE 
company's    lilllSTOL    PREMISES. 

This  building  is  now  in  course  of  erection,  for  the 
directors  of  the  London  and  Lancashire  Fire  In- 
surance Co.,  in  Corn-street,  Biistol.  The  site, 
owing  to  a  depth  of  upwards  of  120ft  ,  is  more 
extensive  than  it  appears  from  the  frontage.  The 
building  contains  on  the  ground  floor  and  in  the 
basement  sccommodation  for  the  company,  whilst 
on  the  upper  floors  are  a  number  of  suites  of 
private  offices.  Lxternally  the  ground  lloor  is 
executed  in  grey  granite,  abjve  which  If  irtham 
Park  Bath  stone  is  used.  Internally  the  joinery 
is  in  oak.  Mr.  K.  F.  Kidd  ii  the  general  con- 
tractor, and  Mr.  A.  J.  White  is  acting  as  clerk  of 
works.  The  architects  are  Messrs.  Edmeston  and 
Gabriel,  Old  Broad-street,  E.C. 

HOLY    TRI^^ITY    OHUUCII,    SllIRE)UlOOK . 

The  Bishop  of  Southwell  has  quite  recently  con- 
secrated the  new  nave  and  narthox  of  this  parish 
church.  The  hatched  part  of  tho  plan  given 
with  the  view  shows  ♦ho  original  extent  of  the 
building,  which  has  a  tower  and  spire,  illustrated 
by  the  view.  The  cost  of  tho  now  part  so  far 
complettd  was  X^l.TiOO.  It  is  erected  <>!  local 
wall  stone,  tho  dressings  being  in  Wcldon 
stone.  The  builders  are  Messrs.  Fisher  Brothers, 
of  Mansfield.  The  electric  lighting  and  heating 
works  wore  done  by  Messrs.  Thomas  Dauks  and 
Co.,  of  Nottingham.  Mr.  lledloy  J.  Price, 
A.K.I.B.A.,  of  Nottingham,  is  the  architect. 


OLD    OAK      riUEPLACE,    NEWCASTLE. 

T'xi'oRTix.vrELV,  very  little  reliable  information 

is  available  in  reference  to  this  splendid  piece  of 
work,  which  is  at  present  one  of  the  principal  old 
relics  to  be  men  at  the  "  Old  Casile,"  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne.  It  appears  from  what  information  is 
at  hand  that  it  was  formerly  part  of  the  "Old 
Beehive,"  Sandhill,  Newcastle,  at  one  time  a 
private  residence.  The  exact  date  of  it  is  not 
known  ;  but  I  have  been  informed  from  a  reliable 
source  that  it  is  KJth-century  work.  It  is  solid 
oak,  and  was  at  one  time  covered  with  paint  in 
different  colours ;  later  this  was  removed  by 
bleaching  with  strong  acid.  The  centre  panel  is 
supposed  to  represent  King  Jam =s  being  carried  to 
Heaven  by  angels.  The  one  to  the  left  is  a  female 
holding  a  cornucopia,  from  which  issue  doublets, 
shoes,  wineglass,  hose,  and  other  objects,  and  the 
right-hand  panel  represents  a  figure  holding  a  two- 
faced  head.  ITnfortunately,  some  parts  are  in 
very  poor  condition,  many  pieces  of  the  carving 
being  broken  off ;  but  on  the  whole  it  is  in  a 
fairly  good  state  of  preservation,  and  well  worthy 
of  exaoaination.  The  xtuiiv  fireplace  opening, 
with  the  date  lo9S  thereon,  is  not  part  of  it,  but 
was  obtained  from  an  old  house  in  the  town,  and 
inseried  in  place  of  the  plain  rough  opening  then 
existing  in  the  cas'.le;  I  may  say  that  this  draw- 
ing, with  others,  gained  first  prize  in  the  annual 
competition  held  by  the  Northern  Architectural 
Association.  J.  Fiu;i).  AVhite. 


CHIPS. 

The  reconstruction  of  the  west  f  ac;  ides  of  the  north 
and  south  aisles  to  the  nave  of  Hereford  Cathedral, 
with  the  addition  of  massive  turrets,  in  orier  to 
complete  the  new  west  front,  is  now  being  procefeded 
with,  from  Mr.  J .  Oldrid's  Scott's  designs.  The  coat 
will  be  something  like  £6,000. 

The  formal  opening  of  the  new  workshopi  and 
laboratories  at  the  Rosemary-street  building  of  the 
Merchant  Venturers'  Technical  College  and  in  the 
main  buildings  at  Unity-street,  Bristol,  will  take 
place  on  Wednesday,  the  29th  inst.  The  new 
engines,  dynamos,  \'0.,  will  be  started,  ant  an 
address  will  be  delivered  by  Sir  William  H.  White, 
K.C.B  ,  FRS.,  President  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Eagineers, 

Up  to  date  the  cost  of  the  promenade  widening 
at  Blackpool  is  put  at  .£176,000,  which  is  some 
£50,000  within  the  original  estimate.  This  enormous 
undertaking  has  given  a  new  and  greatly  improved 
appearance  to  the  portion  of  the  town  lying  between 
the  Victoria  and  the  Central  Piers,  putting  100/t.  on 
to  the  width  of  the  promenade. 

Toe  Board  of  Manufactures  for  Scotlani  has 
accepted  for  the  Scottish  National  Gallery  at  Edin- 
burgh the  painting,  "The  Bass  Rock,"  ny  the  late 
Mr.  J.  Thorburu  Ross,  R.S.A.  The  picture  w-as 
presented  by  a  committee  of  the  late  artist's  fi  lends 
and  admirers,  who  desired  that,  as  a  memorial  to 
him,  one  of  his  works  should  be  inclu  led  in  Scot- 
land's national  collection. 

Lord  Arbuthnot,  who  claimed  £2,.)00  for  4  acres 
2  roods  22  perches  of  land  at  Weymouth,  which 
had  been  compulsorily  acquired  for  sewage  works, 
has  been  awarded  £l,t7'J  by  the  arbitration  umpire. 

A  start  was  made  list  week  with  the  construction 
oE  the  Moscow  Ring  lliilway.  Daring  the  summer 
the  sum  of  £178,12.')  is  to  be  spent  on  eirthworks  : 
while  the  estimated  outlay  on  various  buildings 
during  190 1  will  amount  to  .!.''i9i',62.'i. 

It  has  been  decided  by  the  Bold-street  Church, 
Warrington,  to  erect  a  new  orgau  and  repair  the 
stonework  and  approach  to  tho  buildiug.  This  is 
part  of  a  scheme  of  reuovatiou  that  is  to  cost  in  the 
aggregate  £2,000.  and  which  is  to  include  the  re- 
pewiug  of  the  church. 

The  Annual  Congress  of  the  British  Archaologioal 
Association  will  take  place  this  year  at  Bath,  from 
.Vugust  «  to  13  inclusive.  Among  the  places  of 
antiquarian  interest  litely  to  be  visiteil  are  Wells 
Cathedral,  the  Palace  and  Vicar's  Close,  Glaston- 
bury, Lacock  .\bbey,  Milmesbury  .Abbey,  Lougleat, 
lliuton  Charterhnuse,  Bradfoid-on-Avon,  and 
Avebury.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  time  will 
be  devoted  to  invostigatiug  the  antiquities  of  Bath. 

Three  new  platforms,  incluiiod  in  the  extensive 
alteration  scheme  at  present  Vieiiig  carried  out  at  the 
Central  Railway  Station,  Glasgow,  were  opened  for 
traffic  on  Monday.  Tue  scheme  of  alterations  in 
progress  is  m  its  entirety  one  of  magnitude.  It 
includes  increase  of  tho  platform  accommo.latioii  to 
doulilo  its  former  size;  reconstruction  of  the  offices 
for  the  conduct  of  parcel  business :  the  formation  of 
two  uesv  entrances  to  ihe  station  ;  the  enlargement 
of  the  hotel,  and  the  erection  ot  a  gigantic  railway 
briilge  across  the  River  Clyde.  The  extent  of  the 
increased  platform  accommodation  is  from  6,2o0 
square  yanls  to  14,000  square  yards,  giving  thirteen 
wider  and  longer  platforms  than  the  nine  which  had 
to  serve  previously. 


THE    BXriLDING    NEWS,    June    17.    1904 


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THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  17,  1904. 


I,£GAI.  INTELLIGENOB. 

Illuminated  Signs  and  the  Building  Acia.— 
At  the  Worship-street  Police-court,  on  Saturday, 
summonses  taken  out  by  the  London  County 
Council  against  the  proprietor  of  some  Russian 
baths  in  Brick-lane,  Spitalfields,  raised  the  question 
whether  an  illuminated  advertisement  or  sign  affixed 
to  the  front  of  his  premises  and  over  the  footway 
was  "  a  structure"  or  an  "  erection"  for  which  the 
consent  of  the  Council  had  not  been  obtained.  The 
proprietor  of  the  baths  had  substituted  for  three 
large  and  heavy  lamps  which  had  been  suspended 
by  arms  from  the  wall  a  construction  in  the  nature 
of  a  box  with  glass  sides  and  front,  on  which  the 
baths  were  advertised,  the  box  being  illuminated 
from  within  at  night  by  electric  light.  This  was 
supported  by  brackets,  and  had  above  iron  braces 
hooked  into  eyes  let  into  the  wall.  It  was  sug- 
gested that  these  braces,  being  removable,  took  the 
construction  out  of  the  character  of  a  "  structure  in 
the  nature  of  a  building."  Mr.  Lawley admitted 
that  the  Council  had  taken  the  two  summonses 
under  the  different  sections  (73  and  22),  because 
they  could  not  say  whether  the  construction  was  an 
erection  or  a  structure.  It  was  admitted  that  the 
case  of  the  "  L.C.C.  v.  Hull"  had  raised  a  some- 
what similar  point,  and  the  case  had  failed.  Mr. 
Randolph,  for  the  defence,  said  that  the  present 
proceedings  by  the  Council  were  particularly  in- 
genious, for,  having  failed  to  show  that  the  "  illu- 
minated box  "  in  the  case  of  Hull  was  an  erection, 
they  now  asked  if  it  was  a  structure,  and  left  the 
magistrate  to  find  his  way  between  the  two  argu- 
ments. Mr.  Corser  said  that,  had  he  been  left  to 
his  own  j  udgment  in  the  matter,  he  should  have 
come  to  the  decision  that  the  construction  was 
neither  an  erection  nor  a  structure.  He  referred  to 
the  judgments  of  Justices  Bruce  and  Phillimore  in 
the  case  of  Hull  and  the  London  County  Council, 
and  said  that  that  precluded  his  forming  any 
Judgment  at  all.  That  case  and  one  against  the 
JiOndon  Illuminated  Advertisements  Co.  virtually 
decided  both  points,  and  the  "two  strings  to  the 
bow"  which  the  Council  had  provided  equally 
failed,  though  the  Council  had  avoided  using  the 
word  "  building  "  in  their  summons.  In  dismissing 
both  summonses,  the  magistrate  added  that  he 
thought  the  Council  should  not  have  taken  the 
proceedings,  and  that  it  was  a  waste  of  money. 
The  defendant  was  entitled  to  his  costs,  which  was 
a  further  loss,  and  he  ordered  the  Council  to  pay 
five  guineas.  It  was  quite  possible  for  the  Council 
to  pass  a  by-law  under  their  Act  dealing  with  these 
<'Oustructions,  and  it  was  their  fault  that  they  had 
not. 

Gas  Leakages  in  8teeets. — In  the  City  of 
London  Court,  on  Friday,  Mrs.  Davis,  the  wife  of 
a  Cricklewood  greengrocer,  sued  J.  G.  White  and 
Co.,  Ltd.,  contractors,  College-hill,  E.C.,  for  £50 
damages  for  having  been  poisoned  by  coal  gas.  The 
Middlesex  County  Council  last  year  began  laying 
a  light  railway  through  High-street,  Cricklewood, 
where  the  plaintiff  helped  her  husband  in  his  shop. 
The  Willesdeu  Urban  District  Council  decided  to 
have  the  roadway  repaved,  and  the  defendants. 
White  and  Co.,  were  given  both  contracts.  The 
plaintiff's  case  was  that  the  defendants'  men  did 
their  work  so  badly  that  they  punctured  i2  gas- 
pipes  in  GOO  yards.  The  gas  escaped,  and  while  the 
plaintiff  was  standing  outside  her  shop  she  swal- 
lowed so  much  gas  that  she  became  unconscious. 
She  was  ill  for  a  long  time,  and  she  now  demanded 
compensation.  The  defendants  denied  that  their 
men  were  careless,  and  they  said  the  repairs  were 
done  as  soon  as  possible.  The  gas  mains  were  so 
undulating  that  it  was  impossible  to  tell  where  they 
were  exactly.  Mr.  Foulger,  the  chief  engineer  of 
the  Gas  Light  and  Coke  Company,  said  that  the 
gis  mains  throughout  London  were  necessarily 
zigzag,  or  they  would  soon  fill  with  condensation, 
and  London  would  be  without  gaslight.  Mr. 
Itowsell,  the  plaintiff's  counsel,  asserted  that  the 
defendants  were  an  American  firm  who  prided 
themselves  on  their  rapidity,  and  that  accounted 
for  the  recklessness  of  their  men,  who  were  paid 
piecework  rates.  This,  however,  was  denied.  The 
jury  found  for  the  plaintiff  for  £15,  and  costs  were 
given  on  the  higher  scale  on  account  of  the  public 
importance  of  the  case. 

FiNAI.ITY  OF  AeCHITEOT'S  CeETIFICATE. — BOBINS 

V.  GODDAED. — Mr.  Justice  Farwell  gave  judgment 
on  the  9th  inst.  in  this  cause,  in  which  the  plain- 
'■"    Arthur  Wellesley   Robins,  a  builder,  claimed 


tiff. 


.t'l,OJ.j  Us.  2d.  as  due  from  the  defendant,  Thomas 
Francis  Goddard,  upon  the  final  certificate  of  the 
defendant's  architect  pursuant  to  a  building  contract 
of  October  15, 1902,  between  plaintilt  and  defendant. 
The  defendant  relied  on  condition  30  of  the  con- 
ditions of  the  contract.  He  alleged  that  the 
amounts  which  purported  to  be  allowed  by  the 
certificate  for  work  and  materials  were  not  in 
accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  contract,  and 
were  unreasonable  and  excessive,  and  that  the 
work  and  materials  were  not  in  accordance  with  the 
contract  or  as  specified,  but  were  defective,  im- 
perfect, unsuitable,  and  incomplete,  with  the  result 
as  he  contended,  that  he  would  have  to  incur  great 
expense  m  re-executing  much  of  the  work  and  in 


the  purchase  of  proper  materials.  He  accordingly 
claimed  damages  for  the  plaintiff's  alleged  breaches 
of  contract,  and  his  counsel  urged  that  the  par- 
ticulars should  be  referred  to  an  official  referee. 
The  plaintitt'  contended  that  under  the  terms  of  the 
contract  the  counterclaim  could  not  be  maintained. 
The  material  portions  of  the  contract  were  clauses 
16  and  17,  the  former  defining  the  architect's 
powers  of  rejection  of  improper  materials,  the  latter 
stating  that  defendant  must  make  good  any  defects, 
shrinkage,  or  other  defaults  which  may  appear 
within  twelve  months  from  the  completion  of  the 
works.  Clause  30  provided  :  ' '  No  certificate|of  the 
architect  shall  be  considered  conclusive  evidence  as 
to  the  sufficiency  of  any  work  or  materials  to  which 
it  relates,  nor  shall  it  relieve  the  contractor  from  his 
liability  to  make  good  all  defects  as  provided  by  this 
agreement."  The  architect's  final  certificate  was  in 
the  following  form  : — "  I  hereby  certify  that  the 
sum  of  £1,055  17s.  2d.  may  be  paid  to  Mr.  A.  W. 
Robins,  of  11,  High-street,  Wanstead,  in  full  settle- 
ment of  all  claims  for  extras  and  work  under 
contract  dated  October  15,  1902,  being  balance 
ascertained  to  be  due  after  adjustment  of  accounts." 
Mr.  Justice  Farwell,  in  delivering  judgment,  said 
that  it  was  an  action  on  an  architect's  certificate, 
and  was  really  undefended.  But  the  defendant 
had  put  in  a  counterclaim  for  damages,  and  that 
raised  a  question  as  to  the  construction  of  the 
building  contract.  In  such  cases  the  employer  used 
the  services  of  an  architect,  who  was  generally 
named  in  the  contract,  for  his  own  protection.  The 
builder  could  recover  nothing  except  under  the 
architect's  certificate  given  under  Clause  30.  There 
was  a  proviso  to  that  clause— viz.,  that  "  no  certifi- 
cate shall  be  considered  conclusive  evidence  as  to 
the  sufficiency  of  any  work  or  materials  to  which  it 
relates,  nor  shall  it  relieve  the  contractor  from  his 
liability  to  make  good  all  defects  as  provided  by  this 
agreement."  The  defendant  contended  that  this 
proviso  should  be  treated  separately,  but,  in  his 
Lordship's  opinion,  it  must  be  read  with  the  pre- 
ceding clauses,  1(3  and  17.  The  contract  tlien 
became  quite  plain  and  reasonable.  The  effect  was 
that  the  architect  was  made  a  referee  as  between 
the  parties  to  the  contract.  The  defendant  now 
asked  the  Court  or  a  referee  to  decide  as  to  alleged 
defective  materials  and  workmanship.  That  was 
provided  for  by  Clause  17,  and,  unless  the  architect 
expressed  an  opinion  unfavourable  to  the  contractor, 
there  was  nothing  for  the  Court  to  decide.  There- 
fore there  was  no  case  on  the  counterclaim,  and 
there  must  be  judgment  for  the  plaintiff  for  the 
amount  claimed,  with  costs.  A  stay  of  execution 
was  granted  on  terms. 

An  Aeciiiiect's  Petition  foe  Divoece. — 
Hansom  v.  Hansom  and  Chubchee. — Sir  F.  Jeune 
heard  on  Monday  a  petition  presented  by  the 
husband,  Mr.  Robert  Hansom,  an  architect,  living 
at  Dulwich,  praying  for  the  dissolution  of  his 
marriage  on  the  ground  of  the  alleged  misconduct 
of  his  wife.  Mr.  Deane,  K.C.,  appeared  for  the 
petitioner,  but  there  was  no  defence.  The  learned 
counsel  said  the  marriage  took  place  in  1884,  and 
there  had  been  four  children.  The  respondent  gave 
way  to  intemperate  habits.  She  had  been  in  a 
home  for  inebriates,  and  had  also  been  taken  in 
hand  by  the  Salvation  Army,  but  without  any 
good  result.  The  petitioner  at  one  time  allowed 
his  wife  £2  a  week,  but  it  being  found  that  she  was 
spending  the  greater  part  of  the  money  in  drink, 
he  reduced  the  amount.  The  respondent  went  to 
live  at  a  house  in  Battersea  Park-road.  Sub- 
sequently he  heard  that  the  police  were  making 
complaints  about  her,  and  then  steps  were  taken  to 
ascertain  her  mode  of  life.  In  the  house  in  which 
she  lived,  the  co-respondent,  a  young  man,  also 
resided.  On  making  his  acquaintance,  the  respondent 
borrowed  money  from  him,  and  subsequently  cir- 
cumstances came  to  light  which  led  to  the  petition 
being  filed.  The  petitioner,  the  co-respondent,  and 
other  witnesses  having  given  evidence.  Sir  F.  Jeune 
granted  a  decree  nisi,  and  he  also  gave  petitioner 
the  custody  of  the  children. 

A  Lamdouen  Yalley  Aebitration.— Mr.  T. 
Howard  Pearson,  the  arbitrator  appointed  under 
section  6  of  the  Military  Mannuvres  Act,  1897,  to 
hear  and  determine  a  claim  for  compensation  arising 
out  of  the  military  mana-uvres  which  took  place  in 
the  Lambourn  Valley  last  autumn,  has  delivered 
his  award  in  a  case  in  which  Mr.  H.  T.  Hincks,  a 
land  agent,  of  Leicester,  and  another  claimed 
£1,437  133.  Gd.  for  damages  alleged  to  have  been 
caused  by  the  troops  encamping  on  Maidencourt 
Farm,  East  Garston,  Newbury,  Berks,  of  which 
they  are  the  owners.  The  War  Office  offered  £200 
in  full  settlement.  The  evidence  was  taken  at  the 
Royal  Courts  of  Justice.  This  is  the  first  claim 
referred  to  arbitration  under  the  Military  Manwuvres 
Act.  The  arbitrator  awards  £320,  there  being  no 
mention  of  costs  in  his  award. 

The  Woekmen'3  Comtensation  Act. — Chuech 
Decokation  as  Consteuction.  —  An  interesting 
case  under  the  Woikmen's  Compensation  Act  was 
heard  by  His  Honour  Judge  Parry  at  the  Sal- 
ford  County  Court  on  Monday.  The  question 
at  issue  was  whether  the  interior  decoration  of  a 
church  is  "construction"  within    the  meaning  of 


the  Act.  In  February  last,  Mr.  J.  A.  Pippett,  of 
Solihull,  Warwickshire,  entered  into  a  contract  to 
decorate  St.  Joseph's  Church,  Salford.  Mr.  Pippett 
contracted  with  Mr.  J.  J.  Knight,  of  Salford,  to 
erect  and  take  down  the  necessary  scaffolding,  and 
as  a  subcontractor  Mr.  Knight  employed  Mr.  George 
Phillips,  of  Browncross-street,  Salford.  The  church 
had  been  opened  and  in  use  for  two  years,  and  was 
completed  except  the  interior  decoration.  A  work- 
man named  Thomas  Baker  at  this  period  fell  from 
the  scaffold  and  was  injured  fatally.  On  behalf  of 
the  widow,  Mr.  Elliott  claimed  compensation  from 
both  Mr.  Pippett  and  Mr.  Knight.  Mr.  Ambrose 
Jones,  for  Mr.  Pippett,  and  Mr.  Acton,  for  Mr. 
Knight,  contended  that  the  work  was  not  con- 
struction or  repairing.  Mr.  Jones  suggested  that 
if  it  had  been  ordinary  commercial  paintmg,  it  would 
have  been  construction ;  but  it  was  actually  artistic 
work,  not  necessary  to  the  completion  or  preserva- 
tion of  the  building.  His  honour,  however,  thought 
that  in  the  case  of  a  church  or  theatre  decoration 
was  necessary,  and  w;is  part  of  the  entity  of  the 
building.  Mr.  Pippett  was,  he  found,  an  "  under- 
taker" engaged  in  the  construction  of  the  church. 
Mr.  Acton  submitted,  for  Mr.  Knight,  that  if  the 
contractor  was  sued,  the  applicant  had  no  remedy 
against  a  subcontractor ;  but  his  honour  awarded 
Mrs.  Baker  £187  43.  against  Mr.  Knight  and  Mr. 
Pippett.  An  indemnity  against  Mr.  Knight  was 
asked  for  by  Mr.  Jones,  but  his  honour  decided 
against  him.  Action  against  Mr.  Phillips  was  not 
proceeded  with. 


OHIFS. 

The  opening  of  the  new  Queen  Victoria  Memorial 
Hall  and  Wesleyan  Sunday-school  at  Denby  Dale 
took  place  on  Saturday.  The  building  adjoins  the 
chapel,  and  is  in  the  Renaissance  style.  The 
premises  comprise  an  assembly -hall,  tea  and  infants' 
rooms,  and  six  classrooms.  The  large  room  will 
provide  seating  accommodation  for  400  persons, 
which  can  be  increased  to  GOO  by  the  removal  of 
sliding  partitions.  The  total  cost  is  £4,000.  Mr. 
George  Moxon,  of  Barneley,  was  the  architect.  The 
building  is  erected  as  a  local  memorial  to  Queen 
Victoria. 

Mrs.  Boyd  Carpenter,  on  Saturday,  laid  the  foun- 
dation-stone in  connection  with  the  building  of  the 
chancel  and  vestries  at  St.  Margaret's  Church, 
Frizinghall,  which  will  cost  about  £2,000. 

The  additions  to  the  Isolation  Hospital,  Watford, 
are  being  warmed  and  ventilated  by  means  of  Shor- 
land's  patent  Manchester  stoves  with  descending 
smoke-flues,  Manchester  grates,  and  exhaust  roof 
ventilators,  the  same  being  supplied  by  Messrs. 
E.  H.  Shorland  and  Brother,  of  Manchester. 

Thursday  in  last  week  was  an  important  day  in 
the  municipal  history  of  Faversham,  the  occasion 
being  the  opening  ceremony  in  connection  with  the 
municipal  electric-lighting  installation.  In  1901 
the  corporation  resolved  upon  the  undertaking.  A 
Provisional  Order  was  obtained  by  the  council,  and 
sanction  obtained  to  a  loan  of  £24,000.  The  whole 
of  this  capital,  however,  has  not  yet  been  expended. 

The  new  memorial  tower  of  the  parish  church 
of  Llanegwad,  Carmarthen,  was  dedicated  by  the 
Lord  Bishop  of  St.  David  on  the  12th  inst.  It 
is  planned  for  a  peal  of  bells  to  be  added  later  on, 
from  the  designs  of  Mr.  David  Jenkins,  F.R.I.B.A., 
architect,  Llandilo,  and  built  by  Mr.  W.  D  Morgan, 
contractor,  Gwynfe,  Llangadock,  at  an  expenditure 
of  £700. 

On  Friday,  Mr.  S.  W.  Wheaton,  M.D.,  Inspector 
of  the  Local  Government  Board,  held  an  inquiry  at 
the  Town  Hall,  Newcastle- under-Lyne,  with 
reference  to  the  application  made  by  the  corporation 
for  sanction  to  borrow  £1,000,  a  sum  required  for 
extras,  not  included  in  the  original  specification,  and 
for  the  cost  of  an  arbitration,  iu  connection  with  the 
building  of  the  infectious  diseases  hospital.  Mr.  F. 
Marlor,  who  represented  the  corporation,  stated 
that  the  architects  for  the  hospital  were  Messrs. 
Lewis  .and  Emery.  Mr.  Lawis  had  since  died,  and 
Mr.  Emer/  was  now  in  Canada.  During  the  build- 
ing of  the  hospital  a  dispute  arose  with  the  builder 
with  regard  to  certain  extras,  not  included  in  the 
original  specification.  Most  of  the  extras  were 
sanctioned  by  the  architects  and  by  the  hospital 
committee,  and  it  was  only  the  more  trivial  details 
which  were  in  dispute.  The  matters  in  dispute  were 
referred  to  arbitration,  the  amount  claimed  by  the 
builder  being  considerably  in  excess  (£532)  of  what 
was  eventually  allowed  by  the  arbitrator.  The 
estimated  cost  of  the  hospital  buildings  was  £6,530, 
and  the  actual  cost  was  £7,580. 

The  sons  of  the  late  Canon  Cattley  have  presented 
to  the  new  temporary  mission  church  of  St. 
Martin's,  Worcester  (which  was  opened  by  the 
Countess  Beauchamp  on  June  2),  a  handsome  altar 
in  memory  of  their  father,  who  was  for  so  long 
identified  with  church  life  and  work  in  that  city. 
The  work  has  been  successfully  carried  out  by 
Mr.  Richard  Haughton,  sculptor,  from  designs 
by  Mr.  C.  Ford-Whitcombe,  A.R.I.B.A.,  both  of 
Worcester, 


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IHE    BUILDII^O    NEWS. 


889 


WATER  STTPPLY  AND  SANITABT 
MATTERS. 

Sewf.baoe  i>i  Wiiihal.— Members  of  the  Wirral 
Kural  District  Council  and  the  roiJ  and  impruve- 
meut  committee  of  the  Birkenhead  Town  Council 
met  at  Birkenhead  on  Friday,  when  parts  of  the 
Fender  Valley  outfall  sewer  were  inspected,  and  , 
details  of  the  scheme  explained  by  Mr.  F.  E.  Priest,  ] 
the  Wirral  Rural  District  Council's  engineer.  The 
main  sewer,  which  is  almost  completed,  is  about  GJ 
miles  in  length,  beginning  at  Barnston  Dale,  and, 
following  approximately  the  line  of  the  Fender, 
discharges  into  the  culvert,  which  was  made  when 
the  Birkenhead  docks  were  constructed,  in  Beaufort- 
road.  With  its  connecting  branches,  it  wdl  serve 
thirteen  townships,  including  a  part  of  Oxton, 
Birkenhead,  and  a  prospective  population  of  34,800, 
spread  over  an  area  of  0,650  acres.  At  its  com- 
mencement the  sewer  is  a9in.  stoneware  pipe,  which 
gives  jllace  at  a  length  of  4,040yd3.  to  brick  con- 
structed in  ovoid  forn.  At  Beaufort-road  the 
sewer  is  4ft.  high  and  2ft.  Sin.  in  width.  A  special 
feature  of  the  work  has  been  the  construction  of 
(lushing  gates,  which,  when  open,  offer  no  obstruc- 
tion to  the  fiow  of  the  sewage,  and  are  so  designed 
that,  in  the  event  of  an  accident,  they  will  open 
ijistea  i  of  close.  At  another  pirt  of  the  course  the 
sewer  is  being  carried  over  a  bed  of  peat  on  concrete 
piers.  The  work,  which  has  been  carried  out  by 
the  Wirral  Rural  District  Council,  will  cost  over 
£31,000.  Mr.  Priest  was  the  designer,  and  Messrs. 
John  Thomas  and  Sons,  of  Oxton,  are  the  con- 
tractors. 


CHIPS. 

The  statue  of  John  Milton,  which  is  to  be  placed 
at  the  north-west  angle  of  the  churchyard  of  St. 
Giles's,  Cripplegate,  is  now  ready  for  moulding,  and 
will  shortly  be  seen  in  position.  The  figure  itself  is 
Oft.  Sin.  in  height,  and  stands  on  a  pedestal  Oft. 
above  the  pavement  level.  Mr.  Horace  Montford 
is  the  sculptor. 

The  King  has  accepted  from  Lady  Pirbright.  in 
memory  of  Lord  Pirbright,  for  King  El  ward  VII. 
Hospiial,  a  painting  by  Sir  Benjamin  West,  P.R.  A., 
entitled  "The  Sick  Man." 

The  foundation-stone  of  the  new  Baptist  Chapel, 
Winterbrook-road,  Heme  Hill,  was  laid  on 
Thursday,  in  last  week,  by  Sir  Horace  B.  Marshall. 

The  prize  for  design  of  the  Koyal  Institute  of 
Architects  of  Ireland  and  the  prize  for  measured 
drawings  of  the  Architectural  Association  of  Ireland 
have  been  won  by  Mr.  R.  Donnelly.  This  is  the 
first  occasion  on  which  both  prizes  have  been  won 
at  the  same  time  by  the  same  competitor.  The 
winner  is  the  son  of  Mr.  Robert  Donnelly,  of  Holy- 
wood.  He  wa<*  a  student  of  St.  Malachy's  College, 
Belfast,  and  is  a  former  pupil  and  assistant  of  Mr. 
J.  J.  Donnell  and  Messrs.  J.  J.  Phillips  and  Sou,  of 
Belfast. 

On  the  afternoon  of  Saturday,  St.  Bamabas's 
Day,  the  Bishop  of  London  consecrated  the  com- 
pleted portion  of  the  church  of  St.  James,  Ealing 
Doau. 

The  Somersetshire  Elucation  Committee  con- 
sidered on  Friday  an  application  from  certain  firms 
that  their  names  be  added  to  the  committee's  list  of 
architects.  It  was  decided  that  no  additions  be 
made  to  the  present  list,  and  that  in  casts  where  a 
school  board  has  habitually  employed  a  particular 
architect,  managers  may  apply  to  the  county  com- 
mittee for  sanction  to  the  employment  of  the  same 
architect  when  any  further  alterations  to  school 
buildings,  &ci.,  be  made. 

The  managers  of  the  Glasgow  Royal  Infirmiry 
have  remitted  the  complete  plans  for  the  recon- 
struction of  this  hospital  to  Sir  Henry  Burdett,  and 
have  associated  with  him  Dr.  Mackintosh,  of  the 
Western  Infirmary,  (Jlasgow,  "to  examine  and 
make  suggestions  as  they  may  think  advisable  for 
their  improvement  in  d  etail  or  as  a  woiking  whole, 
having  in  mind  that  the  general  ground  plan  of  the 
main  ward  blocks  must  not  be  departed  from,  and 
that  the  number  of  beds  provided  (700)  must  not  be 
diminished." 

The  Board  of  Trade  have  confirmed  the  order 
made  by  the  Light  Railway  Commissioners  trans- 
ferring to  the  mayor,  aldermen,  and  burgesses  of 
Lowestoft  the  powers  conferred  upon  the  East 
Anglian  Light  Railways  Company  by  the  East 
Anglian  Light  Railways  Order,  1002,  and  amend- 
ing that  order. 

The  Bishop  of  Stepney  will  lay  to-day  (Friday) 
the  j)rincipal  stone  of  the  new  house  and  chapel  of 
the  Cowley  Fathers  Society  of  St.  John  the  Evan- 
gelist, which  is  being  built  in  (Jrcat  College-street, 
Westminster,  at  an  estimated  ultimate  cost  of 
X12,170. 

The  Duchess  of  Albany  on  Siturday  formally 
opened  and  dedicated  to  the  public  a  drinking 
fountain,  cattle  trough,  and  dog  trough  which  have 
been  erected  in  the  main  Brighton -road  at  Purley, 
as  a  memorial  of  <iueen  Victoria.  The  fountain 
ia  of  A'lerdeen  granite. 


(Duf  €>fficc  Cable. 


Ai'iiii]i)s  of  -Mr.  UJinan  Hint's  lamentation 
ovfr  historical  buildings  that  have  ceased  to  be,  a 
correspondent  writes: — "  A  good  many  yearsa^o 
there  stood  on  a  rising  'mound'  the  well-pre- 
f  erved  ruins  of  one  of  the  famous  Irish  '  round 
towers'  (I'hn.'nieian  remains:-)  on  property  be- 
longing to  the  Downshire  family  and  only  a  few 
miles  from  Downpatrick.  The  picturesque  spot 
was  much  sought  by  excursioniois  from  Belfast, 
and  the  ruins  were  in  danger  of  dfstniction.  Tne 
owner  wrote  from  London  to  tell  his  agent  to 
construct  a  high  and  strong  wall  round  the 
mound,  and  ordered  that  no  one  should  come  in- 
side 'he  inclosure  without  special  permission.  The 
agent  obeyed  hia  orders,  and  on  his  fist  visit 
afterwards  to  the  estate  asked  Lord  Djwnshire 
to  go  and  inspect  for  himself  the  effectual  wall- 
work  he  had  atcomplished.  He  did  so,  and  found 
the  wall  there  all  right,  but  no  tower.  For  the 
thrifty  agent  had  thought  it  foolish  to  fetch 
up  new  stones  where  excellent  old  om-a  were  so 
handy." 

TiiK  Arundel  Club  has  reC' ntly  been  orgonised 
with  the  object  of  making  a  systematic  effort  to 
obtain  a  photographic  record  of  old  works  of  art 
in  private  collections.  The  club  now  comprises 
a  sufficient  number  of  subscribing  membtrs  to 
enable  the  work  to  be  begun.  A  committee  has 
be  appointed  consisting  of  Lord  Balcaires,  Sir 
Walter  Armstrong,  Messrs.  John  S.  Sargent, 
R.A.,  Sidney  Colvin,  Lionel  Cost,  G.  F.  Warner, 
Claude  Philiipa,  R.  C.  Witt,  Herbert  Cook, 
R  ger  Fry,  C.  Ricketts.  Bjwyer  Nichols,  Alban 
Head,  and  Mervyn  Jonea.  Sir  Miirtin  Conway 
is  the  chairman,  the  hen.  secretaries  are  Mr. 
Robert  Ross  and  Miss  Richel  Ricardo,  and  the 
habitat  of  the  club  ia  10,  Shfffield-gardena,  Iven- 
aington.  The  work  of  selecting  pictures  for 
reproduction  ia  now  in  hand. 

TiiR  Torquay  Tramways  Bill,  under  which  a 
new  system  of  electric  traction  is  to  be  introduced 
into  this  country,  has  now  passed  both  Houses  of 
Parliament,  a  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of 
LoriU  presided  over  by  Lord  Hawkesbury  on 
Tuesday  confirming  the  decision  of  a  committee 
of  the  House  of  Commons  that  the  preamble  was 
proved.  Mr.  Fitzgerald,  K.C.,  who  appeared  in 
support  of  the  Bill,  explained  that  the  promoters 
were  the  Dolter  Electric  Traction  Company,  and 
that  they  proposed  to  construct  a  length  of  nine 
route  miles  of  tramway  3  in  the  borough  of 
Torquay.  The  Dolter  ayotem  of  traction  was  a 
surface -contact  ay  stem.  The  current  passed 
through  insulated  cables  underground  to  certiin 
atuds  in  the  centre  of  the  track.  An  electro- 
magnet with  a  skate  attached  was  fixed  under  the 
I  car,  and  this,  aa  the  car  moved  along,  came  in 
contact  with  the  top  of  the  stud.  The  stud  was 
magnetised  and  made  "live"  and  the  current 
was  conveyed  to  the  motor.  Aa  soon  as  the  cir 
had  passed  over  the  stud  another  akate  at  the 
back  of  the  car  reversed  the  current,  demag- 
netised the  stud,  and  made  it  "dead"  again. 
There  was,  therefore,  no  danger  to  human  beings 
or  to  animals  from  contact  with  the  stu  ia  after 
the  cir  had  passed.  The  cost  of  the  scheme,  in- 
cluding equipment,  was  estimated  at  £136,000. 
The  proposal  had  the  Fupport  of  the  corporation 
of  Torquay.  The  Bill  was  ordered  to  be  reported 
for  ihird  reading. 

A  L.iuKE  number  of  members  of  the  Xewcastle- 
on-Tyre  S  .ciety  of  Antiquaries  and  friends 
gathered  in  the  Castle  on  Saturday  afternoon  to 
1  engage  in  a  tour  of  the  old  town  walls  in  the 
j  city,  '\fter  meeting  in  the  library  of  the  Caatle, 
1  the  party  adjourned  to  the  basement,  where  Mr. 
R.  (Jliver  Heslop,  JI.A.,  F.S  .\.,  one  of  the 
aecretariea  of  the  society,  who  acted  as  cicerone, 
ahowed  a  couple  of  atone  effigies,  which  at  one 
time  occupied  a  position  on  one  of  the  towers  that 
adorned  the  walla  of  the  city.  Similar  elligiea, 
Mr.  Heslop  explained,  had  adorned  all  the  towers. 
Subsequently  the  party  visited  Sandgate,  and 
inspecttd  the  Sallyport  Tower.  Some  pe.>ple,  it 
was  statid,  would  persist  in  asserting  that  the 
Roman  wall  was  connected  wi  h  the  Sallyport 
Tower,  and  also  with  the  Corner  Tower,  off 
City-road  ;  but  this  was  denied,  the  Roman  wall 
ha\ing  no  coimecticm  whatever  with  these  ports 
The  Pliiinmer  Tower,  near  the  gaol,  was  next 
visited,  and  afterwarda  St.  Andrew's  Church, 
near  to  which  tliorc  is  a  large  portion  of  the  old 
wall  in  a  gooil  state  of  preservation,  although  it 
has  been  built  upon.  Local  .inticpiariei,  however, 
I  are  thankful  that  ao  much  has  been  spared,  aa  the 


owners  of  tVe  slrnctures,  if  they  hxd  wiahed, 
rould  have  obliterate  1  the  wall  in  its  entirety. 
The  ground  surrounding  St.  .Xndrew'a  Church  ia 
historic,  Mr.  Hea!op  explaining  that  it  Wis  there 
where  an  encounter  wi  h  the  Percy  and  the 
Douglas  took  place,  abou*.  whom  thera  ia  so  much 
written  in  the  ballad  of  "  Chevy  Chiae."  Prob- 
ably the  mo»t  notable  portion  of  the  old  walls  left 
is  in  Stowell-etreet.  -  Included  in  this  a-ction  ia 
the  Herber  Tower,  which  is  in  an  almost  perfect 
atate  of  preservation. 

A  srEciAL  meeting  of  the  Waterworks  Com- 
mittee of  the  Bradford  Corpor.tion  discuased  on 
Tuesday  the  question  of  the  salary  of  their 
enginetr  (Mr.  James  Watson).  It  was  stated 
that  he  had  had  an  offer  of  £i,S0O  a  year  from 
the  Jletropolitan  Waterworks  Board,  and  it  had 
been  decided  to  'make  thtt  fact  known  with  a 
view  to  offering  an  inducement  to  Mr.  Watson  to 
remain  with  the  Bradford  Corporation.  After 
the  matter  had  been  discusaed,  it  was  decided  to 
offer  Mr.  "Watson  an  advance  of  £-500  a  year  on 
his  present  salary  of  £1,2.30,  subject  to  that  being 
rat  fied  by  the  City  Council.  I  a  the  course  of 
the  discussion  it  was  stated  that  thirteen  years 
ago  Sir  (then  Mr.)  Alexander  Binnie  had  a  salary 
of  £1,200  a  year  in  Bradfoid,  but  since  that  time 
the  w  terworka  department  had  more  than 
doubled.  In  addition  to  the  ordinary  work  of 
the  depaitment,  it  was  pointed  out  thai  the  assist- 
ance of  Mr.  Watson  would  be  required  in  con- 
nec  ion  with  the  carrying  out  of  the  Ebholt  scheme 
for  sewage  purposes,  and  also  in  connection  with 
the  construction  of  a  seivice  reaervoir  for  the 
electricity  worka. 

The  old  home  of  Washington  at  Jlount  Vernon 
has  been  threatened  for  some  time  by  the  en- 
croachment of  a  stream  of  water,  which  it  it  had 
been  allowed  to  take  its  own  course  would  have 
undermined  the  mansion  in  a  few  years'  time. 
This  disaster  baa  been  averted  by  the  action  of  a 
patriotic  ordir  of  women,  which  has  secured  the 
money  for  the  purpose  of  building  a  tunnel  under 
the  hiatoric  mansion,  in  order  to  divert  the 
stream.  This  work  is  now  being  performed  at  a 
cost  of  il,500  sterling,  and  will  soon  be  com- 
pleted. This  same  stream  gave  the  Father  of  his 
Country  considerable  concern,  and  just  before 
his  death  he  had  decided  to  move  the  burial  vault 
on  the  grounds  to  a  point  a  considerable  distance 
away  from  the  present  location.  The  task  of 
constructing  the  tunnel  is  a  very  simple  one, 
passing  directly  under  the  old  homestead.  It 
will  be  of  sufficient  dimenaions  to  carry  off 
50,000  gallons  per  day. 

A  DISCUSSION-  took  place  at  the  last  meeting  of 
the  town  council  of  Birkenhead  as  to  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  Education  Committee  that  Mr. 
C.  E.  Deacon  should  be  appointed  aa  architect  for 
the  new  Tranmere  School.  Mr.  Dodda,  in  moving 
that  the  minute  be  referred  back,  aaid  that  they 
had  paid  £3,375  to  architecta  in  two  years.  In 
hia  opinion  they  would  save  a  considerable  sum 
by  appointing  a  permanent  otlicial  to  devote  the 
whole  of  his  time  to  the  work.  They  could  place 
him  under  the  borough  surveyor ;  and  such  an 
official  could  be  had  for  something  like  £300  a 
year.  Alderman  Benedict  Jonea  expressed  the 
opinion  that  the  council  abould  pause  before 
setting  up  another  depaitment,  and  added  that 
they  would  not  get  a  man  at  the  sa'ary  mentioned 
by  Mr.  Dodda  who  could  design  and  take  charge 
of  the  erection  of  buildings  costing  from  £15,000 
to  £20,000.  They  certainly  woubl  not  get  a  man 
of  the  eminence  and  experience  of  those  they  hid 
employed  on  their  schools.  After  further  dis- 
cussion the  amendment  was  carried  by  the  casting 
vote  of  the  Slayor. 

Skwage  is  treated  in  Briinn,  Moravia,  by  a 
chemical  process  utilising  a  reagent  composed  of 
1  kilogramme  of  organic  carbon,  20  to  30  grammes 
of  lime,  and  10  of  zinc  dust  per  cubic  mMre  of 
sewage.  The  carbon  ia  obtained  by  dry  d  stil- 
lation  in  gas  retorta  of  offal  from  abattoirs.  After 
mixing  with  the  proper  doao  of  the  reagent,  th-) 
sewage  llowa  into  a  sett  ing  basin  from  which 
the  deposited  mud  ia  pumped  to  filter  presse^a. 
'rhe  pressed  cakes  are  distilled  dry  and  a  part  of 
the  reagent  can  be  rce'overed.  From  the  settling 
basin  the  turbid  water  Hows  to  a  filter  consisting 
of  superposed  layera  of  brick,  coke,  and  carbon. 
From  this  Biter  the  clarilied  cHliient  is  turnel 
into  the  river. 

PiioiiAiiLV  nowhnre  on  the  .Vmerican  continent 
is  the'ro,  says  the  Cuiiiiilinii  .frW/i^cc/,  to  bo  found 
greater  activity  in  building  operations  than  may 
be  witnessed  at  present  in  the  city  of  Winnipeg. 
Population  is  flowing  into  this  city  at  such  a  r.ito 


890 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  17,  1904. 


that  it  is  found  impossible  to  build  rapidly  enough 
to  meet  the  requirements  for  liouseB  and  buildings 
for  business  purposes.  The  ralue  of  new  build- 
ings erected  last  }-ear  was  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
6,000,0fl0dol.  This  year  the  figures  will  probably 
reach  10, 000, OOOdol. '  Thepopulationincreasedlast 
year  by  13,000,  and  will  probahly  show  a  greater 
increase  this  year.  The  city  directory  shows  a 
present  population  of  70,000.  As  a  result  of  the 
demand  for  buildings,  the  number  of  architects 
and  builders  is  rapidly  increasing.  There  are  at 
present  about  thirty  practising  architects  in  the 
city.  Several  eastern  firms  have  recently  opened 
hranch  offices.  Building  materials  of  every  kind 
and  skilled  mechanics  are  in  urgent  demand .  Fears 
are  expressed  lest  the  recent  great  fire  in  Toronto 
should  interfere  with  the  supply  of  materials 
and  workmen  required  for  this  season's  operations. 
There  are  many  differences,  our  Transatlantic 
contemporary  adds,  to  be  observed  in  methods  of 
construction  employed  in  the  north-west,  as  com- 
pared with  those  in  the  east  of  Canada.  The 
severity  of  the  climate  in  winter  makes  it  neces- 
sary to  give  the  occupants  of  buildings  greater 
protection  against  the  cold.  Hollow  walls  and 
box  construction  for  windows  are  prominent 
features.  Houses  are  built  as  far  as  possible 
without  projecting  features,  chimneys  being  kept 
inside  the  walls  in  order  that  as  much  heat  as 
possible  may  be  retained  within  the  building. 
It  has  been  found  that  a  thin  hollow  wall  is  of 
greater  service  as  a  protection  against  cold  than 
a  solid  wall,  however  thick.  As  during  the 
period  of  frost  there  is  little  or  no  rain,  no 
coping  is  required  for  brick  walls  and  chimneys, 
and  the  exterior  of  buUdings  is  not  subject  to 
disintegiation  by  alternate  thawing  and  freezing, 
as  in  a  milder  climate. 

Me.  William  Sugg,  in  the  course  of  a  paper  on 
"  Artificial  tJas  Illumination  in  Relation  to 
Natural  Light  "  read  at  the  concluding  meeting 
of  the  Institution  of  Gas  Engineers  last  week, 
drew  attention  to  the  danger  to  the  eyes  by  in- 
creasing the  power  of  light  without  taking  means 
to  guard  them  from  the  effects  of  those  rays  which 
were  known  to  be  deleterious.  What  was  wanted 
was  that  the  rays  of  light  from  incandescent 
burners  should  be  the  colour  of  the  sunlight,  and 
not  that  of  moonlight.  Shades  of  rose  colour  or 
green  should  be  employed  in  all  cases  where  in- 
tense light  was  used.  The  whole  matter  needed 
careful  study.  Mr.  Daniel  Irving,  of  Bristol,  was 
elected  president  of  the  institution,  and  it  was 
resolved  to  send  a  deputation  to  wait  on  the 
President  of  the  Board  of  Trade  with  a  view  of 
protesting  against  the  new  rules  for  testing  gas, 
some  of  which  were  described  as  absurd. 

We  have  not  often  availed  ourselves  in  these 
pages  of  the  extraneous  inducements  to  readers 
adopted  by  some  contemporaries  ;  but  it  seems  to 
us  that,  in  view  of  the  yearly  increase  in  fatalities 
to  travellers  in  trains,  tramcars,  and  other  licensed 
public  vehicles,  that  the  coupon,  which  will  be 
found  on  another  page,  and  which  is  guaranteed 
by  the  Casualty  Insurance  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  123,  Pall 
Mall,  may  be  worth  preserving  week  by  week. 
The  Company  offers  many  advantages,  by  the 
way,  peculiar  to  itself,  among  them  an  •'  Inclusive 
Policy,"  which  guarantees  a  handsome  sum  down 
in  the  event  of  death  by  accident  or  disease,  or  an 
annuity  if  permanently  disabled,  or  compensation 
while  laid  up.  Architects,  builders,  and  others 
are  liable  to  many  accidents,  and  may  with 
advantage  send  for  and  consider  a  prospectus. 


The  President  (Mr.  H.  T.  Steward)  and  the 
Council  of  the  .Surveyors'  Institution  gave  a  con- 
versazione last  (Thursday)  evening  at  the  Natural 
History  Museum,  South  Kensington.  Musical 
selections  were  performed  in  the  central  hall  by  the 
string  band  of  the  Royal  Engineers,  and  in  the  Bird 
Gallery  part  songs  and  glees  were  rendered  by 
Messrs.  E.  Taylor,  Xorcnp,  Dalzell,  Stubba,  and 
Bevan. 

Lord  Balfour  has  consented  to  lay  the  foundation- 
stone  of  the  new  Presbyterian  church  at  South 
Croydon  on  Saturday  in  next  week,  the  2jth  inst. 

The  extension  of  the  public  library  for  the  borough 
of  Stoke  Newington  in  Churcli-street,  N.,  was 
opened  on  Saturday  afternoon  by  the  mayor  of  the 
borough.  The  free  library  was  built  in  1S92,  from 
plans  by  Mr.  S.  G.  Goss,  selected  in  competition,  and 
contains  a  thousand  volumes  presented  by  Mr.  J. 
Passmore  Edwards.  The  extension  consists  of  a  new 
hall  for  lectures,  \c.,  a  new  committee-room,  a  new 
reference  library  hall,  and  a  children's  room,  while 
*S^o  nfl?,"*  capacity  for  books  has  been  increased 
A  4=,'n  i!°l"?'''v  ^^^  ™^*  "'*'^'"  extension  was 
i*,4a0,  which  has  been  met  by  Andrew  Came»ie. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  "WEEK. 

Saturday  (to-morrow).— Society  of  Architects.  Field 
Day  at  Coventry.  Train  from  Euaton 
9.20  a.m. 

London  Architectural  Association. 
Visit  to  Penshurst.  By  permission  of 
Lord  de  L'Isle.  Train  from  Charing 
Cross  at  2.6  p.m. 

St.  Paul's  Ecclesiological  Society. 
Visit  to  Littleton,  Middlesex,  under  the 
guidance  of  T.  Garratt.  Train  from 
Waterloo  Station  North  to  Shepperton 
2.15  p.m. 

Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects. 
President's  at  Home.  Exhibition  of 
Architects'  Sketches.    8.30  to  11  p.m. 

Monday. — Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects.  Pre- 
sentation of  Boyal  Gold  Medal  to  M. 
Auguste  Choisy. '  8.15  p.m. 

Saturday  (June  25).— Edinburgh  Architectural  Associa- 
tion. Annual  Excursion  to  Olamis  Castle 
and  Kestenneth  Priory. 


Crabi  i^t^s. 


WAGES    UOVEMENTS. 

The  Laboue  Market  ix  May.  —  The  memo- 
randum prepared  by  the  Labour  Department  on 
the  state  of  the  labour  market  in  May  is  based  on 
4,026  returns— viz.,  2,617  from  employers  or  their 
associations,  1,321  from  trade-unions,  and  88  from 
other  sources.  It  states  that  employment  generally 
shows  little  change  as  compared  with  a  month 
ago.  A  slight  improvement  was  peiceptible  in 
the  cotton  industry  at  the  end  of  the  month, 
while  in  the  engineering  and  shipbuilding  trades 
there  has  been  a  slight  decline.  As  compared 
with  a  year  ago,  employment  continues  to  show  a 
decline,  and  the  percentage  of  trade- union  members 
unemployed  at  the  end  of  May  was  considerably 
above  the  mean  percentage  for  the  corresponding 
period  in  the  past  ten  years.  In  the  271  trade 
unions  with  an  aggregate  membership  of  571,384 
making  returns,  36,002  (or  6-3  per  cent.)  were 
reported  as  unemployed  at  the  end  of  May,  as  com- 
pared with  6  0  per  cent,  in  April,  and  4-0  per  cent, 
in  May,  1903.  The  mean  percentage  of  unemployed 
returned  at  the  end  of  ,May  during  the  ten  years 
1894-1903  was  3'7.  In  the  building  trades  employ- 
ment continues  dull.  Compared  with  a  month  ago 
it  shows  little  change  on  the  whole,  but  it  is  worse 
than  a  year  ago.  The  percentage  of  unemployed 
trade-union  members  among  carpenters  and  joiners 
was  5-9  at  the  end  of  May,  compared  with  (>1  at 
the  end  of  April  and  2-6  a  year  ago.  The  percentage 
for  plumbers  was  9-2  at  the  end  of  May,  9  7  at  the 
end  of  April,  and  64  at  the  end  of  May,  1903. 
Employment  generally  in  the  furnishing  and  wood- 
working trades  waa  dull,  and  about  the  same  as  a 
month  ago,  but  worse  than  a  year  ago.  The  per- 
centage of  unemployed  trade -union  members  at  the 
end  of  May  was  5-3  aa  compared  with  4-9  per  cent, 
in  April,  and  2-8  per  cent,  in  May,  1903. 

Scottish  Bridge  B^ldees'  Wages.  —  The 
directors  of  the  various  bridge-building  works  in 
Motherwell,  which  is  the  centre  of  the  industry  in 
Scotland,  have  intimated  a  reduction  in  wages  of 
live  per  cent.,  and  ten  per  cent,  on  piecework,  to 
come  into  operation  on  June  17,  owing  to  keen  com- 
petition in  the  trade.  Several  thousand  workers 
are  concerned,  and  they  have  declared  that  the 
reduction  will  be  resisted  and  that  a  strike  will  take 
place  if  necessary. 


LATEST    PRICES. 

*-¥* 

IBON,    &o. 

Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

RoUed-Iron  Joists,  Belgian £5  10  0    to  £B  IB    0 

Rolled-Steel  Joists.  English   6  10  0    „  8  12    6 

Wrought-Iron  Girder  Plates  7    0  0,,  760 

Bar  Iron,  good  Staffs 6    6  0,,  8  10    0 

Do.,  Lowmoor,  Flat,  Hound,  or 

Square    20    0  0    „  20    0    6 

Do.,  Welsh  „ 6  16  0    „  6  17    0 

Boiler  Plates,  Iron — 

South  Staffs 8  15    0    „        8  15    0 

Best  Snedshill 9  10    0  9  10    0 

Angles  lOs.,  Tees  20s.  per  ton  extra. 
Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  for  bonding,  &c.,  £7  7s.  6d. 
Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  galvanised,  £12  to  £13  per  ton. 
Galvanised  Corrugated  Sheet  Iron— 

^      ^       ^  No.  18  to  20.  No.  22  to  24. 

6it.    to    8it.   long,   incluaiye     Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

gauge £1115    0    ...£12    0    0 

Best  ditto 12    5    0    ...     12  10    0 

„    ,  ,       „  .  Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Caat-Iron  Columns £8  10    0    to    £8  10    0 

Cast-iron  Stanchions 6  10    0    „       8  10    0 

RoUed-Iron  Fencing  Wire  8    0    0,,       8    B    0 

Rolled-Steel  Fencing  Wire „      6    5    0,,       6  10    0 

,,         „  „        Galvanised.      7  15    0    „       8    0    0 

Cftst-Iron  Sash  Weights  4  12    6    „       4  12    6 

Cut  Clasp  Nails,  Sin.  to  Bin 9    5    0,,        950 

Cut  Floor  Brads 9    0    0,,       900 

Wire  Nails  (Points  de  Paris)— 

Sto7      8       9        10       11       12       13       14      15     B.W.G. 

8/-      ft'6     9/-    9/6      9  9    10/6    IV3    1^'-   13/-   per  CWt. 


Cast-iron  Socket  Pipes — 

Sin.  diameter    £5  15    0    to   £6    0    0 

4in.  to8in 6  12    8    „       5  17    6 

7in.  to  24in.  (all  sizes)  6    7    6,,      5  10    0 

[Coated  with  composition,  Bs.  Od.  per  ton  extra ;  tamed 
and  bored  joints,  58.  Od.  per  ton  extra.] 
Pig  Iron —  Per  ton. 

Cold  Blast,  Lilleshall    165a.  Od.  to  112a.  ed. 

Hot  Blast,  ditto  65e.  Od.  to    70a.  Od. 

Wrooght-Iron  Tubes  and  Fittings — Discount  off  Standard 
lists  f.o.b.  (plus  5  per  cent.)  : — 

Gaa-Tubes 87Jp.o. 

Watei^Tubes  62}  „ 

Steam-Tubes   57}  „ 

Galvanised  Gas-Tubea BB     „ 

Galvanised  Water-Tubes 50     „ 

Qalvanised  Steam-Tubes 45     „ 

lOcwt.  casks.  5cwt.  caaks. 
Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

Zinc,  Htnglinh  (London  mill]  £25    5    0    to  £23  13  0 

Do.,  Vicille  Montague 27  10    0    „     27  15  0 

Sheet  Lead,  31b.  and  upwards  ...    13  15    0    „     13  15  0 

Lead  Water  Pipe  (F.O.R.  Lond.)    14    5    0    „     14    5  0 

lead  Barrel  Pipe   15    2    6    „      15    2  6 

Lead  Pipe,  Tinned  inside  16    2    6    „     16    2  6 

„  and  outaide    17  12    6    „     17  12  6 

Composition  Gas-Pipe 16    2    8    „     18    2  6 

Sod-Pipe  (Bin.  and  Bin.  extra)  ...    18    2    6    „      16    2  6 

Pig  Lead,  m  Icwt.  pigs 10  18    3    „     10  17  6 

Lead  Shot,  in  281b.  bags IB    0    0    „      15    5  0 

Copper  Sheets,  sheathing  and  roda    72    0    0    „     72    5  0 

Copper,  Britiah  Cake  and  Ingot...    59  10    0    „     6J    0  0 

Tin,  Straita  120  17    8    „    121    7  6 

Do.,  EngUah  Ingota  1'23  10    0    „    12«    0  0 

Spelter,  SUeaian 21  15    0    „     22    0  0 

TIUBBB. 

Teak,  Burmah per  load   £9  15  0    to  £18    0    0 

„    Bangkok „    ...      9    5  0,,  16    5    0 

Quebec  Pine,  yellow ,    ...      3  17  6    „  6  10    0 

„    Oak „    ...      5    0  0,,  7  10    0 

„    Birch  3    0  0,,  600 

„    Elm „    ...      4    5  0    „  8    0    0 

„    Aah 4    0  0,,  700 

Dant«ic  and  Memel  Oak      „    ...      2    0  0,,  600 

Fir 2  10  0    „  5    0    0 

Wainacot,  Riga  p.  log ...      „    ...      2  15  0    „  5    5    0 

Lath,  Dant«ic,  p.f „    ...      4    0  0,,  600 

St.  Petersburg 4    0  0,,  600 

Greenheart  „    ...      7  15  0    „  8    0    0 

Box 7    0  0,,  16    0    0 

Sequoia,  U.S.A percubefoot     0    8  6,,  089 

filaliogany,  Cuba,  per  super  foot 

lin.thick  £)    0  6    to    £)    0    8 

„           Honduraa  ...      „    ...      0    0  6,,  00  7i 

„           Mexican 0    0  4,,  005 

„           African  .....      0    0  8J  ,.  0    0  5i 

Cedar,  Cuba    .....008,,  00  3J 

„  Honduraa   .,    ...      0    0  SJ  „  0    0  S| 

Satinwood    „    ...      0    0  10    „  0    19 

Walnut,  Italian „    ...      0    0  8,,  00  7J 

„      American  (logs)      0    8  1,,  031 

Deals,  per  St.  Petersburg  Standard,  120— lift,  by  IJin. 
by  11m. : — 

auebec.  Pine,  lat  £22    0  0    to  £'29    6    0 

„              2nd 18    5  0    „  23  10    0 

„             8rd  11  IB  0    ..  14    0    0 

Canada  Spruce,  Ist ,.    11    0  0    „  IB  10    0 

„           -2ndand3id  9    0  0,,  10  10    0 

New  Brunswick 8    0  0,,  9  15    0 

Riga    8    0  0,,  8  10    0 

St.  Petersburg 8    0  0,,  17    0    0 

Swedish £11  10  0    „  £20    0    0 

Finland 9  10  0    „  10    5    0 

White  Sea 1110  0    „  20    0    0 

Battens,  all  sorts   7    0  0,,  14  10    0 

Flooring  Boards,  per  square  of  lin. : — 

Istprepared £0  13  0    „  £0  18    6 

2ndditto   0  12  0    „  0  15    6 

Other  quaUtiea    0    5  3,,  0  13    0 

Btarea,  per  standard  M  : — 

U.S.,  pipe £37  10  0    „  £45    0    o 

Memd,  cr.  pipe  220    0  0    „  230    0    g 

Memel,  brack 190    0  0    „  200    0    ^ 

STONE." 

Darley  Dale,  in  blocks per  foot  cube  £0    a    3 

Red  Mansfield  ditto 0    2  4J 

Hard  York  ditto    0    2  10 

Ditto  ditto  Sin.  sawn  both  aides,  landings, 

random  sizes per  foot  sup.    0    2    8 

Ditto  ditto  3in,  alaba  aawn  two  aides, 

random  sizes  „    ...    0    1    8 

•  All  F.O.R.  London. 
Bath  Stone,  delivered  on  rail  at  quarry  stations 

per  foot  cube  £0    10 
Delivered  on  road  waggons,  Paddington 

Depot ,.    ...    0    16} 

Ditto        ditto        Nine  Elms  Depot  ,    ...    0    1  SJ 

Portland  Stone,  in  random  blocks  of  20ft.  average  :— 

Brown         White 
Whit  Bed.   Base  Bed. 
Delivered  to  railway  depot  at  the 

quarry per  foot  cube  £0    1    BJ  ...  £0    1  7J 

Delivered  on  road  waggons  \ 
at  Paddington  Dep'>t    ...  f  0    9    1  0    2  2\ 

Ditto    Nine  Elms  Depot...  I   0    -!    1    ...    u    z  ij 

Ditto    Pimlioo  Wharf / 

OII.S. 

Linseed  per  tun  £15    5  0   to  £16    5  0 

Rapeseed,  English  pale  ...    ..    ...  2115  0    „  24    5  0 

DoVbrown ,     ...  20    0  0    „  21     5  0 

Cottonseed,  refined ,    ...  IS    5  0    „  20    5  0 

OUve,  Spanish  31    0  0    „  81    5  0 

Seal,  piUe  ,    -  16    0  0    „  26    0  0 

Cocoanut,  Cochin ...  30    0  0    „  31     0  0 

Do.,  Ceylon  ,    ...  2S    0  0    „  28  10  0 

Palm,  Lagos „    ■■.  27  10  0    „  28  10  0 

Oleine^ ••  "50..  19    6  0 

Lubricating  U.S per  gal.     0    7  0.,  080 

Petroleum,  refined „    ...  0    0  5J  „  0    0  6 

Tar,  Stockhohn perbarrel  16  0,,  180 

Do.,  Archangel ,.     ...  0  19  6    ,.  10  0 

Turpentine,  American  ...per  ton  87    0  0    „  87    6  0 


June  17,  1904. THE    EUILDljq"G    NEWS. 891 

LIST    OP    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 

♦-^ 

Stockport-Public  Elementary  School Arthur  Lawton,  Sic.  to  Eiliioation  Committw,  Stockport JaneM 

StretJoid-Enlargeraentof  All  Saints'  Church Eev.  A.  W.  McLaren,  Church  House,  Pennington-lane.  StreUoid 22 

Broadway,  W. -itmrnster-Methodiftt  Hall,  &c Rev.  Albert  Clayton,  S.t-.  to  Trustws,  31.  City-roa-l.  E.C 22 

Peterborou-li-Pubhc  Library  Uimit  £5,000)     £50  (merged),  £2o,  £15 W.  Mellows.  Town  Clerk,  Peterborough   „      30 

Bury  St.  EJiiiunds-Alteration.s  to  Shire  Hall £50,  £30,  £20  A.  Ainsworth  Hunt,  County  Architect,  Sudbury,  Suffolk July    2 

Blode  Janeiro-Theatre  (£70,000  limit)  £500  and  three  other  Premiums  The  Com  Intel.  Branch,  Board  of  Trade,  50,  Parliament-st.,  8.W...    „     23 

Aberyetwytb-Public  Library  (limit  £3,000)  (Assessor)    £30  (merged),  £15 Arthur  J.  Hughes,  Town  Clerk,  Aberj'stwyth   „     33 

New  Somerby,  Grantham— St.  Anne's  Church   (300  sitting ; 

£3,000  limit)    £10 The  Eev.  H.  H.  Surgey,  Dudley-road,  Graotham 31 

Whltehaven-Public  Lil*ary   (limit  £4,000)    (G.Washington 

Browne,  R.S.A.,  Edinburgh,  Asaessorj    5  per  cent.,  £30,  £20 Thomas  Brown,  Town  aerk,  Town  Hall,  Wliil.-b  iven  Aug.  15 


LIST    OF    TENDERS    OPEN. 


BTJILDINQS. 

Carlisle— Byre  at  Lunatic  Asylum    Asylum  Committee  Geo.  Dale  Oliver,  F.E.I.B.  A..  CarlisI? June  18 

Ellon— Cottage Forbes  Philip  Wm.  Davidson,  Architect,  Ellon 

Bomsokane.  Co.  Tipperary— Premises    Munster  and  Leinster  Bank  James  F.  McMulIen,  Jt.R.I.A.I. ,  Architect,  30,  South  Mall,  Cork  .. 

Stainland-Eight  Houses C.  F.  L.  Horsfall  and  Son,  Archts.,  Lord-street  Chambers.  Halifax 

iindgend-Reconstructing  Market  Buildings   Earl  of  Dunraven Henry  Martin  and  Son.  Archts  ,  26,  Paradise-street.  Birmingham  .. 

i-°i  !■        i"'  Carr-Iane W.  M.  Holmes    M.  W.  Lewis,  Architect,  194,  Biahopthorpe-road.  York  

Hahfax— Playshed  at  Portland-road  School Education  Committee  J.  Lord,  C.E.,  Borough  Engineer.  Town  Hall.  Halifax 

Aberoanaid-Calvinistic  Methodist  Chapel    C.  M.  Davies,  Archit<>ct.  112,  High-street,  Merthyr 

Oilberdikf-Additions  to  Council  School    East  Riding  County  Council  The  Clerk  of  Works.  Beverley 

West  Ham- Repair  and  Painting  of  Schools Education  Committee  W.  Jacques,  A.R.I.B.A.,  2.  Fen-court,  Fenchurch-street,  E.C 

ivimbolton-Vicarage  and  Stable Nicholson  and  Hartree.  Architects,  Hereford  ,..., 

Abertillery— School  at  Ebenezer  Baptist  Chapel Trustees    W.  BeddoeRees,  A.R.I.B.A..  37.  St.  Mary-street.  Cardiff 

DuDdalk— House  and  Shop P.  and  T.  M'Cann John  F.  M'Gahon.  Architect,  3,  Earl-street,  Dundalk  

Almondbury -House,  Somerset-road  J.  Berry.  Architect,  3,  Market-place,  Huddersfleld 

BreJbury— Caretaker's  DweUlng  at  Sewage  Works  Komiley  Urban  District  Council  J.  W.  Bain.  Clerk,  Councildfflces,  School  Brow,  Bredbury 

Setoa-Estabhshed  Church G.  Woulfe  Brennan,  MI.r.E.,  Architect,  Ledaig    

^^'?'~.'^'"'<='"'ooms  at  Electricity  Works    Electrical  Committee    H.  Faraday  Proctor,  City  Electrical  Engineer,  Temple  Back,  Bristol 

_^  elhngborough— .Uterations  and  Repairs  to  Farm  Buildings  Urban  District  Council    The  Surveyor's  Office,  Park-road.  Wellingborough 

Bryn  Mena^  Portdinorwic-Renovation  of  CM.  Chapel  Jos.  Oweo.  Architect,  Menai  Bridge 

Chelsea.  S.W.— Alterations  to  jVrthur-street  Workliouse Guardians LansiMl  and  Harrison,  Architect^,  615,  BasinghaU-strect,  E.C 

houth  Brent-House  T.  W.  Latham,  Architect,  Kingsbridge 

tssex— Alterations  to  Ten  Schools    Education  Committee  .'. Frederic  Gregson,  Clerk.  Southend-on-Sea 

Mossley-NewWmg  to  Liberal  Club  James  Park.  Secretary.  Mossley,  Lanes   

JsliDgton  N.— Straw  Loft.  Liverpool-road    Borough  Council    J.  Patten  Barber.  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Uppei^street.  N. 

Brenttord— Extension  of  Wholesale  Produce  Market    Urban  District  Council    Nowell  Parr,  Engineer.  Clifden  House,  Boston-road,  Brentford 

tdenfaeld-Conservative  Club F.  J.  Hobson,  Architect,  Rawtenstall  

blough--BaptKt  Chapel  (700  places),  Windsor-road  Committee    Thomas  Brown,  Sur.,  4  and  5.  Warwick-court.  Gray's  Inn,  W.C.   ... 

Chirk— Business  Premises    Chirk  Green  Co-operative  Soc,  Ltd.  J.  Powell.  Secretary.  Co-operative  Society,  Chirk 

Lancaster— Shops.  Greaves-road  Lancaster  and  Skerton  Co-op.  Soc...  Austin  and  Paley.  Architects,  Lancaster 

Aspatna— Bacon  Curing  Store  Industrial  Co-operative  Society  J.  Lawson,  Secretary,  32,  King-street.  Aspatria 

A  eath-- Public  Library Corporation The  Borough  Engineer's  Office,  Gwyn  Hall,  Xeath 

Berwick-on-Tweed— Alterations  to  Property    Tweedside  Industrial  Co-op.  Society.  Wm.  Gray,  Architect,  2,  Ivy-place.  Berwick-on-Twee  1 

launton-Free  Library.  Corporation-street  Free  Library  Trustees Colbourne.  Little,  and  Goodison,  Architects,  London 

Bnslington-St.  Anne's  Church    Vicar  and  Church  Building  Com Henry  M.  Bennett,  Architect,  3li,  Corn-street,  Bristol    

Llanelly-House  and  Shop  Wm.  Griffiths,  F.S.I.,  Architect.  Llanelly  

iff-fij'  "-—House  at  Infirmary  Guardians William  Smith,  Architect,  63,  Chancery-lane.  W.C 

Wimbledon— Enlarging  Dundonald-road  School Education  Committee  R.  H.  Smethurst  Butteiworth,  Council  Offices,  Wimbledon,  S.W.... 

bhotley  Bridge-Two  Ministers'  Residences Primitive  Methodist  Circuit  Trustees  Rev.  F.  Pickering.  10,  West-view,  Blackhill   

Bratton  Ileming-Bible  Christian  Schoolroom    The  Rev.  W.  H.  Gregory,  39,  Fort-street.  Barnstaple 

w-  °^i   J   °''''"'°  ^"'P'**'  Town  Council Charles  Jones.  M.I.C.E..  Borough  Engineer.  Town  HaU.  Ealing  W. 

Wimbledon— Enlarging  Queen's-road  School  Education  Committee  R.  H.  Smethurst  Butterworth,  Council  Offices,  Wimbledon,  S.W.... 

Uidbury- Police  Station  Standing  Joint  Committee Henry  Rowe,  County  Surveyor.  Worcester 

Paull— Coastguard  Station  Admiralty The  Director  of  Works  Dept..  21,  Northumberl.and-aveaue,  W-C... 

Huddersfaeld-Additions  to  P.M.  Chapel,  Taylor-hill   J.  Berry,  Architect,  3,  Market-place,  Huddersfleld 

Hedruth— liaising  Clock  Tower,  Fore-street, Coronation  Committee Thomas  W.  Joyce,  Surveyor,  Council  Offices,  Redruth  

Grimsby-Premises,  Fish  Docks    Albion  Steam  Fishing  Co.,  Ltd Herbert  C.  Scaping,  Architect,  Grimsby  

Cardigan-Alteration  to  Post  Office  Buildings The  Postmaster,  Cardigan 

Bangour-Kitchen Edinburgh  District  Lunacy  Board  ...  H.  J.  Blanc,  R.S.A.,  Architect,  23,  RutJand-sciuare,  Edinburgh 

I^restwich— Six  Houses,  Kingwood-road Co-operative  Society,  Ltd The  Secretary,  Prestwich   

Olasgow-Parkhead  District  Library  Corporation James  R.  Rhind,  Anliitect,  67,  Hope-street,  Glasgow    

Hull-Classroom.  West  Dock  Avenue  School    Education  Committee  The  Citv  .\rchitect.  Town  Hall.  Huddersfleld    

Kuahon-Calvinistio  Methodist  Chapel  John  Evans,  53,  Chapel-street,  Penycae,  Ruabon 

Gravelly  Hill-Eepairs  to  Workhouse Aston  Union  Guardians John  North,  Clerk,  Union  Offices,  Vauxliall-road,  Birmingham 

Liscard— Additions  to  Infectious  Hospital,  Mill-lane    Wallasey  Urban  District  Council W.  H.  Tiaves.  District  Engineer.  Egrcmont,  Cheshire      

a'i?"''*'^^  "*^''™^°'  "'  Parcel  Office  H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Otiice  of  Works.  Storey's  Gate,  S.W 

Abcrtillery-Additions  to  Tabernacle  Congregational  Church Habershon.  Fawckner.  and  Co..  Architects,  41,  High-st.,  Newport.. 

7)".  r^*^       '  "'■— OfKces.  Bishop's-road Great  Western  Railway  Co G.  K.  Mills,  Secretary,  Paddington  Station,  W 

iJatclift,  E.— Additions  to  Public  Baths Stepney  Borough  Council  M.  W.  Jameson,  Boro'  Eng.,  115,  Great  Alie-street,  Whitechapel.  E. 

Haitlepcol— Lifeboat  Station Eoyal  National  Lifeboat  Institution.  W.  T.  Douglass.  Engineer,  15.  Victoria-street,  Westminster,  S.W... 

Hebburn-on-Tyne-Chancel  .at  St.  Cuthberfs  Church Wm.  Mitchell,  Post  office,  Willington  Quay 

Heine  Hill.  S.E.— Public  Library  Lambeth  Borough  Council H.  Wakeford  and  Sons,  .Architects.  267.  Clapham-road,  N.W 

Lambeth,  S.E.-River  Wall  and  Embanked  Wliarf  Borough  Council    Henry  Edwards,  C.E.,  Boro'  Engineer,  316,  Kennington-road,  S.E.. 

Slough- Additions  to  School.  Stnke-road   Lee  and  Farr,  Architects,  Slough  

Boscastle,  North  Cornwall -Coastguard  Buildings...   Admiralty The  Director  of  Works  Dept,  21,  Northumberland-avenue.  W.C...  July 

Ashwater-Repainng  Transept  of  Church The  Rectory.  .Vshwater.  Devon    „ 

Cowdenbeath— Town  House    Burgh  Commissioners T.  Hyslop  Ure,  Architect  43.  Carnegie-street,  Dunfermline 

High  Uiikington -Alterations  to  Bible  Christian  Chapel W.  Gooding,  Secretary,  High  Bickington    

Lnniskillen- Works  at  Portora  Royal  School Fermanagh  Prot.  Education  Board...  J.  F.  Peddie.  C.E..  Belfast  

w?^'!"^"  T  J     ''^"""^  Station.  Cli£fe  Creek   The  Director  of  Works,  Admiralty,  21,  Northumberland-av.,  W.C. 

Windsor-Additions  to  Porter's  &  Cook's  Rooms  at  Workhouse  Guardians Edgington  and  SummertuU,  7,  Park-strwt,  Windsor  

Merrymeeting-Cottage   Rathdrum  &  Wickly  Jt  Burial  Board  J.  Pan.sing.  A.M.I.C.E.,  Town  Hall,  Wicklow 

Ht  Albans- Works  at  Napsbury  Asylum  Visiting  Committee  Young  and  Blown,  101,  High  Uolborn,  W.C 

OaiiisborouRh- Public  Library Urban  District  Council    Scorer  and  Gamble,  Architects,  Bank-street  Chambers,  Lincoln 

Windsor-Two  Cottages   Town  Council  E.  A.  Stickland.  Borough  Surveyor.  .Vlma-road,  Windsor    

Btittord,  Essfx- Works  at  Children's  Homes   Stepney  Guardians    F.  E.  Smith,  Surveyor,  )3,  Victoria-strctt  Westminster  

Uorchester— Additions  to  Wesleyan  Church  and  Schools Trustees    W.  E.  Dibben,  Secretiiry,  10,  Icen-way,  Dorvhester 

renby—Lifeboat  House   Royal  National  Lifeboat  Institution..  W.  T.  Douglafs.  Architect  15,  Victoria-street  Westminster.  S.W. 

IJii.lfey— Additions  to  Wesleyan  Church    Trustees    P.  H.  Ashby  Bailey.  P.A.S.L.  Architect  Market-place,  Dudley 

Cardigan-Extension  of  St.  Mary's  Parish  Church John  Evans,  .Vuctioneer,  Cardigan 

Birmingham-Council  Schools  at  Eotton  Park    Education  Committee  H.  T.  Bucklaiid.  Architect  '25.>.  Paradise-street  Birmingham 

t^epstow-.South  .\isle  and  Transept.  St.  Mary'e  Church  J.  Coates  Carter.  F.E.I.B. A..  Bank  Buildings,  Canlilf  — 

Withingtnn-Alterations  to  Nurses'  Home  Guardians James  B.  Bioadbent  .V.U.I.B..\.,  l.\  Coopcr-atreet,  Manchester  ...      — 

•ru ''^  '"'"' *"  Kyle  Poorhouse  William  Kerr.  Architect.  Ayr  — 

Ihuinscoo-Four  Houses Joseph  Holding I.  It.  Dodds,  C.E  .  22.  St.  Mary's-raid,  Wheatley,  Doncaster — 

Btranmilhs-Six  Houses  Robt  A.  Boyd,  C.E.,  Architei't,  '22,  U.mbaid-»treet,  Stranmillis  ...      — 

VV est  lelUm  — Repairs  to  Grimpo  Congregational  Church   Tom  Jones,  tiueen's  Hcsd  Mills,  near  Oswestiv — 

High  Uolborn,  W.C.-No.  11.3,  Higli  Uolborn Alfn-.l  Burr,  .\rchitcct  8.',  Oower-strect  W.C! — 

iofeshUl— \  icarage  House  E.  H.  Lingen  Barker,  .Vrchitect,  116,  St.  Oweu's-sti-ect,  Hereford...      — 

ELEOTKIOAL    PLANT. 

Bridgend-Telephono  Services  and  Fire  Alarm  Installation  ...  Angelton  and  Pare  Owyllt  A^vhims  W.  E.  U. -Vllen,  Clerk,  Cardiff June  IS 

WestHam-Llectnc  Wiring  at  Park  Schools   Education  Committee   .'. W.  Jaciiues,  A  R.I.B.  A.,  2,  Fen-ootirt,  Fenchurch-street.  E.C '20 

MaccIesHeW -Wiring  and  Plant  at  I'aikside  Asylum Visiting  Committee   Lacey,  Sillar,  and  Leigh,  Engi..  2,  tlueen  .Vniie's  Gate.  S.W 20 

iMnchlcy.  N.— Adaptation  of  Centre  Poles Urban  District  Council    E.  U.  Lister.  Clerk,  Council  Offices,  Church-end,  Finchl.-y.  N „     20 

Whitechapel,  E.— Electric  Light  Installation  at  Baths Stepney  Borough  (Council    M,  W.  Jameson,  Boro'  Kng.,  15.  Great  Alic-steet  Whitechapel.  E...    „     20 

Loughborough-Llectric  Plant  Gas  &  Electric  l.ighfing  Committee...  C.  H.  Gadaby,  Engineer,  20.  Vktoria-streot.  Westminster.  S.W '25 

Olaagow-I'.lectnc  Coaling  Hoists,  Clydebank  Dock Clydebank  Navigation  Trustees    G.  U.  BaxkT.  Mo<  hatiical   Engineer.  16.  Hobertson-atrect.  Glasgow    „      '25 

Johannesburg --Cables.  &c Tohannesburg  Municipal  Tramways  Mordcv  and  Dawbarn,  Engineers,  82,  Victoria-street  S.W July    4 

"ireenwuh,  .S.L.— Three  Electric  Travelling  Jib  Cranes  Ixmdon  County  Council  The  Clerk's  Olliee.  Spring  Gardens,  S.W 12 

Shanghai,    hina-Electric  Tramways Municipal  Council John  Pook  and  Co.,  6.1,  I.cadenhall-atrcet  London,  E.C 30 

ihiiippopohs-Electrio  Lighting  and  Tramway  Municipality    M.  lo  Maire,  Philippopolis,  Bulgaria     Aug.   3 


18 
18 
18 
18 
20 
20 
29 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
23 
23 
23 
23 
23 
23 
23 
2* 
21 
21 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
27 
27 
27 
•27 
28 
28 
28 
23 
28 
30 
30 
30 
30 
30 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
t 
* 
5 
6 


892  THE    BUILDING    NEWS.  Jmrs  17,  1904. 


ENOINEERINa. 

runnnrt-MaiDS  Extension  Rural  DiBtrict  Council H.  M. 'WTiiteheaa,  Engineer,  Penkridge,  Stafford  June  18 

RlMW-EoadEoner          Urban  District  Council    Jesse  Clare.  Surveyor.  Sleatord    18 

Bri"fjena--ReconrtruotiDg'Meat  Market  Buildings    ^ Earl  of  Dunrayen               ?■  *I^j"°  and  Son  Architects,  26,  Paradise-street,  Birmingham 18 

OM  Oravpl-Iane  E  -Steam  Kpinff  to  Laundry  &  lofirm  Wards  ^t.  George-in-the-East  Guardians  ...  J.  R.  Browne.  Clerk.  Eame-street,  Old  Gravel-lane,  E „  18 

n  liWfnrd-Road  RoUer Rural  District  CouncU John  Anstee,  C.E.,  Commercial-road,  GuUdford   „  18 

RlaXooI-L^nca^liire  Boiler Sanitary  Committee J.  S.  Brodie,  Borough  Engineer,  Blackpool „  20 

Wainsford-Stone'and  Concrete  Bridge Lymington  Rural  District  CouncU  ...  H.  J^  Weston  A.M.I  C.E    Southampton    „  20 

Kingswinford-Sewape  Pumps  Ruml  Bistrict  Council W.  Fiddian,  F.8.I..  Ptourbridge 20 

BlaSiTWol-Laundry  Machinery  and  Fittings  Sanitary  Committee J.  R  Brodie  Borough  Engineer,  Blackpool......     „  20 

WarrioEton— Concentrator          Sanitary  Works  Committee   R.  Wilson.  Manager,  Longford  Depot,  Warrington    20 

Aehford- Steam  Road  Roller                East  Ashford  Rural  District  Council.  Horace  Hamilton.  Clerk.  11.  Bank-street,  Ashford.  Kent „  20 

Mountain  Ash -Washer  Scrubber,  &o Urban  District  Council    Corbet,  Woodall,  &  Son., C.E.'s.,  PalaceChmbrs,  Westminster,  S.W.    „  20 

RhvdvUwyfar— Bridge               Rural  District  Council J.  Gill.  Surveyor.  4,  Brecon-road.  Abergavenny    „  20 

Chorlev  Lanes— Weielibridge     Corporation Wm.  Leigh,  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Chorley ,  20 

Upmins'ter- Pumping  Station Romford  Rural  District  Council  John  Simmonds.  M.LC.E.,  Bank  Chambers,  Doncaater 20 

Blackpool— Disinfector    Sanitary  Committee J.  8.  Brodie,  Borough  Engineer.  Blackpool „  20 

West  Haitlepool— Heating  Apparatus.  Wesleyan  School    Education  Committee Harry  Barnes.  A  R.I. B. A.,  Scarborough-street.  West  Hartlepool  ...    „  21 

Nottinaham— Service  Reservoirs  at  Watnall  and  Eamsdale  Hill  Water  Committee S.  Moore.  Water  Olfices,  St.  Peter' s-aquare,  Nottingham  ,  21 

Southampton— Heating  Isolation  Hospital    Corporation  A.  Crowther,  Borough  Engineer,  Municipal  Offices,  Southampton  ...    „  21 

Inverurie-Laving  Cast-Iron  Pipes  (1,750  yards  of  6in  )   Town  Council Andrew  Crockett.  Burgh  Surveyor,  Inverune   ...     21 

Newton  Abbot— Reservoir           Rural  District  Council Samuel  Segar,  Engineer,  Union-street,  Newton  Abbot  22 

Longford.  Ireland- Retoits' Gas  Co W.  E.  Yourg.  Secretary  and  Manager.  Longford 23 

Roundstone,  Co.  Galway-Pier  Extensions H.  Williams,  Secretary,  Oifice  of  Public  Works,  Dublin „  24 

Cleggan  Co.  Galway— Pier  Extensions    H.  Williams,  Secretary.  Office  of  Public  Works,  Dublin .■:..,    „  24 

Belfast-^ Heating  May-street  Church  John  Williamson,  46,  Royal-avenue.  Belfast  „  24 

Kilronan,  Co.  Galway-Pier  Extensions H.  Williams.  Secretary.  Office  of  Public  Works,  Dublin „  24 

Boharm— Fridge  over  Burn  of  Amdilly Banffshire  County  Council Robert  Davidson,  Road  Surveyor.  Dutl'town  „  25 

Maaham— Bridge  Pier  and  Abutments    Corporation E.  Wilson  D  xon,  M.I.C  E.,  Engineer,  14,  Albert^street,  Harrogate    ,,  25 

Dublin— Six  Locomotives Gt.  Northern  (Ireland)  Railway  Co...  T.  Morri.«on,  Secretary,  Amiens-street  Terminus,  Dublin ,.  27 

Grafton,  Saveinake— Loop  Line    Great  Western  Railway  Co.  ..." G.  K.  Mills,  Secretaiy,  Paddinfiton  Station,  W ,,  28~ 

Wood  Green— Siphon  under  New  River Urban  District  Council    C.  J.  Gunyon.  A.M. I. C.E. ,  Town  Hall.  Wood  Green,  N „  29 

Kemeys  Commander— Bridge Monmouthshire  County  Counc'l  William  Turner.  F. S. I..  County  Surveyor,  Newport,  Mon ,  2* 

Pinner,  N.— Reconstructing  Main  Outfall  Sewers  Hendon  Rural  District  Council    J.  A.  Webb,  Engineer.  Stanmore ,  2^ 

Bollow    Sea  Wall  Gloucester  Commissioners  of  Sewers.  J.  R.  Bennett.  Chaxhill,  near  Westbury-on-Sevem „  30 

Durham— Washer  Scrubber Gas  Co A.  B.  Tobey.  Works  Manager.  18.  Claypath,  Durham 30 

Lambeth,  8. E.— River  Wall  and  Embanked  Wharf  Borough  Council Henry  Edwards,  C.E. ,  Boro' Engineer,  3i6,  Kennington-road,  S.E..    ,.  30 

Cotehill— Two  Stone  Bridges  Rural  District  Council J.  Graham.  Engineer  Bank-street,  Carlisle    July    2 

Gortnasate- Roadway.  Pier,  &c H.  Wilhams,  Sec,  Office  of  PubUc  Works,  Dublin  4 

Bridgwater -Laying  Pipes  (4  miles) Rural  District  Council E.  D.  and  H.  Marten,  Engineers,  Cheltenham  4 

Windsor— Weighbridge    Guardians Philip  Lovegrove,  Clerk.  Workhouse.  Old  Windsor 5 

Littlehampton— Water  Mains Urban  District  Council    H.  Howard,  Surveyor.  F.S.I..  Town  OlHces,  Littlebamptoo „  6 

Oldham-Plant    Corporation  Gasworks  Committee  ..    A.  Andrew.  Gas  Offices,  Oldham ft 

Calcutta-Water-meter  Testing  Apparatus  Corporation Fred  Gainsford,  Secretary.  2,  Municipal  Office-street,  Calcutta  Aug.   1 

Haiphong— Hauling  Slip The  Com.  Intel.  Branch,  Board  of  Trade,  73,  Basinghall-street,  E.C.    „  7 

Carhsle- Wind  Engine Rural  District  Council J.  Graham.  Engineer,  Bank-street,  Carlisle    — 

Scheveningen,  Holland— Channel South  Holland  Provincial  Council  ...  Van  Cleef  Bros.,  The  Hague — 

GriniEby— Laying  Pipes   Town  Council H.  Gilbeit  Whyatt,  Borough  Engineer,  Grimsby — 

FENOINa    AND    WAI^IiS. 

Basingstoke— Repairs  to  Cemetery  Wall,  Chapel-hill Burial  Board  F.  R.  Phillips,  A  M.I.C  E.,  Surveyor,  Basingstoke June  18 

Wembley— Walling  (100  yards  lineal) .,. Urban  District  Council    Cecil  R.  W.  Chapman,  Sur.,  Public  Offices,  Wembley.  Middlesex  ...    „  22 

Rochdale— Wrought-Iron  Railings,  Falinge  Parll  Corporation S.  S.  Plait,  M.I.C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Rochdale „  24 

Surbiton— Oak  Pale  Fence  Urban  District  Council    Samuel  Mather,  Surveyor.  UD.C.  Offices,  Surbiton  27 

Ashwater- Repairing  South  Wall  of  Church    The  Rectory,  Ashwater,  Devon    July    1 

Harrogate— Boundary  Wall,  St.  James's  Park  Estate J.  Ellis  Marten,  Architect,  Prince's  Chambers,  Harrogate    — 

FTJRNITUBB    AKD    FITTHTSS. 

Strabane-Bed  Tables  (18)  Guardians J.  E.  Sharkie,  Clerk,  Poor-Law  Offices,  Strabane June  21 

Llandefeilog— Reseating  C.M.  Chapel D.  Jones,  The  Post  Office,  Llandefellog,  Kidwelly July    2 

PAINTING. 

Padfleld-Wesleyan  Chapel  and  School Walter  Smith,  37.  Post-street.  Padfleld June  18. 

Earsdon- Grange  Infectious  Hospital Tynemouth Combined  Hospitals  Com.  J.  R.  McMillan.  Inspector  of  Hospitals,  Shiremoor,  North  Shields  ..     „  18 

Thome.  Doncaster— Isolation  Hospital  Rural  District  Council J.  Stanley.  Surveyor.  Thome  ...  „  20 

York— Villa.  Can-lane W.  M.  Holmes   M.  W.  Lewis,  Architect,  194.  Bishopthorpe-road,  York „  20 

West  Ham- Schools  , Education  Committee  W.  Jacques.  A  R  LB.  A,  2.  Fen-court,  Fenchuroh-street,  E.C „  20 

Portsmouth— Decorative  Work  at  Town  Hall  Corporation The  Boiough  Engineer.  Town  Hall,  Portsmouth  ,,  20 

York— Infantry  Barracks War  Department  The  Royal  Engineer  Office,  Fi.shergate,  York     „  20 

Shorec itch- Town  Hall Borough  Council    J.  Rush  Dixon,  A  M.I.C. E  ,  Boro'  Sur.,  Town  Hall,  Old-street,  E.C.    „  21 

Edenfleld- Conservative  Club F.  J.  Hobfon,  Architect,  Rawtenstall    21 

Paddicgton,  W.— Harrow-road  Infirmary Guardians E.  Howley  Sim.  Architect,  8,  Craig's-court,  Charing  Cross,  W.C.  ...    „  21 

Hoxton-Public  Library,  Pitfleld-street Shoreditch  Borough  Council J.  Rush  Dixon,  A  M  I.C.E.,  Town  Hall,  Old-street,  E.C „  21 

Swinton- Roman- terrace  Provided  Schools  Education  Sub-Committee 8.  Marbhall.  Divisional  Clerk.  Swinton „  21 

Essex- Ten  Schools    Education  Committee  Frederic  Gregson.  Clerk,  Southend-on-Sea „  21 

Bootle— Technical  aid  Intermediate  Day  Schools  Corporation The  Borough  Engineer's  ( iffices.  Town  Hall  ,  21 

Bryn  Menai,  Portdinorwic-C.M.  Chapel Jos.  Owen,  Architect.  Menai  Bridge „  21 

Knutsford-General  Hospital  at  Workhouse Bucklow  Union  Guardians Robert  J.  McBeath.  M.S  A.,  Birnam  House,  Sale  „  22 

Alcester-Workhouse Guardians B.  A.  Gothard,  ('lerk,  Alcester 22 

Newport,  Mon. -Board  Room  and  Offices Guardians Ithel  Thomas,  Clerk,  aueen's-hill.  Newport,  Mon „  23 

Hastings- Bohemia,  Hollington,  &  St.  Helen's  Police  Stations  Corporation  P.  H.  Palmer,  MIC  E.,  Town  HaU,  Hastings  „  24 

Oateshead-Schools Education  Committee  E.J.Harding,  Secretary,  Glasgow „  25 

Orewe-Street  Lamp  Columns  (725)  Electric  Lighting  Committee H.  H.  Denton,  Corporation  Electricity  Works,  Crewe 25 

Mmburgh— Various  Schools  School  Board  J.  Carfrae's  Office,  3,  Queen-street,  Edinburgh „  25 

Birkenhead- Sessions  Court  Building Corporation Charles  Brownric ge,  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Bukenhead  ...    „  25 

Ulasgow-Parkhead  District  Library  Corporation James  R.  Rliind.  Architect,  bJ.  Hope-street,  Glasgow „  27 

aebburn-on-Tyne-ChancelatSt.  Cuthbeit's  Church  Wm.  Mitchell,  Post  Office,  Wilhngton  Quay „  SO 

Wrexham-Council  School  Thomas  Bury.  Clerk,  Guildhall.  Wrexham 3D 

Lewes-Iron  and  Steel  Road  Bridges  East  Sussex  County  Council F.  J.  Wood,  County  Surveyor,  County  HaU,  Lewes July    1 

L-arlow,  Ireland- Gates County  Council  The  Secretary,  Court  House,  Carlow „  2 

Limehouse-Redccorating  Public  Library Stepney  Borough  Council  M.  W.  Jameson.  Boro' Eng.,  15,  Great  AUe-street,  Whiteohaptl    ...    „  4 

Lambeth,  b  E.-Inflrmary,  Brook-street    Guardians F.  Thurnall.  Clerk.  Brook-stieet,  Kennington-road,  S.E „  6 

t^rdigan-St  Mary  s  Church John  Evans,  Auctioneer,  Cardigan ,  S> 

wolveihampton-Schools Education  Committee  T.  H.  Fleeming,  Architect,  10,  Queen-square,  Wolverhampton — 

PLUMBING    AND    GLAZING. 

Ellon-Cottagc    Forbes  Philip  Wm.  Davidson,  Architect,  Ellon June  18 

^angour-Kilchen  .........      Edinburgh  District  Lunacy  Board  ...  H.J.  Blanc,  R.S.A.,  Architect,  25,  Rutland-square,  Edinburgh 25 

Glasgow- Parkhead  District  Library  Corporation James  R.  Bhind,  Architect,  67,  Hope-street,  Glasgow 27 

i^owaenueaiu-  lown  House    Burgh  Commissioners T.  Hyslop  Ure,  Architect,  43,  Carnegie-street,  Dunfermline July    1 

BOADS    AND    STBEETS. 

Pontypiidd-Eoad  Woiks  Urban  District  Council    P.  R.  A.  Willoughby,  A.M  I.C  E.,  Council  Offices,  Pontypridd  June  20 

laffnrH    Sr^J^w'T"''^"^^'   •» Urbiu  District  Couucil    C.  R.  Spencer,  b°irveyor,  Silver-street,  Spennymoor    20 

I  p»ui!„„;  ?»     lift' Vt •^■■••■■; -A Paving  Committee The  Surveyor's  Ottice,  Town  HaU,  Manchester -ii 

T™d„„  T'r     P  !^      ?rT    ^^"  WiLchester-road Borough  CouncU    The  Surveyor's  Department,  Town  HaU,  Catford,  S.E „  21 

WUlescen'  N  W      H,'^,L°„''w„. .1  p' ■■ Corporation The  Town  Clerk,  Uoildhall,  E.C 21 

SwiXm  s  F    \lll.^^r^,r,  >fi,?^  ^"''"'5 District  CouncU  O.  Claude  Robson,  M.I.C.E.,  Dyne-road,  Kilburn    „  21 

SfaJtfoi.l    M«ti7»  ."^i  p^' H^  bhipman-road Borough  Council    The  Surveyor's  Department,  Town  Hall,  Catford,  S.E „  21 

1^1  ham"  B  P      PavLi  P^f^.W  -A -.■■■." J''""'  District  Coundl    Ernest  WorraU.  Surveyor,  Btretford  ... - 21 

mtkm^k-rl^^^llFj^^t^!^'''-^^^''''^'''''^    Borough  CouncU    The  Surveyor's  Department,  Town  HaU,  Catford,  S.E 21 

Lcwi-ham  R  F     wfvTi          M    I 'J London  County  CouncU  Maurice  FitzMaurrce,  C.M.G  ,  County  Hall,  Spring  Gardens,  S.W..    „  21 

DSrd-HoadVonst  fSn          "''™'^ ?,°'™Kh  CouncU    The  Surveyor's  Department,  'I'own  HaU,  Catford,  S.E „  21 

IsWon  N-^TarVRr'       Urban  District  CouncU    W.  Kay,  Clerk,  CoGncU  Offices,  Dartford „  21 

Lewibhaii  (i  F  --M«l,imr„;>rA;'A';"i Borough  CouncU    J.  Patten  Barber.  Borough  Engineer,  Town  HaU,  Upper-street,  N.    „  21 

Newrmt  Monlst  fet  vl;.L  kS?;^^?'^  ^ Borough  CouncU    The  Surveyor's  Department,  Town  Hall,  Catford.  S.E 21 

Wamuad-Makinl.  UDl?ex^^^^                           Corporation The  Borough  Engineer,  Town  HaU.  Newport    ,  22 

Tjnemruh-Str  efw^/^^^^^                    Urban  District  CouncU    The  Surveyor's  Department.  CouncU  Offices,  Wanstead,  N.E 22 

liv^T,iV,„i,^»_Q,,  Vto-'I: Rural  District  CouncU A  S.  Dinning.  21.  Ellison-place.  Newoastle-on-Tyne 23 


21 


]>;veni-hulme-Stret  Woiks' Kujal  District  CouncU A  S.  Dinning,  21,  Ellison-place,  Newoastle-on-Tyne 

Pclaw- laving  Strtets  i.  ,r  ",!*'"? ,9°"°'^'.' „ :; James  Jepson,  Surveyor,  Tiviot  Dale^ Stockport 

f^.,- v,.,^  u'„'  ")_■■  ii-'''l'L'';r*,' ' Felling  ^' ^      ^^    ..    .  «        .,  ^    ..  . 


24 


Bnmaston-N^w  Koads'iibree  milM'; ■ FeUlng  L  rban  District  Council G.  Bolam.  Clerk,  CouncU  Buildings,  Felling,  R  S.O.,  Co.  Durham..     „  27 

Otley-  Makine-iiD  Five  Ptivlte  Rf™»t. BurUm-upon-Trent  Corporation George  T.  Lynam.  Borough  Engineer,  Town  HaU,  Burton  „  27 

BraintKe-Kerbing  Urban  District  CouncU    J.  E.  Sharpe,  Engineer,  CouncU  Offices,  Otley   27 

Gateshead- Paviig  Streets Urban  District  CouncU    H.  H.  Nankivell,  Surveyor,  Vestry  Hall,  Braintree „  29 

J.Bower,  C.E,  Borough  Engineer,  Town  Hall,  Gateshead  30 


June   24,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


893 


TH=E    BUILDING    NEWS 

AND  ENGINEERING  JOURNAL. 
VOL.  LXXXVI.— No.  25S1. 


FRIDAY,  jrXE  24,   1901. 


COMPETITION   AWARDS. 

ONE  of  the  questions  which  appear  every 
now  and  again  to  disturb  the  equanimity 
of  competing  architects  is.  To  what  extent  are 
certain  general  principles  and  conclusions  to 
be  set  aside  or  give  place  to  other  considera- 
tions or  the  unconfirmed  ipaf  die  I  of  the 
assessor  !■'  In  other  words,  ^Vhen  is  an  assessor 
justified  in  overlooking  an  essential  point  of 
design  or  construction  ':  To  such  a  question 
the  answer  may  be  given,  that  a  qualifiod 
person  or  expert  called  in  to  judge  of  the 
merits  or  select  a  certain  design  is  entitled  to 
use  his  own  discretion.  At  the  same  time,  he 
cannot  overlook  certain  essentials  of  good 
design  or  principles  of  acknowledged  import- 
ance ;  if  he  did,  he  would  be  placing  his  own 
individual  opinion  before  that  of  general 
authority,  and  his  decisions  would  be  open  to 
question.  The  point  we  have  raised  is  of 
greater  importance  in  the  case  of  public 
buildings  in  which  the  local  authority,  as 
representing  the  community,  is  supposed  to 
be  acting  for  the  public  good,  than  in  the 
case  of  a  private  work  where  the  individual 
opinion  or  caprice  of  the  owner  is  only  con- 
cerned. A  private  client  may  override  everj' 
essential  of  good  design,  if  he  likes  to 
take  the  consequences  of  his  rash  action  ; 
but  a  representative  body  acting  for 
their  constituents  have  to  adopt  the  most 
correct  and  approved  system,  and  to  embody 
the  latest  results.  We  are  not  now 
discussing  the  instructions  or  conditions  of 
competition  issued  by  promoters  and  their 
advisers,  but  chief!}'  those  more  generally 
accepted  principles  of  good  design  which  are 
sometimes  ignored  or  contradicted  by  the 
author  of  a  scheme.  These  principles  often 
refer  to  matters  of  construction — to  site, 
aspect,  and  lighting;  to  proportions  of  rooms, 
hygienic  matters,  and  to  .architectural  points  of 
planning  and  design.  Transgression  of  these 
iundamental  essentials  may  be,  and  are 
sometimes,  accompanied  by  a  certain  kind  of 
cleverness  and  smartness — qualities,  however, 
which  have  their  limitations,  and  thct  ought 
not  to  influence  the  adviser  in  the  choice  of  a 
desirable  design.  How  often  we  have  had  to 
record  a  selection  of  plan  which  shows  a  dis- 
regard of  the  proper  position  of  a  building  on 
a  particular  site — where  it  is  placed  without 
any  relation  to  its  surroundings  and  aspects ; 
the  main  front  turned  towai'ds  the  least 
desirable  street,  or,  if  there  are  certain  levels 
to  be  observed,  without  any  skill  in  utilising 
them  !  In  other  instances  we  could  name,  the 
principal  rooms  and  windows  face  a  crowded 
or  noisy  thoroughfare,  or  are  so  near  oppo- 
site buildings  that  the  windows  only  obtain 
half  their  proper  lighting ;  ancient  windows 
have  to  be  dealt  with,  entailing  cost  to  the 
owner,  or  a  setting-back  of  a  building.  In 
other  designs  the  windows  are  placed  on  the 
least  desirable  side,  where  a  cheerful  sunny 
aspect  is  out  of  the  question.  A  large 
number  of  faults  and  omissions  occur  in 
planning  more  or  less  vital  to  the  design. 
We  may  mention  a  few  that  occur  to  us. 
The  alignment  of  walls  is  not  studied  as  it 
ought  to  be.  The  author  thinks  a  number 
of  breaks  add  to  the  eii'oot  of  his  design,  even 
when  there  is  no  valid  excuse  for  thoin.  The 
walls  of  rooms  are  broken  round  thorn  to 
form  projections  or  recesses,  losing  sight  of 
the  dillicultios  with  regard  to  eaves  or  cor- 
nices, and  adding  materially  to  the  cost  of 
roofing  and  glittering,  as  every  break  in  the 
walls  may  moan  an  additional  pair  of  hips 
and  valleys.  Internally  we  lind  such  breaks 
in  the  continuation  of  walls  which  have  no 
apparent  reason,  necessitating  in  miny  cases 


girders  to  carry  the  upper  walls,  and  all 
kinds  of  makeshifts  in  the  rooms.  The  true 
architect  knows  where  to  make  a  break  to 
produce  an  arcliitectural  rmip  ih-  main,  as  in 
a  vestibule  or  lobby  ;  but  the  novice  has  an 
unpardonable  knack  of  spoiling  a  corridor  or 
a  room  by  this  device,  and  of  adding  to  the 
cost  of  construction.  A  line  of  columns 
across  the  end  of  a  room  to  carry  a  wall  may 
be  purchased  too  dearly,  and  there  are  other 
expedients,  such  as  putting  a  thin  9in.  wall 
on  the  ground-floor  level  to  support  a  much 
thicker  wall  above.  We  have  seen  instances 
of  all  these  in  designs  for  libraries  and  other 
buildings,  which  have  passed  the  assessor's 
attention.      The    fault   is   duo   mainly    to  a 

.  rough-and-ready  study  of  the  ground-floor 
plan,   and  of   not   seeing  what  is  to  come 

j  over.     These  are    all    constractional   errors 

.  which  seriously  impair  the  economy  of 
a    good    plan.      The    proportions     of    the 

\  chief   rooms   or   departments    ought    to    be 

t  decided  before  the  main  walls  are  arranged 
on  both  floors.  Although  not  always  possible 
to  do  this,  it  may  be  attempted  by  sketching- 
in  the  larger  rooms  in  their  desired  positions, 
and  afterwards  filling  in  the  other  rooms  and 
intercommunication.  One  of  the  bugbears  of 
designing  a  municipal  building  having  a 
number  of  difierent-sized  rooms,  or  an  ele- 
mentary school  with  large  centi'al  hall  and 
classrooms  round  it,  is  the  adjustment  of 
height  of  the  rooms.  This  is  the  chief  reason 
why  a  town-hall  or  assembly-hall  is  preferred 
on  the  first  floor  of  a  set  of  offices.  If  the 
hall  is  on  the  ground-floor  level,  a  pro- 
portionate height  must  be  given  to  it,  and 
this  determines  the  height  of  all  other  rooms. 
A  hall  of,  say,  80ft.  by  -lOtt.  ought  to  be  at 
least  of  the  same  height  as  the  width — in 
which  case  it  would  be  better  without  any 
story  above  it ;  but  if  another  room  or  rooms 
are  above,  it  should  be  at  least  20ft.  in 
height ;  but  this  height  would  be  too  great 
for  those  of  smaller  I'ooms  on  the  same  level. 
To  economise,  some  of  the  smaller  offices  can 

;  bo  placed  in  a  mezzanine,  in  which  case  they 

I  may  be  Oft.  in  height.  In  the  case  of  a 
school  assembly-hall,  if  there  are  two — one 
on  each  floor — the  lower  one  would  have  to 
be  at  least  14  or  loft,  in  height,  and  a  mez- 
zanine story  would  be  about  7ft. — a  height 
too  low  for   sitting   or  bedrooms.     To  that 

:  there  is  no  alternative  between  spoiling  a 
mezzanine  story  or  adding  a  foot  or  two  to 
the    height    of      the    hall,     which    would 

•  necessitate  unusually  high  and  costly  class- 
rooms. In  any  case,  in  a  large  building 
containing  a  number  of  smaU  rooms, 
the  result  is  costly,  unless  the  large 
room  can  be  independently  roofed  and 
top-lighted.  We  have,  therefore,  in  this  way 
a  factor  to  bo  determined  which  ought  to  be 
taken  into  account  by  the  adviser.  He  ought 
to  satisfy  himself  that  the  height  given  to  the 
hall  or  large  room  is  adequate  tor  the  area, 
for  nothing  is  more  depressing  than  a  large 
low  room  ;  and  he  must  find  whether  this 
height  which  determines  that  of  other  rooms 

I  is  a  proper  one  to  comprise  two  stories,  for  a 
room  only  7ft.  high  is  not  healthy.     In  two 

I  instances  of   school  competition  we  noticed 

I  last  week,  the  authors  of  premiated  designs 
only  showed  this  height  for  their  masters' 
ana  mistresses'  rooms,  regardless  of  the 
regulations  laid  down.  Here  we  have  a 
fundamental  point  neglectoJ,  but  which  has 
passed  the  assessor  without  comment. 

What  are  we  to  infer  when  the  proper 
lighting  of  buildings  like  schools  and 
libraries  is  overlooked  or  openly  repudiated  !" 

'  Is  the  opinion  of  an  assessor  in  this  case  to 
bo  held  paramount  to  ascertained  facts  aud 
experience  'f  Vor  instance,  there  are  certain 
aspects     for     lighting      classrooms     which 

i  scientists  have  found  tiie  best  for  tho  eye- 
sight of  children  ;  these  are  chiefly  the 
south-oast,  tho  south-wost,  and  tho  north- 
east.    The  north-west  is  tho  least  desirable, 

!  because  tho  sun  appears  late  in  the  day. 
Yet,  iu  spito  of  those  facts,  wo  fin  1  designs  of 


our  elementary  schools  violating  these  rules  ; 
in  fact,  actually  placing  the  classrooms  in 
the  side  of  a  building  facing  direct  north 
or  direct  west,  as  in  two  of  the  recent 
school  competition  designs  which  have  been 
selected  for  execution.  Looking  at  an  aspect 
compass,  it  will  be  noticed  that  in  our  hemi- 
sphere the  sun  is  south  at  noon,  and  taking 
a  medium  day  (Lidy  Day),  a  room  facing 
south  will  enjoy  the  longest  sunshine ;  or 
taking  the  shortest  day,  the  room  receives 
sunshine  from  5a.m.  to  about  1p.m.  For 
midday  sunshine  this  aspect  is  the  best ;  for 
morning  sunshine  the  eastward  is  the  best, 
and  for  evening  the  westward.  Those  facts 
*  are  ignored  by  half  the  designers  of  our 
buildings,  notwithstanding  so  much  has  been 
argued  tor  a  good  aspect.  How  far  it  is  per- 
missible to  supersede  such  a  general  principle 
by  the  requirements  of  design  is  a  moot 
question.  Circumstances,  it  is  said,  alter 
cases,  and  there  are  times  when  important 
rules  have  to  give  way  ; — and  this  subject  of 
aspect  or  lighting  is  one  of  them.  .Vs  build- 
ings have  to  face  every  conceivable  direction 
j  of  the  compass,  as  they  have  to  be  erected  in 
1  streets  and  sites  that  are  fixed,  as  some- 
times the  prospect  has  to  be  studied  so  that 
the  best  rooms  have  to  face  the  nicest  quarter, 
the  architect  has  to  submit  to  the  inevitable. 
j  All  he  can  do  is  to  try  and  mitigate  the  evil 
'  by  planting  shrubberies,  sheltering  the  front 
[  of  houses  from  cold  winds  or  hot  afternoon 
suns.  The  house  cannot  be  turned  round  on 
a  pivot  to  suit  varying  climate  and  views. 
So  it  is  the  architect  has  turned  a  rather  deaf 
ear  to  the  advice  of  hygienists  and  others, 
and  believes  he  is  quite  justified  in  confining 
his  attention  to  the  design  as  an  abstract  thing, 
and  to  arrange  his  frontage  and  windows  to 
suit  the  internal  arrangements  of  plan  and  tho 
demands  of  architectural  composition.  That 
the  laws  of  health  aud  scientitio  construction 
should  dictate  these  arraugsments  goes  with- 
out sa3'ing,  as  men  build  to  live  rather 
than  live  to  build.  AH  the  same,  the  in- 
ternal arrangements  of  a  house  appeal  to  the 
inmate,  the  external  appearance  to  the  public ; 
and  the  outside  look  of  a  building  has  a  claim 
for  consideration.  But  there  are  certain 
specialised  buildings,  like  schools,  hospitals, 
pictui-e  gaUeries,  and  the  like,  where  these 
rules  or  principles  have  paramount  claim. 
Good  lighting  is  of  the  greatest  importance 
in  schools  for  the  young,  aud  the  quantity  of 
sunshine  in  a  classroom  is  of  as  much  im- 
portance to  the  health  of  the  pupil  as  the 
direction  of  light  in  relation  to  the  po-itiou  of 
the  pupil.  To  obtain  lighting  from  the  left, 
the  seats  and  desks  can  be  placed  on  tho 
required  side  of  room ;  but  tho  windows  can- 
not be  moved  round  to  the  opposite  side,  so 
that  it  is  of  the  greatest  importance  they 
should  be  placed  towards  the  best  iiuarter,  it 
possible.  It  is  worth  while  for  the  architect 
!  to  make  the  attempt  by  disposing  hia  blocks 
or  his  wards  iu  such  a  manner  as  to  catch  a 
portion  of  the  sunshine,  and  wo  think  those 
entrusted  with  the  selection  of  designs  should 
take  some  pains  in  considering  this  point, 
aud  recognise  it  as  a  merit  of  design  to  be 
placed  to  its  favour.  l>esigu  and  com- 
position, however  good  and  excellent,  cannot 
bo  weighed  against  the  absolute  requirements 
of  such  a  building  as  a  school,  or  a  hospital, 
or  a  block  of  dwellings,  where  sunlight  aud 
cheerfulness  are  essentials.  These  qualifying 
conditions  must  bo  taken  into  account  in 
answering  tho  question  we  have  suggested. 
It  would  not  be  safe  to  balance  architoctunil 
skill  against  hygienic  laws  in  making  a 
decision  of  this  kind :  tho  latter  qualities 
must  be  the  chief  ones  in  determining  tho 
merit.  There  are  other  principles  loss  abso- 
lute or  scientific,  perhaps,  but  which  should 
liave  weighc  with  an  assessor ;  those  relate  to 
good  construction  and  planning  and  composi- 
tion, proper  treatment  of  material  -matters 
too  often  neglected,  it  may  bo,  for  some 
fancied  superiority  which  the  assessor  detects 
iu  a  certain  design,   but  which  will  not  boar 


894 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  24,  1904. 


the  tost  of  careful  examination.  Tlie  par-  not  take  anj' account  of  the  variety  of  modern 
ticnlar  bias  or  taste  of  the  adviser  may  have  types  of  building  and  conditions  of  employ- 
a  "ood  deal  to  do  with  his  decision  :  and  this  ment,  requirements,  position  of  architect,  and 
is  a  strong  argument  for  the  appointment  of  the  like.  The  5  per  cent,  commission  on  the 
two  assessors  in  many  cases.  We  certainly  cost,  as  a  fair  average  for  a  uniform  class 
cannot  feel  satisfied  with  the  decisions  arrived  of  building  and  architects  at  that  time, 
at  in  several  recent  competitions  for  municipal  I  was  then  reasonable,  and  the  custom 
buildings  and  schools.  The  grounds  of  the  ,  was  legalised  during  the  French  lievolution 
decisions  are  not  convincing  ;  and  when  we  !  and  became  general  in  this  country  also;  but  j 
apply  the  tests  to  certain  principles  they  are  j  this  system  no  longer  is  applicable  to  the 
found  to  be  defective.  In  a  few  of  these  I  profession,  which  has  developed  in  rnany 
instances  the  instructions  have  been  dis-  j  ways,  nor  to  the  conditions  of  professional  i 
obeyed,  as  wc  have  pointed  out.  These  are  '  service  -which  now  prevail.  The  necessity  j 
not  encouraging  for  those  in  the  profession  I  for  a  fi.-ced  5  per  centum  no  longer  exists,  i 
who  are  scrupulous  in  carrying  out  the  con-  ;  and  we  quite  agree  that  it  is  difficult  of  I 
ditions,  who  make  them  a  careful  study,  and  '  application  in  numerous  cases.  The  in- 
who  check  every  point  and  detail  before  they  '  creasing  complexity  of  building  conditions 
send  off  their  drawings.  Of  course,  it  must  be  and  types  makes  a  fixed  percentage  quite 
always  remembered  that  the  "letter  killeth";  impossible.  It  cannot  be  applied  to  all 
that  a  man  may  be  so  exact  and  punctilious  classes  of  building,  and  a  schedule  embracing 
in  observance  that  he  may  even  unoon-  several  percentages  may  be  open  to  objection, 
sciously  fall  into  a  mistake,  or  take  for  i  and  would  be  a  source  of  trouble.  The  applica- 
proven  whiit  is  an  error.  Thus,  as  a  well-  ,  tion  of  the  present  schedule  is  rendered  most 
known  architect  said  the  other  day,  one  may  !  difficult  and  uncertain  where  the  building 
make  a  great  mistake  by  following  too  I  comprises  a  variety  of  special  trades,  such  as 
literally  the  rules  of  an}'  Government  depart-  j  plumbing,  heating,  electric  wiring,  steel  oon- 
ment,  like  the  Board  of  Education.  And  we  [  struotion,  and  equipments  of  various  kinds, 
may  recall  instances  where  competition  in-  i  Materials  have  also  multiplied,  and  the 
structions  have  been  misleading,  and  errors  !  amount  of  draughtsmanship,  supervision, 
have  only  been  found  out  by  the  questions  of  j  and  other  duties  has  increased  the  architect's 
the  competitors  themselves.  The  non-obser- j  labour.  Mr.  Dehli  shows  that  the  profession 
vance  of  general  principles,  such  as  those  we  i  in  the  States  have  been  brought  face  to  face 
have  mentioned,  has  encouraged  a  good  deal  j  with    new  conditions,  thus  increasing  their 

"  '         duties  and  responsibilities,  chiefly  owing  to 

(1)  new  systems  of  construction  and  appK- 
ances ;  (2)  the  variety  of  materials  available ; 
(3)  speed  of  execution  demanded ;  (4)  in- 
creased  cost    of    labour    which    involves   a 


author  points  out,  this  is  not  a  desirable 
condition,  and  in  view  of  the  fees  paid  to 
other  professions  and  the  amounts  intrusted 
to  successful  men  entailing  increased  re- 
sponsibilities, it  may  be  inferred  the  5  per 
cent,  remuneration  is  the  main  obstacle  to 
successful  architects  obtaining  such  fees  as 
would  enable  them  to  limit  their  work  to 
what  they  can  personally  look  after.  As  we 
have  before  said  when  speaking  of  the 
system,  it  is  open  to  the  still  greater  objec- 
tion of  seeming  to  encourage  cost  and  extra va- 
gant  designs  by  associating  the  architect's 
services  with  the  cost  of  carrying  them  into 
execution.  The  5  per  cent,  schedule  stamps 
with  approval  this  idea— a  very  pernicious 
one  for  architecture  and  architects.  That 
large    building    should    earn    a   propor- 


tionately higher  fee 
is  not  always  just, 
lesser  size  involving 
entail  a  hundredfold 
labour,  and  in  many  ' 
a  '" 

of 


than  a  small  one 
for  a  building  of 
a  little  outlay  may 
more  thought  and 
alterations  involving 
small  coat,  yet  requiring  on  the  part 
the    architect   a    complete  study   of  the 


of     license     and     extravagance     in    design. 
Broken  and  incoherent  planning  is  the  result 
of  the  neglect  of  rules  of  arrangement  with 
regard  to  walls  and  corridors  like  those  we  j 
have  pointed  out ;  to  the  neglect  of  lighting 


we  must  attribute  the  lack  of  proportion  and  ^  better  organisation  of  the  builder's  work 
rhythm  in  the  distribution  of  windows  as  and  also  increased  shop  work.  It  is  pointed 
well  as  in  the  size  of  rooms — small  ones  over- {  out   also     that    the    schedule    is    unfair   in 


lighted,  deep  and  spacious  rooms  with  few 
windows,  of  inadequate  area.  If,  as  we  are 
to  assume,  a  design  is  to  be  selected  in  com- 
jietitiou  which  conforms  to  recognised  prin- 
ciples of  design,  so  long  as  those  are  in 
agreement  with  the  instruction?,  we  have 
need  of  a  system  of  awarding  prizes  which 
will  give  us  the  best  results ;  any  other 
solution  is  contrary  to  the  true  intention  of 
competition,  and  subversive  of  justice  and 
fair- play.  In  limited  competitions  we  expect, 
at  least,  a  clo-er  and  more  expert  solution  of 
the  problem  than  we  do  in  an  open  contest. 


its  application.  For  simple  building  and 
works  of  repetition  it  is  far  more  remunera- 
tive than  for  complicated  structures  requiring 
more  careful  study  in  details — for  a  large 
number  of  houses  in  a  row  of  the  same  plan, 
or  a  number  of  similar  cottages,  the  five  per-  i 
ceiitage  is  adequate  and  even  generous  in  I 
some  cases ;  but  for  buildings  like  shop 
premises,  or  hotels,  it  is  unremunerative. 
The  author  thinks  that  a  more  com- 
plete system  of  shop  drawings  would 
cheapen  buildings  and  shorten  the  time  of 
construction  ;  that  the  architect  should  pre- 
pare these  drawings  complete  and  ready  for 
the  workmen.  Thus,  in  steel  construction, 
as  he  shows,  great  saving  might  be  effected, 
for  now  the  specification  requires  the  con- 
tractor to  include  in  his  bid  the  cost  of  the 
shop  drawings  at  a  certain   price  per  ton,  the 


AECIIITEOTS'  CHARGES. 

AKATIOXAL   system   of   charging  for 
architects,  based  on  the  proportion  of 

service  rendered,  has  been  the  subject  of  dis- ,        ^  ^  , 

cussion,  not  only  in  this   country," but  in  the  !  engineer  to  be  appointed  by' the  architect. 
IJnited  States.     A  paper  by  Mr.  Arne  Dehli,  ,      Other  objections   to   the   principle   of  the  I 
in  the  Jn-hilic'iinil  Ihenrd  of  Now  York,  j  percentage  system  are  raised  ;  while  it  was  at ! 
deals  with  the  question  in  a  comprehensive  i  first  a   fair  average  for  a   certain    uniform  [ 
manner,  to  which  wo  refer  in  these  remarks.  ,  class  of  work,  it  is  now  raised  to  the  dignity 
We  may  premise  that   practice  in  America  ,  of  a  principle.     Building  is  not  like  banking, 
differs  from  that  in  this  country.     The  work  ^  agency,  and  the  like,  where  transactions  have 
of  building,  including  parts  of  detail  draw-  '  been  fixed  by  custom  at  a  certain  percentage  ' 
mg  and  shop  outlays,  are  intrusted  to  the  con-  '  on    the    amount    involved  ;    the    architect's  ' 
tractor,  while  the  architect's  work  is  limited   services  are  not  like  brokerage.    "  How,"  it  is  ' 
to  general  drawings  and  supervision.     This  ^  asked,  "can   we   defend   the   implied  denial 
author  points  out  that  as  between  the  archi-  :  of     difference   in    skill,  in     experience,     in  i 
tect   and   builder    the  work  is    not  divided  |  talent,     and    special    fitness     for     a     given  ■ 
m     an    entirely    logical   manner,     in    that   task,  and  the  placing  of  the  official  stamp  of 
certain  detail  drawings,  shop  outlays,    and  |  the  American  Institute  of  Architects  upon 
setting  out   plans  have  been  removed  from  |  the   proposition,    that,    as   far   as  it  is  con- 
their    connection    in    the    architect's,  office  |  cerned,    the   services    of    the    novice  are  as 
and  now  form  part  of  the    builder's  work,  '  valuable  as  those  of  the  experienced  and  the 
because  the  ''present  antiquated  system  of  j  expert,  those  of  the  well-educated  as  good  as 
architects-     charges    renders    it   impossible  1  those  of  the  less  well  trained,  those  of  the 
otherwise    to    provide   for   them."     Modern  |  successful  no  better   than  those  of  the  un- 
buikling    conditions     in     America,    require  ( successful  ? "      Although     the     schedule    is 
lull    and  complete    drawings,    outlays   and  ,  called   "minimum   schedule,"  it  debars  the 
superintendence  and  testing  for  speedy  and  ,  successful   practitioner    from   obtaining   the 
economical    building,   and    such    work  the  j  higher  remuneration  which   should  bo  his, 
architect  ought  to  be  responsible  for.     The  1  limiting  him   to   one   charge    for  building's 
presentsystomotarchitects-chargesattherateiwith   increased   responsibilities.     It    is   a!so 
V  .i^^Tri?'  ,'Ju     "-^  """"^  *"  ^'''^^"  obsolete  i  true  that  "  the  successful  architect  of  to-day 
^,.hli;K  -n-        ?'"'i"''-^'  established  for  the   gives  his  name  to,  and  assumes  the  responsi- 
Crrather  ln^^°  1' ranoe  as  a  fair  average   bility  of ,  a  large  amount  of  work  of  which 
loraratheruniformcla33ofwork,"anddoes   he  is   not  the   real   author";    and,    as   the 


entire  building  or  plant,"  the  rule  is  absurdly 
inadequate.  Again,  "a  design  in  a  cheap 
material  earns  a  double  fee  by  being  executed 
in  a  material  twice  as  expensive  ;  architects 
under  this  rule  are  paid  for  wasting  their 
clients'  money,  and  punished  in  pocket  by 
saving  it."  It  is  quite  an  irony  under  this 
system  that  the  exercise  of  care  and  skill 
often  operates  to  reduce  the  architect's  com- 
mission ;  and  the  more  the  architect  endeavours 
to  exercise  economy  in  the  material  and 
labour,  he  is  conscious  of  reducing  his  own 
remuneration.  There  is  a  seeming  incon- 
sistency, if  not  dishonesty,  in  the  idea  that 
every  saving  the  architect  efl'ects  by  his  skill 
and  care  he  loses  so  much  thereby;  and 
the  practical  consequences  are  disastrous, 
for  it  must  encourage  cost  and  want  of 
economy.  The  profession  are  not  all  dis- 
interested, nor  can  we  expect  from  them  the 
exorcise  of  economy,  which  is  distinctly 
prejudicial  to  their  interests.  The  author 
goes  on  to  indicate  the  many  ways  in  which 
the  architect's  services  influence  the  cost  and 
permanent  value  of  buildings.  This  he  shows 
(1)  in  their  bearing  in  the  building  operation 
itself,  and  (2)  as  a  factor  on  the  permanent 
or  investment  value  of  property.  The  invest- 
ment value  of  a  building  depends  largely  on 
the  skill  of  the  architect  in  safeguarding  the 
interest^  of  the  owner  in  the  letting  of  the 
work  and  during  its  construction,  in  the 
exercise  of  expert  skill  in  using  materials 
and  methods  of  construction,  in  adapting  the 
design  to  its  use.  These  factors  will  also 
influence  the  durability  of  the  property.  The 
rates  of  insurance  will  much  depend  also  ou 
the  skill  and  experience  of  the  architect. 
These  considerations  of  the  value  of  good 
designs  and  supervision  and  their  relation  to 
outlay  ought  to  lead  to  a  larger  employment 
of  the  profession,  and  the  author  says 
"  specialists  in  designing  and  specialists  in 
executing  work  might  not  prove  an  unmixed 
evil.  Such  a  division  might  be  natural  and 
advantageous  in  cases,  just  as  undoubtedly 
the  greater  number  would  remain  •  general 
practitioners.' "  It  is  thought  reasonable 
that  a  client  should  have  the  opportunity  of 
obtaining  a  design  of  a  recognised  authorship 
in  connection  with  his  accustomed  architect, 
as  his  physician  may  call  on  another  expert 
for  consultation  in  certain  cases.  Such  are 
the  conclusions  of  the  author  in  the  paper 
referred  to,  but  no  suggestion  is  offered.  The 
author  dwells  chiefly  on  the  present  system  and 
its  objectionable  points,  unfair  alike  to 
the  client  and  the  architect— objectionable 
from  an  art  point  of  view.  We  cannot  look 
for  any  encouragement  under  it  of  any 
architectural  talent  and  experience,  for  it 
remunerates  the  novice  at  the  same  rate  as  it 
does  the  artist  and  specialist,  and  it  does  not 
take  into  account  the  advances  made  in 
architectui'B,  or  the  special  equipment  or 
decoration  of  buildings.     The  question  as  to 


June  24,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


895 


what  system  of  remuneration  would  be  most 
equitable  wo  will  not  discuss  here  ;  on  former 
occasions  we  have  suggested  a  classification  of 
building  types,    and   thoir   degrees   of   com- 
plexity, schedules  or  rates  being  applied  in 
•each  ease.  Other  suggestions  have  been  made, 
as  that  of  regulating  the  architect's  remunera- 
tion on  the  area  instead  of  the   cost'of  the 
building,   a  plan  that  would  scarcely  touch 
complex  and  highly-finished  interiors.     The 
subject   is   one   of    some   difficulty,    as   the 
thought  and  labour  of  the  -architect  are  the 
main  features,  rather  than  any  rnles  based 
on  dimensions  or  cost.     When  the  architect's 
and   builder's   services  are   divided,  as  they 
are  in  America,  the  present  mode  of  charging 
is    certainly    illogical     and     unsatisfactory. 
Many  of  the  detail  drawings  and  shop  out- 
lays form  a  portion  of  the  builder's  province, 
while  manv'   extra   and  special  trades  have 
been  added  to  the  architect's  function.  These 
new  conditions  of  building  and  architeotnral 
design   call   for  a  system   of    remuneration 
based  on  other  principles  than  an  average  or 
uniform  class   of    labour,     and    one   which 
must  take  into  account  the  specialised  know- 
ledge    of     the   profession    and    the  amount 
of   skilled   labour    employed   in   the  build- 
ing.    A  uniform  rate  of  commission  implies 
a   uniform   class    of  building   in  which   the 
architect's  work  is   of  the  same  character ; 
but    even    this    system   would   fail  to  give 
uniform    results     after    a    certain    limit  is 
reached,  the  remuneration  being  much  higher 
pro  ratii  in  a  large  than  in  a  small  building 
having  the  same  materials  and  class  of  fit- 
tings and  details.     Any  scale,  in  fact,  to  bo 
fair   should    be    reduced     according    to  the 
amount  of   estimate,    and    this  reduction  is 
often    made    by    the    profession.      But  the 
buildings  of  to-daj-  are  not  all  of  this  uniform 
character,  but  vary  in  many  points,  in  plan, 
construction,    material,    fittings,   decoration, 
rendering  it   impossible  to  make  a  uniform 
scale  remunerative  in  many  instances.     It  is 
with  regard  to  such  a  class  of  work  that  these 
remarks  apply. 


THE  PRESEXTATIOX  OF  THE  ROYAL 
GOLD  MEUAL  AT  THE  R.LB.A, 

ABRILLIAKT  assembly  of  members  and 
visitors,  including  many  ladies,  thronged 
the  meeting  room  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects  at  9,  Conduit-street,  ^V.,  on 
Monday  evening,-  this  being  the  closing  meeting 
for  the  present  session  of  the  Institute,  the  last 
at  which  Mr.  Aston  Webb,  R.A,,  would  occupy 
the  presidential  chair,  he  having  declined  to  serve 
for  a  third  year  of  otfice,  and  the  evening  set 
apart  for  the  presentation  of  the  Royal  Gold 
Medal,  the  recipient  for  this  year  being  M. 
Auguste  Choisy,  Hon.  Inspector  -  General  of 
Bridges  and  Highways,  Paris.  The  President 
was  well  supported  by  members  of  the  new  and 
outgoing  Councils,  and  by  several  predecessors  in 
the  chair,  including  Sir  William  Emerson  and 
Professor  George  Aitchison,  R.A. 

The  first  business  of  the  evening  was  the  formal 
.confirmation,  as  required  by  Clause  :i3  of  the 
Charter,  of  the  resolution  passed  at  the  meeting 
of  June  6,  agreeing  to  the  following  addition  at 
the  end  of  the  first  clause  of  by-law  3  : — "  After 
December  31,  1906,  every  person  desiring  to  be 
admitted  a  Fellow  sh:dl  be  required  to  hive 
passed  the  e-'camination  ur  examinations  qualify- 
ing him  as  an  Ass;ciate,  or  shall  be  elected  from 
the  ranks  of  the  Associates.  But  in  special  eases 
the  Council,  by  tho  votes  of  three-fourths  of  such 
members  of  the  Council  as  are  present  and  voting 
at  a  meeting  of  the  Council,  shall  have  power  to 
dispense  with  such  examination  oreximinations." 
This  was  moved  by  the  President,  and  adopted 
without  discusdon. 

Mr.  Alexander  (Juaiiam,  F.S.A.,  hon.  scre- 
tary,  announced  the  decease  of  thoir  colleague, 
L.  C.  Pedro  d'Avila,  of  Lisbon,  lion,  architect  to 
tho  King  of  Portug.d,  and  an^hitoct  to  the 
I'ortugueae  Government,  who  h.id  boon  an  hon. 
corresponding  nr.ember  since  1900,  and  also  Mr. 
.James  William  Brookor,  Fellow,  of  Railway 
Approach,  London  Bridge,  S,E. 

Mr.  W.J.  lioiiin,  thu  Secretary,  said  that  ho 
had  had  the  privdego  of  mooting  the  late  Sanor 
d'Avilaon  several  oecisions,  incduding  tho  last  two 


international  conferences  of  architects.  He  was 
greatlj'  interested  in  the  well-being  of  his  pro- 
fession, and  always  ready  to  put  his  services  at 
the  disposal  of  the  institute. 

Among  the  newly-elcted  mfrabers  who  were 
welcomed,  Ijord  Stanley  of  Alderley,  whose 
arduous  work  on  tho  late  Ijondon  School  Board  is 
well  known,  was  greeted  with  loud  cheers. 

The  Presiukxt  then  proceeded  to  the  business 
of  the  evening,  the 

I'UESEN'TATIOX    OF    THE   EOYAL    GOLU    MEDAL. 

The  PuESiuEXT  observed  that  it  had  been  the 
custom  of  the  Institute  to  select  as  the  recipient 
of  the  medal  an  English  architect  in  one  year,  in 
the  next  a  foreign  architect,  and  in  the  third  year 
a  literary  man  whose  work  had  made  for  the 
advancement  of  architecture.  This  year  they 
had  considered  the  claims  of  literary  men  to  this 
high  honour,  with  the  result  that  tho  Council  and 
the  general  body  of  the  members  unanimously 
decided  to  recommend  their  hon.  corresponding 
member,  M.  Auguste  Choisy.  The  Royal  approval 
had  been  graciously  granted,  and  U.  Choisy  was 
present  to  receive  the  meial.  No  politics  were 
recognised  in  the  Institute  ;  but  he  might  say 
that  it  wjs  an  event  of  happy  augury  that  their 
choice  should  have  fallen  upon  a  Frenchman 
when  our  relations  with  France  were  so  friendly, 
and  that  they  hid  been  as  unanimously  able  to 
recommend  the  conferring  of  tha  medal  as  the 
tsvo  countries  had  been  to  come  to  an  agreement 
between  themselves.  They  were  further  honoured 
with  the  presence  of  a  d'Stinguished  representa- 
tive of  the  French  Etnbassy,  Comte  de  Manne- 
ville,  who  gave  the  official  seal  and  approval  of 
France  to  their  choice.  He  could  not  but 
express  their  unbounded  admiraiion  for  the  great 
band  of  arlists  in  France  and  the  works  they 
had  produced.  In  architecture  France  was  still 
working  on  traditional  lines,  but  at  the  same  time 
in  a  modern  spirit,  and  the  close  alliance  of  archi- 
tecture, painting,  and  sculpture  was  shown  in 
every  budding.  This  was  by  no  means  the  first 
time  the  Institute  had  recognised  the  genius  of 
Frenchmen,  for  the  medal  had  been  conferred 
upon  M.  Hittorf  in  18.55,  on  M,  Leseuer  in  1861, 
on  that  distinguished  writer  Viollet-le-Duc  in 
186-4,  on  M.  Texier  in  1867,  on  M.  Joseph  Louis 
Due  in  1876,  on  JI.  Charles  Garnier,  the  archi- 
tect of  the  Paris  Opera  House,  in  1886,  and  on 
M.  Ciesar  Daly  in  1892  ;  but  no  one  had  done 
more  than  M.  Choisy  towards  elucidating  the 
method  of  construction  employed  by  the  ancients. 
His  work  was  contained  in  seven  volumes,  small 
in  bulk,  but  gigantic  in  labour,  thought,  and 
results.  His  works  were  remarkable  for  their 
clearness  and  conciseness.  His  chief  work  was 
"  The  History  of  Architecture,"  which  took  over 
twenty  years  to  accomplish.  Other  important 
publications  of  his  were  "  Art  of  Building  Among 
the  Romans"  (1873),  "Art  of  Building  Among 
the  Byzantines"  (ISS2),  "Studies  in  Greek 
Architecture"  (1884),  and  his  latest,  "Art  of 
Building  Among  the  Egyptians."  Having 
sketched  Mr.  Choisy's  career  from  his  birth  at 
Vitry-le-Fran(,'ois  in  February,  1841,  to  his  recent 
retirement  from  the  position  of  engineer- in- 
chief  of  the  department  of  les  Ponts  et  Chausscee, 
the  President  closed  by  congratulations  to  their 
guest  on  behalf  of  himself  and  his  colleagues  in 
the  Institute  upon  the  production  of  these  epoch- 
making  works  and  the  honours  he  hid  received, 
and  at  the  same  time,  as  President  of  the  Institute, 
to  present  to  him  the  gold  medal  conferred  by  his 
Jlost  Gracious  Majesty  the  King,  upon  tho 
unanimous  recommendation  of  his  architocturil 
i-iiifriiYK.  He  then  invested  M.  Choisy  with  tho 
blue  ribbon  to  which  the  medal  is  attached  amid 
loud  and  continued  cheers. 

M.  Choisv  began  his  reply  in  English,  but 
continued  in  French,  reading  in  a  low  tone  from 
a  closely- written  manuscript.  He  siid  the  higli 
honour  conferred  upon  him  by  his  English 
colleagues  had  surpassed  all  his  expectations.  Its 
announcement  had  seemeil  like  a  dream,  and  the 
honour  was  the  crowning  point  in  his  I'areer,  and 
a  proof  of  the  fraternal  feeling  of  thu  Institute  to 
all  architects,  irrespective  of  nation.ality.  He 
recollected  that  tho  sime  distinction  had  boon 
conferred  on  tho  illustrioui  and  evor-regrotted 
F.  ('.  Penrose.  Many  years  sinea  it  was  his  good 
fortune  to  road  in  his  fiithi,r'8  lilirarv  a  memoir 
by  Professor  Willis  on  the  vaults  of  the  middle 
ages.  This  cime  upon  him  as  a  revelation,  and 
showed  how  to  analyse  construction  and  show  its 
origin,  llo  applied  the  principle  of  that  essay  to 
the  Roman  modes  of  vaulting,  and  carried  it  on 
to  the  constructional  work  of  other  countries. 
Having  referred  to   the  writings   of  Mr.   Phene 


.Spiers  and  Professor  Aitchison,  M.  Choisy  re- 
marked that  whenever  in  the  future  his  eyes 
rested  upon  the  gold  medal,  it  would  serve  to 
remind  him  that  he  had  still  serious  duties  to 
perform  and  new  demands  to  meet. 

Professor  Gi;iiui;e  Arrciiisox,  R.A.  (who  was 
wearing  the  Royal  (iold  Medal  conferred  on  him 
eight  years  ago),  added  a  few  words  appreciative 
of  the  acumen  and  lucidity  characterising  all 
M.  Choisy's  writings,  and  said  that  the  guest  of 
that  evening  Wis  the  Columbus  of  ancient  con- 
struction. 

Sir  L.  AlmaTadkma,  R.A.,  followed,  observing 
that  M.  Chjisy  never  propounded  a  theory  to 
explain  the  reasons  which  governed  a  construc- 
tional development  without  a  profound  and 
practical  knowledge  of  the  subject. 

Mr.  R.  Phexe  Scieus  concurred,  remarking 
that  it  w.as  more  than  forty  years  since  he  met 
M.  Choisy,  while  sketching  in  the  theatre  of 
Bacchus  at  Athens,  and  was  then  impressed  by 
his  wonderful  insight  into  the  principles  of  con- 
struction, the  enormous  range  of  his  knowledge, 
and  his  clearness  of  style  :  these  were  charac- 
teristics of  all  his  writings. 

Mr.  John  Slateii,  vice-president,  moved,  in 
cordial  terms,  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Aston 
Webb  for  his  brilliant  two  years  of  oSice.  The 
Institute  had  had  some  eminent  presidents,  hut 
none  had  fulfilled  the  duties  better  than  Mr. 
Webb  had  done,  and  they  parted  from  him  with 
sincere  regret. 

Mr.  II.  Heathcote  SrAriiAM  seconded  the 
motion,  which  was  supported  in  a  few  hearty 
sentences  by  3Ir.  Bt  tli:k  Wilson,  who  said  he 
spoke,  not  only  as  president  of  the  Leeds  and 
Yorkshire  -4rchitectu'al  Society,  but  was  voicing 
the  opinions  of  all  the  allied  societies. 

The  Phesiuext,  who  was  received  with  pro- 
longed cheering,  briefly  replied.  He  claimed  to 
have  fulfilled  two  promi-es  that  he  made  when  he 
took  the  chair — that  he  should  make  mistakes, 
and  he  was  conscious  of  having  done  so,  and  that 
he  should  act  impartially  and  to  the  best  of  his 
judgment.  He  acknowledged  the  loyal  support 
h")  had  received  from  the  hon,  secretary,  Mr. 
Graham,  from  Mr.  Locke,  and  members  of 
the  staff  and  the  Council.  They  did  not  always 
agree,  and  life  would  be  a  very  dull  affair  if  they 
always  did  agree ;  but  they  had  always  realised 
that  eacli  was  actuated  by  a  desire  for  tho  good,  of 
the  profession.  The  Institute  had  never  stood 
higher  in  the  regard  of  the  public  than  it  did 
now,  and  he  trusted  that  the  new  Council,  many 
of  whose  members  were  fresh  to  office,  would  strive 
to  be  moderate  in  their  actions. 


MEMORI.\L  TO  MR.  F.  C.  PENROSE,  F.R.S. 

SIR  L.  ALMA-TADEM.\,  R.A.,  unveiled  on 
Saturday,  in  the  crypt  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  a  mural  tablet  erected  by  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects  to  the  nemory  of 
theirpast-president,  Mr.  Francis Cranmer  I'enrose. 
Among  those  present  were  the  Bishop  of  Stepnev, 
the  Dean  of  St.  Paul's,  Mr.  .\3t0n  Webb.  R.A. 
(president  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects),  M.  Auguste  Choisy  (Inspector- 
General  Honoraire  des  Ponts  et  Chaussees,  Paris), 
Sir  John.  Taylor,  Mr.  J.  D.  Crace,  Mr.  J. 
MacVicar  Anderson,  Mr.  T.  Worthington,  Jlr. 
Thomas  Blashill,  Jlr.  B.  Ingelow,  Dr.  Penrose, 
Miss  Penrose,  Mr.  A.  trraham  (hon.  secretary), 
and  Mr.  W.  J.  Locke  (secretary  of  the  Kjyal 
Institute  of  British  Architects). 

The  tablet  bears  the  following  inscription: — 
"  To  the  memory  of  Francis  Cranmer  Penrose, 
D.C.L.,  LL.D..  F.R.S. ,  F.S.A.,  Knight  of  the 
Order  of  tho  Saviour  in  tJreece.  For  -43  years 
Surveyor  to  this  fabric.  President  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects  from  1891  to  1S96. 
Antiquary  to  the  Royal  Ae;idemy.  -Architect, 
Antiquary,  and  Astronomer.  A  profound 
Scholar.  Author  of  '  The  Principles  of  .Vthenian 
Architecture,'  whose  distinguished  services,  in 
revealing  the  refinements  of  Greek  .-Architecture 
are  here  commemorated,  by  his  professional 
friends  and  aJmireri.  lijrn  Octob.'r  29,  1S17  : 
died  February   1.5,  1903." 

Mr.  Aston  SVebb  observed  that  no  greater  honour 
could  ba  conferred  than  that  of  pi  icing  the 
memorial  in  such  a  position  as  that  which  had 
been  chosen,  near  a  similar  tablet  to  the  memory 
of  Christopher  Wren.  Mr.  Penrose,  they  would 
remembvr,  was  buried  with  his  wife  in  a  grave 
at  Wimbledon. 

Sir  L.  Alma-Tadema  faid  that  to  Mr.  I'enrose 
wo  were  indebted  for  much  of  what  wo  now  know 
of  the  greatness  and  completeness  of  the  Greek 


896 


THE    BUILDING   NEWS. 


June  24,  1904, 


art  of  architecture.  They  all  remembered  with 
proud  affection  the  devoted  student  of  the  glories 
of  the  Taithenon,  -whose  kindly  smile  was  always 
ready  for  those  who  loved  the  art  of  Greece.  At 
the  Koyal  Institute  of  British  Architects  they 
always  called  him  their  Athenian,  and  such  he 
truly  was,  having  given  the  greater  part  of  his 
life  to  the  study  of  the  beautiful  as  revealed  in 
the  art  of  a  people  whoee  essential  aim  was  the 
pursuit  of  plastic  beau'y.  The  art  of  the 
Athenians  had  been  studied  in  their  masterpieces 
for  many  centuries,  but  it  was  the  patient  seeker 
to  whom  that  memorial  hud  been  raised  who  finally 
Inid  bare  the  principles  of  Athenian  architecture. 
His  sense  of  beauty  and  deep  mathematical 
knowledge  combined  led  him  by  minute  and 
laborious  research  to  discover  what  subtle  laws 
governed  the  simplicity  of  the  Greek  ideals.  His 
accurate  measurements  revealed  to  us  how  far  the 
Greeks  had  gone  beyond  the  use  of  the  straight 
line  into  comprehension  of  the  hidden  curve.  We 
now  knew,  for  instance,  that  the  lines  of  the 
ii.ise  of  the  Parthenon  were  curved  in  order  to 
appear  straight,  and  that  <olumns  on  the  same 
plane  were  made  different  in  size  in  order  to 
create  a  more  perfect  and  harmonious  impression 
of  uniformity.  Penrose  had  reached  his  ultimate 
love  and  knowledge  of  perfection  in  architecture 
liy  measured  stages.  In  early  youth  he  had  gone 
through  Europe,  studying  deeply  as  he  went. 
Starting  as  a  lover  of  the  Gothic  and  following 
up  through  the  Renaissance,  he  ultimately  found 
the  source  and  goal  of  perfection  in  Athens.  His 
wide  erudition  and  scientific  attainments  had 
already  made  him  a  judge  capable  of  passing 
judgment.  They  were  indebted  to  him  for  more 
than  could  be  acknowledged  in  the  course  of  a 
few  words.  It  was  he  who  directed  the  strengthen- 
ing of  the  Parthenon  after  the  earthquake  of 
1894.  Hii  knowledge  of  astronomy  led  him  to 
make  valuable  researches  concerning  the  orienta- 
tion of  ancient  temples  ;  and  work  of  the  highest 
importance  being  done  to-day  in  Greece  by  a 
hand  of  young  excavators,  who  had,  among  other 
achievements,  caused  Crete  to  yield  her  buried 
treasures,  was  directly  due  to  Penrose,  through 
whom  the  British  School  of  Archtoology  at  Athens 
came  into  being.  But  it  was  not  in  Greece  only 
that  he  was  called  upon  to  enrich  the  world  by 
^  his  efforts  and  learning.     In    1852  he  was  ap- 

pointed surveyor  to  the  fabric  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral  by  Dean  Jlilman,  and  to  th's  charge  he 
devoted  himself  with  loving  care  tor  nearly  half 
a  century.  He  received  the  gold  medal  of  the 
Hoyal  Institute  of  British  Architects  in  1883,  be- 
coming president  of  that  body  in  1894  for  two 
years.  It  was  with  thoughts  of  gratitude  for  his 
long  and  honourable  life  that  they  committed  the 
memorial  to  the  care  of  the  Dean  and  ('hapter. 

M.  Choisy  expressed  the  feelings  of  regret  and 
admiration  felt  for  the  memory  of  Mr.  Penrose — 
not  only  by  French  architects,  but  by  those  of 
many  other  nations. 


REINFORCED  CONCRETE  IN  BUILDING 
CONSTRUCTION.* 

IT  is  my  purpose,  in  reopening  the  discussion 
on  this  topic,  to  bring  to  your  attention  the 
application  of  this  material  to  building  construc- 
tion, particularly  to  factory  or  mill  building,  and 
to  discuss  the  subject  from  the  architect's  stand- 
point, showing  the  advantages  and  drawbacks 
incident  to  its  use.  With  the  marked  improve  • 
ment  in  the  design  of  miUs,  brought  about  largely 
by  the  requirements  of  the  insurance  companies 
with  a  view  to  reducing  the  loss  from  fire,  the 
modern  mill,  erected  on  the  principle  of  "  slow- 
Imrning  mill  construction,"  and  equipped  with 
all  the  accessories  to  prevent  the  spread  of  fire, 
xhould  one  take  place,  has  come  to  be  regarded  as 
a  standard  for  such  buildings— the  idea  of  con- 
structing fireproof  mills  not  having  taken,  a  very 
firm  root  in  this  country.  Since  the  advent  here, 
however,  of  reinforced  concrete  as  a  means  of 
construction,  the  subject  has  engaged  the  atten- 
tion of  architects  and  engineers,  until  to-day  we 
see  its  use  becoming  more  general ;  but,  like  all 
new  systems,  it  has  met  with  varied  success, 
lioing  closely  identified  with  the  construction  of 
mill  buildings,  the  problem  of  making  them  more 
nearly  fireproof  and  less  susceptible  to  deteriora- 
iion,  and  at  the  same  time  consistent  with  a  fair 
^rst  cost,  has,  we  think,  been  solved  in  the  use  of 
this    system^  of     construction.      Moreover,    the 

RoKfnS'nn^^^T^T-i  ,»;. Pastor,  read  before  the 


scarcity  of  good  quality  large  size  yellow  pine 
timber  for  posts  and  girders  in  slow-burning 
mill  construction  has  often  compelled  the  use 
of  a  greater  number  of  posts  or  other  feature 
of  construction  not  altogether  desirable.  In 
considering  the  advantages  and  disadvantages 
of  reinforced  concrete,  the  architect  is  con- 
fronted with  many  important  questions 
which  must  be  answered  aright  before  any 
definite  plans  can  be  drawn.  First,  and  most 
important,  Is  reinforced  concrete  "reliable" — 
will  it  stand  up  ?  Second,  Does  its  added  weight 
work  to  its  disadvantage?  Third,  Can  it  be 
erected  with  sufficient  speed  and  in  weather  of 
varying  degrees  of  temperature?  Fourth,  Does 
the  stony  and  monolithic  character  of  the  con- 
struction render  the  building  less  adaptable  for 
the  introduction  of  overhead  shafting,  fixtures, 
&c.  ?  Fifth,  Is  it  fireproof  ?  These  questions 
naturally  occur  to  one  who  has  little  or  no  ex- 
perience with  this  construction,  and  it  is  only 
the  proper  solution  of  them  that  will  result  in  the 
more  general  adoption  of  reinforced  concrete.  The 
answer  to  the  first  question  depends  on  certain 
factors,  the  most  important  of  which  embodies  the 
personal  element ;  cr,  in  other  words,  reinforced 
ccincrete  in  the  hands  of  thorough  and  con- 
scientious workers  will  be  just  as  safe  as  any  other 
form  of  construction,  while  the  reverse  is  true  if 
the  designing  and  fxecution  is  left  to  inexperi- 
enced persons.  The  question  of  its  added  weight 
can  be  passed  by  as  one  of  little  moment,  when 
we  consider  the  eaviog  of  cost  effected  by  its  use 
over  other  fireproof  methods  of  construction.  Can 
reinforced  concrete  be  erected  with  sufficient  speed 
and  in  weather  of  vary  ing  degrees  of  temperature  r 
The  first  part  of  this  question  I  will  answer  by 
giving  the  record  of  the  reconstruction  of  the 
Forrest  Laundry  last  year.  This  building  is  a 
four-story  and  basement  structure,  50ft.  wide  by 
lOOft:.  long.  The  entire  structure  was  finished 
on  December  12,  1903,  whereas  the  contract  did 
not  require  its  completion  until  January  15, 1904. 
On  November  26  all  the  plastering  was  finished  ; 
the  concrete  construction  of  the  entire  building, 
except  the  roof  on  top  of  the  tank  tower,  was 
completed  on  October  29.  As  the  work  was  given 
out  on  July  25,  th's  shows  a  very  rapid  progress. 
Since  the  work  of  erecting  the  staging  for  the 
concrete  contruction  started  on  August  5,  the 
time  occupied  for  putting  in  the  concrete  con- 
struction was,  therefore,  twelve  weeks.  As  this 
involved  the  laying  of  about  35,000s(i  ft.  of  floor 
and  reef,  this  is  remarkably  rapid  progress.  As 
to  laying  reinforced  concrete  in  freezing  weather, 
I  might  say  that  it  is  not  impracticable  to  do  so, 
provided  the  temperature  does  not  fall  below  2G° 
Fahr.  ;  but  the  precaution  of  leaving  the  forms 
or  centring  in  position  until  the  concrete  kas 
thoroughly  set  and  hardened,  after  the  thawing 
process,  is  absolutely  necessary.  The  stony  and 
monolithic  character  of  reinforced  concrete  is 
somewhat  of  an  objection  for  buildings  in  which 
the  location  of  the  machinery  is  not  predeter- 
mined, unless  some  means  are  adopted  by  which 
the  shifting  hangers.  Sec,  can  be  located  at  any 
point.  This  feature  of  the  construction  I  will 
take  up  more  fully  in  the  latter  part  of  this  paper. 
The  fireproof  quality  of  reinforced  concrete  has 
been  established  beyond  a  doubt,  not  only  by 
actual  conflagrations,  but  also  by  experimental 
fire  tests  made  under  the  direction  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Bureau  of  Building  Inspection  and  the 
New  York  Building  Bureau.  One  other  im- 
portant feature,  which  is  interesting  to  the  archi- 
tect and  engineer,  inasmuch  as  it  affects  the 
pecuniary  interest  of  the  client,  is  the  rate  of  in- 
surance. Making  the  comparison  with  similar 
buildings  of  the  slow-burning  type,  everything 
else  being  equal,  the  rate  on  the  reinforced  con- 
crete type  is  considerably  lower  than  on  the  slow- 
burning  type :  this  is  seen  in  the  case  of  the 
Bilgram  Machine  Ship,  where  the  rate  is  only  20 
cents  per  hundred,  while  on  the  slow-burning 
type  the  rate  would  be  mere  than  double  this 
amount.  The  rate  on  the  Forrest  Laundry  is  35 
cents  per  hundred,  while  on  a  laundry  building 
of  the  slow-burning  type  the  rate  would  be  70 
cents  per  hundred.  We  understand  from  the 
insurance  agent  that  the  rate  on  this  particular 
building  is  cheaper  than  any  other  laundry  rate 
in  the  United  States;  furthermore,  the  same 
owner,  while  in  temporary  quarters  after  the 
destruction  of  his  building  by  fire  (the  building 
being  of  slow-burning  mill  construction, 
sprinkled),  paid  l-57dol.  per  hundred  insurance. 
This  gives  some  idea  of  the  saving  effected  by 
using  this  system  of  construction.  The  cost  of 
reinforced  concrete,  as  compared  -with  the  slow- 


burning  type  on  the  one  hand  and  steel  frame, 
fireproofed  with  terracotta,  on  the  other,  reveals 
some  interesting  figures  :  The  following  data 
are  from  the  actual  estimates  received  on  the 
buildings  mentioned.  The  bids  on  the  Forrest 
Laundry  for  the  slow-burning  type  amounted  to 
rOTdol.  per  square  foot  of  floor  area;  for  the 
reinforced  concrete,  1-45  per  square  foot; 
for  steel  floor  and  roof  construction,  fire- 
proofed,  the  cost  would  have  been  l-85dol. 
per  square  foot.  The  bids  on  the  Union  Mission 
Hospital  do  not  show  the  same  variation ;  the  con- 
struction being  lighter,  the  cost  was  not  affected 
as  much  as  with  a  heavy  construction.  The 
actual  bids  on  thia  building  were  2'45dol.  per 
square  foot  for  reinforced  concrete  and  2'54dol. 
per  square  foot  for  steel  construction,  fireproofed, 
making  a  total  difference  between  the  two  systems 
of  almost  2,500dol.  in  favour  of  the  concrete.  We 
see  at  once,  therefore,  that  while  as  a  fireproof 
construction  reinforced  concrete  is  cheaper  than 
fireproof  steel  construction,  it  is  at  the  same  time 
not  too  expensive  to  prevent  its  use  in  factory  or 
mill  construction.  The  first  building  designed 
by  us  in  which  reinforced  concrete  forms  the 
integral  part,  and  which,  I  think,  is  the  first 
building  ever  erected  in  this  country  having  a 
saw-tooth  roof,  constructed  of  reinforced  concrete, 
is  the  Hugo  Bilgram  Machine  Shop,  the  building 
being  the  second  one  in  Philadelphia  in  which 
reinforced  concrete  has  been  used  for  the  entire 
floor  and  roof  construction.  I  might  mention 
here  that  it  is  due  to  the  indefatigable  labours  of 
Mr.  J.  O.  Ellinger,  whose  work  in  this  field  is 
well  known,  that  reinforced  concrete  is  a  reality 
in  Philadelphia,  and  through  his  persistent  eft'oits- 
in  conducting  to  a  successful  issue  his  fire  tests, 
the  Philadelphia  Bureau  of  Building  Inspection 
has  placed  buildings  constructed  of  reinforced 
concrete  under  the  head  of  buildings  of  the  first 
class  ;  likewise.  New  York  has  placed  his  system 
in  the  class  which  comes  under  the  head  of  "  fire- 
proof." To  come  to  the  practical  application  of 
the  various  patented  systems,  such  as  the  Kan- 
some,  De  Valliere,  Hennebique,  &c.,  we  find 
that  a  disposition  of  posts  and  girders  similar 
to  that  in  slow -burning  mill  construction 
is  entirely  satisfactory,  and  that  it  is  only 
necessary  to  consider  the  wood  construction 
as  being  petrified,  and  we  have  the  con- 
struction in  reinforced  concrete— that  is,  the 
heavy  beams  taking  the  place  of  the  cross  girder, 
and  the  concrete  slab  the  3in.  or  4in.  plank.  As 
to  making  the  walls  of  concrete  in  mill  buildings 
built  in  the  city  there  is  no  saving  of  cost,  and 
our  practice  so  far  has  been  to  use  brick  walls. 
An  isometric  view  of  such  a  floor  is  shown  else- 
where in  this  issue.  It  has,  in  addition  to  the 
cross-beam,  a  longitudinal  beam  or  girder.  The 
construction  is  what  would  be  termed  a  framed 
construction  if  it  were  executed  in  wood.  The 
longitudinal  girder  is  a  few  inches  deeper  than 
the  cross  girder  for  a  very  important  reason — that 
is,  to  permit  the  bottom  rods  in  the  beams  to  rest 
on  top  of  the  bottom  rods  of  the  longitudinal 
girder,  so  as  to  obtain  direct  bearing  one  on  the 
other,  and  thus  avoid  straining  the  concrete. 
Other  details  of  construction  are  shown  in  this 
view,  such  as  the  stringer  pieces  to  secure  the 
shafting.  An  isometric  view  of  the  steel  rein- 
forcement is  shown  in  the  lower  right-hand 
corner.  In  the  lower  left-hand  corner  is  shown 
the  method  of  anchoring  concrete  beams  to  the 
wall ;  a  dove-tail  pocket  being  built  by  the 
mason,  into  which  the  concrete  is  poured.  Cast 
or  wrought  iron  bearing  plates  should  be  placed 
under  all  girders.  It  has  been  our  practice,  in 
the  better  grade  of  buildings,  to  plaster  with 
white-coat  the  reinforced  concrete,  which  in- 
creases the  brilliancy  of  the  building  at  least  2S 
per  cent.  Where  a  very  smooth  finish  is  not 
absolutely  necessary,  the  concrete  work  can  be 
painted  with  some  make  of  cold-water  paint  or 
whitewashed.  This  was  done  in  the  basement  of 
the  Hugo  Bilgram  Machine  Shop  with  very  good 
results.  Thcunj :  The  usual  theory  of  the  re- 
sistance of  materials,  based  on  the  hypothesis 
that  a  section  plane  before  bending  remains 
sensibly  plane  after  bending,  while  not  held  by 
all  engineers  as  being  absolutely  exact,  is,  how- 
ever, sufficiently  so  for  all  practical  considera- 
tions when  applied  to  simple  flexure  ;  and  this 
hypothesis  forms  the  basis  of  all  the  formulic 
used  in  the  writer's  calculations.  Such  French 
engineers  as  Considere  and  Christophe,  and 
American  engineers,  as  Thatcher,  hold  to 
the  above  tenets,  and  I  do  not  see  any  good 
reason  why  the  theory  of  reinforced  concrete 
beams  should  be  so  refined  as  to  reduce  the  cal- 


June  24,  1904. 


THE   BUILDING    NEWS. 


897 


p 


culations  to  an  exactness  which  ia  undoubtedly 
rtndertd  ml  by  the  inequalities  almost  sure  to 
exist  in  the  concrete  mixture  and  irregular  work- 
manship. On  the  assumption  that,  wilh'n  the 
elastic  limit,  the  stresses  are  uniformly  varying 
across  the  section,  the  fundamental  formula  for 
the  flexure  of  beams  may  be  reduced  to  the 
following,  for  reinforced  concrete  beams  of 
rectangular  section,  with  reinforcement  in  the 
bottom  only,  neglecting  the  effect  of  the  con- 
crete in  tension : — 

M  =  -  a  X  ^pae  +  i sb 

in  which : 

M  =  bending  moment  in  inch  pounds ; 
a    =  the  distance  from  the  neutral  axis  to  the  most 
remote  fibre  in  compression  ; 
=  the  unit  compressive  strain  on  the  concrete; 
e    =  the  width  of  the  beam  ; 
i    =  the  unit  tensile  strain  on  the  steel ; 
»    =  the  area  of  the  steel ; 

b   =  the  distance  from  the  neutral  axis  to  the  centre 
of  action  of  the  steel. 

The  determination  of  the  neutral  axis  is,  there- 
fore, the  key  to  the  solution  of  the  ecjuation.  If 
we  represent  the  height  of  the  beam  by  li,  then 
the  fraction  a  divided  by  k,  which  we  shall  call  .r 
in  the  next  formula,  represents  the  fractional  part 
of  the  height  of  the  beam  in  compression  ;  like- 
wise, the  fraction  s  divided  bj'  r/i,  which  we  shall 
call  (/,  equab  the  percentage  of  the  metal  in  rela- 
tion to  the  tot.il  sectional  area  of  the  beam.  By 
assuming  the  coefScient  of  elasticity  of  steel  as 
being  twenty  times  that  of  concrete  (the  value 
(stablished  by  the  Philadelphia  Bureau  '.f  Build- 
ing Inspection),  we  deduce  the  following  formula, 
which  defines  the  position  of  the  neutral  axis  in 
fractions  of  the  percentage,  or — 


20-!/ 


(-'V^^r2^>) 


This  formula  is  based  up'in  the  steel  reinforce- 
ment being  locattd  five-sixths  the  depth  of  the 
beams  from  the  top.  In  calculating  the  strength 
of  beams  with  Hoor  slab  united  thereto,  the 
beams  and  slabs  are  considtred  a  T-section,  and 
the  beam  figured  accordingly.  Of  course,  should 
the  neutral  axis  fall  in  the  slab,  the  formula  us  d 
lor  rectangular  beams  will  hold  good  for  these 
T-sections,  since  we  neglect  the  consideration  of 
the  concrete  in  tension  ard  are  only  concerned 
with  that  in  compression.  The  formula  for  T- 
sections,  then,  when  the  neutral  axis  falls  below 
the  slab,  becomes — 


brine  for  six  months  in  order  to  determine  the 
effect  of  this  solut'on  on  the  imbedded  steel, 
having  in  mind  the  design  of  a  certain  buildirg 
in  which  brine  or  salt  water  was  used  very  freely. 
We  made  this  test  to  determine  the  advisability 
of  this  f'l  rm  of  construction.  When  the  cube 
was  biuken  open,  the  rods  showed  no  truce  of 
rust,  and  were  as  bright  as  on  the  day  they  were 
imbed;Ud  in  the  concrete.  This  is  only  ano'her 
demonstration  of  the  protection  afforJed  the  re- 
ioforcement  by  the  conciete,  and  is  especially 
interesting  as  all  the  rods  were  placed  within  an 
inch  of  one  face  of  the  prism,  and  the  ends  of 
some  were  as  clote  as  jjin.  to  the  end  of  the  prism. 
These  ends  were  as  bright  as  when  the  rods  weie 
inserted.  We  had  another  series  of  tests,  made 
by  Kiehle  Bros.,  to  obtain  the  values  for  the 
adhesion  of  plain  steel  rods  to  the  concrete,  which 
is  as  follows  : — Laboratory  No.  of  Test,  19998 — 
20001.  Philadelphia,  Feb.  20,  1904.  Ballinger 
and  Perrot,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  We  have  this 
day  tested  for  jou  four  sets  of  rods  imbedded 
in  concrete  for  adhesion,  and  beg  to  submit 
the  following  report :  —  Xulc  :  Tests  made  to 
ascertain  adhesion  between  steel  rods  and  1, 
3,  5  mixture  of  concrete  seven  months  old.  One- 
fourth,  five-sixteenth,  and  nine  sixteenth-inch 
rods,  imbedded  in  one  prism  and  rusted  before 
insertion.  Three-quarter-inch  rod,  imbedded  in 
a  second  concrete  prism  and  entirely  free  from 
rust  before  insertion  in  prism.  Each  prism  12in. 
long,  giving  a  12in.  length  of  contact  to  all  rods. 


Diam.  and  cir-lArea  of  rod  m 
cum.   of  Iod^       contact 
ia  iochea.         (square  ioch). 


Oae-fourth  -.  ..- 
Five-sixttenttis 
Nine-sixteenths 
Tliree-fourths .. 


•783 
■n82 
1-77 
2  356 


9-4J5 
11-78 
21-2 
28  27 


Fotal     pres-i  Pressure     in 
sure  in  lbs.    Ibe.persq.in. 


Re- 
lease. 


Frio- 
tioD. 


2.670 
2,660 
2,960 
5,660 


2,000 
1,2C0 
1,350 
3,200 


S83 
217 
1« 
200 


212 
102 
61 
113 


'■</)], 


M=  ^  [a'w  {3h'-a)-(a-3y  (w-t)  (3A'-«^2, 

in  which  //,  a,  and  e  have  the  same  meaning  as 
before,  and  «;  =  the  width  of  the  slab. 

h'  =  the  distance  from  the  top  of  the  slab  to  the 
centre  of  action  of  the  reinforcement. 

ff  =  the  thickness  of  slab. 

The   working   stresses  of  the  concrete  we  have 
Msumed  as  5001b.  per  square  inch,  and  that  of 
the  steel  as  16,0001b.  per  square  inch,  these  values 
being  established  by  the  Philadelphia  Bureau  of 
Building  Inspection.     The  effect  of  shear  upon  a 
beam  seems  to  have  been  very  little  considered  in 
the  early  study  of  reinforced  concrete  ;  but  since 
data  obtained  by  practical  tests  seem  to  indicate 
that  beams  designed  without  the  ^se  of  steel,  to 
take  up  the  shearing  strains,  fail  by  the  cracking 
of  the  concrete,  several  systems  have  been  de- 
vised to  meet  this   objection.     The  De  Valliere 
has  a  very  good  form  of  twisted  stirrup,  which  is 
built  in  the  beam,  and  unites  the  steel  rods  of  the 
beams  to  the   reinforcement    of    the  slab.     The 
Kahu  system   emplojs   a  square   bar   with  side 
wings  bent  up   at   an  incline,  the  stirrup  in  this 
case  being  originally  part    of    the  bar  and  cut 
away,  leaving  just  enough   material  tu  unite  the 
two  securely  together.     The  llennebique  system 
u.-es  stirrups  bent  in  the  form  of  a  U-shaped  loop 
extending  under  the  tension  rods,  and  running 
up  through  the   beam,  and  projecting  into  the 
slab.     The  oldest    system    in    the   country,  the 
Kansome,  is  usually  constructed  without  stirrups, 
but    personally   I    think    it    is    not    only  more 
logical,  but  safer,  to  use  stirrups  of  some  form. 
The  dangers  of  reinforced  concrete  I  mentioned 
earlier  in  the  evening,  and  to  show  how  a  legiti- 
mate  system    of    construction  can  be  abused,   I 
refer  you  to  a  list  of  failures  of  concrete  buildings 
for  the  year  1903,  given  in  tho  January  (lyoij 
number    of    the    magazine    Fiirprm,f.     The  list 
comprises    fifteen    failures    for    the' year.     One 
importiint  investigation  in  the  matter  of  tlie  pro- 
tection  of   the  imbedded   steel   in   concrete  was 
made    by  our  firm.     A    test  prism,   liin.  by  Oin. 
by  8in.  long,  with  four  Ain.  lods.  was  nlaced  in 


The  average  pnssute  per  square  inch  for  release 
was,  therefore,  2101b  ,  and  the  average  friction 
per  square  inch  was  122|lb.  The  result  of  these 
tests  shows  that  rusted  iron  rods  adhere  as  firmly 
as  perfectly  clean  rods.  Although  the  number  of 
tests  was  not  large,  we  are  led  to  believe  that, 
even  though  these  values  appear  rather  low,  they 
give  sufficient  information  upon  which  to  base 
our  calculations. 

DISCUSSION. 

Charles  M.  Mills :  I  would  be  pleased  to  learn 
from  Mr.  Perrot  whether,  in  the  construction  of 
reinforced  concrete,  he  has  had  an  opportunity 
to  observe  the  effect  of  a  dry  and  artificially-heated 
atmosphere  in  the  interior  of  buildings  upon  the 
tendency  of  concrete  to  shrink  or  crack,  and  if  he 
has  noticed  such  tendency,  whether  he  has  pre- 
ference for  any  particular  proportions  of  the 
concrete  materials  which  he  thinks  would  best 
resist  it.  I  would  also  be  very  glad  to  have  him 
describe  a  little  more  fully  the  expansion  joint 
placed  on  the  sides  of  the  buildings,  as  exhibited 
on  the  screen. 

Mr.  Peirot :  Answering  the  first  question — the 
buildings  which  we  have  designed  have  not  been 
erected  long  enough  to  determine  the  action  of 
dry  artificial  atmosphere  on  the  concrete.  On 
similar  buildings,  erected  in  Europe  and  in  other 
countries,  and  from  data  on  the  subject,  we  have 
no  fear  as  to  the  results  or  behaviour  of  these 
buildings.  The  fire  tests  show  the  behaviour 
under  different  conditions  of  temperature.  I 
would  saj'  that,  with  my  partner,  I  visited 
Baltimore  last  Monday,  with  the  view  of 
observing  the  fire-resisting  qualities  of  concrete, 
and  I  was  very  glad  to  see  that  there  was  one 
building  in  the  conflagration  at  Baltimore  which 
stood  up,  being  the  only  one  in  tho  block.  All 
the  others  fell  down.  That  happened  to  have  a 
reinforced  concrete  interior,  supported  entirely  on 
independent  wall  columns  of  concrete.  I  estimate 
that  the  distance  between  party-walls  was  about 
20ft.,  and  the  depth  of  tho  building  about  80ft. 
It  was  a  four-story  structure,  built  with  arched 
floor  slabs,  about  Sin.  at  the  crown.  The 
concrete  was  intact.  Some  of  tho  party- 
walls  had  fallen  down  because  they  were  not 
properly  built,  and  part  of  the  front  had  fallen 
out.  This  was  an  old  building  with  the  interior 
reconstructed  of  concrete.  Hero  is  an  examplu 
of  an  actual  fire  toht,  the  concrete  being  exposed 
to  a  high  degree  of  lieat.  Part  of  the  side  wall 
of  the  fourth  story  had  fallen  down,  and  left  tlie 
construction  exposed,  and  I  understand  from  the 
contractors  that  the  concrete  is  in  perfect  condi- 
tion.   Samples  of    concret     which    have    gone 


through  a  fire  test  show  a  pinkish  tinge.  After 
it  comes  from  the  fire  it  appears  to  be  more  or 
loss  vitrified.  There  was  another  concrete  build- 
ing which  fell  down  ;  but  from  what  cause  I  do 
not  know.  If  there  had  been  higher  buildings 
alongside  of  this  four-story  structure,  and  they 
had  collapsed,  nothing  could  have  saved  it, 
because  it  was  of  light  conslrucfon.  In  reply  to 
other  (|uestions,  Mr.  Perrot  made  the  following 
statement'':  The  arched  slab  is  a  charactcris'ic 
form  of  the  llennebique  system.  1  understand 
this  form  of  slab  was  used  in  connection  with  the 
flat  slab  in  the  J.  L.  Mott  Ironworks  Company's 
building  at  Trenton,  which  failed  last  December 
(sketching  on  the  board).  We  are  building  a 
mill  at  Bristol,  in  which  we  are  going  to  have 
a  concrete  floor.  The  distance  between  girders  ia 
8ft.,  and  we  have  a  oin.  slab.  Now,  we  intend 
to  carry  only  1501b.  per  Hpiare  foot.  The  con- 
crete floor  of  the  Mott  building  was  designed  for 
2501b.  per  square  foot,  and  I  do  not  believe  the 
slab  is  anything  near  that  thickness.  It  is 
altogether  a  matter  of  safety.  It  does  not  make 
much  difference  what  system  of  construction  ia 
used  ;  they  will  all  lead  to  failure  if  lacking  in 
strength.  It  is  all  a  matter  of  design  and  work- 
manship. The  vertical  rods  in  the  columns  take 
up  the  bending,  which  causes  compression  on  one 
side  and  tension  on  the  other.  In  Philadelphia, 
the  Bureau  of  Building  Inspection  does  not  allow 
the  use  of  a  unit  strain  of  more  than  5001b.  per 
square  inch  in  compression.  The  rods,  therefore, 
do  not  count  for  much  except  to  keep  the  concrete 
from  cracking.  I  do  not  believe  in  building 
concrete  walls  without  rods,  because  they  are 
bound  to  crack.  It  is  our  custom  to  leave  floor 
forms  in  place  two  weeks.  In  constructing  the 
Forrest  laundry  we  had  two  sets  of  forms.  The 
first  set  was  used  in  the  basement  to  support  the 
first  floor,  and  was  left  in  two  weeks.  After  the 
concrete  was  laid  on  the  first  floor  they  built  up 
the  forms  to  support  the  second  floor,  and  by  the 
time  the  concrete  for  the  second  iioor  was  in  place, 
that  of  the  fir^t  was  sufficiently  hardened  to  use 
the  forms  for  the  third  floor,  with  the  necessary 
alterations,  so  we  took  the  forms  out,  and  so  made 
good  time.  Armoured  concrete  construction  raay 
be  executed  as  fast  as  the  material  can  be  put  in 
place.  A  good  mauy  contractors  use  only  lin. 
material  for  the  forms.  Better  contractors  use 
2in.  Another  thing  about  the  forms  :  they  should 
be  put  together  in  such  a  manner  that  they  can 
be  taken  down  easily.  This  is  facilitated  by  not 
driving  the  nails  as  far  as  the  head.  There  ia  a 
waste  of  material,  of  course,  in  transferring  forms 
from  one  story  to  another.  The  loss  is  about  five 
to  ten  per  cent.  Attempts  to  colour  exttrior 
concrete  walls  by  mixing  the  colourino;  matter  in 
the  concrete  have  been  unsuccessful.  The  cement 
acts  as  a  chemical  on  the  colour.  I  would  not 
advocate  it.  It  is  better  to  paint  the  concrete 
afterwards.  I  do  not  see  any  good  reason  for 
painting  it.  If  you  want  to  get  a  colour  scheme, 
try  to  use  sand  which  has  some  kind  of  colour,  red 
or  yellow. 

Mr.  Walter  F.  Ballinger:  There  are  just  two 
points  I  wish  to  mention.     Mr.   I'errot's  remark 
might  have  been  misunderstood  as  to  a  wooden 
building  of  our  design  having  fallen  down.     A 
portion  of  a  wooden  saw-tooth  roof  construction 
fell  down  whUe  in  the  contractor's  hand,  before 
any  attempt  was  made  to  complete  it,  due  to  in- 
sufficient shoring.     Answering  the  question  that 
one  gentleman   asked   about   the   cost  compared 
with   other   construction,     I    might    add    to  the 
examples  which  Mr.  Perrot  has  mentioned,  that 
a  certain  cottage  building  in  connection  with  this 
orphanage,  whiih  he  showed  me  on  the  screen, 
which  cost  about  15,0U0dol.  in  the  ordinary  con- 
struction, would  have  cost  2,100dol.  more  had  the 
floors  been  of  reinforced  concrete,  with  wire  lath 
and  cement  plaster  partitions.     You  see  there  ia 
a  difference  in  that  case  of  about  1  >  per  cent.    In 
the  case  of  the  Jlothodist  Hospital   Dispensary, 
for  which  the  contract  is  just  let,  tho  cost  in  joist 
construction  was   lS,000dol.,   and   tho   al  ernato 
bids  showed  3,i)00dol.  additional  for  reinforced 
concrete    construction.     That    would    bo    about 
20  per  cent,  greater  for  the  concreto  construc- 
tion.    In  a  certain  factory  we  had  an  estimate  oi 
5(;,0O0d3l.   for  slow-burning    mill    construction, 
which  would  have  cost  G,(iOOdol.   additional,  or 
G2,000dol.  for  concrete,   which  is  an  advance,  in 
that  case,  of  about   U   per  cent,  over  slow-burn- 
ing mill  construction.     In    another   building  it 
was  fcund  that  tho  omission  of  the  tank  with  its 
supports,  necessary  for  a  sprinkler  system,  and 
tho  sprinkler  system  itself,  just  evened  up  the 
cost  of  a  building  of  concrete  leiuforcemtnt  and 


898 


THE     BUILDING    NEWS. 


Jtjke  24,  1904. 


one  of  slow-burning  mill  construction — that  is, 
it  was  found  that  a  lower  insurance  rate  would 
be  obtained  on  a  building  of  reinforced  concrete 
without  sprinklers  than  on  a  slow-burning  mill 
TODStruct'on  with  sprinklers — about  one -half  the 
rate — and  the  cost  appeared  to  be  about  equal. 

Mr.  Souder:  There  is  one  point  that  is  ioterest- 
ing  to  me.  I  understood  Mr.  Perrot  to  say  that 
the  concrete  is  plastered.  Was  this  plastering 
applied  while  the  concrete  was  still  green  or 
damp,  shortly  after  the  forms  were  moved,  or  after 
it  became  hard?  In  my  experience,  plastering 
concrete  work  after  it  has  become  hard  does 
not  give  sitistactory  results.  The  plaster  does 
not  adhere.  In  the  case  of  some  of  the  early  con- 
crete bridgfs  built  by  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  a 
plaster  surface  was  laid  on  after  the  concrete  had 
hardened.  I  have  inspected  all  of  these  struc- 
tures, and  found  in  many  cjses  that  the  plaster 
coating  was  hollow,  and  in  some  cases  had  fallen 
off.  Plastering  was  also  tried  on  a  small  house 
which  I  bu'lt  of  concrete,  but  the  result  was  not 
'jfood.  We  used  liquid  cement.  Possibly  the 
surfaces  we  applied  it  to  were  too  dry.  It  was 
never  satisfactory  to  me.  lly  practice  is  to  apply 
the  cement  plaster  against  tbe  forms,  just  before 
the  cement  is  laid  the  whole  being  compacted  by 
riimming.  In  this  way  the  plaster  is  well  bonded 
with  the  concrete  mass.  This  method  was  speci- 
fied for  some  concrete  bridges  which  I  designed 
for  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  and  which  gave  good 
results. 

Mr.  Perrot :  On  the  interior  of  a  building,  we 
put  on  the  plaster  the  same  as  you  plaster  a  brick 
wall,  and  that  is  the  waj-  we  treated  the  concrete. 
Plaster  the  concrete  at  the  same  time  you  plaster 
the  wall.  The  plasterers  were  very  particular  to 
use  a  special  mixture  which  consisted  of  plaster 
of  Paris  mi.ted  with  a  large  proportion  of  lime — 
really  what  you  would  call  a  white  coat.  The  cement 
will  not  discolour  the  white  coit,  when  painted, 
if  the  wall  is  dry.  We  have  hid  paint  disfigured 
on  a  biick  wall  which  was  plastered.  If  the  wall 
is  not  dry — it  makes  no  difference  whether  it  is 
cement  or  what  it  is — it  is  going  to  discolour  the 
paint.  That  is  simply  a  matter  of  experience 
wilh  every  kind  of  construction.  With  this  con- 
struction we  have  used  only  a  white  coat,  and  so 
far  it  has  been  very  good,  ("nder  vibrating  loads 
the  plastering  remains  in  position.  Whether  it 
will  remain  in  position  ten  years  from  now  is  a 
question. 

Henry  H.  Quimby :  When  you  use  tbe  floor 
slab  as  part  of  a  beam,  how  much  of  the  slab  in 
width  do  you  figure  on  for  compression  r 

Mr.  Perrot :  That  is  the  important  point.  We 
have  compiled  a  number  of  tables  and  formu';e 
to  determine  that  very  thing.  We  have  a  system 
of  tables  which  shows  at  a  glance  how  far  we 
must  place  the  beams  apart  in  order  to  have 
sufficient  width  of  slab.  The  formula  I  gave  on 
the  board  will  tell  you  that.  We  solve  the 
equation  for  that  p  irticular  (juantity,  namely  W, 
or  the  width  of  the  slab.  Eich  case  has  to  be 
worked  out,  and  we  have  made  tables  so  that  they 
would  not  have  to  be  worked  out  a  second  time. 
H.  Wilmerding :  I  hardly  know  what  to  say, 
except  thit  I  have  been  very  much  interested  in 
the  discuision.  I'afortunately  I  got  here  too 
late  to  hear  all  of  Mr.  IVrrot's  paper.  I  have 
just  come  from  Baltimare,  where  I  saw  the  build- 
ing which  Mr.  Perrot  described.  I  understood 
just  before  I  left  Baltimore  that  the  upper  floors 
of  that  building  had  softened  to  such  an  extent 
that  tliey  probably  would  have  to  come  down.  I 
would  like  to  ask  .Mr.  Perrot  what,  in  his  opinion, 
would  be  the  cause  of  that  r  There  was  probably 
no  water  thrown.  AVould  it  be  from  the  heat 
disintegrating  the  concrete  'i 

Mr.  Perrot:  I  think  it  would.  Jloreover,  I 
might  mention  this :  we  all  know  that  limestone, 
when  it  is  calcined  and  water  is  placed  upon  it, 
will  expand,  as  we  see  every  day  ia  making 
ordinary  m  jrtar.  If  we  use  limestone  in  concrete 
It  13  simply  worthless  as  a  fireproof  miterial. 
There  happened  to  be  a  small  piece  of  limestone 
in  the  slab  on  the  test  house  at  Nicetown,  and 
during  the  test  that  piece  swelled  and  broke  out 
of  the  slab.  It  did  not  do  any  harm  to  the  floor. 
Ihe  behaviour  was  just  the  same  as  that  of  a 
piece  of  limestone  in  a  brick.  When  the  brick 
IS  laid  up  in  ih.)  wall  and  absorbs  water  from  the 
moitar,  the  calcined  limestone  will  expand  and 
crack  the  bnuk.  If  you  use  limestone  for  rein- 
forced concrete  it  is  not  fireproof.  It  would  dia . 
inte.;r:.te  under  heat  and  water.  If  there  was 
anything  in  th.,-  s.nd  or  stone  in  this  building  of 
that  n&tur..  ,t  would  tend  to  cause  disintegration. 
lt.Umger  :  I  have  attended  a  great  many 


J.  O. 


meetings  at  which  the  subject  of  reinforced  con- 
crete was  under  discussion,  and  I  think  the  im- 
pression usually  left  on  the  minds  of  the  hearers 
was  very  much  like  that  of  the  ju'lge  who  ssid, 
when  he  addressed    the    jury,  *'  (xcntlemen  :  If 
you  feel  like  me  you  won't  believe  what  either 
side  has  said."     So  much  in  the  way  of  successful 
reinforced  concrete  work  has  now  been  done  that 
to  attempt  to  consider  this  subject  as  in  any  way 
at  all  mysterious  is  vitally  wrong.     The  whole 
theory  of  reinforced  concrete  is  just  as  susceptible 
of  careful  analysis  and  of  correct  deduction  as  is 
the  theory  ofrsteel  or  any  other  construction  with 
which  we  are  familiar.     The  attempt  on  the  part 
of  the  companies  who  do  concrete  work  to  make 
the  outside  world  believe  that  they  alone  possess 
the  secrets  of  this  art  is  wrong.     The  calculations, 
after    all,     reduce    themselves    to    very    simple 
formulas,  with  which  the  engineer  in  his  ordinary 
everyday  work  is  familiar.     It  seems  to  me  the 
following  is  a  good  example  illustrating  this  :  — 
Same  time  ago,  last  summer,  Mr.  Mills,  whom  I 
believe  is  somewhere  in  this  room  now,  ssnt  for 
me  and  told  me  that  he  worked  out  his  sections 
for  the  Philadelphia  Subway,  using  two  formulas, 
which,  if    I    am    not  mistaken,   were    those    of 
Johnson  and  Thatcher.     In  addition  to  this,  he 
also  employed  an    approximate  one.     After  Mr. 
Mills  gave  me  the  conditions  of  loid  and  span, 
he  requested  me  to  work  out  the  amount  of  steel 
and  concrete     which     would    be    required,  and, 
entirely  independent   of   Mr.   Mills,  I  did  work 
out  the  sections,  using  the  method  of  Ritter  and 
Zurich,    and   I    think   that    the  determinations, 
based  upon  these  various  formulas,  came  out  within 
1  or  2  per  cent.     Such  being  the  case,  I  do  not 
see  that  there  is  anythiog  mysterious  about  the 
subject,  and  I  see  no  reason  why  any  intelligent 
engineer  cannot  work  out  the  requiied  sections. 
On  the  other  hand,  I  do  feel  that  the  best  care  is 
necessary  in   the  execution  of  the  work,  which 
should  be    intrusted   only    to  workmen  who  are 
familiar     therewith    through    experience.     Sir. 
Perrot,     in    his     subject,     has     spoken    of    the 
failures    which    have    taken    place     within  the 
last    year   in    reinforced  concrete   constructions. 
Being  engaged  in  this  business,  T  have  been,  and 
am,  of  course,   vitally   interested  in   the  matter, 
and  have   tried  to   analyse   these   failures.      In 
carefully  studying  the  subject,  I  have  found  that 
the  general  cause  of  trouble  was  due  to   t.aking 
down  the  forms  before  the  concrete  was  set.     The 
failure  that  took  place  at  Binghampton  in  a  con- 
crete construction  was  due  to  the  lack  of  inspection 
on  the  part  of  the  architects,  who  permitted  re- 
inforced concrete  walls  to  be  built  without   any 
reinforcement.     So  far  as  the  Trenton  failure  was 
concerned,  if  my   understanding  be  correct,  this 
was  due  to  faulty  design,   faulty   material,   and 
faulty  execution.     The  lesson  to  be  learned  from 
these  failures  is  very  simple,  and,  as   I  see  from 
my  own  work,  expert  help  must  be  had  to  carry 
on  reinforced  concrete  constructions.      The  engi- 
neer may  design  excellently,  but  if  he  has  not  got 
good  aids  in  the  shape  of  good  material  and  expert 
workmen  to  execute  his  work,  I  fear  he  will  have 
poor  results.     If,  on  the  other  hand,  his  designs 
be  good  an!  the  execution  intrusted  to  good  men, 
the  results  obtained   in  reinforced  concrete  con- 
struction will  be  as  good  as  those  obtained  by  any 
other  method.     So  far  as  the  empiricism  of  rein- 
forced concrete  construction  is  concerned,   as    I 
said  at  the  beginning,  I  do  not  think  it  is  more 
general  than  the  empiricism  of  steel  construction, 
and  the  results  which   are   obtained  justify  this 
conclusion.     Answering  the  question  as  to  how- 
much  of  the  floor  slab  it  is  usual  to  take  in  com- 
pression as  forming  the  top  part  of   a  beam,  I 
want  to  say  that  the  New  York  Building  Depart- 
ment permits  the  designer  to  take,  for  this  purpose, 
a  slab  five  times  the  width  on  either  side  of  the 
beam. 

Mr.  (Juimby  :  In  regard  to  tbe  slab  width  used 
as  part  of  the  beam — it  depends  in  a  measure  upon 
the  shearing  value  of  the  concrete,  and  any 
formula  for  determining  the  available  width 
must  be  based  upon  an  assumed  shearing  value, 
and  include  the  area  for  horizontal  shear  which  is 
the  increment  whose  accumulation  produces  the 
flange  stress,  and  must  not  be  lost  sight  of.  Mr. 
ElUnger  stated  in  effect  that  calculations  of 
designs  of  composite  construction  are  as  scientific 
as  those  used  in  steel  construction.  I  feel  like 
quarrelling  with  that  statement,  beoause  of  the 
uncertain  strength  of  concrete.  I  think  that  the 
claim  is  a  little  enthusiastic.  The  most  liberal 
specifications  for  steel— those  issued  by  the 
manufacturers  themselves— illow  a  ringe  of  only 
ten  thousand  pounds,  whenjthe  mean  ultimate  is, 


say,  sixty  thousand — a  variation  of  about  8  per 
cent.  Concrete  cubes  put  up  for  test — not  thi 
concrete  as  put  into  the  work,  but  the  cubes  put 
up  for  the  purpose  of  testing — ^vary  from  SOOlb. 
to  4,0001b.  per  square  inch  in  crushing  strength. 
Surely  what  is  put  together  in  the  field  by  work- 
men, often  with  no  special  interest  in  their  work, 
is  likely  to  hi,ve  in  places  even  less  value. 

Sir.  Perrot ;  I  have  said  a  great  deal,  and  the 
hour  is  growing  late.  The  question  of  the 
reliability  of  concrete  was  one  of  the  topics  in  th? 
first  part  of  my  paper,  and  I  do  cot  think  that  iu 
practice  the  uniformity  of  the  mixture  is  as  hi ^h 
as  we  should  like  it.  That  is  the  reason  I  think 
the  values  we  use  for  reinforced  concrete  should 
be  somewhat  lower  than  what  the  carefully  made 
tests  give  us.  The  formula  used  in  figuring  the 
strength  of  floors  is  based  on  a  certain  age  of  the 
concrete.  We  count  on  the  concrete  to  develop 
the  strength  we  want  it  to,  according  to  formula, 
in  six  months.  In  other  words,  we  won't  siy 
that  before  the  six  months  it  ia  as  strong  as  v.-e 
claim  ;  but  in  six  months'  time  it  will  develop 
that  strength.  It  may  develop  that  strength 
before  (in  two  or  three  months)  ;  but  we  are  sure 
it  ia  going  to  be  the  required  strength  in  si.x.  As 
Mr.  Eliinger  said,  the  variation  of  any  particular 
brand  is  suflicient  to  make  a  wide  variation  in 
the  ultimate  strength.  In  the  cement  for  a 
particular  building  we  designed  there  were  two 
carloads  from  the  s.ame  manufacturer  rejected. 
The  cement  thit  came  from  the  works  was  uni- 
form one  week,  but  not  the  next.  Mr.  Taylor 
knows  that  they  have  often  rejected  carloads  of 
cement  from  the  same  brand.  There  should  be 
a  safeguard  as  to  what  cement  should  go  in  the 
work.  As  to  the  stone  and  sand,  there  is  not  so 
much  danger,  because  that  does  not  figure  very 
largely  in  the  binding  quality.  The  cement  is 
the  vital  point.  If  you  get  cement  uniform,  you 
generally  have  a  concrete  which  will  stand  the 
loads  which  you  want  it  to  stand  in  practice. 
I  know  we  have  made  mixtures  for  foundation 
work  which  have  been  very  high  in  stone ;  as 
much  as  eight  of  stone — that  is,  1,  4,  and  8  ;  also 
1,  5,  and  0— which  have  been  perfectly  satis- 
factory. We  have  made  foundations  1,  2,  and  4, 
which  have  been  very  rich.  On  an  average,  if 
you  use  1,  3,  and  5,  I  do  not  think  you  need  have 
any  fear,  provided  the  cement  will  pass  the  test. 
There  is  a  quantity  of  free  lime  in  cement 
frequently,  and  if  allowed  to  remain  the  cement 
will  not  meet  the  required  test. 


THE    TRANSPORTER    BRIDGE    AT 
NEWPORT,    MON.* 

EVERY  town  and  district  has  its  own  special 
problem.  The  particular  problen  for  New- 
port has  long  been:  How  to  crost  the  liver. 
Newport  may  be  said  to  consist  of  the  old  and  the 
new  towns,  the  former  occupying  ths  western, 
and  the  latter  the  eastern  bank  of  the  river.  The 
two  portions  are  connected  by  a  stone  bridge  of 
five  arches,  built  in  the  year  1800  by  David 
E  Iwards  and  his  two  sons,  and  when  the  town 
consisted  of  a  few  houses  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
castle  and  bridge,  it  amply  served  the  needs  of  the 
community.  As  time  went  on  the  bridge  had  to 
be  widened.  This  was  done  in  the  year  1836  by 
the  construction  of  cantilever  footpaths  on  both 
sides.  Again  in  1882-3  further  works  consisting 
of  the  improvement  of  a  very  severe  gradient  at 
the  western  end  of  the  bridge,  the  reconstruction 
and  strengthening  of  the  cantilever  footpaths,  and 
the  restoration  of  the  defective  foundations  of  the 
piers,  particularly  those  on  the  western  side,  were 
t  iken  in  hand.  These  works  were  costly  (£21,000), 
the  foundation  works  being  particularly  diflicult 
and  dangerous.  They  did  not,  however,  more 
than  touch  the  fringe  of  the  problem,  as  they 
left  the  bridge  itself  practically  in  the  same  form 
as  it  existed  in  1866.  So  far  back  as  1869,  the 
Newport  Harbour  Commissioners  obtained  Parlia- 
mentary sinction  to  construct  and  work  a  ferry, 
situ  ite  one  mile  below  Newport  Bridge,  for  traffic 
of  all  kinds  ;  but  these  powers  were  never  put 
into  operation.  As  the  town  extended  in  a 
southerly  direction  on  the  eastern  bank,  the 
question  of  cross  river  communication  had  to  be 
faced,  and  in  1889,  concurrently  with  a  Borough 
Extension  Bill,  the  Corporation  obtained  powers 
to  make  and  maintain  a  foot-passenger  subway 
connecting  the  banks  of  the  river  at  a  point  two 
miles  below  Newport  Bridge.      This  was  followed 


•  Bv  R.  H.  Hay.ves,  Borough  Eijiueer.  A  pipar  read 
at  a  district  meetiaj?  of  the  Xncorp^rdted  Association  ot 
Muaicipil  and  County  Engineerj,  held  at  Newport, 
June  11. 


June  24,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


899 


in  1890  by  arevivul  of  the  HarbourCommissinners' 
Ferry  Scheme,  but  nothing  was  douo.  In  ISOii 
thoBvibway  scheme  was  again  consiJerid  in  view 
of  an  extension  of  the  time  sanctioned  for  its  con- 
struction, when  the  writer  suggested  th'ita  trans- 
porter bridge,  an  example  of  which  had  recently 
been  erected  at  liilbao,  was  a  better  solution  of  the 
dilliculty,  as  it  provided  for  all  kinds  of  trallic. 
A  scheme  so  novel  and  strange  necessarily  meets 
■with  severeand  even  hostile  criticism.  Ultimately, 
the  subway  was  dropped,  but  public  opinion  was 
not  sufliciently  advanced  to  decide  for  the  trans- 
porter. In  1897  the  Corporation  obtained  power 
to  construct  and  work  ferries.  The  writer  was 
commissioned  to  investigate  in  detail  the  possi- 
bililies  of  ferries.  He  inspected  ferries  of  all 
types  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  and  re- 
ported that  in  his  opinion  ferries  in  the  river  Usk 
were  impracticable,  owing  to  the  great  rise  and 
fall  of  the  tide  (10ft.  at  extraordinary  springs), 
the  velocity  of  the  current,  the  shallow  low-water 
channel,  and  the  unsatisfactory  nature  of  the 
river  banks.  Again  matters  were  allowed  to 
drift,  but  in  1898,  owing  to  the  remarkable 
development  on  the  eastern  bank,  it  became 
a  question  of  urgency  that  a  definite  scheme 
should  be  taken  in  hand.  Schemes  of  all 
kinds  were  prepared  and  considered,  including 
high-level  bridge,  rolling  bridges,  swing  bridges 
of  varying  types,  bascule  bridges,  subways,  and 
a  transporter.  The  usual  process  of  elimination 
left  for  final  consideration  a  subway  and  trans- 
porter bridge.  Detailed  schemes  for  these  were 
prepared  by  the  writer,  who  strongly  recom- 
mended a  transporter,  as  further  experience 
gained  had  proved,  to  his  mind,  the  practicability 
and  convenience  of  the  method.  The  question 
received  the  intelligent  and  serious  consideration 
of  the  corporation  and  the  harbour  commis- 
sioners;  and  in  1899,  after  inspecting  the 
Rouen  transporter,  a  practically  unanimous 
decision  was  arrived  at  in  favour  of  a  transporter 
bridge.  M.  Arnodin  and  the  writer  were  ap- 
pointed engineers,  and  the  proposal  received  Par- 
liamentary sanction  in  1900.  Tenders  for  the 
work  were  obtained  in  the  summer  of  19U2,  and 
substantial  progress  has  been  made  by  the  con- 
tractor, Mr.  Alfred  Thorne.  It  is  hoped  that 
the  works  will  be  completed  and  in  operation  in 
the  fall  of  1905.  The  foregoing  observations, 
although  perhaps  of  local  rather  than  general 
interest,  have  been  included  in  the  paper,  in  order 
to  show  that  the  decision  to  erect  a  transporter 
bridge  was  not  hurriedly  arrived  at.  The  bridge 
is  being  constructed  on  Arnodin  and  Palacio's 
patented  system,  the  chief  feature  of  which  is  the 
provision  of  arrangements  permitting  the  renewal 
of  the  most  important  of  the  suspension  parts  in 
detail  without  stopping  the  working  of  the 
moving  ptrtion  of  the  structure.  The  bridge  is 
really  a  suspension  bridge  of  considerable  height 
and  span,  carrying  on  its  underside  lines 
of  rails.  On  these  rails  will  run  a  truck,  from 
which  is  hung  a  platform  or  car,  suspended  at  the 
level  of  the  river  banks.  As  the  car  with  its 
suspension  parts  and  current  traffic  is  the  only 
moving  load  to  be  provided  for,  the  bridge  can  be 
of  light  construction.  The  principal  load  to  be 
considered  is  that  due  to  the  effort  of  high  winds. 
The  chief  dimensions  are  as  follows  :  — 

Span,  centre  to  centre  of  towers  6-15ft. 

Span  between  faces  of  piers  59;ift. 

Clear  height  to  underside  of  stiffening 
girder  from  high-water  mark,  ordinary 

springtides 177ft. 

Height  of  tnwer  from  pier  cap  or  level  of 

approach  load,  to  saddle    211ft.  6in. 

I>i8tance  between  centres  of  anchorages  ..  1,545ft. 

Centre  of  tower  to  centre  of  anchorage  ...  45. ft. 

The  towers  are  of  open  lattice  steelwork,  the 
bottom  parts  of  the  legs  being  spaced  at  central 
intervals  of   78ft.  9in.  (faces  parallel  to  the  river) 
by    80ft.    (transverte    facae).     The     towers    are 
solidly  anchored  to  the  masonry  piers  by  steel 
bolts  and  shackles  connected  to  the  rocker  spindle 
oil  which  they  rest.     Kach  tower  will  bo  fitted 
with  a  stairway  carried  to  tlie  level  of  the  bridge 
platform.     The   estimated    weight   of   steel   in  a  j 
tower  is  27.')  tons.     The   suspension    Cibha  are 
sixteen  in  number,  four  inside  and  four  outside,  j 
each  side  of  each  stilfi-ning  girder.  They  are  con-  i 
necttd  by  sieel  shackles  to  the  main  spindles  or  ! 
pins  on  ttio  expin»ion  saddles  on  tho  top  of  ea<'h  ; 
tower,  the  anchoring  cables  being  ainiilarly  con-  I 
nected.     l)iagon;d  cables  are  introduced  over  a 
portion  of  tho  span.     Tho  weight  of    cabli-s  and  I 
siispension    parts    is    29a    tons.     The   stilfening 
girders  aru  10ft.  in  depth,  b;ing  spaced  laterally 
at  central  distances  of  20ft.  Sin.      Tho  weight  of 
tho    girders     and     wind-bracing    is     f>'M    tons. 
On    each    bide    of    the    web    of    the    bottom 


boom  of  each  girder  a  line  of  rails  will 
be  laid  :  on  these  rails  will  run  a  truck 
101ft.  in  length,  furnished  with  00  wheels,  15 
inside  and  lo  outside,  on  each  side,  with  horizontal 
wheels  engaging  laterally  on  the  edges  of  the 
flange  plates.  From  this  truck  the  car  or  plat- 
form is  suspended  by  30  steel  cables  which  are 
crossed  so  as  to  form  a  trussing  in  order  to  prevent 
swinging  motion  either  laterally  or  longitudinally. 
The  car  is  33ft  in  length  by  -lOft.  in  width,  and 
resembles  a  section  cut  from  a  40ft.  street.  It 
is  designed  to  carry  a  test  load  of  66  tons  in 
addition  to  its  own  weight  (51  tons)  making  a 
total  of  117  tons  in  all.  The  car  when  .at  rest  is 
housed  in  the  bases  of  the  towers,  and  does  not 
project  into  the  river.  Spring  buffers  will  be 
provided  at  each  pier  to  arrest  the  motion  of  the 
car,  and  save  loss  of  time  in  the  careful  slowing 
down  necessary  to  meet  a  fixed  structure.  The 
motive  power  will  be  electricity,  the  motors  being 
controlled  from  the  moving  car.  Tho  time  of 
crossing  will  be  about  one  minute,  though  this 
can  be  reduced  if  necessary.  At  the  eastern  end 
of  the  -bridge  lattice  girder  spans  will  connect 
the  ear  with  the  shore  abutmtnt.  The  anchorages 
are  massive  blocks  of  masonry  built  on  pile 
concrete  foundations.  They  are  pierced  with 
galleries  for  the  passage  of  the  anchor 
cables.  The  weight  of  masonry  above  and 
in  front  of  the  blocks  taking  the  reaction  is 
1,100  tons,  the  calculated  effort  911  tons.  The 
total  weight  of  each  anchorage  is  approximately 
2,000  tons.  The  foundation  piers,  eight  in 
number,  are  masonry  wells  20ft.  in  diameter. 
They  have  been  sunk  by  compressed  air  through 
the  alluvial  deposit  to  the  marl  underlying  the 
river  bed.  A  steel  shoe,  with  cutting  edge 
covered  in  with  an  armoured  concrete  dome 
forming  a  working  chamber,  and  fitted  in  the 
crown  with  the  usual  air  shaft,  was  first  placed  in 
position,  the  sinking  being  performed  in  the 
usual  way,  the  walls  being  carried  up  as  the 
sinking  proceeded.  Comparatively  little  trouble 
has  been  experienced  in  sinking,  though  the 
extremi-ly  tenacious  nature  of  the  clay  on  the 
western  bank  presented  some  difficulties.  The 
hearting  of  the  piers  is  of  lime  concrete,  the  top 
being  of  solid  masonry  with  ashlar  facings.  The 
sinking  has  proved  the  accuracy  of  two  acts  of 
borings  taken  independently  by  different  persons. 
On  the  eastern  bank  the  upper  portion  of  the 
marl  proved  somewhat  softer  than  the  borings 
indicated,  and  necessitated  a  descent  of  3ft.  lower 
than  the  contract  depth  in  the  three  piers  already 
sunk  on  that  side.  The  maximum  depth  of 
foundation  below  the  river  bank  is  SOft.,  or  71ft. 
below  high-water  mark  of  ordinary  spring  tides. 
The  total  load  per  square  foot  of  foundation  is 
5i  tons. 


THE    CARNEGIE    TECHNICAL    SCHOOLS 
COMPETITION,  PITTSBURG. 

THE  programme  for  this  important  competition 
has  just  been  published  a.i  a  pamphlet  of 
fifty  pages,  and  is  accompanied  by  a  map  of  the 
site  and  a  block  plan.  This  programme  was 
prepared  by  Professor  Warren  P.  Laird,  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  acting  as  advisor  to 
the  committee  of  the  trustees  having  the  matter 
in  charge.  Professor  Laird  will  also  advise  in 
connection  with  the  making  of  the  awards. 

The  Carnegie  Technical  Schools  will  provide 
a  comprehensive  system  of  secondar)'  technical 
education  based  on  the  needs  of  workers  in  tho 
industrial  field  generally.  The  scheme  is  founded 
on  the  results  of  a  canvas  of  the  industrial  workers 
in  Pittsburg,  and  the  younger  people  of  both 
sexes  in  the  public  schools  from  whom  the  ranks 
of  the  workers  are  to  be  recruited.  These  persons 
were  individually  asked  by  the  committee  to  state 
the  particular  calling  for  which  they  desired  to 
be  trained,  and  upon  the  basis  of  some  15,000 
replies  thus  received  the  courses  of  instruction 
now  announced  have  been  arranged.  These  are 
no  fewer  than  seventy  in  number,  covering  prac- 
tically tho  entire  range  of  tho  manufacturing 
industries  of  Pittsburg. 

The  scheme  upon  which  the  work  is  to  be 
administered  was  outlined  by  a  commission  com- 
pnvod  of  Messrs.  Arthur  L.  Williston,  of  the 
Pratt  Institute,  Prouklyn  ;  /  rthur  A.  llamer- 
i-chUg,  of  tho  New  York  Trade  Schools,  now  the 
direc-tor  of  the  Carnegie  Technical  Schools,  and 
C.  15.  Connelly,  of  I'ittsburg.  The  problem  laid 
before  the  architects  is  that  of  providing  for  the 
instruction,  under  this  scheme,  of  1,000  students, 
including  both  day  and  night  classes. 

The    site    reserved    for    the    schools    adjoins 


Schenley  Park  and  the  Carnegie  Institute  ;  it  is 
32  acres  in  extent,  and  the  actual  ground  area 
covered  by  tho  buildings  will  be  between  10  and 
12  acres.  This  includes  extensions  of  shops,  &c., 
for  which  provision  must  be  made  in  the  pre- 
liminary design.  The  total  floor  area  of  rooms, 
exclusive  of  corridors,  will  possibly  reach  a  total 
of  one  million  square  feet.  The  probable  cost  of 
buildings  and  eciuipmcnt  is  not  stated  in  the 
programme,  it  being  the  desire  of  the  committee 
to  secure  an  architectural  scheme  suitab'e  for 
carrying  into  effect  the  educational  plan  of  the 
schools ;  but  an  expenditure  of  several  millions  of 
dollars  will  be  required  to  construct  and  equip  the 
buildings  called  for  by  the  programme. 

The  trustees  of  the  Carnegie  Institute  o£ 
Pittsburg,  have  been  empowered  to  carry  the 
project  into  effect,  and  Mr.  Carnegie  has  promised 
to  erect  and  equip  the  buildings  and  to  endow  the 
schools.  The  committee  of  the  (Jarnegie  Technical 
Schools  appointed  by  the  trustees  consi-ts  of 
Messrs.  William  McConway,  chairman  ;  John  A. 
Brashear,  W.  Lucien  Scaife,  William  N.  Frew, 
James  J.  Booth,  John  (Jr.  Holmes,  Charles  L. 
Taylor,  John  F.  Steel,  and  Arthur  A.  llamer- 
schlag,  director.  This  committee  has  bsen  given 
authority  to  engage  an  architect,  determine  upon 
a  general  plan,  and  proceed  with  the  preparation 
of  working  plans  and  specifications. 

Five  architects  and  architectural  firms  hare 
accepted  the  invitation  of  the  committee  to 
submit  designs  in  the  competition,  for  which 
service  they  will  be  paid  £200  sterling  each.  They 
are  Messrs.  Carrere  and  Hastings,  Cass  (Jilbert, 
Howells  and  Stokes,  and  George  B.  Post,  all  of 
New  York,  and  Messrs.  Frank  Miles,  Day,  and 
Brother,  of  Philadelphia.  The  competition  will 
be  open  also  to  all  other  architects  whose  expe- 
rience and  capacity  in  the  design  and  execution 
of  large  work  may  warrant  the  committee  in 
extending  to  them  an  invitation  to  take  part. 
Architects  desiring  toentei  are  therefore  requested 
to  provide  the  committee  with  information  as  to 
their  professional  work  upon  blanks  to  be  had 
from  Director  Arthur  A.  Hamerschlag,  313,  Sixth- 
avenue,  Pittsburg.  Five  awards  of  l,U00dol.  each 
(about  .£200)  are  offered  to  competitors,  other  than 
those  who  are  named  above,  and  will  be  paid  to 
the  five  architects  whose  designs  stand  highest  in 
merit,  "one  of  these  five  being  assured  in  any 
event  to  Allegheny  County  architects." 


THE  BRITISH   HOME   OF  TO-DAY.* 

THIS  is  an  ambitious  venture,  meant  to  be  at 
once  useful  to  the  general  householder  and 
attractive  to  the  professional  book-buyer.  Mr. 
W.  S.  Sparrow,  the  editor,  realises  that  "a  book 
like  an  essiy  should  have  a  limited  design  of  its 
own,  a  unity  of  intention  and  impression,  and 
this  being  essential,  many  points  of  view  have  to 
be  passed  over  in  silence." 

An  endeavour  has  successfully  been  made  to 
include  photographs  and  drawings  of  some  of  the 
best  well-known  work  of  the  day,  including  the 
designs  of  architects  and  others  associated  with 
the  type  of  design  intended  to  bo  thus  illustrated 
iu  a  popular  and  inexpensive  manner,  while 
essays  on  given  topics  are  contributed  by  Messrs. 
Norman  Shaw,  R.A.,  Frank  Brangwyn,  .V.R.A., 
Morvyn  Macartney,  E.  Guy  Dawber,  Arnold 
Jlitchell,  John  Cash,  and  others.  Tho  sectional 
divisions  of  this  compendium  are  furnished  with 
telling  sub-titles,  such  as  "  Plana  for  tho  Home," 
"  The  Home  from  Outside,"  "The  Home  and  its 
Dwelling-Rooms,"  its  bedrooms,  halls,  furni- 
ture, and  decorative  essentials.  The  book  is 
described  as  the  first  number  of  "  The  Art  and 
Life  Library."  The  subjects  chosen  for  repre- 
sentation include  work  done  for  the  most  joart 
during  the  last  decade,  though  some  of  tho  build- 
ings we  notice  wore  completed  as  long  since  as 
1873.  Lowthor  Lodge,  Kensington,  for  instance, 
is  here  shown  by  tho  bird's-eye  view  drawn  by 
Mr.  Norman  Shaw,  which  we  published  in  our 
pages  thirty  years  ago.  On  the  other  hand, 
there  aro  some  recent  projects  not  carried  out, 
such  as  a  proposed  brick  house  doigned  for  a 
site  at  Hampstead,  by  Mr.  C.  F.  A.  Voysey. 
There  aro,  in  fact,  very  few  subjects  illustrated 
which  have  not  already  been  given  in  our 
pages  or  elsewhere,  though  it  remains  to  say, 
by  thua  bringing  a  selection  of  studies 
logotlicr  in  this  reduced  form,  luaiij-  readers 
will  become  acquainted    tor  the  fiiat  time  with 

■  Tlio  Hiitisli  Homo  of  To-diiy :  a  llooK  of  Muiletn 
Domestic  Architecture  and  tli-!  Apjiticit  Arts.  Edited  I  J 
W.  8inw  Bi'ahuow.  l,onJon :  Uodder  and  Stoughton. 
ia.  net. 


900 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  24,  1904. 


Borne  very  interesting  examples  of  design, 
while  others  may  no  doubt  be  glad  to  have  not 
a  few  old  friends  bound  up  in  a  handy  furm 
for  reference.  Besides  the  black-and-white 
prints,  ten  of  the  plates  are  rendered  in 
colour — a  feature  which  is  sure  to  please  the 
popular  taste,  forwhich  the  publication  isprimarily 
intended.  Among  the  architects  included  in  the 
list  of  illustrations  are  Messrs.  Aston  Webb,  R.A., 
John  Belcher,  A.R.A  ,  the  president-elect  of  the 
Institute ;  Ernest  George  and  Yentes,  Ernest 
Newton,  R.  S.  Lorimer,  A.R.S.A.,  W.  H.  Bid- 
lake,  E.  Guy  Dawber,  E.  L.  Lutyens  (from 
copyright  photographs  belonging  to  Coioitri/  Life), 
W.  H.  Brierley,  E.  J.  May,  C.  J.  Harold  Cooper, 
H.  T.  Hare,  Mervyn  Macartney,  Norman  8haw, 
and  others.  Mr.  James  Orrock,  R.I.,  shows  some 
capital  photographs  of  the  fine  historic  furniture 
which  he  sold  the  other  day  at  St.  James's,  and 
these  prints  really  make  the  most  admirable  feature 
in  the  book,  and  mainly  furnish  its  durable  source 
of  interest.  Some  of  the  modern  furniture  chosen 
for  representation  is  either  too  ambitious  and  over 
curious,  or  else  it  fails  from  being  merely  dreary 
and  commonplace.  Ungainly  pretentiousness 
and  crude  ugliness  of  form  may  pass  muster 
under  the  guise  of  "Craftsmanship,"  but  at 
best  such  fashions  rank  only  as  a  passing  craze 
possessed  of  little  inherent  merit  and  but  spirse 
individuality.  The  oak  cradle  made  by  Mr.  Joe, 
and  carved  by  Mr.  Glow,  from  the  designs  of  Mr. 
Lorimer,  is  a  notable  exception,  and  the  unpolished 
teak  cabinet,  from  the  pencil  of  Mr.  Macartney, 
is  another.  We  are  also  inclined  to  admire  the 
side-table  with  fourteen  legs,  done  in  oak  and 
inlaid  with  ebony  and  pewter,  designed  by  Mr. 
Ambrose  Heal,  jun. 

Mr.  Norman  Shaw  writts  on  the  dwelling- 
rooms  of  a  house,  advocating  that  more  con- 
sideration ought  to  be  devoted  to  the  accom- 
modation of  pictures  in  parlours,  and  further 
still,  he  urges  that  wall-paper  hangings  should 
be  of  more  discrete  patterns,  making  the  walls 
a  background,  and  nothing  more.  Tone  is 
the  important  thing,  pattern  is  a  mere  trifle 
to  colour.  The  art-teaching  of  the  day,  follow- 
ing in  the  steps  of  William  Morris,  who 
"  delighted  somehow  or  other  in  glaring 
wall-papers,"  gives  but  little  consideration  to 
the  fact  that  the  kind  of  wall-hanging  most 
needed  is  what  Mr.  Shaw  calls  "  tone  wall- 
paper," well  drawn  and  unassuming,  the  gamut 
of  colour  ranging  from  pale  tints  to  dark  ones.  He 
then  repeats  the  old  well-worn  story  of  being  ill  in 
bed,  and  being  made  feverish  and  fascinated  by  the 
labyrinth  of  transforming  lines  in  the  tantalising 
extravagancies  of  some  over-emphasised  pattern- 
ing elaborating  the  surrounding  wall  covering. 
The  French,  says  Mr.  Shaw,  treat  the  cornice  of 
of  a  room  as  the  top  of  the  wall,  in  which  they  do 
well;  but  the  English,  from  the  days  of  Wren, 
have  made  the  mistake  of  considering  the  cornice 
as  part  of  the  ceiling.  The  English  architect 
delights  to  cover  the  lower  portion  of  his  walls 
with  panelling  to  a  height  of  8ft.  to  10ft.  high, 
above  this  ho  puts  gold  leather  or  tapestry,  piling 
up  blue  china  on  shelves  above  the  chimneypiece 
"  a  la  Fitzroy-square,"  and,  "alack  for  the 
painter  !  "  bestrews  his  interiors  with  ill-assoited 
bric-a-brac.  Mr.  Shaw,  surely,  while  recalling 
the  past  (for  his  mind  as  would  appear  is 
continually  dwelling  upon  reminiscences),  over- 
looks some  associations  of  this  kind  which 
his  own  work  readily  enough  brings  to  the 
memory.  Mr.  James  Orrock,  R.A.,  advocates 
that  colour  in  the  decoration  of  rooms  is 
but  little  understood,  and  adds  that  women 
seldom  succeed  when  asked  to  devise  a  large 
work  in  orchestrated  colour,  though  they 
often  evince  a  true  feeling  for  colour  in  isolated 
patches  and  detached  effects.  Mr.  Orrock,  by 
way  of  warning,  urges  that  brick-red,  emerald- 
green,  and  terracotta  ought  never  to  be  used, 
because  they  disturb  the  harmony  o*  others. 
There  are  two  great  symphonic  chords  of  colour — 
chords  composed  not  of  pure,  unmixed  positive 
colour,  but  of  colour  broken  and  blended  into 
infinite  gradations.  The  first  of  these  has  its 
light  notes  in  blue  and  yellow,  and  ranges  fiom 
the  most  brilliant  blues  through  a  rich  gamut  of 
dark  greens,  grey  greens,  and  yellows,  until  at 
last  it  brings  us  to  orange  and  black.  The  second 
IS  composed  of  red  and  green,  and  its  harmonies 
of  contrast  range  with  infinite  gradation  from  the 
most  brilliant  tints  of  red  and  the  most  sombre 
tones  of  green  down  to  the  russet  and  i-.e-p 
crimson.  Whatever  scheme  of  colour  you  may 
choose,  says  Mr.  Orrock,  for  your  room,  be  a 
musicun  and  keep  to  your  key.      A  tablecloth  of 


dark  green  will  often  prevent  you  from  scattering 
and  spoiling  a  nearly  perfected  design  in  colour. 
Mr.  Brangwyn,  ns  the  son  of  an  architect,  writes 
concerning  the  home  and  its  bedrooms,  about 
which  he  makes  some  good  remarks,  though  we 
cannot  say  that  his  fancy  in  the  spacing  of  the 
walls  with  laths  every  now  and  again  from  frieze 
to  skirting  presents  a  particularly  pleasing 
arrangement,  as  shown  by  some  of  his  illus- 
trations. "  Alack  for  the  painter  !  "  as  Mr. 
Shaw  would  ejaculate,  for  few  framed  pictures 
could  be  allowed  to  intrude  upon  such  a  scheme 
of  parallelograms,  which,  by  the  way,  is  here 
further  intensified  by  the  introduction  of  figure 
panels  midwaj'  up  the  lithed  verticals  above 
alluded  to.  The  author  says:  "Your  client 
wants  a  frieze  and  such  other  decorative  paintings 
as  may  commend  themselves  to  your  judgment. 
The  work  must  be  something  more  than  interest- 
ing ;  it  must  add  to  the  fresh  and  spring-like 
scheme  of  colour  which  you  think  most  suitable 
to  a  bedroom  ;  and  you  realise,  too,  that  the 
paintings  must  not  start  out  from  the  wall,  but 
lie  flat  upon  it  and  keep  their  place  in  a  njanner 
as  effective  as  it  is  modest.  And  so  you  arrive  at 
the  surbase  skirting  and  the  upright  partitions  of 
cherry  wood,  your  pale  blues,  and  silver  grej-s. 
Thus  and  in  this  way  producing  cheerful  rooms  to 
rest  in,  pleasant  rooms  to  dress  in,  and  in 
which  to  make  a  good  beginning  of  the  day." 
There  is  a  monstrous  lot  of  tall  talk  in  all  this, 
and  precious  little  else,  so  that  when  we  turn  to 
Mr.  Guy  Dawber's  work  at  Bredenbury  Court, 
Herefordshire  (C.  15),  we  can  but  realise  the 
difference  between  architecture  and  the  mere  Art 
and  Crafty.  As  a  matter  of  interest,  we  may 
add  that  some  few  of  the  designs  which  figure 
in  the  advertisement  supplement  are  equal  to 
anything  of  like  character  in  the  book,  though 
some  of  these  are  diametrically  opposed  to  the 
principles  advocated  by  the  essay  writers ;  but 
then  they  differ  not  a  trifle  among  themselves, 
and  where  doctors  differ  who  shall  decide ': 


EXPERIMENTAL   CONCRETE- STEEL 
BRIDGE. 

ABRIDGE  consisting  of  two  bowetring  trusses, 
the  upper  chord  of  which  was  parabolic 
and  constructed  of  reinforced  concrete,  has  been 
tested  to  destruction,  according  to  the  Enginter'Dig 
liecoril.  The  trusses  tested  were  reduced  in  all 
dimensions  to  one-third  of  the  actual  bridge, 
which  is  196-8ft.  span  and  about  25ft.  wide,  and 
is  for  the  Paris-(_)rleans  Railway  Company.  The 
lower  chord  is  straight,  and  the  web  of  verticals 
and  diagonals  are  in  panels  5'1  feet.  Except  in  the 
two  extreme  end  panels  the  bridge  has  an  upper 
lateral  system  of  horizontal  struts  of  reinforced 
concrete  and  diagonals  of  steel  angles.  The  con- 
tinuous concrete  floor  was  2'4in.  thick,  supported 
on  concrete-steel  floor  beams  at  each  panel  point. 
The  span  of  experimental  trusses  was  65'6£t.,  and 
the  rise  7'55ft.  The  compression  members  were 
not  all  executed  as  prescribed.  The  upper  chord 
had  an  octagonal  shape  of  9 -Sin.  diameter, 
and  the  hooping  spirals  were  of  soft  steel 
rods,  jin.  diameter,  bent  to  a  curve  with  an 
average  diameter  of  T'Uin.  spaced  about  l'4in. 
The  other  compression  members  of  smaller 
section  were  treated  with  a  higher  percentage  of 
reinforcing  metal.  The  lower  chords  consisted  of 
37  soft  steel  tods  of  about  0'52in.  diameter,  passed 
through  cast-steel  abutting  plates  upset  at  each 
end,  preventing  the  spreading  of  the  plates.  Iron 
or  wire  0"16in.  diameter  was  wound  round  the 
strand  formed  by  the  37  rods.  The  spirals  were 
closer  near  the  panel  points  to  prevent  spreading 
of  the  rods  under  the  action  of  their  load  and 
pulling  of  the  web  members.  The  mortar  poured 
into  the  bundle  of  rods  and  surrounding  it  had  an 
octagonal  surface  of  9-8in.  diameter.  A  detail  m 
the  liiYoi-if  shows  the  connection  of  the  web 
members  and  the  chords.  The  verticals  were 
4  7in.  square,  also  the  diagonals,  and  had  each 
four  rods  0-59in.,  and  /sin.  in  the  diagonals.  Other 
details  are  given  to  which  we  cannot  refer  here. 
Referring  to  the  test  and  its  results,  it  is  stated, 
on  the  invitation  of  M.  Considcre,  the  French 
Government  Commissioner  on  reinforced  concrete 
was  present  at  the  test  which  was  conducted 
under  the  supervision  of  M.  Mesnager.  The 
bridge  was  finished  in  July,  1903,  and  was  tested 
Nov.  11,  12,  and  13,  when  the  temperature  was 
from  50  to  55  degrees  Fahr.  Symmetric  and  un- 
symmetric  loads  were  applied,  and  the  deflections 
measured  by  meters  and  extensometers. 

The  bridge  showed  no  signs  of  weakness  until 
the  load  reached  about  200  tons.   Cipillary  cracks 


appeared  in  the  lower  chord.  At  panel  points  of 
the  northern  truss  and  southern  truss,  inclined 
cracks  appeared  in  the  concrete  surrounding  the 
hooped  members.  At  the  same  time  the 
masonry  pillars  supporting  the  bridge  settled 
unequally,  causing  a  criss  strain.  Under  a 
load  of  220  tons  the  previous  cracks  were 
i  multiplied.  In  the  compression  chord  on  the 
I  centre  panel  which  had  the  reduced  cross-section, 
j  the  concrete  surrounding  the  hooping  began  to 
crack  off,  and  finally  almost  the  whole  envelope 
cracked  off,  and  exposed  the  hooping.  The  stress 
which  caused  this  surface  injury  amounted  to 
5,2001b.  per  square  inch  of  total  section,  and  to 
8,G501b.  of  the  hooped  core.  Failure  took  place 
under  a  loal  of  266  tons  by  the  rupture  of  five 
spirals,  which  hooped  the  upper  chord  of  the 
northern  truss  at  panel  point  I,  and  caused  the 
crushing  and  oblique  shearing  of  the  concrete 
when  it  lost  its  reinforcing.  The  failure  of  the 
upper  chord  was  accompanied  by  a  definite  noise, 
-  which  was  followed  almost  immediately  by 
another,  caused  by  the  rupture  in  the  two  last 
panels  at  one  end  of  the  south  truss.  The  second 
failure  was,  evidently  due  to  the  first.  The 
lower  chords  were  intact,  and  "  notwithstanding 
considerable  deflections  and  shocks,  they  show 
only  slight  cracks."  The  web  members  were 
much  more  damaged ;  these  were  reinforced 
by  longitudinal  rods  only.  "The  verticals  and 
diagonals  of  the  two  first  panels  were  completely 
dislocated,  and  showed  fragments  of  concrete  held 
together  by  distorted  reinforcing  rods.  Outside 
the  points  of  rupture  the  upper  chords  stood  the 
test  well,  and  for  four-fifths  of  their  length  the 
concrete  envelope  was  found  intact,"  proving 
that  these  members  were  not  taxed  to  the  ulti- 
mate resistance.  "  This  leads  to  the  conclusion," 
it  is  stated,  "  that  the  bridge  failed  because  of  a 
local  fault,  and  would  otherwise  have  sustained  a 
still  higher  load."  There  were  many  faults  in 
construction,  and  it  was  thought  by  several  engi- 
neers present  at  the  test  that  the  results 
might  be  considered  less  favourable  than  should 
bo  expected.  The  spirals  were  overstressed 
locally,  which  caused  their  rupture,  and  they 
were  faultily  put  on.  It  is  stated,  "the  com- 
pressive resistance  of  a  hooped  concrete  memher 
was  found  to  consist  of  the  sum  of  the 
;  following  three  elements  :  —  (1)  Compressive 
'  resistance  of  the  concrete  without  reinforcing  ; 
,  (2)  compressive  resistance  of  the  longitu- 
1  dinal  rods  stressed  to  their  elastic  limits ; 
(3)  compressive  resistance  which  would  have 
been  produced  by  imaginary  longitudinals  at  the 
elastic  limit  of  the  hooping  metal,  the  volume  of 
imaginary  longitudinals  being  taken  as  2-4  times 
that  of  the  hooping  .  .  .  The  resistance 
according  to  the  above  rule  is  7, 5401b.  per  square 
inch."  The  compression  actually  resisted  by  the 
chords  did  not  exceed  6, 5401b.  We  refer  the 
reader  interested  to  the  illustrated  paper  in  the 
lu'foril,  by  Leon  S.Moisseiff,  Ass. M.Am. Soc.C.E., 
in  which  full  details  are  given.  We  do  not  think 
a  reduced  model  of  a  real  structure  a  fair  test. 
In  the  first  place,  as  pointed  out,  for  a  span  of 
65-6ft.,  which  was  that  actually  adopted  for  the 
test,  the  form  of  truss  is  not  the  best,  and  a 
simpler  form  with  chords  and  web  members  of 
proportionate  larger  section  would  have  been  more 
effective  than  the  reduction  of  members  in  the 
same  ratio  as  the  real  span.  It  also  led  to  difficulties 
in  the  execution,  especially  in  the  construction  of 
the  compression  members. 


ROCK 


NAMES    FOR    QUARRY 
OWNERS.— II. 


I  4."pvEFINITE  NAMES.— Alabaster  :  Gypsum 

AJ     when  compact,  granular,  crystalline,  and 

semi-transparent,    is   called    "alabaster."     The 

two   names    are   therefore   applied   to  the   same 

chemical  substance.     Alabaster  is  a  sulphate  of 

lime,  and  it  sometimes  resembles  the  pure  crystal- 

'  line  limestones,  which  are   carbonates  of  lime  ; 

but   the  former  is  always  readily  distinguished 

from  the  latter  in  its  being  easily  scratched  with 

the   thumbnail.     In    D  rbyshire,    Staffordshire, 

Nottinghamshire,  and  Cumberland  the  red  marls 

of  the  Triassic  rocks  (New  Red  Sandstone)  yield 

alabaster,  which  is  always  found  in   nodules  of 

irregular   shape   in   disconnected  bands,   and  in 

veins  which  traverse  the  marls  in  all  directions  ; 

but  it  is  of  local  occurrence  only,  and  never  forms 

beds  of  uniform  thickness,  as  most  of  the  stratified 

rocks   do.     The   colour   of  alabaster  is   a  milky 

[  white — at  least,  that  is  its  ground  colour,  for  it 

I  is  generally  clouded  with  various  shades  of  brown, 

'  red,   and  green,  owing  to  the  presence  of  iron 


June  24,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


901 


oxides.  When  alabaster  is  dried  in  an  oven  it 
loses  part  of  its  water  and  becomes  opaque  ;  but  if 
it  is  exposed  in  a  moibt  atmosphere  it  reabsorbs 
water  at  ordinary  temperature,  and  again  becomes 
transparent.  It  is  not  by  any  means  a  weather 
stone  ;  but,  owing  to  its  rich  appearance  and  to  its 
being  easily  worked,  the  material  has  always  been 
a  favourite  one  for  the  manufacture  of  modern 
Media'val  "art"  fixed  furniture  in  chuichus, 
though  it  has  freiiuently  been  sadly  misapplied. 
For  what  can  be  more  absurd  than  to  cut  elaborate 
mouldings  with  geometrical  accuracy  through  a 
stone  so  strongly  marked  with  iron  stains  that 
they  completely  obliterate  all  the  labour  even  at  a 
few  yards  away  '•'  In  a  modern  college  chapel 
built  at  Oxford  by  an  eminent  architect,  where 
alabaster  has  been  extensively  used  as  a  decorative 
material,  stringcourses  Gin.  thick  may  be  seen 
running  round  the  building,  and  the  colouring  in 
them  is  so  marked  that  one  has  a'most  to  feel 
them  to  discover  they  are  richly  moulded  in  the 
orthodox  13th-centuiy  manner  !  The  use  of 
veined  alabaster  should  be  restricted  to  flat 
panelling,  for  it  must  be  evident  that  the  delicate 
lights  and  shades  obtained  by  good  mouldings 
can  only  be  seen  to  perfection  in  a  material 
entirely  free  from  all  violent  contrasts  of  colour. 
Busalt :  A  popular  name  for  dark-coloured, 
almost  black  lavas.  There  are  several  varieties, 
all  close-grained,  and  ranging  in  texture 
from  micro-lithic  to  holo-crystalline ;  they  are 
composed  of  lime,  felspar,  and  olivine,  with 
accessory  minerals,  which  latter  determine  the 
particular  variety  to  which  any  specimen  may 
belong.  Basalt  hssumes  a  columnar  structure  at 
right  angles  to  the  coolirg  surface  ;  but  this  is  a 
non-essential  property.  In  the  North  of  Ireland 
basalt  was  used  fc^r  di  eased  work  ;  but  at  present, 
in  England  and  Ireland,  it  is  chiefly  used  for 
road  metal,  as  it  makes  a  much  harder  and  more 
lasting  surface  than  either  limestone  or  (and- 
stone.  In  the  Xorth  of  England  basalt  occurs  in 
vertical  sheets  or  "dykes,"  cutting  through  the 
sedimentary  rocks,  or  as  beds  or  "sills"  when 
lying  parallel  with  them ;  in  either  case,  the 
igneous  rock  has  been  intruded  after  the  forma- 
tion of  the  associated  aqueous  strata.  The  "  Great 
Whin  SiU"  is  a  mass  of  basalt  intruded  amongst 
the  Caiboniferous  rocks  of  Northumberland, 
Durham,  and  Cumbirland.  The  Clee  Hill  Dhu 
stone  is  a  sheet  of  basalt  which  covers  a  small  Coal 
deposit  in  the  hills  above  Ludlow.  In  Derby- 
shire, the  basalt,  which  rests  on  the  crystalline 
Carboniferous  Limestone,  is  known  as  "toad- 
stone";  and  the  great  basalt  sheet  of  Antrim, 
already  described,  covers  the  chalk  in  that 
county,  the  columnar  structure  being  well 
developed  along  the  north  coast,  at  the 
Giant's  Causeway,  and  other,  places.  Basalt 
is  a  basic  rock,  its  average  chemical  analysis 
showing  6ilica  48  per  cent.,  alumina  13-8  per 
cent.,  potash  1-5  per  cent.,  soda  3  per  cent.,  lime 
10'2  per  cent.,  magnesia  G-5  per  cent.,  iron  and 
manganese  oxides  13  8  per  cent.,  loss  by  ignition 
3"2  per  cent.  It  will  be  noticed  what  a  low 
percentage  of  silica  there  is  in  basalt  as  compared 
with  granite,  or,  saj',  pumicestone,  which  con- 
tains from  G9  to  73  per  cent.  The  "bases," 
therefore  preponderate  in  the  former,  hence  it  is 
classed  as  a  "  basic  "  rock;  whilst  the  latter  are 
"acidic"  rocks,  from  the  large  relative  propor- 
tion of  silicic  acid  which  they  contain.  The  solid 
crust  of  the  earth  rests  on  fluid  matter  arranged 
in  two  distinct  layers,  the  upper  semi-liquid  and 
pasty,  owing  to  a  preponderance  of  silica,  and 
the  lower  fluid  and  dense  and  containing  less 
silica.  From  this  layer  all  the  great  masses  of 
molten  matter  have  burst  forth  which  now 
appear  as  the  solid  sheets  and  dykes  described 
above._  Cii/p:  A  hard,  blackish,  slaty  limestone 
found  in  the  middle  and  south  of  Ireland,  and 
forming  the  middle  division  of  the  Carboniferous 
Limestone  rocks  found  in  that  country.  In  the 
north,  Calp  of  the  Ulster  type  is  so  sandy  that  the 
beds  are  frequently  true  sandstones.  Calp  is  not 
a  good  building  stone.  It  weathers  to  a  black 
mud,  as  may  bo  soon  in  many  wa'ls  in  the 
suburbs  of  Dublin,  where  it  was  at  one  time 
extensively  used  ;  neither  does  it  burn  to  a  good 
lime,  for  it  is  either  too  clayey  or  too  sandy. 
C/uil/.- :  A  well-known  soft,  earthy  limestone, 
almost  pure  carbonate  of  lime,  and  composed 
entirely  of  shells  or  the  i/e/nat  of  shells  of 
Foraminifera.  If  chalk  is  pounded  very  finely 
and  held  under  a  running'  tap  the  shells  may  be 
obtained  whole,  especially  it  tlio  powder  is  in- 
closed in  a  line  muslin  bag.  With  a  magnifying 
powerof  {in.  or  ^in.  the  minuto  structure  of 
chalk  is  easily  seen.     Sea- water  contains  a  con- 


siderable quantity  of  carbonate  of  lime  in  solution. 
Certain  minute  marine  organisms  form  shells  of 
this  substance,  and  when  1  hey  die  the  shells  fa'l 
in  the  sea  bottom  as  pure  carbonate  of  lime.  Such 
a  process  is  now  gomg  on  in  the  North  Atlantic, 
where  materials  for  continuous  beds  of  chalk  are 
being  deposited  at  depths  of  hom  1 ,200  to  1 2,000ft. 
Chalk  is,  therefore,  not  a  chemical  precipitate,  as 
gypsum  is.  The  "Upper  Chalk"  of  geologists,  that 
found  at  Margate  and  at  Norwich,  is  the  represen- 
tative pure  limestone.  The  Lower  Chalks,  found  at 
Merstham,  Dorking,  Folkestone,  and  other  place? , 
are  not  pure  carbonate  of  lime :  they  contain 
varying  proportions  of  day  and  iron  oxide,  which 
gives  them  a  pecular  buff  or  yellow  colour.     White 

'  chalk  is  a  valuable  material  for  the  manufacture 
of  Portland  cement,  and,  indeed,  of  all  artificial 
hydraulic  limes,  from  its  constant  chemical  com- 
position, which  is  98'5  per  cent,  calcium 
carbonate.  With  a  clay  of  unvarying  composi- 
tion the  manufacture  of  cement  becomes  an  easy 

;  matter  so  far  as  correctly  proportioning  the 
materials  goes,  for,  when  once  the  relative 
proportions  for  making  a  high-class  article  are 
ascertained  they  may  be  worked  to  without  any 
chance  of  endangeriog  the  value  of  the  product, 
and  the  labour  of  constant  analysis  can  be  dis- 
pensed with ;  in  fact,  for  this  purpose  white 
chalk  may  be  said  to  yield  a  pure  lime.  The 
Lower  Chalks  are  sometimes  sandy  limestones  ;  at 
other  times  they  are  represented  by  beds  of  marl. 
In  the  Sussex  chalk,  bouldei-s  of  granite,  sand- 
stone, schist,  and  even  coal  have  been  found — all, 
of  course,  derived  from  the  destruction  of  much 
older  rocks  ;  but,  on  the  whole,  it  is  remarkably 
free  from  such  admixtures,  except  in  the  lower 
beds  adjoiniiig  the  Greensand.  It  has  been 
already  pointed  out  that  if  chalk  is  heated  in  a 
v<  ssel  strong  tnough  to  prevent  its  carbonic  acid 
passing  off,  the  soft  earthy  substance  is  converti  d 
into  a  crystalline  white  marble.  The  Antrim 
chalk  is  a  hard  white  limestone,  and  the  proximity 

j  of  the  great  basalt  sheet  iiiiii/  have  something  to 
do  with  this  change ;  but  it  is  acknowledged  that 

I  white  statuary  marble  is  really  only  "altered" 
chalk ;  that  is,  chalk  altered  by  metamorphic  action. 

j  C/ierf :  A  crypto-crystalline  variety  of  quartz,  or 
it  may  be  described  by  a  silicious  or  flinty  lime- 
stone. Chert  is  due  to  the  accumulation,  in  the 
first  instance,  of  organisms  having  flinty  or 
silicious  structures,  so  that  flint  and  chert,  like 
chalk,  owe  their  origin  to  the  agency  of  plants 
and  animals.  Many  of  the  chert  bands  fuund  in 
the  Sutherland  limestone  show  an  oolitic  structure 
like  the  pure  limestones  which  th^y  have  dis- 
placed, and  in  all  cases  they  generally  follow  the 
lines  of  stratification  of  the  rocks  in  which  they 
occur.  Fossils  are  frequently  found  in  limestone 
rocks  unchanged  in  shape,  but  altered  in  sub- 
stance to  chert,  as,  for  instance,  the  coral  beds  of 
the  Portland  rocks,  which  are  wholly  or  partly 
silicified.  The  banker  mason  does  not  care  much 
to  meet  with  veins  of  chert  or  flint  in  Portland  or 
any  other  free-working  limestone.  He  some- 
times confounds  crystallised  carbonate  of  lime 
with  it,  though  they  are  totally  different  sub- 
stances, and  it  is  by  no  means  uncommon  to  hear 
a  mason  complain  of  a  Bath  stone  being  flinty 
when  he  mistakes  a  vein  of  crystallised  lime- 
stone for  one  of  flint.  Chert  is  not  soluble  in 
acid,  limestone  is ;  so  that  this  very  simple 
test  serves  to  distinguish  one  substance  from  the 
other.  Another  simple  test  is  the  point  of  a  knife — 
limestone  is  easily  scratched  with  it,  but  flint  is 
not  marked  by  it  in  any  way.     In  the  Yoredale 

'  rocks  of  Edenside,  Cumberland,  which  are  lime- 
stones of  carboniferous  age,  there  are  silicious 
beds  which  gradually  become  pure  chert,  not- 
withstanding their  sedimentary  character.  They 
obviously  represent  deposits  of  silicious  mud 
derived  from  sponges  which  inhabited  the  Car- 
boniferous Sea  when  the  limestones  were  thrown 
down.  Similar  beds  are  found  in  rocks  of  the 
same  age  in  North  Flintshire,  where  they  pass 
into  c|uartzo6e  sandstone  and  grits  with  ([uartz 
pebbles  ;  the  chert  beds  here  arc  quarried  for  use 
in  the  Staffordshire  potteries.  On  the  borders  of 
the    Dartmoor   granitic  boss    there    are  beds  of 

;  fine  silicious  rock,  stained  such  a  dark  colour  by 
carbon  that  they  are  known  locally  as  "  Black 
Chert";  they  are  found  in  the  (_'ulm  Measures 
of  the  district.  There  ar-"  beds  of  chert  in  the 
New  Ked  Sandstone  of  Fai-t  Somerset,  in  the 
Lias  of  Chewton  Mendip,  in  the  Inferior 
Oolite  of  Fromo,  in  tho  Portland  bods,  the 
I'urbeck  beds,  tho  Wealden  bods,  tho  Lower 
and  Upper  Greensand,  and  at  the  base  of  the 
Chalk,  where  it  is  known  by  the  quarrymen  as 
"grizzle.     Cla;/ :    A  tough,   plastic,  impalpable 


mud,  derived  originally  from  the  decomposition 
and  consequent  hydration  of  fclspathic  roiks; 
pure  clay  is  hydrated  silicate  of  alumina,  it  be- 
comes shale  when  indurated  or  compressed,  and 
hornstonc  or  tlate  when  metamorphosed ;  its 
chemical  formula  is  Al/),SiO,UjO.  Clay  is. 
therefore,  not  alumina  only,  nor  is  it  a  mixture  of 
alumina  and  silica :  it  is  a  true  chemical  compound 
of  alumina  and  silica  with  an  atom  of  water. 
There  are  great  clay  deposits  in  the  sedimentary 
strata  of  all  ages,  and  these  have  in  all  cases  been 
derived  from  the  decomposed  granite  and  schists 
of  Eozoic  ages,  this  decomposition  having  to  a 
great  extent  been  effected  by  the  peculiar  atmo- 
sphere of  these  early  times,  which  differed  wholly 
in  composition  from  those  of  later  periods.  There 
is  little  doubt  but  that  in  one  period  of  the  earth's 
history  chemical  forces  of  certain  kinds  were 
much  more  active  thjrn  at  present,  and  the 
hydrous  silicate  of  alumina,  which  constitutes 
kaolin  or  clay,  is  the  final  result  of  the  decompo- 
sition of  felspar  by  such  .action.  It  seems 
singular,  but  it  is  an  undoubted  fact,  that 
a  weak  acid  like  carbonic  acid  will  attack  and 
decompose  silicates  of  certain  protoxide  bases, 
removing  lime  and  magnesia  as  carbonates,  and 
liberating  soluble  silica.  This  action  may  be 
observed  in  progress  at  present  where  granite 
dressings  are  undergoing  disintegration  by 
ordinary  atmospheric  agencies  only.  The 
alumina  of  clay  is  valuable  in  the  manufacture  of 
Portland  cement,  in  that  it  forms  a  flux  for  the 
silici,  and  facilitates  combination  between  it  and 
the  lime  present ;  and  though  silica  alone,  in  com- 
bination with  lime,  would  yield  hydraulic  cement, 
yet  the  presence  of  alumina  permits  the  formation 
of  calcium  silicate  at  a  lower  temperature  than 
would  be  needed  if  that  substance  were  absent. 
Common  clay  contains  the  chemically  pure  clay 
mixed  with  sand,  iron,  and  other  substances  in 
various  proportions,  so  that  in  the  manufacture  of 
artificial  cements  the  composition  of  the  clay  to 
be  used  must  be  ascertained  in  every  case  by 
analysis.  Sand-grains,  which  are  always  present, 
may  be  removed  by  washing  :  other  acces>ory 
substances  are  not  so  easily  got  rid  of ;  but, 
fortunately,  they  usually  form  a  small  proportion 
of  the  whole  mass.  C!<ri/  Irtmstouc  :  Nodules  of 
earthy  ferric  carbonate.  The  presence  or 
absence  of  iron  in  certain  rocks  is  due  to 
the  interposition  of  organic  matter,  for 
they  rtduce  the  peroxide  tj  protoxide, 
and  thus  render  it  so'uble  in  water,  either  as 
bicarbonate  or  combined  with  an  organic  acid. 
The  white  clays  (fireclays)  of  the  Coal  Measures 
have  been  completely  denuded  of  their  iron  by 
water  holding  organic  matter,  and  the  same 
agency  has  redeposited  this  iron  in  the  iron- 
stones of  the  same  forma'  ion,  so  that  beds  of 
iron  ore,  as  well  as  of  graphite,  are  all  due  to  the 
intervention  of  organic  substances.  It  is  a 
matter  of  common  observation  that  sands,  sand- 
stones, and  limestones  are  coloured  with  iron 
oxide  more  or  less  intensely ;  in  all  these  cases 
the  iron  was  deposited  from  a  solution  of  oxide 
in  water  containing  orgnnic  mutter.  Clm/slnte  : 
A  clay  rock  hardened  by  pressure,  and  in  which 
a  property  has  been  induced  called  "cleavage." 
Slates  do  not  split  in  layers  parallel  to  the  stratifi- 
cation of  the  rock,  and  the  lines  of  actual  bedding 
can  only  be  detected  by  stripes  across  tho  s'ate  of 
a  different  grain  or  a  different  colour.  Welsh 
slates  are  cleft  from  sedimentary  clays  which 
have  been  metimorphosed :  those  of  tho  Lake 
District  have  been  produced  by  pressure  on 
rolcanic  ashes,  particles  of  purnico  being 
often  traceable  in  them.  Clnnch  :  Tough,  coarse 
clay.  Tho  "  Oxford  clay,"  which  is  a  dark  blue 
clay,  and  shale,  containing  iron  pyrites,  selenito, 
and  soptaria  was  originally  called  "  dunch  "  clay, 
clunch  being  a  provincialism  for  any  coarse  clay. 
Dioritr :  An  igneous  granitoid  rock  without  quartz 
as  an  essenttal  component,  though  it  may  be 
accessory.  I's  typical  mineriils  are  hornblende 
and  felspar  (the  felspar  is  plagioi-lase).  There 
arequarlz-dioritesand  pyroxone-dioritcs;  but  they 
aro  of  little  interest  to  the  tiuilder,  and  need  not, 
therefore,  le  noticed  here.  f>"lt  lilc :  A  holo- 
crystallino  basalt  :  the  name  is  derived  from  a 
Greek  word  which  signifies  "  deceitful."  It  is 
rather  coarse  in  texture  as  compared  with  other 
lavas.  Some  varieties  inclose  large  scattered 
porpbyritic  crystals  of  felspar,  though  tho  most 
typical  examples  are  not  conspicuously  por- 
pbyritic. Tlve  rock  is  of  more  interest  to 
mineralogists  and  roadmakers  than  to  builders. 
Ihihiiiiilr  :  A  rock  composed  o(  the  carbonate  of 
lime  and  magnesia  in  proportions  varying  from 
1  :  1  to  I  :  5.    It  derived  its  name  from  Dolomieu, 


902 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  24,  1904. 


a  French  chemist.  Crystallised  dolomite  has  a 
defiaite  conipositioD,  which  ie  represented  by  the 
formula  (CaMijjCOs,  the  percentage  composition 
being  54  calcium  carbonate  to  46  of  magnesium 
carbonate,  or  in  the  ratio  of  1  of  the  former 
to  "84  of  the  latter.  JIagnesian  limestones  or 
dolomites  are  sediments  thrown  down  in  inland 
lakes  by  the  slow  e\aporation  of  water  rich  in 
bicarbonate  of  magnesia,  gypsum  and  rocksalt 
being  at  the  same  time  subsidiary  products.  The 
idea  that  magnesian  limestone  was  at  one  time 
ordinary  carboniferous  limestone,  and  that  sub- 
sequently it  was  partly  decomposed  and  impreg- 
nated with  magnesium  carbonate,  is  now  exploded, 
though  it  is  admitted  that  in  some  instances  such 
a  process  may  have  taken  place  to  some  limited 
extent.  (Jrdinarj  limestone  effervesces  freely  in 
cold  acids  ;  magnesian  limestones  must  be  treated 
with  hot  hydrochloric  acid  to  afford  a  similar 
reaction.  Dolomite  is  almost  isomorphous  with 
calcite  ;  but  it  may  be  distinguished  from  it  by  its 
higher  specific  gravity,  one  being  2'72  and  the 
other  2'85.  llagnesian  Limestone,  as  typically 
developed  in  Durham,  is  a  rich  cream-coloured 
limestone,  containing  a  variable  quantity  of 
magnesium  carbonate.  Farther  south,  towards 
Mansfield,  its  character  changes,  and  it  becomes 
mixed  with  mechanical  or  chemical  deposits, 
until  at  Mansfield  it  appears  as  a  red  sand- 
stone, the  grains  of  which  are  imbedded  in  a 
cement  consisting  of  the  carbonates  of  lime  and 
magnesia.  The  "  Magnesian  Limestone"  proper 
forma  the  upper  division  of  the  English  Permian 
rocks;  but  in  Ireland  the  Carboniferous  Limestone 
shows  several  beds  of  magnesian  limestone,  as 
well  as  others  which  are  truly  oolitic  in  structure. 
When  properly  selected,  magnesian  limestone 
makes  a  good  building  stone  ;  but  hydraulic  pro- 
perties cannot  be  claimed  for  the  lime  made  from 
it ;  and  this  not  even  when  silica  is  present  as 
tice  sand,  for  the  merest  tyro  in  the  manufacture 
of  hydraulic  limes  and  cements  knows  that  silica, 
if  not  present  in  soluble  form,  is  quite  valueless, 
and  it  will  not  enter  into  combination  with  lime. 
Etmrinltiil  J.ime.itone  :  Carboniferous  limestone 
rich  in  the  fossil  remains  of  eiiCrinites,  or  stone 
lilies,  extinct  forms  of  the  order  Crinoidea. 
Many  specimens  of  this  rock  show  these  to  be 
almost  wholly  made  up  with  skeletons  of  these 
animals.  The  Encrinites  were  fixed  to  the  sea 
bottom  by  a  long  rooted  stalk,  on  the  top  of 
which  was  the  Calyx  or  animal  itself ;  the 
enormous  number  of  fossilised  stems  found,  in 
comparison  with  the  animals,  has  led  to  the  belief 
that  at  some  peiiod  of  its  growth  the  Encrinite 
had  the  power  of  casting  off  its  stem  and  dis- 
pensing with  it  altogether.  The  carboniferous 
limestones  of  Derbyshire  and  Ireland  are  rich 
in  the  remains  of  Encrinites.  Many  of 
these  limestones  are  cut  and  polished  for 
marble,  the  fossils  in  them  yielding  the 
only  markings  found  on  the  stone.  Fliiiii  : 
A  Coruish  name  for  quartz-felsite,  a felsitic  micro- 
granite  which  is  sometimes  found  running  as  a 
dyke  through  clay  slate.  Some  El  vans  make  good 
building  stones.  Most  of  the  Elvans  or  Elvanites 
are  known  to  mineralogists  as  Eurite,  and  its 
constituents  are  like  granite.  The  rock,  usually 
of  a  grey  or  reddish-brown  colour,  is  compact, 
and  not  easily  scratched  with  a  knife  ;  it  commonly 
contains  porphyritie  felspar  (orthoclase)  andquartz. 
Attention  has  been  called  to  a  case  where  walling 
was  done  with  Elvanite  ashlar,  and  the  latter 
became  coa»ed  with  a  thin  film  of  silica,  which 
I  (lectually  protected  the  stone  from  any  weather- 
ing action  (see  "Carlow,"  Ballymoon  Castle, 
BiiiLiiiNu  New.s,  p.  050,  Nov.  13,  1903).  Faie- 
■■<lclla  Liiiiestoiic  :  Carboniferous  Limestone,  gener- 
ally the  lowest  division  of  the  Irish  rocks;  so 
called  from  i's  being  rich  in  remains  of  fossil 
pala;ozo'c  pr.lyzoans,  funnel-shaped  masses  in 
detail,  something  like  the  modern  Flustra  so 
common  all  round  the  coast.  Fenestella  means 
"  little  window "  ;  it  furnishes  a  first'-  class 
building  stone.  Fim-lmj  :  A  refractory  clay,  one 
rich  in  silica  and  poor  in  alumina  and  ferric 
oxide.  Fluxing  material  being  absent,  it  will 
stand  intense  heat  without  melting  to  a  slag  ;  this 
kind  of  clay  is  common  to  the  Coal  Measures. 
l'\rfdo„r  ..  Any  stone  that  will  stand  fire  without 
injury.  The  Surrey  I'pper  Creensand  rock  is, 
however,  generally  meant.  Old  price  -  books 
quoted  for"  wh  ile blocks,"  "double blocks,"  and 
"slit  blocks"  of  this  stone,  as  well  as  tor  hearths 
and  covings  ;  hut  this  trade  is  a  thing  of  the  past. 
la  1701)  Mr.  Miller,  a  stonecutter,  of  Cold  Har- 
bour, London,  sold  lloigate  firestone  hearths  at 
In.  per  foot,  chimney-corner  stones  at  20s  per 
pair,  and  blocks  to  set  up  coppers  at  Gs.  8d.  per 


piece.  I'liiil :  Black-looking  nodules  of  amor- 
phous silica  found  in  layers  in  the  Chalk  forma- 
tion It  is  thought  that  flints  were  not  deposited 
with  the  chalk,  but  are  an  after-growth  in  silii. 
Chalk  is  a  porous  rock,  and  when  it  was  thrown 
down  as  mud  it  held  large  quantities  of  silica  in 
solution.  This  silica  was  arrested  by,  and  grew 
round,  some  nucleus  of  decaying  organic  matter  : 
subsequent  infiltration  of  waters  charged  with 
silica  continued  to  add  to  the  growth  of  the  flints. 
Many  chalk  fossils  are  now  flint.  They  were,  of 
course,  deposited  as  carbonate  of  lime  ;  but  they 
have  undergone  subsequent  change.  Flint  is 
either  "tabular"  or  nodular.  In  both  cises  it 
follows  the  lines  of  stratification.  When  the 
silica  in  the  coating  of  a  flint  is  partially  dis- 
solved, the  surface  is  usuallj'  white,  the  resulting 
porosity  being  microscopic. 


A  MODERN    HOSPITAL.* 

THIS  little  book  is  the  outcome  of  a  pro- 
fessional address  given  at  the  Abemethian 
Society  of  Bartholomew's  Hospital  by  the  author. 
It  is  addressed  to  a  large  class,  including  the 
governors  of  and  the  visitors  to  hospitals,  who  are 
often  at  a  loss  to  understand  why  certain  improve- 
ments and  equipments  are  required  by  the 
medical  staff.  The  author,  of  course,  draws 
freely  from  the  works  of  Parkes,  'J-alton,  Sir 
Henry  Burdett,  and  others,  and  he  acknowledges 
the  services  of  Mr.  Banister  Fletcher  in  the  pie- 
paration  of  the  model  ward  plan  which  illustrates 
the  work.  After  the  general  remarks  on  the 
question,  "What  is  a  hospital?"  the  author 
treats  of  the  various  parts,  the  ward  unit, 
ward  accessories,  the  hospital  pavilion,  methods 
for  cutting  off  one  ward  unit  from  other 
wards,  their  grouping,  isolation  blocks,  operating 
theatres,  warming  and  ventilation,  &c.  The 
grouping  of  patients  in  wards  of  a  certain  size,  so 
as  to  afford  effective  and  economical  administra- 
tion, is  one  of  the  main  principles  to  be  observed 
in  hospital  design.  Besides  being  intended  for 
the  relief  and  cure  of  the  sick  poor,  a  hospital  has 
to  fulfil  another  function,  as  the  late  SirD.  Galton 
has  put  it,  "  It  is  a  technical  school  in  which  the 
medical  student  must  learn  his  profession,  and  it 
is  the  experimental  workshop  in  which  the 
matured  physician  or  surgeon  carries  on  scientific 
research."  The  ward  unit  is  the  keynote  of  a 
hospital :  it  must  be  of  a  standard  size,  and  this 
must  be  determined  by  the  number  of  patients 
that  can  be  conveniently  treated  in  any  one  ward. 
Wards  containing  twenty  to  thirty-two  beds  are 
considered  the  best  suited  for  economy  of  service, 
and  rather  less  than  thirty  beds  per  ward  is  the 
advantageous  number.  Assuming  the  number  of 
patients  in  any  given  ward  is  thirty,  the  next 
point  is  to  determine  what  amount  of  cubic  space 
is  to  be  given  to  each  patient.  Floor-space  per 
bed  is  even  more  important  than  the  cubic  space. 
The  architect  must  combine  the  two  factors. 
From  100  to  150  superficial  feet  of  floor  should  be 
provided,  says  Dr.  Parkes  for  each  patient.  The 
author's  remarks  may  be  quoted  :  "  The  ordinary 
haspital  bed  is  Gtt.  or  Oft.  6in.  by  3ft.,  and 
should  stand  out  from  the  wall  about  a  foot  in 
order  to  allow  a  free  circu'ation  of  air  around  it. 
It  should  be  placed  at  least  4  ft.  from  the  next 
bed,  and  a  greater  distance  is  desirable  it  the 
hospital  is  to  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  clinical 
instruction.  There  should  be  a  passage  up  the 
centre  of  the  ward,  if  possible,  of  from  10ft.  to  12ft. 
in  width  between  the  feet  of  the  beds.  Assuming 
the  passage  is  12ft.,  and  allowing  fift.  Cin.,  as  we 
have  already  stated,  for  the  length  of  each 
bed,  and  a  foot  between  the  bed  and  the 
wall  on  either  side,  we  get  27ft.  ac  the  width 
between  the  walls  in  the  inside  of  each  ward 
block.  Experience  has  shown  that  these  dimen- 
sions represent  a  convenient  area  for  purposes  of 
working.  If  the  height  of  ward  be  13ft.,  and 
the  area  of  floor-space  per  patient  120,  the  cubic 
space  per  patient  will  work  out  at  1,560ft.  If 
the  floor-area  is  150ft.,  and  the  ward  height  i3ft., 
the  cubic  space  per  patient  is  1,950ft."  The 
author  goes  on  to  say  a  change  of  air  of  from 
three  to  four  times  an  hour  is  sufiicient  in  this 
climate  if  draught  is  to  be  avoided,  unless  a  means 
of  artificial  warming  the  air  be  adopted.  A  cubic 
area  of  1,500ft.  per  patient,  in  which  the  air  is 
changed  three  times  an  hour,  gives  a  supply  of 
4,500c.ft.  per  hour  for  each  patient;  and  this 
provides  more  than   the    amount    of  air-change 

*  A  MocJern  Hospital.  By  W.  Bkcce  Clarke.,  M.A., 
MB.O.xon.,  FB.C.8.,  &c.  Longmans,  Gre;n  and  Co., 
1  Patemo3ler-row,  L-jndon. 


Parkes  has  laid  down  as  being  essential  for 
the  successful  treatment  of  disease.  Dr.  Bruce 
( 'larke  shows  how  the  dimensions  of  any 
ward  can  be  determined  by  means  of  a 
series  of  factors.  A  simple  equation  will 
determine  the  unknown  from  the  known 
factors.  The  remarks  on  ward  accessories  will 
be  found  instructive.  Such  are  the  sanitary  pro- 
jections shown  in  the  plan  at  end  of  ward,  jutting 
out  diagonally  from  both  angles,  with  balcony 
and  stair  between.  These  contain  the  w.c.'s, 
baths,  and  lavatory,  with  cross  ventilating  lobbies. 
A  balcony  is  essential.  At  the  other  end  of  ward 
wc  find  a  sisters'  room,  room  for  patients' 
clothes,  linen -room,  small  larder,  ward  kitchen  or 
duty  room,  a  small  clinical  laboratory,  and  two 
small  wards  for  one  or  two  beds.  These  ward 
accessories  are  shown  on  each  side  of  the  passage 
connecting  the  ward  with  connecting  bridge.  The 
ward  unit  illustrated  is  for  twenty-four  beds,  and  is 
26ft.  wide.  The  pavilion  is  next  discussed.  One 
of  three  stories  is  considered  reasonable,  but  of 
course  this  question  depends  on  limits  of  site  and 
various  considerations.  Structural  improvements 
and  sanitary  precautions  have  allowed  higher 
buildings  to  be  erected  than  was  thought  desirable 
a  few  years  ago.  Air  and  sunlight  of  course  are 
important  necessaries.  Even  five  floors  may  be 
permissible  if  each  ward  is  cut  off  from  the  other 
above  and  below,  and  the  space  between  the 
pavilion  should  be  about  equal  to  one  and  one- 
third  times  the  height  of  pavilion. 

We  cannot  find  space  for  the  further  remarks 
on  methods  employed  to  cut  off  one  ward  from 
other  ward  units,  nor  those  on  grouping  the 
ward  units  and  the  pavilions  ;  the  latter  must  be 
decided  so  that  air  shall  circulate,  and  that  each 
may  have  an  equal  amount  of  sunshine.  Speak- 
ing of  warming  and  ventilation — a  most  important 
point,  the  author  strongly  advocates  simplicity  : 
one  depending  for  efficiency  on  doors  and  win- 
dows, aidtd  by  fireplaces  and  openings  in  the 
walls  under  the  beds,  and  certainly  does  not 
favour  artificial  ventilation,  which  demands  a 
forced  inflow  or  forcible  extraction  of  the  air  by 
fans ;  he  thinks  the  Plenum  system  preferable 
to  the  vacuum  system,  but  says  it  is  "  very 
questionable  whether  the  artificial  systems  will 
survive  the  test  of  time,  and  whether  it  is  ad- 
visable to  employ  them."  Other  remarks  on  a 
pathological  department,  sterilising  methods, 
operating  blocks,  out-patients'  accommodation, 
supervision,  itc,  are  suggestive,  and  the  book 
will  be  found  of  use  to  all  engaged  in  hospital 
work  and  design. 


CHIPS. 

The  new  Roman  Catholic  Schools  of  SS.  Mary 
and  Michael  in  the  Commercial-road,  Stepney,  were 
opened  last  week.  They  accommodate  l,20y 
children,  and  cost  £8,100.  Mr.  R.  L.  Curtis  was  the 
architect,  and  Messrs.  Galnan  and  Son  were  the 
builders. 

Mr.  George  Harcourt,  the  Governor  of  the  Allan - 
Fiaser  Art  College  at  Hospitalfield,  Arbroath,  has 
just  completed  a  picture,  one  of  the  frescoes  com- 
missioned to  fill  the  panels  in  the  corridor  of  the 
Koyal  Exchange,  London.  The  historical  event 
depicted  on  Mr.  Harcourt's  canvas  is  "The 
Granting  of  the  Charter  to  the  Bank  of  England." 
The  picture  represents  the  Chancellor  administering 
the  oath  to  the  directors  of  the  Bank  iu  one  of  the 
spacious  rooms  of  the  house. 

In  connection  with  the  opening  of  the  corporation 
refuse  destructor  at  Wolverhampton,  it  is  proposed 
to  lay  down  an  electrical  generating  plant  to  utilise 
the  steam  produced  by  the  combustion  of  the  refuse. 
The  Wolverhampton  Town  Council  decided,  on  the 
recommendation  of  the  lighting  committee,  to  lay 
down  a  number  of  cables  in  streets  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  destructor  at  a  cost  of  £2,800.  The  Local 
Government  Board  will  be  asked  to  sanction  a  loin 
of  £10,000  for  the  present  and  further  extensions 
of  the  lighting  system. 

Opinion  has  been  greatly  divided  in  Dartford  as 
to  the  advisability  of  the  urban  district  council 
undertaking  the  construction  and  direct  working  of 
the  proposed  tramways,  which  will  connect  with 
the  Bexley  Heath  system.  A  solution  of  the 
difficulty  has  been  arrived  at  by  arrangements  with 
Messrs.  J.  G.  White  and  Co.,  contractors,  to  con- 
struct the  lines  at  a  cost  of  £S3,000.  The  contractors 
have  offered  to  work  the  tramways  for  five  years  on 
a  lease,  under  which  they  will  pay  to  the  council 
the  amount  of  interest  and  sinking  fund  on  capital, 
and  also  to  pay  iu  addition  20  per  cent,  of  any 
profits.  The  council  have  accepted  these  terms,  and 
will  promote  a  Bill  next  session  for  power  to  con- 
tinue the  system  to  Swanscombe,  so  as  to  form  a 
junction  with  the  Gravesend  tramways. 


June  24,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


903 


( ililTrAUV. 

We  regret  tu  hear  of  the  death  of  llr.  Thomas 
Elliott,  of  311,  Rotherhithe  New-road,  Ber- 
mondsey.  lie  had  been  very  unwell  for  a  few 
"week^,  and  was  seized  with  a  lit  at  'J  a.m.  on  the 
l-lthinbt,,  and  expired  within  six  hours  of  the 
attack. 


CHIPS. 

A  new  Wesleyan  chapel  in  the  Ryde-road,  Sea 
View,  I.W.,  was  opened  on  Wednesday  week.  The 
budding,  which  is  Gothic  in  design,  will  accom- 
modate 200,  and  the  supplemental  buildings  include 
a  Sunday-school  and  vestries.  The  total  cost  has 
been  £2,000. 

The  town  council  of  Devonport  have  received  and 
accepted  a  bequest  from  the  late  Alderman  Joseph 
May  of  several  oil-paintings  and  engravings,  on 
condition  that  they  are  hung  in  the  free  library. 
They  are  as  follows :— Oil-paintings— landscapes  by 
E.  Mahlknecht,  W.  "Wex,  and  F.  Altenkoph;  "A 
Mountain  River,"  and  "Italian  Landscape,"  after 
Salvator  Rosa;  an  old  woman's  head,  an  oak  panel, 
probably  by  Denner ;  a  village  scene;  an  interior; 
boats  in  harbour ;  group  of  children ;  view  near 
Bull  Point,  by  Edgcumbe.  Engravings— Sir 
Edward  St.  Aubyn,  Sir  John  St.  Aubyn  (the  present 
Lord  St.  Levan),  "Stag  at  Bay,"  "Retriever  and 
Woodcock,"  "Spaniel  and  Pheasant,"  "The 
Chief's  Return  from  Deer  Stalking,"  "The  Penin- 
sular War  Heroes  Assembled  at  the  United  Service 
Club''  (Knight),  and  "The  Waterloo  Heroes 
Assembled  at  Apsley  House  "  (Knight). 

The  Dowager  Countess  of  Iddesleigh  has  borne 
the  cost  of  restoring  in  Newton  St.  Cyres  Church, 
near  Crediton,  the  monument  to  John  Northcote, 
an  ancestor  of  her  husband.  Sir  Stafford  Xorthcote, 
first  Earl  of  Iddesleigh.  The  full-length  effigy  of 
Northcote  stands  under  a  bold  canopy,  the  right 
hand  holding  a  staff,  the  left  resting  on  a  sword. 
Medallion  portraits  of  his  two  wives,  Elizabeth  and 
Susanna,  are  at  the  sides,  while  below  are  figures 
representing  his  son  and  his  wife  and  their  three 
children,  all  kneeling.  Pynes,  the  ancient  seat  of 
the  Northcotes,  is  in  the  adjoining  parish. 

Dame  Margaret  Broak  McCulloch,  of  Elmstead 
Wood,  Chislehurat,  who  died  on  April  4  last,  aged 
77  years,  widow  of  Sir  James  MoCuUoch,  some  time 
Premier  of  Victoria,  bequeathed  a  picture,  "Christ's 
Lesson  of  Humility,"  by  C.  R.  Leslie,  R.A.,  and 
the  bust  of  her  late  husband  to  the  National  Gallery 
at  Melbourne. 

The  Lord  Provost's  Committee  of  the  Edinburgh 
Town  Council  have  approved  of  terms  of  appoint- 
ment for  the  new  city  hall,  under  which  the  sur- 
veyor is  to  receive  1  per  cent,  for  work  over  £2,000, 
and  10  per  cent,  on  the  printer's  estimates  for 
correcting  and  writing  out  the  schedules. 

At  a  special  court  of  governors  of  St.  George's 
Hospital,  held  on  Tuesday  at  the  Westminster 
Palace  Hotel,  it  was  resolved,  in  accordance  with 
the  recommendation  of  a  special  committee,  that  it 
is  not  desirable  to  remove  the  hospital  at  the  present 
time  from  its  present  site.  Resolutions  were  also 
agreed  to  in  reference  to  the  utilisation  of  the 
newly -acquired  site  in  Knightsbridge  and  the 
purchase  of  the  leasehold  portions  of  the  present 
site. 

In  the  case  of  the  application  for  discharge 
made  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Herbert  Williams  Mellor, 
Buckingham-street,  Strand,  W.C.,  and  Platts-lane, 
Hampstead,  N.W.,  surveyor,  the  discharge  has 
been  suspended  for  two  years,  ending  May  20,  190G. 

A  processional  cross,  bearing  a  representation  of 
the  Agnus  Dei,  has  been  presented  to  Chichester 
Cathedral  as  a  memorial  of  the  Rev.  Edward  R  us>ell 
Walker,  who  was  married  in  the  cathedral  in  July, 
1901,  to  the  eldest  daughter  of  Bishop  Wilberforce, 
and  died  in  October,  1902.  The  cross,  which  is  "ft. 
high,  is  the  gift  of  Mrs.  Walker. 

An  application  is  to  be  made  to  the  Light  Rail- 
way Commissioners  authorising  the  construction  of 
a  light  railway  from  Tarporley  to  join  up  to  the 
Winsford  branch  railway  of  the  Cheshire  Lines. 
The  distance  is  about  r)|  miles,  and  the  ofTicial  esti- 
mate of  cost  is  £39,S31.  The  railway  wdl  pass 
through  Little  Budworth  and  Common  Hide. 

The  statue  of  Lord  Cornwallis  carved  by  J.  T. 
Bankes  in  1797,  and  erected  in  Fort  St.  (i'orge, 
Madras,  has  been  found  to  be  in  a  state  of  decay, 
the  marble  being  badly  cracked.  A  peculiarity  of 
the  statue  is  that  it  faithfully  portrays  the  cast  in 
the  eyo  from  which  Lord  Cornwallis  suffered,  and 
which  had  resulted  from  an  accident  while  at  ICtoii. 
The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  has  been  asked  to 
obtain  and  forward  the  beat  export  advice  as  to 
the  measures  to  be  adopted  for  its  renovation  and 
preservation.  Meanwhile,  the  statue  has  been 
propped  up  and  protected  from  the  sea  air,  which 
is  believed  to  he  the  cause  of  its  decay.  It  is 
possible  that  the  statue  will  be  replaced  by  a  bronze 
replica. 


luilbingJInUUisettce. 

LiTTLLiiAMPTox. — The  Roman  Catholic  Church 
o£  St.  Citherinc  the  Martyr  at  Littlehampton 
was  reopened  last  week  after  enlargement.  ISuilt 
in  1S61,  the  edifice  then  consisted  of  a  nave  with 
high  open-timber  roof ;  in  18.S  1  an  aisle  was 
added,  and  now  the  original  body  of  the  church 
has  been  prolonged  eastward  by  two  bays, 
together  with  a  sanctuary  of  almost  equal  size. 
On  one  side  is  a  new  St.  Joseph's  Chapel  with 
ita  independent  entrance.  Two  confessionals 
have  been  built  into  the  wall.  The  new  high 
altar  has  been  carved  by  Messrs.  R.  L.  Boulton 
and  Sons,  of  Cheltenham.  Beer  stone  elaborately 
carved  has  been  chiefly  used.  At  each  ex'remity 
there  is  a  projecting  niche  containing  a  statue 
of  St.  I'eter  and  St.  Paul  respectively,  then  there 
are  two  panels  in  high  relief  representing  kneel- 
ing angels,  and  Ihe  centre  panel  also  shows  two 
adoring  angels.  Lofty  canopies  are  raised  above 
the  niches.  Caen  stone  is  employed  for  the 
Eculptures.  Green  marble,  with  stone  bands  in 
the  centre,  introduces  a  note  of  colour.  The 
altar  has  cost  £340.  A  low  stone  pulpit  of  similar 
design  and  workmanship  is  immediately  outside 
the  sanctuary  on  the  Ciospel  side.  This  also  is 
the  work  of  Messrs.  Boulton,  who  likewise  carved 
the  large  figure  of  St.  Joseph  for  the  altar  to  that 
Saint.  The  iioor  of  the  sanctuary  is  paved  with 
ornamental  tiles  designed  by  the  architects. 
Pitch-pine  blocks,  laid  herring-bone  fashion  on 
a  concrete  foundation,  are  used  for  the  nave. 
The  material  used  for  the  external  walling  is 
the  same  as  that  in  the  old  walls — viz.,  Kentish 
rag  with  AVhitby  dressings.  In  the  interior  Bath 
stone  is  employed  for  the  piers  and  arches.  The 
roof  of  the  chancel  is  divided  by  the  pi'ch-pine 
moulded  ribs  into  plastered  panels.  The  extension 
of  the  nave  roof  is  open  to  the  ridge  and  similarly 
has  plastered  panels  formed  by  the  ribs,  and  is 
supported  by  a  truss  with  open  tracery  in  pitch- 
pine.  M.ssrs.  Pugin  and  Pugin  were  the  archi- 
tects, and  the  contractor  was  Mr.  Burrell,  of 
Littlehampton  acd  Arundel. 

MoRrETH. — The  foundation-stones  of  a  new 
Primitive  Methodist  Church  were  laid  rn  Satur- 
day in  Ho  ward -terrace,  Morpeth.  It  is  intended 
to  supersede  the  present  edifice,  built  in  1S73, 
and  will  consist  of  a  new  church,  schoolroom, 
and  classroom.  The  buildings  will  involve  an 
expenditure  of  about  £2,000.  Owing  to  the 
formation  of  the  ground  being  below  the  street 
level,  advantage  has  been  taken  of  this  to  obtain 
a  schoolroom  to  seat  250  on  a  lower  fl:or,  which 
is  practically  le\el  with  the  surface  of  ground. 
At  the  north  end  of  this  room  two  classrooms  will 
be  provided  which  can  be  added  to  the  main 
schoolroom  by  me^ms  of  swivel  partitions.  At 
the  south  end  a  large  room  has  been  provided  for 
an  infants'  school.  The  church  is  approached 
from  the  street  by  a  flight  of  steps.  -V  staircase 
at  the  north-west  angle  give  access  to  the  school- 
room on  the  lower  floor  as  well  as  the  end  gallery 
in  the  church.  The  church  is  seated  for  350 
persons.  At  the  rear  are  minister's  and  stewards' 
vestries,  connected  with  the  school  by  a  separate 
flight  of  stairs.  The  walla  are  being  built  of 
stone  from  local  quarries.  The  interior  woodwork 
for  seats,  rostrum,  dado,  cleading,  kc,  is  to  be 
carried  out  in  pitch-pine,  and  the  remainder  in 
redwood.  The  heating  is  to  be  by  hot  water,  on 
the  low-pressure  system.  The  buildings  are 
designed  in  the  Perpendicular  style.  The  archi- 
tect for  the  building  is  Mr.  J.  Walton  Taylor, 
F.R.I.B.A.,  of  Newcastle,  whose  designs  were 
selected  in  competition..  The  builder  is  Mr. 
Thos.  A.  Turnbull,  of  Rowlands  Gill. 

Piiomg,  CouxwALL. — The  extensive  works  of 
addition  to  and  decoration  of  this  fine  parish- 
church,  which  are  being  made  at  the  expense  of 
Mrs.  Hawkins  in  memory  of  her  late  husband 
and  members  of  his  family,  were  commenced  last 
week.  The  north  chancel  aisle  is  to  bo  made  into 
a  side- chapel  for  week-day  services  and  the  great 
fivo-light  window  at  its  eastern  end  is  to  be  filled 
wiih  stained  glass.  There  is  to  bo  an  altar 
beneath,  and  carved  oak  panelling  round  the 
chapd.  The  chancel  is  to  have  ornamental 
tiling.  Carved  oak  screuns  are  to  be  placed  on 
each  side  of  the  present  chancel  screen  for  the 
north  and  south  chancel  aisles  respectively. 
There  will  also  be  screens  of  similar  material  on 
each  side  of  the  chancel.  A  carved-oak  pulpit, 
with  representation  of  the  Sermon  on  the  Jlount, 
will  replace  the  old  Caen  stone  pulpit,  which  ia 
being  given  to  Sithney  Church.     A  south  chancel 


aisle  will  be  built,  in  which  there  will  be  a 
vestry  and  choir  benches.  The  organ  will  be 
moved  from  the  north  chancel  aisle  into  a  new 
organ -chamber,  Eouth  of  the  new  south  chancel 
aisle,  and  its  front  will  be  decorated  with  carved 
oak.  .V  complete  heating  apparatus  will  be 
placed  in  the  church.  ?.leesrs.  St.  Aubyn  and 
Wadling,  of  Lamb  Building,  Temple,  E.C.,  are 
the  architects. 

SiiuEwsiiiKY. — Dedicatory  services  were  held 
in  St.  Alkmund's  Church  last  week  in  connection 
with  the  restoration  of  the  tower  as  a  memorial  of 
the  late  Mrs.  Julia  Wightman.  One  effect  of 
the  alterations  is  that  the  western  arch,  which 
has  been  hidden  from  sight  for  over  100  years, 
has  now  been  fully  opened  out  to  view,  and  the 
stonework  of  the  interior  walls  of  the  tower 
exposed  by  the  removal  of  the  plaster.  The  arch 
is  of  the  IGth  century.  A  good  deal  tf  stonework 
had  to  be  renewed,  owing  to  the  damage  done  by 
the  destroyers  of  1795,  who  rebuilt  the  present 
church  at  that  date,  "after  a  plan  furnished  by- 
Messrs.  Carlina  and  Tilly,  stonemasons,  of 
Shrewsbury."  An  ."Vet  of  Parliament  was  ob- 
tained for  this  purpose.  The  old  church  exhibited 
specimens  of  work  from  the  Anglo-Norman  era 
to  the  middle  of  the  16th  century,  some  of  them 
of  great  beauty.  The  present  church  is  a  plain 
parallelogram,  82ft.  by  44ft.,  the  towt-r,  with  its 
graceful  spire  is4ft.  high,  being  the  only  portion 
of  the  old  fabric  that  was  not  destroyed.  In  the 
course  of  the  recent  work  the  old  entrance  door- 
way to  the  belfry  stair  was  discovered  and  opened 
to  view,  this,  with  the  base  of  the  towi-r,  being 
probably  of  the  13th  century.  This  doorway  is 
now  again  used  by  means  of  the  old  spiral  steps 
as  an  approach  to  the  ringing  and  belfry  Uoors 
above  the  tower  arch.  An  oak  lobby  screen  has 
been  placed  at  the  western  entrance  of  the  church, 
and  the  floor  of  the  tower  paved  with  stone  in 
12in.  squares,  the  nave  being  approached  by  two 
steps  at  the  tower  arch.  The  large  western 
window  of  the  tower  has  been  restored  and  filled 
in  with  stained  glass  pnrtraying  "The  Good 
Shepherd."  Mr.  John  Davies,  of  Shrewsbury, 
was  the  artirt.  The  present  ceiling  of  tie  church 
is  of  plaster  of  a  flat  and  ugly  f.  rm.  A  portion 
of  this  has  been  removed  and  panelled  out  with 
heavy  moulded  beams  and  ribs,  and  it  is  intended 
to  continue  this  over  the  whole  ceiling  as  funds 
will  permit.  The  restoration  has  been  carried 
out  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  A.  15. 
Lloyd- Oswell,  architect,  of  Shrewsbury,  and  the 
work  has  been  executed  by  Mr.  U.  Price,  of 
Shrewsbury. 

SMrrnriELD,  E.G. — The  King,  accompanied  by 
the  (iueen,  will  visit  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital 
on  Wednesday,  July  6,  for  the  purpose  of  laying 
the  foundation-stone  of  the  first  of  several  blocks 
for  the  rebuilt  institution.  A  casualty  depart- 
ment will  be  housed  in  the  first  pavilion  of  th"- 
reconstructed  hospital.  Situated  immediately  in 
the  rear  of  the  premises  intended  to  form  the 
General  Post  Office  in  Newgate-street,  the  new 
structure  will  occupy  an  acre  and  a  half  of  the 
site  of  the  demolished  Christ's  Hospital.  The 
land  has  been  acquired  for  .£250,000,  a  price 
which  diminishes  the  permanent  income  of  the 
Institution  by  £9,000  a  year.  Having  its  main 
frontage  of  stone  in  Giltspur-street,  the  building 
will  consist  of  a  deep  basement  and  four  lloors. 
On  the  ground  level  there  is  to  be  a  large  waiting- 
hall,  and  surrounding  it  will  be  a  dozen  separate 
rooms  in  which  members  of  the  medic;il  and 
surgical  staff  will  be  able  to  receive  patients. 
There  will,  in  addition,  be  accommodation  for 
the  Sister  and  the  nurses  in  charge  of  the 
department,  as  well  as  rooms  for  the  reception  of 
accident  and  other  emergency  cases,  a  dispensary 
tor  the  use  of  out-patients  and  in-patiente  alike, 
and  a  common-room  for  the  medical  students. 
On  the  first  floor  will  be  a  consulting-room,  beds 
for  ten  emergency  cases,  a  chemical  laboratory 
and  accommodation  for  tho  ro-idont  mcdicai 
oflicers.  The  second  floor  will  be  mainly  devoted 
to  tho  ophthalmic,  oral,  and  gynii-cological 
departments,  the  hospital  kitchen  being  on  the 
same  level  at  the  back.  Rooms  for  the  ortho- 
pi  I'dic,  electric,  dental,  and  skin  dopartmentti  are 
to  be  arranged  on  the  third  floor,  and  tho  clinical 
locture-rooni  ia  to  bo  on  the  top  story.  In  the 
baaomont  will  bo  the  fctudculs"  luncheon- re oin 
and  dispensary  stores.  Lifts  will  connect  the 
various  floors ;  artificial  illumination  will  be 
supplied  by  means  of  electricity.  Mr.  E.  B. 
I'.Xnson  has  designed  the  new  building,  which 
will  cost  over  £'00,000. 
WuiTLKV  Uav. — The  United  Free  >Uthodis 


904 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  24,  1904. 


Church,  which  was  totally  destroyed  hy  fire  some 
months  ago,  is  about  to  be  rebuilt.  Th"  building 
and  fittings  w^  re  only  iiurtially  insured,  but  funds 
have  been  raised  for  the  rebuilding,  and  Mr. 
"VV.  H.  Knowles,  architect,  Newcastle,  was 
recently  instructed  to  prepare  plans  aud  designs 
for  a  new  church,  at  a  cost  not  exceeding  £3,000. 
The  building,  whirh  will  be  of  red  pressed  bricks 
■with  stone  dressing,  will  be  constructed  by  Mr. 
A.  Styan,  contractor,  Whitley  Bay,  who  recently 
finished  the  Benson  Memorial  Hall  adjoining. 
The  foundation-stone  ceremony  will  take  place  on 
Wednesday  next. 


CHIPS. 

The  Bridgnorth  Town  Council  have  increased  the 
salary  of  the  borough  surveyor,  Mr.  E.  Trevor,  to 
£151)  per  annum  from  Lady-day  last. 

The  Emperor  Francis  Joseph  laid  on  Tuesday 
morning  the  foundation-stone  of  the  new  Geueral 
and  Umveraity  Hospital  for  Vienna.  The  old  hos- 
pital, built  120  years  ago,  no  longer  corresponds  to 
all  the  requirements  of  modern  surgery  and  medi- 
cine. 

An  inquiry  has  been  held  at  Folkestone  into  the 
application  of  the  corporation  for  sanction  to  a  loan 
of  £27,000  for  the  Cheriton-road  improvements. 

The  partnership  heretofore  subsisting  between  C. 
B.  Arding,  D.  V.  Bind,  and  S.  C.  Arding,  archi- 
tects and  surveyors,  Surrey-street,  Strand,  W.C., 
under  the  style  of  Arding,  Bond,  and  Buzzard,  has 
been  dissolved. 

The  hall  of  the  reconstructed  buiMing  of  the 
National  Bible  Society  of  Scotland,  5,  S".  Andrew- 
square,  E  linburgh,  was  formally  opened  on  Monday. 
Tli6  new  building,  which  has  been  erected  in  less 
than  a  year,  is  a  plain  four-story  structure  of 
sandstone  on  the  sama  site  as  the  old  one ;  and 
the  interior  has  also  been  plainly  furnished  and 
decorated,  and  fitted  throughout  with  electric  light. 
There  are  some  twenty-two  different  rooms  and  a 
hall  on  the  first  floor,  capxble  of  affording  seating 
accommodation  for  200,  where  the  society  can  hold 
its  meetings.  The  warehouse  for  the  sale  of  the 
society's  publications  is  on  the  ground  fl^or,  and 
opens  out  on  to  the  street.  The  rest  of  the  btiilding 
is  let  out  as  offices. 

Wrexham  Parish  Church,  which  has  been  greatly 
improved  and  renovated  within  the  list  few  years, 
is  about  to  be  further  enriched  by  theplacing  theri- 
io  of  two  stamad  gUss  memirial  windows  and  an 
oak  screen  at  the  west  entrance. 

Mr.  Tom  Waddiugham,  draughtsman  in  the 
Grimsby  borough  surveyor's  offije,  has  been  ap- 
pomted  surveyor,  sanitary  inspector,  and  water 
engineer  to  the  Baildon  Urban  District  Council. 

Mr.  GoUinge,  who  for  the  last  five  years  had  been 
■engaged  in  the  surveyor's  department  at  Nelson, 
has  been  appointed  deputy  city  surveyor  to  the  city 
of  Carlisle,  commencing  at  a  salary  of  £200. 

The  town  council  of  Walsall  have  definitely 
adopted  Mr.  James  S.  Gibson's  design  for  the  new 
free  library.     The  estimated  outlay  is  £8,000. 

General  Sir  Redvers  BuUer  unveiled  on  Tuesday 
a  memorial,  some  15ft.  in  height,  in  the  grounds  of 
Tuubridge  Castle  to  the  men  of  West  Kent  who 
fell  in  the  War. 

The  death  is  announced  at  the  age  of  54  of  Mr. 
John  Y.  M'Intosh,  architect,  of  Sparkbridge,  near 
Gceenold,  Ulverstou.  He  designed  almost  all  the 
schools  in  the  borough  of  Birrow-in-Furness. 

The  London  County  Council  considered,  on 
Tuesday,  a  recommendation  by  the  Bridges  Com- 
mittee that  they  should  seek  powers  in  the  next 
Session  of  Parliament  for  the  construction  of  a 
footway- tunnel  between  North  and  South  Wool- 
wich and  for  the  amendment  of  the  law  regulating 
the  working  of  Woolwich  steamboat  ferry.  The 
cost  of  constructing  the  tunnel  was  estimated  at 
£145,000,  and  the  annual  cost  of  maintenance, 
including  the  supply  of  electric  current  to  the  littsl 
at  £2,500.  The  recommendation  was  rejected,  after 
a  discussion,  by  71  to  41  votes,  on  the  ground  of  the 
heavy  amount  of  the  Council's  commitments.  " 

At  Stony  S;ratforl  a  Local  Government  Boxrd 
inquiry  has  been  hild  into  the  applicition  of  the 
rural  district  council  for  permission  to  borrow 
£17,0D0  for  works  of  sewerage  and  sewage  disposal. 

The  death  occurrei  at  his  residence  at  Lesbury, 
near  Alnwick,  on  Monday,  of  an  old  and  respscted 
tradesman  nimad  RjSert  Wood.  The  deceased 
served  hifl  time  as  a  joiner  with  Mr.  Foster,  of 
Lesbury,  over  sixty  years  ago,  and  after  service  in 
the  ^ewca3tle  trade,  went  to  Alnwick  durins  the 
restoration  of  Alnwick  Castle.  Over  fifty  years 
«ince  he  entered  the  service  of  the  late  Thos. 
llobortson,  cabinetmaker  and  builder,  who  was  then 
responsible  for    the    elaborate   restorations  in  the 

ai^'f^n"  *''"^-''"«,-    Mr.  Woo-.   ™  7H  years  of 
age,  and  leaves  a  widow  and  grown-U[  family. 


df^uflinttring  $ioits. 


ThkLociieaknhe.vij,  St.  Fillaxs,  .a.xd  Comkie 
Rail^wav. — The  line  which  is  to  connect  the  East 
and  Wett  of  Central  Scotland  is  gradually  creep- 
ing up  this  beautiful  Highland  s'rath.  First 
came  the  Eection  between  Crieff  and  Comrie.  In 
October,  1901,  the  railway  was  extended  up 
Strathearn  as  far  as  tho  village  of  St.  FiUans, 
and  since  then  operations  have  been  in  progress 
for  taking  the  line  to  Lochearnhead  Station  on 
the  Callander  and  Oban  Railway  :  the  last  link  in 
this  project  to  bring  Dundee  and  Perth  into 
direct  connection  with  Oban.  Monday  next  is 
the  day  fixed  for  the  Board  of  Trade  inspection 
of  the  new  section  of  the  line,  now  on  the  eve  of 
completion,  and  Friday,  July  1,  for  its  opening 
to  the  public.  Messrs.  Crouch  and  Hogg,  of 
Glasgow,  hare  been  the  engineers,  and  Mr. 
William  Duncan  the  contractor.  In  projecting 
the  new  line,  which  is  cut  along  the  hill  face, 
there  were  no  special  engineering  difficulties  to 
overcome.  The  rock  found  was  mostly  of  a 
schistose  character,  with  here  and  there  a  dyke 
of  whin.  One  of  these  whin  dykes  was  met  with 
just  beyond  St.  FiUans  Station,  and  proved  a 
tough  job  to  blast.  Part  of  it  has  been  treated 
as  an  open  cutting,  while  another  portion  of  it 
has  been  tunne'led,  and  the  stone  so  obtained  has 
formed  a  substantial  ballast  for  the  track.  A 
number  of  mountain  torrents  and  gorges  had  also 
to  be  bridged.  From  St.  FiUans  the  line  gradually 
rises  along  the  hillside  until  it  attiins  a  height 
of  ISOtt.  above  the  loch,  and  it  continues  at  about 
this  level  f  .r  another  mile.  It  then  begins  t ) 
descend  as  it  pisses  through  Derry  Wood,  and 
ultimately  falls  to  a  level  of  about  .50ft,  above  the 
wat^r  at  the  crossing  of  the  Beich  Burn,  some 
five  miles  from  St.  FiUans.  From  this  point  it 
again  begins  to  rise  all  the  way  to  Balquhidder 
Stat'on  (formerly  called  Locheart.head),  where  it 
is  to  join  the  Callander  and  Oban  R-rilway.  The 
most  important  work  on  this  portion  of  "the  line 
is  the  viaduct  across  Glenogle,  which  formed  the 
subject  of  an  inquiry  of  a  committee  of  taste  of 
the  House  of  Commons  regarding  its  effect  upon 
the  amenity  of  the  neighbourhood,  and  especially 
on  the  view  up  and  down  Glenogle.  The  viaduct 
consists  of  nine  arches  of  40ft.  span  each  con- 
structed wholly  of  concrete,  with  an  ornamental 
balustrade  between  each  arch,  and  surmounted  by 
a  low  iron  rail.  The  part  of  the  railway  still 
remaining  to  be  completed  is  that  between 
Lochearnhead  village  station  and  Balquhidder,  a 
distance  of  about  two  miles.  The  work  is  expected 
to  be  finished  in  the  spring  of  next  year.  The 
estimated  cost  of  the  line  from  Comrie  to  Loch- 
earnhead was  £200,000,  of  which  £120,000  is  set 
against  the  section  now  about  to  be  opened. 


Stalybridge  Town  Council  proposes  to  borrow 
£15,873  for  the  erection  of  a  refuse-destructor  and 
other  works  in  connection  therewith,  and  £15,69S 
for  purposes  of  street  improvement. 

TheBeniHasanExcavations  Committee  announces 
the  annual  Exhibition  of  Antiquities,  to  be  open 
from  July  8  to  23  inclusive,  at  the  rooms  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  Burlington  House.  The 
show  will  comprise  antiquities  discovered  during 
the  past  winter  season  in  Egypt,  including  some  of 
the  earliest  monuments  of  the  country. 

The  Bishop  of  Crediton  dedicated  on  Friday  a 
stained-glass  window  which  has  been  placet  in 
Marystow  Parish  Church,  Devon,  by  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  Tremayne  in  the  memory  of  her  husband,  Mr. 
John  Tremayne,  for  some  years  M.P.  of  Ej,st 
Cornwall. 

Col.  Bain,  M.P.,  unveiled  on  Friday  a  memorial 
in  St.  George's  Churchyard,  Millom,  to  those 
Millom  and  district  men  who  fell  in  the  South 
African  war.  The  memorial  is  of  red  sandstone, 
25rt.  high,  and  was  designed  by  Mr.  W.  CoUiog- 
wood,  of  Coniston. 

On  Wednesday  week  a  new  organ  was  open'^d  at 
the  Bible  Christian  Chapel,  Shanklin.  It  was  built 
by  Messrs.  Sims  and  Co.,  of  Southampton,  at  a  cost 
of  £300. 

A  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  has 
passed  the  Bill  promoted  by  the  Leyton  Urban 
District  Council  showing  proposals  for  over  thirty 
lines  of  tramways. 

Major  J.  Stewart,  R.E.,  Local  Government  Board 
inspector,  has  held  an  inquiry  at  the  Peterborough 
Guildhall  into  an  application  of  the  city  council  for 
sanction  to  borrow  £oG,000  for  purposes  of  water 
supply,  ijicluding  the  construction  of  works  in  the 
parishes  of  Elton,  Glinton,  Werrington,  Paston, 
Walton,  and  Peterborough, 


OOMPETITIONS. 

Bauxet  Feveu  HosprrAL. — It  will  be  remem- 
bered that  in  March  last  the  Barnet  Joint 
Isolation  Hospital  Committee  decided  not  to 
employ  an  assessor  to  adjudicate  on  the  plans 
sent  in  in  competition,  although  over  200  archi- 
tects had  applied  for  particulars,  and  although 
Dr.  Taylor,  the  medical  officer  to  the  Herts 
County  Council  had  pointed  out  tint  the  sketch 
plans  of  the  hospital  issued  were  in  several  par- 
ticulars inadequate,  especially  in  the  accommo- 
dation shown  for  nurses  and  s'aff.  At  the  meet- 
ing of  the  h  spital  committee  held  last  week,  the 
chairman,  Mr.  F.  S.  Plowright,  reported  that 
51  architects  had  sent  in  plans.  He  believed  the 
committee  felt  generally  that  in  view  of  the 
diSiculties  involved  in  deciding  on  the  choice  of 
plans,  it  would  be  advisable  to  have  some  pro- 
fessional assistance  He  thought  none  of  the 
committee  had  quite  sufficient  knowledge  to 
justify  them  in  deciding  on  the  matter  them- 
selves. They  had  selected  five  of  the  plans,  and 
felt  that  they  ought  to  call  in  professional  assist- 
ance. Mr.  James  objected  to  engaging  an  archi- 
tect, as  the  whole  of  the  advertisements  and 
correspondence  soliciting  plans  from  architects 
went  on  the  assumption  that  no  professional 
assistance  should  be  employed.  Mr.  Clayton  also 
opposed  cilling  in  experts.  He  thought  members 
were  quite  capable  of  doing  it  themselves,  and  if 
they  engaged  an  expert,  wouldhebeentitled  to  reject 
plans r  Another  member  declared  it  would  be 
wasting  the  ratepayers'  money  to  seek  professional 
advice.  The  chairman  pointed  out  that  they  were 
spending  £^,000  on  the  building,  and  the  expense 
involved  in  calling  in  an  expert  was  compara- 
tively small  in  regard  to  the  risk  of  a  mistake 
they  were  running.  This  view  was  strongly 
supported  by  Mr.  llasluck,  a  quantity  surveyor, 
but  seemed  to  have  li'tle  consideration.  Ulti- 
mately the  decision  as  to  caUing  in  an  expert  on 
the  five  selected  plans  was  adjourned  till  after 
the  summer  vacation.  The  tone  of  the  discussion 
suggests  that  the  worthy  farmers,  drapers, 
grocers,  agents,  and  other  tradesmen  constituting 
the  committee  would  do  wisely  in  the  interests 
of  their  feUow-ratepayers  to  submit,  not  only 
the  five  designs  they  have  picked  out,  but  the 
whole  of  the  fifty-one  plans  to  the  judgment  of  a 
trained  professional  man  accustomed  to  deal  with 
plans  and  able  to  woigh  their  relative  merits  and 
defects. 


The  Bill  promoted  by  the  Preston'  and  Blackburn 
Tramway  Company  to  authorise  the  construction  of 
a  tramway  connecting  Preston  and  Blackburn  has 
been  thrown  out  by  a  Committee  of  the  House  of 
Commons.  The  Bill,  which  has  been  passed  by  a 
Committee  of  the  House  of  Lords,  was  opposed  by 
the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Railway  Company  on 
the  ground  of  competition. 

At  a  special  meeting  of  the  Bristol  Board  of 
Guardians,  held  on  Friday  evening,  it  was  decided, 
after  a  prolonged  discussion,  to  adopt  the  scheme 
presented  by  the  committee  appointed  to  consider 
the  provision  of  accommodation  for  sick  poor.  The 
scheme  recommended  the  adaptation  of  Eistville 
Workhouse  as  an  infirmary  for  the  whole  of  the 
sick  poor,  and  the  erection  of  new  pavilion  blocks  on 
the  same  site.  The  cases  to  be  dealt  with  in  the 
buildings  and  the  entire  accommodation  provided  is 
for  4G8  men,  505  women,  and  60  children —total 
1,033.  The  architect's  estimate  for  the  demolition 
of  certain  existmg  buildings,  erection  of  the  new 
blocks  and  laundry,  &c.,  and  alterations  of  blocks  to 
be  retained,  with  all  boders,  engines,  heating, 
cooking,  and  laundry  appliances,  water  services,  and 
sanitary  and  lighting  fittings,  &c.,  amounts  to 
£75,000,  including  £2,000  to  cover  contingencies. 

The  Bishop  of  Lincoln  on  Saturday  afternoon 
dedicated  a  stained-glass  window  placed  in  the 
north  aisle  over  the  choir  staUs  of  the  parish  church 
of  Ancaster.  The  subject  is  oui  Lord  blessing  the 
children.  The  centre  panel  illustrates  the  blessing, 
and  the  two  side  panels  pourtray  the  mothers 
bringing  their  children. 

At  the  last  sitting  of  Glasgow  Dean  of  Guild 
Court  new  work  was  sanctioned  amounting  to 
£91,000.  An  application  by  the  Right  Hon.  Lord 
Stanley,  H.M.  Postmaster-General,  for  permission 
to  erect  buildings  for  parcel  post  office  in  Waterloo- 
street,  Wellington-street,  and  West  Campbell-street 
was  among  those  granted.  The  cost  of  the  new 
buildings  is  given  at  £73,200. 

The  sub- committee  appointed  to  consider  the 
question  of  filtration  at  Ramsden  Wood  reservoir 
reported  to  the  waterworks  committee  of  the  Roch- 
dale Corporation  favouring  mechanical  filtration  as 
opposed  to  the  ordinary  method  of  gravitation.  It 
is  said  to  be  cheaper  both  in  initial  outlay  and  in 
maintenance. 


Jt;^e  24,  1904. 


THE    BUILDII^G    NEWS. 


905 


CONTENTS. 
»  »» 

■Competition  Awards    

Architects'  Charges      

The  PresentatioQ  of  the  Itoyal  Gold  Medal  at  the 

R.I.B.A 

Memorial  to  ^fr.  F.  C.  Penrose,  F.R.S 

Ileinfurced  Cuncrete  in  Building  Conatruction   

The  Transporter  Bridge  at  Newport,  Mon 

TheCarrsegie  Technical  Schools  Competition,  Pittsburg 

The  British  Home  uf  To-day      

Experimental  Concrete-Steel  Bridge      

Kock  Names  for  Uuany  Owners.— II 

A  Modern  Hospital      

Obituary    ... 

Building  Intelligence    

EngiHeering  Notea 

Competitions   

The  Building  News  Directory 

Our  Illustrations    

Correspondence      

Professional  and  Trade  Societies      

Intercommunication     

I^egal  Intelligence 

Our  Office  Table    

Meeting  for  the  Ensuing  "Week      

Trade  News ... 

Latest  Prices   

List  of  Competitions  Open 

List  of  Tenders  Open   

Tenders     


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

TBINCe's  buildings,  OXKOIID  STREET,  MANCHESTER  — 
CIIASTEES  CATHEDRAL.  —  CUBIST  CH^TRCII,  OXFORD.  — 
COUNCIL  nOlTSK  AND  FREE  LIDBARY,  ERDINOTON. — 
GRAMMAR  SCHOOL,  MARLBOROUGH.— OFFICES  AND  TOWN 
TTALL,  ACTON.— CARNEGIE  FREE  LIBRARY,  ST.  ANNES- 
ON-THE-SEA.— KBEN^JH  FURNITURE  FROM  THE  MASSE  Y- 
MAINWARIN<;    COLLECTION. 


<Bux  Illustrations, 


J'RINCE  S  JillLDINGS,   OXFOUD  STREET,  MAXCHKSTER. 

These  buildings,  covering  2,213  supl.  yards  of 
land,  and  consisting  of  shops,  offices,  and  ware- 
rooms,  have  recently  been  erected  ia  Oxford- 
street,  Manchester,  for  Jleasrs.  Booth  and  Others, 
Ltd.  The  elevation  to  Oxf.  rd-street  has  been 
sonaewhat  affected  by  existing  ancient  lights, 
calling  for  special  treatment  in  the  design,  which 
has  been  carried  out  principally  in  "  Burman- 
tofts  vitreous  glazed"  terracotta,  unglazed 
bricks,  and  polished  Aberdeen  granite.  The  con- 
tractors were  Messrs.  William  Brown  and  Son, 
of  Salford,  and  the  architect  was  Mr.  I.  R.  E. 
Birkett,  A. R.I.B.A.,  of  Manchester. 

rUGIN  Sl'fDENTSHIP  DRAWINGS,  MDCCCCIV. 

CHRISTCHURCH     CATHEDRAL,    OXFORD. LATIN 

CHAPEL. 

Tins  view  is  taken  from  the  Latin  Chapel  looking 
towards  the  choir,  and  inclades  examples  of  every 
period  of  the  Medi;i_'val  architecture  in  a  small 
space. 

CHAETHKS     CATHEDRAL. 

This  is  a  sketch  of  the  choir  apse.  The  cathedral 
was  rebuilt  after  a  fire  in  U94,  and  was  practi- 
oally  completed  by  122G.  The  screen  on  the 
right  incloses  the  choir,  and  it  has  a  total  length 
of  nearly  300ft.  It  was  started  in  1520,  and 
finished  in  1711,  keeping  generally  to  the  orii^inal 
design;  which  gives  41  groups  of  statues,  illus- 
trating the  Life  of  Christ.  F.  C.  Meaus. 

r.UDINGTOK    COLXCIL    HOUSE    AND    FREE     LIRKARY  : 
SELECTED    DESIGN. 

We  illustrate  to-day  the  dejign  which  was 
selected  for  execution,  and  it  is  exptcted  that 
building  operations  will  commence  next  month. 
The  site  is  centrally  situated,  so  that  its  position 
is  admirably  adapted  to  meet  the  convenience  of 
the  ratepayers  of  this  district.  The  exterior  of 
the  buildings  will  be  faced  with  Leicester 
sandstockd  and  Ilellington-stone  dressings,  the 
roofs  being  covered  with  green  slates.  The 
balustrade  and  newels  of  the  central  staircase  will 
he  of  polished  llopton  Wood  stone,  and  the 
whole  of  iho  floors  of  corridors,  entrances,  and 
landings  will  be  laid  with  mosaic.  The  archi- 
tect is  Mr.  John  P.  Osborne,  K. U.I.I!. A.,  of 
Birmingham. 

.MAia.iioitotcu  ouammau  school. 
The  school  is  designed  to  accommodate  SO 
scholars,  40  boys  and  40  girls.  It  has  a  frontage 
of  7lift.,  and  is  being  built  upon  the  site  of  (ho 
old  grammar  school,  but  set  a  little  further  back 
from  tho  road.  There  will  bo  two  untranci  s,  one 
for  boys  and  one  for  girls,  with  cloakrooms, 
-changing-rooms,  and  lavatories  attached,  and  the 
building    will    cDutain    on    tho    ground   tloor  a 


central  assembly-hall,  with  four  classrooms  and' 
teachers'  room  opening  out  of  it,  and  on  the  first 
floor  there  will  be  four  classrooms  a  lecture-rooui, 
and  a  music-room.  The  physic  laboratory  and 
cookery-room  are  on  the  ground  floor,  and  the 
chemical  labor itory  and  the  art- room  are  on  the 
first  floor.  There  will  be  two  playgrounds,  with 
a  play^hed  and  a  bicycle-shed  in  each,  and  with 
a  manual  instruction-room  in  the  boys'  play- 
ground. The  building  is  to  be  heated  by  hot 
water,  and  all  the  rooms  are  to  be  ventilated  by 
means  o"  extraction  flues  and  inlet- ventilators. 
The  tnterprise  of  the  governors  is  deserving  of 
the  highest  commendation,  for  the  school,  when 
erected,  will  meet  a  public  want  which  has 
been  long  felt  over  a  very  wide  area.  The 
builders  are  Messrs.  Downing  and  Rudman, 
of  Chippenham,  the  architects  are  Messrs. 
T.  B.  «lcock,  B.Sc,  FS.I.,  and  .S.  S. 
Reay,  F. R.I.B.A.,  of  Bath  and  London,  and 
the  clerk  of  the  works  is  Mr.  A.  H.  Daviee. 
The  school  was  originally  founded  by  Letters 
Patent,  dated  October  IS,  1550,  granted  by  King 
Edward  \T.  The  lands  forming  the  endowment 
were  granted  to  the  Slayor  and  Burgesses  of 
Marlborough  and  their  successors  for  ever.  After 
several  changes  in  the  constitution  of  the  school 
and  of  the  governing  body,  the  foundation  is  now 
invo:ted  in  twelve  governors  who  are  trustees 
thereof,  the  Marquis  of  Ailesbury  and  his  suc- 
cessors being  hereditary  governors  and  chairman 
of  the  governing  body.  Attached  to  the  school 
are  certain  scholarships  founded  by  a  former 
Duchess  of  Somerset,  and  tenable  at  Brasenose 
College,  Cambridge.  These  scholarships  are 
shared  with  the  grammar  schools  of  JIanchester 
and  Hereford,  and  in  former  years  were  often  in 
their  turn  taken  by  the  pupils  of  the  Marlborough 
school.  But  the  scheme  of  187S,  altering  the 
school  coui'se  of  study,  made  ifc  more  of  a  modern 
and  less  of  a  classical  school  than  had  previo\i3ly 
been  the  case  ;  while  the  scheme  of  1902,  throw- 
ing the  school  open  to  girls,  as  well  as  boys,  has 
still  further  modernised  it. 

MlNRirAL    IIVILDINGS    AND    TinVN    HALL,   ACTON. 

Last  week  the  High -street  or  main  elevation  of 
this  design,  accompanied  with  small  reproductions 
of  the  plans,  appeared  in  the  Biilding  Xews,  a 
second  sheet  being  devoted  to  the  fM{,'ade  details. 
Herewith  two  principal  sections  are  given,  for  the 
purpose  of  illustrating  the  direct  and  dignified 
approach  to  the  Town  Halllhrough  the  reception- 
hall  from  the  high-street.  The  cross  section 
shows  the  position  of  the  ball  and  supper-rooms 
on  the  ground  floor  below  the  Town  Hill,  the 
floor  of  which  is  slighOy  above  the  main  floor 
level.  The  entrance  to  the  stipulated  two  sets  of 
assembly-rooms  is  from  Winchester-street,  as  seen 
in  the  cross  section  taken  through  beyond  the  Town 
Hall  separate  entrance.  The  council-chamber  is 
detached  from  the  Town  Hall  so  as  to  be  free  of 
any  noise  when  concerts  or  the  like  might  be  in 
progress.  The  stage  arrangements  are  also  clearly 
illustrated  by  the  longitudinal  section  in  con- 
nection with  the  rear  street.  The  area  of  the  stage 
was  given  in  the  conditions.  The  pilasters  anl 
panelling  in  the  To  »'n  Hall  were  intended  to  be 
in  Oik  with  plaster  enrichments  over  the  pro- 
scenium and  lunettes  over  the  side  windows. 
This  long  drawing  makes  the  position  of  the 
tower  cleir  with  reference  to  the  main  front. 
To  provide  an  immediate  and  direct  approach 
to  the  town  clerk's  and  surveyor's  depart- 
ments, side  arches  on  the  ground  -  floor 
stage  are  introduced  right  and  left  on  plan, 
thus  necessitatieg  the  piers  which  cai-ry  tho 
front  wall  of  this  tow.  r  being  spread  out  in  tho 
form  of  legs.  Tho  tower,  shown  to  have  four 
deck  dials  and  chiuiing  be'ls,  was  proposed  also  to 
furnish  an  exhaust -thaft  for  extracting  tho 
vitia'ed  air  from  all  the  rooms  in  the  main  build-  j 
ing,  the  Town  Ha  1  to  have  a  ventilating 
scheme  of  its  own.  Mr.  Maurice  B.  Adams, 
1''. R.I.B.A.,  is  tho  author  of  this  design. 

ST.    ANNES-ON-THE-SEA    CARNEGIE    LIHUAUV  : 
selected    DESIGN. 

The  buildings  are  planned  to  stand  on  tho  corner 
of  the  site,  the  main  entrance  being  at  tho  angle 
on  tho  building  lines  of  t'lifton-diivo  So\ith  and 
King's-road.  Tho  main  entrance  leads  through  a 
vestibule  to  a  large  oct'igonal  hall,  lighted  by 
clerestory  windows,  and  covered  with  a  domed 
roof.  I  Ipening  intj  tho  octagon  hall  is  the 
borrowers'  counter,  and  tho  index  board  being  in 
close  proximity,  there  will  bo  no  necessity  for 
borrowers  to  enter  the  reading-rooms.  From  tho 
octagon  hall  doors  open  to  the  reading-rooms, 
cloakrooms,  and  the  administration  department ; 


a  niche  is  also  provided  to  contain  a  bust  of  th« 
donor,  or  of  any  other  public  personage,  as  may 
be  thought  desirable.  The  general  reading-room 
is  a  largo  room  lighted  from  tho  clerestory,  and 
has  bays  on  the  north  side  for  ladies,  majjazines, 
and  newspapers,  whilst  on  the  south  side  are 
rece-ses  for  bookcases,  which  are  divided  from  the 
reading-room  by  a  light  railing,  and  are  of  easy 
access  to  the  librarian  or  his  assistant.  Separate 
lavatory  or  cloakroom  accommodation  is  provided 
for  males  and  females.  Other  rooms  provided  are 
librarian's  room  with  a  store  for  "  rare  books" 
and  private  lavatory  and  w.c.  accommodation.  A 
room  for  librarian's  assistant,  or  to  be  used  when 
necessary  by  the  library  committee.  A  room  for 
repairing  books  and  arranging  and  cataloguing 
fame,  and  this  room  has  a  "  book  and  materials 
store"  over.  Provision  is  made  in  the  basement 
for  heating  apparatus  and  fuel  stores.  The  cost 
will  be  i;:!,o00.  Jlr.  J.  D.  llarker,  A.R.I.B.A., 
is  the  architect. 

FRENCH  FlllMTURE  FROM  THE  MASSEV-MAINW.\nrXG 
COLLECTIOX. 

This  collection  of  French  furniture  and  other 
olijf'ts  cl'iir/  was  recently  sold  by  Messrs.  Robinson 
and  Fisher  at  their  rooms  in  King-street,  St. 
James' -squire.  The  collection  has,  since  1S74, 
been  on  exhibition  at  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
and  Bethnal  Green  Museums.  The  cjllection 
was  commenced  bj'  the  late  C.  B.  Maiuwaring, 
in  the  year  1820,  and  from  1S74  largely 
added  to  by  the  Hon.  W.  F.  B.  Massey-Miin- 
waring  and  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Massey-Mainwaring. 
It  contained  specimens  from  all  the  moat  im- 
portant art  sales  dispersed  during  the  above 
period.  The  sketches  depict  a  Commode  by 
David  Roentgen,  with  marble  top,  the  front 
inlaid  with  a  scene  of  Hercules  in  the  Oarden  of 
Ilesperides,  finished  with  ormolu  mountings.  It 
was  from  the  Viscount  Strathallan  collec'ion  and 
of  Louis  XVI.  period.  It  was  sold  for  1,2.10 
guineas.  The  Ladies'  ISth-Century  Dressing- 
Table  is  attributed  to  Riesener,  and  said  to  have 
belonged  to  JIarie  Antoinette.  It  contains  four 
drawers,  m'rror,  and  numerous  recesses,  inlaid 
with  flowers  and  musical  trophies  in  different 
coloured  woods,  mounted  in  ormolu.  This  piece 
fetched  1,S50  guineas.  The  second  Commideis 
by  Caffieri  ;  it  contains  three  drawers  with  ormolu 
fitments,  feet,  and  terminal  female  figures  at  top 
of  thesplays.  The  bou'e- work  Cock  on  pedestal, 
period  Louis  XIV.,  fetched  500  guineis.  It  is 
by  De  Lisle,  of  Paris,  and  was  from  the  Vis- 
count Strathallan  co'leclion.  The  Table  is  also 
of  boule-work,  inlaid  with  arabesque-work  in 
brass,  white  metal,  and  tortoise-stie'l,  period 
Louis  XIV.  The  whole  collection  of  o/;//-.'.v  il'urt 
numbered  1,051  lots,  and  realised  about  t'JO.OOO. 


CHIPS. 

The  contractors  for  the  Savile  Town  seotioa  of 
the  Midland  Railway  Company's  extension  from 
Royston  to  Bradford  are  engaged  in  extensive 
work.  At  present  they  are  putting  in  the  founda- 
tions for  the  bridge  to  cross  tlie  Kiver  Cabler  at  the 
eastern  end  of  Watergate,  Ddwsbury,  ani  raising 
the  height  of  the  intended  goods-jarJ  :  and  they 
have  already  tunnelled  une.er  the  road  close  to 
the  Dewsbury  and  Savile  Cricket  tJround,  a  great 
number  of  men  being  employed. 

Mr.  T.  W.  L.  Spence,  secretary  to  the  Ueneril 
Board  ot  Lunacy,  in  formally  intimating  the  approval 
and  adoption  of  the  asylum  at  Kuigsoat  as  a  district 
asylum,  has  informed  the  Aberdeen  City  District 
Lunacy  authorities  that  the  lieneril  Board  made  a 
thorough  iiispaction  of  the  new  matitution  and  found 
that  the  buildings  were  of  substautial  and  e.;ouomic{J 
construirtion,  and  admirably  adapted  for  their  pur- 
pose. Tlie  cost  of  the  asylum,  which  is  now  com- 
plete and  in  woiking order,  was  abjut  t:i20,000. 

Mr.  James  Orrock,  whose  recent  dispersal  of 
pictures  and  objects  of  art  has  attracted  a  great 
deal  of  attention,  his  just  added  another  water- 
colour  to  those  which  ho  has  given  to  the  Victoria 
and  Albert  Museum.  This  is  a  characteristic  view, 
by  Paul  Siudby,  1!..V.,  of  Roehestor,  from  the 
meadows  overlooking  the  river  and  cathedral. 

tine  of  tho  windows  on  the  north  side  of  St. 
Cuthbcrt's  Church,  Edinburgh,  has  h«>u  tilled  with 
stained  glass  as  a  memorial  of  tho  late  Mrs.  Belfrage. 
The  subject  is  part  of  a  complete  series  of  illustra- 
tions from  the  Old  Testament  arranged  for  that  side 
of  the  church,  and  represents  the  liijures  of  Ruth 
and  Xaomi.  The  general  colouring  and  design  of 
the  stained  glass  is  m  the  Renaissance  style,  with 
shades  of  brown,  purple,  and  grooii  in  the  draperies 
of  the  figures,  with  foliated  background  and  warm 
evening  sky.  The  artists  are  Messrs.  A.  Ballantiua 
and  Gardiner,  of  Edinburgh. 


906 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


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THE    BUILDING    NEWS 


924 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


June  24,  1904. 


TO    CORRESPONDENTS. 

(We  do  not  hold  ourselves  responsible  for  the  opiniona  of 

our  correapondeDta.     All    commimicationa  should  be 

drawn  np  aa  briefly  as  possible,  as   there  are  many 

claimants  upon  the  space  allotted  to  correspondents.] 

It  is  particularly  requested  that  all  drawings  and  all 

eommuni cations  respecting  illustrations  or  literary  matter 

should  be  addressed  to  the  EDITOR  of  the  Building 

News,  Clement's  House,  Clement's  Inn  Passage,  Strand, 

W.C.,  and  not  to  members  of  the  staff  by  name.    Delay 

is  not  unfrequently  otherwise  caused.     All  drawings  and 

other  communications  are  sent  at  contributors'  risks,  and 

the  Editor  will  not  undertake  to  pay  for,  or  be  liable  for, 

unsought  contributions. 

Cheques  and  Post-office  Orders  to  be  made  payable  to 
The  Stband  Newspaper  Compant,  Limited. 

Telegraphic  Address: — "  Timeserver,  London." 
Telephone  No.  1633  Holbom. 


NOTICE. 

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ReceiveI>.-L.  F-T.  N.— V.  W.  and  Co.— I)  H  A — 
G.  K.-O.  B.  and  Son.-C.  Y. 

S.  James.  —There  are  more  legitimate  meacs  of  decorating 
metal  than  that.  Flat  sheets  of  zinc  do  not  lend  them- 
selves to  imitation  of  foliage  and  grass. 


♦  •  ♦ 

SANCTION    OF    L.C.O.    FOR    STKEET 

IMPEOVEJIEXTS. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 

Siu,— t  am  summoned  by  the  London  County 

Council  to  appear  at  the  South  London  Police 

Court  at  2  p.m.  on  the  30th  inst. 

(1)  For  unlawfully  commencing  to  alter  and 
adapt  a  street  or  way  without  first  havint' 
obtained  the  sanction  of  the  L  C.C.  under  Build" 
mg  Act,  1894,  sections  10  and  200  (1)  (a.\ 

(2)  Unlawfully  commenced  to  form  and'uy  out 
''/Tr'  ?;'t^O"t  having  first  obtained  tHe  sanction 
^dH'00a;"a)       "^"""'"^  '"'''  i«»''««^t'°°^  ' 

I  shall  be  glad  if  any  of  your  readers  who  have 
whh'Z  I'^  "orriel  will  kindly  communicate 
with  me  because  I  intend  to  defend  mvself 
against  the  action  of  the  Council.  ^ 


During  the  whole  of  the  time  I  have  been  in 
Fulham — now  nearly  four  years — they  have  been 
a  constant  worry  to  me.  The  district  surveyor 
has  repeatedly  complained  about  most  absurd 
things.  The  roadway  here  is  my  private  free- 
hold property,  with  a  gate  which  is  closed  every 
night,  and  only  opened  by  mj  caretaker  during 
the  day. 

A  few  other  persons  have  bought  freehold 
land  abutting  on  the  same  roadway  with  a  right 
of  way  o\  er  the  roadway,  and  I  am  now  building 
a  warehouse  at  the  back  of  the  house  which 
fronts  on  the  public  roadway  of  Parson's  Green, 
but  such  warehouse  abuts  upon  my  private 
roadway. — I  am,  ire,  J.  H.  Heathmax. 

Parson's  Green,  S.W.,  June  20. 


employes  was  killed,  and, his  body  found  on  the 
top  of  the  cage,  whilst  a  leg  which  had  been 
wrenched  off  was  inside  it ;  this  was  evidently 
the  result  of  attempting  to  leave  the  cage  when 
!  in  motion,  or  beciuse  of  someone  else  having 
:  actuated  the  lift  wlien  he  was  using  it. — I  am,  &c., 

ESGINEEU. 


THE  FENCING  OF  HOISTS  AND  TEAGLES. 

Siu, — As  an  engineer  and  lift  specialist  of 
many  years'  experience  with  most  of  the  leading 
lift  makers,  I  respectfully  beg  to  point  out  the 
undesirability  of  automatic  doors,  as  described  by 
Jlr.  William  Sydney  Smith  in  his  report  to  the 
Home  Office,  extracts  from  which  you  pubUshed 
iBst  week. 

So  far  from  being  a  safeguard,  they  are  really 
an  additional  source  of  danger,  as  bj'  their  con- 
struction when  once  raised  they  do  not  fall  down 
again  until  the  lift  leaves  the  landing.  There  is 
also  nothing  to  prevent  the  hand  or  controlling 
rope  from  being  actuated  and  the  lift  started  from 
any  other  opening,  thus  letting  the  gate  down  on 
anyone  who  might  be  using  the  lift  at  another 
floor.  The  very  fact  of  these  gates  descending 
by  gravity  maki-s  them  dangerous,  as  in  a  very 
short  time,  what  with  shocks  and  general  rough 
usage  such  things  are  subjected  to,  the  catches 
which  support  the  gate  are  bound  to  get  loose  or 
wear  and  render  the  gate  liable  to  fall  without 
Avarning  on  the  people  passing  to  and  from  the 
lift. 

I  know  of  no  thoroughly  reliable  safety  auto- 
matic gate  even  for  single  floor  lifts,   although 
some  scores  of  patents  have  been  taken  out  for 
them,  and  many  have  been  designed  and  fitted 
up  ;  whilst  from  the  very  nature  of  the  working 
of    a    lift    serving    more  than   two   Uoors   it   is 
practically   impossible    to    safeguard   the   inter- 
mediate floor  openings  by  au'omatic  gates.     For 
instance,  many  so-called  safety  gates  and  guard- 
arm  systems,  which    are   perfectly  feasible  and 
work  well  enough  for  lifts  which  serve  only  two 
floors,  when  applied  to  lifts  with  over  that  num- 
ber of  stops  introduce  an  additional  element  of 
danger,  by  suddenly  opening  and  shutting  again 
at    the   intermediate   floors  as   the   cage   passes. 
This  cannot  be  got  over  automatically  without 
using   complicated    devices    to    which    external 
power   of    some    sort    has   to  be   brought,   thus 
making  an  expensive  and  not  always  adaptable 
arrangement,  and  very  liable  to  get  out  of  order. 
The  terrible  fatal  accident  at  th-s  Manbre  Sac- I 
charine  Works  just   recently  again  shows   how  ' 
futi'e  most  so-called  safeguards  are,  and  the  need 
there  is  for  something  which  would  prevent  such 
lift   accidents   from    continually    occurring.     In  ' 
fact,  it  is  time  the  Board  of  Trade,  L.C.C.,  and 
Home  Oflice,  or  whoever  is  responsible,  sought , 
means  to  enforce  the  use  of  an  eflicient  locking  ' 
arrangement  for  lift  doors  or  gates,  kc  ;  this  would  ; 
also  be    in   the  interest    of    employers  in   view 
of  the  exactions  of  the  Employers'  Liability  Act.  ! 
The  ideal  is  a  properly-inclosed   self-contained  , 
combined    mechanical     and     electric    automatic  j 
lock  which"  cannot  be  "  doctored,"   and  would  be  I 
adaptable  to  any  kind  of  door  or  gate  whether' 
collapsible  or  otherwise,  so  that  unless   all  gates  [ 
or  guards  are  closed   the  lift  cannot  be  moved, 
and  no  opening  can  be  left   unprotected   unless 
the  cage  is  at  rest  before  it.     Such  a  lock  is  now 
being  put   on  the  market.     With  this  appliance 
such   an   accident    as    happened   at  the  Manbre  ' 
Works  would  be   impossible.     In  some  cases,  as 
for  instance  with  automatic  or  "push  button" 
lifts,  where  if  a  door  is  left  open  after  a  person 
has  finished  with    the    lift   it  seriously  detracts 
from  the  utility  of  it  by  throwing  it  out  of  gear 
for  the   time   being,  an   additional   apparatus  is 
required  for  c'osing  a  doer  thus  negligently  left 
open.     'The  doors  cm  either  be  arranged  so  that 
they  remain  closed  unless  they  are  held  open,  as 
they  naturally  would  be  in  leaving  or  entering 
the  cage,  or  automatically  close  after  a  certain 
lapse  of  time,   the   latter    being  another  of  the  ; 
patents.     Another    scheme   is   incorporated  in  a 
recent    push    button    lift    patent,    which    auto- 
matically closes   all  the  doors  when   calling  the 
lift  again  if  it  is  not  in  use.  1 

In  the  accident  referred  to  above  one  of  the 


CHIPS. 

The  new  marine  laboratory  which  is  about  to  be 
erected  at  CuUercoats,  in  place  of  that  destroyed  by 
fire,  has  been  designed  by  Messrs.  Oliver,  Leeson, 
and  Wood,  architects,  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

On  Wednesday  week  the  Bishop  of  Dover,  con- 
secrated the  first  portion  of  the  new  Church  of  St, 
Luke  at  Savenoaks,  It  consists  of  a  chancel  and 
temporary  nave  to  seat  ISO. 

The  Darlington  Town  Council  have  decided  to  in- 
crease by  £100  a  year  the  salary  of  Mr.    George 
I  Winter,  the  borough  surveyor,  to  be  followed  on 
I  Jan.  1,  lOQi.i,  by  an  increase  of  £.)0  a  year. 

At  Tuesday's  meeting  of  the  London  County 
Council,  the  Highways  Committee  submitted  an 
estimate  of  £95,500  in  respect  of  the  purchase  of  the 
London,  Deptford,  and  Greenwich  tram  ways  under- 
j  taking.  The  company  hid  put  in  a  claim  for 
t  £110,514,  and  the  council's  estimate  of  the  value  of 
the  property  was  £53,320.  The  arbitrator  awarded 
£91,363. 

;  Mr.  John  Gilbert  Meiggs,  a  well-known  railway 
contractor,  and  vice-president  of  the  American 
Society  in  London,  died  at  his  residence,  Elm  Park 
Gardens,  London,  on  Monday  night,  at  the  age 
of  77.  He  executed  the  entire  contract  for  the 
London  Central  Railway,    and    had    carried    out 

I  many  railway  undertakings  in  Peru  and  Argentina. 

Colonel  Yorke,  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  inspected 
on  Wednesday  the  new  overhead  electric  tramway 
!  which  has  been  constructed  from  the  Pebble  Mill 
'  Road  (where  it  joins  the  Bristol  Road)  to  the 
;  Cotteridge,  King's  Norton.  The  tramway,  which 
IS  rather  more  than  five  mUes  in  length,  has  been 
constructed  at  a  cost  of  between  £30,000  and 
£40,000  by  the  King's  Norton  and  Northfield 
Urban  District  Council,  The  route  is  from  Pebble 
Mill  Road  to  the  Pershore  Road,  through  Selly 
Park  to  Stirchley,  and  over  the  bridge  at  Breedou 
Cross  to  the  Cotteridge.  The  work  has  been  carried 
out  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  C.  H.  Gidsbj,  the 
engineer  for  the  tramways  company,  and  Mr. 
Ambrose  W.  Cross,  the  engineer  of  the  King's 
Norton  District  Council. 

The  St.  Pancras  Borough  Council  on  Saturday 
issued  the  formal  statutory  notices  o£  their  intention 
to  apply  to  tj'iarter  Sessions  for  parmission  to  close 
Bromwich-walk,  a  long,  narrow  thoroughfare  run- 
ning through  almost  the  centre  of  ttie  Baroness 
Burdett-Coutts'  Holly  Lodge  Estate  at  Highgate. 
The  Baroness  Buidett-Coutts,  on  her  part,  will  give 
up  sufficient  land  in  Swaiu's-laue  (the  principal 
approach  to  Highgate  Cemetery)  to  make  this  laue 
of  a  width  of  45ft.  throughout.  The  Baroness  will 
also  c6ntribute  £1,000  towards  the  cost  of  making 
the  road  and  footways. 

Messrs.  J.  B.  Joyce  and  Co.,  Whitrchurch,  Shrop- 
shire, have  received  instructions  to  make  a  large 
Westminster  quarter  clock  showing  the  time  upon 
three  dials,  for  the  Abbey  Church,  Shrewsbury. 
They  are  now  fixing  a  quarter  clock  at  Baugor-on- 
Dee  Church,  and  have  quarter  clo.ks  in  hand  for 
St.  Asaph  and  Taunton,  and  an  extra  large  striking 
clock  for  Oldham. 

Mr.  John  Williams,  builder,  of  Mutley,  Ply- 
mouth, during  the  past  week  had  been  on  a  visit 
to  Mr.  Medland  at  Rowden  Farm,  near  Tavistock. 
On  Friday  morning  Mr.  Wdliams  was  assisting  in 
the  erection  of  a  linhay,  and  while  in  the  act  of 
placing  some  rafters  on  the  roof,  he  fell  off  the 
ladder,  tud  when  raised  from  the  ground  was 
found  to  be  dead.  Deceased  was  03  years  of  age. 
At  the  iuquest  evidence  was  given  tending  to  show 
that  while  ou  the  ladder  the  deceased  had  had  a 
fit,  as  be  was  subject  to  epilepsy.  A  verdict  of 
Accidental  Daath  was  returned. 

The  number  of  candidates  (57)  who  presented 
themselves  at  the  annual  examination  in  carpentry 
and  joinery  held  by  the  Carpenters'  Comp  my  at  the 
Hall,  London  Wall,  last  week,  was  the  largest  on 
record. 

A  new  public  park  for  Ipswich,  situated  in  the 
parishes  of  St.  Helen's  and  St.  Clement'?,  the  most 
densely  populated  districts  of  the  borough,  was 
opsned  on  Saturday  by  the  Mayor,  Alderman  Fred 
Bennett,  J.P.,  a  well-kuown  budder  and  contractor 
in  that  town. 

The  first  section  of  a  permanent  Congregational 
Chapel  built  in  Cliff-road,  Dovercourt,  was  openel 
last  week.  It  is  Early  Geometrical  in  style,  and  is 
built  of  red  brickwork,  with  a  concrete  roof.  Chairs 
are  provided  for  350  persons.  Mr.  H.  H.  Packer 
prepared  the  plans,  and  the  builder  is  Mr.  Edward 
Saunders.    The  cost  has  been  £1,050. 


June  24,  1904. 


TEE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


925 


PROFESSIONAL   AND   TBADS 

SOCIETIES. 

Tin;  SutiKTV  111  AiaJUTi;ri>  at  CovKxriiv.-- 
<)n  Saturday  the  members  of  the  Society  of  Archi- 
Mcts  vieited  Coventry.  The  party,  some  Kfty 
strong,  were  met  on  their  arrival  by  J[r.  T.  V. 
Tickner  (who  kindly  acted  as  guide  throughout  the 
day),  Canon  Atkinson  (virar  of  tSt.  Michaul'B), 
3Ir.  J.  E.  Swindlehurst  (city  engineer),  and 
Alderman  J.  B.  London.  The  Mayor  of  the  city 
(Alderman  A.  H.  Drinkwater)  was  prevented  by 
a  prior  engagement  from  welcoming  the  vieitors, 
but  sent  to  them  a  message,  expressing  the  hope 
that  their  visit  to  the  old  city  would  be  a  pleasant 
one.  Mr.  W.  Thomas,  of  Liverpool  (the society's 
president),  was  unable  to  be  present  at  the  gather- 
ing, but  the  company  included  llesssrs.  A.  ]■".. 
I'ridmore  (vice-president),  KUis  Marsland  (hon. 
secretary),  R.  B.  Tucker  (hon.  treasurer),  A.  A.  H. 
Scott,  W.  J.  I'ulford,  C.  H.  Mead,  K.  G.  Bare, 
W.  C.  Williams,  J.  C.  Jackson,  IL  I{.  Richard- 
son, C.  McArthur  Butler  (secretary),  R.  W. 
Lines,  T.  Overbury,  F.  Foster,  and  N.  [I.  D. 
Milne.  First  of  the  places  of  interest  to  be  visited 
was  Christ  Church,  where  the  history  of  the  tower 
and  spire  of  the  Grey  Friars  Church  was  given 
by  Alderman  Andrews.  Then  a  visit  was  paid  to 
Ford's  Hospital,  with  its  interesting  carved  wood- 
work, and  from  thence  the  party  made  their  way 
to  St.  Mary's  Hall.  After  lunch  at  the  Craven 
Arms  Hotel,  Mr.  A.  E.  Pridmore,  who  is  a  native 
of  the  city,  in  the  chair,  the  party  visited  the  old 
and  interesting  Palace  Yard,  St.  M'chael's  and 
Holy  Trinity  Churches,  the  ruins  of  the  old 
Coventry  Cathedral,  and  the  White  Friars 
Monastery  rpmains  at  the  Workhouse,  London- 
zoad.  Then  after  tea  visits  were  made  to  the 
quaint  Butcher's-row,  New  Buildings,  St.  John's 
Church,  Bond's  Hospital,  and  the  ancient  City 
Gates.  The  party  left  the  city  for  London  shortly 
after  half-past  seven. 

South-Westek:*  Polytechnic,  Chelsea. — The 
lectures  on  "  Architectural  History,"  given  by 
Mr.  Banister  Fletcher,  F.R.I.B.A.,  and  arranged 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Board  to  promote  the 
■extension  of  university  teaching  of  the  Uni- 
Tersity  of  London,  held  during  the  past  session, 
have  been  very  successful.  The  total  number  of 
students  who  entered  for  the  course  wds  .59,  and 
at  the  examination  held  at  the  conclusion  of  the 
•course  14  studects  satisfied  the  examiner 
(Professor  W.  R.  Lethaby,  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Art).  The  names  of  the  successful  ttadents 
are  : — *FrAnk  L.  Atwell,  Major  Alsford,  Herbert 
E.  Bailly,  *Kate  Coast,  Henry  A.  Buck,  Charles 
Coxall,  Sybil  R.  L.  Gould,  *Stephen  S.  Groom, 
Jessie  A.  C.  Kosrelka,  James  M.  Morton,  *"Minnie 
Thatcher,  Lucie  Velasco,  William  F.  Wallace, 
and  Francis  C.  Welles.  Those  with  an  asterisk 
against  their  name  received  in  addition  a  certifi- 
cate of  merit.  During  the  coming  session,  which 
opens  at  the  South- Western  Polytechnic  on 
Monday,  Oct.  3,  at  7  o'clock,  a  series  of  visits 
are  being  arranged  to  important  buildings  and 
museums  around  London,  so  that  a  student  may 
be  able  to  become  acquainted  with  the  actual 
details  of  architecture,  which  is  impossible  to  be 
obtained  in  a  lecture-room  only. 


On  Saturday  morning  the  Gosforth  Park  section 
•of  the  Tyneside  Company's  tramway  system  was 
opened  for  public  use.  The  new  line  joms  the  line 
which  has  been  for  some  time  in  use  at  the  Station- 
roa(i  end  of  Kothwell-road,  and  comes  out  to  the 
main  road  to  the  north  immediate]  v  above  the 
Gosforth  terminus  of  the  Newcastle  Corporation 
tramways. 

At  Sibson,  near  Nuneaton,  on  Sunday,  there  was 
a  special  patronal  festival  at  the  Church  of  St. 
Botolph,  in  celebration  of  the  restoratiou  of  t)ie 
chancel  and  various  other  improvements  of  the 
church. 

The  Kelvin  Science  School  at  Trent  College, 
Derbyshire,  will  be  opened  on  Wednesday  next, 
■the  29th  inst.  The  opening  ceremony  will  be  per- 
formed by  Sir  Douglas  Fox,  late  presiilent  of  the 
Institute  of  Civil  F.ngineera. 

The  foundation-stone  of  an  extension  to  the 
Commercial  Travellers'  Schools,  Pinner,  was  laid  on 
Saturday,  with  Masonic  ceremonial,  by  Lord  George 
Hamilton,  M.P.  The  extension  adds  to  the  school 
buildings  about  a  do^^en  classrooms  and  a  large  hall, 

Messrs,  Brown  and  Burgess,  architects,  Princes- 
street,  Ipswich,  have  been  mstructed  by  the  Ipswich 
Board  of  Guardians  to  prepare  plans  and  estimates 
of  the  proposed  workhouse  enlargement  scheme, 
and  they  are  also  to  prepare  an  alternative  scheme 
for  the  treatment  of  ei>ileptios,  imbeciles,  and 
consumptives. 


5ntm0mmuntcatton. 


Q  UESTIO\S. 

112009. )-Salt  Water  for  Concrete. -rerhaps 
some  of  your  readers  would  kiudly  UiU  me  if  it  i.-*  Hitfe  for 
me  to  use  water  of  a  valine  nature  for  concrete  of  a  omtll 
house  and  building  purposes  generally.  I  h'lve  sunk  the 
well  purposely  4.ift.  deep  to  build  other  houses,  and  the 
well  hii«  now  10ft.  of  water  in  it.  It  is  in  m-irl  clay  land, 
and  the  water  is  very  clear  but  exceedingly  salt,  very 
much  like  the  water  obtainable  at  the  mineral  spring*  in 
this  town  (Cheltenham).  I  have  been  advised  not  to  use 
it,  and  should  be  exceedingly  glad  of  adviue.  —A  Uegulab 

SUBSCaiDER. 


REPLIES. 

112065.]— Stress  of  Roof.  —See  part  4  of  Bivington's 

"  Notes  on  Buildmg  Construction,"  in  many  libraries.— 
Regent's  Pauk. 

1120G7.1— Uninflammable   Wood— See   Hopkins 

S.A.  Cyelopiedia  in  libraries  for  other  formulje,  but  these 
are  used  for  wood  de.tl  boards.  Paint  over  with  diluted 
solution  of  water-glass  or  silicate  of  sola.  IJsu  illy  sold 
as  thick  as  honey.  Thin  out  water,  say,  six  or  seven 
times  its  bulk,  i:c.  Soak  in  strong  solution  of  alum  and 
sulphate  of  copper  ;  about  lib  of  alum  and  lib  of  sulphate 
of  copper  enough  for  100  gallons  of  water,  &c.  There  are 
several  kinds  of  materials  on  market,  such  as  Uralite 
slabs.  Macks  slabs.  Perhaps  compo  board  if  painted  with 
fireproof  paint.  The  Uuintlammible  "Wood  Co.,  Town 
Mead,  Fulham,  S.W.,  supply  material.— Re. -.kxt's  Park. 

[12067. )-Uninflammable  \700d.— There  is  no 
inexpensive  process  by  which  unpainted  deal  or  pine  can 
be  rendered  non-inflammable ;  wood  of  the  kind  may  be 
obtained,  but  it  is  twice  as  costly  as  unprotectel  wood. 
Nothing  has  yet  been  found  to  displace  wood  as  a  material 
for  joinery.  That  certain  substances  in  solution  will,  if 
forced  into  wood,  render  it  fireproof,  has  been  known  for 
nearly  a  century,  but  until  the  battle  of  the  Yalu  in  1893, 
when  four  Chinese  war-vessels  were  destroyed  by  fire, 
that  knowledge  took  no  practical  or  commercial  shape. 
From  experience  gained  at  the  expense  of  the  Chinese,  the 
United  States  Government  sought  a  method  of  tireproof- 
ing  wood  for  use  in  war-vessels,  and,  after  testing 
several  methods  suggested  in  competition,  a  process  was 
finally  adopted  which  naval  men  pronounced  a  success. 
The  protection  of  the  deal  or  pine  in  ordinary  use  by 
builders  would  cost  about  2s.  per  cube  foot,  at  least,  and 
as  third  or  fourth-quality  Swedish  and  Russian  deals  can 
be  brought  wholesale  for  8d.  per  cubic  foot,  it  is  better  to 
let  them  burn,  for  neither  the  wood  nor  the  labour  in  it  la 
worth  preserving.— Stonebbidoe  Park. 

[12069.]— Light —The  case  of  "Colls  v.  Home  and 
Colonial  Co."  (I  think),  decided  by  House  of  L-Jrds, 
would  be  an  important  case  in  p^jint.— Regkmt's  Park. 

[120(38  ]— Light.— In  reply  to  "Devon"  we  are  of 
opinion  that  the  owners  have  no  legal  remedy  to  prevent 
adjacent  tenant  or  leaseholder  raismg  the  dividing  wall 
as  desired.— R.  E.  Carpenter  and  Son,  quintity  and 
measuring  surveyors,  112,  St.  Peter's-roid,  Leicester. 


CHIPS. 

Sir  Charles  Fremantle  on  Saturday  afternoon 
unveiled  a  memorial  to  the  late  Sir  William 
Chandler  Koberts-Austen  at  St.  Martin's  Church, 
Blackheath,  near  Guildford.  The  memorial,  which 
cost  over  itOO,  consists  of  the  lining  of  the  east 
wall,  chancel  arch,  and  pulpit  recess  with  alabaster, 
and  the  enriching  of  the  ceiling  with  plaster  work 
in  relief  and  gilding.  The  work  was  carried  out 
under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  C.  Harrison 
Townsend,  who  was  the  architect  of  the  church. 

At  the  Norwich  Consistory-court  last  week 
citations  were  issued  for  fitting  in  the  south  window 
of  the  chancel  of  >Southrepps  parish  church  with 
stained  glass,  and  erecting  a  carved  oak  reredos  in 
All  Saints'  Church,  Ashwicken. 

At  a  vestry  meeting  held  at  St.  Lawrence, 
Exeter,  last  week,  plans  prepared  by  Mr.  Har- 
bottle  Used,  architect,  of  that  city,  for  the  restora- 
tion of  the  church,  including  reseating  and  altera- 
tions to  chancel  fittings,  were  approved,  and  it  was 
decided  to  apply  for  a  faculty. 

St.  Anne's  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  at  Leeds, 
just  completed,  was  formally  dedicated  for  Divine 
service  on  Friday.  The  building,  independent  of 
the  site,  given  by  the  corporation,  has  cost  some- 
thing like  £50,000,  with  the  adjacent  schools.  The 
architect  was  Mr.  Eastwood,  of  Leeds.  The  cor- 
poration gave  £lt>,000  for  the  old  buildings  and  the 
site. 

Lord  Halifax  laid,  on  Wednesday  week,  the 
foundation-stone  of  new  cloisters  and  mortuary 
chapel  adjoining  St.  Columba's  Church,  ILiggerstou. 
The  buddmgs  will  cost  about  €2,000. 

Lord  Balcarres  stated  in  the  House  of  Commons 
on  Friday  night  that  he  will  consider  the  desira- 
bility of  opening  to  the  public  the  inclosure  round 
Canning's  statue  in  Parliament-square,  and  of 
laying  it  out  so  that  it  shall  correspond  iu  appear- 
ance and  utility  with  the  plot  of  garden  which 
adjoins  it  on  the  south. 

An  extension  has  been  made  to  the  Calverley 
Joint  Hospital,  consisting  of  a  scarlet  fever  pavilion, 
with  accommodation  for  '.'O  patients :  an  extension 
of  the  administrative  block,  porter's  lodge,  and 
other  buildings.  The  totil  cost,  exclusive  of 
furnishings,  amounted  upwards  of  Cl,3ilii.  The 
opening  ceremony  was  performjd  on  Friday. 


LEOAL    INTELLIOENOE. 

Is  UE  J.  R.  E.  Pbatt.— .\t  the  Waulsworfu 
Bankruptcy-court,  on  Friday,  Mr.  U-jgistrar  Wil- 
luu^^h  'y  held  a  sitting  for  th«  public  examination  of 
James  Robert  Edward  Pratt,  late  a  buildem' 
material  merchant,  carrying  on  business  iu  Worm- 
wood-street, City.  In  reply  to  Mr.  Acheson, 
Deputy  Ofticial  Receiver,  the  debtor  said  ha 
attributed  his  insolvency  to  betting.  Under  the 
will  of  his  father  he  had  a  reversionary  interest  in 
£10,000,  and  when  he  came  of  age  in  IS'Jl  he 
already  owed  £2, .500  in  respect  to  horse-racing,  and 
he  paid  it.  He  started  betting  when  he  was  19,  at 
which  time  he  was  learning  farming  at  Penshurst. 
During  the  twelve  m  jnths  prior  to  the  date  of  the 
receiving  order  he  lost  £1,100  by  betting  and  spent 
£.'512  in  household  expenses.  He  was  a  bachelor, 
but  at  that  time  was  not  living  with  his  mother.  He 
was  director  of  the  firm  of  Bishop,  Pratt,  and  Co., 
and  on  being  questioned  as  to  whether  he  signed  an 
agreement  (produced),  he  replied,  "I  signed  any- 
thing ;  I  did  not  mind.  I  left  everything  to  my 
solicitor."    The  examination  was  adjourned. 

A  Kt.vd's  Cboss  Aejiithation.— At  the  Under 
Sherilt's  Court,  at  Red  Lion-squire,  on  Thursday 
last  week,  the  claims  of  Marks  Lewis  and  Sdver- 
berg,  amounting  to  £700,  against  the  Great 
Northern,  Piccadilly,  and  Brompton  Railway  Com- 
pany for  leasehold  easement  and  alleged  inj  ury  to 
the  structures  of  Nos.  2.)  and  27,  Tonbridge-strfeet, 
King's  Cross,  were  heard.  Mr.  Cyril  Dodd,  K.C., 
for  the  claimants,  called  evidence  with  a  view  to 
show  that  subsidence  had  taken  place  in  the  build- 
ings and  was  due  to  the  construction  of  the 
defendant  compiny's  tunnels.  This  was  denied  on 
behalf  of  the  railway  company  by  Mr.  Balfour 
Browne,  K.C.,  and  Mr.  Roskill,  K.C.,  who  called 
a  number  of  engineers  and  surveyors  in  support  of 
their  contention.  Iu  the  result  the  jury  found  a 
verdict  for  the  railway  company. 

DisTKiCT  SuBVEYOn's  Fees. — At  Worship-street 
Police-court,  on  Friday,  a  summons  was  heard  under 
the  London  Building  Act  for  fees  due  to  Mr.  Crow, 
district  surveyor,  appointed  by  the  London  County 
Council.  Mr.  Crow  said  that  a  notice  had  been 
served  with  respect  to  a  defective  party -wall  be- 
tween the  premises  of  a  contractor  and  jobmaster 
named  Webster  and  those  of  the  person  summoned. 
The  surveyor  said  he  had  charged  a  fee  of  £  1  for 
inspecting  the  spot,  and  there  were  other  fees, 
amounting  to  £2  7s.  6d.,  in  respect  of  other  in- 
spections. 'The  Magistrate  asked  how  such  fees 
were  charged,  and  was  told  that  the  Building  Act 
settled  them  according  to  the  area  of  the  premises. 
The  area  on  which  the  party- wall  stood  exceeded 
H,000ft.,  and  the  fee  chargeable  was,  rightly,  £.)  158. 
Mr.  Clewer  expressed  his  surprise,  and,  having 
referred  to  the  Act,  said  that  it  seemed  that  for 
surveying  a  small  spot  the  Act  allowed  a  fee  baaed 
on  the  area  of  the  whole  house,  or  equal  to  about 
half  the  cost  of  erecting  the  building.  Mr.  Crow 
said  he  had  only  charged  £1.  Mr.  Cluer :  Batter 
charge  the  larger  fee.  It  would  cause  the  Act  to 
be  altered  very  soon.  Mr,  Crow  ;  I  thought  it 
would  be  unfair.  Mr,  Cluer  ;  I  think  it  absolutely 
ridiculous  to  have  passed  the  Act  in  suv..  _"— m. 
If  I  have  to  underpin  a  corner  of  my  house  I  am  to 
be  charged  on  the  whole  of  the  area,  counting  each 
floor.    Ridiculous. 


At  Addenbrooke's  Hospital,  Cambrid^,  on 
Friday,  a  bust  of  Queen  Victoria, by  Mr.  Ihomas 
Brock,  R.A.,  was  formally  unveiled  by  the  Lord- 
Lieutenant  of  the  county  on  behalf  of  the  sub- 
scribers. 

Mr.  Edwin  Harris,  of  Yeovil,  has  been  elected 
road  surveyor  of  the  Holsworthy  Rural  District 
Council. 

At  the  town-hall,  Huntingdon,  on  Wednesday 
week.  Major  J.  Steward,  R.E.,  held  an  inquiry  on 
behalf  of  the  Local  tiovernment  Board  into  the 
proposal  of  the  Huntingdon  Town  Council  to  borrow 
a  further  sum  of  £.V"iO  in  respect  of  work  in  con- 
nection with  the  waterworks. 

The  formal  opening  took  place  on  Friday  of  the 
new  footway  which  has  been  added  to  the  Conway 
Suspension  Bridge,  in  addition  to  the  strengthening 
of  the  main  structure  by  means  of  extra  wire  ropes 
and  the  supporting  of  the  roadway  upon  a 
stilfeniug  girder.  Mr.  J.  J.  Webster  was  the 
engineer,  Mt.  A.  Thome  the  contractor,  and  Mr.  J. 
F.  Jones  the  resident  engineer.  The  cost  of  the 
improvements  was  .£(),700. 

A  large  party  of  momlwrs  of  the  Birmingham 
ArcliM'ological  Society  visited  Banbury,  Addorbury, 
Bloxhain,  Broughton  Church,  and  Brouglitou 
Castle  on  Friday.  At  Adderbury  the  Itev.  J.  H. 
(!epp  conducteil  tho  party  over  the  church.  At 
Bloxbani  Church  there  were  several  objects  of 
interest,  including  a  splendid  illustration  of  the  early 
work  of  Burue  Jones  and  Morris  in  stained  glass. 
Broughton  Castle  was  visited  by  permission  ol  Lord 
Algernon  Gordon  Lennox.  Over  Broughton 
Church,  with  its  magnificent  monuments,  tho 
members  were  conducted  by  the  Rev,  Mr.  Wyatt. 


926 


THE    BUILDING    KEWS. 


June  24,  1904. 


(Bnx  ^f^tt  Cablt. 


Seldom  can  so  capital  a  collection  of  representa- 
tions of  historic  architecture  be  brought  together 
as  that  with  which  Mr.  Aston  Webb,  R.A.,  the 
retiring  President  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  jVrchitects,  signalised  his  concluding  "At 
Home ''  on  Saturday  last  at  Conduit-street.  The 
display  of  drawings  greatly  added  to  the  interest 
of  Jilonday's  proceedings,  when  the  galleries  were 
again  crowded  by  a  distinguished  company  in 
support  of  the  President,  on  the  occasion  of  the 
Hoyal  Gold  Medal  being  presented  to  M.  Auguste 
Choisy,  Inspecteur-Gencral  Honoraire  des  Ponts 
et  Chaussces,  Paris,  who  was  described  by  Pro- 
fessor Aitchison  as  the  "Columbus  of  Ancient 
Construction." 

Thk  drawings  included  a  considerable  variety 
of  holiday  studies  of  old  buildings,  a  great  many 
being  from  the  Continent.  It  is  quite  clear  that 
not  a  few  English  architects  still  retain  a  highly 
capable  master}'  of  the  brush,  and,  judged  even 
from  the  painter's  standpoint,  their  sketches  dis- 
play no  small  degree  of  ability.  Such  pictures 
were  sent  by  Sir  William  Emerson,  Mr.  Aston 
Webb,  Mr.  Ernest  George,  Professor  Aitchison, 
Mr.  Phene  Spiers,  Sir.  Alexander  Graham,  Mr. 
Guy  D.iwber,  and  others,  which  furnish  ample 
evidence  of  this  capability  in  colour  draughts- 
manship, though  we  should  have  been  glad  to  see 
once  more  some  of  the  architectural  landscapes 
which  Mr.  AUred  Waterhouse,  R.A.,  from  time 
to  time  exhibited  in  the  gallery  devoted  to  thit 
melium  at  the  Royal  Academy  a  few  years  ago. 
Possibly  his  state  of  health  just  now  precluded 
him  from  contributing. 

The  specialised  standard  of  draughtsmanship 
attained  by  English  architects  is  mainly  repre- 
sented, perhaps,  by  those  who  confine  their  atten- 
tion for  the  most  part  to  the  pen  and  pencil, 
speaking,  as  it  were,  in  contrast  with  the  exquisite 
skill  embodied  in  modern  French  architects'  draw- 
ings, in  which  the  gradated  manipulation  of  the 
brush  and  shaded  tintings  are  carried  to  the 
utmost  degree  of  refinement  combined  with  crisp- 
ness  of  spirited  execution.  To  compare  this  style 
of  the  French  with  the  methods  of  the  English  is 
hardly  possible,  because  the  two  are  so  essentially 
different,  while  after  all  it  must  remain  a  matter 
of  taste  as  to  which  mode  is  the  more  admirable 
and  better  adapted  for  our  purposes  or  even  our 
limitations. 

The  line  drawings  selected  for  thepresentassem- 
blage  by  Mr.   Aston  Webb  admirably  emphasise 
this  even  by  their  diversities  as  weU  as  the  general 
accord  which   is   still   conspicuous  among  those 
contemporary    architects  '  -who    learnt    to    draw 
i'SiJ":   'L.  influence  of   George  Edmund  Street, 
''  Eden     Nesfield,      and      Mr.      Norman     Shaw. 
Naturally,  here  and   there  individuality  has,  of 
course,  more  or  less  asserted  itself  with  freshness 
and  charm,  though,  at  the  same  time,  the  collec- 
tion   thus    got    together    by    the    President  is 
singularly  free  from  the  display  of  mere  slipshod 
or  mannered  sketches  limited  by  a  superficial  aim 
after    passing   notoriety  rather  than   being  dis- 
tinguished as  serious  studies  of  historic  design. 
In  evidence  of  this,   among  the  contributors  we 
may    name   Mr.   John    Belcher,    A.R.A.,    Mr. 
Reginald  Blomfie'd,  Mr.  Maurice  B.  Adams,  Mr. 
KatHes  Davison,  Mr.  C.  E.   Mallows,  Mr.  A.  N. 
Prtntice,  Mr.  E.  J.  May  (who  is  represented  by 
some  slight  line  sketches  of  crude  furniture  from 
a  Swiss  chalet  interior),  Jlr.  Mervyn  Jlacartney, 
and  Sir.  H.  II.  Statham.    A  complete  list  of  the 
exhibition  is  beyond  our  space,  but  such  a  cata- 
logue  would  serve  to  be  of   interest  for  future 
reference,  seeing  that   it    must   be  a  long  time 
before  such  a  series  will  again  be  shown. 

The  Board  of  Architectural  Education  ap- 
pointed by  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects, to  consider  existing  facilities  and  suggest 
how  they  may  be  co-ordinated  and  improved, 
consists  of  the  following  members  : — Messrs. 
Aston  Webb,  R.A.  (chairman),  Basil  Champneys 
(vice-chairman),  John  Belcher,  A.R.A.,  E.  Guy 
Dawber  (president  of  the  Architectural  Associa- 
tion), I^rnest  George,  Alexander  Graham,  Henry 
T.  Hare,  W.  R.  Lethaby,  M.  E.  Macartney, 
Berosford  Pite,  E.  S.  Prior,  Halsey  Ricardo, 
F.  M.  Simpson,  and  Leonard  Stokes,  with  Messrs. 
John  Slater  and  Reginald  Blomfleld  as  hon. 
secretaries.  The  following  have  been  nominated 
advisory  members:— T.  G.  Jackson,  R.A.  frepre- 
senting  the  R&yal  Academv),  Sidney  Webb  (Lon- 
don! mversity),  Prottesor  E.Gardner(t'niver8ity 


College),  Lewin  Sharp  (London  County  Council), 
Professor  Capper  (Manchester  University),  G.  B. 
Bulmer  (Leeds),  T.  Cooper  (Birmingham),  J.  H. 
Webb  (Architectural  Association  of  Ireland),  and 
representatives  of  Edinburgh,  Liverpool,  Cardiff, 
and  King's  College. 


Council  to  take  up  the  question,  "since  at  present 
the  state  of  the  law  is  most  unsatisfactory,  and 
in  need  of  improvement  and  alteration." 

JisT  as  we  are  going  to  press  we  have  received 
a  long  letter  from  Messrs.  WiUiam  Henuian  and 
Thomas  Cooper,  architects,  and  Henry  I,ea  and 


The  Tiims  reprinted  in  Tuesday's  issue  the  Sons,  consulting  engineers,  for  the  Royal  Victoria 
following  interesting  paragraph  from  the  number  I  Hospital  at  Belfast,  replying  in  detail  to  the 
of  the  journal  published  on  June  21,  1804,  re-  [criticisms  passed  upon  the  Plenum_  system  of 
minding  us  that  a  century  since  Westminster  j  ventilation,  as  carried  out  at  that  Institution,  by 
Abbey  was  still  closely  surrounded  by  houses  on  j  Messrs.  S.  Perkins  Pick,  George  H.  Bibby,  H. 
the  north  side  and  at  the  east  end:— "The  old  |  Saxon  SneU,  Dr.  Rideal,  and  others  at  the 
houses  which  choaked  up  the  pafsage  from  :  R.I.B.A.  meeting  on  the  6th  inst.  It  is  im- 
Palace-yard  to  the  churchyard  of  Westminster,  possible  to  find  room  for  so  lengthy  a  commuri- 
and  prevented  the  view  of  the  North  side  of  |  cation  received  at  so  late  an  hour  :  >>"<■  wo  alinU 
Henuv  the  Seventh's  Chapel,  are  taken  down,  I  publish  it  in  our  next  week's  issue. 

and  the  space  they  occupied  is  to  be  railed  in.  ]  . 

This  will  add  very  considerably  to  the  grandeur 
of  that  ancient  and  most  interesting  edifice  ;  and 
every  man  of  taste,  and  lover  of  the  antiquities  of 
his  country,  would  rejoice  to  see  the  low  shabby 
buildings  at  the  south-west  comer  of  the  entrance 
front  undergo  a  similar  fate.     An  opening  from 


but  we  shall 


CHIPS. 

Lord  Leigh,  Lord   Lieutenant   of  Warwickshire 
and  Provincial  Grand  Master  of  the  Order  of  Free- 
masons, laid  on  Wednesday  the  foundation-stone  of 
_  a  new  church  at   Maney,   near   Sutton   Coldfield. 

Old  Palace-yard  towards  St.  Margaret's  Church  xhe  church,  which  will  be  Gothic  in  character, 
would  render  the  whole  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of  from  designs  of  Messrs.  Cousins,  architects,  of 
Gothic  scenery  to  be  met  with  in  a  city."  Birmingham,  is  estimated  to   cost   nearly  £7,000, 

about  half  which  amount  has  been  subscribed. 
The    Housing    Committee    of    the   Liverpool        _,  ,       ,   ,.       _  .    .u      t>  „.^   „»  t,o^o 

City  Council  m^de  their  annual  inspection  on  J^^U  ^eX°'&e°'nel^V?--^  -b^^^^^^^^^ 
Friday  of  the  artisans'   and  laWera    dweUmgs    ^^^P^  _^  ^  J^  connects  with  the  corpora 

under  their  charge,   accompanied  by   Messrs.  J.    ■■  ■?■'..  ..  ..         =  — i  -/,iu-  -:i._ 


Taylor  (manager  of  the  dwellings)  and  J.  E. 
Rowlands  (architectural  assistant) .  The  tour  was 
commenced  by  a  visit  to  Adlington  and  Fontenoy 
streets,  thence  to  Gildart's-garJens,  Arley-street, 
Eldon-street,  Hornby-street,  St.  Martin's  Cot- 
tages. Kew-street,  Dryden-street,  Victoria-square 
and  Juvenal  Buildings,  and  Kempston-street 
The  party  then  drove  to  the  Hotel  St.  George, 
where  luncheon  was  served.  The  gathering  was 
presided  over  by  Councillor  D.  A.  M'Neight, 
who 


tion  undertaking  on  the  north  and  west  of  the  city. 
On  the  north  it  runs  from  Bankhead  to  Woodside  ; 
on  the  west  from  Bieldside  (Cults)  to  Mannofield  ; 
running  poweis  having  been  obtained  over  the 
corporation  lines.  The  Deeside  section,  now  com- 
pleted, was  that  examined  and  approved  on 
Tuesday,  and  it  was  opened  for  pubUc  traffic  the 
next  day.  The  northern  portion  is  expected  to  be 
finished  in  a  week's  time.  The  total  cost  of  the  new- 
line,  including  rolling  stock,  is  about  £35,000. 
The  Glasgow  Technical  College  and  the  Glasgow 


WHO,  in  reviewing  the  work  of  the  past  twelve  ,  School  of  Art  have   entered   into  an  arrangement 

months,  explained  that,  in  consequence  of  the  f°^*«J'PP°'"''^«"' °^^,°"''^"' L"£"nf  arTiJ^c ' 
eflorts  of  the  Housing  Committee,  there  had  been    B.A.   Paris,  as  jomt  yis.Ung  professor  of  archite.  - 

.  .  i  •      i.1.  j*i-        c  iu      -t       ture  for  the  two  schools, 

a  vast  improvement  in  the  condition  of  the  city. 

At  the  present  time  there  were  no  fewer  than  The  Carlisle  Corporation  have  agreed  to  purchase 
1,532  municipal  dweUings,  and  these  represented  i  for  £U,000  a  site  of  U  acres  for  a  new  smallpox 
a  gross  rental  of  £1 5, OCS.     Since  June,  1903,  the    hospitaL 

number  of  houses  had  increased  by  302.  Special  :  The  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  formally  opened 
attention  had  been  paid  to  the  north  end.  One  on  Wednesday  week  Archbishop  Temple  s  (Lambeth, 
hundred  and  fifty  insanitary  dwellings  had  been  Boys'  School  Since  1753  the  school  has  been 
demolished  during  the  past  twelve  months,  and    c-ed°-^^^^ 

in  the  course  of  the  same  period  18..  houses  had  ^^^^^^^^  j^e  school  property  for  £17,000,  and  new 
been  purchased  for  purposes  of  demolition,  whilst  ^'^4,^3  ,,ad  to  be  built.  A  building  has  been 
more  new  properties  had  hem  opened  than  had  gfgcted  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  Arthur  Reeve  in 
been   demolished,    or    taken    with   the  object  of    jjjg  south-east  corner  of   Archbishop's  Field,  now 

known  as  Archbishop's  Park,  with  an  entrance  ami 
master's  residence  in  Lambeth-road. 

On  Saturday  afternoon  the  new  county  quarter 
sessions  house  at  Preston  was  opened  by  Su:  John 
Hibbert.  The  site  on  which  it  stands  is  on  the  east 
of  the  market  square.  The  land  was  purchased  for 
£IG,000,  and  the  new  building  has  been  erected  at 
a  cost  of  £05,000.  The  style  is  English  Rennais- 
sance.  Two  courts  of  equal  dimensions  are  pro- 
vided. The  massive  octagonal  tower,  rising  in 
diminishing  tiers  of  columns  to  a  height  of  175tt., 
is  visible  for  miles  around  Preston.  The  architect  is 
Mr.  Henry  Littler,  county  surveyor. 

Mr.W.  A.  Ducat,  (iovernment  Inspector,  attended 

at  Darlington  Town  Hall  on  Friday  to  inquire  into 

an  application  to  borrow  £1,500  for  the  provision  of 

a  fire  station. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Jameson  has  been  appointed  principal 


demolition  in  view.  Six  hundred  and  twenty 
nine  houses — 457  in  the  south  end  and  172  in  the 
north  end — are  in  course  of  erection,  and  the  coit 
of  these  has  been  estimated  at  about  £200,000. 
A  presentment  was  recantly  made  by  the  grand 
jury,  which  will  result  in  the  demolition  of  372 
houses.  At  the  present  time  there  are  235  houses 
vacant,  and  these  are  being  kept  solely  for  per- 
sons dispossessed.  Afterwards  the  corporation 
dwellings  in  the  south  end  were  inspected.  Upper 
Stanhope-street,  Mill-street,  CUve-street,  and 
Shelley-street  being  the  places  visited. 

A  Discvssiox  on  the  maintenance  of  boundary 
fences  was  raised  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Vorkshire  branch  of  the  Land  Agents'  Society, 
held  at  York  on  Friday,  Mr.  A.  H.  Kerr,  of  that 
city,  in  the  chair,  upon  a  paper  read  by  Mr.  F 


W.  Beadon,  of  Huddersfield.    The  author  pointed    assistant  engineer  in  the  Public  Works  Department 
out  that  in  >Scotland,   Ireland,  the  Isle   of   JIan,    of  Natal. 


and  the  United  States  boundary  fences  between 
adjoining  properties  were  party  fences,  and  each 
owner  of  land  of  either  side  was  bound  to  con- 
tinually make  repair.  The  London  Building  Act, 
1904,  described  with  great  minuteness  the  mutual 
rights  of  adjoining  owners  of  party  walls.  Hence 
there  were  already  precedents  to  guide  them  in 
efforts    for   future    legislation.       The    ordinary 


The  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales  opened  yester- 
day (Thursday)  the  new  Sanatorium  and  Con- 
valescent Home  at  Heatherside,  near  Camberley. 
in  Surrey,  belonging  to  the  Brompton  Hospital  for 
Consumption,  London.  The  architect  is  Mr.  Edwin 
T.  Hall,  of  Bedford-square,  W.C. 

At  a  special  meeting  of  the  Maidstone  Town 
Council  held  on  Friday,  it  was  decided  to  purchase 


tenant  farmer  found  it  more  difficult  each  year  to  the  Bread  Charity  garden  ground  of  between  two 
maintain  his  fences.  He  sometimes  had  not  the  and  three  acres  in  Mill-street,  as  a  site  for  a  new 
money,  and  often  could  not  get  the  labour  to  police-station  and  court  in  lieu  of  the  present 
repair  the  fences,  and  hundreds  were  confronted  '  inadequate  police  buildings  in  King-street.  Mr. 
with  the  difficulty  that  hedges  died  out  from  \  F.  W.  Ruck,  late  county  «""7°^  «*  ^«°'|  ^^ 
exhaustion  of  the  bank  in  which  they  were  \  instructed  to  get  out  plans,  and  Mr.  TooteU  was 
planted.     He  thought  estate  agents  might   do  a    appointed  as  valuer. 

great  deal  were  they  always  to  give  tenants  on  |  The  committee  who  have  the  management  of  the 
entry  plans  of  their  farms,  showing  their  fences,  '  scheme  for  providing  a  supply  of  water  for  Carlisle 
and  binding  them  by  their  agreements  to  main:  \^  gravitation  from  ';^!  ^.''"j^^.^T^™^^^ 
tain  the  same.  In  delusion,  he  said  that  care  ;  %^  ^C^ned/^and^a^',  'vlr^'r^L,Z':t 
and  money  bestowed  on  fences  helped  both  land-  ^  ^^^  jj,g  ^^^^^  ot^er  than  the  construction  of 
lords  and  tenants,  and,  m  his  humble  judgment,  ^^^  f^^gg  reservoir  at  Castlecarrock,  for  the  sum  of 
paid  in  the  longrun.  Ultimately,  on  the  motion  £120  377.  Nine  tenders  were  sent  in.  The  reser- 
of  Mr.  Beadon,  seconded  by  Mr.  Barnardiston,  a  voir  is  estimated  to  cost  another  £71,000,  and  the 
resolution    was   passed   requesting    the    Central  I  purchased  land  a  further  £35,000. 


JtTNE  24,  1904. 


THE    BUILDING    NEWS. 


927 


MKBTINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUINO  WEEK. 

8ATUBDAT  (to-morrow). — Edinburgh  Architectural  .Asso- 
ciation. Annual  Kxcuraion  to  Glamis 
Castle  and  Restenneth  Priory.  10.10a.m. 
express  from  Waverley  Station  to  Forfar. 

AIONDAv. — Builders'  Benevolent  Institution.  Committee 
meeting.    5  p.m. 

TuESDAT.  —  London  Master  Builders'  Association. 
Plumbers*  Conciliation  Board.    3  pm. 

S.vTURDAV  (July  21. — Northern  Architectural  Associa- 
tion. Annual  excursion  to  Xaworth 
Castle,  Lanercost  Priory,  and  Carlisle. 


CHIPS. 

A  three-quarter  length  oil  portrait  of  Mr.  James 
Lemon,  J.P.,  F.R.I.B.A.,  of  Southampton,  has 
just  been  completed  by  Mr.  Leonard  Skeats.  It 
will  be  hung  in  the  Audit  House  at  Southampton. 

On  Wednesday  week  Lord  Burton  visited  the 
site  of  St.  Chad's  Church,  Burton,  which  he  has 
promised  to  build,  besides  contributing  the  greater 
part  of  the  endowment  fund,  .£  10,000.  His  lordship 
met  Mr.  G.  F.  Bodley,  K.A.,  the  architect.  He 
approved  of  the  site  and  plans,  and  the  founda- 
tions are  to  be  put  in  forthwith.  The  church, 
which  will  accommodate  SOO  worshippers,  will,  it  is 
hoped,  be  ready  for  consecration  in  two  years. 

All  Hallows'  Church,  Lombard -street,  E.G.,  is 
about  to  be  fitted  up  with  electric  lighting  from 
specifications  by  Mr.  W.  D.  CariJe,  F.S.A.,  the 
architect  to  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  .Scottish  Estate 
Factors'  Society  was  held  at  Perth  on  Friday 
night.  Mr.  John  Sleigh,  president,  occupied  the 
chair.  Mr.  J.  M.  Aitken,  Norwood,  was  appointed 
president  for  the  ensuing  year  ;  Mr.  J.  W.  Stewart, 
Bute,  senior  vice-president;  Mr.  D.  C.  Barr, 
Hanxilton,  junior  vice-president ;  Mr.  C.  W.  Sleigh, 
Lesmahagow,  secretary  and  treasurer.  The  financial 
statement  showed  a  balance  of  .t:i2S,  independent 
of  £300  invested.  The  recommendation  of  the 
council  proposing  an  increase  of  representation  on 
the  council  from  twenty-three  to  twenty-eight 
members  was  adopted. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Newcastle-under-Lyme 
town  council,  Messrs.  Willcox  and  Raikes  were 
appointed  to  prepare  a  new  sewerage  scheme  for  the 
Liveii)ool-road  area. 

Lord  Balcarres,  answering  Sir  H.  H.  Fowler  on 
Friday,  stated  that  the  number  of  men  now 
regularly  employed  on  the  work  of  building  the  new 
Victoria  and  Albert  Museum  is  .5.30,  of  whom  320 
are  on  the  building  and  230  are  preparing  the  stone- 
work at  the  masons'  yard.  The  architect  is,  it  will 
be  remembered,  Mr.  Aston  Webb,  R.A. 

A  meeting  was  held  on  June  S  at  the  United 
Service  Club,  Field  Marshal  Sir  F.  Haines, 
G.C.B.,  presiding,  to  consider  the  advisability  of 
erecting  a  memorial  to  the  late  Field  Marshal  the 
Duke  of  Cambridge.  It  was  unanimously  resolved 
to  form  a  committee  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  an 
equestrian  statue  of  his  late  Royal  Highness,  any 
surplus  being  devoted  to  the  benefit  of  the  Royal 
Cambridge  Asylum  for  Soldiers'  Widows. 

^Mr.  Henry  Leyland,  surveyor  to  the  Prescot 
Urban  District  Council,  died  on  Friday  from  heart 
failure  consequent  upon  sea-sickness  on  board  the 
steamer  Mona  while  on  the  passage  from  Liverpool 
to  Douglas.  Mr.  Leyland,  who  was  only  thirty- 
five  years  of  age,  had  been  unwell  for  some  time, 
and  was  being  accompanied  on  the  voyage  by  his 
wife  and  two  children. 

The  new  electrical  steel  swing-bridge,  weighing 
300  tons,  which  is  to  carry  the  railway  for  the 
Transatlantic  boat  trains  across  Dover  Docks  was 
swung  into  position  on  Thursday  in  last  week.  It 
has  been  built  by  Messrs.  Pearson  in  the  record 
time  of  IS  weeks. 

The  new  public  baths  and  washhouses  which 
have  been  built  for  the  Haggerston  district  in 
Mansfield-strcet,  Kingslanl-road,  N.E.,  by  the 
.Shoreditch  Borough  Council,  will  be  formally 
opened  by  the  Mayor  of  Shoreditch  to-morrow 
(Saturday)  at  3  p.m.  The  architect  is  Mr.  A.  W.  S 
Cross,  M.A.,  F.R.I.B.A.,  and  the  builders  are 
Messrs.  Killby  and  Gayford. 

The  City  Court  of  Common  Council  decided  at 
their  last  meeting  to  aciiuire  the  land  needed  to 
widen  the  public  way  in  front  of  No.  53,  Fleet- 
street,  in  continuation  of  the  improvement  on  the 
south  si'Je  of  that  thoroughfare. 

The  sales  at  the  Mart  last  week,  as  registered  at 
the  Estate  Exchange,  amounted  to  .6131,231,  and 
for  the  corresponding  week  of  last  year  to  €139,70.5. 

A  large  tower  clock  with  four  7ft.  dials,  chiming 
the  "Westminster"  cjuarters  on  four  bells,  and 
striking  the  hours  upon  a  ton  bell,  was  formally 
started  at  the  Market  Hall,  Nelson,  Lanes,  by  the 
son  of  the  donor.  The  work  was  carried  out  by 
Messrs.  .loliu  Smith  and  Son,  Midland  Clock  Works, 
Derby,  the  clock  being  generally  to  the  designs  of 
Lord  Grimthorpe. 


^Utit  ©ebjs. 


WAGES    MOVEMENTS. 

Motherwell  Beiijoe-Buildkrs'  Waoes.— The 
dispute  which,  arose  between  the  employers  and 
their  men  in  the  Motherwell  bridge-buUding  trade 
has,  after  much  discussion,  been  happily  terminated. 
It  was  proposed  to  reduce  wages  al!  round  by  '>  per 
cent.,  but  to  this  the  men  refused  to  agree.  Meet- 
ings were  held  during  the  week,  and  the  men 
generally  adopted  a  determined  attitude.  On 
Friday  the  employers  had  agreed  to  a  moditication 
of  their  first  proposal,  and  on  that  understanding 
the  men  all  went  to  work  as  usual  on  Monday.  The 
new  arrangement  is  that  no  reduction  be  made  on 
men  earning  less  than  6d.  per  hour  ;  a  reduction  of 
4d.  per  hour  on  men  earning  between  Gd.  and  8d., 
and  ^d.  on  men  earning  Sd.  and  upwards  per  hour. 


LATEST    PRICES. 


IBON,    &0. 

Per  ton. 

Holled-Iron  Joists,  Belgian £5  10    0 

RoUed-Steel  Joists,  EngUsh   8  10    0 

Wroughtrlron  Girder  Plates  7    0 


6  5 


Per  ton. 
£5  15  0 

6  12  6 

7  S  0 

8  10  0 


20  0 
6  15 


8  15 

9  10 


20  0 
5  17 


8  15 

9  10 


to 


Bar  Iron,  good.  Staffs 

Do.,  Lowmoor,  Flat,  Eound,  or 

Square    

Do.,  "Welsh  

B  ailer  Plates,  Iron — 

South  Staffs 

Best  Snedshill 

Angles  IDs.,  Tees  20s.  per  ton  extra. 
Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  for  bonding,  &c.,  £7  78.  6d. 
Builders'  Hoop  Iron,  galvanised,  £12  to  £13  per  ton. 

Galvanised  Corrugated  Sheet  Iron — 

No.  18  to  20.  No.  22  to  24. 
6ft.    to    8ft.   long,   inclusive     Per  ton.  Per  ton. 

gauge £1115    0    ...£12    0    0 

Best  ditto 12    5    0 

Per  ton. 

Cast-iron  Columns £6  10    0 

Cast-iron  Stanchions 6  10    0 

Rolled-Iron  Fencing  Wire  8    0 

Rolled-St«el  Fencing  Wire 6    5 

„  „  „        Galvanised.      7  15 

Cast-iron  Sash  Weights  i  12 

Cut  Clasp  Nails,  Sin.  to  6in 9    5 

Cut  Floor  Brads 9    0 

Wire  Nails  (Points  de  Paris) — 
6  to  7      8       9       10       11       12       13 
8/-      8/6     9/-    9/6      9/9    10/6    11/3 

Cast-iron  Socket  Pipes — 

Sin.  diameter    £5  15 

4in.  to6in 5  12    6    „ 

7in.  to  24in.  (all  sizes)  5    7    6,, 

[Coated  with  composition,  5s.  Od.  per  ton  extira 

and  bored  joints,  5s.  Od.  per  ton  extra.] 

Pig  Iron —  Per  ton. 

Cold  Blast,  Lilleshall    lOSs.  Od.  to  112a.  6d. 

Hot  Blast,  ditto  658.  Od.  to    70s.  Od. 

Wrought-Iron  Tubes  and  Fittings — Discount  off  Standard 
Lists  f.o.b.  (plus  5  per  cent.)  : — 

Gas-Tubes 67Jp.o. 

Water-Tubes  62|  „ 

Steam-Tubes    57$   „ 

Galvanised  Gas-Tubes  55     „ 

Galvanised  Water-Tubes 50     „ 

Gal vaij  i  jed  Steam-Tubes 45     „ 


12  10  0 
Per  ton. 
£8  10    0 

8  10 

8    5 

6  10 

8  0 
4  12 

9  5 
9    0 


14 

12/- 


15    B.W.G. 

13/-  per  cwt. 

to  £6    0    0 
„       5  17 


6  10    0 
turned 


lOcwt.  casks. 
Per  ton. 


Zinc,  English  (London  mill)  £25    5  0 

Do.,  Vieiile  Montagne 27  10  0 

Sheet  Lead,  31b.  and  upwards  ...  13  15  0 

Lead  Water  Pipe  (F.O.R.  Lond.)  14    5  0 

Lead  Barrel  Pipe   15    2  6 

Lead  Pipe,  Tinned  inside  16    2  6 

„        „          „        ,,  and  outside  17  12  6 

Composition  Gas-Pipe 16    2  6 

Soil-pipe  (Sin.  and  Bin.  extra)  ...  16    2  6 

Pig  Lead,  in  Icwt.  pigs 10  16  3 

Lead  Shot,  in  2filb.  bags 15    0  0 

Copper  Sheets,  sheathing  and  rods  09    5  IJ 

Copper,  British  Cake  and  Ingot...  .'ill  10  0 

Tin,  Straits  118    0  0 

Do.,  English  Ingots  120  10  0 

Spelter,  Sileaian 21    5  0 

TIMBEB. 

Teak,  Burmah per  load  £1)  15  0 

„    Bangkok „    ...  9    5  0 

Quebec  Pine,  yellow „    ...  3  17  (i 

„    Oak 5    0  0 

„     Birch   „     ...  3    0  0 

„    Elm 15  0 

„    Ash „    ...  10  0 

Dant«ic  and  Memel  Oak      „     ...  2  10  0 

Fir ,    ...  2  10  0 

Wainscot,  Riga  p.  log...      „     ...  2  15  0 

Lath,  DanUic,  p.f „     ...  4    0  0 

St.  Petersburg „     ...  4    0  0 

Greenheart ,    ...  7  15  0 

Box 7    0  0 

Sequoia,  U.S. A percubefoot  0    3  6 

Mahogany,  Cuba,  per  super  foot 

lin.  thick  £)    0 

„           Honduras  ...      ,|    ...  0    0 

„           Mexican 0    0 

„           African  „    ...  0    0 

Cedar,  Cuba    „    ...  0    0 

,,  Honduras    ,    ...  0    0  3[  '„ 

Satinvrood    ,    ...  0    0  10    „ 

Walnut,  Italian ,    ...  0    0  8    „ 

„      American  (logs)      „    ...  0    8  1    ,. 


.  5cwt.  casks. 
Per  ton . 


to  £25  1.1 

„  27  15 

„  13  13 

„  14     3 

»  15    2 

„  16    2 

„  17  12 

„  16    2 

I.  16    2 

„  10  17 

„  15    6 

„  70    5 

„  6)    0 

„  118  10 

„  121    0 

„  21  13 


to  £18    0 
„      16    5 

..        6  10 


7  10 

0 


8  to 
6  „ 
*  „ 
8i„ 


8 
7 
6 
5 
S 
6 
8 
8 
15 
#0 

£  I 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


0  8 
0  7J 
0  5 
0  Si 
0  3i 

0  Si 

1  9 
0  7J 
8     1 


Deals,  per  St.  Petersburg  Standard,  120— 12ft.  by   llio. 
by  llin.  : — 

Quebec,  Pine,  Ist  £22    0  0    to  £29    6  0 

„             2nd 18    5  0    „  23  10  0 

3rd  11  15  0    „  14    0  0 

Canada  Spruce,  1st HOC,,  1510  0 

2nd  and  3rd  9    0  0,,  10  10  0 

New  Brunswick 8    0  0,,  9  15  0 

Riga    8    0  0,,  8  10  0 

St.  Petersburg 8    0  0,,  17    0  0 

Swedish £11  10  0    „  £20    0  0 

Finland 9  10  0    „  10    5  0 

White  Sea 11  10  0    „  20    0  0 

Battens,  all  sorts  7    0  0,,  14  10  0 

Fl  oring  Boards,  per  square  of  lin.  :— 

Ist  prepared £0 

2nd  ditto  0 

Other  quaUtiea    0 


13  6 

12  6 

5  6 

10  0 

0  0 

0  0 


£0  IS  6 

0  15  6 

0  13  0 

£45    0  0 

230    0  0 

200    0  0 


Staves,  per  standard  M ; — 

U.S.,  pipe £37 

Memel,  cr.  pipe  220 

Memel,  brack 190 

STONE.* 

Darley  Dale,  in  blocks per  foot  cube  £0 

Red  Mansfield  ditto „    ...    0 

Hard  York  ditto    ,    ...    0 

Ditto  ditto  6in.  sawn  both  sides,  landings, 

random  sizes per  foot  sup.    0 

Ditto  ditto  Sin.  slabs  sawn  two  sides, 

random  sizes  ,,    ...    0 

•  All  F.O.R.  London. 
Bath  Stone,  delivered  on  rail  at  quarry  stations 

per  foot  cube  £0 
Delivered  on  road  waggons,  Paddington 

Depot „    ...    0 

Ditto        ditto        Nine  Elms  Depot  ,     ...    0 

Portland  Stone,  in  random  blocks  of  20ft.  average  :— 

Brown         White 
Whit  Bed.  Base  Bed. 
Delivered  to  railway  depot  at  the 

quarry per  foot  cube  £0    1    5J  ...  £0    1  7i 

Delivered  on  road  waggons  \ 

at  Paddington  Depot  .. 
Ditto  Nine  Elms  Depot  . 
Ditto    Pirahco  Wharf 

OILS. 

Linseed  per  tun  £15  12  0 

Rapeseed,  EngUsh  pale  ...    „    ...  22  10  0 

Do.,  brown „    ...  21    0  0 

Cottonseed,  refined „    ...  IS  10  0 

Olive,  Spanish  „     ...  31    0  0 

Seal,  p.ale   ,     ...  16    0  0 

Cocoanut,  Cochin „    ...  30    0  0 

Do.,  Ceylon  „    ...  28    0  0 

Palm,  Lagos „    ...  27  10  0 

Oleine „    ...  17    5  0 

Lubricating  U. 8 per  gal.  0    7  0 

Petroleum,  refined ...  0    0  5J 

Tar,  Stockholm per  barrel  16  0 

Do.,  Archangel „     ...  0  19  8 

Turpentine,  American  ...per  tun  87    0  0 


0  2  1 


2  3 
2  4i 
2  10 

2  8 

1  8 

1  0 

1  6} 
181 


0  2  21 


to  £16  12 
„  24  10 
..  21  5 
„  20  10 
„  81  5 
„  26  0 
„  31  0 
„  2S  10 
„  28  10 
„  19  5 
..0  8 
..  0  0 
„  16 
10 
,.   E7  5 


Students  of  ecclesiastical  and  domestic  architec- 
ture associated  with  the  Rutland  Archaeological 
Society  spent  a  few  pleasant  hours  in  Stamford  on 
Wednesday  week,  in  visiting  St.  Mary's  and  St. 
John's  churches,  and  three  vaulted  cellars  situated 
in  the  central  part  of  the  town.',  Mr.  H.  F.  Traylen, 
A.R.I.B.A.,  acted  as  guide. 

The  Bishop  of  London  dedicated,  on  Sunday,  the 
completed  tower  of  Christ  Church,  Westminster. 
The  added  portion  of  the  tower  has  been  built  from 
the  designs  of  Mr.  U.  A.  Hall,  F.R.I.B.A.,  by 
Messrs.  Trollope  and  Sons,  at  a  cost  of  about 
£2. 400.  It  is  in  the  Early  English  style,  and  gives 
a  iiuished  appearance  to  the  church,  which  wa* 
built  60  years  ago  by  the  Kate  Mr.  Ambrose  Poynter. 
The  spriuging-stones  to  the  Large  windows  on  each 
of  the  four  aisles  bear  carvings  of  the  busts — on  the 
west,  of  the  King  and  (Jucen  ;  on  the  north,  of  Mr. 
J.  G.  Talbot,  M.P.,  an  I  Canon  Henson ;  on  the 
east,  of  the  Bishop  of  London  and  the  lisv.  F.  K. 
Agliouby,  the  vicar ;  and  on  the  south,  of  the 
curate,  the  llev.  P.  Waddiugtou,  and  the  architect. 

The  restoration  of  the  parish  church,  Burton- 
on-'Trent,  which  has  altogether  occupied  some  six 
or  seven  years  iu  carrying  out,  has  now  been  finally 
completed.  On  Monday,  the  new  clock  was  started 
by  Mr.  R  itcliff,  and  Mr.  G  ettoii  hoisted  the  flag 
on  the  summit  of  the  tower,  after  which  Lord 
Burton  unveiled  a  tablet  in  the  church  bearing  tlie 
names  of  those  who  had  contributed  to  the  cost  of 
the  restoration.  The  present  building  was  erected 
early  iu  the  ISth  century,  on  the  site  of  the  original 
abbey  church,  built  iu  Early  Norman  times,  and 
some  interesting  mementoes  of  the  original  church 
were  brought  to  light  during  the  work  of  restora- 
tion. The  architect  is  Mr.  Heck,  and  the  cost  has 
beeni;U,O00. 

A  large  window  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Mrs. 
Gilchrist,  of  Gjpirdale,  has  just  been  e.xecuted  and 
placed  in  Dornoch  Cathedral,  Sutherlandshire, 
N.B.,  by  Messrs.  Percy  Bacon  and  Brothers,  of 
II,  Newman-street,  London,  W. 

The  new  workhouse  iutirmary,  Whitehaven,  is 
being  warmed  and  ventilated  by  means  of  Shor- 
land's  patent  Manchester  stoves,  both  single  and 
double- fronted,  with  descending  smoke  Hues,  Man- 
chester grates,  and  special  lulet  ventilators,  the 
same  being  supplied  by  Messrs.  I^.  H.  Shorlaud  and 
Brother,  of  Manchester. 


928 


THE    BUILDrNG    NEWS. June  24,  1904. 


LIST    OF    COMPETITIONS    OPEN. 


Petahorcf^h-Publie  Library  (limit  £5,000)    £50  (merged),  £25,  £15 7- Hf  Sh'^^t  Couitv  £Srt ^^^^  J^T^ 

Bmy  St.  ESmunds-Allerations  to  Shire  Hall £50,  £30  £20   ...■-.;■• ; Th.  r^J  T^tPRrLcrBo.Xf  Se  50  S  S.W...     „      23 

Eiode  Janeiro-Theatre  (£70,000  Umit)  £500  and  three  other  Premiums  ^he  Com  ^J^j;  P/^^'n  ClS  Abe^st'^^^^  ** 

Aberystwyth-Fublio  Library  (limit  £3.000)  (Assessor)    £30  (merged),  £lo Arthur  J.  Hughes,  Town  UerU,  ADerystwym   

New  Somerby,  Qrantham-St.  Anne's  Church   (500  sittmgs;.  ^^^  The  Eev.  H.  H.  Surgey,  Dudley-road,  Grantham 31 

^Si^^ti^^jJf^'^'^-:^'^''^^.  5  per  cent!'£3^  £2o'IIII Thomas  Brown,  Town  CTerk.  Town  HaU.  Whitehaven  Aug.  15 

^nl'^and  Conn«,W b^^^^^^  °.'!'.°.".'..'!'.'.^!'^!^."'  The  Eev.  Albert  Claiton,  Sec.  to  Trustees.  31,  City-road,  E.C - 


LIST    OP    TENDERS    OPEN. 


BTJILDINGS. 

Eedruth-Eaising  Clock  Tower.  Fore-street Coronation  Committee Thomas  W.  Joyce,  Surveyor,  CouncU  Offices,  Redruth  June25 

Haverfordwest-Six  Cottases  at  Picton Castle P-  H.  Owen.  Picton  Castle  Estate  Offices,  Narberth ,.  ^o 

Grimfty-Premises.Fith  Docks    Albion  Steam  Fishing  Co.,  Ltd Herbert  C.  Sc«pine.  Architect,  Grimsby  _..^_.^ .■■...■ ........     „  ^» 

Leeds-Harebills  U.M.  Free  Church,  Ashley-road H.  A.  Chapman,  A  E.I.B.A.,  Prudential  BWgs.,  Park-row,  Leeds    „  25 

Oswestry-Additions  toBuildinsrsatTy-Ucha    Town  Council G.  William  Laoey.  C.E.,  Borough  Engineer.  Guildhall,  Oswestry ^o 

Halifax-Alterations  at  Xorland  Baptist  School Utify,  Hebblethwaite,  and  Utley.  10,  Waterhouse-street,  Halilax    „  ^ 

Bradwell.  Great  Yarmouth-House J.  Hales Cbas.  G.  B.aber.  Town  Chamber.s,  Great  Yarmouth „  ^a 

Sully— Two  Cottages A.  T.  Stephens   E,  B.  Batchelor.  Architect,  19,  Duke-street,  Cardifl ,.  ^^ 

Maggielnockater— Additions  to  Schools Charles  C.  Dfig.  Architect.  Elgin  ^^ 

Broushton-in-Fumess- Two  Cottages E.  Dickinson    Jonathan  Bell.  Architect,  Coniston,  E.8.0 •- ^ 

Lanchester-Board  Boom Guardians Newcombe  and  Newcombe,  8^,  Pilgrim-street,  Newcastle-on-Tyne    „  2:> 

Cardigan— Alteration  to  Post  Office  Buildings The  Postmaster,  Cardigan • >  j2 

Mountain  Ash— Ptventy-nine  House  Bryngolwg  Cottage  Co.,  Ltd T.  W- Millar.  Architfct,  Mountain  A.^h »  ^2 

Gilfach  Goch-Two  Houses M.  and  T.  Eoberts,  Qilfach  Cottage.  Gilfach  Ooch,  Wales „  2d 

Bangour-Kitchen Edinburgh  Di-striot  Lunacy  Board  ...  H.  J.  Blanc,  E.8.A.,  Architect.  25,  Eutland-square,  Edinburgh „  25 

Oswestry-Dutih  Bam „ Town  Council G.  Wm.  Lacey,  C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Guildhall,  Oswestry „  2& 

Drumoak- Additiors  to  House  at  "Upper  Park    George  Beattie,  Drumoak,  N.B -  .■-■ »t  2d 

Cardiff— Boundary  Wall  and  Lodge  at  Workhouse    Guardians Kdwin  Seward,  F.R.I. B  A.,  Queen's  Chambers.  Cardiff ,.  23 

Prestwich— Six  Houses,  Kingwood-road Co-operative  Society,  Ltd The  Secretary  Prestwich   »•  *^ 

Canterbury- Renewing  Slating  at  Workhouse Guardians G.  Smith.  St.  Station-road  West,  Canterbury, 27 

Euabon-Calvinistic  Methodist  Chapel  John  Evans,  Stone  House.  53,  Chapel-street,  Penycae,  Euabon ,  2J 

Hindley- Stable.  Cross-street Urban  District  Council ...  A.  Holden.  A.M.I  C.E.,  Surveyor.  Bindley,  Lanes  27 

Glasgow- Paikhf ad  District  Library  Corporation .Tames  E.  Ehind,  Architect,  t7.  Hope-street,  Glasgow    „  27 

London.  W.— Jobbing  Work  at  Cleveland-street  Ajylum  Cent.  London  Sick  Asylum  Managers  Wm.  Ixickwood,  Architect,  36,  Gerrard- street,  Soho,  W .,  27 

Piercebridge.  Darlington- Cottage      Eight  Hon.  Lord  Barnard  John  Fawcett,  Clerk  of  Works.  Staindrop  ••  27 

Hull-Classroom.  West  Dick  Avenue  School   Education  Committee  The  City  Architect,  Town  Hall.  Huddersfield    ..  27 

Euabon- Calvinistic  Methodist  Chapel  John  Evans.  53.  Chapel-street,  Penyeae,  Euabon ,.  27 

Salford- Concreting  at  Devonshire-street  School Education  Committee  H,  E.  Stelfox.  A.E.I  B.A,  6.  Princess-strett,  Manchester    „  2< 

Hendon.  N.W.— Jobbing  Work  at  Colindale-avenue  Asylum  ..  Cent.  London  Sick  Asylum  Managers  Wm.  Lockwof  d.  Architect.  36.  Gcrrard-street,  Soho.  W. „  27 

Gravelly  Hill— Repairs  to  Workhoufe Aston  Union  Guardians  John  North.  Cleik.  Union  Offices.  Vauxhall-road,  Birmingham ,  27 

Waterloo  -  Plant  House,  Victoria  Park Uiban  District  Council F.  Spencer  Yates,  A. M.I.C.E.,  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Waterloo „  27 

Minshull  Vernon— Additions  to  National  Schools J.  Cawley.  Architect.  Central  Chambers,  Noithwlch  .,  27 

Thornton  Heath— Alterations  at  Cottage  HomesatMayday-rd.  Cioydon  Union  Guardians F.  West,  Surveyor,  23,  Coombe-road.  Croydon t  27 

Kendal— Alterations  to  Warehouse.  Berry's  Yard    Kendal  Co-operative  Society J.  Thompson,  A  E.I. B  .A.,  Architect,  1,  Finkle-street,  Kendal  2S 

Liscard-Additions  to  iLfectious  Hospital,  Mill-late    Wallasey  Urban  District  Council  .  ...  W.  H  Traves.  Oistiict  Engineer,  Egrcmont,  Cheshire    —•■••■■•. "  „? 

Worthing- Refuse  Destructor  Buildings  and  Chimney Corporation F.  Roberts,  A.M.I.C.E,.  Boro'  Eng.,  Municipal  Offices,  Worthing  ,.    „  2b 

Ipswich- Enlargement  of  Parcel  Office H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works The  Secretary,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Storey's  Gate,  S.W .^..    „  28 

Abertilleiy-Additions  to  Tabernacle  Congregational  Church Habershon,  Fawckner,  and  Co.,  Architects,  41,  High-st.,  Newport..    „  2S 

Paddinston,  W.- Offices,  BiBhop'.s-road Great  Western  Railway  Co G.  K.  Mills,  Secretary,  Paddington  Station,  W .■,.     „  2S 

Eatchff.  E.-Additions  to  Public  Baths Stepnev  Borough  Council   M.  W.  .Tameson.  Boro' Eng..  1 15.  Great  Alie-street,  Whitechapel,  E.    „  2S 

Leavesdtn-Twenty-two  Cottages  at  Asylum  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board    W.  T.  Hatth,  M. ICE.,  M.I.  ME.  Embankment,  E.C ,.  2.> 

Chorley,  Lanes— Technical  and  Secondary  School  Cheers  and  Smith.  Architects,  24,  Eichmond-terrare.  Blackburn  ...    „  2» 

Glasgow- Reception  House.  Baird  and  Black  Streets    Corporation A.  B.  M'Donald,  City  Engireer,  Ctchiane-slrcet,  Glasgow „  29" 

Trelewis— Thirty-four  Houses   T.W.Lewis    T.  Eoderick.  Architect,  50,  Olebeland-road.  Merlhyr ,  29 

Dublin— Eleven  Labourers'  Dwellings    ...  Rural  District  Council John  O'Neill,  Clerk.  North  Brunswick-street,  Dublin    ,.  2J 

Hartlepool- Lifeboat  Station  Eoyal  National  Lifeboat  Institution.  W.  T.  Dougla-ss.  Engineer,  15.  Victoria-street,  Westminster,  S.W...  .,.  XI 

Hebburn-on-Tvne- Cbanrel  at  St.  Cutbbert's  Church Wm.  Mitchell,  Post  Office,  Willington  Quay •.  80 

Heine  Hill,  S.E.— Public  Library    Lambeth  Borough  Council H.  Wakeford  and  Sons,  Architects, '267,  Clapham-road,  N.W ,  35 

Leeds-Demolishing  Hotel  de  Ville  and  Warehouse Thomas  Winn  and  Sons  ,  Architects,  9'2,  Albion-.street,  Leeds SO 

Ballyhsunis,  Co.  Mayo-Bank  House..  Ulster  Bank  Directors  Blackwood  &  Jury,  M.E.I. A. I,  Architects.  Donegall-place,  Belfast    „  30 

Lambtth.  S.E.- River  Wall  and  Embanked  Wliart  Borough  Council    Henry  Edwanls,  C.E  ,  Boro' EnRineer,  346,  Kennington-road,  8.E..    „  3) 

Slouah- Additions  to  School.  Stf  ke-road  Lee  and  Farr,  Architects.  Slough SO 

Bridhngton-Three  Houses  and  Two  Shops  I.Atkinson  J.  Eamshaw,  Architect.  Carlton  House,  Bridlington    ,.  SO 

Wick— Alterations  to  School  Buildings  Managers C.  E,  Kibblewhite,  Wick  School,  Bridgend i.  35 

Liverpool  -  Public  Wasbhouse,  Old  Swan W.  R.  Court,  Engineer,  Municipal  Offices.  Liverpool i  SO 

Spamount,  Co.  Tyrone-Manager's  Residence Co-operative  Dairy  Society,  Ltd Joseph  Whitton.  13.  Campsie-road,  Omagh ..  30 

Penjrheol— Improving  and  Renovating  Schoolroom Thomas  Jones,  Penryheol,  Wales    .•  30 

Boscastle.  North  Cornwall-Coastguard  Buildings Admiralty The  Director  of  Works  Dept.,  21.  Northumberland-aveaae,  W.C...  July  1 

Kenfig  Hill- Alterations  to  Six  Cottages  Lewis  Jones,  But  ter  Merchant,  Treherbert,  Glam  ■>  1 

Windsor-Two  Fire-Escspe  Staircases  at  Workhouse  Guardians Philip  Lovegrove.  Clerk,  3,  Park-street,  Windsor »  1 

CaerauMaesteg- Hotel  P.  J.  Thomas.  Architect,  Station  HiU,  Bridgend  1 

/Lshwater-Eepauing  Transept  of  Church The  Rectory,  .V-hwater,  Devon    J 

West  Uartlepool-AlteratioDs  to  Wesleyan  School Education  Committee  Harry  Barnes.  Architect.  Bank  Chambers,  West  Hartlepool  „  1 

Crofts,  N.B.-Hou^e Charles  C.  Doig.  Architect,  Elgin   } 

Manorhamilton— New  Roof  to  Parish  Church The  Eev.  M.J.  Porteus,  Rectory,  Manorhamilton 1 

Cowdrabcath-Town  House    :,...  Burgh  Commissioners T.  Hyslop  Ure,  Arcliitect,  43,  Carnegie-street,  Dunfermline „  1 

^ighBickington- Alterations  to  Bible  Christian  Chapel W.  Gooding,  Secretary,  High  Bickington    ..  '■ 

MniskiJien--W  oiks  at  Portora  Eoyal  School Fermanagh  Prot.  Education  Board...  J.  F.  Peddie,  C.E.,  Belfast  —  ■•■■    ■•  * 

Orayesend-CosstguardStstion.Cliffe  Creek  The  Director  of  Works,  Admiralty,  21,  Northumberland-ay.,  W.C.    „  I 

uarlington— Additions  to  Fever  Hospital Corporation George  Winter.  Borough  Surveyor,  Town  Hall,  Darlington 2 

aarlow-Bnck  Abutments  at  the  Ford Essex  County  Council  Percy  J.  Sheldon,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Chief  Surveyor,  Chelmsford „  2 

winasor-Additionsto  Porter's  SCook'sEoomsat  Workhouse  Guardians Edgingtou  and  Summtrbell.  7,  Park-street,  Windsor    2 

JBognor-Fair  of  Pohce  Cottages  West  Sussex  County  Council W.  Mcintosh,  County  Surveyor,  22,  Worthing-road,  Horsham    2 

S^i?'?!*     11^",-    .  ^^  /V,-  ;■; Rathdrum*  WicklyJt.  Burial  Board  J.  Pausing,  A.M.I.C.E.,  Town  HaU,  Wicklow ..  '^ 

witi,     r/J'r^  ?",^  ?' ^c'"''?''™ '^'"''P^'  ^ ■ Henry  Hughes,  PwU,  Llanelly 2 

Sf    «V         iJt™?  ■       X.   •■  ^'"t'oD  »n3  Courthouse  North  Riding  County  Council  Walter  H.  Brierley,  County  Architect.  13.  Lendal,  York  2 

o.ir;h?J'„',ri     ol?-'^"?^^'"^'^"'''"™  Visiting  Committee  Young  and  Brown,  104,  High  Holborn,  W.C , * 

sSr,^    S^  -7      ""''^  }^^','i'^,. Urban  District  Council    Scorer  and  Gamble,  Architects.  Bank-street  Chambers,  Lincoln „  4 

0,,e?37il    b""/"',^"'^'"'''  E.  W.  Lockwood,  Architect.  Huddersfield  * 

Tmt!,n  X^TiVc  ?    q'v     iT  -V^- « ■'^"""K  ''^''"'s  Society    Samuel  F.  Hynes.  Architect,  21,  South  Mall,  Cork  * 

Ai,>w~L    £       T-u     """'^"'''^'"S^  Urban  District  Council    Alfred  Long,  Architect,  21,  New-street,  West  Bromwich „  5 

Wind.,?,    ■fi.    o  V.      ''    Corporation 8.  Butterworth  and  Duncan,  F.R.  and  B.R.,  Rochdale  5 

T*vtnn    B„„t.      S^t'  : •-;t--, Town  CouncU E.  A.  Stickland,  Borough  Surveyor,  Alma-road,  Windsor    o 

V.k/r»^;^,.1'^    S         Improvements  to  Schools Urban  District  CouncU    W.  Jacques,  A.R.I.  B.A.,  2.  Fen-court,  Fenchurch-street,  EC a 

Ti^tT,^  T!^r   ."^   o  £     ,  "'^'""^ H.M.  Commissioners  of  Works W.  T.  Oldreve.  Architect.  3,  ParUament-square,  Edinburgh   ,  5 

BtiiTord   P«.-.     wlv     fnu  ■,.,•■   ■.■•iV Urban  District  CouncU    E.  Richards,  Secretary,  Education  Offices,  Owen-street,  Tipton a 

Kenninkon  ro^l  S  F     T^5  r  '™  ^^^if  •-.  V.; ^"'P°'^5'  Guardians    F.  R.  Smith.  SurveyoJ,  13.  Victoria-street.  Westminster  „  « 

DoKhester    Adrtitfn^.T  w   Covered  Shelters  at  Infirmary  ...  Lambcih  Guardians W.  ThurnaU,  Clerk,  Brook-street,  Kennington-road,  S.E „  S 

Sy-Liflidat  H^?,J    ^"^'^J'"'  Cli'"*  and  Schools Trustees    W.  E.  Dibben.  Secretary,  40,  Icen-way,  Dorchester ....^.    „  « 

Thatcham-r,,li,,rR.JJf  -• Eoyal  National  Lifeboat  Institution..  W.  T.  Douglass.  Architect.  15,  Victoria-street,  Westminster,  S.W.    „  « 

Argoed  Mon  -HoM           ■■: ^°^<'f^  M"™'  bounty  Surveyor,  Broadway  Buildings,  Reading    ...    ,,.  7 

Dudlev— Adiiitinna  l^'\&Ji\',^^',l'^'i^\ 't Philip  L.  Lloyd B.  J.  Francis.  Architect,  Abergavenny ■■• T 

Blaenj^t-nllnL  a^a^p'hl/             "      ^'"''^''■'^    P-  H-  Ashby  Bail.y,  P.A.S.I.,  Architect,  Market-place,  Dudley 8 

Cardigan-Extension  of  St.  Alary's  Pari'sh'chuKh T' J'°fe'''  P"«' 0»?e'  Blaenyffqs,  R.S.O ■ 

Stretford- School   Henshaw-sWt                             i'j V-A 'l-.- '^°''°  Evans,  Auctioneer,  Cardigan  "  ■' 

Biimingham-Council  CrWi.  If  b"..   •i—, Education  Committee  E.  Woodhouse.  t8,  Mosley-street.  Manchester  }\ 

WiSwed™-ExteSs  ™  to  Soil"  TT°™^-    •"''"    ■;---;-ii^-\-  ^r^^^"-'  Committee  H.  T.  Buckland.  Architect,  25a,  Paradise-street,  Birmingham .,  U 

Miridle  Rasen-Addition,  to  s;^^;?     '^  "'  Electricity  Works.  Urb.,n  District  CouncU    C.  H.  Cooper.  M  I.C.E.,  Engineer,  Wimbledon J* 

Weyboume,  Norfolk-  CotiAon^^AnWiU^ Lindsey  Education  Committee Scorer  and  Gamble,  Architects.  Bank-street  Chambers,  Lincoln^ }? 

Ch(Jmsford-Imp?or,,nt^Ts?o?hi,^n?i  ''''   Admiralty    The  Director  of  Works  Dept.,  21,  Northumberland-avenue,  W.C...    „  1» 

Chepstow- South  Aisle  and  Trsn.Ir,  rJ  nt -■^C"  "i' ^^^'^'^  Standing  Joint  Committee F.  Whitmore.  County  Architect.  Duke-strort,  Chelmsford    21 

le  ana  iransept,  St.  Mary  E  Church  J.  Coates  Carter,  F.R.LB.A.,  Bank  BuUdings,  Cardiff  - 


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